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- Word Explorer
|part of speech:
||large mammals raised on farms or ranches for their milk or meat. Female cattle are called cows. Male cattle are called bulls. Young cattle are called calves. The ox and the yak are kinds of cattle.
A herd of cattle grazed in the pasture. | <urn:uuid:afc8ab18-bc3d-4366-8cdb-cf4850deab94> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wordsmyth.net/?level=2&rid=6565 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00185-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93793 | 64 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Heavy, wet snow is the hallmark of March in Denver and we see many events containing just that in our look back at this week in Denver weather history.
From the National Weather Service:
In 1989…unusually warm weather set four daily temperature records in Denver. The high temperature of 74 degrees on the 8th exceeded the record. Records were equaled on the 9th with a high of 77 degrees and the 10th with a high of 79 degrees. The low temperature of 42 degrees on the 10th set a new record high minimum for the date.
In 1904…strong Chinook winds raked the city for 2 days. On the 9th…west winds sustained to 53 mph with gusts to 62 mph warmed the temperature to a high of 55 degrees. On the 10th… West winds were sustained to 48 mph with gusts to 54 mph. The high temperature was 58 degrees.
In 1927…rain changed to heavy snow behind a cold front and totaled 7.7 inches over downtown Denver. North winds were sustained to 37 mph with an extreme velocity to 38 mph on the 11th.
In 1955…a strong windstorm raked the eastern foothills. A wind gust to 95 mph was recorded at Rocky Flats with a gust to 60 mph measured at Valmont. Damage in Boulder totaled 10 thousand dollars. Minor injuries also occurred. The strong winds were associated with a vigorous cold front that produced northwest winds at 40 mph with gusts as high as 52 mph at Stapleton Airport where the visibility was briefly reduced to 3/4 mile in blowing dust on the 10th.
In 1968…5.5 inches of snow fell at Stapleton International Airport where northeast winds gusted to 24 mph on the 10th.
In 1906…an extended cold and blustery period occurred with light snow totaling 14.4 inches over 11 consecutive days. The greatest amount of snow on a single day was 4.0 inches on the 15th. Only a trace of snow fell on the 12th and 17th. High temperatures were below freezing for the entire period. The coldest were 14 degrees on the 16th and 18 degrees on the 17th. Both readings were record low maximums for the dates. Low temperatures were mostly in the single digits. The coldest were 2 degrees below zero on the 16th and 5 degrees below zero on the 19th. Northeast winds were sustained to 22 mph on the 9th. North winds were sustained to 36 mph on the 10th…32 mph on the 13th…and 22 mph on the 15th.
In 1893…northwest winds were sustained to 48 mph with gusts to 60 mph in the city.
In 1948…the high temperature warmed to only 6 degrees… The all-time record low maximum for the month of March. The same reading also occurred on March 6…1920.
In 1970…5.0 inches of snow fell at Stapleton International Airport where north winds gusted to 21 mph.
In 1886…snowfall of 3.5 inches was measured in downtown Denver. Apparent post-frontal north winds were sustained to 43 mph on the 11th.
In 1977…a major blizzard struck metro Denver. Snowfall totaled 8.0 inches at Stapleton International Airport where north winds at speeds of 30 to 40 mph with gusts to 60 mph frequently reduced visibilities in blowing snow to 1/4 mile or less. Most of the snow…7.7 inches…fell on the 10th. The snow ended by daybreak on the 11th…but strong north winds persisted through the day.
In 1988…a late winter storm produced heavy snow and wind… Mainly north of Denver. Wind gusts reached 62 mph at Keenesburg and produced a lot of blowing snow…closing schools in southwest weld County. The storm closed I-70 east of Denver. Only 1.1 inch of snow fell at Stapleton International Airport…but north winds gusted to 39 mph.
In 1924…snowfall was heavy and totaled 9.9 inches over downtown Denver. North winds were sustained to 18 mph on the 11th.
In 2001…heavy snow fell over northeast Colorado and metro Denver when a combination of upslope winds and convective snow bands formed over the area. Storm totals included: 11 inches at the Eldora Ski Resort; 10 inches at Genesee; 8 inches at Elizabeth…atop Lookout Mountain…near Sedalia… And at Strasburg; 7 inches near Castle Rock and Evergreen; and 6 inches in Aurora…atop Crow Hill…and in Parker. Elsewhere across metro Denver…snowfall ranged from 2 to 5 inches with 3.9 inches at the site of the former Stapleton International Airport. North winds gusted to 28 mph at Denver International Airport on the 10th.
In 1896…northwest winds were sustained to 40 mph with gusts to 56 mph.
In 1991…the passage of a strong pacific cold front produced winds in excess of 60 mph across metro Denver. Blowing dust reduced the visibility to 2 miles at Stapleton International Airport where northwest winds gusted to 49 mph. A blizzard across eastern Colorado closed I-70 from Watkins to the east…but Denver escaped the storm with only a trace of snowfall.
In 1929…heavy snowfall totaled 9.3 inches in downtown Denver. Northwest winds were sustained to 31 mph with gusts to 34 mph on the 11th.
In 1947…heavy snowfall totaled 7.0 inches in downtown Denver. North winds were sustained to 15 mph on the 11th.
In 1963…snowfall totaled 5.8 inches at Stapleton International Airport where north-northwest winds gusted to 25 mph on the 11th.
In 1993…a strong storm dumped heavy snow in the mountains and 4 to 8 inches of snow over metro Denver. Snowfall totaled 3.6 inches at Stapleton International Airport where north winds gusted to 35 mph.
In 1893…northwest winds were sustained to 44 mph.
In 1952…northwest winds sustained at 40 mph with gusts to 60 mph were recorded at Stapleton Airport where 3.2 inches of snow also fell.
In 1954…strong winds raked metro Denver all day producing areas of blowing dust…snow…and blowing snow. At Stapleton Airport…north-northeast winds at sustained speeds of 40 to 45 mph with gusts as high as 60 mph were recorded. Snowfall totaled only 0.4 inches.
In 1982…a windstorm hit the foothills from Boulder north. The highest recorded wind gust of 90 mph occurred in Boulder. Wind gusts to 47 mph were recorded at Stapleton International Airport.
In 1985…only 1.0 inch of snow fell in Denver…but strong winds produced near-blizzard conditions and caused the closure of I-70 from Aurora to Limon for an hour in the evening. North winds gusted to 38 mph at Stapleton International Airport.
In 1999…heavy snow fell in and near the Front Range foothills. Snowfall totals included: 8.5 inches at Genesee…6 inches about 8 miles northwest of Evergreen… 4.5 inches in Boulder…4 inches in Littleton…and only 2.2 inches at the site of the former Stapleton International Airport.
In 2005…a winter storm brought heavy snow to the eastern foothills and western metro Denver overnight. Storm total snowfall included: 15 inches in Jamestown…13 inches near Blackhawk…11 inches in the foothills southwest of Boulder and near Nederland…10.5 inches at Gross Reservoir…9.5 inches at Eldorado Springs…9 inches at Roxborough Park… 8.5 inches near Longmont…8 inches in Boulder…7.5 inches at Centennial…7 inches in Louisville…3.3 inches at Denver Stapleton. At Denver International Airport…west winds gusted to 46 mph on the 12th before the passage of the cold front and north winds gusted 31 mph on the 13th.
In 1880…a protracted cold spell resulted in 8 temperature records being set. Record low temperatures for the date were set when the temperature dipped to 10 degrees below zero on the 13th and 14th…8 degrees below zero on the 12th and 15th…and 4 degrees below zero on the 16th. Daily record low maximum temperatures were set with 11 degrees on the 12th…12 degrees on the 13th…and 19 degrees on the 15th.
In 1973…northwest winds gusted to 51 mph at Stapleton International Airport. The strong winds were accompanied by virga and a very light snow shower.
In 1990…4 to 9 inches of snow fell across metro Denver with 8 to 16 inches in the foothills. Morrison reported 9 inches; Evergreen…11 inches; and Aspen Springs…14 inches from the storm. Blowing snow and reduced visibilities caused 2-hour delays at Stapleton International Airport where only 5.1 inches of snow fell and north winds gusted to 21 mph.
In 1996…a storm system moving across northern Colorado dumped heavy snow in the mountains and foothills and across metro Denver where snowfall ranged from 5 to 10 inches. A foot of new snow was measured at Nederland with 11 inches at Conifer. Snowfall totaled 8.0 inches at the site of the former Stapleton International Airport. Northeast winds gusted to 30 mph at Denver International Airport on the 13th.
13-15 in 1906…snowfall totaled 8.0 inches over downtown Denver.
In 1873…a brisk west wind blew a perfect gale during the afternoon and evening.
In 1898…northwest winds were sustained to 52 mph with gusts to 62 mph.
In 1899…west Bora winds were sustained to 50 mph with gusts to 60 mph.
In 1902…west winds were sustained to 40 mph with gusts to 48 mph.
In 1913…strong winds all day behind a cold front made for a blustery cold day as the high temperature climbed to only 25 degrees after a low of 19 degrees. Northeast winds were sustained to 51 mph with gusts as high as 60 mph. Only a trace of snow fell.
In 1920…west winds sustained to 43 mph with gusts to 50 mph warmed the temperature to a high of 67 degrees.
In 1923…heavy snowfall of 8.5 inches fell in downtown Denver. North winds were sustained to 25 mph.
In 1947…heavy snowfall totaled 5.8 inches in downtown Denver. Northeast winds were sustained to 17 mph.
In 1971…a wind gust to 51 mph was recorded at the National Bureau of Standards in Boulder.
In 1989…a strong pacific cold front produced west wind gusts to 59 mph at Stapleton International Airport.
In 2002…heavy snow developed in the foothills of Boulder County with 9 inches measured near Jamestown and 7 inches near Nederland. Snowfall totaled only 2.9 inches at the site of the former Stapleton International Airport. East winds gusted to 29 mph at Denver International Airport.
In 1908…a warm spell resulted in daily record high minimum temperatures on 3 consecutive days: 54 degrees on the 14th…52 degrees on the 15th…and 56 degrees on the 16th… Also the all-time record high minimum for the month of March. High temperatures ranged from 65 degrees on the 14th to 72 degrees on the 16th.
In 1983…a heavy wet snowstorm buried metro Denver with the foothills receiving the most. Conifer recorded 34 inches of snow with 4 feet measured at Coal Creek Canyon in the foothills northwest of Denver. The storm left 6 to 10 inches of snow across metro Denver. Boulder received 12 to 18 inches. Flight operations at Stapleton International Airport were limited to one runway for a time. Some roads and schools were closed…and power outages occurred when wet snow downed lines. Snowfall on the 15th and 16th totaled 7.2 inches at Stapleton International Airport where north winds gusted to 30 mph. Maximum snow depth on the ground was only 6 inches due to melting.
In 1902…northwest winds were sustained to 54 mph with gusts as high as 60 mph.
In 1920…southwest winds were sustained to 40 mph with gusts to 48 mph. The strong but cold downslope winds warmed the high temperature to only 35 degrees.
In 1935…strong winds howled across Boulder. At Valmont a wind gust to 60 mph was recorded. No damage was reported.
In 2006…strong winds ranging from 60 to 75 mph were reported in and near the foothills of Boulder County. In Longmont… Two trees toppled by the strong winds damaged a car. Winds gusted to 75 mph at the National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesa Laboratory in Boulder. West winds gusted to 52 mph at Denver International Airport.
In 2000…heavy upslope snowfall occurred in and near the Front Range foothills and over the Palmer Divide to the south of metro Denver. Snowfall totals from the storm included: 17 inches at Idaho Springs; 16 inches at Aspen Springs; 12 inches in Boulder; 11 inches at Bailey… Chief Hosa…Coal Creek Canyon…Eldorado Springs…Evergreen… And near Morrison; 10 inches at Intercanyon…Ken Caryl Ranch…and near Nederland; 9 inches near Sedalia and in Wheat Ridge; and 8 inches in Arvada. Snowfall totaled 5.4 inches at the site of the former Stapleton International Airport. Northeast winds gusted to 28 mph at Denver International Airport on the 15th.
In 1902…north winds were sustained to 40 mph with gusts to 48 mph.
In 1908…the low temperature dipped to only 56 degrees…the record high minimum for the month.
In 1963…high winds struck metro Denver causing heavy damage. Winds gusted at 90 to 100 mph in Boulder. Wind gusts to 98 mph were recorded at Jefferson County Airport in Broomfield where hangars and several light planes were severely damaged. Wind gusts to 87 mph were recorded southwest of Littleton. A west wind gust to 55 mph was recorded at Stapleton Airport. Trees were uprooted…signs blown down…and utility lines disrupted. Damage totaled nearly 5 thousand dollars in Boulder alone.
In 1987…a storm dropped 3 to 6 inches of snow across metro Denver with higher amounts in the foothills. Most of the snow on the plains melted as it fell. Only 1.9 inches of snow fell at Stapleton International Airport where southeast winds gusted to 30 mph. | <urn:uuid:717acbac-6da6-4540-8b95-3d8fea78a697> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thorntonweather.com/blog/weather-history/march-10-to-march-16-this-week-in-denver-weather-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948989 | 3,021 | 2.75 | 3 |
I've read--I forget exactly where--that the ceratopsian parietal is the most diagnostic bone in the entire head or body. Indeed, after researching and restoring parietals and squamosals for this post, I would tend to agree. While we've seen that postorbital horns are of little phylogenetic significance, nasal horns are little better, and jugal horns are virtually worthless, the structure and decoration of the parietal bone tells us not only whether the animal is a chasmosaurine or centrosaurine (every time), it is also an excellent genus or species specifier. The ceratopsian neck frill is an incredibly useful, diagnostic feature.
