#
# Authors: Travis Oliphant, Ed Schofield, Robert Cimrman, Nathan Bell, and others

""" Test functions for sparse matrices. Each class in the "Matrix class
based tests" section become subclasses of the classes in the "Generic
tests" section. This is done by the functions in the "Tailored base
class for generic tests" section.

"""


import contextlib
import functools
import operator
import platform
import itertools
import sys

import pytest
from pytest import raises as assert_raises

import numpy as np
from numpy import (arange, zeros, array, dot, asarray,
                   vstack, ndarray, transpose, diag, kron, inf, conjugate,
                   int8)

import random
from numpy.testing import (assert_equal, assert_array_equal,
        assert_array_almost_equal, assert_almost_equal, assert_,
        assert_allclose, suppress_warnings)

import scipy.linalg

import scipy.sparse as sparse
from scipy.sparse import (csc_matrix, csr_matrix, dok_matrix,
        coo_matrix, lil_matrix, dia_matrix, bsr_matrix,
        csc_array, csr_array, dok_array,
        coo_array, lil_array, dia_array, bsr_array,
        eye, issparse, SparseEfficiencyWarning, sparray)
from scipy.sparse._base import _formats
from scipy.sparse._sputils import (supported_dtypes, isscalarlike,
                                   get_index_dtype, asmatrix, matrix)
from scipy.sparse.linalg import splu, expm, inv

from scipy._lib.decorator import decorator
from scipy._lib._util import ComplexWarning

IS_COLAB = ('google.colab' in sys.modules)


def assert_in(member, collection, msg=None):
    message = msg if msg is not None else f"{member!r} not found in {collection!r}"
    assert_(member in collection, msg=message)


def assert_array_equal_dtype(x, y, **kwargs):
    assert_(x.dtype == y.dtype)
    assert_array_equal(x, y, **kwargs)


NON_ARRAY_BACKED_FORMATS = frozenset(['dok'])

def sparse_may_share_memory(A, B):
    # Checks if A and B have any numpy array sharing memory.

    def _underlying_arrays(x):
        # Given any object (e.g. a sparse array), returns all numpy arrays
        # stored in any attribute.

        arrays = []
        for a in x.__dict__.values():
            if isinstance(a, np.ndarray | np.generic):
                arrays.append(a)
        return arrays

    for a in _underlying_arrays(A):
        for b in _underlying_arrays(B):
            if np.may_share_memory(a, b):
                return True
    return False


sup_complex = suppress_warnings()
sup_complex.filter(ComplexWarning)


def with_64bit_maxval_limit(maxval_limit=None, random=False, fixed_dtype=None,
                            downcast_maxval=None, assert_32bit=False):
    """
    Monkeypatch the maxval threshold at which scipy.sparse switches to
    64-bit index arrays, or make it (pseudo-)random.

    """
    if maxval_limit is None:
        maxval_limit = np.int64(10)
    else:
        # Ensure we use numpy scalars rather than Python scalars (matters for
        # NEP 50 casting rule changes)
        maxval_limit = np.int64(maxval_limit)

    if assert_32bit:
        def new_get_index_dtype(arrays=(), maxval=None, check_contents=False):
            tp = get_index_dtype(arrays, maxval, check_contents)
            assert_equal(np.iinfo(tp).max, np.iinfo(np.int32).max)
            assert_(tp == np.int32 or tp == np.intc)
            return tp
    elif fixed_dtype is not None:
        def new_get_index_dtype(arrays=(), maxval=None, check_contents=False):
            return fixed_dtype
    elif random:
        counter = np.random.RandomState(seed=1234)

        def new_get_index_dtype(arrays=(), maxval=None, check_contents=False):
            return (np.int32, np.int64)[counter.randint(2)]
    else:
        def new_get_index_dtype(arrays=(), maxval=None, check_contents=False):
            dtype = np.int32
            if maxval is not None:
                if maxval > maxval_limit:
                    dtype = np.int64
            for arr in arrays:
                arr = np.asarray(arr)
                if arr.dtype > np.int32:
                    if check_contents:
                        if arr.size == 0:
                            # a bigger type not needed
                            continue
                        elif np.issubdtype(arr.dtype, np.integer):
                            maxval = arr.max()
                            minval = arr.min()
                            if minval >= -maxval_limit and maxval <= maxval_limit:
                                # a bigger type not needed
                                continue
                    dtype = np.int64
            return dtype

    if downcast_maxval is not None:
        def new_downcast_intp_index(arr):
            if arr.max() > downcast_maxval:
                raise AssertionError("downcast limited")
            return arr.astype(np.intp)

    @decorator
    def deco(func, *a, **kw):
        backup = []
        modules = [scipy.sparse._bsr, scipy.sparse._coo, scipy.sparse._csc,
                   scipy.sparse._csr, scipy.sparse._dia, scipy.sparse._dok,
                   scipy.sparse._lil, scipy.sparse._sputils,
                   scipy.sparse._compressed, scipy.sparse._construct]
        try:
            for mod in modules:
                backup.append((mod, 'get_index_dtype',
                               getattr(mod, 'get_index_dtype', None)))
                setattr(mod, 'get_index_dtype', new_get_index_dtype)
                if downcast_maxval is not None:
                    backup.append((mod, 'downcast_intp_index',
                                   getattr(mod, 'downcast_intp_index', None)))
                    setattr(mod, 'downcast_intp_index', new_downcast_intp_index)
            return func(*a, **kw)
        finally:
            for mod, name, oldfunc in backup:
                if oldfunc is not None:
                    setattr(mod, name, oldfunc)

    return deco


def toarray(a):
    if isinstance(a, np.ndarray) or isscalarlike(a):
        return a
    return a.toarray()


class BinopTester:
    # Custom type to test binary operations on sparse matrices.

    def __add__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the right"

    def __mul__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the right"

    def __sub__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the right"

    def __radd__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the left"

    def __rmul__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the left"

    def __rsub__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the left"

    def __matmul__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the right"

    def __rmatmul__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the left"

class BinopTester_with_shape:
    # Custom type to test binary operations on sparse matrices
    # with object which has shape attribute.
    def __init__(self,shape):
        self._shape = shape

    def shape(self):
        return self._shape

    def ndim(self):
        return len(self._shape)

    def __add__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the right"

    def __mul__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the right"

    def __sub__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the right"

    def __radd__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the left"

    def __rmul__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the left"

    def __rsub__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the left"

    def __matmul__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the right"

    def __rmatmul__(self, mat):
        return "matrix on the left"

class ComparisonTester:
    # Custom type to test comparison operations on sparse matrices.
    def __eq__(self, other):
        return "eq"

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return "ne"

    def __lt__(self, other):
        return "lt"

    def __le__(self, other):
        return "le"

    def __gt__(self, other):
        return "gt"

    def __ge__(self, other):
        return "ge"


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Generic tests
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------


class _MatrixMixin:
    """mixin to easily allow tests of both sparray and spmatrix"""
    bsr_container = bsr_matrix
    coo_container = coo_matrix
    csc_container = csc_matrix
    csr_container = csr_matrix
    dia_container = dia_matrix
    dok_container = dok_matrix
    lil_container = lil_matrix
    asdense = staticmethod(asmatrix)

    def test_getrow(self):
        assert_array_equal(self.datsp.getrow(1).toarray(), self.dat[[1], :])
        assert_array_equal(self.datsp.getrow(-1).toarray(), self.dat[[-1], :])

    def test_getcol(self):
        assert_array_equal(self.datsp.getcol(1).toarray(), self.dat[:, [1]])
        assert_array_equal(self.datsp.getcol(-1).toarray(), self.dat[:, [-1]])

    def test_asfptype(self):
        A = self.spcreator(arange(6,dtype='int32').reshape(2,3))

        assert_equal(A.asfptype().dtype, np.dtype('float64'))
        assert_equal(A.asfptype().format, A.format)
        assert_equal(A.astype('int16').asfptype().dtype, np.dtype('float32'))
        assert_equal(A.astype('complex128').asfptype().dtype, np.dtype('complex128'))

        B = A.asfptype()
        C = B.asfptype()
        assert_(B is C)


# TODO test prune
# TODO test has_sorted_indices
class _TestCommon:
    """test common functionality shared by all sparse formats"""
    math_dtypes = supported_dtypes

    bsr_container = bsr_array
    coo_container = coo_array
    csc_container = csc_array
    csr_container = csr_array
    dia_container = dia_array
    dok_container = dok_array
    lil_container = lil_array
    asdense = array

    @classmethod
    def init_class(cls):
        # Canonical data.
        cls.dat = array([[1, 0, 0, 2], [3, 0, 1, 0], [0, 2, 0, 0]], 'd')
        cls.datsp = cls.spcreator(cls.dat)

        # Some sparse and dense matrices with data for every supported dtype.
        # This set union is a workaround for numpy#6295, which means that
        # two np.int64 dtypes don't hash to the same value.
        cls.checked_dtypes = set(supported_dtypes).union(cls.math_dtypes)
        cls.dat_dtypes = {}
        cls.datsp_dtypes = {}
        for dtype in cls.checked_dtypes:
            cls.dat_dtypes[dtype] = cls.dat.astype(dtype)
            cls.datsp_dtypes[dtype] = cls.spcreator(cls.dat.astype(dtype))

        # Check that the original data is equivalent to the
        # corresponding dat_dtypes & datsp_dtypes.
        assert_equal(cls.dat, cls.dat_dtypes[np.float64])
        assert_equal(cls.datsp.toarray(),
                     cls.datsp_dtypes[np.float64].toarray())

        cls.is_array_test = isinstance(cls.datsp, sparray)

    def test_bool(self):
        def check(dtype):
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]

            assert_raises(ValueError, bool, datsp)
            assert_(self.spcreator([[1]]))
            assert_(not self.spcreator([[0]]))

        if isinstance(self, TestDOK):
            pytest.skip("Cannot create a rank <= 2 DOK matrix.")
        for dtype in self.checked_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_bool_rollover(self):
        # bool's underlying dtype is 1 byte, check that it does not
        # rollover True -> False at 256.
        dat = array([[True, False]])
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat)

        for _ in range(10):
            datsp = datsp + datsp
            dat = dat + dat
        assert_array_equal(dat, datsp.toarray())

    def test_eq(self):
        sup = suppress_warnings()
        sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning)

        @sup
        @sup_complex
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]
            dat2 = dat.copy()
            dat2[:,0] = 0
            datsp2 = self.spcreator(dat2)
            datbsr = self.bsr_container(dat)
            datcsr = self.csr_container(dat)
            datcsc = self.csc_container(dat)
            datlil = self.lil_container(dat)

            # sparse/sparse
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat == dat2, (datsp == datsp2).toarray())
            # mix sparse types
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat == dat2, (datbsr == datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat == dat2, (datcsr == datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat == dat2, (datcsc == datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat == dat2, (datlil == datsp2).toarray())
            # sparse/dense
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat == datsp2, datsp2 == dat)
            # sparse/scalar
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat == 0, (datsp == 0).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat == 1, (datsp == 1).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat == np.nan,
                                     (datsp == np.nan).toarray())

        if self.datsp.format not in ['bsr', 'csc', 'csr']:
            pytest.skip("Bool comparisons only implemented for BSR, CSC, and CSR.")
        for dtype in self.checked_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_ne(self):
        sup = suppress_warnings()
        sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning)

        @sup
        @sup_complex
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]
            dat2 = dat.copy()
            dat2[:,0] = 0
            datsp2 = self.spcreator(dat2)
            datbsr = self.bsr_container(dat)
            datcsc = self.csc_container(dat)
            datcsr = self.csr_container(dat)
            datlil = self.lil_container(dat)

            # sparse/sparse
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat != dat2, (datsp != datsp2).toarray())
            # mix sparse types
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat != dat2, (datbsr != datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat != dat2, (datcsc != datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat != dat2, (datcsr != datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat != dat2, (datlil != datsp2).toarray())
            # sparse/dense
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat != datsp2, datsp2 != dat)
            # sparse/scalar
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat != 0, (datsp != 0).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat != 1, (datsp != 1).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(0 != dat, (0 != datsp).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(1 != dat, (1 != datsp).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat != np.nan,
                                     (datsp != np.nan).toarray())

        if self.datsp.format not in ['bsr', 'csc', 'csr']:
            pytest.skip("Bool comparisons only implemented for BSR, CSC, and CSR.")
        for dtype in self.checked_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_lt(self):
        sup = suppress_warnings()
        sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning)

        @sup
        @sup_complex
        def check(dtype):
            # data
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]
            dat2 = dat.copy()
            dat2[:,0] = 0
            datsp2 = self.spcreator(dat2)
            datcomplex = dat.astype(complex)
            datcomplex[:,0] = 1 + 1j
            datspcomplex = self.spcreator(datcomplex)
            datbsr = self.bsr_container(dat)
            datcsc = self.csc_container(dat)
            datcsr = self.csr_container(dat)
            datlil = self.lil_container(dat)

            # sparse/sparse
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat < dat2, (datsp < datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(datcomplex < dat2,
                                     (datspcomplex < datsp2).toarray())
            # mix sparse types
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat < dat2, (datbsr < datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat < dat2, (datcsc < datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat < dat2, (datcsr < datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat < dat2, (datlil < datsp2).toarray())

            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat2 < dat, (datsp2 < datbsr).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat2 < dat, (datsp2 < datcsc).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat2 < dat, (datsp2 < datcsr).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat2 < dat, (datsp2 < datlil).toarray())
            # sparse/dense
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat < dat2, datsp < dat2)
            assert_array_equal_dtype(datcomplex < dat2, datspcomplex < dat2)
            # sparse/scalar
            for val in [2, 1, 0, -1, -2]:
                val = np.int64(val)  # avoid Python scalar (due to NEP 50 changes)
                assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp < val).toarray(), dat < val)
                assert_array_equal_dtype((val < datsp).toarray(), val < dat)

            with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
                assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp < np.nan).toarray(),
                                         dat < np.nan)

            # data
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]
            dat2 = dat.copy()
            dat2[:,0] = 0
            datsp2 = self.spcreator(dat2)

            # dense rhs
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat < datsp2, datsp < dat2)

        if self.datsp.format not in ['bsr', 'csc', 'csr']:
            pytest.skip("Bool comparisons only implemented for BSR, CSC, and CSR.")
        for dtype in self.checked_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_gt(self):
        sup = suppress_warnings()
        sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning)

        @sup
        @sup_complex
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]
            dat2 = dat.copy()
            dat2[:,0] = 0
            datsp2 = self.spcreator(dat2)
            datcomplex = dat.astype(complex)
            datcomplex[:,0] = 1 + 1j
            datspcomplex = self.spcreator(datcomplex)
            datbsr = self.bsr_container(dat)
            datcsc = self.csc_container(dat)
            datcsr = self.csr_container(dat)
            datlil = self.lil_container(dat)

            # sparse/sparse
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat > dat2, (datsp > datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(datcomplex > dat2,
                                     (datspcomplex > datsp2).toarray())
            # mix sparse types
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat > dat2, (datbsr > datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat > dat2, (datcsc > datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat > dat2, (datcsr > datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat > dat2, (datlil > datsp2).toarray())

            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat2 > dat, (datsp2 > datbsr).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat2 > dat, (datsp2 > datcsc).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat2 > dat, (datsp2 > datcsr).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat2 > dat, (datsp2 > datlil).toarray())
            # sparse/dense
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat > dat2, datsp > dat2)
            assert_array_equal_dtype(datcomplex > dat2, datspcomplex > dat2)
            # sparse/scalar
            for val in [2, 1, 0, -1, -2]:
                val = np.int64(val)  # avoid Python scalar (due to NEP 50 changes)
                assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp > val).toarray(), dat > val)
                assert_array_equal_dtype((val > datsp).toarray(), val > dat)

            with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
                assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp > np.nan).toarray(),
                                         dat > np.nan)

            # data
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]
            dat2 = dat.copy()
            dat2[:,0] = 0
            datsp2 = self.spcreator(dat2)

            # dense rhs
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat > datsp2, datsp > dat2)

        if self.datsp.format not in ['bsr', 'csc', 'csr']:
            pytest.skip("Bool comparisons only implemented for BSR, CSC, and CSR.")
        for dtype in self.checked_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_le(self):
        sup = suppress_warnings()
        sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning)

        @sup
        @sup_complex
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]
            dat2 = dat.copy()
            dat2[:,0] = 0
            datsp2 = self.spcreator(dat2)
            datcomplex = dat.astype(complex)
            datcomplex[:,0] = 1 + 1j
            datspcomplex = self.spcreator(datcomplex)
            datbsr = self.bsr_container(dat)
            datcsc = self.csc_container(dat)
            datcsr = self.csr_container(dat)
            datlil = self.lil_container(dat)

            # sparse/sparse
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat <= dat2, (datsp <= datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(datcomplex <= dat2,
                                     (datspcomplex <= datsp2).toarray())
            # mix sparse types
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datbsr <= datsp2).toarray(), dat <= dat2)
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datcsc <= datsp2).toarray(), dat <= dat2)
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datcsr <= datsp2).toarray(), dat <= dat2)
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datlil <= datsp2).toarray(), dat <= dat2)

            assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp2 <= datbsr).toarray(), dat2 <= dat)
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp2 <= datcsc).toarray(), dat2 <= dat)
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp2 <= datcsr).toarray(), dat2 <= dat)
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp2 <= datlil).toarray(), dat2 <= dat)
            # sparse/dense
            assert_array_equal_dtype(datsp <= dat2, dat <= dat2)
            assert_array_equal_dtype(datspcomplex <= dat2, datcomplex <= dat2)
            # sparse/scalar
            for val in [2, 1, -1, -2]:
                val = np.int64(val)  # avoid Python scalar (due to NEP 50 changes)
                assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp <= val).toarray(), dat <= val)
                assert_array_equal_dtype((val <= datsp).toarray(), val <= dat)

            # data
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]
            dat2 = dat.copy()
            dat2[:,0] = 0
            datsp2 = self.spcreator(dat2)

            # dense rhs
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat <= datsp2, datsp <= dat2)

        if self.datsp.format not in ['bsr', 'csc', 'csr']:
            pytest.skip("Bool comparisons only implemented for BSR, CSC, and CSR.")
        for dtype in self.checked_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_ge(self):
        sup = suppress_warnings()
        sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning)

        @sup
        @sup_complex
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]
            dat2 = dat.copy()
            dat2[:,0] = 0
            datsp2 = self.spcreator(dat2)
            datcomplex = dat.astype(complex)
            datcomplex[:,0] = 1 + 1j
            datspcomplex = self.spcreator(datcomplex)
            datbsr = self.bsr_container(dat)
            datcsc = self.csc_container(dat)
            datcsr = self.csr_container(dat)
            datlil = self.lil_container(dat)

            # sparse/sparse
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat >= dat2, (datsp >= datsp2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal_dtype(datcomplex >= dat2,
                                     (datspcomplex >= datsp2).toarray())
            # mix sparse types
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datbsr >= datsp2).toarray(), dat >= dat2)
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datcsc >= datsp2).toarray(), dat >= dat2)
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datcsr >= datsp2).toarray(), dat >= dat2)
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datlil >= datsp2).toarray(), dat >= dat2)

            assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp2 >= datbsr).toarray(), dat2 >= dat)
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp2 >= datcsc).toarray(), dat2 >= dat)
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp2 >= datcsr).toarray(), dat2 >= dat)
            assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp2 >= datlil).toarray(), dat2 >= dat)
            # sparse/dense
            assert_array_equal_dtype(datsp >= dat2, dat >= dat2)
            assert_array_equal_dtype(datspcomplex >= dat2, datcomplex >= dat2)
            # sparse/scalar
            for val in [2, 1, -1, -2]:
                val = np.int64(val)  # avoid Python scalar (due to NEP 50 changes)
                assert_array_equal_dtype((datsp >= val).toarray(), dat >= val)
                assert_array_equal_dtype((val >= datsp).toarray(), val >= dat)

            # dense data
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]
            dat2 = dat.copy()
            dat2[:,0] = 0
            datsp2 = self.spcreator(dat2)

            # dense rhs
            assert_array_equal_dtype(dat >= datsp2, datsp >= dat2)

        if self.datsp.format not in ['bsr', 'csc', 'csr']:
            pytest.skip("Bool comparisons only implemented for BSR, CSC, and CSR.")
        for dtype in self.checked_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_empty(self):
        # create empty matrices
        assert_equal(self.spcreator((3, 3)).toarray(), zeros((3, 3)))
        assert_equal(self.spcreator((3, 3)).nnz, 0)
        assert_equal(self.spcreator((3, 3)).count_nonzero(), 0)
        if self.datsp.format in ["coo", "csr", "csc", "lil"]:
            assert_equal(self.spcreator((3, 3)).count_nonzero(axis=0), array([0, 0, 0]))

    def test_count_nonzero(self):
        axis_support = self.datsp.format in ["coo", "csr", "csc", "lil"]
        axes = [None, 0, 1, -1, -2] if axis_support else [None]

        for A in (self.datsp, self.datsp.T):
            for ax in axes:
                expected = np.count_nonzero(A.toarray(), axis=ax)
                assert_equal(A.count_nonzero(axis=ax), expected)

        if not axis_support:
            with assert_raises(NotImplementedError, match="not implemented .* format"):
                self.datsp.count_nonzero(axis=0)

    def test_invalid_shapes(self):
        assert_raises(ValueError, self.spcreator, (-1,3))
        assert_raises(ValueError, self.spcreator, (3,-1))
        assert_raises(ValueError, self.spcreator, (-1,-1))

    def test_repr(self):
        datsp = self.spcreator([[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, -2]])
        extra = (
            "(1 diagonals) " if datsp.format == "dia"
            else "(blocksize=1x1) " if datsp.format == "bsr"
            else ""
        )
        _, fmt = _formats[datsp.format]
        sparse_cls = "array" if self.is_array_test else "matrix"
        expected = (
            f"<{fmt} sparse {sparse_cls} of dtype '{datsp.dtype}'\n"
            f"\twith {datsp.nnz} stored elements {extra}and shape {datsp.shape}>"
        )
        assert repr(datsp) == expected

    def test_str_maxprint(self):
        datsp = self.spcreator(np.arange(75).reshape(5, 15))
        assert datsp.maxprint == 50
        assert len(str(datsp).split('\n')) == 51 + 3

        dat = np.arange(15).reshape(5,3)
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat)
        # format dia reports nnz=15, but we want 14
        nnz_small = 14 if datsp.format == 'dia' else datsp.nnz
        datsp_mp6 = self.spcreator(dat, maxprint=6)

        assert len(str(datsp).split('\n')) == nnz_small + 3
        assert len(str(datsp_mp6).split('\n')) == 6 + 4

        # Check parameter `maxprint` is keyword only
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat, shape=(5, 3), dtype='i', copy=False, maxprint=4)
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat, (5, 3), 'i', False, maxprint=4)
        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="positional argument|unpack non-iterable"):
            self.spcreator(dat, (5, 3), 'i', False, 4)

    def test_str(self):
        datsp = self.spcreator([[1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, -2]])
        if datsp.nnz != 2:
            return
        extra = (
            "(1 diagonals) " if datsp.format == "dia"
            else "(blocksize=1x1) " if datsp.format == "bsr"
            else ""
        )
        _, fmt = _formats[datsp.format]
        sparse_cls = "array" if self.is_array_test else "matrix"
        expected = (
            f"<{fmt} sparse {sparse_cls} of dtype '{datsp.dtype}'\n"
            f"\twith {datsp.nnz} stored elements {extra}and shape {datsp.shape}>"
            "\n  Coords\tValues"
            "\n  (0, 0)\t1"
            "\n  (2, 2)\t-2"
        )
        assert str(datsp) == expected

    def test_empty_arithmetic(self):
        # Test manipulating empty matrices. Fails in SciPy SVN <= r1768
        shape = (5, 5)
        for mytype in [np.dtype('int32'), np.dtype('float32'),
                np.dtype('float64'), np.dtype('complex64'),
                np.dtype('complex128')]:
            a = self.spcreator(shape, dtype=mytype)
            b = a + a
            c = 2 * a
            d = a @ a.tocsc()
            e = a @ a.tocsr()
            f = a @ a.tocoo()
            for m in [a,b,c,d,e,f]:
                assert_equal(m.toarray(), a.toarray()@a.toarray())
                # These fail in all revisions <= r1768:
                assert_equal(m.dtype,mytype)
                assert_equal(m.toarray().dtype,mytype)

    def test_abs(self):
        A = array([[-1, 0, 17], [0, -5, 0], [1, -4, 0], [0, 0, 0]], 'd')
        assert_equal(abs(A), abs(self.spcreator(A)).toarray())

    def test_round(self):
        decimal = 1
        A = array([[-1.35, 0.56], [17.25, -5.98]], 'd')
        assert_equal(np.around(A, decimals=decimal),
                     round(self.spcreator(A), ndigits=decimal).toarray())

    def test_elementwise_power(self):
        A = array([[-4, -3, -2], [-1, 0, 1], [2, 3, 4]], 'd')
        assert_equal(np.power(A, 2), self.spcreator(A).power(2).toarray())

        #it's element-wise power function, input has to be a scalar
        assert_raises(NotImplementedError, self.spcreator(A).power, A)

    def test_neg(self):
        A = array([[-1, 0, 17], [0, -5, 0], [1, -4, 0], [0, 0, 0]], 'd')
        assert_equal(-A, (-self.spcreator(A)).toarray())