To avoid an overly-lengthy discussion, this post will focus only on the Ceratopsidae proper, though the frill structures of protoceratopsids and Zuniceratops are fascinating in their own rights. The former group in particular seems to have developed its own unique frill shape and design that's worthy of a separate post entirely. At any rate, all ceratopsid frills are built the same way: a hypertrophied, fused parietal bone connects to two large, plate or strap-like squamosals on either side. The shape of these bones determines the subfamily identity of the ceratopsid in question. In chasmosaurines, the parietal is long and hatchet-shaped--narrow at its proximal end, wider and curved at its distal end. The squamosals are elongate and knife-shaped, making up a large portion of the frill's outline. In centrosaurines, however, the parietal is much more circular, and the squamosals are shaped rather like a short machette, comprising little of the frill's total outline.
A sampling of chasmosaurine neck-frills, showing the structure of the parietal and squamosal bones. From left to right and top to bottom, Chasmosaurus belli, Triceratops "serratus," Anchiceratops ornatus, and Pentaceratops sternbergii. Note that even in Triceratops, the structure of the squamosals confers to the normal chasmosaurine form.
Chasmosaurines and centrosaurines appear to have approached frill decoration in subtley different ways. Centrosaurine frill development is better understood. Their parietals have seven points of spike growth, marked P1-P7, and these points of growth are called "loci" ("locus" singular). P1 is most often absent, but expresses as a ventrally-oriented spike that often overhangs the parietal fenestrae (it is most obvious in Centrosaurus). P2 expresses itself as a pair of small spikes which face each-other where the paired parietals would meet. In Centrosaurus brinkmani, P2 expresses as a cluster of small spikes that appear to cover P1. P3 is often the most obvious parietal spike in centrosaurines, almost always dominating the frill. In Styracosaurus albertensis, P3 is the first of three enormously elongate parietal spikes that give the genus such an impressive look. In Albertaceratops nemoi, P1 and P2 are completely absent while P3 has overtaken the frill, developing into enormously wide, flaring spikes which curve downward along their length. In Achelousaurus horneri, P3 forms a long, backswept and blunted spike that gives the frill a sort of "rabbit-eared" look.
A sampling of centrosaurine frills. The two on the left are Centrosaurus apertus (top) and C. brinkmani. On the right is Achelousaurus horneri. Note the absence in A. horneri of P1 and the wildly different forms taken by P2 and P3 in the two species of Centrosaurus.
In most centrosaurine taxa, P4-P7 are either extremely reduced. In Styracosaurus, however, P4 and P5 develop into elongate parietal spikes just as in P3, though P4 is shorter than P3, and P5 is shorter still. P6 forms a small hook-like spine. P7 is small and inconsequential compared to the other parietal spikes. In Centrosaurus, Achelousaurus, Einiosaurus, and Pachyrhinosaurus, P4-P7 are barely worth mentioning. In Albertaceratops, P4-P7 are, oddly enough, fairly uniform in size and shape as pointed finger-like projections. A few centrosaurines further modified their parietals to support bumps and spikes on the parietal bar itself. This is most obvious in Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai, where at least one specimen (TMP 1988.55.187) preserves a trio of parietal spikes, though the most impressive truly massive central prominance. Albertaceratops has five small bumps running down the length of the parietal bar, as does Centrosaurus brinkmani. In the latter species, the bumps become larger proximally. In Achelousaurus, the proximal portion of the parietal bar is decorated by three small spikes, perhaps predicting the condition in Pachyrhinosaurus.
The frills of Styracosaurus albertensis (left) and Albertaceratops nesmoi. Note the differing structures of P3-P7 in both animals.
Basal chasmosaurines may have initially followed a similar developmental path for the spikes of the parietal. However, given the different structure of the parietal itself, there was not as much room for spike loci. In Anchiceratops ornatus, spikes in locations analogous to P1-P5 are present. All are broad and roughly triangular, but there is no room for P6 or P7. "P5" is just above the contact between the parietal and squamosal. The situation is more dire for Pentaceratops, whose parietal is similar to that of Anchiceratops but even narrower--there is only room for "P1-P4." In Chasmosaurus belli, the dorsal edge of the parietal is almost totally devoid of spikes except for a two laterally-directed, triangular spikes acting as the "corners" of this ceratopsid's unusually triangular frill. In the most derived chasmosaurines (Torosaurus, Nedoceratops, and Triceratops, any sort of locus-like developmental process seems to have been completely lost, replaced by a smooth frill margin that is decorated by separate ossifications (epioccipitals). Most obviously apparent at an early age, the epioccipitals are quickly incorporated into the frill itself and tend to disappear in older animals.
Given that every ceratopsid seems to have a different parietal outline, one would think (quite rightly) that such a structure would have important consequences for intraspecific signalling. I am reminded of the many species of deer and antelope that are, aside from their antlers and horns, amazingly similar in body form. It would also be interesting to see if sexual dimorphism plays a role in parietal development, though an enormous sample size would be necessary to investigate such a possibility. Of all the spikes and horns on a ceratopsian's head, those of the parietal frill are the most relevant from a phylogenetic perspective. I am impressed by the diversity in frill shape and form within this group of animals.
Selected parietal elements from Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai, including the dorsal section of the parietal (bottom two) and two examples of spikes on the parietal bar. Note that in terms of spikes on the parietal margin, Pachyrhinosaurus was fairly conservative, having retained only P2 and P3 with any kind of prominance.
A note on parietal fenestrae. They refer to the holes in the frill that are common to almost all neoceratopsians. The exceptions seem to be Avaceratops (who is likely a chasmosaurine) and Triceratops. While the former has a truly solid frill (one wonders where the jaw muscles attached), Triceratops actually does not, despite claims to the contrary. While it does lack of parietal fenestrae, it still has small holes in the frill. What? It's a parietal fenestra if it is restricted to the parietal. Look at all of those pictures above: in almost all cases, the parietal fenestrae are totally within the parietal bone and are not formed by the border of the squamosal and parietal bones.
Here's an analogy: tetanurine theropods have antoribital fenestrae and maxillary fenestrae. The former is formed by the borders of several bones including the maxilla, nasals, jugal, and frontals. The latter, however, is restricted entirely to the maxilla. It's like a hole in the maxilla bone. So parietal fenestrae are like holes in the parietal bone. But look at Triceratops: it has small holes in the skull formed by the border of the parietal (which flares outward proximally) and the squamosals. It has holes in its skull, but they are not parietal fenestrae!
...at least, that's how I understand it. | <urn:uuid:7d2aa4bd-6117-483e-8424-dc243b9c24f0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://whenpigsfly-returns.blogspot.com/2009/07/horns-spikes-part-4-frill.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931208 | 2,045 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The vestibular sense is commonly known as our sense of balance
. It is commonly misunderstood
to be the same thing as proprioception
. The vestibular sense is detected by an organ in the inner ear
, and proprioception refers to detector cells in muscles, tendons and joints that provide information about body position and accuracy of movements. Additionally, proprioception is processed in the primary somatosensory cortex
, while the vestibular sense is processed in the medulla
and temporal cortex
. Proprioception is considered part of the kinesthetic
The vestibular system has two parts: vestibular sacs and semicircular canals. Vestibular sacs detect the position of the head with respect to gravity, and the semicircular canals detect movement of the head. The semicircular canals contain fluid that moves when the head is moved. The movement of this fluid is detected by hair cells that eventually synapse with the cochlear nerve.
This sense helps to adjust the eyes when the head changes position. Incongruities between the visual and vestibular systems produce nystagmus and motion sickness. Motion sickness can also be caused when the vestibular system detects movement that is inconsistent with information from the motor system. This is what happens when you get seasick. From an evolutionary perspective this may be a way for an organism like a mouse to ward off potential predators by becoming sick when the predator attempts to move them, or attack them while their eyes are closed.
Source: Klein, Stephen. Biological Psychology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000. | <urn:uuid:8907223c-adfd-4c0d-b366-5df51837de63> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://everything2.com/title/vestibular+sense | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909013 | 336 | 3.9375 | 4 |
How to Start
Links to 11 great sites
Grandfathers in Queries
Beginning Internet Skills
Off the web
People after 1900
The LDS 1880
Googling your Ancestors
Main Genealogy Page
Essays on Genealogy
(Portions of this article appeared in RootsWeb Review, 30 April 2003, Vol. 6, No. 18. The editor had to cut out some parts to save space. She did a great job, but the stuff about the plus signs got left on the cutting room floor.)
This will be new and exciting to some of you. If, however, you already use exact phrases in Google.com to hunt for your ancestors, this will be duller than yesterday's news. You can use the navigation bar to the left to try another page.
Before we start, a convention. I'm going to use [square brackets] to show you what
to enter in Google. So,
If you get a million hits with relatively rare names, it could mean the
search engine needs plus signs:
A warning; use what we used to call "double quotes" ("), not the single quote that can also be an apostrophe ('). You'll have to use the shift key to get them.
A second warning; these are all the same person, but, to a search engine,
in quotes, they are different:
If your search engine needs plus signs,
Look back to the paragraph about Thomas Edison. If your ancestors are listed
last name first, the arguments above won't get them. You won't find them if they
have middle initials on the page, either. This is a combination of exact phrase
and any match, which sometimes
General search engines are not perfect. They don't have a soundex option, although Google will sometimes suggest alternate spellings for you. In my example, I'd try for "MacCorkle", "Elkweed" and "Pomroy" as well. General search engines work best for relatively uncommon names. If you are looking for John Smith and Mary Johnson, you'll get a lot of hits, but your chances of getting the right one are slim.
I try to broaden or narrow the arguments until I get 1 - 20 hits. If you get more than 200 you are either related to Cary Grant or you have ancestors with popular names. You can add middle names, birth years, states, towns and the words "History", "Family" and "Genealogy" to narrow your search. Google must have a limit to how many words you can use in your search, somewhere, but it is more than 16.
Most importantly and worth repeating, the phrase "Eltweed Pomeroy" is NOT the same as the phrase "Pomeroy, Eltweed", to a search engine. You get what you ask for. Quite often I don't get any, but I'd rather get a few of the right hits than a thousand wrong ones. In my example, I would try all of these arguments:
Four pairs of exact phrases:
Four combination searches:
And, just in case one of them was listed somewhere without a spouse,
After a while you'll get a feel for how many arguments you need. The rarer the names, the less arguments you need. Sometimes a surname and a county work wonders; sometimes a surname and an occupation; sometimes an exact phrase and an historical fact. ("Palmer Cady" Revolutionary). Sometimes you can find a single individual with an exact phrase, especially if you have a middle name. Give Google a try; have fun and happy hunting! | <urn:uuid:a009de3e-7177-438b-9223-d228487ab656> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tedpack.org/googleua.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00171-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916469 | 743 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Community and Testimony
Cultural Influence in Biblical Studies
For people who live in the Western world, especially in the United States, it is sometimes difficult to come to terms with just how thoroughly that context affects how we view everything, from how to raise children to the nature of God and ultimate reality. While we can easily admit that culture has a bearing on social attitudes such as racial prejudice or social mores, we have a harder time coming to terms with how that simple fact affects us in more subtle but at the same time more influential ways.
As a result while we might take some interest or delight in different ways of viewing the world in a sort of tourist mode, we still tend to view the world and life as if everyone sees it the same way that we do. And yet that tendency all too easily can represent a cultural imperialism that hinders understanding and relationship across very real if unknown cultural divides.
For instance, Americans take a great deal of pride in their personal freedom and individualism, a belief in the primary importance of the individual so that the rights and interests of the individual take precedence over the rights or interest of a wider social group or government. In a well known line from Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, after taking a lethal dose of radiation to save the ship and the crew of the Enterprise Spock explains his actions to Captain Kirk: "The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few." "Or of the one," Kirk adds. The fact that the line is so memorable is due largely to the fact that this sentiment, lofty though it may be, runs counter to our basic western, and especially American, cultural values. We would aspire to be so self-sacrificing for the sake of others, but the reality is that most western culture is permeated with a concern with self-interest. This is not inherently good or bad. It is just the way we view the world.
Yet, in many places in the world today, such as most areas in Africa or Latin American where tribal culture still flourishes, or in most of the Far East, the primary concern is not the individual but the family or the wider community. In such cultures an individual is not defined by who they are or what they have achieved as an individual but in terms of what they contribute to the group, to which family they belong, and how well they have fulfilled obligations to other family, tribal, or community members. Often the competitive spirit that we value so highly in American thinking, or in the western world in general, is almost totally lacking, replaced by a sense of community and social obligation.
For example, I have been in several contexts around the world, most notably in Korea but also in Russia and Kazakhstan, where "cheating" among college students in classes taught by westerners is rampant. Assignment papers are shared with one another, students copy from each other on tests, often quite openly, even to the point of asking students around them for the answers. If a student is asked a question in class and does not know the answer, immediately several students nearby will whisper the answer or try to slip the student a note. Cheating! Needless to say, it is quite frustrating to western teachers.
Yet if we consider more carefully, to label this cheating is to impose a very western cultural value. The academic structure usually employed in such contexts was imposed by westerners, often originally missionaries, who assumed a competitive and individualistic approach to learning. Yet these students do not think in such terms. They are used to thinking communally and are used to doing things and solving problems in a communal context. To them, it is not cheating to share work or to collaborate on answers. That is simply how they view their place in a larger social structure. They have a responsibility to fellow students that transcends academic structure. The wise western teacher will develop teaching strategies and assignments that will take advantage of this communal way of viewing the world and use it to facilitate learning rather than trying to duplicate a western educational system based on values that are totally alien in that context.
I grew up in Oklahoma, the area of the United States that was set aside to corral the last of the five great Native American nations, as well as the vanishing remnants of numerous other smaller tribes. As a child I was privileged to listen to some of the "old timers" talk about the waning days of the Old West as white settlers began moving into the Native American tribal lands around the turn of the 20th century (Oklahoma became a state in 1907). Invariably, there were stories about the "thieving Indians" as the old timers recounted countless stories of the treachery of Native Americans in stealing horses, blankets, food, and supplies from settlers who had befriended them. And there were other stories passed down from an earlier generation that lingered in the settlers’ memory of Indian raids and massacres of whites who were trying to fence in ranches and farms throughout the area.
Later as I tried to understand some of this history, it slowly dawned on me why there was such a high incidence of "theft" among Native Americans and why they did not want fences on the land. In their tribal and communal way of viewing the world, there was no such thing as ownership of private property (unless it was a warrior’s horse or something captured from an enemy). Most things that we would count as personal and private property they viewed as belonging to the tribe or clan to be shared by its members. If someone needed something, it was given to them or they could take it. Along with all those settlers’ stories of theft were also stories of Native Americans abruptly giving the settlers beadwork, hides, or horses. Often when things were taken, something would be left in its place. Of course, the white settlers most often did not like the "trade" because they were thinking in terms of monetary value. After all, a pair of hide moccasins did not equal a new Remington carbine! But that was not the basis for the trade in Native American thinking. Rather, it was on the basis of need.
The same thinking applied to the land. In Native American thinking, land could not be owned; it could only be used, given by the Great Spirit to provide for the needs of those in his care. They could not understand the settlers’ idea that land could be owned and restricted for only one person to use. To them, that was a violation of the sacredness of the land.
This conflict between individualistic values and communal ways of thinking is compounded when we try to view ancient Eastern cultures through the lens of modern western ways of thinking. Sometime we forget that most of the Bible is grounded, not in western culture, but in Eastern modes of thought and tribal social culture. Even the New Testament, which appears to be very western since it is written in Greek in a Roman historical context telling of the early church in Eastern Europe, has its conceptual roots deep in the Hebrew Bible and the thought world of the Middle East. As a result, in many cases even though the words are Greek spoken by a Roman, the thought world in still Eastern.
While this insight can be applied to many contexts in biblical study, here I want to consider how this would affect our understanding of the development of the Bible and the nature of the Bible as Scripture. While we can immediately respond with stock answers about inspiration and revelation, we need to remember that those are theological doctrines, not answers to questions that arise from a close examination of the biblical text itself. And whatever else biblical studies is about, it should be about closely examining the biblical text for what it actually contains, says, and teaches, all in terms of understanding its communication for application to the life of the church today.
Our understanding of the development of the Bible is most often shaped by a model that is thoroughly grounded in the individualism that permeates our western culture. So, we tend to focus on an "author" of Scripture. In fact, much of early "Biblical Introduction" as a technical historical discipline focused on determining the author of specific biblical books. Much of the hostility to modern biblical studies revolved around sometimes acrimonious battles over who wrote which books of the Bible. It became such a hot topic that some could declare whether or not a person was even a Christian based on whether they believed a certain person wrote a certain biblical book (unfortunately, that is still the case in some circles; see The Unity and Authorship of Isaiah). And all of this was most often done without much consideration of what the biblical text itself had to say.
If we think about this a moment, we can begin to realize that "author" means a specific thing in our culture. We have the somewhat odd notion that ideas can be owned by individuals. With our penchant for profit, we sell ideas as property. So we develop copyright laws that protect ideas as "intellectual property," which can cause litigation over who really owns the idea. Ideas and how we communicate them are a commodity to be bought and sold, and protected. This is not inherently good or bad. It is just the way it is in our world.
Yet in a communal culture, the ownership of ideas is a totally alien concept. Ideas, insight, the accumulated wisdom of the community, is not something to be owned but is to be shared, to be used in the instruction of the young and the guidance of the community as a whole. Certainly, there can be outstanding individuals who are gifted with wisdom and insight. But their ideas become the common property of the community, not just at one point in time but for succeeding generations. Those ideas become part of the traditions that are passed down though the community across the generations.
These accumulated traditions are not about who wrote them. The modern concept of "author" simply does not apply. The traditions may carry the name of the originator of the idea. But they also carry the added and accumulated interpretation from the community as the traditions are used and reused in the community across generations.
A good example of this from Eastern culture is the teachings of Confucius. A Chinese philosopher of the sixth century BC, Confucius was determined to reform the oppressive feudal society of ancient China. He began teaching and soon had assembled a group of student disciples whom he educated in philosophy and politics, as well as social skills, familial and social responsibility, and ethics. The two major writings of Confucius, The Five Classics and The Four Books (the I Ching sometimes attributed to Confucius is much older), are well known and provide the basis for a great deal of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese culture, as well as throughout Asia.
Yet, we do not know how much of this material comes from Confucius. The Four Books was actually compiled by Confucius’ disciples who edited the material and added their own interpretations many years after his death. While we would consider this dishonest in modern western contexts, in eastern thinking this is the best way to honor a master. A disciple cannot be greater than the master, so the disciple understands himself (in Chinese culture, it would be "he") to be carrying on the teachings of the master, even though it is his own "spin" placed on the teachings.
Yet, the work carries the name of Confucius. That is not a statement about authorship, as we moderns assume, but is a statement about community tradition. It is the Confucius traditions, not the author Confucius.
Some will want to contend that the Bible is different. After all, the Bible is inspired and the writings of Confucius are not. Of course, that is true. And yet if we place the Bible too far above the human hands that wrote it and preserved it, if we take it too far away from the ancient Hebrew and Greek in which it was written, we risk making it a magical book. It is most certainly God’s word. But it is God’s word written in human words by humans and for a human community. That is an important part of a Wesleyan theological perspective, that God really does work with human beings to accomplish his purposes in the world.
If there is any validity to all of this, it has some implications for how we view Scripture. It suggests that we cannot really speak of an author for very many biblical books, at least not in terms of what modern "author" means, with the exception of some of the Pauline epistles. And even some of those books are most likely not 100% from the hand of Paul as they themselves suggest (cf. 2 Thess 3:17). If we take seriously the eastern and tribal/communal context of most of the Bible, and consider that for the Old Testament the traditions span 1,500 years, it becomes easier to understand that we are not dealing with a modern "author" model of writing. Of course, someone at some point had to physically write the material. But that does not necessarily imply an author, in terms of what we mean by that today.
More likely we are dealing with the testimony of a community over a long period of time. That is, the encounters with God were remembered within the community and passed down for the instruction of later generations. For example, the confession that occurs throughout the Old Testament, "Once we were slaves in Egypt . . ." bears the marks of such a communal testimony. This testimony to the great acts of God, as well as later reflections on the meaning of those revelations of God for later communities and the working out of laws and patterns of worship over hundreds of years, all combine to produce the traditions that become a part of Scripture.
So where is the place for inspiration in this process? This is more than we can address at this point (see Revelation and Inspiration of Scripture). But it might be helpful to note that most of our ideas of inspiration are also determined by our individualistic models of authorship. We assume that inspiration is the inspiration of a single author at a single time, who then sits down and writes as God tells him.
But perhaps we need to realize that we have developed models of inspiration from our culture that are no more truth than other cultural models might be. If the context in which the Bible developed was communal, would it not be more congruent with what the Bible actually is to develop a model of inspiration that takes that communal dimension seriously? Perhaps the community and communities of Faith that had a hand in canonizing Scripture, deciding with the leadership of God which books to include in the canon, also had a hand in collecting and arranging the traditions that become the books. And if we recall that the process of canonization took several hundred years for the New Testament, it is easier to understand how God could work with a community of faith over centuries to produce a faithful testimony to his self-revelation.
After all, that is really what we believe about Scripture, that God has faithfully worked with human beings to provide for succeeding generations who have not witness God’s self-revelation first-hand (that would be us!) a faithful testimony to that revelation. In other words, inspiration can be conceptualized as much a process at work within the community of faith as it can be seen as a one-time act for one person that we call "author." After all, that is a primary biblical confession about God, that he has chosen to work in the world though a redeemed people, a community of Faith who would bear testimony to who He is. | <urn:uuid:0276a4d2-9ae7-4c21-a4b2-016b27c1e4c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.crivoice.org/community.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00119-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976634 | 3,170 | 3.078125 | 3 |
2004 Jordan Institute
9, No. 4
- With adequate training
and support, child welfare agencies can use data to enhance their performance
and improve outcomes for families and children.
- Self-evaluation is an approach
to using data that can improve a child welfare agency's ability to collect
accurate information, communicate with stakeholders, and deliver timely,
targeted, effective interventions.
- The organizational culture
of an agency has tremendous influence over its ability to use outcome
data in its decision making. Agencies should assess whether their vision,
mission, and valuesas well as the training their workers receiveall
support the idea that outcome data can play a key role in creating better
results for children and families.
welfare supervisors and frontline workers have a great deal of power
in our child welfare system, in part because they are the ones who enter
much of the data that is later used to make important funding, policy,
and legislative decisions.
- MRS, North Carolinas
pilot program to overhaul child protective services, provides families
with the support they need without compromising childrens safety
or increasing instances of substantiated child abuse and neglect.
- North Carolina offers data
resources, such as the Experiences Reports, that county
child welfare agencies can use to understand and improve their performance.
- There are resources out
there to help you develop your capacity for self-evaluation. Some of
these are listed in this issue. Others can be found in Vol. 5, No. 4 | <urn:uuid:4fd30ed6-b3e7-4742-a378-3eb4697add98> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.practicenotes.org/vol9_no4/key_points.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00088-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921184 | 316 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The National Space Policy and space arms control
by Nader Elhefnawy
|While it is true that some of the new policy’s positions are consistent with those in the 1996 document, there are new claims, like the assertion that “Freedom of action in space is as important to the United States as air power and sea power,” putting space on a par with the other two.|
It can be inferred from this that the US no longer recognizes the right of other sovereign nations to acquire data from space without interference as absolute. At the same time it rejects any restriction on the right of the US not merely to gather data but to engage in any activity in space, as is evident in the changed attitude towards arms control. Where the US would “consider and, as appropriate, formulate policy positions on arms control and related measures governing activities in space” in the 1996 document, the 2006 policy flatly states that the US will oppose “new legal regimes or other restrictions that seek to prohibit or limit U.S. access to or use of space,” and arms control is pointedly included. “Proposed arms control agreements or restrictions must not impair the rights of the United States to conduct research, development, testing, and operations or other activities in space for U.S. national interests.”
In short, there is to be no new restriction on any use of space the US deems vital to its national security, which can be anything at all, explicitly including the research, development, testing, and use of space systems. While space-based and anti-satellite weapons are not specifically referenced, they are also not excluded from that category, which leaves the question of the existing restrictions on these. The 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) treaty having been abrogated in 2001, this means the 1967 Outer Space Treaty (OST). Article Four of the Outer Space Treaty imposes two main restrictions. The first is a ban on the placement in space of nuclear or other weapons of mass destruction. The second is a ban on the establishment of any kind of military presence (specifically including bases, weapons testing, and the conduct of military maneuvers) on celestial bodies. While it can be argued that the spirit of the treaty is in opposition to the weaponization of space, its letter permits the placement of conventional weapons in Earth orbit, and their use to attack objects in space or on the Earth’s surface.
Such capabilities have been elaborately described in recent policy planning papers. It should be remembered that the US has always reserved to itself the right to deploy such systems and pursue such actions, and indeed, during the Cold War developed, tested, and deployed a number of anti-satellite missiles (as did the Soviet Union). The Air Force 2025 paper, published in August 1996, prior to the signing of the last national space policy, declares that “space superiority will be a vital core competency for the US in 2025,” and recommends the development of an array of systems including parasite satellites, transatmospheric vehicles capable of attacking satellites, and ground-based lasers. At the same time it asserts that “weapons use from space will become a reality,” and recommends that the US at the very least be prepared to invest in this capability. Later documents were even more ambitious on this score, and the most extreme space hawks have for years described an omniscient “US Space Force” able to monitor the entire planet and deliver near-instant, devastating strikes against any point on its surface.
Some experts are quick to point out in response that the Pentagon does not presently have an arsenal of such weapons on order, and that in fact many high-profile programs like the Space-Based Laser have been canceled. The absence of present acquisition programs and the termination of specific projects is not necessarily the same as a lack of interest in space forces. On the contrary, several well-publicized and ongoing projects are indicative of such interest, such as the array of directed-energy weapons under development. At least one of these has been tested against satellites (the Mid-Infra-Red Chemical Laser, back in 1997), and this year the Defense Department requested the funding to research dedicated anti-satellite lasers. Another example is the development of the X-37 spaceplane as a future “space bomber,” able to launch from inside the United States and deliver strikes anywhere in the world in as little as ninety minutes after a presidential order. (After languishing for several years, the Air Force revived the X-37 earlier this month as the Orbital Test Vehicle, with its first launch scheduled for 2008.)
It is also possible to see the efforts as being wider than these projects indicate. As Larry Niven once observed, anything worth doing in space can be a weapon, and that certainly applies to other systems, such as the US Air Force’s Autonomous Nanosatellite Guardian for Evaluating Local Space (ANGELS) program, which proposes to use miniature satellites capable of rendezvousing and “piggybacking” with spacecraft to perform inspections of them in the event of possible damage. This capability is precisely what a parasite satellite like those recommended in the Air Force 2025 paper would require. Moreover, even if the US has not yet deployed any such weapons, it has already taken the step of establishing its first military unit dedicated to “offensive and defensive counterspace technology,” the 76th Space Control Squadron, which accomplishes its mission through electronic warfare.
|Nonetheless, explicitly ruling out even the consideration of arms control in the policy is unquestionably a diplomatic and political error, unnecessarily provocative to other states that already view US policy with alarm.|
All of this makes the new policy less of a surprise than a formalization of the movement of the US in this direction, though this is debatable where arms control is concerned. Despite the stated willingness to consider arms control in the previous document, the US government showed little sign of being willing to negotiate this matter long before the release of the new document. The abandonment of the ABM Treaty (much to the chagrin of Russia and China) and the more general refusal of the US to participate in new international agreements must have made it seem highly unlikely that a new agreement would be realized anytime soon.