        # see gh-5843
        A = array([[True, False, False], [False, False, True]])
        assert_raises(NotImplementedError, self.spcreator(A).__neg__)

    def test_real(self):
        D = array([[1 + 3j, 2 - 4j]])
        A = self.spcreator(D)
        assert_equal(A.real.toarray(), D.real)

    def test_imag(self):
        D = array([[1 + 3j, 2 - 4j]])
        A = self.spcreator(D)
        assert_equal(A.imag.toarray(), D.imag)

    def test_diagonal(self):
        # Does the matrix's .diagonal() method work?
        mats = []
        mats.append([[1,0,2]])
        mats.append([[1],[0],[2]])
        mats.append([[0,1],[0,2],[0,3]])
        mats.append([[0,0,1],[0,0,2],[0,3,0]])
        mats.append([[1,0],[0,0]])

        mats.append(kron(mats[0],[[1,2]]))
        mats.append(kron(mats[0],[[1],[2]]))
        mats.append(kron(mats[1],[[1,2],[3,4]]))
        mats.append(kron(mats[2],[[1,2],[3,4]]))
        mats.append(kron(mats[3],[[1,2],[3,4]]))
        mats.append(kron(mats[3],[[1,2,3,4]]))

        for m in mats:
            rows, cols = array(m).shape
            sparse_mat = self.spcreator(m)
            for k in range(-rows-1, cols+2):
                assert_equal(sparse_mat.diagonal(k=k), diag(m, k=k))
            # Test for k beyond boundaries(issue #11949)
            assert_equal(sparse_mat.diagonal(k=10), diag(m, k=10))
            assert_equal(sparse_mat.diagonal(k=-99), diag(m, k=-99))

        # Test all-zero matrix.
        assert_equal(self.spcreator((40, 16130)).diagonal(), np.zeros(40))
        # Test empty matrix
        # https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/11949
        assert_equal(self.spcreator((0, 0)).diagonal(), np.empty(0))
        assert_equal(self.spcreator((15, 0)).diagonal(), np.empty(0))
        assert_equal(self.spcreator((0, 5)).diagonal(10), np.empty(0))

    def test_trace(self):
        # For square matrix
        A = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
        B = self.spcreator(A)
        for k in range(-2, 3):
            assert_equal(A.trace(offset=k), B.trace(offset=k))

        # For rectangular matrix
        A = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
        B = self.spcreator(A)
        for k in range(-1, 3):
            assert_equal(A.trace(offset=k), B.trace(offset=k))

    def test_reshape(self):
        x = self.spcreator([[1, 0, 7], [0, 0, 0], [0, 3, 0], [0, 0, 5]])
        for order in ['C', 'F']:
            for s in [(12, 1), (1, 12)]:
                assert_array_equal(x.reshape(s, order=order).toarray(),
                                   x.toarray().reshape(s, order=order))

        # This example is taken from the stackoverflow answer at
        # https://stackoverflow.com/q/16511879
        x = self.spcreator([[0, 10, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 20, 30, 40]])
        y = x.reshape((2, 6))  # Default order is 'C'
        desired = [[0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 20, 30, 40]]
        assert_array_equal(y.toarray(), desired)

        # Reshape with negative indexes
        y = x.reshape((2, -1))
        assert_array_equal(y.toarray(), desired)
        y = x.reshape((-1, 6))
        assert_array_equal(y.toarray(), desired)
        assert_raises(ValueError, x.reshape, (-1, -1))

        # Reshape with star args
        y = x.reshape(2, 6)
        assert_array_equal(y.toarray(), desired)
        assert_raises(TypeError, x.reshape, 2, 6, not_an_arg=1)

        # Reshape with same size is noop unless copy=True
        y = x.reshape((3, 4))
        assert_(y is x)
        y = x.reshape((3, 4), copy=True)
        assert_(y is not x)

        # Ensure reshape did not alter original size
        assert_array_equal(x.shape, (3, 4))

        if self.is_array_test:
            with assert_raises(AttributeError, match="has no setter|n't set attribute"):
                x.shape = (2, 6)
        else:  # spmatrix test
            # Reshape in place
            x.shape = (2, 6)
            assert_array_equal(x.toarray(), desired)

        # Reshape to bad ndim
        assert_raises(ValueError, x.reshape, (x.size,))
        assert_raises(ValueError, x.reshape, (1, x.size, 1))

    @pytest.mark.slow
    def test_setdiag_comprehensive(self):
        def dense_setdiag(a, v, k):
            v = np.asarray(v)
            if k >= 0:
                n = min(a.shape[0], a.shape[1] - k)
                if v.ndim != 0:
                    n = min(n, len(v))
                    v = v[:n]
                i = np.arange(0, n)
                j = np.arange(k, k + n)
                a[i,j] = v
            elif k < 0:
                dense_setdiag(a.T, v, -k)

        def check_setdiag(a, b, k):
            # Check setting diagonal using a scalar, a vector of
            # correct length, and too short or too long vectors
            for r in [-1, len(np.diag(a, k)), 2, 30]:
                if r < 0:
                    v = np.random.choice(range(1, 20))
                else:
                    v = np.random.randint(1, 20, size=r)

                dense_setdiag(a, v, k)
                with suppress_warnings() as sup:
                    sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structu")
                    b.setdiag(v, k)

                # check that dense_setdiag worked
                d = np.diag(a, k)
                if np.asarray(v).ndim == 0:
                    assert_array_equal(d, v, err_msg="{msg} {r}")
                else:
                    n = min(len(d), len(v))
                    assert_array_equal(d[:n], v[:n], err_msg="{msg} {r}")
                # check that sparse setdiag worked
                assert_array_equal(b.toarray(), a, err_msg="{msg} {r}")

        # comprehensive test
        np.random.seed(1234)
        shapes = [(0,5), (5,0), (1,5), (5,1), (5,5)]
        for dtype in [np.int8, np.float64]:
            for m,n in shapes:
                ks = np.arange(-m+1, n-1)
                for k in ks:
                    a = np.zeros((m, n), dtype=dtype)
                    b = self.spcreator((m, n), dtype=dtype)

                    check_setdiag(a, b, k)

                    # check overwriting etc
                    for k2 in np.random.choice(ks, size=min(len(ks), 5)):
                        check_setdiag(a, b, k2)

    def test_setdiag(self):
        # simple test cases
        m = self.spcreator(np.eye(3))
        m2 = self.spcreator((4, 4))
        values = [3, 2, 1]
        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            assert_raises(ValueError, m.setdiag, values, k=4)
            m.setdiag(values)
            assert_array_equal(m.diagonal(), values)
            m.setdiag(values, k=1)
            assert_array_equal(m.toarray(), np.array([[3, 3, 0],
                                                      [0, 2, 2],
                                                      [0, 0, 1]]))
            m.setdiag(values, k=-2)
            assert_array_equal(m.toarray(), np.array([[3, 3, 0],
                                                      [0, 2, 2],
                                                      [3, 0, 1]]))
            m.setdiag((9,), k=2)
            assert_array_equal(m.toarray()[0,2], 9)
            m.setdiag((9,), k=-2)
            assert_array_equal(m.toarray()[2,0], 9)
            # test short values on an empty matrix
            m2.setdiag([1], k=2)
            assert_array_equal(m2.toarray()[0], [0, 0, 1, 0])
            # test overwriting that same diagonal
            m2.setdiag([1, 1], k=2)
            assert_array_equal(m2.toarray()[:2], [[0, 0, 1, 0],
                                                  [0, 0, 0, 1]])

    def test_nonzero(self):
        A = array([[1, 0, 1],[0, 1, 1],[0, 0, 1]])
        Asp = self.spcreator(A)

        A_nz = {tuple(ij) for ij in transpose(A.nonzero())}
        Asp_nz = {tuple(ij) for ij in transpose(Asp.nonzero())}

        assert_equal(A_nz, Asp_nz)

    def test_numpy_nonzero(self):
        # See gh-5987
        A = array([[1, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 1]])
        Asp = self.spcreator(A)

        A_nz = {tuple(ij) for ij in transpose(np.nonzero(A))}
        Asp_nz = {tuple(ij) for ij in transpose(np.nonzero(Asp))}

        assert_equal(A_nz, Asp_nz)

    def test_sum(self):
        np.random.seed(1234)
        dat_1 = np.array([[0, 1, 2],
                        [3, -4, 5],
                        [-6, 7, 9]])
        dat_2 = np.random.rand(5, 5)
        dat_3 = np.array([[]])
        dat_4 = np.zeros((40, 40))
        dat_5 = sparse.rand(5, 5, density=1e-2).toarray()
        matrices = [dat_1, dat_2, dat_3, dat_4, dat_5]

        def check(dtype, j):
            dat = self.asdense(matrices[j], dtype=dtype)
            datsp = self.spcreator(dat, dtype=dtype)
            with np.errstate(over='ignore'):
                assert_array_almost_equal(dat.sum(), datsp.sum())
                assert_equal(dat.sum().dtype, datsp.sum().dtype)
                assert_(np.isscalar(datsp.sum(axis=None)))
                assert_array_almost_equal(dat.sum(axis=None),
                                          datsp.sum(axis=None))
                assert_equal(dat.sum(axis=None).dtype,
                             datsp.sum(axis=None).dtype)
                assert_array_almost_equal(dat.sum(axis=0), datsp.sum(axis=0))
                assert_equal(dat.sum(axis=0).dtype, datsp.sum(axis=0).dtype)
                assert_array_almost_equal(dat.sum(axis=1), datsp.sum(axis=1))
                assert_equal(dat.sum(axis=1).dtype, datsp.sum(axis=1).dtype)
                assert_array_almost_equal(dat.sum(axis=-2), datsp.sum(axis=-2))
                assert_equal(dat.sum(axis=-2).dtype, datsp.sum(axis=-2).dtype)
                assert_array_almost_equal(dat.sum(axis=-1), datsp.sum(axis=-1))
                assert_equal(dat.sum(axis=-1).dtype, datsp.sum(axis=-1).dtype)

        for dtype in self.checked_dtypes:
            for j in range(len(matrices)):
                check(dtype, j)

    def test_sum_invalid_params(self):
        out = np.zeros((1, 3))
        dat = array([[0, 1, 2],
                     [3, -4, 5],
                     [-6, 7, 9]])
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat)

        assert_raises(ValueError, datsp.sum, axis=3)
        assert_raises(TypeError, datsp.sum, axis=(0, 1))
        assert_raises(TypeError, datsp.sum, axis=1.5)
        assert_raises(ValueError, datsp.sum, axis=1, out=out)

    def test_sum_dtype(self):
        dat = array([[0, 1, 2],
                     [3, -4, 5],
                     [-6, 7, 9]])
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat)

        def check(dtype):
            dat_sum = dat.sum(dtype=dtype)
            datsp_sum = datsp.sum(dtype=dtype)

            assert_array_almost_equal(dat_sum, datsp_sum)
            assert_equal(dat_sum.dtype, datsp_sum.dtype)

        for dtype in self.checked_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_sum_out(self):
        keep = not self.is_array_test
        dat = array([[0, 1, 2],
                     [3, -4, 5],
                     [-6, 7, 9]])
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat)

        dat_out = array(0) if self.is_array_test else array([[0]])
        datsp_out = array(0) if self.is_array_test else matrix([[0]])

        dat.sum(out=dat_out, keepdims=keep)
        datsp.sum(out=datsp_out)
        assert_array_almost_equal(dat_out, datsp_out)

        dat_out = np.zeros((3,)) if self.is_array_test else np.zeros((3, 1))
        datsp_out = np.zeros((3,)) if self.is_array_test else matrix(np.zeros((3, 1)))

        dat.sum(axis=1, out=dat_out, keepdims=keep)
        datsp.sum(axis=1, out=datsp_out)
        assert_array_almost_equal(dat_out, datsp_out)

    def test_numpy_sum(self):
        # See gh-5987
        dat = array([[0, 1, 2],
                     [3, -4, 5],
                     [-6, 7, 9]])
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat)

        dat_sum = np.sum(dat)
        datsp_sum = np.sum(datsp)

        assert_array_almost_equal(dat_sum, datsp_sum)
        assert_equal(dat_sum.dtype, datsp_sum.dtype)

    def test_mean(self):
        keep = not self.is_array_test
        def check(dtype):
            dat = array([[0, 1, 2],
                         [3, 4, 5],
                         [6, 7, 9]], dtype=dtype)
            datsp = self.spcreator(dat, dtype=dtype)

            assert_array_almost_equal(dat.mean(), datsp.mean())
            assert_equal(dat.mean().dtype, datsp.mean().dtype)
            assert_(np.isscalar(datsp.mean(axis=None)))
            assert_array_almost_equal(
                dat.mean(axis=None, keepdims=keep), datsp.mean(axis=None)
            )
            assert_equal(dat.mean(axis=None).dtype, datsp.mean(axis=None).dtype)
            assert_array_almost_equal(
                dat.mean(axis=0, keepdims=keep), datsp.mean(axis=0)
            )
            assert_equal(dat.mean(axis=0).dtype, datsp.mean(axis=0).dtype)
            assert_array_almost_equal(
                dat.mean(axis=1, keepdims=keep), datsp.mean(axis=1)
            )
            assert_equal(dat.mean(axis=1).dtype, datsp.mean(axis=1).dtype)
            assert_array_almost_equal(
                dat.mean(axis=-2, keepdims=keep), datsp.mean(axis=-2)
            )
            assert_equal(dat.mean(axis=-2).dtype, datsp.mean(axis=-2).dtype)
            assert_array_almost_equal(
                dat.mean(axis=-1, keepdims=keep), datsp.mean(axis=-1)
            )
            assert_equal(dat.mean(axis=-1).dtype, datsp.mean(axis=-1).dtype)

        for dtype in self.checked_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_mean_invalid_params(self):
        out = self.asdense(np.zeros((1, 3)))
        dat = array([[0, 1, 2],
                     [3, -4, 5],
                     [-6, 7, 9]])
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat)

        assert_raises(ValueError, datsp.mean, axis=3)
        assert_raises(TypeError, datsp.mean, axis=(0, 1))
        assert_raises(TypeError, datsp.mean, axis=1.5)
        assert_raises(ValueError, datsp.mean, axis=1, out=out)

    def test_mean_dtype(self):
        dat = array([[0, 1, 2],
                     [3, -4, 5],
                     [-6, 7, 9]])
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat)

        def check(dtype):
            dat_mean = dat.mean(dtype=dtype)
            datsp_mean = datsp.mean(dtype=dtype)

            assert_array_almost_equal(dat_mean, datsp_mean)
            assert_equal(dat_mean.dtype, datsp_mean.dtype)

        for dtype in self.checked_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_mean_out(self):
        keep = not self.is_array_test
        dat = array([[0, 1, 2],
                     [3, -4, 5],
                     [-6, 7, 9]])
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat)

        dat_out = array(0) if self.is_array_test else array([[0]])
        datsp_out = array(0) if self.is_array_test else matrix([[0]])

        dat.mean(out=dat_out, keepdims=keep)
        datsp.mean(out=datsp_out)
        assert_array_almost_equal(dat_out, datsp_out)

        dat_out = np.zeros((3,)) if self.is_array_test else np.zeros((3, 1))
        datsp_out = np.zeros((3,)) if self.is_array_test else matrix(np.zeros((3, 1)))

        dat.mean(axis=1, out=dat_out, keepdims=keep)
        datsp.mean(axis=1, out=datsp_out)
        assert_array_almost_equal(dat_out, datsp_out)

    def test_numpy_mean(self):
        # See gh-5987
        dat = array([[0, 1, 2],
                     [3, -4, 5],
                     [-6, 7, 9]])
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat)

        dat_mean = np.mean(dat)
        datsp_mean = np.mean(datsp)

        assert_array_almost_equal(dat_mean, datsp_mean)
        assert_equal(dat_mean.dtype, datsp_mean.dtype)

    def test_expm(self):
        M = array([[1, 0, 2], [0, 0, 3], [-4, 5, 6]], float)
        sM = self.spcreator(M, shape=(3,3), dtype=float)
        Mexp = scipy.linalg.expm(M)

        N = array([[3., 0., 1.], [0., 2., 0.], [0., 0., 0.]])
        sN = self.spcreator(N, shape=(3,3), dtype=float)
        Nexp = scipy.linalg.expm(N)

        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(
                SparseEfficiencyWarning,
                "splu converted its input to CSC format",
            )
            sup.filter(
                SparseEfficiencyWarning,
                "spsolve is more efficient when sparse b is in the CSC matrix format",
            )
            sup.filter(
                SparseEfficiencyWarning,
                "spsolve requires A be CSC or CSR matrix format",
            )
            sMexp = expm(sM).toarray()
            sNexp = expm(sN).toarray()

        assert_array_almost_equal((sMexp - Mexp), zeros((3, 3)))
        assert_array_almost_equal((sNexp - Nexp), zeros((3, 3)))

    def test_inv(self):
        def check(dtype):
            M = array([[1, 0, 2], [0, 0, 3], [-4, 5, 6]], dtype)
            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
                sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning,
                           "spsolve requires A be CSC or CSR matrix format",)
                sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning,
                           "spsolve is more efficient when sparse b "
                           "is in the CSC matrix format",)
                sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning,
                           "splu converted its input to CSC format",)
                sM = self.spcreator(M, shape=(3,3), dtype=dtype)
                sMinv = inv(sM)
            assert_array_almost_equal(sMinv.dot(sM).toarray(), np.eye(3))
            assert_raises(TypeError, inv, M)
        for dtype in [float]:
            check(dtype)

    @sup_complex
    def test_from_array(self):
        A = array([[1,0,0],[2,3,4],[0,5,0],[0,0,0]])
        assert_array_equal(self.spcreator(A).toarray(), A)

        A = array([[1.0 + 3j, 0, 0],
                   [0, 2.0 + 5, 0],
                   [0, 0, 0]])
        assert_array_equal(self.spcreator(A).toarray(), A)
        assert_array_equal(self.spcreator(A, dtype='int16').toarray(),A.astype('int16'))

    @sup_complex
    def test_from_matrix(self):
        A = self.asdense([[1, 0, 0], [2, 3, 4], [0, 5, 0], [0, 0, 0]])
        assert_array_equal(self.spcreator(A).todense(), A)

        A = self.asdense([[1.0 + 3j, 0, 0],
                          [0, 2.0 + 5, 0],
                          [0, 0, 0]])
        assert_array_equal(self.spcreator(A).todense(), A)
        assert_array_equal(
            self.spcreator(A, dtype='int16').todense(), A.astype('int16')
        )

    @sup_complex
    def test_from_list(self):
        A = [[1,0,0],[2,3,4],[0,5,0],[0,0,0]]
        assert_array_equal(self.spcreator(A).toarray(), A)

        A = [[1.0 + 3j, 0, 0],
             [0, 2.0 + 5, 0],
             [0, 0, 0]]
        assert_array_equal(self.spcreator(A).toarray(), array(A))
        assert_array_equal(
            self.spcreator(A, dtype='int16').toarray(), array(A).astype('int16')
        )

    @sup_complex
    def test_from_sparse(self):
        D = array([[1,0,0],[2,3,4],[0,5,0],[0,0,0]])
        S = self.csr_container(D)
        assert_array_equal(self.spcreator(S).toarray(), D)
        S = self.spcreator(D)
        assert_array_equal(self.spcreator(S).toarray(), D)

        D = array([[1.0 + 3j, 0, 0],
                   [0, 2.0 + 5, 0],
                   [0, 0, 0]])
        S = self.csr_container(D)
        assert_array_equal(self.spcreator(S).toarray(), D)
        assert_array_equal(self.spcreator(S, dtype='int16').toarray(),
                           D.astype('int16'))
        S = self.spcreator(D)
        assert_array_equal(self.spcreator(S).toarray(), D)
        assert_array_equal(self.spcreator(S, dtype='int16').toarray(),
                           D.astype('int16'))

    # def test_array(self):
    #    """test array(A) where A is in sparse format"""
    #    assert_equal( array(self.datsp), self.dat )

    def test_todense(self):
        # Check C- or F-contiguous (default).
        chk = self.datsp.todense()
        assert isinstance(chk, np.ndarray if self.is_array_test else np.matrix)
        assert_array_equal(chk, self.dat)
        assert_(chk.flags.c_contiguous != chk.flags.f_contiguous)
        # Check C-contiguous (with arg).
        chk = self.datsp.todense(order='C')
        assert_array_equal(chk, self.dat)
        assert_(chk.flags.c_contiguous)
        assert_(not chk.flags.f_contiguous)
        # Check F-contiguous (with arg).
        chk = self.datsp.todense(order='F')
        assert_array_equal(chk, self.dat)
        assert_(not chk.flags.c_contiguous)
        assert_(chk.flags.f_contiguous)
        # Check with out argument (array).
        out = np.zeros(self.datsp.shape, dtype=self.datsp.dtype)
        chk = self.datsp.todense(out=out)
        assert_array_equal(self.dat, out)
        assert_array_equal(self.dat, chk)
        assert np.may_share_memory(chk, out)
        # Check with out array (matrix).
        out = self.asdense(np.zeros(self.datsp.shape, dtype=self.datsp.dtype))
        chk = self.datsp.todense(out=out)
        assert_array_equal(self.dat, out)
        assert_array_equal(self.dat, chk)
        assert np.may_share_memory(chk, out)
        a = array([[1.,2.,3.]])
        dense_dot_dense = a @ self.dat
        check = a @ self.datsp.todense()
        assert_array_equal(dense_dot_dense, check)
        b = array([[1.,2.,3.,4.]]).T
        dense_dot_dense = self.dat @ b
        check2 = self.datsp.todense() @ b
        assert_array_equal(dense_dot_dense, check2)
        # Check bool data works.
        spbool = self.spcreator(self.dat, dtype=bool)
        matbool = self.dat.astype(bool)
        assert_array_equal(spbool.todense(), matbool)

    def test_toarray(self):
        # Check C- or F-contiguous (default).
        dat = asarray(self.dat)
        chk = self.datsp.toarray()
        assert_array_equal(chk, dat)
        assert_(chk.flags.c_contiguous != chk.flags.f_contiguous)
        # Check C-contiguous (with arg).
        chk = self.datsp.toarray(order='C')
        assert_array_equal(chk, dat)
        assert_(chk.flags.c_contiguous)
        assert_(not chk.flags.f_contiguous)
        # Check F-contiguous (with arg).
        chk = self.datsp.toarray(order='F')
        assert_array_equal(chk, dat)
        assert_(not chk.flags.c_contiguous)
        assert_(chk.flags.f_contiguous)
        # Check with output arg.
        out = np.zeros(self.datsp.shape, dtype=self.datsp.dtype)
        self.datsp.toarray(out=out)
        assert_array_equal(chk, dat)
        # Check that things are fine when we don't initialize with zeros.
        out[...] = 1.
        self.datsp.toarray(out=out)
        assert_array_equal(chk, dat)
        a = array([1.,2.,3.])
        dense_dot_dense = dot(a, dat)
        check = dot(a, self.datsp.toarray())
        assert_array_equal(dense_dot_dense, check)
        b = array([1.,2.,3.,4.])
        dense_dot_dense = dot(dat, b)
        check2 = dot(self.datsp.toarray(), b)
        assert_array_equal(dense_dot_dense, check2)
        # Check bool data works.
        spbool = self.spcreator(self.dat, dtype=bool)
        arrbool = dat.astype(bool)
        assert_array_equal(spbool.toarray(), arrbool)

    @sup_complex
    def test_astype(self):
        D = array([[2.0 + 3j, 0, 0],
                   [0, 4.0 + 5j, 0],
                   [0, 0, 0]])
        S = self.spcreator(D)

        for x in supported_dtypes:
            # Check correctly casted
            D_casted = D.astype(x)
            for copy in (True, False):
                S_casted = S.astype(x, copy=copy)
                assert_equal(S_casted.dtype, D_casted.dtype)  # correct type
                assert_equal(S_casted.toarray(), D_casted)    # correct values
                assert_equal(S_casted.format, S.format)       # format preserved
            # Check correctly copied
            assert_(S_casted.astype(x, copy=False) is S_casted)
            S_copied = S_casted.astype(x, copy=True)
            assert_(S_copied is not S_casted)

            def check_equal_but_not_same_array_attribute(attribute):
                a = getattr(S_casted, attribute)
                b = getattr(S_copied, attribute)
                assert_array_equal(a, b)
                assert_(a is not b)
                i = (0,) * b.ndim
                b_i = b[i]
                b[i] = not b[i]
                assert_(a[i] != b[i])
                b[i] = b_i

            if S_casted.format in ('csr', 'csc', 'bsr'):
                for attribute in ('indices', 'indptr', 'data'):
                    check_equal_but_not_same_array_attribute(attribute)
            elif S_casted.format == 'coo':
                for attribute in ('row', 'col', 'data'):
                    check_equal_but_not_same_array_attribute(attribute)
            elif S_casted.format == 'dia':
                for attribute in ('offsets', 'data'):
                    check_equal_but_not_same_array_attribute(attribute)

    @sup_complex
    def test_astype_immutable(self):
        D = array([[2.0 + 3j, 0, 0],
                   [0, 4.0 + 5j, 0],
                   [0, 0, 0]])
        S = self.spcreator(D)
        if hasattr(S, 'data'):
            S.data.flags.writeable = False
        if S.format in ('csr', 'csc', 'bsr'):
            S.indptr.flags.writeable = False
            S.indices.flags.writeable = False
        for x in supported_dtypes:
            D_casted = D.astype(x)
            S_casted = S.astype(x)
            assert_equal(S_casted.dtype, D_casted.dtype)

    def test_mul_scalar(self):
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]

            assert_array_equal(dat*2, (datsp*2).toarray())
            assert_array_equal(dat*17.3, (datsp*17.3).toarray())

        for dtype in self.math_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_rmul_scalar(self):
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]

            assert_array_equal(2*dat, (2*datsp).toarray())
            assert_array_equal(17.3*dat, (17.3*datsp).toarray())

        for dtype in self.math_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    # GitHub issue #15210
    def test_rmul_scalar_type_error(self):
        datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[np.float64]
        with assert_raises(TypeError):
            None * datsp

    def test_add(self):
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]

            a = dat.copy()
            a[0,2] = 2.0
            b = datsp
            c = b + a
            assert_array_equal(c, b.toarray() + a)

            c = b + b.tocsr()
            assert_array_equal(c.toarray(),
                               b.toarray() + b.toarray())

            # test broadcasting
            c = b + a[0]
            assert_array_equal(c, b.toarray() + a[0])

        for dtype in self.math_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_radd(self):
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]

            a = dat.copy()
            a[0,2] = 2.0
            b = datsp
            c = a + b
            assert_array_equal(c, a + b.toarray())

        for dtype in self.math_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_sub(self):
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]

            assert_array_equal((datsp - datsp).toarray(), np.zeros((3, 4)))
            assert_array_equal((datsp - 0).toarray(), dat)

            A = self.spcreator(
                np.array([[1, 0, 0, 4], [-1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 8, 0, -5]], 'd')
            )
            assert_array_equal((datsp - A).toarray(), dat - A.toarray())
            assert_array_equal((A - datsp).toarray(), A.toarray() - dat)