Nonetheless, explicitly ruling out even the consideration of arms control in the policy is unquestionably a diplomatic and political error, unnecessarily provocative to other states that already view US policy with alarm. For the last several years, Russia and China have been actively trying to build on the OST. On June 27, 2002 they presented a working paper titled “Possible Elements for a Future International Legal Agreement on the Prevention of the Deployment of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects” at the United Nations Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. The paper proposed a treaty obliging signatories not to place “any kinds of weapons” in space or resort to force or the threat of force against space objects. This would rule out attacks on spacecraft by land-, sea-, and air-based systems. Russia and China have also presented a number of follow-up working papers to continue the case for a new agreement, despite US disinterest.
The conventional wisdom appears to be that Russia and China are essentially impotent, and their disapproval irrelevant, which is not accurate. Even if neither they nor any other state is likely to engage the US in an arms race today, they have other options. Professor Robert A. Pape of the University of Chicago recently wrote in the journal International Security about “soft balancing.” Where traditional “hard balancing” in balance of power politics centered on the use or threatened use of military force to counter the power of a threatening state, “soft balancing” involves the use of nonmilitary tools to delay, frustrate, and undermine moves by a state seen as aggressive. The denial of United Nations Security Council approval for the invasion of Iraq by France, Russia, and China, and the refusal of Saudi Arabia and Turkey to provide US forces complete access to their territory, are examples of such soft balancing against the United States prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Even were the cooperation of other countries not needed generally, soft balancing has been occurring in space for decades in the form of other states seeking their own launch capabilities and satellite services to break up what was originally a superpower monopoly. The most dramatic instance of this in recent years is the European Union’s Galileo constellation of navigation satellites, a project intended to reduce its reliance on the Global Positioning System under US Defense Department control, and undertaken despite such strong US disapproval that this alone was thought to have killed it at one point. More vocal than most, President Jacques Chirac of France declared Galileo a necessity to keep Europe from becoming America’s “vassal.” Seeing the usefulness of Galileo’s existence several spacefaring nations outside the EU, including Russia, China, and India, have all supported the project.
Over time soft balancing can turn into hard balancing. While, as stated before, other countries may not be able to engage the US in an arms race, their response need not be an attempt to match the US satellite for satellite, missile for missile, and laser for laser. Regional powers simply do not have to counter global ones on a one-to-one basis, and a “risk fleet” approach, like the one Germany pursued against Britain in World War 1, can tie down larger forces.
Other countries can also invest in approaches that circumvent or overwhelm the space power the US is seeking to build. Both China and Russia are expanding their missile and nuclear capabilities, with the perceived need to be able to overwhelm American missile defenses a likely motive. China’s expansion is particularly problematic because it may encourage neighbors like India to bulk up their own forces. Submarine forces, special-operations forces, and computer warfare afford just a few non-nuclear ways of striking at an opponent about which overwhelming space power can do little.
|A case can be made that the current US lead in resources and technology would be best employed to slow down any further weaponization of space, and that there is a great deal of room for negotiation between the US and Chinese-Russian positions.|
Finally, the reality is that the development of the kind of robust space power envisioned in documents like Air Force 2025 will be realized over decades rather than years, especially space strike capabilities. During that time the balance of economic, military, and technological power could shift considerably, particularly in Asia. By some measures, China’s GDP is already 75 percent that of the US, and it might be the world’s largest economy as early as the 2020s. (By contrast the Soviet economy was never more than 40 percent as big as America’s during the Cold War.) Given its lower per-capita GDP, considerable internal problems, and likely emphasis on continuing to grow its economy rather than bulk up its military forces, China’s military spending is likely to remain lower than that of the US for a long time thereafter, but the gap is still likely to shrink.
In short, the opinions of other countries do matter—and the vision espoused by the hawks is a chimera. A case can be made that the current US lead in resources and technology would be best employed to slow down any further weaponization of space, and that there is a great deal of room for negotiation between the US and Chinese-Russian positions. Indeed, experts have already suggested numerous compromise positions, such as a ban on attacks on unarmed satellites or space-to-Earth weaponry, or a no-first-deployment agreement, all of which would allow missile defense and the use of active measures to protect US satellites. An agreement on space weapons could also be linked to strategic weaponry or other security concerns more generally.
Arms control skeptics typically reply that even if an agreement could be useful, the compliance of other nations would be difficult to verify, and at any rate an agreement may be just a tactic to hamper American efforts while they secretly develop their own capabilities. (See “Space weapons: hardware, paperware, beware?”, The Space Review, November 13, 2006) It is considerably more difficult to inspect for biological and chemical weapons than monitor a space weapons program, however, and as the United Nations’ inspections in Iraq proved, even these can be effective. Additionally, given the inability of any likely rival to compete with the United States in this realm, it seems very unlikely that an arms control proposal would be a realistic way of secretly gaining an advantage. Rather than trying to cheat at the game to secure an advantage, they may be trying to minimize their disadvantage by avoiding the game as much as possible.
Nonetheless, arms control skeptics are correct to point out that such negotiations cannot be isolated from the underlying political issues that made arms control an issue in the first place. In particular, a National Space Policy is going to be subordinate to national policy more generally. The question of what will or will not be done in space depends on larger decisions about how best to provide for the security of the United States. As the predictable responses from both the right and the left following the release of the policy make clear, that other debate will decide the outcome of this one much more than the reverse. | <urn:uuid:9de794a9-ec07-455a-9f6a-a4dd85e6e8b2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thespacereview.com/article/755/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00113-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954349 | 2,746 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría
versión impresa ISSN 0211-5735
ARTIGAS-PALLARES, Josep y PAULA, Isabel. Autism 70 years after Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger. Rev. Asoc. Esp. Neuropsiq. [online]. 2012, vol.32, n.115, pp.567-587. ISSN 0211-5735. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S0211-57352012000300008.
From the contributions of Leo Kanner (1943) and Hans Asperger (1944), autism has been the focus of an intense debate about its phenomenological, etiological and therapeutic aspects and about its nature. This review aims to describe autism as a dynamic concept subject to interpretations not only different, but radically opposed. During four decades there has been a controversial debate between psychodynamic, behavioral and biological theories till autism was incorporated into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. From the 80's on an important part of the professionals involved in autism, based the diagnosis on agreed criteria that allow defining homogenous groups, without which research would be sterile and shared knowledge impossible. But today's standards, and especially the nosological location of autism, appear to be still far from being consolidated as definitive. Perhaps the contributions of the DSM 5 will be the beginning of a turnabout.
Palabras clave : Asperger's disorder; Autism spectrum disorders; Autistic disorder; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; DSM; Kanner's syndrome. | <urn:uuid:5441ea61-650c-4a28-985b-e9e592ad2156> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0211-57352012000300008&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.850078 | 343 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Disguises and changes of clothing are central to the plot of Twelfth Night. Which characters in the play spend time in disguise, and how is this thematically important?
Many people in Twelfth Night assume a disguise of one kind or another. The most obvious example is Viola, who puts on the clothing of a man and makes everyone believe that she is a male. This disguise causes great sexual confusion, as a bizarre love triangle results in which Viola is in love with Orsino, who loves Olivia—who loves Cesario, the male identity that Viola assumes. Thus, by dressing his protagonist in male garments, Shakespeare shows how malleable and self-delusional human romantic attraction can be.
Another character in disguise is Malvolio, who dresses oddly (in crossed garters and yellow stockings) in the hope of winning Olivia. In his case, the change of clothing suggests his belief that altering his wardrobe can lead to an alteration of his social status. When he dreams of being Olivia’s husband, he imagines himself above all in a different set of clothes, suggesting that class and clothing are inextricably linked. Later, after Malvolio has been declared mad and has been confined to a dark room, Feste, pretending to be the fictional priest Sir Topas in order to deceive Malvolio, puts on a disguise—even though Malvolio will not be able to see him since the room is so dark. This scene is particularly suggestive: Feste’s desire to wear a disguise even though his victim won’t see it implies that the link between clothes and reality goes deeper than mere appearances. For Feste, at least, the disguise makes the man—in order to be Sir Topas, he must look like Sir Topas. Ultimately, then, Shakespeare raises questions about human identity and whether such classifications as gender and class status are fixed entities or can be changed with a simple shift of wardrobe.
Twelfth Night, the holiday after which the play is named, was celebrated as a festival in which everything was turned topsy-turvy, with traditional social roles and behavior temporarily suspended. Are things similarly turned upside down in Illyria?
One could argue that normal situations are turned upside down in Illyria in several ways. First, there is the prevalence of disguise and the ambiguity of gender roles. The central character in this regard is the protagonist, Viola. After she arrives on Illyrian shores, she takes on the disguise of a young man, thus at once concealing her identity and reversing her normal gender role. This reversal leads to a most confusing love life, in which she winds up loving a man and being loved by a woman who do not realize that she is a woman.
Meanwhile, the play also depicts attempts to alter the established systems of class and authority. Malvolio, for instance, dreams of marrying Olivia and gaining authority over his social superiors, such as Sir Toby. The servants, whom Malvolio does command, get authority over Malvolio himself by being able to lock him in the dark room as a madman. Meanwhile, Malvolio’s antagonist, Maria, succeeds where he fails by managing to marry Sir Toby and thereby rising from her common birth to a noble rank. Indeed, Malvolio’s difficulties seem to stem from his unwillingness to be abnormal enough. He dreams of escaping the rigid class system that makes him a servant, but otherwise he is a paragon of respectability and proper behavior. These qualities, in the topsy-turvy world of the play, cause his downfall, because they earn him the enmity of Sir Toby and Maria. Finally, all these events take place within a setting in which madness and anarchy are everywhere—Sir Toby’s drunkenness and disruptive behavior, Malvolio’s supposed insanity, Feste’s clowning, and the general perplexity caused by the doubling of Viola and Sebastian. All in all, the play is permeated with a sense of joyful confusion, in which nothing can be taken for granted.
How is romantic love depicted in the play? What points does Shakespeare seem to be making about romance?
Despite Twelfth Night’s comic action and happy ending, Shakespeare paints an ambiguous picture of romance and infatuation in the play. Love is generally represented as something sudden and irresistible, something that attacks its victim from the outside in a fashion similar to a disease. Like a disease, love is extremely difficult to get rid of or cure. People seem to suffer painfully from it—or at least they claim to suffer. Orsino describes it as an "appetite" that must be satisfied (I.i.1–3); Olivia calls love a "plague" (I.v.265); Viola sighs that "[m]y state is desperate for my master’s love" (II.ii.35). Because love makes those who suffer from it desperate, it has the potential to result in violence, as in Act V, scene i, when Orsino, thinking that Cesario is Olivia’s lover, threatens to kill him. At this point, the play is only a few delicate steps away from turning into a tragedy—a testament to how violent and terrible the power of love can be.
At the same time, however, Shakespeare subverts these images of love as a terrible disease or appetite, suggesting that it may not be as serious as characters like Olivia and Orsino think. Both of them tend to be melodramatic and self-centered, and both seem more interested in being in love than in any particular love interest. This egotism is apparent in how readily the two switch the objects of their affection near the play’s close: Orsino loses Olivia but happily takes up with Viola, while Olivia gladly exchanges a pretend man, Cesario, for a real one in Sebastian. The ease with which these supposedly lovesick characters jump from one love interest to another suggests that love may be more of a game than anything else—and that, like everything else in Twelfth Night, it should not be taken too seriously.
1. Discuss the role of mistaken identity in Twelfth Night. Who is mistaken for whom, and what do these mix-ups signify?
2. Discuss the role of the explicitly comic characters—Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, Feste, and Maria. What function do they serve? How is each one different from the others? How is Feste, in particular, different from Sir Toby and Sir Andrew?
3. What role does Malvolio serve in the play? Does his fate seem unjust? Is it out of place in a romantic comedy? If so, why might Shakespeare have included it?
4. Paying particular attention to the fate of Malvolio and Antonio, discuss how Shakespeare brings some ambiguous touches to the happy ending.
5. Compare Orsino and Olivia, and discuss how their attitudes about strong emotions are similar or different. What does Shakespeare suggest about the nature of love and other powerful feelings in his portrayal of these two characters?
Answer: William Shakespeare has written a number of romantic comedies. Twelfth Night is one of the finest comedies of the author. We know that a romantic comedy is a play in which the romantic elements are mingled with comic elements. It is a form of comedy which deals with love. Love at first sight is often its main theme.
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Ans: William Shakespeare has written a number of romantic comedies. Twelfth Night is one of the finest comedies of the author. We know that a romantic comedy is a play in which the romantic elements are mingled with comic elements. It is a form of comedy which deals with love. Love at first sight is often its main theme. Generally, a romantic comedy starts with some problems that make the union of the lover difficult. But it ends with their happy union. Twelfth Night is a typical romantic play of Shakespeare. It has some elements which give ... Read more→
33 out of 37 people found this helpful
Answer: William Shakespeare has written a number of romantic comedies. Twelfth Night is one of the finest comedies of the author. We know that a romantic comedy is a play in which the romantic elements are mingled with comic elements. It is a form of comedy which deals with love. Love at first sight is often its main theme. Generally, a romantic comedy starts with some problems that make the union of the lover difficult. But it ends with their happy union. Twelfth Night is a typical romantic play of Shakespeare. It has some elements which gi... Read more→
13 out of 15 people found this helpful | <urn:uuid:32521f2d-d907-4838-8ebc-8110d60d8fe0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/twelfthnight/study.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963654 | 1,809 | 3.140625 | 3 |
St. John Baptist de La Salle (1651-1719) was a French priest who became famous as a teacher of underprivileged boys. John, who came from a noble family, was ordained a priest at twenty-seven, and was assigned to the city of Rheims, a very prestigious position. It seemed his life would be one of privilege and easy dignity, but as he became aware of the needs of poor children — especially education — he felt himself called to respond (even though at first the work was distasteful to him).