            # test broadcasting
            assert_array_equal(datsp - dat[0], dat - dat[0])

        for dtype in self.math_dtypes:
            if dtype == np.dtype('bool'):
                # boolean array subtraction deprecated in 1.9.0
                continue

            check(dtype)

    def test_rsub(self):
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]

            assert_array_equal((dat - datsp),[[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0]])
            assert_array_equal((datsp - dat),[[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0]])
            assert_array_equal((0 - datsp).toarray(), -dat)

            A = self.spcreator([[1,0,0,4],[-1,0,0,0],[0,8,0,-5]],dtype='d')
            assert_array_equal((dat - A), dat - A.toarray())
            assert_array_equal((A - dat), A.toarray() - dat)
            assert_array_equal(A.toarray() - datsp, A.toarray() - dat)
            assert_array_equal(datsp - A.toarray(), dat - A.toarray())

            # test broadcasting
            assert_array_equal(dat[0] - datsp, dat[0] - dat)

        for dtype in self.math_dtypes:
            if dtype == np.dtype('bool'):
                # boolean array subtraction deprecated in 1.9.0
                continue

            check(dtype)

    def test_add0(self):
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]

            # Adding 0 to a sparse matrix
            assert_array_equal((datsp + 0).toarray(), dat)
            # use sum (which takes 0 as a starting value)
            sumS = sum([k * datsp for k in range(1, 3)])
            sumD = sum([k * dat for k in range(1, 3)])
            assert_almost_equal(sumS.toarray(), sumD)

        for dtype in self.math_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_elementwise_multiply(self):
        # real/real
        A = array([[4,0,9],[2,-3,5]])
        B = array([[0,7,0],[0,-4,0]])
        Asp = self.spcreator(A)
        Bsp = self.spcreator(B)
        assert_almost_equal(Asp.multiply(Bsp).toarray(), A*B)  # sparse/sparse
        assert_almost_equal(Asp.multiply(B).toarray(), A*B)  # sparse/dense

        # complex/complex
        C = array([[1-2j,0+5j,-1+0j],[4-3j,-3+6j,5]])
        D = array([[5+2j,7-3j,-2+1j],[0-1j,-4+2j,9]])
        Csp = self.spcreator(C)
        Dsp = self.spcreator(D)
        assert_almost_equal(Csp.multiply(Dsp).toarray(), C*D)  # sparse/sparse
        assert_almost_equal(Csp.multiply(D).toarray(), C*D)  # sparse/dense

        # real/complex
        assert_almost_equal(Asp.multiply(Dsp).toarray(), A*D)  # sparse/sparse
        assert_almost_equal(Asp.multiply(D).toarray(), A*D)  # sparse/dense

    def test_elementwise_multiply_broadcast(self):
        A = array([4])
        B = array([[-9]])
        C = array([1,-1,0])
        D = array([[7,9,-9]])
        E = array([[3],[2],[1]])
        F = array([[8,6,3],[-4,3,2],[6,6,6]])
        G = [1, 2, 3]
        H = np.ones((3, 4))
        J = H.T
        K = array([[0]])
        L = array([[[1,2],[0,1]]])

        # Some arrays can't be cast as spmatrices (A,C,L) so leave
        # them out.
        Bsp = self.spcreator(B)
        Dsp = self.spcreator(D)
        Esp = self.spcreator(E)
        Fsp = self.spcreator(F)
        Hsp = self.spcreator(H)
        Hspp = self.spcreator(H[0,None])
        Jsp = self.spcreator(J)
        Jspp = self.spcreator(J[:,0,None])
        Ksp = self.spcreator(K)

        matrices = [A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L]
        spmatrices = [Bsp, Dsp, Esp, Fsp, Hsp, Hspp, Jsp, Jspp, Ksp]

        # sparse/sparse
        for i in spmatrices:
            for j in spmatrices:
                try:
                    dense_mult = i.toarray() * j.toarray()
                except ValueError:
                    assert_raises(ValueError, i.multiply, j)
                    continue
                sp_mult = i.multiply(j)
                assert_almost_equal(sp_mult.toarray(), dense_mult)

        # sparse/dense
        for i in spmatrices:
            for j in matrices:
                try:
                    dense_mult = i.toarray() * j
                except TypeError:
                    continue
                except ValueError:
                    assert_raises(ValueError, i.multiply, j)
                    continue
                sp_mult = i.multiply(j)
                if issparse(sp_mult):
                    assert_almost_equal(sp_mult.toarray(), dense_mult)
                else:
                    assert_almost_equal(sp_mult, dense_mult)

    def test_elementwise_divide(self):
        expected = [[1,np.nan,np.nan,1],
                    [1,np.nan,1,np.nan],
                    [np.nan,1,np.nan,np.nan]]
        assert_array_equal(toarray(self.datsp / self.datsp), expected)

        denom = self.spcreator([[1,0,0,4],[-1,0,0,0],[0,8,0,-5]],dtype='d')
        expected = [[1,np.nan,np.nan,0.5],
                    [-3,np.nan,inf,np.nan],
                    [np.nan,0.25,np.nan,0]]
        assert_array_equal(toarray(self.datsp / denom), expected)

        # complex
        A = array([[1-2j,0+5j,-1+0j],[4-3j,-3+6j,5]])
        B = array([[5+2j,7-3j,-2+1j],[0-1j,-4+2j,9]])
        Asp = self.spcreator(A)
        Bsp = self.spcreator(B)
        assert_almost_equal(toarray(Asp / Bsp), A/B)

        # integer
        A = array([[1,2,3],[-3,2,1]])
        B = array([[0,1,2],[0,-2,3]])
        Asp = self.spcreator(A)
        Bsp = self.spcreator(B)
        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
            assert_array_equal(toarray(Asp / Bsp), A / B)

        # mismatching sparsity patterns
        A = array([[0,1],[1,0]])
        B = array([[1,0],[1,0]])
        Asp = self.spcreator(A)
        Bsp = self.spcreator(B)
        with np.errstate(divide='ignore', invalid='ignore'):
            assert_array_equal(np.array(toarray(Asp / Bsp)), A / B)

    def test_pow(self):
        A = array([[1, 0, 2, 0], [0, 3, 4, 0], [0, 5, 0, 0], [0, 6, 7, 8]])
        B = self.spcreator(A)

        if self.is_array_test:  # sparrays use element-wise power
            # Todo: Add 1+3j to tested exponent list when np1.24 is no longer supported
            #    Complex exponents of 0 (our implicit fill value) change in numpy-1.25
            #    from `(nan+nanj)` to `0`. Old value makes array element-wise result
            #    dense and is hard to check for without any `isnan` method.
            # So while untested here, element-wise complex exponents work with np>=1.25.
            # for exponent in [1, 2, 2.2, 3, 1+3j]:
            for exponent in [1, 2, 2.2, 3]:
                ret_sp = B**exponent
                ret_np = A**exponent
                assert_array_equal(ret_sp.toarray(), ret_np)
                assert_equal(ret_sp.dtype, ret_np.dtype)

            # invalid exponents
            assert_raises(NotImplementedError, B.__pow__, 0)
            assert_raises(ValueError, B.__pow__, -1)

            # nonsquare matrix
            B = self.spcreator(A[:3,:])
            assert_equal((B**1).toarray(), B.toarray())
        else:  # test sparse matrix. spmatrices use matrix multiplicative power
            for exponent in [0,1,2,3]:
                ret_sp = B**exponent
                ret_np = np.linalg.matrix_power(A, exponent)
                assert_array_equal(ret_sp.toarray(), ret_np)
                assert_equal(ret_sp.dtype, ret_np.dtype)

            # invalid exponents
            for exponent in [-1, 2.2, 1 + 3j]:
                assert_raises(ValueError, B.__pow__, exponent)

            # nonsquare matrix
            B = self.spcreator(A[:3,:])
            assert_raises(TypeError, B.__pow__, 1)

    def test_rmatvec(self):
        M = self.spcreator([[3,0,0],[0,1,0],[2,0,3.0],[2,3,0]])
        assert_array_almost_equal([1,2,3,4] @ M, dot([1,2,3,4], M.toarray()))
        row = array([[1,2,3,4]])
        assert_array_almost_equal(row @ M, row @ M.toarray())

    def test_small_multiplication(self):
        # test that A*x works for x with shape () (1,) (1,1) and (1,0)
        A = self.spcreator([[1],[2],[3]])

        assert_(issparse(A * array(1)))
        assert_equal((A * array(1)).toarray(), [[1], [2], [3]])

        assert_equal(A @ array([1]), array([1, 2, 3]))
        assert_equal(A @ array([[1]]), array([[1], [2], [3]]))
        assert_equal(A @ np.ones((1, 1)), array([[1], [2], [3]]))
        assert_equal(A @ np.ones((1, 0)), np.ones((3, 0)))

    def test_star_vs_at_sign_for_sparray_and_spmatrix(self):
        # test that * is matmul for spmatrix and mul for sparray
        A = np.array([[1], [2], [3]])
        Asp = self.spcreator(A)

        if self.is_array_test:
            assert_array_almost_equal((Asp * np.ones((3, 1))).toarray(), A)
            assert_array_almost_equal((Asp * array([[1]])).toarray(), A)
        else:
            assert_equal(Asp * array([1]), array([1, 2, 3]))
            assert_equal(Asp * array([[1]]), array([[1], [2], [3]]))
            assert_equal(Asp * np.ones((1, 0)), np.ones((3, 0)))

    def test_binop_custom_type(self):
        # Non-regression test: previously, binary operations would raise
        # NotImplementedError instead of returning NotImplemented
        # (https://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#NotImplemented)
        # so overloading Custom + matrix etc. didn't work.
        A = self.spcreator([[1], [2], [3]])
        B = BinopTester()
        assert_equal(A + B, "matrix on the left")
        assert_equal(A - B, "matrix on the left")
        assert_equal(A * B, "matrix on the left")
        assert_equal(B + A, "matrix on the right")
        assert_equal(B - A, "matrix on the right")
        assert_equal(B * A, "matrix on the right")

        assert_equal(A @ B, "matrix on the left")
        assert_equal(B @ A, "matrix on the right")

    def test_binop_custom_type_with_shape(self):
        A = self.spcreator([[1], [2], [3]])
        B = BinopTester_with_shape((3,1))
        assert_equal(A + B, "matrix on the left")
        assert_equal(A - B, "matrix on the left")
        assert_equal(A * B, "matrix on the left")
        assert_equal(B + A, "matrix on the right")
        assert_equal(B - A, "matrix on the right")
        assert_equal(B * A, "matrix on the right")

        assert_equal(A @ B, "matrix on the left")
        assert_equal(B @ A, "matrix on the right")

    def test_mul_custom_type(self):
        class Custom:
            def __init__(self, scalar):
                self.scalar = scalar

            def __rmul__(self, other):
                return other * self.scalar

        scalar = 2
        A = self.spcreator([[1],[2],[3]])
        c = Custom(scalar)
        A_scalar = A * scalar
        A_c = A * c
        assert_array_equal_dtype(A_scalar.toarray(), A_c.toarray())
        assert_equal(A_scalar.format, A_c.format)

    def test_comparisons_custom_type(self):
        A = self.spcreator([[1], [2], [3]])
        B = ComparisonTester()
        assert_equal(A == B, "eq")
        assert_equal(A != B, "ne")
        assert_equal(A > B, "lt")
        assert_equal(A >= B, "le")
        assert_equal(A < B, "gt")
        assert_equal(A <= B, "ge")

    def test_dot_scalar(self):
        M = self.spcreator(array([[3,0,0],[0,1,0],[2,0,3.0],[2,3,0]]))
        scalar = 10
        actual = M.dot(scalar)
        expected = M * scalar

        assert_allclose(actual.toarray(), expected.toarray())

    def test_matmul(self):
        M = self.spcreator(array([[3,0,0],[0,1,0],[2,0,3.0],[2,3,0]]))
        B = self.spcreator(array([[0,1],[1,0],[0,2]],'d'))
        col = array([[1,2,3]]).T

        matmul = operator.matmul
        # check matrix-vector
        assert_array_almost_equal(matmul(M, col), M.toarray() @ col)

        # check matrix-matrix
        assert_array_almost_equal(matmul(M, B).toarray(), (M @ B).toarray())
        assert_array_almost_equal(matmul(M.toarray(), B), (M @ B).toarray())
        assert_array_almost_equal(matmul(M, B.toarray()), (M @ B).toarray())

        # check error on matrix-scalar
        assert_raises(ValueError, matmul, M, 1)
        assert_raises(ValueError, matmul, 1, M)

    def test_matvec(self):
        M = self.spcreator([[3,0,0],[0,1,0],[2,0,3.0],[2,3,0]])
        col = array([[1,2,3]]).T

        assert_array_almost_equal(M @ col, M.toarray() @ col)

        # check result dimensions (ticket #514)
        assert_equal((M @ array([1,2,3])).shape,(4,))
        assert_equal((M @ array([[1],[2],[3]])).shape,(4,1))
        assert_equal((M @ matrix([[1],[2],[3]])).shape,(4,1))

        # check result type
        assert_(isinstance(M @ array([1,2,3]), ndarray))
        matrix_or_array = ndarray if self.is_array_test else np.matrix
        assert_(isinstance(M @ matrix([1,2,3]).T, matrix_or_array))

        # ensure exception is raised for improper dimensions
        bad_vecs = [array([1,2]), array([1,2,3,4]), array([[1],[2]]),
                    matrix([1,2,3]), matrix([[1],[2]])]
        for x in bad_vecs:
            assert_raises(ValueError, M.__matmul__, x)

        # The current relationship between sparse matrix products and array
        # products is as follows:
        assert_almost_equal(M@array([1,2,3]), dot(M.toarray(),[1,2,3]))
        assert_almost_equal(M@[[1],[2],[3]], np.atleast_2d(dot(M.toarray(),[1,2,3])).T)
        # Note that the result of M * x is dense if x has a singleton dimension.

        # Currently M.matvec(asarray(col)) is rank-1, whereas M.matvec(col)
        # is rank-2.  Is this desirable?

    def test_matmat_sparse(self):
        a = matrix([[3,0,0],[0,1,0],[2,0,3.0],[2,3,0]])
        a2 = array([[3,0,0],[0,1,0],[2,0,3.0],[2,3,0]])
        b = matrix([[0,1],[1,0],[0,2]],'d')
        asp = self.spcreator(a)
        bsp = self.spcreator(b)
        assert_array_almost_equal((asp @ bsp).toarray(), a @ b)
        assert_array_almost_equal(asp @ b, a @ b)
        assert_array_almost_equal(a @ bsp, a @ b)
        assert_array_almost_equal(a2 @ bsp, a @ b)

        # Now try performing cross-type multiplication:
        csp = bsp.tocsc()
        c = b
        want = a @ c
        assert_array_almost_equal((asp @ csp).toarray(), want)
        assert_array_almost_equal(asp @ c, want)

        assert_array_almost_equal(a @ csp, want)
        assert_array_almost_equal(a2 @ csp, want)
        csp = bsp.tocsr()
        assert_array_almost_equal((asp @ csp).toarray(), want)
        assert_array_almost_equal(asp @ c, want)

        assert_array_almost_equal(a @ csp, want)
        assert_array_almost_equal(a2 @ csp, want)
        csp = bsp.tocoo()
        assert_array_almost_equal((asp @ csp).toarray(), want)
        assert_array_almost_equal(asp @ c, want)

        assert_array_almost_equal(a @ csp, want)
        assert_array_almost_equal(a2 @ csp, want)

        # Test provided by Andy Fraser, 2006-03-26
        L = 30
        frac = .3
        random.seed(0)  # make runs repeatable
        A = zeros((L,2))
        for i in range(L):
            for j in range(2):
                r = random.random()
                if r < frac:
                    A[i,j] = r/frac

        A = self.spcreator(A)
        B = A @ A.T
        assert_array_almost_equal(B.toarray(), A.toarray() @ A.T.toarray())
        assert_array_almost_equal(B.toarray(), A.toarray() @ A.toarray().T)

        # check dimension mismatch 2x2 times 3x2
        A = self.spcreator([[1,2],[3,4]])
        B = self.spcreator([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]])
        assert_raises(ValueError, A.__matmul__, B)
        if self.is_array_test:
            assert_raises(ValueError, A.__mul__, B)

    def test_matmat_dense(self):
        a = [[3,0,0],[0,1,0],[2,0,3.0],[2,3,0]]
        asp = self.spcreator(a)

        # check both array and matrix types
        bs = [array([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]), matrix([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]])]

        for b in bs:
            result = asp @ b
            assert_(isinstance(result, ndarray if self.is_array_test else type(b)))
            assert_equal(result.shape, (4,2))
            assert_equal(result, dot(a,b))

    def test_sparse_format_conversions(self):
        A = sparse.kron([[1,0,2],[0,3,4],[5,0,0]], [[1,2],[0,3]])
        D = A.toarray()
        A = self.spcreator(A)

        for format in ['bsr','coo','csc','csr','dia','dok','lil']:
            a = A.asformat(format)
            assert_equal(a.format,format)
            assert_array_equal(a.toarray(), D)

            b = self.spcreator(D+3j).asformat(format)
            assert_equal(b.format,format)
            assert_array_equal(b.toarray(), D+3j)

            c = self.spcreator(D).asformat(format)
            assert_equal(c.format,format)
            assert_array_equal(c.toarray(), D)

        for format in ['array', 'dense']:
            a = A.asformat(format)
            assert_array_equal(a, D)

            b = self.spcreator(D+3j).asformat(format)
            assert_array_equal(b, D+3j)

    def test_tobsr(self):
        x = array([[1,0,2,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,4,5]])
        y = array([[0,1,2],[3,0,5]])
        A = kron(x,y)
        Asp = self.spcreator(A)
        for format in ['bsr']:
            fn = getattr(Asp, 'to' + format)

            for X in [1, 2, 3, 6]:
                for Y in [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12]:
                    assert_equal(fn(blocksize=(X, Y)).toarray(), A)

    def test_transpose(self):
        dat_1 = self.dat
        dat_2 = np.array([[]])
        matrices = [dat_1, dat_2]

        def check(dtype, j):
            dat = array(matrices[j], dtype=dtype)
            datsp = self.spcreator(dat)

            a = datsp.transpose()
            b = dat.transpose()

            assert_array_equal(a.toarray(), b)
            assert_array_equal(a.transpose().toarray(), dat)
            assert_array_equal(datsp.transpose(axes=(1, 0)).toarray(), b)
            assert_equal(a.dtype, b.dtype)

        # See gh-5987
        empty = self.spcreator((3, 4))
        assert_array_equal(np.transpose(empty).toarray(),
                           np.transpose(zeros((3, 4))))
        assert_array_equal(empty.T.toarray(), zeros((4, 3)))
        assert_raises(ValueError, empty.transpose, axes=0)

        for dtype in self.checked_dtypes:
            for j in range(len(matrices)):
                check(dtype, j)

    def test_add_dense(self):
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]

            # adding a dense matrix to a sparse matrix
            sum1 = dat + datsp
            assert_array_equal(sum1, dat + dat)
            sum2 = datsp + dat
            assert_array_equal(sum2, dat + dat)

        for dtype in self.math_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_sub_dense(self):
        # subtracting a dense matrix to/from a sparse matrix
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]

            # Behavior is different for bool.
            if dat.dtype == bool:
                sum1 = dat - datsp
                assert_array_equal(sum1, dat - dat)
                sum2 = datsp - dat
                assert_array_equal(sum2, dat - dat)
            else:
                # Manually add to avoid upcasting from scalar
                # multiplication.
                sum1 = (dat + dat + dat) - datsp
                assert_array_equal(sum1, dat + dat)
                sum2 = (datsp + datsp + datsp) - dat
                assert_array_equal(sum2, dat + dat)

        for dtype in self.math_dtypes:
            if dtype == np.dtype('bool'):
                # boolean array subtraction deprecated in 1.9.0
                continue

            check(dtype)

    def test_maximum_minimum(self):
        A_dense = np.array([[1, 0, 3], [0, 4, 5], [0, 0, 0]])
        B_dense = np.array([[1, 1, 2], [0, 3, 6], [1, -1, 0]])

        A_dense_cpx = np.array([[1, 0, 3], [0, 4+2j, 5], [0, 1j, -1j]])

        def check(dtype, dtype2, btype):
            if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.complexfloating):
                A = self.spcreator(A_dense_cpx.astype(dtype))
            else:
                A = self.spcreator(A_dense.astype(dtype))
            if btype == 'scalar':
                B = dtype2.type(1)
            elif btype == 'scalar2':
                B = dtype2.type(-1)
            elif btype == 'dense':
                B = B_dense.astype(dtype2)
            elif btype == 'sparse':
                B = self.spcreator(B_dense.astype(dtype2))
            else:
                raise ValueError()

            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
                sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning,
                           "Taking maximum .minimum. with > 0 .< 0. number "
                           "results to a dense matrix")

                max_s = A.maximum(B)
                min_s = A.minimum(B)

            max_d = np.maximum(toarray(A), toarray(B))
            assert_array_equal(toarray(max_s), max_d)
            assert_equal(max_s.dtype, max_d.dtype)

            min_d = np.minimum(toarray(A), toarray(B))
            assert_array_equal(toarray(min_s), min_d)
            assert_equal(min_s.dtype, min_d.dtype)

        for dtype in self.math_dtypes:
            for dtype2 in [np.int8, np.float64, np.complex128]:
                for btype in ['scalar', 'scalar2', 'dense', 'sparse']:
                    check(np.dtype(dtype), np.dtype(dtype2), btype)

    def test_copy(self):
        # Check whether the copy=True and copy=False keywords work
        A = self.datsp

        # check that copy preserves format
        assert_equal(A.copy().format, A.format)
        assert_equal(A.__class__(A,copy=True).format, A.format)
        assert_equal(A.__class__(A,copy=False).format, A.format)

        assert_equal(A.copy().toarray(), A.toarray())
        assert_equal(A.__class__(A, copy=True).toarray(), A.toarray())
        assert_equal(A.__class__(A, copy=False).toarray(), A.toarray())

        # check that XXX_array.toXXX() works
        toself = getattr(A,'to' + A.format)
        assert_(toself() is A)
        assert_(toself(copy=False) is A)
        assert_equal(toself(copy=True).format, A.format)
        assert_equal(toself(copy=True).toarray(), A.toarray())

        # check whether the data is copied?
        assert_(not sparse_may_share_memory(A.copy(), A))

    # test that __iter__ is compatible with NumPy matrix
    def test_iterator(self):
        B = self.asdense(np.arange(50).reshape(5, 10))
        A = self.spcreator(B)

        for x, y in zip(A, B):
            assert_equal(x.toarray(), y)

    def test_size_zero_matrix_arithmetic(self):
        # Test basic matrix arithmetic with shapes like (0,0), (10,0),
        # (0, 3), etc.
        mat = array([])
        a = mat.reshape((0, 0))
        b = mat.reshape((0, 1))
        c = mat.reshape((0, 5))
        d = mat.reshape((1, 0))
        e = mat.reshape((5, 0))
        f = np.ones([5, 5])

        asp = self.spcreator(a)
        bsp = self.spcreator(b)
        csp = self.spcreator(c)
        dsp = self.spcreator(d)
        esp = self.spcreator(e)
        fsp = self.spcreator(f)

        # matrix product.
        assert_array_equal(asp.dot(asp).toarray(), np.dot(a, a))
        assert_array_equal(bsp.dot(dsp).toarray(), np.dot(b, d))
        assert_array_equal(dsp.dot(bsp).toarray(), np.dot(d, b))
        assert_array_equal(csp.dot(esp).toarray(), np.dot(c, e))
        assert_array_equal(csp.dot(fsp).toarray(), np.dot(c, f))
        assert_array_equal(esp.dot(csp).toarray(), np.dot(e, c))
        assert_array_equal(dsp.dot(csp).toarray(), np.dot(d, c))
        assert_array_equal(fsp.dot(esp).toarray(), np.dot(f, e))

        # bad matrix products
        assert_raises(ValueError, dsp.dot, e)
        assert_raises(ValueError, asp.dot, d)

        # elemente-wise multiplication
        assert_array_equal(asp.multiply(asp).toarray(), np.multiply(a, a))
        assert_array_equal(bsp.multiply(bsp).toarray(), np.multiply(b, b))
        assert_array_equal(dsp.multiply(dsp).toarray(), np.multiply(d, d))

        assert_array_equal(asp.multiply(a).toarray(), np.multiply(a, a))
        assert_array_equal(bsp.multiply(b).toarray(), np.multiply(b, b))
        assert_array_equal(dsp.multiply(d).toarray(), np.multiply(d, d))

        assert_array_equal(asp.multiply(6).toarray(), np.multiply(a, 6))
        assert_array_equal(bsp.multiply(6).toarray(), np.multiply(b, 6))
        assert_array_equal(dsp.multiply(6).toarray(), np.multiply(d, 6))

        # bad element-wise multiplication
        assert_raises(ValueError, asp.multiply, c)
        assert_raises(ValueError, esp.multiply, c)

        # Addition
        assert_array_equal(asp.__add__(asp).toarray(), a.__add__(a))
        assert_array_equal(bsp.__add__(bsp).toarray(), b.__add__(b))
        assert_array_equal(dsp.__add__(dsp).toarray(), d.__add__(d))

        # bad addition
        assert_raises(ValueError, asp.__add__, dsp)
        assert_raises(ValueError, bsp.__add__, asp)

    def test_size_zero_conversions(self):
        mat = array([])
        a = mat.reshape((0, 0))
        b = mat.reshape((0, 5))
        c = mat.reshape((5, 0))

        for m in [a, b, c]:
            spm = self.spcreator(m)
            assert_array_equal(spm.tocoo().toarray(), m)
            assert_array_equal(spm.tocsr().toarray(), m)
            assert_array_equal(spm.tocsc().toarray(), m)
            assert_array_equal(spm.tolil().toarray(), m)
            assert_array_equal(spm.todok().toarray(), m)
            assert_array_equal(spm.tobsr().toarray(), m)

    def test_dtype_check(self):
        a = np.array([[3.5, 0, 1.1], [0, 0, 0]], dtype=np.float16)
        with assert_raises(ValueError, match="does not support dtype"):
            self.spcreator(a)

        A32 = self.spcreator(a.astype(np.float32))
        with assert_raises(ValueError, match="does not support dtype"):
            self.spcreator(A32, dtype=np.float16)

    def test_pickle(self):
        import pickle
        sup = suppress_warnings()
        sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning)

        @sup
        def check():
            datsp = self.datsp.copy()
            for protocol in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL):
                sploaded = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(datsp, protocol=protocol))
                assert_equal(datsp.shape, sploaded.shape)
                assert_array_equal(datsp.toarray(), sploaded.toarray())
                assert_equal(datsp.format, sploaded.format)
                # Hacky check for class member equality. This assumes that
                # all instance variables are one of:
                #  1. Plain numpy ndarrays
                #  2. Tuples of ndarrays
                #  3. Types that support equality comparison with ==
                for key, val in datsp.__dict__.items():
                    if isinstance(val, np.ndarray):
                        assert_array_equal(val, sploaded.__dict__[key])
                    elif (isinstance(val, tuple) and val
                          and isinstance(val[0], np.ndarray)):
                        assert_array_equal(val, sploaded.__dict__[key])
                    else:
                        assert_(val == sploaded.__dict__[key])
        check()

    def test_unary_ufunc_overrides(self):
        def check(name):
            if name == "sign":
                pytest.skip("sign conflicts with comparison op "
                            "support on Numpy")
            if self.datsp.format in ["dok", "lil"]:
                pytest.skip("Unary ops not implemented for dok/lil")
            ufunc = getattr(np, name)

            X = self.spcreator(np.arange(20).reshape(4, 5) / 20.)
            X0 = ufunc(X.toarray())

            X2 = ufunc(X)
            assert_array_equal(X2.toarray(), X0)

        for name in ["sin", "tan", "arcsin", "arctan", "sinh", "tanh",
                     "arcsinh", "arctanh", "rint", "sign", "expm1", "log1p",
                     "deg2rad", "rad2deg", "floor", "ceil", "trunc", "sqrt",
                     "abs"]:
            check(name)

    def test_resize(self):
        # resize(shape) resizes the matrix in-place
        D = np.array([[1, 0, 3, 4],
                      [2, 0, 0, 0],
                      [3, 0, 0, 0]])
        S = self.spcreator(D)
        assert_(S.resize((3, 2)) is None)
        assert_array_equal(S.toarray(), [[1, 0],
                                         [2, 0],
                                         [3, 0]])
        S.resize((2, 2))
        assert_array_equal(S.toarray(), [[1, 0],
                                         [2, 0]])
        S.resize((3, 2))
        assert_array_equal(S.toarray(), [[1, 0],
                                         [2, 0],
                                         [0, 0]])
        S.resize((3, 3))
        assert_array_equal(S.toarray(), [[1, 0, 0],
                                         [2, 0, 0],
                                         [0, 0, 0]])
        # test no-op
        S.resize((3, 3))
        assert_array_equal(S.toarray(), [[1, 0, 0],
                                         [2, 0, 0],
                                         [0, 0, 0]])

        # test *args
        S.resize(3, 2)
        assert_array_equal(S.toarray(), [[1, 0],
                                         [2, 0],
                                         [0, 0]])

        if self.is_array_test and S.format in ["coo", "csr"]:
            S.resize(1)
        else:
            assert_raises((ValueError, NotImplementedError, IndexError), S.resize, 1)

        for bad_shape in [(-1, 2), (2, -1), (1, 2, 3)]:
            assert_raises(ValueError, S.resize, bad_shape)

    def test_constructor1_base(self):
        A = self.datsp

        self_format = A.format

        C = A.__class__(A, copy=False)
        assert_array_equal_dtype(A.toarray(), C.toarray())
        if self_format not in NON_ARRAY_BACKED_FORMATS:
            assert_(sparse_may_share_memory(A, C))

        C = A.__class__(A, dtype=A.dtype, copy=False)
        assert_array_equal_dtype(A.toarray(), C.toarray())
        if self_format not in NON_ARRAY_BACKED_FORMATS:
            assert_(sparse_may_share_memory(A, C))

        C = A.__class__(A, dtype=np.float32, copy=False)
        assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), C.toarray())

        C = A.__class__(A, copy=True)
        assert_array_equal_dtype(A.toarray(), C.toarray())
        assert_(not sparse_may_share_memory(A, C))

        for other_format in ['csr', 'csc', 'coo', 'dia', 'dok', 'lil']:
            if other_format == self_format:
                continue
            B = A.asformat(other_format)
            C = A.__class__(B, copy=False)
            assert_array_equal_dtype(A.toarray(), C.toarray())

            C = A.__class__(B, copy=True)
            assert_array_equal_dtype(A.toarray(), C.toarray())
            assert_(not sparse_may_share_memory(B, C))


class _TestInplaceArithmetic:
    def test_inplace_dense(self):
        a = np.ones((3, 4))
        b = self.spcreator(a)

        x = a.copy()
        y = a.copy()
        x += a
        y += b
        assert_array_equal(x, y)

        x = a.copy()
        y = a.copy()
        x -= a
        y -= b
        assert_array_equal(x, y)

        if self.is_array_test:
            # Elementwise multiply from sparray.__rmul__
            x = a.copy()
            y = a.copy()
            with assert_raises(ValueError, match="inconsistent shapes"):
                x *= b.T
            x = x * a
            y *= b
            assert_array_equal(x, y.toarray())
        else:
            # Matrix multiply from spmatrix.__rmul__
            x = a.copy()
            y = a.copy()
            with assert_raises(ValueError, match="dimension mismatch"):
                x *= b
            x = x.dot(a.T)
            y *= b.T
            assert_array_equal(x, y)

        # Matrix multiply from __rmatmul__
        y = a.copy()
        # skip this test if numpy doesn't support __imatmul__ yet.
        # move out of the try/except once numpy 1.24 is no longer supported.
        try:
            y @= b.T
        except TypeError:
            pass
        else:
            x = a.copy()
            y = a.copy()
            with assert_raises(ValueError, match="dimension mismatch"):
                x @= b
            x = x.dot(a.T)
            y @= b.T
            assert_array_equal(x, y)

        # Floor division is not supported
        with assert_raises(TypeError, match="unsupported operand"):
            x //= b

    def test_imul_scalar(self):
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]

            # Avoid implicit casting.
            if np.can_cast(int, dtype, casting='same_kind'):
                a = datsp.copy()
                a *= 2
                b = dat.copy()
                b *= 2
                assert_array_equal(b, a.toarray())

            if np.can_cast(float, dtype, casting='same_kind'):
                a = datsp.copy()
                a *= 17.3
                b = dat.copy()
                b *= 17.3
                assert_array_equal(b, a.toarray())

        for dtype in self.math_dtypes:
            check(dtype)

    def test_idiv_scalar(self):
        def check(dtype):
            dat = self.dat_dtypes[dtype]
            datsp = self.datsp_dtypes[dtype]

            if np.can_cast(int, dtype, casting='same_kind'):
                a = datsp.copy()
                a /= 2
                b = dat.copy()
                b /= 2
                assert_array_equal(b, a.toarray())

            if np.can_cast(float, dtype, casting='same_kind'):
                a = datsp.copy()
                a /= 17.3
                b = dat.copy()
                b /= 17.3
                assert_array_equal(b, a.toarray())

        for dtype in self.math_dtypes:
            # /= should only be used with float dtypes to avoid implicit
            # casting.
            if not np.can_cast(dtype, np.dtype(int)):
                check(dtype)

    def test_inplace_success(self):
        # Inplace ops should work even if a specialized version is not
        # implemented, falling back to x = x <op> y
        a = self.spcreator(np.eye(5))
        b = self.spcreator(np.eye(5))
        bp = self.spcreator(np.eye(5))

        b += a
        bp = bp + a
        assert_allclose(b.toarray(), bp.toarray())

        if self.is_array_test:
            b *= a
            bp = bp * a
            assert_allclose(b.toarray(), bp.toarray())

        b @= a
        bp = bp @ a
        assert_allclose(b.toarray(), bp.toarray())

        b -= a
        bp = bp - a
        assert_allclose(b.toarray(), bp.toarray())

        with assert_raises(TypeError, match="unsupported operand"):
            a //= b


class _TestGetSet:
    def test_getelement(self):
        def check(dtype):
            D = array([[1,0,0],
                       [4,3,0],
                       [0,2,0],
                       [0,0,0]], dtype=dtype)
            A = self.spcreator(D)

            M,N = D.shape

            for i in range(-M, M):
                for j in range(-N, N):
                    assert_equal(A[i,j], D[i,j])

            assert_equal(type(A[1,1]), dtype)

            for ij in [(0,3),(-1,3),(4,0),(4,3),(4,-1), (1, 2, 3)]:
                assert_raises((IndexError, TypeError), A.__getitem__, ij)

        for dtype in supported_dtypes:
            check(np.dtype(dtype))

    def test_setelement(self):
        def check(dtype):
            A = self.spcreator((3,4), dtype=dtype)
            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
                sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
                A[0, 0] = dtype.type(0)  # bug 870
                A[1, 2] = dtype.type(4.0)
                A[0, 1] = dtype.type(3)
                A[2, 0] = dtype.type(2.0)
                A[0,-1] = dtype.type(8)
                A[-1,-2] = dtype.type(7)
                A[0, 1] = dtype.type(5)

            if dtype != np.bool_:
                assert_array_equal(
                    A.toarray(),
                    [
                        [0, 5, 0, 8],
                        [0, 0, 4, 0],
                        [2, 0, 7, 0]
                    ]
                )

            for ij in [(0,4),(-1,4),(3,0),(3,4),(3,-1)]:
                assert_raises(IndexError, A.__setitem__, ij, 123.0)

            for v in [[1,2,3], array([1,2,3])]:
                assert_raises(ValueError, A.__setitem__, (0,0), v)

            if (not np.issubdtype(dtype, np.complexfloating) and
                    dtype != np.bool_):
                for v in [3j]:
                    assert_raises(TypeError, A.__setitem__, (0,0), v)

        for dtype in supported_dtypes:
            check(np.dtype(dtype))

    def test_negative_index_assignment(self):
        # Regression test for GitHub issue 4428.

        def check(dtype):
            A = self.spcreator((3, 10), dtype=dtype)
            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
                sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
                A[0, -4] = 1
            assert_equal(A[0, -4], 1)

        for dtype in self.math_dtypes:
            check(np.dtype(dtype))

    def test_scalar_assign_2(self):
        n, m = (5, 10)

        def _test_set(i, j, nitems):
            msg = f"{i!r} ; {j!r} ; {nitems!r}"
            A = self.spcreator((n, m))
            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
                sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
                A[i, j] = 1
            assert_almost_equal(A.sum(), nitems, err_msg=msg)
            assert_almost_equal(A[i, j], 1, err_msg=msg)

        # [i,j]
        for i, j in [(2, 3), (-1, 8), (-1, -2), (array(-1), -2), (-1, array(-2)),
                     (array(-1), array(-2))]:
            _test_set(i, j, 1)

    def test_index_scalar_assign(self):
        A = self.spcreator((5, 5))
        B = np.zeros((5, 5))
        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            for C in [A, B]:
                C[0,1] = 1
                C[3,0] = 4
                C[3,0] = 9
        assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), B)


@pytest.mark.thread_unsafe
class _TestSolve:
    def test_solve(self):
        # Test whether the lu_solve command segfaults, as reported by Nils
        # Wagner for a 64-bit machine, 02 March 2005 (EJS)
        n = 20
        np.random.seed(0)  # make tests repeatable
        A = zeros((n,n), dtype=complex)
        x = np.random.rand(n)
        y = np.random.rand(n-1)+1j*np.random.rand(n-1)
        r = np.random.rand(n)
        for i in range(len(x)):
            A[i,i] = x[i]
        for i in range(len(y)):
            A[i,i+1] = y[i]
            A[i+1,i] = conjugate(y[i])
        A = self.spcreator(A)
        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning,
                       "splu converted its input to CSC format")
            x = splu(A).solve(r)
        assert_almost_equal(A @ x,r)


class _TestSlicing:
    def test_dtype_preservation(self):
        assert_equal(self.spcreator((1,10), dtype=np.int16)[0,1:5].dtype, np.int16)
        assert_equal(self.spcreator((1,10), dtype=np.int32)[0,1:5].dtype, np.int32)
        assert_equal(self.spcreator((1,10), dtype=np.float32)[0,1:5].dtype, np.float32)
        assert_equal(self.spcreator((1,10), dtype=np.float64)[0,1:5].dtype, np.float64)

    def test_dtype_preservation_empty_slice(self):
        # This should be parametrized with pytest, but something in the parent
        # class creation used in this file breaks pytest.mark.parametrize.
        for dt in [np.int16, np.int32, np.float32, np.float64]:
            A = self.spcreator((3, 2), dtype=dt)
            assert_equal(A[:, 0:0:2].dtype, dt)
            assert_equal(A[0:0:2, :].dtype, dt)
            assert_equal(A[0, 0:0:2].dtype, dt)
            assert_equal(A[0:0:2, 0].dtype, dt)

    def test_get_horiz_slice(self):
        B = self.asdense(arange(50.).reshape(5,10))
        A = self.spcreator(B)
        r0, r1, r2 = (0, 1, 2) if self.is_array_test else ([0], [1], [2])
        assert_array_equal(B[r1, :], A[1, :].toarray())
        assert_array_equal(B[r1, 2:5], A[1, 2:5].toarray())

        C = self.asdense([[1, 2, 1], [4, 0, 6], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
        D = self.spcreator(C)
        assert_array_equal(C[r1, 1:3], D[1, 1:3].toarray())

        # Now test slicing when a row contains only zeros
        E = self.asdense([[1, 2, 1], [4, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
        F = self.spcreator(E)
        assert_array_equal(E[r1, 1:3], F[1, 1:3].toarray())
        assert_array_equal(E[r2, -2:], F[2, -2:].toarray())

        # The following should raise exceptions:
        assert_raises(IndexError, A.__getitem__, (slice(None), 11))
        assert_raises(IndexError, A.__getitem__, (6, slice(3, 7)))

    def test_get_vert_slice(self):
        B = arange(50.).reshape(5, 10)
        A = self.spcreator(B)
        c0, c1, c2 = (0, 1, 2) if self.is_array_test else ([0], [1], [2])
        assert_array_equal(B[2:5, c0], A[2:5, 0].toarray())
        assert_array_equal(B[:, c1], A[:, 1].toarray())

        C = array([[1, 2, 1], [4, 0, 6], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
        D = self.spcreator(C)
        assert_array_equal(C[1:3, c1], D[1:3, 1].toarray())
        assert_array_equal(C[:, c2], D[:, 2].toarray())

        # Now test slicing when a column contains only zeros
        E = array([[1, 0, 1], [4, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
        F = self.spcreator(E)
        assert_array_equal(E[:, c1], F[:, 1].toarray())
        assert_array_equal(E[-2:, c2], F[-2:, 2].toarray())

        # The following should raise exceptions:
        assert_raises(IndexError, A.__getitem__, (slice(None), 11))
        assert_raises(IndexError, A.__getitem__, (6, slice(3, 7)))

    def test_get_slices(self):
        B = arange(50.).reshape(5, 10)
        A = self.spcreator(B)
        assert_array_equal(A[2:5, 0:3].toarray(), B[2:5, 0:3])
        assert_array_equal(A[1:, :-1].toarray(), B[1:, :-1])
        assert_array_equal(A[:-1, 1:].toarray(), B[:-1, 1:])

        # Now test slicing when a column contains only zeros
        E = array([[1, 0, 1], [4, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]])
        F = self.spcreator(E)
        assert_array_equal(E[1:2, 1:2], F[1:2, 1:2].toarray())
        assert_array_equal(E[:, 1:], F[:, 1:].toarray())

    def test_non_unit_stride_2d_indexing(self):
        # Regression test -- used to silently ignore the stride.
        v0 = np.random.rand(50, 50)
        try:
            v = self.spcreator(v0)[0:25:2, 2:30:3]
        except ValueError:
            # if unsupported
            raise pytest.skip("feature not implemented")

        assert_array_equal(v.toarray(), v0[0:25:2, 2:30:3])

    def test_slicing_2(self):
        B = self.asdense(arange(50).reshape(5,10))
        A = self.spcreator(B)

        # [i,j]
        assert_equal(A[2,3], B[2,3])
        assert_equal(A[-1,8], B[-1,8])
        assert_equal(A[-1,-2],B[-1,-2])
        assert_equal(A[array(-1),-2],B[-1,-2])
        assert_equal(A[-1,array(-2)],B[-1,-2])
        assert_equal(A[array(-1),array(-2)],B[-1,-2])

        # [i,1:2]
        assert_equal(A[2, :].toarray(), B[2, :])
        assert_equal(A[2, 5:-2].toarray(), B[2, 5:-2])
        assert_equal(A[array(2), 5:-2].toarray(), B[2, 5:-2])

        # [1:2,j]
        assert_equal(A[:, 2].toarray(), B[:, 2])
        assert_equal(A[3:4, 9].toarray(), B[3:4, 9])
        assert_equal(A[1:4, -5].toarray(), B[1:4, -5])
        assert_equal(A[2:-1, 3].toarray(), B[2:-1, 3])
        assert_equal(A[2:-1, array(3)].toarray(), B[2:-1, 3])

        # [1:2,1:2]
        assert_equal(A[1:2, 1:2].toarray(), B[1:2, 1:2])
        assert_equal(A[4:, 3:].toarray(), B[4:, 3:])
        assert_equal(A[:4, :5].toarray(), B[:4, :5])
        assert_equal(A[2:-1, :5].toarray(), B[2:-1, :5])

        # [i]
        assert_equal(A[1, :].toarray(), B[1, :])
        assert_equal(A[-2, :].toarray(), B[-2, :])
        assert_equal(A[array(-2), :].toarray(), B[-2, :])

        # [1:2]
        assert_equal(A[1:4].toarray(), B[1:4])
        assert_equal(A[1:-2].toarray(), B[1:-2])

        # Check bug reported by Robert Cimrman:
        # http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.python.scientific.devel/7986 (dead link)
        s = slice(int8(2),int8(4),None)
        assert_equal(A[s, :].toarray(), B[2:4, :])
        assert_equal(A[:, s].toarray(), B[:, 2:4])

    @pytest.mark.fail_slow(2)
    def test_slicing_3(self):
        B = self.asdense(arange(50).reshape(5,10))
        A = self.spcreator(B)

        s_ = np.s_
        slices = [s_[:2], s_[1:2], s_[3:], s_[3::2],
                  s_[15:20], s_[3:2],
                  s_[8:3:-1], s_[4::-2], s_[:5:-1],
                  0, 1, s_[:], s_[1:5], -1, -2, -5,
                  array(-1), np.int8(-3)]

        def check_1(a):
            x = A[a]
            y = B[a]
            if y.shape == ():
                assert_equal(x, y, repr(a))
            else:
                if x.size == 0 and y.size == 0:
                    pass
                else:
                    assert_array_equal(x.toarray(), y, repr(a))

        for j, a in enumerate(slices):
            check_1(a)

        def check_2(a, b):
            # Indexing np.matrix with 0-d arrays seems to be broken,
            # as they seem not to be treated as scalars.
            # https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/3110
            if isinstance(a, np.ndarray):
                ai = int(a)
            else:
                ai = a
            if isinstance(b, np.ndarray):
                bi = int(b)
            else:
                bi = b

            x = A[a, b]
            y = B[ai, bi]

            if y.shape == ():
                assert_equal(x, y, repr((a, b)))
            else:
                if x.size == 0 and y.size == 0:
                    pass
                else:
                    assert_array_equal(x.toarray(), y, repr((a, b)))

        for i, a in enumerate(slices):
            for j, b in enumerate(slices):
                check_2(a, b)

        # Check out of bounds etc. systematically
        extra_slices = []
        for a, b, c in itertools.product(*([(None, 0, 1, 2, 5, 15,
                                             -1, -2, 5, -15)]*3)):
            if c == 0:
                continue
            extra_slices.append(slice(a, b, c))

        for a in extra_slices:
            check_2(a, a)
            check_2(a, -2)
            check_2(-2, a)

    def test_None_slicing(self):
        B = self.asdense(arange(50).reshape(5,10))
        A = self.spcreator(B)

        assert A[1, 2].ndim == 0
        assert A[None, 1, 2:4].shape == (1, 2)
        assert A[None, 1, 2, None].shape == (1, 1)

        # see gh-22458
        assert A[None, 1].shape == (1, 10)
        assert A[1, None].shape == (1, 10)
        assert A[None, 1, :].shape == (1, 10)
        assert A[1, None, :].shape == (1, 10)
        assert A[1, :, None].shape == (10, 1)

        assert A[None, 1:3, 2].shape == B[None, 1:3, 2].shape == (1, 2)
        assert A[1:3, None, 2].shape == B[1:3, None, 2].shape == (2, 1)
        assert A[1:3, 2, None].shape == B[1:3, 2, None].shape == (2, 1)
        assert A[None, 1, 2:4].shape == B[None, 1, 2:4].shape == (1, 2)
        assert A[1, None, 2:4].shape == B[1, None, 2:4].shape == (1, 2)
        assert A[1, 2:4, None].shape == B[1, 2:4, None].shape == (2, 1)

        # different for spmatrix
        if self.is_array_test:
            assert A[1:3, 2].shape == B[1:3, 2].shape == (2,)
            assert A[1, 2:4].shape == B[1, 2:4].shape == (2,)
            assert A[None, 1, 2].shape == B[None, 1, 2].shape == (1,)
            assert A[1, None, 2].shape == B[1, None, 2].shape == (1,)
            assert A[1, 2, None].shape == B[1, 2, None].shape == (1,)
        else:
            assert A[1, 2:4].shape == B[1, 2:4].shape == (1, 2)
            assert A[1:3, 2].shape == B[1:3, 2].shape == (2, 1)
            assert A[None, 1, 2].shape == B[None, 1, 2].shape == (1, 1)
            assert A[1, None, 2].shape == B[1, None, 2].shape == (1, 1)
            assert A[1, 2, None].shape == B[1, 2, None].shape == (1, 1)

    def test_ellipsis_slicing(self):
        b = self.asdense(arange(50).reshape(5,10))
        a = self.spcreator(b)

        assert_array_equal(a[...].toarray(), b[...])
        assert_array_equal(a[...,].toarray(), b[...,])

        assert_array_equal(a[4, ...].toarray(), b[4, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., 4].toarray(), b[..., 4])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., 5].toarray(), b[..., 5])
        with pytest.raises(IndexError, match='index .5. out of range'):
            a[5, ...]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError, match='index .10. out of range'):
            a[..., 10]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError, match='index .5. out of range'):
            a.T[..., 5]

        assert_array_equal(a[1:, ...].toarray(), b[1:, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., 1:].toarray(), b[..., 1:])
        assert_array_equal(a[:2, ...].toarray(), b[:2, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., :2].toarray(), b[..., :2])

        # check slice limit outside range
        assert_array_equal(a[:5, ...].toarray(), b[:5, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., :5].toarray(), b[..., :5])
        assert_array_equal(a[5:, ...].toarray(), b[5:, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., 5:].toarray(), b[..., 5:])
        assert_array_equal(a[10:, ...].toarray(), b[10:, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., 10:].toarray(), b[..., 10:])

        # ellipsis should be ignored
        assert_array_equal(a[1:, 1, ...].toarray(), b[1:, 1, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[1, ..., 1:].toarray(), b[1, ..., 1:])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., 1, 1:].toarray(), b[1, ..., 1:])
        assert_array_equal(a[:2, 1, ...].toarray(), b[:2, 1, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[1, ..., :2].toarray(), b[1, ..., :2])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., 1, :2].toarray(), b[1, ..., :2])
        # These return ints
        assert_equal(a[1, 1, ...], b[1, 1, ...])
        assert_equal(a[1, ..., 1], b[1, ..., 1])

    def test_ellipsis_fancy_bool(self):
        numpy_a = self.asdense(arange(50).reshape(5, 10))
        a = self.spcreator(numpy_a)

        ix5 = [True, False, True, False, True]
        ix10 = [False] * 5 + ix5  # same number of True values as ix5
        ix10_6True = ix5 + ix5  # not same number of True values as ix5
        full_ix = [ix10] * 5

        assert_array_equal(toarray(a[full_ix, ...]), numpy_a[full_ix, ...])
        assert_array_equal(toarray(a[..., full_ix]), numpy_a[..., full_ix])

        assert_array_equal(toarray(a[ix5, ...]), numpy_a[ix5, ...])
        assert_array_equal(toarray(a[..., ix10]), numpy_a[..., ix10])

        assert_array_equal(toarray(a[ix5, ..., ix10]), numpy_a[ix5, ..., ix10])
        assert_array_equal(toarray(a[..., ix5, ix10]), numpy_a[..., ix5, ix10])
        assert_array_equal(toarray(a[ix5, ix10, ...]), numpy_a[ix5, ix10, ...])

        with assert_raises(ValueError, match="shape mismatch"):
            a[ix5, ix10_6True]

    def test_ellipsis_fancy_slicing(self):
        b = self.asdense(arange(50).reshape(5, 10))
        a = self.spcreator(b)

        assert_array_equal(a[[4], ...].toarray(), b[[4], ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[[2, 4], ...].toarray(), b[[2, 4], ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., [4]].toarray(), b[..., [4]])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., [2, 4]].toarray(), b[..., [2, 4]])

        assert_array_equal(a[[4], 1, ...].toarray(), b[[4], 1, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[[2, 4], 1, ...].toarray(), b[[2, 4], 1, ...])
        assert_array_equal(a[[4], ..., 1].toarray(), b[[4], ..., 1])
        assert_array_equal(a[..., [4], 1].toarray(), b[..., [4], 1])
        # fancy index gives dense
        assert_array_equal(toarray(a[[2, 4], ..., [2, 4]]), b[[2, 4], ..., [2, 4]])
        assert_array_equal(toarray(a[..., [2, 4], [2, 4]]), b[..., [2, 4], [2, 4]])

    def test_multiple_ellipsis_slicing(self):
        a = self.spcreator(arange(6).reshape(3, 2))

        with pytest.raises(IndexError,
                           match='an index can only have a single ellipsis'):
            a[..., ...]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError,
                           match='an index can only have a single ellipsis'):
            a[..., 1, ...]