John left Rheims and gave away his share of the family fortune. He began training a group of young men as teachers, thus beginning the order known today as the Christian Brothers. John successfully introduced several new educational methods (such as teaching in the local language, instead of Latin), and he established colleges for training teachers. His success in training delinquent and underprivileged boys provoked bitter opposition from secular schoolmasters, who resented his emphasis on Christian values; ignoring his critics, John urged his teachers to treat their students with love and compassion, making time for them and being concerned for their spiritual well-being.
St. John Baptist de La Salle suffered from asthma and rheumatism in his last years; he died on Good Friday in 1719.
1. Our calling from God may at first be distasteful to us, but if we persevere, we will learn to love the life God intends for us. St. John Baptist de La Salle initially didn’t want to work with children, but he obeyed the Lord’s will, and ended up being very happy and fulfilled in his educational ministry.
2. As John learned, educating young people is an important way of serving Christ — especially by preparing them for eternity through an emphasis on faith and morality.
Other Saints We Remember Today
St. Herman Joseph (1241), Priest, Religious | <urn:uuid:c01b7c61-1003-45f8-a435-ea57fb3d5156> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://catholicexchange.com/st-john-baptist-de-la-salle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00074-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983849 | 396 | 3.5 | 4 |
Ling Lu, a postdoc in the Department of Physics, had an idea for a photonic crystal that theoretically could capture the Weyl particle, the massless solution to the celebrated Dirac equation first predicted by physicist Hermann Weyl in 1929.
Although thousands of theoretical papers and books have been written about the Weyl particle, its existence had not been confirmed — but Lu had a plan for its detection.
Building on previous research, Lu calculated the precise measurements for the photonic crystal in the shape of a three-dimensional honeycomb-like double gyroid. Then, with a computer-aided design (CAD) drawing in hand, Lu spent half a year searching for a company that was willing and able to make such a photonic crystal, looking everywhere from Massachusetts to China.
Again and again, companies would take one look at Lu’s CAD drawing and turn him away: The demands of time, labor, and precision of the photonic crystal were too high for a for-profit company to meet for a price Lu could pay.
But, in the end, Lu wouldn’t have to go very far: The MIT Central Machine Shop would work with Lu to turn his CAD drawing into a reality.
Solutions for research
Buried in the basement of Building 38, the Central Machine Shop has been the secret to the success of many research projects at the Institute. The shop helps members of the MIT research community with machining projects that span a wide range of size, scope, and complexity. If there is something that can be machined, but doesn’t exist yet, the Central Machine Shop can make it — or will locate and work with an outside shop that can.
Of the 1,200 projects the shop completes every year, many are small and take just a few minutes to finish, such as a bracket for holding microscope specimens. But other projects are far more complex. For instance, the shop fabricated a drug-delivery capsule for researchers in the Department of Chemical Engineering and MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research. The finished capsule was the size of a pill, and required the shop staff to painstakingly machine each tiny, hollow needle that lined the outside of the capsule.
At the other end of the size spectrum, the shop built a series of flumes for Professor Heidi Nepf in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ranging in size from table-top flumes used for training students that could be broken down and stored away, up to room-length flumes with features such as wave-makers. The shop staff not only had to design a recirculating flume so that it could be moved between a temporary lab and its permanent home, but also discover a mechanism that prevented the sand inside from infiltrating and breaking its motor.
To carry out these projects, the Central Machine Shop is equipped with the basic tools found in any machine shop: mills, lathes, grinders, and welding equipment. But the shop’s staff sets it apart, bringing decades of experience to each job, as well as a great deal of skill, ingenuity, and determination to see projects through to completion.
“Our staff is made up of highly skilled designers, machinists, welders and fabricators, all with their unique skill set,” says shop supervisor Andy Gallant. “This allows us to cover almost anything that is brought our way (within equipment capabilities). The staff are skilled craftsmen who take pride in their work and are all happy to work closely with the MIT community in creating their parts.”
Drawing toward discovery
Transforming Lu’s CAD drawing into a real photonic crystal would prove a true test of the shop staff’s skill, ingenuity and, especially, their patience.
The problem lay in the crystal’s intricate and delicate structure. While one gyroid could be machined with relative ease, Lu’s crystal is composed of two gyroids that do not touch at any point, and yet are interwoven in such a way that they must be constructed together. The 3-D printing machines could easily produce the structure, but not using the high-performance ceramic required. Various 3-D machining tools could theoretically produce the shape precisely enough to produce a Weyl point, but only with so much time and labor as to make the project unfeasible.
But in collaboration with Andy Gallant, the shop’s supervisor, Lu was able to rework his CAD drawing so that the shop could produce the photonic crystal. Lu identified the one possible way he could slice the crystal into stacking slabs, yet preserve the characteristics that were needed to produce the Weyl point. The shop could now produce the crystal through a series of 2-D drilling operations.
Gallant then rebuilt Lu’s new CAD drawing himself, so that he could understand each move of the drill in the process and communicate it to his machinist. They would have to produce at least 20 12-inch-square plates in all, each drilled with a grid of holes. Each hole required three separate drilling operations at different angles, followed by additional finishing work. Each plate would require nearly 1,000 operations altogether, each of them perfect.
The process did not go smoothly at first. The high-performance ceramic was so brittle, either the plate would shatter or the drill would break. Lu first worked with his supplier to figure out that shortening the cure time would soften the plates enough to drill, and then Lu worked with the Central Machine Shop to test plates of different cure levels to find the right balance of performance and pliability. Once the shop started producing complete plates with the modified material, Lu took each plate back to the lab to test it, and then work with the shop to retool the design.
The shop would drill about 40 perfect plates over the course of a year before Lu finally had a working photonic crystal. But the long effort was well worth it: Lu could run the experiment that would at last detect the Weyl point, 86 years after it was first theorized.
“This project was not possible without the Machine Shop’s help,” Lu emphasizes. “It was fully enabled by [the staff's] patience and skill, and by their willingness to work with us for such a long period of time.”
Making ideas happen
The Central Machine Shop started life as the machine shop for the Laboratory of Nuclear Science (LNS). Continuing under LNS management, the shop opened its doors to all members of the MIT community, whether they are a student, staff member, postdoc, or faculty member. For a fee based on hours worked, shop personnel will work in consultation with shop users from start to finish, beginning with a rough idea or sketch, through the refinement of the design, to the completion of a finished, working product.
“One of the things that makes the MIT Central Machine Shop unique is the ability of the machine shop staff to work closely with the students or customers to make sure that all the parts are made correctly,” Gallant says. “If we have any questions, they can come right down and discuss the issues directly with the staff person working on their project. We are also very flexible in making changes to the design on the fly, which happens frequently.”
The Central Machine Shop staff take great pride and enjoyment in guiding MIT community members through this process.
“The best part of my job is taking a blank piece of material and turning into something that someone can use,” said Ernie Johnson, the machinist who worked on Lu’s gyroid slabs. “People really appreciate it when you can take their idea and make it happen for them.” | <urn:uuid:338e454f-614a-460b-b133-1dc1691b8c8b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.mit.edu/2016/central-machine-shop-0222 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00004-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966949 | 1,598 | 3.109375 | 3 |
A Moment of Collaboration
The overarching theme of this series on the history – and pre-history – of the Internet is conflict: different actors with different goals and visions shaping the medium. The 1960’s saw a tension between the Cold War and the counter-culture. The 1970’s saw the rise of commercial firms since advances in processing power meant that mass-produced “microcomputers” (desktops) could be sold to businesses, rather than a few hugely expensive machines going to universities and the government.
The 1980’s broke this pattern of conflict. It was a rare moment when a single vision – adoption of the values of openness and collaboration for the common good – were unquestionably at the fore. It was in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s that the technical and ideological foundation of the Internet – which began in the high-tech Silicon Valley / high-karma San Francisco milieu of the Bay Area in the 1960’s – were finally “baked in.”
The Internet Learns a Single Free Language
The first critical development was that a software for computer networking and data transfer was developed using government funding and was thus free to use by any hardware or software designer. It was called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) and was extremely robust. In fact, it is extremely robust: Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), first defined in 1980, is still running the Internet today. That TCP/IP became the dominant communication protocol of the Internet meant thatthe Internet was born as a public entity rather than a commercial one.
In the late 70’s and early 80’s there were already a small number of computer networks – local area networks (LANs) – that existed in offices or university. The problem was that they all used different languages to talk to one another. Without a common language, it would be impossible to connect the networks to one another and create the “internetwork” that became the Internet.
In 1976 Vint Cerf (above), now Google’s Chief Internet Evangelist, went to work for DARPA’s Information Processing Techniques Office, the Defense Department project that began the global Internet. DARPA’s vision was still a Cold War one. As Cerf described in 2010, “DARPA was looking for ways to build command-and-control systems that had no central structure, and were highly distributed, and that could be readily reconstituted.” This meant that networks needed to be connected to one another so that there would be multiple paths from any computer to another. Isolated networks had limited value. They were connected, but only within a single institution.
As a result, Cerf and Robert Kahn, co-inventor of TCP/IP and also a scientist at DARPA, began encouraging university LANs to connect to ARPANET, the DARPA computer network that formed the core of the modern Internet. In his book Net Effect, Thomas Streeter explains how Cerf and Kahn used free TCP/IP software – and the desire to connect – as incentives to turn isolated networks into a larger internetworked Internet:
The goal, moreover, was not to be secretive and exclusive. In 1980, when ARPANET’s Vint Cerf met with a group of computer science professors from across the country, he offered to connect the ARPANET to a proposed research network if it adopted TCP/IP protocols. This set the trend towards encouraging open access to the internet, which would become the informal policy throughout the 1980’s….
The Military Gives up Control of the Internet
The first amazing development of the 1980’s was the rise of free software for connecting to and transferring data across the Internet. The second amazing development was that the Internet lost its military character and became a civilian network. In 1983 ARPANET was split into a military and civilian Internet. The civilian Internet moved out of the Department of Defense and into the ownership of the research-focused National Science Foundation. It was the beginning of the Internet that we know today.
Why Did the Government Geeks Beat Out the Capitalists and Cold Warriors?
Why was this able to occur? Why didn’t the military fight for control of the Internet or businesses challenge TCP/IP with proprietary protocols that would have forever fragmented the Internet? One reason is that both the military and commercial firms were distracted. DARPA’s high-profile computing project at the time was Strategic Computing Initiative (SCI), a $1 billion artificial intelligence initiative meant to push back against Japan’s advances in the field.
Commercial firms were still focused on selling individual computers. “The U.S. mainstream,” writes Streeter, “was romancing the entrepreneurial tale of stand-alone microcomputers in the 1980’s.” Since the “Internet” of the time was a research network with few applications composed of unconnected LANs at a few firms and universities and a military-owned ARPANET, one can forgive them for not seeing the commercial value in it.
Firms did build their own proprietary Internet protocol software, like Xerox’s XNS and Apple’s AppleTalk, but this software failed to gain market share because TCP/IP was 1) free 2) worked really well and 3) was first to market because it was the protocol of the ARPANET. Because the deck was already stacked against them, commercial firms were convinced to adopt TCP/IP by the end of the 1980’s.
Despite these contextual factors, it would be unfair to diminish the efforts of individuals to build the open Internet we know today. Most of the men (yes, by far men) who opened the Internet to the public are unknown. Let’s look at some of the key players.
Whereas we now associate the military establishment with secrecy and aggressive isolation, the Pentagon point person for ARPANET was Barry Leiner, a man who, like Kahn and Cerf, convinced many private companies to adopt TCP/IP. His time working in think tanks, private industry and the government made him an excellent bridge-builder and his achievement in encouraging the adoption of TCP/IP was equivalent to “persuading the peoples of the world to stop speaking English, French, Russian or Chinese and instead invent and adopt a new language that works even better and allows everyone to communicate with one another.” It was his close relationship with Steve Wolff of the National Science Foundation that allowed for that smooth transition of the Internet into the civilian sphere. Wolff, who got an electrical engineering degree from Swarthmore, was perfectly positioned to bridge the worlds of academic research and high tech.
The Director of DARPA in the early 1980’s, Robert Cooper, was also more interested in building knowledge than achieving military goals. In a 1993 interview he described his criterion for success of a DARPA project:
There were two criteria… one objective I had in the basic research area was to expand the support mainly to graduate students in computer sciences at the key universities… The other criterion for success… was whether some of these ideas… actually got into military systems, and I don’t think the jury is in on how much of that occurred….
This dedication often took dramatic turns, as this anecdote about Vint Cerf indicates. Cerf is a sharp dresser whose frequent attire is a three-piece suit:
At a 1992 meeting that marked a pivotal juncture for the Internet Protocol, engineers were at one another’s throats over a controversial issue. Dr. Cerf took the podium and… proceeded to strip…. He stopped when he reached a T-shirt emblazoned with “I P on Everything,” an inside joke referring to the ubiquity of the Internet Protocol. The audience, he said, “went nuts,” and the tension dissolved. One member of the audience rushed to the podium and placed a $5 bill in Dr. Cerf’s waistband.
There are a few moments in history where the right mix of contextual factors and individual ability come together to take an action with a dramatic positive impact on global human history. In the history of the Internet, the 1980’s was such a period. It was a moment when the right people were in the right positions and something incredibly unlikely, and incredibly good for humankind, occurred. | <urn:uuid:e9859aaf-820c-4604-9278-84354a19f073> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.meta-activism.org/2011/12/eternally-contested-internet-the-1980s/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966779 | 1,747 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Psychogenic cough: Introduction
Psychogenic cough: There are patients with a chronic dry cough (longer than 4 months) that seems to defy all explanation and resist all the usual standard treatment. This is known as psychogenic cough.
More detailed information about the symptoms,
causes, and treatments of Psychogenic cough is available below.
Symptoms of Psychogenic cough
- Started during or after recovering from a viral laryngitis and/or upper respiratory infection
- Dry cough
- Cough occurs due to no perceivable reason
- Cough may occur several times an hour to even as often as several times a minute.
- Cough does not seem to get better with time (months or even years)
- more symptoms...»
See full list of 6
symptoms of Psychogenic cough
Treatments for Psychogenic cough
Read more about treatments for Psychogenic cough
Home Diagnostic Testing
Home medical testing related to Psychogenic cough:
Wrongly Diagnosed with Psychogenic cough?
Causes of Psychogenic cough
Read more about causes of Psychogenic cough
More information about causes of Psychogenic cough:
Psychogenic cough: Undiagnosed Conditions
Commonly undiagnosed diseases in related medical categories:
Misdiagnosis and Psychogenic cough
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Dementia may be a drug interaction: A common scenario in aged care is for
a patient to show mental decline to dementia.
Whereas this can, of course, occur due to various medical conditions,
such as a ...read more »
ADHD under-diagnosed in adults: Although the over-diagnoses of ADHD
in children is a well-known controversy, the reverse side related to adults.
Some adults...read more »
Bipolar disorder misdiagosed as various conditions by primary physicians: Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder)
often fails to be diagnosed correctly by primary care physicians.
Many patients with...read more »
Eating disorders under-diagnosed in men: The typical patient with
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The result is that men with eating disorders often fail to be...read more »
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Read more about Misdiagnosis and Psychogenic cough
Psychogenic cough: Research Doctors & Specialists
Research related physicians and medical specialists:
- Mental Health Specialists:
- Ear, Nose & Throat Specialists:
- Lung Health Specialists (Pulmonologist):
- more specialists...»
Other doctor, physician and specialist research services:
Hospitals & Clinics: Psychogenic cough
Research quality ratings and patient safety measures
for medical facilities in specialties related to Psychogenic cough:
Hospital & Clinic quality ratings »
Choosing the Best Hospital:
More general information, not necessarily in relation to Psychogenic cough,
on hospital performance and surgical care quality:
Psychogenic cough: Rare Types
Rare types of diseases and disorders in related medical categories:
Psychogenic cough: Animations
More Psychogenic cough animations & videos
Psychogenic cough: Broader Related Topics
Types of Psychogenic cough
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- Ask or answer a question at the Boards: | <urn:uuid:f3e1aea6-7091-4e10-803e-8431a7140dac> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/p/psychogenic_cough/intro.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915397 | 977 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Working with Amazon S3 Objects
Amazon S3 is a simple key, value store designed to store as many objects as you want. You store these objects in one or more buckets. An object consists of the following:
Key – The name that you assign to an object. You use the object key to retrieve the object.
For more information, see Object Key and Metadata
Version ID – Within a bucket, a key and version ID uniquely identify an object.
The version ID is a string that Amazon S3 generates when you add an object to a bucket. For more information, see Object Versioning.
Value – The content that you are storing.
An object value can be any sequence of bytes. Objects can range in size from zero to 5 TB. For more information, see Uploading Objects.
Metadata – A set of name-value pairs with which you can store information regarding the object.
You can assign metadata, referred to as user-defined metadata, to your objects in Amazon S3. Amazon S3 also assigns system-metadata to these objects, which it uses for managing objects. For more information, see Object Key and Metadata.
Subresources – Amazon S3 uses the subresource mechanism to store object-specific additional information.
Because subresources are subordinates to objects, they are always associated with some other entity such as an object or a bucket. For more information, see Object Subresources.
Access Control Information – You can control access to the objects you store in Amazon S3.
Amazon S3 supports both the resource-based access control, such as an Access Control List (ACL) and bucket policies, and user-based access control. For more information, see Managing Access Permissions to Your Amazon S3 Resources.
For more information about working with objects, see the following sections. Note that your Amazon S3 resources (for example buckets and objects) are private by default. You will need to explicitly grant permission for others to access these resources. For example, you might want to share a video or a photo stored in your Amazon S3 bucket on your website. That will work only if you either make the object public or use a presigned URL on your website. For more information about sharing objects, see Share an Object with Others. | <urn:uuid:c53d323f-6174-467b-afc2-3f2f75fc0646> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/UsingObjects.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86604 | 468 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Scientists have created a robotic octopus tentacle that can grasp objects and move fluidly underwater.
This is the first step of a $13 million project, sponsored by the European Commission and developed by Italian and Israeli scientists in Tuscany.
The team plans to have a fully-functioning, eight-tentacles robotic octopus completed by the end of the year. The robot could be used for underwater rescue missions and its technology will be possibly implemented in a high-tech endoscope to perform operations.
Watch the Reuters report below. | <urn:uuid:d0e8cc4c-91a0-4528-908f-5740d2daae6b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.businessinsider.com/check-out-this-amazing-13-million-octopus-robot-being-developed-in-italy-2012-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95442 | 111 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Solve by completing the square.
If we consult our steps,
we are ready to transpose known terms to one side and unknown terms to the other
2x2 - x = 10
Next, divide both sides by the coefficient of the square term.
Add the square of half the coefficient of the first degree term to both sides. The coefficient of the first degree term is 1/2. Half of that is 1/4. The square of that is 1/16. We add 1/16 to both sides.
On the right we are adding fractions, so we need common denominators. The common denominator is 16. We need to multiply both the top and bottom of the 5 by 16
Take square roots of both sides.
Add 1/4 to both sides
This gives 2 answers
which are the two answers we got by factoring. To see the checks, see the discussion of solving this problem by factoring. | <urn:uuid:90e12b84-e58b-4cd8-98b5-aeb8ea7653f3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.sonoma.edu/users/w/wilsonst/Courses/Math_45/SMT2/p6c.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944127 | 195 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Gunfire broke out between NATO troops and Serbian anti-separatists in Kosovo Friday, resulting in several injuries but no fatalities.
The incident occurred as peacekeepers with NATO's Kosovo Force, or KFOR, were attempting to remove barricades along major roads set up by ethnic Serbians opposed to an independent Kosovo, which formally separated from Serbia in 2008.
The NATO peacekeepers were confronted by hundreds of Serbians at the roadblocks and pelted with stones. In response, the soldiers fired tear gas and small arms, with gunfire returning from the crowd. At least three Serbians and one NATO solider were wounded.
KFOR will not allow the situation to escalate and will use a proportional level of force necessary to maintain a safe and secure environment, Uwe Nowitzki, a NATO representative in Kosovo was quoted as saying by Reuters.
The operation to remove the roadblocks would continue as planned, Nowitski added.
Continue Reading Below
Kosovo's History Of Conflict
For more than a decade, Kosovo has been embroiled in ethnic tensions between Serbians and Albanians, who comprise 92 percent of the population.
Following the breakup of the former Yugoslavia in 1992, Serbia and several other states in the Balkans were formed. Ethnic Albanians in the Kosovo enclave in the southern portion of Serbia subsequently sought an independent state.
Tensions came to a head in 1998 with the outbreak of war in Kosovo between Albanian separatists and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's military under the direction of President Slobodan Milosevic. NATO intervened in the conflict after reports that Milosevic had ordered the massacre of Albanian civilians.
Following a U.S.-led air campaign and the deployment of NATO peacekeeping forces, hostilities ceased by mid-1999.
Kosovo then came under the interim administration of United Nations Mission in Kosovo, with the process of achieving independence taking nearly a decade. Ethnic Serbians in the northern parts of Kosovo are still opposed to the separation. | <urn:uuid:304d8d56-d93c-4aed-a5d1-c433e838a26b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ibtimes.com/nato-troops-clash-serbian-anti-separatists-kosovo-701193 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00093-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967077 | 401 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Calculating the average value of a function over a interval requires using the definite integral. The exact calculation is the definite integral divided by the width of the interval. This calculates the average height of a rectangle which would cover the exact area as under the curve, which is the same as the average value of a function.
Sample Problems (3)
Need help with "Average Value of a Function" problems? Watch expert teachers solve similar problems to develop your skills. | <urn:uuid:dfb27f16-c58c-4484-bdd6-b3149d85c36d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.brightstorm.com/math/calculus/the-definite-integral/average-value-of-a-function/all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921839 | 94 | 3.453125 | 3 |
To day at least for India corruption is the password, an oft-heard subject of discussions and conversations on all kinds of forums and platforms. The simple layman's definition of corruption is to get a job done in a wrong and unethical way.
The first thing that we should analyze is that why do we do any work in a wrong way? The answer to this is quite simple and obvious. We do a job in a wrong way because firstly the right way to do it is very cumbersome, elaborate and time consuming, and even then, the chance is that the job may still not be done.
Besides getting it done in the right way is not possible as, people are so used to wrong doing that, the person trying out the way to do it correctly will appear foolish. Moreover, doing a task in the right way has no advantages attached to it.
For these simple reasons, the right and honest method of doing work is long forgotten and corrupt practices have become the way of life.
When this is the simple reason for us to do wrong, why should anyone even try to do anything in the right way? When we work honestly, the result is that, either the work is not done or it gets delayed.
Besides there is no bonus or incentive for the honest. This, is why, when we study right versus wrong the latter always prevails, then why not all do the wrong and reap a harvest? This is exactly what has happened in India.
It is not that, there is no corruption elsewhere in the world, this is a worldwide phenomenon and even to some extent human, but, in India it flourishes more than anywhere else.
This is because since the wrong doers and corrupt people are never punished, they never seen to suffer, they are encouraged all the more to be more and more corrupt seeing them enjoying the fruits of corrupt practices, the others honest or not so corrupt are also encouraged to take the path of success - corruption.
In this way even the one time honest people join the bandwagon of the corrupt because they find greener pastures on the corrupt side of the fence. In this way the process of corruption continues to flourish and increase, with more and more people joining the joy ride.
With this process continuing for decades, to day, the ratio between the corrupt and honest keeps varying in large proportions the sight of honest being minimal and the graph of the corrupt continuously on the rise.
The result of this simple process working through the last few decades, the result is what we see to-day, that, it is almost impossible to find or locate an honest man, an honest organisation as; we are all involved in different proportions, contributing to the trend.
A simple solution to this magnum problem as I see it is, giving stringent punishment to the wrong doers and equally important is to reward lavishly the good and the honest - if of course any such individual is found.
If the honest are rewarded, I am sure that more people would like to remain honest, and if the corrupt are punished severely it is certain the number of corrupt would be on the wane.
This simple solution I suggest because even to-day, when we stand on the thresh-old of seemingly total corruption, I feel that human beings are still basically good, and no one would like to be bad or corrupt. We are, most of us tend to do the wrong because either it pays dividends or, because we just can't help it.
If work and working system becomes more efficient why will anyone like to pay even a paisa to get work done? It is when work just cannot be done in the correct procedure that most people tend to become corrupt just to get their work done- go together with the reward and punishment system the working system should be made more efficient then, I presume there will be less and even negligible corruption.
Thus, as we all know corruption is rampant everywhere, and, unless we deal with it with an iron hand there can be very little or no headway in improving the crumbling situation. | <urn:uuid:3a27344a-b3ee-4d4f-9647-363b727512f2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.preservearticles.com/201106087635/sample-essay-on-corruption-in-india.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00174-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960714 | 826 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The future of these plants, called phytoplankton, is important because they exist at the base of the marine food web and represent a large source of food for fish. Also, they affect global climate by using atmospheric carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.
Phytoplankton depend upon nitrogen and phosphorus to grow and, ultimately, replenish the supply of these nutrients in the ocean. Since the 1930s, scientists have known that the average nitrogen-to-phosphorus (N:P) nutrient ratio of phytoplankton closely mirrors the N:P ratio in the ocean - 15:1 for the plants and 16:1 for the water. Scientists accepted this as a constant called the Redfield ratio, named after the late Harvard University scientist Alfred Redfield.
But researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Princeton University designed a mathematical model based on phytoplankton physiology. It shows a broad range of N:P ratios are possible depending on the conditions under which species grow and compete. This research - part of a larger biocomplexity research project led by Professor Simon A. Levin at Princeton -- is published in the May 13 edition of the journal Nature.
"The take-home message is that this finding reinforces what some researchers have been saying lately - that N:P is not so fixed," said lead author Christopher Klausmeier, a Georgia Tech assistant professor of biology and former postdoctoral fellow at Princeton. Other authors are Elena Litchman, also of Georgia Tech, and Tanguy Daufresne and Levin of Princeton.
"This shows the range of ratios within which we could expect the ocean to change in the future," Klausmeier said. "Right now we have 16:1, but 500 years from now, if we have a different mix of growth conditions, then it might change the overall N:P needs of the phytoplankton community and the ocean."
Under two extreme conditions - one with few resources because of increased competition and the other with abundant nutrients - researchers determined the optimal strategies that phytoplankton use to allocate the cellular machinery - namely ribosomes and chloroplasts -- for nutrient uptake. Ribosomes assemble two proteins that take up nitrogen and phosphorus. Chloroplasts gather energy from the sun.