class _TestSlicingAssign:
    def test_slice_scalar_assign(self):
        A = self.spcreator((5, 5))
        B = np.zeros((5, 5))
        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            for C in [A, B]:
                C[0:1,1] = 1
                C[3:0,0] = 4
                C[3:4,0] = 9
                C[0,4:] = 1
                C[3::-1,4:] = 9
        assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), B)

    def test_slice_assign_2(self):
        n, m = (5, 10)

        def _test_set(i, j):
            msg = f"i={i!r}; j={j!r}"
            A = self.spcreator((n, m))
            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
                sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
                A[i, j] = 1
            B = np.zeros((n, m))
            B[i, j] = 1
            assert_array_almost_equal(A.toarray(), B, err_msg=msg)
        # [i,1:2]
        for i, j in [(2, slice(3)), (2, slice(None, 10, 4)), (2, slice(5, -2)),
                     (array(2), slice(5, -2))]:
            _test_set(i, j)

    def test_self_self_assignment(self):
        # Tests whether a row of one sparse array can be assigned to another.
        B = self.spcreator((4,3))
        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            B[0,0] = 2
            B[1,2] = 7
            B[2,1] = 3
            B[3,0] = 10

            A = B / 10
            B[0,:] = A[0,:]
            assert_array_equal(A[0,:].toarray(), B[0,:].toarray())

            A = B / 10
            B[:,:] = A[:1,:1]
            assert_array_equal(np.zeros((4,3)) + A[0,0], B.toarray())

            A = B / 10
            B[:-1,0] = A[None,0,:].T
            assert_array_equal(A[0,:].toarray().T, B[:-1,0].toarray())

    def test_slice_assignment(self):
        B = self.spcreator((4,3))
        expected = array([[10,0,0],
                          [0,0,6],
                          [0,14,0],
                          [0,0,0]])
        block = [[1,0],[0,4]]

        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            B[0,0] = 5
            B[1,2] = 3
            B[2,1] = 7
            B[:,:] = B+B
            assert_array_equal(B.toarray(), expected)

            B[:2,:2] = self.csc_container(array(block))
            assert_array_equal(B.toarray()[:2, :2], block)

    def test_sparsity_modifying_assignment(self):
        B = self.spcreator((4,3))
        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            B[0,0] = 5
            B[1,2] = 3
            B[2,1] = 7
            B[3,0] = 10
            B[:3] = self.csr_container(np.eye(3))

        expected = array([[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1],[10,0,0]])
        assert_array_equal(B.toarray(), expected)

    def test_set_slice(self):
        A = self.spcreator((5,10))
        B = array(zeros((5, 10), float))
        s_ = np.s_
        slices = [s_[:2], s_[1:2], s_[3:], s_[3::2],
                  s_[8:3:-1], s_[4::-2], s_[:5:-1],
                  0, 1, s_[:], s_[1:5], -1, -2, -5,
                  array(-1), np.int8(-3)]

        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            for j, a in enumerate(slices):
                A[a] = j
                B[a] = j
                assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), B, repr(a))

            for i, a in enumerate(slices):
                for j, b in enumerate(slices):
                    A[a,b] = 10*i + 1000*(j+1)
                    B[a,b] = 10*i + 1000*(j+1)
                    assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), B, repr((a, b)))

            A[0, 1:10:2] = range(1, 10, 2)
            B[0, 1:10:2] = range(1, 10, 2)
            assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), B)
            A[1:5:2, 0] = np.arange(1, 5, 2)[:, None]
            B[1:5:2, 0] = np.arange(1, 5, 2)[:]
            assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), B)

        # The next commands should raise exceptions
        assert_raises(ValueError, A.__setitem__, (0, 0), list(range(100)))
        assert_raises(ValueError, A.__setitem__, (0, 0), arange(100))
        assert_raises(ValueError, A.__setitem__, (0, slice(None)),
                      list(range(100)))
        assert_raises(ValueError, A.__setitem__, (slice(None), 1),
                      list(range(100)))
        assert_raises(ValueError, A.__setitem__, (slice(None), 1), A.copy())
        assert_raises(ValueError, A.__setitem__,
                      ([[1, 2, 3], [0, 3, 4]], [1, 2, 3]), [1, 2, 3, 4])
        assert_raises(ValueError, A.__setitem__,
                      ([[1, 2, 3], [0, 3, 4], [4, 1, 3]],
                       [[1, 2, 4], [0, 1, 3]]), [2, 3, 4])
        assert_raises(ValueError, A.__setitem__, (slice(4), 0),
                      [[1, 2], [3, 4]])

    def test_assign_empty(self):
        A = self.spcreator(np.ones((2, 3)))
        B = self.spcreator((1, 2))
        A[1, :2] = B
        assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), [[1, 1, 1], [0, 0, 1]])

    def test_assign_1d_slice(self):
        A = self.spcreator(np.ones((3, 3)))
        x = np.zeros(3)
        A[:, 0] = x
        A[1, :] = x
        assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), [[0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 1]])


class _TestFancyIndexing:
    """Tests fancy indexing features.  The tests for any matrix formats
    that implement these features should derive from this class.
    """

    def test_dtype_preservation_empty_index(self):
        # This should be parametrized with pytest, but something in the parent
        # class creation used in this file breaks pytest.mark.parametrize.
        for dt in [np.int16, np.int32, np.float32, np.float64]:
            A = self.spcreator((3, 2), dtype=dt)
            assert_equal(A[:, [False, False]].dtype, dt)
            assert_equal(A[[False, False, False], :].dtype, dt)
            assert_equal(A[:, []].dtype, dt)
            assert_equal(A[[], :].dtype, dt)

    def test_bad_index(self):
        A = self.spcreator(np.zeros([5, 5]))
        assert_raises((IndexError, ValueError, TypeError), A.__getitem__, "foo")
        assert_raises((IndexError, ValueError, TypeError), A.__getitem__, (2, "foo"))
        assert_raises((IndexError, ValueError), A.__getitem__,
                      ([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3, 4]))

    def test_fancy_indexing(self):
        B = self.asdense(arange(50).reshape(5,10))
        A = self.spcreator(B)

        # [i]
        assert_equal(A[[3]].toarray(), B[[3]])
        assert_equal(A[[1, 3]].toarray(), B[[1, 3]])

        # [i,[1,2]]
        assert_equal(A[3, [3]].toarray(), B[3, [3]])
        assert_equal(A[3, [1, 3]].toarray(), B[3, [1, 3]])
        assert_equal(A[-1, [2, -5]].toarray(), B[-1, [2, -5]])
        assert_equal(A[array(-1), [2, -5]].toarray(), B[-1, [2, -5]])
        assert_equal(A[-1, array([2, -5])].toarray(), B[-1, [2, -5]])
        assert_equal(A[array(-1), array([2, -5])].toarray(), B[-1, [2, -5]])

        # [1:2,[1,2]]
        assert_equal(A[:, [2, 8, 3, -1]].toarray(), B[:, [2, 8, 3, -1]])
        assert_equal(A[3:4, [9]].toarray(), B[3:4, [9]])
        assert_equal(A[1:4, [-1, -5]].toarray(), B[1:4, [-1, -5]])
        assert_equal(A[1:4, array([-1, -5])].toarray(), B[1:4, [-1, -5]])

        # [[1,2],j]
        assert_equal(A[[3], 3].toarray(), B[[3], 3])
        assert_equal(A[[1, 3], 3].toarray(), B[[1, 3], 3])
        assert_equal(A[[2, -5], -4].toarray(), B[[2, -5], -4])
        assert_equal(A[array([2, -5]), -4].toarray(), B[[2, -5], -4])
        assert_equal(A[[2, -5], array(-4)].toarray(), B[[2, -5], -4])
        assert_equal(A[array([2, -5]), array(-4)].toarray(), B[[2, -5], -4])

        # [[1,2],1:2]
        assert_equal(A[[3], :].toarray(), B[[3], :])
        assert_equal(A[[1, 3], :].toarray(), B[[1, 3], :])
        assert_equal(A[[2, -5], 8:-1].toarray(), B[[2, -5], 8:-1])
        assert_equal(A[array([2, -5]), 8:-1].toarray(), B[[2, -5], 8:-1])

        # [[1,2],[1,2]]
        assert_equal(toarray(A[[3], [4]]), B[[3], [4]])
        assert_equal(toarray(A[[1, 3], [2, 4]]), B[[1, 3], [2, 4]])
        assert_equal(toarray(A[[-1, -3], [2, -4]]), B[[-1, -3], [2, -4]])
        assert_equal(
            toarray(A[array([-1, -3]), [2, -4]]), B[[-1, -3], [2, -4]]
        )
        assert_equal(
            toarray(A[[-1, -3], array([2, -4])]), B[[-1, -3], [2, -4]]
        )
        assert_equal(
            toarray(A[array([-1, -3]), array([2, -4])]), B[[-1, -3], [2, -4]]
        )

        # [[[1],[2]],[1,2]]
        assert_equal(A[[[1], [3]], [2, 4]].toarray(), B[[[1], [3]], [2, 4]])
        assert_equal(
            A[[[-1], [-3], [-2]], [2, -4]].toarray(),
            B[[[-1], [-3], [-2]], [2, -4]]
        )
        assert_equal(
            A[array([[-1], [-3], [-2]]), [2, -4]].toarray(),
            B[[[-1], [-3], [-2]], [2, -4]]
        )
        assert_equal(
            A[[[-1], [-3], [-2]], array([2, -4])].toarray(),
            B[[[-1], [-3], [-2]], [2, -4]]
        )
        assert_equal(
            A[array([[-1], [-3], [-2]]), array([2, -4])].toarray(),
            B[[[-1], [-3], [-2]], [2, -4]]
        )

        # [[1,2]]
        assert_equal(A[[1, 3]].toarray(), B[[1, 3]])
        assert_equal(A[[-1, -3]].toarray(), B[[-1, -3]])
        assert_equal(A[array([-1, -3])].toarray(), B[[-1, -3]])

        # [[1,2],:][:,[1,2]]
        assert_equal(A[[3], :][:, [4]].toarray(), B[[3], :][:, [4]])
        assert_equal(
            A[[1, 3], :][:, [2, 4]].toarray(), B[[1, 3], :][:, [2, 4]]
        )
        assert_equal(
            A[[-1, -3], :][:, [2, -4]].toarray(), B[[-1, -3], :][:, [2, -4]]
        )
        assert_equal(
            A[array([-1, -3]), :][:, array([2, -4])].toarray(),
            B[[-1, -3], :][:, [2, -4]]
        )

        # [1,[[1,2]]][[[1,2]],1]
        assert_equal(
            A[1, [[1, 3]]][[[0, 0]], 1].toarray(), B[1, [[1, 3]]][[[0, 0]], 1]
        )
        assert_equal(
            A[1, [[-1, -3]]][[[0, -1]], 1].toarray(), B[1, [[-1, -3]]][[[0, -1]], 1]
        )
        # [:1,[[1,2]]][[[1,2]],:1]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError, match="Only 1D or 2D arrays allowed"):
            A[:1, [[1, 3]]]
        with pytest.raises(IndexError, match="Only 1D or 2D arrays allowed"):
            A[[[0, 0]], :1]

        # [:,[1,2]][[1,2],:]
        assert_equal(
            A[:, [1, 3]][[2, 4], :].toarray(), B[:, [1, 3]][[2, 4], :]
        )
        assert_equal(
            A[:, [-1, -3]][[2, -4], :].toarray(), B[:, [-1, -3]][[2, -4], :]
        )
        assert_equal(
            A[:, array([-1, -3])][array([2, -4]), :].toarray(),
            B[:, [-1, -3]][[2, -4], :]
        )

        # Check bug reported by Robert Cimrman:
        # http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.python.scientific.devel/7986 (dead link)
        s = slice(int8(2),int8(4),None)
        assert_equal(A[s, :].toarray(), B[2:4, :])
        assert_equal(A[:, s].toarray(), B[:, 2:4])

        # Regression for gh-4917: index with tuple of 2D arrays
        i = np.array([[1]], dtype=int)
        assert_equal(A[i, i].toarray(), B[i, i])

        # Regression for gh-4917: index with tuple of empty nested lists
        assert_equal(A[[[]], [[]]].toarray(), B[[[]], [[]]])

    def test_fancy_indexing_randomized(self):
        np.random.seed(1234)  # make runs repeatable

        NUM_SAMPLES = 50
        M = 6
        N = 4

        D = self.asdense(np.random.rand(M,N))
        D = np.multiply(D, D > 0.5)

        I = np.random.randint(-M + 1, M, size=NUM_SAMPLES)
        J = np.random.randint(-N + 1, N, size=NUM_SAMPLES)

        S = self.spcreator(D)

        SIJ = S[I,J]
        if issparse(SIJ):
            SIJ = SIJ.toarray()
        assert_equal(SIJ, D[I,J])

        I_bad = I + M
        J_bad = J - N

        assert_raises(IndexError, S.__getitem__, (I_bad,J))
        assert_raises(IndexError, S.__getitem__, (I,J_bad))

    def test_missized_masking(self):
        M, N = 5, 10

        B = self.asdense(arange(M * N).reshape(M, N))
        A = self.spcreator(B)

        # Content of mask shouldn't matter, only its size
        row_long = np.ones(M + 1, dtype=bool)
        row_short = np.ones(M - 1, dtype=bool)
        col_long = np.ones(N + 2, dtype=bool)
        col_short = np.ones(N - 2, dtype=bool)

        match="bool index .* has shape .* instead of .*"
        for i, j in itertools.product(
            (row_long, row_short, slice(None)),
            (col_long, col_short, slice(None)),
        ):
            if isinstance(i, slice) and isinstance(j, slice):
                continue
            with pytest.raises(IndexError, match=match):
                _ = A[i, j]

    def test_fancy_indexing_boolean(self):
        np.random.seed(1234)  # make runs repeatable

        B = self.asdense(arange(50).reshape(5,10))
        A = self.spcreator(B)

        I = np.array(np.random.randint(0, 2, size=5), dtype=bool)
        J = np.array(np.random.randint(0, 2, size=10), dtype=bool)
        X = np.array(np.random.randint(0, 2, size=(5, 10)), dtype=bool)

        assert_equal(toarray(A[I]), B[I])
        assert_equal(toarray(A[:, J]), B[:, J])
        assert_equal(toarray(A[X]), B[X])
        assert_equal(toarray(A[B > 9]), B[B > 9])

        I = np.array([True, False, True, True, False])
        J = np.array([False, True, True, False, True,
                      False, False, False, False, False])

        assert_equal(toarray(A[I, J]), B[I, J])

        Z1 = np.zeros((6, 11), dtype=bool)
        Z2 = np.zeros((6, 11), dtype=bool)
        Z2[0,-1] = True
        Z3 = np.zeros((6, 11), dtype=bool)
        Z3[-1,0] = True

        assert_raises(IndexError, A.__getitem__, Z1)
        assert_raises(IndexError, A.__getitem__, Z2)
        assert_raises(IndexError, A.__getitem__, Z3)
        assert_raises((IndexError, ValueError), A.__getitem__, (X, 1))

    def test_fancy_indexing_sparse_boolean(self):
        np.random.seed(1234)  # make runs repeatable

        B = self.asdense(arange(50).reshape(5,10))
        A = self.spcreator(B)

        X = np.array(np.random.randint(0, 2, size=(5, 10)), dtype=bool)

        Xsp = self.csr_container(X)

        assert_equal(toarray(A[Xsp]), B[X])
        assert_equal(toarray(A[A > 9]), B[B > 9])

        Z = np.array(np.random.randint(0, 2, size=(5, 11)), dtype=bool)
        Y = np.array(np.random.randint(0, 2, size=(6, 10)), dtype=bool)

        Zsp = self.csr_container(Z)
        Ysp = self.csr_container(Y)

        assert_raises(IndexError, A.__getitem__, Zsp)
        assert_raises(IndexError, A.__getitem__, Ysp)
        assert_raises((IndexError, ValueError), A.__getitem__, (Xsp, 1))

    def test_fancy_indexing_regression_3087(self):
        mat = self.spcreator(array([[1, 0, 0], [0,1,0], [1,0,0]]))
        desired_cols = np.ravel(mat.sum(0)) > 0
        assert_equal(mat[:, desired_cols].toarray(), [[1, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0]])

    def test_fancy_indexing_seq_assign(self):
        mat = self.spcreator(array([[1, 0], [0, 1]]))
        assert_raises(ValueError, mat.__setitem__, (0, 0), np.array([1,2]))

    def test_fancy_indexing_2d_assign(self):
        # regression test for gh-10695
        mat = self.spcreator(array([[1, 0], [2, 3]]))
        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            mat[[0, 1], [1, 1]] = mat[[1, 0], [0, 0]]
        assert_equal(toarray(mat), array([[1, 2], [2, 1]]))

    def test_fancy_indexing_empty(self):
        B = self.asdense(arange(50).reshape(5,10))
        B[1,:] = 0
        B[:,2] = 0
        B[3,6] = 0
        A = self.spcreator(B)

        K = np.array([False, False, False, False, False])
        assert_equal(toarray(A[K]), B[K])
        K = np.array([], dtype=int)
        assert_equal(toarray(A[K]), B[K])
        assert_equal(toarray(A[K, K]), B[K, K])
        J = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=int)[:,None]
        assert_equal(toarray(A[K, J]), B[K, J])
        assert_equal(toarray(A[J, K]), B[J, K])


@contextlib.contextmanager
def check_remains_sorted(X):
    """Checks that sorted indices property is retained through an operation
    """
    if not hasattr(X, 'has_sorted_indices') or not X.has_sorted_indices:
        yield
        return
    yield
    indices = X.indices.copy()
    X.has_sorted_indices = False
    X.sort_indices()
    assert_array_equal(indices, X.indices,
                       'Expected sorted indices, found unsorted')


class _TestFancyIndexingAssign:
    def test_bad_index_assign(self):
        A = self.spcreator(np.zeros([5, 5]))
        assert_raises((IndexError, ValueError, TypeError), A.__setitem__, "foo", 2)
        assert_raises((IndexError, ValueError, TypeError), A.__setitem__, (2, "foo"), 5)

    def test_fancy_indexing_set(self):
        n, m = (5, 10)

        def _test_set_slice(i, j):
            A = self.spcreator((n, m))
            B = self.asdense(np.zeros((n, m)))
            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
                sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
                B[i, j] = 1
                with check_remains_sorted(A):
                    A[i, j] = 1
            assert_array_almost_equal(A.toarray(), B)
        # [1:2,1:2]
        for i, j in [((2, 3, 4), slice(None, 10, 4)),
                     (np.arange(3), slice(5, -2)),
                     (slice(2, 5), slice(5, -2))]:
            _test_set_slice(i, j)
        for i, j in [(np.arange(3), np.arange(3)), ((0, 3, 4), (1, 2, 4))]:
            _test_set_slice(i, j)

    def test_fancy_assignment_dtypes(self):
        def check(dtype):
            A = self.spcreator((5, 5), dtype=dtype)
            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
                sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
                A[[0,1],[0,1]] = dtype.type(1)
                assert_equal(A.sum(), dtype.type(1)*2)
                A[0:2,0:2] = dtype.type(1.0)
                assert_equal(A.sum(), dtype.type(1)*4)
                A[2,2] = dtype.type(1.0)
                assert_equal(A.sum(), dtype.type(1)*4 + dtype.type(1))

        for dtype in supported_dtypes:
            check(np.dtype(dtype))

    def test_sequence_assignment(self):
        A = self.spcreator((4,3))
        B = self.spcreator(eye(3,4))

        i0 = [0,1,2]
        i1 = (0,1,2)
        i2 = array(i0)

        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            with check_remains_sorted(A):
                A[0,i0] = B[i0,0].T
                A[1,i1] = B[i1,1].T
                A[2,i2] = B[i2,2].T
            assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), B.T.toarray())

            # column slice
            A = self.spcreator((2,3))
            with check_remains_sorted(A):
                A[1,1:3] = [10,20]
            assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), [[0, 0, 0], [0, 10, 20]])

            # row slice
            A = self.spcreator((3,2))
            with check_remains_sorted(A):
                A[1:3,1] = [[10],[20]]
            assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), [[0, 0], [0, 10], [0, 20]])

            # both slices
            A = self.spcreator((3,3))
            B = self.asdense(np.zeros((3,3)))
            with check_remains_sorted(A):
                for C in [A, B]:
                    C[[0,1,2], [0,1,2]] = [4,5,6]
            assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), B)

            # both slices (2)
            A = self.spcreator((4, 3))
            with check_remains_sorted(A):
                A[(1, 2, 3), (0, 1, 2)] = [1, 2, 3]
            assert_almost_equal(A.sum(), 6)
            B = self.asdense(np.zeros((4, 3)))
            B[(1, 2, 3), (0, 1, 2)] = [1, 2, 3]
            assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), B)

    def test_fancy_assign_empty(self):
        B = self.asdense(arange(50).reshape(5,10))
        B[1,:] = 0
        B[:,2] = 0
        B[3,6] = 0
        A = self.spcreator(B)

        K = np.array([False, False, False, False, False])
        A[K] = 42
        assert_equal(toarray(A), B)

        K = np.array([], dtype=int)
        A[K] = 42
        assert_equal(toarray(A), B)
        A[K,K] = 42
        assert_equal(toarray(A), B)

        J = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=int)[:,None]
        A[K,J] = 42
        assert_equal(toarray(A), B)
        A[J,K] = 42
        assert_equal(toarray(A), B)


class _TestFancyMultidim:
    def test_fancy_indexing_ndarray(self):
        sets = [
            (np.array([[1], [2], [3]]), np.array([3, 4, 2])),
            (np.array([[1], [2], [3]]), np.array([[3, 4, 2]])),
            (np.array([[1, 2, 3]]), np.array([[3], [4], [2]])),
            (np.array([1, 2, 3]), np.array([[3], [4], [2]])),
            (np.array([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 2]]),
             np.array([[5, 6, 3], [2, 3, 1]]))
            ]
        # These inputs generate 3-D outputs
        #    (np.array([[[1], [2], [3]], [[3], [4], [2]]]),
        #     np.array([[[5], [6], [3]], [[2], [3], [1]]])),

        for I, J in sets:
            np.random.seed(1234)
            D = self.asdense(np.random.rand(5, 7))
            S = self.spcreator(D)

            SIJ = S[I,J]
            if issparse(SIJ):
                SIJ = SIJ.toarray()
            assert_equal(SIJ, D[I,J])

            I_bad = I + 5
            J_bad = J + 7

            assert_raises(IndexError, S.__getitem__, (I_bad,J))
            assert_raises(IndexError, S.__getitem__, (I,J_bad))

            # This would generate 3-D arrays -- not supported
            assert_raises(IndexError, S.__getitem__, ([I, I], slice(None)))
            assert_raises(IndexError, S.__getitem__, (slice(None), [J, J]))


class _TestFancyMultidimAssign:
    def test_fancy_assign_ndarray(self):
        np.random.seed(1234)

        D = self.asdense(np.random.rand(5, 7))
        S = self.spcreator(D)
        X = np.random.rand(2, 3)

        I = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 2]])
        J = np.array([[5, 6, 3], [2, 3, 1]])

        with check_remains_sorted(S):
            S[I,J] = X
        D[I,J] = X
        assert_equal(S.toarray(), D)

        I_bad = I + 5
        J_bad = J + 7

        C = [1, 2, 3]

        with check_remains_sorted(S):
            S[I,J] = C
        D[I,J] = C
        assert_equal(S.toarray(), D)

        with check_remains_sorted(S):
            S[I,J] = 3
        D[I,J] = 3
        assert_equal(S.toarray(), D)

        assert_raises(IndexError, S.__setitem__, (I_bad,J), C)
        assert_raises(IndexError, S.__setitem__, (I,J_bad), C)

    def test_fancy_indexing_multidim_set(self):
        n, m = (5, 10)

        def _test_set_slice(i, j):
            A = self.spcreator((n, m))
            with check_remains_sorted(A), suppress_warnings() as sup:
                sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
                A[i, j] = 1
            B = self.asdense(np.zeros((n, m)))
            B[i, j] = 1
            assert_array_almost_equal(A.toarray(), B)
        # [[[1, 2], [1, 2]], [1, 2]]
        for i, j in [(np.array([[1, 2], [1, 3]]), [1, 3]),
                        (np.array([0, 4]), [[0, 3], [1, 2]]),
                        ([[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 4]], [[0, 4, 3], [4, 1, 2]])]:
            _test_set_slice(i, j)

    def test_fancy_assign_list(self):
        np.random.seed(1234)

        D = self.asdense(np.random.rand(5, 7))
        S = self.spcreator(D)
        X = np.random.rand(2, 3)

        I = [[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 2]]
        J = [[5, 6, 3], [2, 3, 1]]

        S[I,J] = X
        D[I,J] = X
        assert_equal(S.toarray(), D)

        I_bad = [[ii + 5 for ii in i] for i in I]
        J_bad = [[jj + 7 for jj in j] for j in J]
        C = [1, 2, 3]

        S[I,J] = C
        D[I,J] = C
        assert_equal(S.toarray(), D)

        S[I,J] = 3
        D[I,J] = 3
        assert_equal(S.toarray(), D)

        assert_raises(IndexError, S.__setitem__, (I_bad,J), C)
        assert_raises(IndexError, S.__setitem__, (I,J_bad), C)

    def test_fancy_assign_slice(self):
        np.random.seed(1234)

        D = self.asdense(np.random.rand(5, 7))
        S = self.spcreator(D)

        I = [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2]
        J = [5, 6, 3, 2, 3, 1]

        I_bad = [ii + 5 for ii in I]
        J_bad = [jj + 7 for jj in J]