"When competing to the very end, then the optimal strategy has a lot of resource acquisition machinery, but not much assembly machinery," Klausmeier explained. "In that case, there aren't many ribosomes, and therefore not much phosphorus. So if you have a small amount of phosphorus, you have a high N:P ratio. This strategy is best for competition to equilibrium.
"In the other scenario, where nutrients are very available, you have a lot of ribosomes. Then you have a lot of phosphorus and therefore, a low N:P ratio. This is optimal under exponential growth conditions," Klausmeier added.
Given these optimal strategies, researchers were able to determine the N:P needs of species competing at the extremes. "These two scenarios set the endpoints of what happens in reality," Klausmeier explained. "In the real world, it's a mix of conditions."
From a literature review earlier in the study, they found that N:P ratios among different species vary from 7:1 to 43:1 - with one oddity requiring a 133:1 ratio. Results from modeling the optimal strategies mirror this range of ratios, Klausmeier said, in contrast with the long-accepted constant ratio of N:P in the ocean.
"The 16:1 Redfield ratio has been used too dogmatically by some scientists," Klausmeier said. "It has been treated as an optimum ratio, but that's not what Redfield intended. He has been misunderstood and oversimplified. This ratio is an average that is subject to change."
As is the case in many other ecological studies, researchers in this study had to confront the natural variability found in nature.
"This is a very ecological story," Klausmeier noted. "One thing that frustrates ecology and makes it tough is that there's a lot of natural variability. We want to explain the variability, not just the average number. So this problem turned out to be more complicated because of the variability."
Klausmeier's findings have broader implications, as well, because of the roles phytoplankton play in the ocean ecosystem and across the globe.
"Phytoplankton do half of the planet's primary production," Klausmeier explained. "They capture energy from the sun and have a big role in biogeochemical cycles -- how elements cycle through the biosphere. Phytoplankton have a main role in the carbon cycle. They need carbon dioxide to grow, so they suck it out of the atmosphere, controlling its presence there. And that ties into global climate."
Klausmeier believes his study contributes to a better understanding of global biogeochemical cycles. "It's important for us to understand global climate and how it might change in the future," he added. "And ocean life, such as phytoplankton, is a big player in climate."
This study was funded by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Andrew Mellon Foundation for Levin's biocomplexity project. Biocomplexity refers to studies of ecological and evolutionary systems as a whole.
Georgia Tech Research News and Research Horizons magazine, along with high-resolution JPEG images, can be found on the Web at http://www.
For technical information, contact:
1. Christopher Klausmeier, Georgia Tech, 404-385-4241 or E-mail: [email protected].
2. Simon A. Levin, Princeton University, 609-258-6880 or E-mail: [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:3e93cda3-0b56-4b65-9dd4-d5572deb0c1d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-05/giot-msl051204.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930779 | 1,211 | 3.546875 | 4 |
DES implemented Stage I and Stage II vapor recovery programs starting in 1993. Stage I gasoline vapor recovery systems capture the vapors expelled from underground storage tanks at gasoline stations when being refilled by tank trucks. Stage II systems capture gasoline vapors which would otherwise be vented during individual vehicle refueling at gas stations. Stage I and Stage II systems not only reduce air pollution but also conserve gasoline that would otherwise be lost into the air. These systems also reduce exposure to inhalation of gasoline vapors which contain benzene, a known carcinogen, and other toxic substances.
The New Hampshire Code of Administrative Rules Env-Or 500 Recovery of Gasoline Vapors was revised. The revised rules provide that, as of January 1, 2012, new gas dispensing facilities are not required to install stage II vapor recovery systems, and that all existing systems in the state must be decommissioned by December 22, 2015. Facilities that continue to use stage II recovery systems must continue to comply with the stage II requirements until the system has been decommissioned.
The following images depict some key points of the vapor recovery program and are from a presentation prepared by the DES Air Resources Division. Click on the pictures to see the full size image. The full presentation can be viewed further down on this page.
For station owners
Adobe Acrobat Reader format. Download a free reader from Adobe. | <urn:uuid:c5761f7e-566d-498d-9a9a-ce3ca27df532> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/waste/orcb/ocs/ustp/vapor_recovery.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945684 | 279 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Primary Documents - Belgian Judicial Report on the Sacking of Louvain in August 1914
Reproduced below is the judicial report authored by Professor Leon van der Essen dealing with the destruction of the ancient city of Louvain in Belgium in August 1914.
In his report Professor van der Essen ultimately (if with some doubt) acquits the German military authorities of a premeditated assault upon the town - arguing instead that they believed they were genuinely under attack by either the French or by franc-tireurs - but finds the authorities guilty of unnecessarily continuing with the destruction of the town even once order has been restored.
Belgian Judicial Report on the Sacking of
By Professor Leon van der Essen
Apart from requisitions and constant vexations, the Germans had committed no excesses in Louvain after their entry on August 19th.
They continued to make hostages, who took it in turn to live at the town-hall and were responsible for the behaviour of their fellow-citizens. Every day, in all the churches of the place, an urgent warning was given at the instance of the German authorities, telling the inhabitants to remain calm and promising them, in that case, not to take any more hostages.
The troops which reached the town the following week, however, seemed to be animated by a violently anti-clerical spirit. They followed the priests who showed themselves in public with buffoonery, insults, and even threats.
They were also very excitable. One day, when a municipal official was taken through the town, preceded by soldiers with drums, and forced to read a proclamation, the Germans hurried up at once from all sides in the hopes of seeing a civilian executed.
The attack by the Belgian 2nd and cavalry divisions on the German positions between Malines and Louvain on the day of August 25th produced considerable excitement in the town. The gun-firing was distinctly heard, and became more violent in the course of the afternoon. It drew closer.
On this day Louvain was crammed with troops. Some 10,000 men had just arrived from Liege and were beginning to take up quarters in the town. A few hundred hussars were coming along the Malines road, covered with dust and leading their horses by the bridles.
It was plain that the struggle was not going well for the Germans and that reinforcements were necessary. At the town-hall dispatch-bearers followed one another quickly, bringing messages which made the members of the Kommandantur anxious.
At 5 p.m. firing was heard of particular violence, and seemed to be extremely close to the town. At this moment some horsemen galloped through the streets, giving the alarm. At once officers and soldiers ran together and formed up in a disordered column.
Motor-cars were coming and going every way, and ranging themselves up confusedly on the borders of the boulevards. Artillery and commissariat wagons were mixed up with them.
Along the roads the horses, lashed till they bled, stiffened themselves and rattled along in a mad dash the guns which were going to re-enforce the German troops on the Malines road.
As if to raise the confusion to its height, carts were coming back full-tilt and in the greatest disorder from the field of battle, their drivers all excitement, with revolvers in their hands.
After the departure of the hastily formed battalions a great silence fell upon the town. In view of the gravity of affairs, everybody had gone home, and soon nothing more was heard except the ever closer and more distinct sound of guns.
Suddenly, at 8 p.m., when twilight had already fallen and every one, in obedience to the rules of the occupying army, had to be already at home, a shot rang out, followed rapidly by two more, and then by a terrible fusillade. This was heard simultaneously at several points of the town, in the Boulevard de Tirlemont, at the Tirlemont Gate, in the Rue de Tirlemont, at the Brussels Gate, in the Rue and Place de la Station, in the Rues Leopold, Marie-Therese, and des Joyeuses-Entrees.
With the cracking of rifles was mingled the sinister "tac-tac" of machine guns. The windows of the houses splintered under a hail of bullets, the doors and walls were riddled by the machine guns. In their cellars and other places where they had taken shelter on the first shots the inhabitants heard, through the din, the quick and crowding steps of the soldiers, the noise of whistles followed at once by volleys, and at times the heavy sound of a body falling to the ground.
Those who had ventured to go up to their upper stories or attics soon saw the heavens reddened with a dreadful light. The Germans had set fire to several quarters of the town - the Chaussee and Boulevard de Tirlemont, the Place and Rue de la Station, and the Place du Peuple.
Soon, too, the Palais de justice, the University with the celebrated Library, and the Church of St.Pierre were ablaze, systematically set on fire with fagots and chemicals. Through the streets the German soldiers were running like madmen, firing in every direction.
Under the orders of their officers, they smashed in the doors of the houses, dragged the inmates from their hiding-places, with cries of "Man hat geschossen! Die Zivilisten haben geschossen!" (There has been firing! Civilians have fired!), and hurled hand-grenades and incendiary pastilles into the rooms.
Several of the inmates were haled out and instantly shot. Those who tried to escape from their burning houses were thrust back into the flames or butchered like dogs by the soldiers, who were watching along the pavements, with their fingers on the triggers of their rifles.
From several of the houses the officers had the objects of value taken out before giving the order to burn them. Every one who showed himself in the street was shot down. In the Rue de la Station an officer on horseback, bursting with rage, was directing the incendiaries.
In the morning certain of the inhabitants, who had passed the night in their cellars or their gardens, ventured to go out. They then learnt that the Germans pretended that a plot had been hatched amongst them, that there had been firing on the troops, and that the whole responsibility for what had happened was thrown on the civilians.
From dawn squadrons of soldiers entered the houses, searched them from top to bottom, and turned out the inhabitants, forcing them towards the station. The poor wretches were compelled to run with their hands uplifted. They were given blows with the fists and with rifle-butts.
Soon a large number of townspeople were collected in the Place de la Station, where dead bodies of civilians were lying on the ground. During the night a certain number of people had been shot, without serious inquiry. While they were being hustled along, the townspeople were searched by officers and soldiers, and their money was taken from them (some officers gave a receipt in return), as well as any objects of value.
Those who did not understand an order, who did not raise their arms quick enough, or who were found carrying knives larger than a penknife, were at once shot. While these horrible scenes were enacted, the guns were constantly booming in the Malines direction, but the noise gradually grew more distant.
In the streets numerous civilian corpses lay, and in some places corpses of German soldiers, who had been killed by one another in the night. Victims of panic and obsessed by the thought of francs-tireurs, they had fired on every group which they met in the darkness.
Fights of this kind had taken place in the Rue de Bruxelles, near the station, in the Rue de Paris et Vieux-Marche, the Rue des Joyeuses-Entrees, near the canal, and in the Rue de Namur.
On all sides lay dead horses. The Germans had un-harnessed them from their wagons, driven them into the streets and killed them, to lend belief to an attack by civilians.
As the houses burned and the soldiers continued to loot and to drive the inhabitants down the streets, the townspeople who had been carried off to the station were brutally separated into two groups. The women and children were shut up in the station and the tram-shed, the men ranged up in the Place de la Station. The Germans selected by haphazard from among then the victims destined to be executed.
Some of them had to lie on their stomachs, and were butchered by shots in the head, neck, or back. Others were collected in groups, surrounded by soldiers with fixed bayonets, and carried off to the outskirts of the town, to the accompaniment of curses, threats, and blows. They were forced to march and counter-march through Herent, Thildonck, Rotselaer, Campenhout, etc.
Wherever they went the prisoners saw houses in flames and corpses of civilians stretched on the road or charred by fire. In the country district of Louvain the Germans had committed the same excesses as in the town itself. In order to terrorize them, these groups of prisoners were hunted along the roads, without any precise object except to drive them mad.
Sometimes they were made to stop, and a mock shooting took place. They were forced to run, to lift up their arms, etc. Those who fell through fatigue or attempted to escape were slaughtered. When the mournful procession passed through a village they found their ranks swollen by numbers of inhabitants of these places, who had already spent the night in the church.
At last, after having thus wandered over the country for hours, several of these groups were taken back to Louvain and put on board cattle-trucks. Piled on to these like cattle, old men, women, children, and able-bodied men were dispatched to Germany.
We cannot stop to describe the tortures which the deported had to endure on the journey and the cruelties inflicted on them by the fanatical inhabitants of the towns through which they passed. Some were taken to Cologne and exhibited to the crowd; others were sent as far as Munster, where they were interned.
During these explosions of violence on the part of the troops there was no respect of persons. Dutch, Spaniards, South Americans pleaded their neutral status in vain; they were jeered at and subjected to the same outrages as the Belgians. The flags of foreign nations floating over certain houses were no protection to them. The Spanish pedagogie in the Rue de la Station was burnt, and in the house of Professor Noyons, of Dutch nationality, a pile of fagots was lighted.
Meanwhile those of the inhabitants who had not fled towards the station, or who had not been driven in that direction, were running madly about the streets. A large number took refuge in the Hospital of Saint-Thomas, in the neighbourhood of the Institut Superieur de Philosophic.
About 9 a.m. on Wednesday, August 26th, the shooting ceased and quiet temporarily returned. A picket of soldiers traversed the streets, taking an unarmed policeman with them to announce that able-bodied men must come together in certain places to help to put out the flames.
The civil guards were specially invited to repair, in civilian clothes, to the St.-Martin barracks. All who obeyed the summons were made prisoners and taken, some to the station, bound for Germany, others to the neighbouring villages, where they swelled the troops of prisoners already there.
Several groups were taken to Campenhout in particular. After spending the night there, insulted and threatened with death all the time, they were ordered the next day or the day after to Louvain and shut up in the Riding School. There atrocious scenes were witnessed. Women went mad and children died.
On this Wednesday the soldiers started again to fire at intervals, to plunder, and to burn. They could be seen strolling about the town, drunk, laden with bottles of wine, boxes of cigars, and objects of value. The officers let them do it, roared with laughter, or set the example themselves.
The Vice-Rector of the University and the Prior of the Dominicans were led through the town, escorted by soldiers, and forced to stop at certain spots to read a German proclamation warning the people "not to fire again upon the soldiers." A gloomy comedy, indeed!