        C1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
        C2 = np.arange(5)[:, None]
        assert_raises(IndexError, S.__setitem__, (I_bad, slice(None)), C1)
        assert_raises(IndexError, S.__setitem__, (slice(None), J_bad), C2)


class _TestArithmetic:
    """
    Test real/complex arithmetic
    """
    def __arith_init(self):
        # these can be represented exactly in FP (so arithmetic should be exact)
        __A = array([[-1.5, 6.5, 0, 2.25, 0, 0],
                          [3.125, -7.875, 0.625, 0, 0, 0],
                          [0, 0, -0.125, 1.0, 0, 0],
                          [0, 0, 8.375, 0, 0, 0]], 'float64')
        __B = array([[0.375, 0, 0, 0, -5, 2.5],
                          [14.25, -3.75, 0, 0, -0.125, 0],
                          [0, 7.25, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                          [18.5, -0.0625, 0, 0, 0, 0]], 'complex128')
        __B.imag = array([[1.25, 0, 0, 0, 6, -3.875],
                               [2.25, 4.125, 0, 0, 0, 2.75],
                               [0, 4.125, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                               [-0.0625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], 'float64')

        # fractions are all x/16ths
        assert_array_equal((__A*16).astype('int32'),16*__A)
        assert_array_equal((__B.real*16).astype('int32'),16*__B.real)
        assert_array_equal((__B.imag*16).astype('int32'),16*__B.imag)

        __Asp = self.spcreator(__A)
        __Bsp = self.spcreator(__B)
        return __A, __B, __Asp, __Bsp

    @pytest.mark.fail_slow(20)
    def test_add_sub(self):
        __A, __B, __Asp, __Bsp = self.__arith_init()

        # basic tests
        assert_array_equal(
            (__Asp + __Bsp).toarray(), __A + __B
        )

        # check conversions
        for x in supported_dtypes:
            with np.errstate(invalid="ignore"):
                A = __A.astype(x)
            Asp = self.spcreator(A)
            for y in supported_dtypes:
                if not np.issubdtype(y, np.complexfloating):
                    with np.errstate(invalid="ignore"):
                        B = __B.real.astype(y)
                else:
                    B = __B.astype(y)
                Bsp = self.spcreator(B)

                # addition
                D1 = A + B
                S1 = Asp + Bsp

                assert_equal(S1.dtype,D1.dtype)
                assert_array_equal(S1.toarray(), D1)
                assert_array_equal(Asp + B,D1)          # check sparse + dense
                assert_array_equal(A + Bsp,D1)          # check dense + sparse

                # subtraction
                if np.dtype('bool') in [x, y]:
                    # boolean array subtraction deprecated in 1.9.0
                    continue

                D1 = A - B
                S1 = Asp - Bsp

                assert_equal(S1.dtype,D1.dtype)
                assert_array_equal(S1.toarray(), D1)
                assert_array_equal(Asp - B,D1)          # check sparse - dense
                assert_array_equal(A - Bsp,D1)          # check dense - sparse

    def test_mu(self):
        __A, __B, __Asp, __Bsp = self.__arith_init()

        # basic tests
        assert_array_equal((__Asp @ __Bsp.T).toarray(),
                            __A @ __B.T)

        for x in supported_dtypes:
            with np.errstate(invalid="ignore"):
                A = __A.astype(x)
            Asp = self.spcreator(A)
            for y in supported_dtypes:
                if np.issubdtype(y, np.complexfloating):
                    B = __B.astype(y)
                else:
                    with np.errstate(invalid="ignore"):
                        B = __B.real.astype(y)
                Bsp = self.spcreator(B)

                D1 = A @ B.T
                S1 = Asp @ Bsp.T

                assert_allclose(S1.toarray(), D1,
                                atol=1e-14*abs(D1).max())
                assert_equal(S1.dtype,D1.dtype)


class _TestMinMax:
    def test_minmax(self):
        for dtype in [np.float32, np.float64, np.int32, np.int64, np.complex128]:
            D = np.arange(20, dtype=dtype).reshape(5,4)

            X = self.spcreator(D)
            assert_equal(X.min(), 0)
            assert_equal(X.max(), 19)
            assert_equal(X.min().dtype, dtype)
            assert_equal(X.max().dtype, dtype)

            D *= -1
            X = self.spcreator(D)
            assert_equal(X.min(), -19)
            assert_equal(X.max(), 0)

            D += 5
            X = self.spcreator(D)
            assert_equal(X.min(), -14)
            assert_equal(X.max(), 5)

        # try a fully dense matrix
        X = self.spcreator(np.arange(1, 10).reshape(3, 3))
        assert_equal(X.min(), 1)
        assert_equal(X.min().dtype, X.dtype)

        X = -X
        assert_equal(X.max(), -1)

        # and a fully sparse matrix
        Z = self.spcreator(np.zeros((1, 1)))
        assert_equal(Z.min(), 0)
        assert_equal(Z.max(), 0)
        assert_equal(Z.max().dtype, Z.dtype)

        # another test
        D = np.arange(20, dtype=float).reshape(5,4)
        D[0:2, :] = 0
        X = self.spcreator(D)
        assert_equal(X.min(), 0)
        assert_equal(X.max(), 19)

        # zero-size matrices
        for D in [np.zeros((0, 0)), np.zeros((0, 10)), np.zeros((10, 0))]:
            X = self.spcreator(D)
            assert_raises(ValueError, X.min)
            assert_raises(ValueError, X.max)

    def test_minmax_axis(self):
        keep = not self.is_array_test
        D = np.arange(50).reshape(5, 10)
        # completely empty rows, leaving some completely full:
        D[1, :] = 0
        # empty at end for reduceat:
        D[:, 9] = 0
        # partial rows/cols:
        D[3, 3] = 0
        # entries on either side of 0:
        D[2, 2] = -1
        X = self.spcreator(D)

        axes_even = [0, -2]
        axes_odd = [1, -1]
        for axis in axes_odd + axes_even:
            assert_array_equal(
                X.max(axis=axis).toarray(), D.max(axis=axis, keepdims=keep)
            )
            assert_array_equal(
                X.min(axis=axis).toarray(), D.min(axis=axis, keepdims=keep)
            )

        for axis in axes_even:
            assert_equal(
                X.max(axis=axis, explicit=True).toarray(),
                self.asdense([40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 0])
            )
            if np.any(X.data == 0):
                # Noncanonical case
                expected = self.asdense([20, 1, -1, 3, 4, 5, 0, 7, 8, 0])
            else:
                expected = self.asdense([20, 1, -1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0])
            assert_equal(X.min(axis=axis, explicit=True).toarray(), expected)

        for axis in axes_odd:
            expected_max = np.array([8, 0, 28, 38, 48])
            expected_min = np.array([1, 0, -1, 30, 40])
            if not self.is_array_test:
                expected_max = expected_max.reshape((5, 1))
                expected_min = expected_min.reshape((5, 1))
            assert_equal(X.max(axis=axis, explicit=True).toarray(), expected_max)
            assert_equal(X.min(axis=axis, explicit=True).toarray(), expected_min)

        # full matrix
        D = np.arange(1, 51).reshape(10, 5)
        X = self.spcreator(D)
        for axis in axes_odd + axes_even:
            assert_array_equal(
                X.max(axis=axis).toarray(), D.max(axis=axis, keepdims=keep)
            )
            assert_array_equal(
                X.min(axis=axis).toarray(), D.min(axis=axis, keepdims=keep)
            )

        for axis in axes_even:
            expected_max = D[-1, :]
            expected_min = D[0, :]
            if not self.is_array_test:
                expected_max = D[None, -1, :]
                expected_min = D[None, 0, :]
            assert_equal(X.max(axis=axis, explicit=True).toarray(), expected_max)
            assert_equal(X.min(axis=axis, explicit=True).toarray(), expected_min)
        for axis in axes_odd:
            expected_max = D[:, -1]
            expected_min = D[:, 0]
            if not self.is_array_test:
                expected_max = D[:, -1, None]
                expected_min = D[:, 0, None]
            assert_equal(X.max(axis=axis, explicit=True).toarray(), expected_max)
            assert_equal(X.min(axis=axis, explicit=True).toarray(), expected_min)

        # empty matrix
        D = self.asdense(np.zeros((10, 5)))
        X = self.spcreator(D)
        for axis in axes_even + axes_odd:
            assert_equal(X.max(axis=axis, explicit=True).toarray(), D.max(axis=axis))
            assert_equal(X.min(axis=axis, explicit=True).toarray(), D.min(axis=axis))

        # zero-size matrices
        D = self.asdense(np.zeros((0, 10)))
        X = self.spcreator(D)
        explicit_values = [True, False]
        even_explicit_pairs = list(itertools.product(axes_even, explicit_values))
        odd_explicit_pairs = list(itertools.product(axes_odd, explicit_values))
        for axis, ex in even_explicit_pairs:
            assert_raises(ValueError, X.min, axis=axis, explicit=ex)
            assert_raises(ValueError, X.max, axis=axis, explicit=ex)
        for axis, ex in odd_explicit_pairs:
            assert_equal(X.max(axis=axis, explicit=ex).toarray(), D.max(axis=axis))
            assert_equal(X.min(axis=axis, explicit=ex).toarray(), D.min(axis=axis))

        D = self.asdense(np.zeros((10, 0)))
        X = self.spcreator(D)
        for axis, ex in odd_explicit_pairs:
            assert_raises(ValueError, X.min, axis=axis, explicit=ex)
            assert_raises(ValueError, X.max, axis=axis, explicit=ex)
        for axis, ex in even_explicit_pairs:
            assert_equal(X.max(axis=axis, explicit=ex).toarray(), D.max(axis=axis))
            assert_equal(X.min(axis=axis, explicit=ex).toarray(), D.min(axis=axis))

    def test_nanminmax(self):
        D = self.asdense(np.arange(50).reshape(5,10), dtype=float)
        D[1, :] = 0
        D[:, 9] = 0
        D[3, 3] = 0
        D[2, 2] = -1
        D[4, 2] = np.nan
        D[1, 4] = np.nan
        X = self.spcreator(D)

        X_nan_maximum = X.nanmax()
        assert np.isscalar(X_nan_maximum)
        assert X_nan_maximum == np.nanmax(D)

        X_nan_minimum = X.nanmin()
        assert np.isscalar(X_nan_minimum)
        assert X_nan_minimum == np.nanmin(D)

        axes = [-2, -1, 0, 1]
        for axis in axes:
            X_nan_maxima = X.nanmax(axis=axis)
            assert_allclose(X_nan_maxima.toarray(), np.nanmax(D, axis=axis))
            assert isinstance(X_nan_maxima, self.coo_container)

            X_nan_minima = X.nanmin(axis=axis)
            assert_allclose(X_nan_minima.toarray(), np.nanmin(D, axis=axis))
            assert isinstance(X_nan_minima, self.coo_container)

    def test_minmax_invalid_params(self):
        dat = array([[0, 1, 2],
                     [3, -4, 5],
                     [-6, 7, 9]])
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat)

        for fname in ('min', 'max'):
            func = getattr(datsp, fname)
            assert_raises(ValueError, func, axis=3)
            assert_raises(TypeError, func, axis=(0, 1))
            assert_raises(TypeError, func, axis=1.5)
            assert_raises(ValueError, func, axis=1, out=1)

    def test_numpy_minmax(self):
        # See gh-5987
        # xref gh-7460 in 'numpy'
        from scipy.sparse import _data

        dat = array([[0, 1, 2],
                     [3, -4, 5],
                     [-6, 7, 9]])
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat)

        # We are only testing sparse matrices who have
        # implemented 'min' and 'max' because they are
        # the ones with the compatibility issues with
        # the 'numpy' implementation.
        if isinstance(datsp, _data._minmax_mixin):
            assert_array_equal(np.min(datsp), np.min(dat))
            assert_array_equal(np.max(datsp), np.max(dat))

    def test_argmax(self):
        from scipy.sparse import _data
        D1 = np.array([
            [-1, 5, 2, 3],
            [0, 0, -1, -2],
            [-1, -2, -3, -4],
            [1, 2, 3, 4],
            [1, 2, 0, 0],
        ])
        D2 = D1.transpose()
        # Non-regression test cases for gh-16929.
        D3 = np.array([[4, 3], [7, 5]])
        D4 = np.array([[4, 3], [7, 0]])
        D5 = np.array([[5, 5, 3], [4, 9, 10], [3, 4, 9]])

        for D in [D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]:
            D = self.asdense(D)
            mat = self.spcreator(D)
            if not isinstance(mat, _data._minmax_mixin):
                continue

            assert_equal(mat.argmax(), np.argmax(D))
            assert_equal(mat.argmin(), np.argmin(D))

            assert_equal(mat.argmax(axis=0), np.argmax(D, axis=0))
            assert_equal(mat.argmin(axis=0), np.argmin(D, axis=0))

            assert_equal(mat.argmax(axis=1), np.argmax(D, axis=1))
            assert_equal(mat.argmin(axis=1), np.argmin(D, axis=1))

        # zero-size matrices
        D6 = self.spcreator(np.empty((0, 5)))
        D7 = self.spcreator(np.empty((5, 0)))
        explicits = [True, False]

        for mat, axis, ex in itertools.product([D6, D7], [None, 0, 1], explicits):
            if axis is None or mat.shape[axis] == 0:
                with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Cannot apply"):
                    mat.argmax(axis=axis, explicit=ex)
                with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Cannot apply"):
                    mat.argmin(axis=axis, explicit=ex)
            else:
                if self.is_array_test:
                    expected = np.zeros(0)
                else:
                    expected = np.zeros((0, 1) if axis == 1 else (1, 0))
                assert_equal(mat.argmin(axis=axis, explicit=ex), expected)
                assert_equal(mat.argmax(axis=axis, explicit=ex), expected)

        mat = self.spcreator(D1)
        assert_equal(mat.argmax(axis=0, explicit=True), self.asdense([3, 0, 3, 3]))
        assert_equal(mat.argmin(axis=0, explicit=True), self.asdense([0, 2, 2, 2]))

        expected_max = np.array([1, 2, 0, 3, 1])
        expected_min = np.array([0, 3, 3, 0, 0])
        if mat.nnz != 16:
            # Noncanonical case
            expected_min[-1] = 2
        if not self.is_array_test:
            expected_max = expected_max.reshape((5, 1))
            expected_min = expected_min.reshape((5, 1))

        assert_equal(mat.argmax(axis=1, explicit=True), expected_max)
        assert_equal(asarray(mat.argmin(axis=1, explicit=True)), expected_min)

        # all zeros
        D = np.zeros((2, 2))
        mat = self.spcreator(D)
        if mat.nnz != 0:
            # Noncanonical case
            assert_equal(mat.argmin(axis=None, explicit=True), 0)
            assert_equal(mat.argmax(axis=None, explicit=True), 0)
        else:
            # Canonical case
            with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Cannot apply"):
                mat.argmin(axis=None, explicit=True)
            with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Cannot apply"):
                mat.argmax(axis=None, explicit=True)


class _TestGetNnzAxis:
    def test_getnnz_axis(self):
        dat = array([[0, 2],
                     [3, 5],
                     [-6, 9]])
        bool_dat = dat.astype(bool)
        datsp = self.spcreator(dat)

        accepted_return_dtypes = (np.int32, np.int64)

        getnnz = datsp.count_nonzero if self.is_array_test else datsp.getnnz
        assert_array_equal(bool_dat.sum(axis=None), getnnz(axis=None))
        assert_array_equal(bool_dat.sum(), getnnz())
        assert_array_equal(bool_dat.sum(axis=0), getnnz(axis=0))
        assert_in(getnnz(axis=0).dtype, accepted_return_dtypes)
        assert_array_equal(bool_dat.sum(axis=1), getnnz(axis=1))
        assert_in(getnnz(axis=1).dtype, accepted_return_dtypes)
        assert_array_equal(bool_dat.sum(axis=-2), getnnz(axis=-2))
        assert_in(getnnz(axis=-2).dtype, accepted_return_dtypes)
        assert_array_equal(bool_dat.sum(axis=-1), getnnz(axis=-1))
        assert_in(getnnz(axis=-1).dtype, accepted_return_dtypes)

        assert_raises(ValueError, getnnz, axis=2)


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tailored base class for generic tests
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

def _possibly_unimplemented(cls, require=True):
    """
    Construct a class that either runs tests as usual (require=True),
    or each method skips if it encounters a common error.
    """
    if require:
        return cls
    else:
        def wrap(fc):
            @functools.wraps(fc)
            def wrapper(*a, **kw):
                try:
                    return fc(*a, **kw)
                except (NotImplementedError, TypeError, ValueError,
                        IndexError, AttributeError):
                    raise pytest.skip("feature not implemented")

            return wrapper

        new_dict = dict(cls.__dict__)
        for name, func in cls.__dict__.items():
            if name.startswith('test_'):
                new_dict[name] = wrap(func)
        return type(cls.__name__ + "NotImplemented",
                    cls.__bases__,
                    new_dict)


def sparse_test_class(getset=True, slicing=True, slicing_assign=True,
                      fancy_indexing=True, fancy_assign=True,
                      fancy_multidim_indexing=True, fancy_multidim_assign=True,
                      minmax=True, nnz_axis=True):
    """
    Construct a base class, optionally converting some of the tests in
    the suite to check that the feature is not implemented.
    """
    bases = (_TestCommon,
             _possibly_unimplemented(_TestGetSet, getset),
             _TestSolve,
             _TestInplaceArithmetic,
             _TestArithmetic,
             _possibly_unimplemented(_TestSlicing, slicing),
             _possibly_unimplemented(_TestSlicingAssign, slicing_assign),
             _possibly_unimplemented(_TestFancyIndexing, fancy_indexing),
             _possibly_unimplemented(_TestFancyIndexingAssign,
                                     fancy_assign),
             _possibly_unimplemented(_TestFancyMultidim,
                                     fancy_indexing and fancy_multidim_indexing),
             _possibly_unimplemented(_TestFancyMultidimAssign,
                                     fancy_multidim_assign and fancy_assign),
             _possibly_unimplemented(_TestMinMax, minmax),
             _possibly_unimplemented(_TestGetNnzAxis, nnz_axis))

    # check that test names do not clash
    names = {}
    for cls in bases:
        for name in cls.__dict__:
            if not name.startswith('test_'):
                continue
            old_cls = names.get(name)
            if old_cls is not None:
                raise ValueError(f"Test class {cls.__name__} overloads test "
                                 f"{name} defined in {old_cls.__name__}")
            names[name] = cls

    return type("TestBase", bases, {})


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Matrix class based tests
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestCSR(sparse_test_class()):
    @classmethod
    def spcreator(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            return csr_array(*args, **kwargs)
    math_dtypes = [np.bool_, np.int_, np.float64, np.complex128]

    def test_constructor1(self):
        b = array([[0, 4, 0],
                   [3, 0, 0],
                   [0, 2, 0]], 'd')
        bsp = self.csr_container(b)
        assert_array_almost_equal(bsp.data,[4,3,2])
        assert_array_equal(bsp.indices,[1,0,1])
        assert_array_equal(bsp.indptr,[0,1,2,3])
        assert_equal(bsp.nnz,3)
        assert_equal(bsp.format,'csr')
        assert_array_equal(bsp.toarray(), b)

    def test_constructor2(self):
        b = zeros((6,6),'d')
        b[3,4] = 5
        bsp = self.csr_container(b)
        assert_array_almost_equal(bsp.data,[5])
        assert_array_equal(bsp.indices,[4])
        assert_array_equal(bsp.indptr,[0,0,0,0,1,1,1])
        assert_array_almost_equal(bsp.toarray(), b)

    def test_constructor3(self):
        b = array([[1, 0],
                   [0, 2],
                   [3, 0]], 'd')
        bsp = self.csr_container(b)
        assert_array_almost_equal(bsp.data,[1,2,3])
        assert_array_equal(bsp.indices,[0,1,0])
        assert_array_equal(bsp.indptr,[0,1,2,3])
        assert_array_almost_equal(bsp.toarray(), b)

    def test_constructor4(self):
        # using (data, ij) format
        row = array([2, 3, 1, 3, 0, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 2])
        col = array([0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1])
        data = array([6., 10., 3., 9., 1., 4.,
                              11., 2., 8., 5., 7.])

        ij = vstack((row,col))
        csr = self.csr_container((data,ij),(4,3))
        assert_array_equal(arange(12).reshape(4, 3), csr.toarray())

        # using Python lists and a specified dtype
        csr = self.csr_container(([2**63 + 1, 1], ([0, 1], [0, 1])), dtype=np.uint64)
        dense = array([[2**63 + 1, 0], [0, 1]], dtype=np.uint64)
        assert_array_equal(dense, csr.toarray())

        # with duplicates (should sum the duplicates)
        csr = self.csr_container(([1,1,1,1], ([0,2,2,0], [0,1,1,0])))
        assert csr.nnz == 2

    def test_constructor5(self):
        # infer dimensions from arrays
        indptr = array([0,1,3,3])
        indices = array([0,5,1,2])
        data = array([1,2,3,4])
        csr = self.csr_container((data, indices, indptr))
        assert_array_equal(csr.shape,(3,6))

    def test_constructor6(self):
        # infer dimensions and dtype from lists
        indptr = [0, 1, 3, 3]
        indices = [0, 5, 1, 2]
        data = [1, 2, 3, 4]
        csr = self.csr_container((data, indices, indptr))
        assert_array_equal(csr.shape, (3,6))
        assert_(np.issubdtype(csr.dtype, np.signedinteger))

    def test_constructor_smallcol(self):
        # int64 indices not required
        data = arange(6) + 1
        col = array([1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 2], dtype=np.int64)
        ptr = array([0, 2, 4, 6], dtype=np.int64)

        a = self.csr_container((data, col, ptr), shape=(3, 3))

        b = array([[0, 1, 2],
                   [4, 3, 0],
                   [5, 0, 6]], 'd')

        # sparray is less aggressive in downcasting indices to int32 than spmatrix
        expected_dtype = np.dtype(np.int64 if self.is_array_test else np.int32)
        assert_equal(a.indptr.dtype, expected_dtype)
        assert_equal(a.indices.dtype, expected_dtype)
        assert_array_equal(a.toarray(), b)

    def test_constructor_largecol(self):
        # int64 indices required
        data = arange(6) + 1
        large = np.iinfo(np.int32).max + 100
        col = array([0, 1, 2, large, large+1, large+2], dtype=np.int64)
        ptr = array([0, 2, 4, 6], dtype=np.int64)

        a = self.csr_container((data, col, ptr))

        assert_equal(a.indptr.dtype, np.dtype(np.int64))
        assert_equal(a.indices.dtype, np.dtype(np.int64))
        assert_array_equal(a.shape, (3, max(col)+1))

    def test_sort_indices(self):
        data = arange(5)
        indices = array([7, 2, 1, 5, 4])
        indptr = array([0, 3, 5])
        asp = self.csr_container((data, indices, indptr), shape=(2,10))
        bsp = asp.copy()
        asp.sort_indices()
        assert_array_equal(asp.indices,[1, 2, 7, 4, 5])
        assert_array_equal(asp.toarray(), bsp.toarray())

    def test_eliminate_zeros(self):
        data = array([1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0])
        indices = array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
        indptr = array([0, 3, 8])
        asp = self.csr_container((data, indices, indptr), shape=(2,10))
        bsp = asp.copy()
        asp.eliminate_zeros()
        assert_array_equal(asp.nnz, 3)
        assert_array_equal(asp.data,[1, 2, 3])
        assert_array_equal(asp.toarray(), bsp.toarray())

    def test_ufuncs(self):
        X = self.csr_container(np.arange(20).reshape(4, 5) / 20.)
        for f in ["sin", "tan", "arcsin", "arctan", "sinh", "tanh",
                  "arcsinh", "arctanh", "rint", "sign", "expm1", "log1p",
                  "deg2rad", "rad2deg", "floor", "ceil", "trunc", "sqrt"]:
            assert_equal(hasattr(self.datsp, f), True)
            X2 = getattr(X, f)()
            assert_equal(X.shape, X2.shape)
            assert_array_equal(X.indices, X2.indices)
            assert_array_equal(X.indptr, X2.indptr)
            assert_array_equal(X2.toarray(), getattr(np, f)(X.toarray()))

    def test_unsorted_arithmetic(self):
        data = arange(5)
        indices = array([7, 2, 1, 5, 4])
        indptr = array([0, 3, 5])
        asp = self.csr_container((data, indices, indptr), shape=(2,10))
        data = arange(6)
        indices = array([8, 1, 5, 7, 2, 4])
        indptr = array([0, 2, 6])
        bsp = self.csr_container((data, indices, indptr), shape=(2,10))
        assert_equal((asp + bsp).toarray(), asp.toarray() + bsp.toarray())

    def test_fancy_indexing_broadcast(self):
        # broadcasting indexing mode is supported
        I = np.array([[1], [2], [3]])
        J = np.array([3, 4, 2])

        np.random.seed(1234)
        D = self.asdense(np.random.rand(5, 7))
        S = self.spcreator(D)

        SIJ = S[I,J]
        if issparse(SIJ):
            SIJ = SIJ.toarray()
        assert_equal(SIJ, D[I,J])

    def test_has_sorted_indices(self):
        "Ensure has_sorted_indices memoizes sorted state for sort_indices"
        sorted_inds = np.array([0, 1])
        unsorted_inds = np.array([1, 0])
        data = np.array([1, 1])
        indptr = np.array([0, 2])
        M = self.csr_container((data, sorted_inds, indptr)).copy()
        assert_equal(True, M.has_sorted_indices)
        assert isinstance(M.has_sorted_indices, bool)

        M = self.csr_container((data, unsorted_inds, indptr)).copy()
        assert_equal(False, M.has_sorted_indices)

        # set by sorting
        M.sort_indices()
        assert_equal(True, M.has_sorted_indices)
        assert_array_equal(M.indices, sorted_inds)

        M = self.csr_container((data, unsorted_inds, indptr)).copy()
        # set manually (although underlyingly unsorted)
        M.has_sorted_indices = True
        assert_equal(True, M.has_sorted_indices)
        assert_array_equal(M.indices, unsorted_inds)

        # ensure sort bypassed when has_sorted_indices == True
        M.sort_indices()
        assert_array_equal(M.indices, unsorted_inds)

    def test_has_canonical_format(self):
        "Ensure has_canonical_format memoizes state for sum_duplicates"

        M = self.csr_container((np.array([2]), np.array([0]), np.array([0, 1])))
        assert_equal(True, M.has_canonical_format)

        indices = np.array([0, 0])  # contains duplicate
        data = np.array([1, 1])
        indptr = np.array([0, 2])

        M = self.csr_container((data, indices, indptr)).copy()
        assert_equal(False, M.has_canonical_format)
        assert isinstance(M.has_canonical_format, bool)

        # set by deduplicating
        M.sum_duplicates()
        assert_equal(True, M.has_canonical_format)
        assert_equal(1, len(M.indices))

        M = self.csr_container((data, indices, indptr)).copy()
        # set manually (although underlyingly duplicated)
        M.has_canonical_format = True
        assert_equal(True, M.has_canonical_format)
        assert_equal(2, len(M.indices))  # unaffected content

        # ensure deduplication bypassed when has_canonical_format == True
        M.sum_duplicates()
        assert_equal(2, len(M.indices))  # unaffected content

    def test_scalar_idx_dtype(self):
        # Check that index dtype takes into account all parameters
        # passed to sparsetools, including the scalar ones
        indptr = np.zeros(2, dtype=np.int32)
        indices = np.zeros(0, dtype=np.int32)
        vals = np.zeros(0)
        a = self.csr_container((vals, indices, indptr), shape=(1, 2**31-1))
        b = self.csr_container((vals, indices, indptr), shape=(1, 2**31))
        ij = np.zeros((2, 0), dtype=np.int32)
        c = self.csr_container((vals, ij), shape=(1, 2**31-1))
        d = self.csr_container((vals, ij), shape=(1, 2**31))
        e = self.csr_container((1, 2**31-1))
        f = self.csr_container((1, 2**31))
        assert_equal(a.indptr.dtype, np.int32)
        assert_equal(b.indptr.dtype, np.int64)
        assert_equal(c.indptr.dtype, np.int32)
        assert_equal(d.indptr.dtype, np.int64)
        assert_equal(e.indptr.dtype, np.int32)
        assert_equal(f.indptr.dtype, np.int64)

        # These shouldn't fail
        for x in [a, b, c, d, e, f]:
            x + x

    def test_setdiag_csr(self):
        # see gh-21791 setting mixture of existing and not when new_values < 0.001*nnz
        D = self.dia_container(([np.arange(1002)], [0]), shape=(1002, 1002))
        A = self.spcreator(D)
        A.setdiag(5 * np.ones(A.shape[0]))
        assert A[-1, -1] == 5

    def test_binop_explicit_zeros(self):
        # Check that binary ops don't introduce spurious explicit zeros.
        # See gh-9619 for context.
        a = self.csr_container([[0, 1, 0]])
        b = self.csr_container([[1, 1, 0]])
        assert (a + b).nnz == 2
        assert a.multiply(b).nnz == 1


TestCSR.init_class()


class TestCSRMatrix(_MatrixMixin, TestCSR):
    @classmethod
    def spcreator(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            return csr_matrix(*args, **kwargs)


TestCSRMatrix.init_class()


class TestCSC(sparse_test_class()):
    @classmethod
    def spcreator(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            return csc_array(*args, **kwargs)
    math_dtypes = [np.bool_, np.int_, np.float64, np.complex128]

    def test_constructor1(self):
        b = array([[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 2, 0, 3]], 'd')
        bsp = self.csc_container(b)
        assert_array_almost_equal(bsp.data,[1,2,1,3])
        assert_array_equal(bsp.indices,[0,2,1,2])
        assert_array_equal(bsp.indptr,[0,1,2,3,4])
        assert_equal(bsp.nnz,4)
        assert_equal(bsp.shape,b.shape)
        assert_equal(bsp.format,'csc')

    def test_constructor2(self):
        b = zeros((6,6),'d')
        b[2,4] = 5
        bsp = self.csc_container(b)
        assert_array_almost_equal(bsp.data,[5])
        assert_array_equal(bsp.indices,[2])
        assert_array_equal(bsp.indptr,[0,0,0,0,0,1,1])

    def test_constructor3(self):
        b = array([[1, 0], [0, 0], [0, 2]], 'd')
        bsp = self.csc_container(b)
        assert_array_almost_equal(bsp.data,[1,2])
        assert_array_equal(bsp.indices,[0,2])
        assert_array_equal(bsp.indptr,[0,1,2])

    def test_constructor4(self):
        # using (data, ij) format
        row = array([2, 3, 1, 3, 0, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 2])
        col = array([0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1])
        data = array([6., 10., 3., 9., 1., 4., 11., 2., 8., 5., 7.])

        ij = vstack((row,col))
        csc = self.csc_container((data,ij),(4,3))
        assert_array_equal(arange(12).reshape(4, 3), csc.toarray())

        # with duplicates (should sum the duplicates)
        csc = self.csc_container(([1,1,1,1], ([0,2,2,0], [0,1,1,0])))
        assert csc.nnz == 2

    def test_constructor5(self):
        # infer dimensions from arrays
        indptr = array([0,1,3,3])
        indices = array([0,5,1,2])
        data = array([1,2,3,4])
        csc = self.csc_container((data, indices, indptr))
        assert_array_equal(csc.shape,(6,3))

    def test_constructor6(self):
        # infer dimensions and dtype from lists
        indptr = [0, 1, 3, 3]
        indices = [0, 5, 1, 2]
        data = [1, 2, 3, 4]
        csc = self.csc_container((data, indices, indptr))
        assert_array_equal(csc.shape,(6,3))
        assert_(np.issubdtype(csc.dtype, np.signedinteger))

    def test_eliminate_zeros(self):
        data = array([1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0])
        indices = array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
        indptr = array([0, 3, 8])
        asp = self.csc_container((data, indices, indptr), shape=(10,2))
        bsp = asp.copy()
        asp.eliminate_zeros()
        assert_array_equal(asp.nnz, 3)
        assert_array_equal(asp.data,[1, 2, 3])
        assert_array_equal(asp.toarray(), bsp.toarray())

    def test_sort_indices(self):
        data = arange(5)
        row = array([7, 2, 1, 5, 4])
        ptr = [0, 3, 5]
        asp = self.csc_container((data, row, ptr), shape=(10,2))
        bsp = asp.copy()
        asp.sort_indices()
        assert_array_equal(asp.indices,[1, 2, 7, 4, 5])
        assert_array_equal(asp.toarray(), bsp.toarray())

    def test_ufuncs(self):
        X = self.csc_container(np.arange(21).reshape(7, 3) / 21.)
        for f in ["sin", "tan", "arcsin", "arctan", "sinh", "tanh",
                  "arcsinh", "arctanh", "rint", "sign", "expm1", "log1p",
                  "deg2rad", "rad2deg", "floor", "ceil", "trunc", "sqrt"]:
            assert_equal(hasattr(self.datsp, f), True)
            X2 = getattr(X, f)()
            assert_equal(X.shape, X2.shape)
            assert_array_equal(X.indices, X2.indices)
            assert_array_equal(X.indptr, X2.indptr)
            assert_array_equal(X2.toarray(), getattr(np, f)(X.toarray()))

    def test_unsorted_arithmetic(self):
        data = arange(5)
        indices = array([7, 2, 1, 5, 4])
        indptr = array([0, 3, 5])
        asp = self.csc_container((data, indices, indptr), shape=(10,2))
        data = arange(6)
        indices = array([8, 1, 5, 7, 2, 4])
        indptr = array([0, 2, 6])
        bsp = self.csc_container((data, indices, indptr), shape=(10,2))
        assert_equal((asp + bsp).toarray(), asp.toarray() + bsp.toarray())

    def test_fancy_indexing_broadcast(self):
        # broadcasting indexing mode is supported
        I = np.array([[1], [2], [3]])
        J = np.array([3, 4, 2])

        np.random.seed(1234)
        D = self.asdense(np.random.rand(5, 7))
        S = self.spcreator(D)

        SIJ = S[I,J]
        if issparse(SIJ):
            SIJ = SIJ.toarray()
        assert_equal(SIJ, D[I,J])

    def test_scalar_idx_dtype(self):
        # Check that index dtype takes into account all parameters
        # passed to sparsetools, including the scalar ones
        indptr = np.zeros(2, dtype=np.int32)
        indices = np.zeros(0, dtype=np.int32)
        vals = np.zeros(0)
        a = self.csc_container((vals, indices, indptr), shape=(2**31-1, 1))
        b = self.csc_container((vals, indices, indptr), shape=(2**31, 1))
        ij = np.zeros((2, 0), dtype=np.int32)
        c = self.csc_container((vals, ij), shape=(2**31-1, 1))
        d = self.csc_container((vals, ij), shape=(2**31, 1))
        e = self.csr_container((1, 2**31-1))
        f = self.csr_container((1, 2**31))
        assert_equal(a.indptr.dtype, np.int32)
        assert_equal(b.indptr.dtype, np.int64)
        assert_equal(c.indptr.dtype, np.int32)
        assert_equal(d.indptr.dtype, np.int64)
        assert_equal(e.indptr.dtype, np.int32)
        assert_equal(f.indptr.dtype, np.int64)

        # These shouldn't fail
        for x in [a, b, c, d, e, f]:
            x + x

    def test_setdiag_csc(self):
        # see gh-21791 setting mixture of existing and not when new_values < 0.001*nnz
        D = self.dia_container(([np.arange(1002)], [0]), shape=(1002, 1002))
        A = self.spcreator(D)
        A.setdiag(5 * np.ones(A.shape[0]))
        assert A[-1, -1] == 5


TestCSC.init_class()


class TestCSCMatrix(_MatrixMixin, TestCSC):
    @classmethod
    def spcreator(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            return csc_matrix(*args, **kwargs)


TestCSCMatrix.init_class()


class TestDOK(sparse_test_class(minmax=False, nnz_axis=False)):
    spcreator = dok_array
    math_dtypes = [np.int_, np.float64, np.complex128]

    def test_mult(self):
        A = self.dok_container((10, 12))
        A[0, 3] = 10
        A[5, 6] = 20
        D = A @ A.T
        E = A @ A.T.conjugate()
        assert_array_equal(D.toarray(), E.toarray())

    def test_add_nonzero(self):
        A = self.spcreator((3,2))
        A[0,1] = -10
        A[2,0] = 20
        A = A + 10
        B = array([[10, 0], [10, 10], [30, 10]])
        assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), B)

        A = A + 1j
        B = B + 1j
        assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), B)

    def test_dok_divide_scalar(self):
        A = self.spcreator((3,2))
        A[0,1] = -10
        A[2,0] = 20

        assert_array_equal((A/1j).toarray(), A.toarray()/1j)
        assert_array_equal((A/9).toarray(), A.toarray()/9)

    def test_convert(self):
        # Test provided by Andrew Straw.  Fails in SciPy <= r1477.
        (m, n) = (6, 7)
        a = self.dok_container((m, n))

        # set a few elements, but none in the last column
        a[2,1] = 1
        a[0,2] = 2
        a[3,1] = 3
        a[1,5] = 4
        a[4,3] = 5
        a[4,2] = 6

        # assert that the last column is all zeros
        assert_array_equal(a.toarray()[:,n-1], zeros(m,))

        # make sure it still works for CSC format
        csc = a.tocsc()
        assert_array_equal(csc.toarray()[:,n-1], zeros(m,))

        # now test CSR
        (m, n) = (n, m)
        b = a.transpose()
        assert_equal(b.shape, (m, n))
        # assert that the last row is all zeros
        assert_array_equal(b.toarray()[m-1,:], zeros(n,))

        # make sure it still works for CSR format
        csr = b.tocsr()
        assert_array_equal(csr.toarray()[m-1,:], zeros(n,))

    def test_ctor(self):
        # Empty ctor
        assert_raises(TypeError, self.dok_container)

        # Dense ctor
        b = array([[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 2, 0, 3]], 'd')
        A = self.dok_container(b)
        assert_equal(b.dtype, A.dtype)
        assert_equal(A.toarray(), b)

        # Sparse ctor
        c = self.csr_container(b)
        assert_equal(A.toarray(), c.toarray())

        data = [[0, 1, 2], [3, 0, 0]]
        d = self.dok_container(data, dtype=np.float32)
        assert_equal(d.dtype, np.float32)
        da = d.toarray()
        assert_equal(da.dtype, np.float32)
        assert_array_equal(da, data)

    def test_ticket1160(self):
        # Regression test for ticket #1160.
        a = self.dok_container((3,3))
        a[0,0] = 0
        # This assert would fail, because the above assignment would
        # incorrectly call __set_item__ even though the value was 0.
        assert_((0,0) not in a.keys(), "Unexpected entry (0,0) in keys")

        # Slice assignments were also affected.
        b = self.dok_container((3,3))
        b[:,0] = 0
        assert_(len(b.keys()) == 0, "Unexpected entries in keys")


class TestDOKMatrix(_MatrixMixin, TestDOK):
    spcreator = dok_matrix


TestDOK.init_class()
TestDOKMatrix.init_class()


class TestLIL(sparse_test_class(minmax=False)):
    spcreator = lil_array
    math_dtypes = [np.int_, np.float64, np.complex128]

    def test_dot(self):
        A = zeros((10, 10), np.complex128)
        A[0, 3] = 10
        A[5, 6] = 20j

        B = self.lil_container((10, 10), dtype=np.complex128)
        B[0, 3] = 10
        B[5, 6] = 20j

        # TODO: properly handle this assertion on ppc64le
        if platform.machine() != 'ppc64le':
            assert_array_equal(A @ A.T, (B @ B.T).toarray())

        assert_array_equal(A @ A.conjugate().T, (B @ B.conjugate().T).toarray())

    def test_scalar_mul(self):
        x = self.lil_container((3, 3))
        x[0, 0] = 2

        x = x*2
        assert_equal(x[0, 0], 4)

        x = x*0
        assert_equal(x[0, 0], 0)

    def test_truediv_scalar(self):
        A = self.spcreator((3, 2))
        A[0, 1] = -10
        A[2, 0] = 20

        assert_array_equal((A / 1j).toarray(), A.toarray() / 1j)
        assert_array_equal((A / 9).toarray(), A.toarray() / 9)

    def test_inplace_ops(self):
        A = self.lil_container([[0, 2, 3], [4, 0, 6]])
        B = self.lil_container([[0, 1, 0], [0, 2, 3]])

        data = {'add': (B, A + B),
                'sub': (B, A - B),
                'mul': (3, A * 3)}

        for op, (other, expected) in data.items():
            result = A.copy()
            getattr(result, f'__i{op}__')(other)

            assert_array_equal(result.toarray(), expected.toarray())

        # Ticket 1604.
        A = self.lil_container((1, 3), dtype=np.dtype('float64'))
        B = self.asdense([0.1, 0.1, 0.1])
        A[0, :] += B
        assert_array_equal(A[0, :].toarray(), B)

    def test_lil_iteration(self):
        row_data = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
        B = self.lil_container(array(row_data))
        for r, row in enumerate(B):
            assert_array_equal(row.toarray(), array(row_data[r], ndmin=row.ndim))

    def test_lil_from_csr(self):
        # Tests whether a LIL can be constructed from a CSR.
        B = self.lil_container((10, 10))
        B[0, 3] = 10
        B[5, 6] = 20
        B[8, 3] = 30
        B[3, 8] = 40
        B[8, 9] = 50
        C = B.tocsr()
        D = self.lil_container(C)
        assert_array_equal(C.toarray(), D.toarray())

    def test_fancy_indexing_lil(self):
        M = self.asdense(arange(25).reshape(5, 5))
        A = self.lil_container(M)

        assert_equal(A[array([1, 2, 3]), 2:3].toarray(),
                     M[array([1, 2, 3]), 2:3])

    def test_point_wise_multiply(self):
        l = self.lil_container((4, 3))
        l[0, 0] = 1
        l[1, 1] = 2
        l[2, 2] = 3
        l[3, 1] = 4

        m = self.lil_container((4, 3))
        m[0, 0] = 1
        m[0, 1] = 2
        m[2, 2] = 3
        m[3, 1] = 4
        m[3, 2] = 4

        assert_array_equal(l.multiply(m).toarray(),
                           m.multiply(l).toarray())

        assert_array_equal(l.multiply(m).toarray(),
                           [[1, 0, 0],
                            [0, 0, 0],
                            [0, 0, 9],
                            [0, 16, 0]])

    def test_lil_multiply_removal(self):
        # Ticket #1427.
        a = self.lil_container(np.ones((3, 3)))
        a *= 2.
        a[0, :] = 0


class TestLILMatrix(_MatrixMixin, TestLIL):
    spcreator = lil_matrix


TestLIL.init_class()
TestLILMatrix.init_class()


class TestCOO(sparse_test_class(getset=False,
                                slicing=False, slicing_assign=False,
                                fancy_indexing=False, fancy_assign=False)):
    spcreator = coo_array
    math_dtypes = [np.int_, np.float64, np.complex128]

    def test_constructor1(self):
        # unsorted triplet format
        row = array([2, 3, 1, 3, 0, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 2])
        col = array([0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1])
        data = array([6., 10., 3., 9., 1., 4., 11., 2., 8., 5., 7.])

        coo = self.coo_container((data,(row,col)),(4,3))
        assert_array_equal(arange(12).reshape(4, 3), coo.toarray())

        # using Python lists and a specified dtype
        coo = self.coo_container(([2**63 + 1, 1], ([0, 1], [0, 1])), dtype=np.uint64)
        dense = array([[2**63 + 1, 0], [0, 1]], dtype=np.uint64)
        assert_array_equal(dense, coo.toarray())

    def test_constructor2(self):
        # unsorted triplet format with duplicates (which are summed)
        row = array([0,1,2,2,2,2,0,0,2,2])
        col = array([0,2,0,2,1,1,1,0,0,2])
        data = array([2,9,-4,5,7,0,-1,2,1,-5])
        coo = self.coo_container((data,(row,col)),(3,3))

        mat = array([[4, -1, 0], [0, 0, 9], [-3, 7, 0]])

        assert_array_equal(mat, coo.toarray())

    def test_constructor3(self):
        # empty matrix
        coo = self.coo_container((4,3))

        assert_array_equal(coo.shape,(4,3))
        assert_array_equal(coo.row,[])
        assert_array_equal(coo.col,[])
        assert_array_equal(coo.data,[])
        assert_array_equal(coo.toarray(), zeros((4, 3)))

    def test_constructor4(self):
        # from dense matrix
        mat = array([[0,1,0,0],
                     [7,0,3,0],
                     [0,4,0,0]])
        coo = self.coo_container(mat)
        assert_array_equal(coo.toarray(), mat)

        # upgrade rank 1 arrays to row matrix
        mat = array([0,1,0,0])
        coo = self.coo_container(mat)
        expected = mat if self.is_array_test else mat.reshape(1, -1)
        assert_array_equal(coo.toarray(), expected)

        # error if second arg interpreted as shape (gh-9919)
        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=r'object cannot be interpreted'):
            self.coo_container([0, 11, 22, 33], ([0, 1, 2, 3], [0, 0, 0, 0]))

        # error if explicit shape arg doesn't match the dense matrix
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r'inconsistent shapes'):
            self.coo_container([0, 11, 22, 33], shape=(4, 4))

    def test_constructor_data_ij_dtypeNone(self):
        data = [1]
        coo = self.coo_container((data, ([0], [0])), dtype=None)
        assert coo.dtype == np.array(data).dtype

    @pytest.mark.xfail(run=False, reason='COO does not have a __getitem__')
    def test_iterator(self):
        pass

    def test_todia_all_zeros(self):
        zeros = [[0, 0]]
        dia = self.coo_container(zeros).todia()
        assert_array_equal(dia.toarray(), zeros)

    def test_sum_duplicates(self):
        coo = self.coo_container((4,3))
        coo.sum_duplicates()
        coo = self.coo_container(([1,2], ([1,0], [1,0])))
        coo.sum_duplicates()
        assert_array_equal(coo.toarray(), [[2,0],[0,1]])
        coo = self.coo_container(([1,2], ([1,1], [1,1])))
        coo.sum_duplicates()
        assert_array_equal(coo.toarray(), [[0,0],[0,3]])
        assert_array_equal(coo.row, [1])
        assert_array_equal(coo.col, [1])
        assert_array_equal(coo.data, [3])

    def test_todok_duplicates(self):
        coo = self.coo_container(([1,1,1,1], ([0,2,2,0], [0,1,1,0])))
        dok = coo.todok()
        assert_array_equal(dok.toarray(), coo.toarray())

    def test_tocompressed_duplicates(self):
        coo = self.coo_container(([1,1,1,1], ([0,2,2,0], [0,1,1,0])))
        csr = coo.tocsr()
        assert_equal(csr.nnz + 2, coo.nnz)
        csc = coo.tocsc()
        assert_equal(csc.nnz + 2, coo.nnz)

    def test_eliminate_zeros(self):
        data = array([1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0])
        row = array([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
        col = array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
        asp = self.coo_container((data, (row, col)), shape=(2,10))
        bsp = asp.copy()
        asp.eliminate_zeros()
        assert_((asp.data != 0).all())
        assert_array_equal(asp.toarray(), bsp.toarray())

    def test_reshape_copy(self):
        arr = [[0, 10, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 20, 30, 40]]
        new_shape = (2, 6)
        x = self.coo_container(arr)

        y = x.reshape(new_shape)
        assert_(y.data is x.data)

        y = x.reshape(new_shape, copy=False)
        assert_(y.data is x.data)

        y = x.reshape(new_shape, copy=True)
        assert_(not np.may_share_memory(y.data, x.data))

    def test_large_dimensions_reshape(self):
        # Test that reshape is immune to integer overflow when number of elements
        # exceeds 2^31-1
        mat1 = self.coo_container(([1], ([3000000], [1000])), (3000001, 1001))
        mat2 = self.coo_container(([1], ([1000], [3000000])), (1001, 3000001))

        # assert_array_equal is slow for big matrices because it expects dense
        # Using __ne__ and nnz instead
        assert_((mat1.reshape((1001, 3000001), order='C') != mat2).nnz == 0)
        assert_((mat2.reshape((3000001, 1001), order='F') != mat1).nnz == 0)


class TestCOOMatrix(_MatrixMixin, TestCOO):
    spcreator = coo_matrix


TestCOO.init_class()
TestCOOMatrix.init_class()


class TestDIA(sparse_test_class(getset=False, slicing=False, slicing_assign=False,
                                fancy_indexing=False, fancy_assign=False,
                                minmax=False, nnz_axis=False)):
    spcreator = dia_array
    math_dtypes = [np.int_, np.float64, np.complex128]

    def test_constructor1(self):
        D = array([[1, 0, 3, 0],
                   [1, 2, 0, 4],
                   [0, 2, 3, 0],
                   [0, 0, 3, 4]])
        data = np.array([[1,2,3,4]]).repeat(3,axis=0)
        offsets = np.array([0,-1,2])
        assert_equal(self.dia_container((data, offsets), shape=(4, 4)).toarray(), D)

    @pytest.mark.xfail(run=False, reason='DIA does not have a __getitem__')
    def test_iterator(self):
        pass

    @with_64bit_maxval_limit(3)
    def test_setdiag_dtype(self):
        m = self.dia_container(np.eye(3))
        assert_equal(m.offsets.dtype, np.int32)
        m.setdiag((3,), k=2)
        assert_equal(m.offsets.dtype, np.int32)

        m = self.dia_container(np.eye(4))
        assert_equal(m.offsets.dtype, np.int64)
        m.setdiag((3,), k=3)
        assert_equal(m.offsets.dtype, np.int64)

    @pytest.mark.skip(reason='DIA stores extra zeros')
    def test_getnnz_axis(self):
        pass

    def test_convert_gh14555(self):
        # regression test for gh-14555
        m = self.dia_container(([[1, 1, 0]], [-1]), shape=(4, 2))
        expected = m.toarray()
        assert_array_equal(m.tocsc().toarray(), expected)
        assert_array_equal(m.tocsr().toarray(), expected)

    def test_tocoo_gh10050(self):
        # regression test for gh-10050
        m = self.dia_container([[1, 2], [3, 4]]).tocoo()
        flat_inds = np.ravel_multi_index((m.row, m.col), m.shape)
        inds_are_sorted = np.all(np.diff(flat_inds) > 0)
        assert m.has_canonical_format == inds_are_sorted

    def test_tocoo_tocsr_tocsc_gh19245(self):
        # test index_dtype with tocoo, tocsr, tocsc
        data = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4]]).repeat(3, axis=0)
        offsets = np.array([0, -1, 2], dtype=np.int32)
        dia = sparse.dia_array((data, offsets), shape=(4, 4))

        coo = dia.tocoo()
        assert coo.col.dtype == np.int32
        csr = dia.tocsr()
        assert csr.indices.dtype == np.int32
        csc = dia.tocsc()
        assert csc.indices.dtype == np.int32

    def test_mul_scalar(self):
        # repro for gh-20434
        m = self.dia_container([[1, 2], [0, 4]])
        res = m * 3
        assert isinstance(res, m.__class__)
        assert_array_equal(res.toarray(), [[3, 6], [0, 12]])

        res2 = m.multiply(3)
        assert isinstance(res2, m.__class__)
        assert_array_equal(res2.toarray(), [[3, 6], [0, 12]])


class TestDIAMatrix(_MatrixMixin, TestDIA):
    spcreator = dia_matrix


TestDIA.init_class()
TestDIAMatrix.init_class()


class TestBSR(sparse_test_class(getset=False,
                                slicing=False, slicing_assign=False,
                                fancy_indexing=False, fancy_assign=False,
                                nnz_axis=False)):
    spcreator = bsr_array
    math_dtypes = [np.int_, np.float64, np.complex128]

    def test_constructor1(self):
        # check native BSR format constructor
        indptr = array([0,2,2,4])
        indices = array([0,2,2,3])
        data = zeros((4,2,3))

        data[0] = array([[0, 1, 2],
                         [3, 0, 5]])
        data[1] = array([[0, 2, 4],
                         [6, 0, 10]])
        data[2] = array([[0, 4, 8],
                         [12, 0, 20]])
        data[3] = array([[0, 5, 10],
                         [15, 0, 25]])

        A = kron([[1,0,2,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,4,5]], [[0,1,2],[3,0,5]])
        Asp = self.bsr_container((data,indices,indptr),shape=(6,12))
        assert_equal(Asp.toarray(), A)

        # infer shape from arrays
        Asp = self.bsr_container((data,indices,indptr))
        assert_equal(Asp.toarray(), A)

    def test_constructor2(self):
        # construct from dense

        # test zero mats
        for shape in [(1,1), (5,1), (1,10), (10,4), (3,7), (2,1)]:
            A = zeros(shape)
            assert_equal(self.bsr_container(A).toarray(), A)
        A = zeros((4,6))
        assert_equal(self.bsr_container(A, blocksize=(2, 2)).toarray(), A)
        assert_equal(self.bsr_container(A, blocksize=(2, 3)).toarray(), A)

        A = kron([[1,0,2,0],[0,0,0,0],[0,0,4,5]], [[0,1,2],[3,0,5]])
        assert_equal(self.bsr_container(A).toarray(), A)
        assert_equal(self.bsr_container(A, shape=(6, 12)).toarray(), A)
        assert_equal(self.bsr_container(A, blocksize=(1, 1)).toarray(), A)
        assert_equal(self.bsr_container(A, blocksize=(2, 3)).toarray(), A)
        assert_equal(self.bsr_container(A, blocksize=(2, 6)).toarray(), A)
        assert_equal(self.bsr_container(A, blocksize=(2, 12)).toarray(), A)
        assert_equal(self.bsr_container(A, blocksize=(3, 12)).toarray(), A)
        assert_equal(self.bsr_container(A, blocksize=(6, 12)).toarray(), A)

        A = kron([[1,0,2,0],[0,1,0,0],[0,0,0,0]], [[0,1,2],[3,0,5]])
        assert_equal(self.bsr_container(A, blocksize=(2, 3)).toarray(), A)

    def test_constructor3(self):
        # construct from coo-like (data,(row,col)) format
        arg = ([1,2,3], ([0,1,1], [0,0,1]))
        A = array([[1,0],[2,3]])
        assert_equal(self.bsr_container(arg, blocksize=(2, 2)).toarray(), A)

    def test_constructor4(self):
        # regression test for gh-6292: self.bsr_matrix((data, indices, indptr)) was
        #  trying to compare an int to a None
        n = 8
        data = np.ones((n, n, 1), dtype=np.int8)
        indptr = np.array([0, n], dtype=np.int32)
        indices = np.arange(n, dtype=np.int32)
        self.bsr_container((data, indices, indptr), blocksize=(n, 1), copy=False)

    def test_constructor5(self):
        # check for validations introduced in gh-13400
        n = 8
        data_1dim = np.ones(n)
        data = np.ones((n, n, n))
        indptr = np.array([0, n])
        indices = np.arange(n)

        with assert_raises(ValueError):
            # data ndim check
            self.bsr_container((data_1dim, indices, indptr))

        with assert_raises(ValueError):
            # invalid blocksize
            self.bsr_container((data, indices, indptr), blocksize=(1, 1, 1))

        with assert_raises(ValueError):
            # mismatching blocksize
            self.bsr_container((data, indices, indptr), blocksize=(1, 1))

    def test_default_dtype(self):
        # As a numpy array, `values` has shape (2, 2, 1).
        values = [[[1], [1]], [[1], [1]]]
        indptr = np.array([0, 2], dtype=np.int32)
        indices = np.array([0, 1], dtype=np.int32)
        b = self.bsr_container((values, indices, indptr), blocksize=(2, 1))
        assert b.dtype == np.array(values).dtype

    def test_bsr_tocsr(self):
        # check native conversion from BSR to CSR
        indptr = array([0, 2, 2, 4])
        indices = array([0, 2, 2, 3])
        data = zeros((4, 2, 3))

        data[0] = array([[0, 1, 2],
                         [3, 0, 5]])
        data[1] = array([[0, 2, 4],
                         [6, 0, 10]])
        data[2] = array([[0, 4, 8],
                         [12, 0, 20]])
        data[3] = array([[0, 5, 10],
                         [15, 0, 25]])

        A = kron([[1, 0, 2, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 4, 5]],
                 [[0, 1, 2], [3, 0, 5]])
        Absr = self.bsr_container((data, indices, indptr), shape=(6, 12))
        Acsr = Absr.tocsr()
        Acsr_via_coo = Absr.tocoo().tocsr()
        assert_equal(Acsr.toarray(), A)
        assert_equal(Acsr.toarray(), Acsr_via_coo.toarray())

    def test_eliminate_zeros(self):
        data = kron([1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0], [[1,1],[1,1]]).T
        data = data.reshape(-1,2,2)
        indices = array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
        indptr = array([0, 3, 8])
        asp = self.bsr_container((data, indices, indptr), shape=(4,20))
        bsp = asp.copy()
        asp.eliminate_zeros()
        assert_array_equal(asp.nnz, 3*4)
        assert_array_equal(asp.toarray(), bsp.toarray())

    # GitHub issue #9687
    def test_eliminate_zeros_all_zero(self):
        np.random.seed(0)
        m = self.bsr_container(np.random.random((12, 12)), blocksize=(2, 3))

        # eliminate some blocks, but not all
        m.data[m.data <= 0.9] = 0
        m.eliminate_zeros()
        assert_equal(m.nnz, 66)
        assert_array_equal(m.data.shape, (11, 2, 3))

        # eliminate all remaining blocks
        m.data[m.data <= 1.0] = 0
        m.eliminate_zeros()
        assert_equal(m.nnz, 0)
        assert_array_equal(m.data.shape, (0, 2, 3))
        assert_array_equal(m.toarray(), np.zeros((12, 12)))

        # test fast path
        m.eliminate_zeros()
        assert_equal(m.nnz, 0)
        assert_array_equal(m.data.shape, (0, 2, 3))
        assert_array_equal(m.toarray(), np.zeros((12, 12)))

    def test_bsr_matvec(self):
        A = self.bsr_container(arange(2*3*4*5).reshape(2*4,3*5), blocksize=(4,5))
        x = arange(A.shape[1]).reshape(-1,1)
        assert_equal(A @ x, A.toarray() @ x)

    def test_bsr_matvecs(self):
        A = self.bsr_container(arange(2*3*4*5).reshape(2*4,3*5), blocksize=(4,5))
        x = arange(A.shape[1]*6).reshape(-1,6)
        assert_equal(A @ x, A.toarray() @ x)

    @pytest.mark.xfail(run=False, reason='BSR does not have a __getitem__')
    def test_iterator(self):
        pass

    @pytest.mark.xfail(run=False, reason='BSR does not have a __setitem__')
    def test_setdiag(self):
        pass

    def test_resize_blocked(self):
        # test resize() with non-(1,1) blocksize
        D = np.array([[1, 0, 3, 4],
                      [2, 0, 0, 0],
                      [3, 0, 0, 0]])
        S = self.spcreator(D, blocksize=(1, 2))
        assert_(S.resize((3, 2)) is None)
        assert_array_equal(S.toarray(), [[1, 0],
                                         [2, 0],
                                         [3, 0]])
        S.resize((2, 2))
        assert_array_equal(S.toarray(), [[1, 0],
                                         [2, 0]])
        S.resize((3, 2))
        assert_array_equal(S.toarray(), [[1, 0],
                                         [2, 0],
                                         [0, 0]])
        S.resize((3, 4))
        assert_array_equal(S.toarray(), [[1, 0, 0, 0],
                                         [2, 0, 0, 0],
                                         [0, 0, 0, 0]])
        assert_raises(ValueError, S.resize, (2, 3))

    @pytest.mark.xfail(run=False, reason='BSR does not have a __setitem__')
    def test_setdiag_comprehensive(self):
        pass

    @pytest.mark.skipif(IS_COLAB, reason="exceeds memory limit")
    def test_scalar_idx_dtype(self):
        # Check that index dtype takes into account all parameters
        # passed to sparsetools, including the scalar ones
        indptr = np.zeros(2, dtype=np.int32)
        indices = np.zeros(0, dtype=np.int32)
        vals = np.zeros((0, 1, 1))
        a = self.bsr_container((vals, indices, indptr), shape=(1, 2**31-1))
        b = self.bsr_container((vals, indices, indptr), shape=(1, 2**31))
        c = self.bsr_container((1, 2**31-1))
        d = self.bsr_container((1, 2**31))
        assert_equal(a.indptr.dtype, np.int32)
        assert_equal(b.indptr.dtype, np.int64)
        assert_equal(c.indptr.dtype, np.int32)
        assert_equal(d.indptr.dtype, np.int64)

        try:
            vals2 = np.zeros((0, 1, 2**31-1))
            vals3 = np.zeros((0, 1, 2**31))
            e = self.bsr_container((vals2, indices, indptr), shape=(1, 2**31-1))
            f = self.bsr_container((vals3, indices, indptr), shape=(1, 2**31))
            assert_equal(e.indptr.dtype, np.int32)
            assert_equal(f.indptr.dtype, np.int64)
        except (MemoryError, ValueError):
            # May fail on 32-bit Python
            e = 0
            f = 0

        # These shouldn't fail
        for x in [a, b, c, d, e, f]:
            x + x


class TestBSRMatrix(_MatrixMixin, TestBSR):
    spcreator = bsr_matrix


TestBSR.init_class()
TestBSRMatrix.init_class()


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests for non-canonical representations (with duplicates, unsorted indices)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

def _same_sum_duplicate(data, *inds, **kwargs):
    """Duplicates entries to produce the same matrix"""
    indptr = kwargs.pop('indptr', None)
    if np.issubdtype(data.dtype, np.bool_) or \
       np.issubdtype(data.dtype, np.unsignedinteger):
        if indptr is None:
            return (data,) + inds
        else:
            return (data,) + inds + (indptr,)

    zeros_pos = (data == 0).nonzero()

    # duplicate data
    data = data.repeat(2, axis=0)
    data[::2] -= 1
    data[1::2] = 1

    # don't spoil all explicit zeros
    if zeros_pos[0].size > 0:
        pos = tuple(p[0] for p in zeros_pos)
        pos1 = (2*pos[0],) + pos[1:]
        pos2 = (2*pos[0]+1,) + pos[1:]
        data[pos1] = 0
        data[pos2] = 0

    inds = tuple(indices.repeat(2) for indices in inds)

    if indptr is None:
        return (data,) + inds
    else:
        return (data,) + inds + (indptr * 2,)


class _NonCanonicalMixin:
    def spcreator(self, D, *args, sorted_indices=False, **kwargs):
        """Replace D with a non-canonical equivalent: containing
        duplicate elements and explicit zeros"""
        construct = super().spcreator
        M = construct(D, *args, **kwargs)

        zero_pos = (M.toarray() == 0).nonzero()
        has_zeros = (zero_pos[0].size > 0)
        if has_zeros:
            k = zero_pos[0].size//2
            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
                sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
                M = self._insert_explicit_zero(M, zero_pos[0][k], zero_pos[1][k])

        arg1 = self._arg1_for_noncanonical(M, sorted_indices)
        if 'shape' not in kwargs:
            kwargs['shape'] = M.shape
        NC = construct(arg1, **kwargs)

        # check that result is valid
        if NC.dtype in [np.float32, np.complex64]:
            # For single-precision floats, the differences between M and NC
            # that are introduced by the extra operations involved in the
            # construction of NC necessitate a more lenient tolerance level
            # than the default.
            rtol = 1e-05
        else:
            rtol = 1e-07
        assert_allclose(NC.toarray(), M.toarray(), rtol=rtol)

        # check that at least one explicit zero
        if has_zeros:
            assert_((NC.data == 0).any())
        # TODO check that NC has duplicates (which are not explicit zeros)

        return NC

    @pytest.mark.skip(reason='bool(matrix) counts explicit zeros')
    def test_bool(self):
        pass

    @pytest.mark.skip(reason='getnnz-axis counts explicit zeros')
    def test_getnnz_axis(self):
        pass

    @pytest.mark.skip(reason='nnz counts explicit zeros')
    def test_empty(self):
        pass


class _NonCanonicalCompressedMixin(_NonCanonicalMixin):
    def _arg1_for_noncanonical(self, M, sorted_indices=False):
        """Return non-canonical constructor arg1 equivalent to M"""
        data, indices, indptr = _same_sum_duplicate(M.data, M.indices,
                                                    indptr=M.indptr)
        if not sorted_indices:
            for start, stop in zip(indptr, indptr[1:]):
                indices[start:stop] = indices[start:stop][::-1].copy()
                data[start:stop] = data[start:stop][::-1].copy()
        return data, indices, indptr

    def _insert_explicit_zero(self, M, i, j):
        M[i,j] = 0
        return M


class _NonCanonicalCSMixin(_NonCanonicalCompressedMixin):
    def test_getelement(self):
        def check(dtype, sorted_indices):
            D = array([[1,0,0],
                       [4,3,0],
                       [0,2,0],
                       [0,0,0]], dtype=dtype)
            A = self.spcreator(D, sorted_indices=sorted_indices)

            M,N = D.shape

            for i in range(-M, M):
                for j in range(-N, N):
                    assert_equal(A[i,j], D[i,j])

            for ij in [(0,3),(-1,3),(4,0),(4,3),(4,-1), (1, 2, 3)]:
                assert_raises((IndexError, TypeError), A.__getitem__, ij)

        for dtype in supported_dtypes:
            for sorted_indices in [False, True]:
                check(np.dtype(dtype), sorted_indices)

    def test_setitem_sparse(self):
        D = np.eye(3)
        A = self.spcreator(D)
        B = self.spcreator([[1,2,3]])

        D[1,:] = B.toarray()
        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            A[1,:] = B
        assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), D)

        D[:,2] = B.toarray().ravel()
        with suppress_warnings() as sup:
            sup.filter(SparseEfficiencyWarning, "Changing the sparsity structure")
            A[:,2] = B.T
        assert_array_equal(A.toarray(), D)

    @pytest.mark.xfail(run=False, reason='inverse broken with non-canonical matrix')
    def test_inv(self):
        pass

    @pytest.mark.xfail(run=False, reason='solve broken with non-canonical matrix')
    def test_solve(self):
        pass


class TestCSRNonCanonical(_NonCanonicalCSMixin, TestCSR):
    pass


class TestCSRNonCanonicalMatrix(TestCSRNonCanonical, TestCSRMatrix):
    pass


class TestCSCNonCanonical(_NonCanonicalCSMixin, TestCSC):
    pass


class TestCSCNonCanonicalMatrix(TestCSCNonCanonical, TestCSCMatrix):
    pass


class TestBSRNonCanonical(_NonCanonicalCompressedMixin, TestBSR):
    def _insert_explicit_zero(self, M, i, j):
        x = M.tocsr()
        x[i,j] = 0
        return x.tobsr(blocksize=M.blocksize)

    @pytest.mark.xfail(run=False, reason='diagonal broken with non-canonical BSR')
    def test_diagonal(self):
        pass

    @pytest.mark.xfail(run=False, reason='expm broken with non-canonical BSR')
    def test_expm(self):
        pass


class TestBSRNonCanonicalMatrix(TestBSRNonCanonical, TestBSRMatrix):
    pass


class TestCOONonCanonical(_NonCanonicalMixin, TestCOO):
    def _arg1_for_noncanonical(self, M, sorted_indices=None):
        """Return non-canonical constructor arg1 equivalent to M"""
        data, row, col = _same_sum_duplicate(M.data, M.row, M.col)
        return data, (row, col)

    def _insert_explicit_zero(self, M, i, j):
        M.data = np.r_[M.data.dtype.type(0), M.data]
        M.row = np.r_[M.row.dtype.type(i), M.row]
        M.col = np.r_[M.col.dtype.type(j), M.col]
        return M

    def test_setdiag_noncanonical(self):
        m = self.spcreator(np.eye(3))
        m.sum_duplicates()
        m.setdiag([3, 2], k=1)
        m.sum_duplicates()
        assert_(np.all(np.diff(m.col) >= 0))


class TestCOONonCanonicalMatrix(TestCOONonCanonical, TestCOOMatrix):
    pass


#Todo: Revisit 64bit tests: avoid rerun of all tests for each version of get_index_dtype
def cases_64bit(sp_api):
    """Yield all tests for all formats that use get_index_dtype

    This is more than testing get_index_dtype. It allows checking whether upcasting
    or downcasting the index dtypes affects test results. The approach used here
    does not try to figure out which tests might fail due to 32/64-bit issues.
    We just run them all.
    So, each test method in that uses cases_64bit reruns most of the test suite!
    """
    if sp_api == "sparray":
        TEST_CLASSES = [TestBSR, TestCOO, TestCSC, TestCSR, TestDIA,
                         # lil/dok->other conversion operations use get_index_dtype
                         # so we include lil & dok test suite even though they do not
                         # use get_index_dtype within the class. That means many of
                         # these tests are superfluous, but it's hard to pick which
                         TestDOK, TestLIL
                        ]
    elif sp_api == "spmatrix":
        TEST_CLASSES = [TestBSRMatrix, TestCOOMatrix, TestCSCMatrix,
                         TestCSRMatrix, TestDIAMatrix,
                         # lil/dok->other conversion operations use get_index_dtype
                         TestDOKMatrix, TestLILMatrix
                        ]
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"parameter {sp_api=} is not one of 'sparray' or 'spmatrix'")

    # The following features are missing, so skip the tests:
    SKIP_TESTS = {
        'test_expm': 'expm for 64-bit indices not available',
        'test_inv': 'linsolve for 64-bit indices not available',
        'test_solve': 'linsolve for 64-bit indices not available',
        'test_scalar_idx_dtype': 'test implemented in base class',
        'test_large_dimensions_reshape': 'test actually requires 64-bit to work',
        'test_constructor_smallcol': 'test verifies int32 indexes',
        'test_constructor_largecol': 'test verifies int64 indexes',
        'test_tocoo_tocsr_tocsc_gh19245': 'test verifies int32 indexes',
    }

    for cls in TEST_CLASSES:
        for method_name in sorted(dir(cls)):
            method = getattr(cls, method_name)
            if (method_name.startswith('test_') and
                    not getattr(method, 'slow', False)):
                marks = []

                msg = SKIP_TESTS.get(method_name)
                if bool(msg):
                    marks += [pytest.mark.skip(reason=msg)]

                markers = getattr(method, 'pytestmark', [])
                for mark in markers:
                    if mark.name in ('skipif', 'skip', 'xfail', 'xslow'):
                        marks.append(mark)

                yield pytest.param(cls, method_name, marks=marks)


class Test64Bit:
    # classes that use get_index_dtype
    MAT_CLASSES = [
        bsr_matrix, coo_matrix, csc_matrix, csr_matrix, dia_matrix,
        bsr_array, coo_array, csc_array, csr_array, dia_array,
    ]

    def _compare_index_dtype(self, m, dtype):
        dtype = np.dtype(dtype)
        if m.format in ['csc', 'csr', 'bsr']:
            return (m.indices.dtype == dtype) and (m.indptr.dtype == dtype)
        elif m.format == 'coo':
            return (m.row.dtype == dtype) and (m.col.dtype == dtype)
        elif m.format == 'dia':
            return (m.offsets.dtype == dtype)
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"matrix {m!r} has no integer indices")

    @pytest.mark.thread_unsafe
    def test_decorator_maxval_limit(self):
        # Test that the with_64bit_maxval_limit decorator works

        @with_64bit_maxval_limit(maxval_limit=10)
        def check(mat_cls):
            m = mat_cls(np.random.rand(10, 1))
            assert_(self._compare_index_dtype(m, np.int32))
            m = mat_cls(np.random.rand(11, 1))
            assert_(self._compare_index_dtype(m, np.int64))

        for mat_cls in self.MAT_CLASSES:
            check(mat_cls)

    @pytest.mark.thread_unsafe
    def test_decorator_maxval_random(self):
        # Test that the with_64bit_maxval_limit decorator works (2)

        @with_64bit_maxval_limit(random=True)
        def check(mat_cls):
            seen_32 = False
            seen_64 = False
            for k in range(100):
                m = mat_cls(np.random.rand(9, 9))
                seen_32 = seen_32 or self._compare_index_dtype(m, np.int32)
                seen_64 = seen_64 or self._compare_index_dtype(m, np.int64)
                if seen_32 and seen_64:
                    break
            else:
                raise AssertionError("both 32 and 64 bit indices not seen")

        for mat_cls in self.MAT_CLASSES:
            check(mat_cls)

    @pytest.mark.thread_unsafe
    def test_downcast_intp(self):
        # Check that bincount and ufunc.reduceat intp downcasts are
        # dealt with. The point here is to trigger points in the code
        # that can fail on 32-bit systems when using 64-bit indices,
        # due to use of functions that only work with intp-size
        # indices.

        @with_64bit_maxval_limit(fixed_dtype=np.int64, downcast_maxval=1)
        def check_limited(csc_container, csr_container, coo_container):
            # These involve indices larger than `downcast_maxval`
            a = csc_container([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
            assert_raises(AssertionError, a.count_nonzero, axis=1)
            assert_raises(AssertionError, a.sum, axis=0)

            a = csr_container([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 6]])
            assert_raises(AssertionError, a.count_nonzero, axis=0)
            assert_raises(AssertionError, a.sum, axis=1)

            a = coo_container([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5]])
            assert_raises(AssertionError, a.count_nonzero, axis=0)
            a.has_canonical_format = False
            assert_raises(AssertionError, a.sum_duplicates)

        @with_64bit_maxval_limit(fixed_dtype=np.int64)
        def check_unlimited(csc_container, csr_container, coo_container):
            # These involve indices smaller than `downcast_maxval`
            a = csc_container([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
            a.count_nonzero(axis=1)
            a.sum(axis=0)

            a = csr_container([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 6]])
            a.count_nonzero(axis=0)
            a.sum(axis=1)

            a = coo_container([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5]])
            a.count_nonzero(axis=0)
            a.has_canonical_format = False
            a.sum_duplicates()

        check_limited(csc_array, csr_array, coo_array)
        check_unlimited(csc_array, csr_array, coo_array)
        check_limited(csc_matrix, csr_matrix, coo_matrix)
        check_unlimited(csc_matrix, csr_matrix, coo_matrix)


# Testing both spmatrices and sparrays for 64bit index dtype handling is
# expensive and double-checks the same code (e.g. _coobase)
class RunAll64Bit:
    def _check_resiliency(self, cls, method_name, **kw):
        # Resiliency test, to check that sparse matrices deal reasonably
        # with varying index data types.

        @with_64bit_maxval_limit(**kw)
        def check(cls, method_name):
            instance = cls()
            if hasattr(instance, 'setup_method'):
                instance.setup_method()
            try:
                getattr(instance, method_name)()
            finally:
                if hasattr(instance, 'teardown_method'):
                    instance.teardown_method()

        check(cls, method_name)


@pytest.mark.thread_unsafe
@pytest.mark.slow
class Test64BitArray(RunAll64Bit):
    # inheritance of pytest test classes does not separate marks for subclasses.
    # So we define these functions in both Array and Matrix versions.
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('cls,method_name', cases_64bit("sparray"))
    def test_resiliency_limit_10(self, cls, method_name):
        self._check_resiliency(cls, method_name, maxval_limit=10)

    @pytest.mark.fail_slow(2)
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('cls,method_name', cases_64bit("sparray"))
    def test_resiliency_random(self, cls, method_name):
        # bsr_array.eliminate_zeros relies on csr_array constructor
        # not making copies of index arrays --- this is not
        # necessarily true when we pick the index data type randomly
        self._check_resiliency(cls, method_name, random=True)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('cls,method_name', cases_64bit("sparray"))
    def test_resiliency_all_32(self, cls, method_name):
        self._check_resiliency(cls, method_name, fixed_dtype=np.int32)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('cls,method_name', cases_64bit("sparray"))
    def test_resiliency_all_64(self, cls, method_name):
        self._check_resiliency(cls, method_name, fixed_dtype=np.int64)


@pytest.mark.thread_unsafe
class Test64BitMatrix(RunAll64Bit):
    # assert_32bit=True only for spmatrix cuz sparray does not check index content
    @pytest.mark.fail_slow(5)
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('cls,method_name', cases_64bit("spmatrix"))
    def test_no_64(self, cls, method_name):
        self._check_resiliency(cls, method_name, assert_32bit=True)

    # inheritance of pytest test classes does not separate marks for subclasses.
    # So we define these functions in both Array and Matrix versions.
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('cls,method_name', cases_64bit("spmatrix"))
    def test_resiliency_limit_10(self, cls, method_name):
        self._check_resiliency(cls, method_name, maxval_limit=10)

    @pytest.mark.fail_slow(2)
    @pytest.mark.parametrize('cls,method_name', cases_64bit("spmatrix"))
    def test_resiliency_random(self, cls, method_name):
        # bsr_array.eliminate_zeros relies on csr_array constructor
        # not making copies of index arrays --- this is not
        # necessarily true when we pick the index data type randomly
        self._check_resiliency(cls, method_name, random=True)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('cls,method_name', cases_64bit("spmatrix"))
    def test_resiliency_all_32(self, cls, method_name):
        self._check_resiliency(cls, method_name, fixed_dtype=np.int32)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('cls,method_name', cases_64bit("spmatrix"))
    def test_resiliency_all_64(self, cls, method_name):
        self._check_resiliency(cls, method_name, fixed_dtype=np.int64)

def test_broadcast_to():
    a = np.array([[1, 0, 2]])
    b = np.array([[1], [0], [2]])
    c = np.array([[1, 0, 2], [0, 3, 0]])
    d = np.array([[7]])
    e = np.array([[0]])
    f = np.array([[0,0,0,0]])
    for container in (csc_matrix, csc_array, csr_matrix, csr_array):
        res_a = container(a)._broadcast_to((2,3))
        res_b = container(b)._broadcast_to((3,4))
        res_c = container(c)._broadcast_to((2,3))
        res_d = container(d)._broadcast_to((4,4))
        res_e = container(e)._broadcast_to((5,6))
        res_f = container(f)._broadcast_to((2,4))
        assert_array_equal(res_a.toarray(), np.broadcast_to(a, (2,3)))
        assert_array_equal(res_b.toarray(), np.broadcast_to(b, (3,4)))
        assert_array_equal(res_c.toarray(), c)
        assert_array_equal(res_d.toarray(), np.broadcast_to(d, (4,4)))
        assert_array_equal(res_e.toarray(), np.broadcast_to(e, (5,6)))
        assert_array_equal(res_f.toarray(), np.broadcast_to(f, (2,4)))

        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot be broadcast"):
            container([[1, 2, 0], [3, 0, 1]])._broadcast_to(shape=(2, 1))

        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot be broadcast"):
            container([[0, 1, 2]])._broadcast_to(shape=(3, 2))