In several places soldiers were seen entering the houses and the gardens, firing shots, so as to prolong the mystification and the looting. Some walked along firing phlegmatically into the air.
If a house was of fairly good appearance, a group of soldiers would assail it with shouts of "There was firing from here," and at once began to loot.
On the third day, Thursday, August 27th, some soldiers went through the town in the morning, announcing to the terrified population that Louvain was to be bombarded at noon and that every one must leave at once. Often they added special instructions to go to the station.
Those who obeyed these orders were put on to cattle-trucks and sent to join their hapless fellow-citizens in Germany. Others, better advised, took refuge at Heverle, the property of the Duke of Aremberg, a member of the Prussian House of Lords, who was serving in the German army, and there they were not molested.
Along the Tirlemont and Tervueren roads rolled the wretched flood of fugitives, old men, women, children, invalids, nuns, priests, in a rout which cannot be described.
German soldiers followed, compelling the unfortunates to raise their arms, striking them and insulting them. The fury of the Germans raged particularly against the priests. On the Tirlemont road several of them were arrested, taken to a piggery, and stripped of everything. They were accused of having incited the people to revolt, and there was talk of shooting them. One officer, more humane than the rest, had them released.
The scenes were the same on the Tervueren road. There the Rector of the University, several ecclesiastical professors, the President of the American Seminary, and a number of Jesuits were treated in a disgraceful fashion and penned in a field. A young Jesuit, Father Dupierreux, on whom was found a diary with notes on the war, some of them very unflattering to the invaders, was shot before the eyes of his colleagues.
Certain of these priests were taken to Brussels, where they were at last released. The Rector of the University, some professors and monks were set free through the intervention of a Dutchman, M. Grondys, who was present at the sack of Louvain.
At 11 o'clock on this Thursday, August 27th, the town was as dead. Nothing could be heard to break the profound silence except the sinister crackle of houses on fire. Then, the inhabitants having disappeared, the regular sack began. There was no more talk of bombardment. The sack was organized methodically like the burning, which also continued at the same time.
The doors of wardrobes and drawers of desks were smashed with rifle-butts. Safes were broken open with burglars' tools. Every soldier took his pick amid the heap of furniture spread over the floor. Silver-plate, linen, works of art, children's toys, mechanical instruments, pictures-everything was taken.
Whatever could not be carried off was broken. The cellars were emptied. Then the looters finished up by depositing their filth in all the corners.
This lasted eight days. Every time fresh troops reached Louvain, they rushed on their prey. Recalling his entry and his stay at Louvain on August 29th, a Landsturm soldier from Halle wrote in his diary: "The battalion... arrive dragging along with it all sorts of things, particularly bottles of wine, and many of the men were drunk... The battalion set off in close order for the town, to break into the first houses they met, to plunder - I beg pardon, I mean to requisition - wine and other things too. Like a pack let loose, each one went where he pleased. The officers led the way and set a good example."
And Gaston Klein, the soldier in question, concludes "This day has inspired me with a contempt I could not describe."
The burning continued, simultaneously with the sack, down to September 2nd. On that day the last houses were set on fire in the Rue Marie-Therese. In the evening drunken German soldiers were still dragging to the station heavy bags full of things stolen in the Rue Leopold.
On the afternoon of Friday, August 28th, the Germans committed a particularly odious crime. From August 20th the little town of Aerschot had been abandoned to the mercy of all the troops passing through.
The parish priest of Gelrode had been put to death there in barbarous circumstances, and the burning of houses and terrorization of the remaining inhabitants had gone on. On the morning of August 28th a large group of people from Aerschot was carried off in the direction of Louvain. When they reached the Place de la Station they were made to wait, being told that they were to be put on a train and deported to Germany.
While the human herd stood there, suddenly, without motive, some enraged soldiers began to fire into the mass. Some were killed and wounded, including women and children. Certain German soldiers, who took two of the wounded to the Hospital of St.-Thomas, could not themselves conceal the disgust inspired in them by this barbarous act.
Meanwhile some energetic citizens, among whom was M. Nerinckx, professor of the University, had somehow managed to form a new municipal council, with the help of some members of the old council who had escaped the massacre or had returned after the early days of terror.
By their firm attitude they were at last able to obtain from the commandant of the town the cessation of all acts of disorder on the part of the troops.
Such is the story of the sack of Louvain.
What was the motive of it? We shall not stop to consider the odious and lying accusation made against the inhabitants by the military authorities and adopted by the Emperor himself in his famous telegram to the President of the United States. It has been reduced to nothing by the evidence of disinterested neutrals and by the inquiries of an Austrian priest, made on the spot.
In Louvain itself the following explanation is given. On the night of August 25th, at the moment when soldiers and vehicles were coming back in disorder from Malines, some shots rang out.
The German soldiers in the town imagined, some that the enemy was coming, others that the civilians were beginning an attack. The former fired on their own comrades, taking them for Belgian or French soldiers; the latter riddled the fronts of the houses with bullets.
The supposition is that there was a mistake, and then a panic.
It must be the truth with regard to a great number of German soldiers. We have already said that the soldiers quartered in Louvain seemed very nervous, that the troops who flocked back into the town during the battle were very excited; and, on the other hand, it is established that during the night several groups of Germans fired on one another in the streets.
In such a state of mind, constantly haunted by visions of francs-tireurs, the German soldiers were very liable to sudden panic. A single shot was sufficient to produce it. We have the histories of Aerschot, Liege, Namur, and above all Andenne, to guide us on the subject.
Now, the evidence of witnesses establishes that a few moments before the fusillade began a shot was heard, followed immediately by two others. By whom was this shot fired? That will probably never be known. Was it fired by an unnerved sentry, by a drunken soldier, by a civilian?
Considering the numerous warnings given to the townspeople, the threats of the Germans themselves, the excited state of the troops returning to the town, and the numbers of the soldiers in the garrison, it is very unlikely that a civilian would have been guilty of this act of folly, knowing that thereby he was exposing the whole population to nameless horrors. The fate of Aerschot was in every one's memory. Those events were recent.
If the first shot was fired by a German soldier, did that soldier act with the intention of starting a catastrophe? Was he obeying superior orders, and was he giving the signal for the carrying out of a German military "plot"?
Some have replied to the German accusation with a charge of premeditation on the part of the invaders. Louvain must have been condemned in advance, they say, and the attack of the Belgian troops on August 25th can only have hastened the execution of the plan.
History, while rejecting the German accusation, will demand serious proofs before accepting the victims' counteraccusation of German premeditation. Doubtless the German methods of terrorization do not entirely exclude the possibility of systematic and premeditated destruction of a town. But did this premeditation exist positively in this one particular case of Louvain? That is the whole question.
After carefully examining the mass of documents within our reach, we believe we may say that, in the present state of the evidence, it is impossible to consider proved the charge of premeditation with regard to Louvain - premeditation signifying to us the plan conceived long beforehand of giving Louvain up to the flames.
No doubt there are singular facts which, at first sight, seem to justify the defenders in their hypothesis of German premeditation.
The fusillade breaking out almost simultaneously at several points some distance apart, the several centres of incendiarism started at the same time, the presence of a company of incendiaries armed with up-to-date appliances, the luminous signals said to have been sent up a few moments before the fusillade began, certain remarks let drop by soldiers or officers, the removal of the German wounded on the eve of the disaster, the warnings given long in advance to the inhabitants living in places 20 to 30 kilometres away from Louvain by soldiers or officers - the whole setting of the drama, taken in its entirety, cannot fail to be suspicious.
Still, when one examines the weight of these facts, one by one, many of them lose their conclusive force. The data are not precise enough or are insufficiently established; the facts and the words themselves seem capable of different interpretations.
On the other side, certain facts seem to negative premeditation, in the sense which we attach to the word. It is established that many soldiers, and even officers, believed for a moment that "the French were there."
On the hypothesis of a preconceived plan, would they not have understood that the first shots were the signal for the massacre? At the start, and in the night, the Germans fired upon one another; there can be no doubt of that. This can be easily understood on the hypothesis of a panic, less easily on that of a German plot.
We therefore exclude, provisionally, the supposition of a German plot, conceived long before its execution. It does not seem to us proved by the documents published so far.
What we do not exclude is the hypothesis of premeditation on the part of the soldiers. In the state of excitement in which they were, particularly those coming back in disorder from Malines, they may have fired a shot, knowing that "the rest" would follow. This story was repeated so often in other places that we have the right to apply it hypothetically in the case of Louvain.
There is more. On the night of the 25th and the following days, certain soldiers and non-commissioned officers fired shots so as to have a pretext for continuing the pillage.
Many of the soldiers and officers may have believed, at the beginning, for a few moments, that they were being attacked by the enemy entering the town or that a civilian attack was taking place. But this mistake cannot have lasted long.
It remains established that, in cold blood and without any idea of a serious inquiry, the military authorities persisted in the error and subjected Louvain to eight days' martyrdom, without raising a finger to stop the orgy.
Whether the responsibility falls upon Major Von Manteuffel or must be referred back to the highest personalities in the Empire does not matter. It is the prolonged sack of the town, without previous inquiry, which makes what has been called "the crime of Louvain" so enormous.
Such an inquiry was possible. The example of Huy proves that. On August 25th Major Von Bassewitz, commandant of that place, published the following order of the day:
August 25, 1914
Last night shooting took place. It has not been proved that the inhabitants of the town were still in possession of arms. Nor has it been proved that the civil population took part in the shooting; on the contrary, it would seem that the soldiers were under the influence of alcohol and opened fire under an incomprehensible fear of an enemy attack.
The conduct of the soldiers during the night produces a shameful impression, with a few exceptions.
When officers or non-commissioned officers set fire to houses, without permission or order from the commandant, or in the present case from the senior officer, and when they encourage the troops by their attitude to burn and loot, it is an act of the most regrettable kind.
I expect severe instructions to be given generally as to the attitude towards the life and property of the civil population. I forbid firing in the town without officers' orders.
The bad conduct of the troops has had as its result the serious wounding of a non-commissioned officer and a soldier by German shots.
VON BASSEWITZ, Major,
If this had been the state of mind of the military authorities in Louvain, it is certain that there would not have been the horrors which we have described above.
We cannot help thinking that the military authorities, when once the machine was accidentally thrown out of gear, were not at all annoyed. They took care not to give the necessary sign to avert the consequences.
How many victims were there at Louvain? We do not know.
The Capuchin Father Valere Claes himself discovered 108, of whom 96 had been shot, the others having perished in the ruins of the houses.
In his Pastoral Letter, Cardinal Mercier speaks of 176 persons shot or burnt in the whole neighbourhood of Louvain and the adjoining communes. With regard to material destruction, 1,120 houses were burnt in the area of the commune of Louvain, 461 in the adjacent commune of Kessel-Loo, and 95 in that of Heverle, these three parts making up the urban district of Louvain.
In Louvain itself, apart from private houses, fire destroyed the Church of St.-Pierre, the central University buildings, the Palais de Justice, the Academie des Beaux-Arts, the theatre, and the School of Commercial and Consular Science belonging to the University.
The Church of St.-Pierre was methodically set on fire, as was the University Library. A Josephite Father called the attention of the officer in command of the incendiaries to the fact that the building which he was about to set on fire was the Library. The officer replied, "Es ist Befehl" (It is ordered). It was then about 11 p.m. on Tuesday, August 25th.
This was not the end, however, of the excesses committed by the Germans during the first sortie of the Belgian troops from Antwerp.
The region round Louvain and the villages situated between this town and Malines were engulfed in the "punishment."
Bueken, Gelrode, Herent, Wespelaer, Rymenam, Wygmael, Tremeloo, Werchter, Wesemael, Wackerzeel, Blauwput, Thildonck, Rillaer, Wilsele, Linden, Betecom, Haecht were partly burnt and plundered, a number of the inhabitants being shot.
Others were dragged along for many hours, loaded with insults, used as shields against the enemy's troops during the battle, and finally chased in the direction of the Belgian lines.
Some were thrown into wells after being horribly ill-treated. Here, too, the German soldiers were bitter against the priests.
The Rev. Father Van Holm, a Capuchin, and Father Vincent, a Conventual; Lombaerts, parish priest of Boven-Loo; de Clerck, parish priest of Bueken, and Van Nadel, parish priest of Herent, were killed, as also were a Josephite Father and a Brother of Mercy. The parish Priests of Wygmael and Wesemael were shamefully treated.
Finally, in this neighbourhood the Germans committed the same outrages against women and young girls as in the neighbourhood of Hofstade, Sempst, etc. Crimes of a Sadic character were also found. Neither old men, women, nor children were respected.
Source: Source Records of the Great War, Vol. II, ed. Charles F. Horne, National Alumni 1923
At the Battle of Sarikamish the Turks suffered a disastrously high 81% casualty rate.
- Did you know? | <urn:uuid:32f7fcf2-3240-4626-9360-dd9975f6742a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/louvain_judicialreport.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984219 | 6,238 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Presentation Assignment Example
The following is an example of an individual presentation assignment and a group presentation. The individual presentation assignment explains that students will give two presentations over the semester on a topic of the student's choice. The student should submit a 1 to page paper explaining the presentation also. The group presentation provides four areas of focus: interpretive approach, important issues raised by the text, a comparison to another work, and using a scholarly source to further understand the work. A handout follows the assignment that clearly explains the criteria.
- You will each be responsible for giving two presentations this semester. The presentations should be between five and ten minutes long, and the topics will be of your own choosing. Along with each presentation, please submit a 1-2 page paper that summarizes your topic. I will return these to you with comments and a grade for your efforts. Please take these presentations seriously as we will often use them as starting point for our class discussions.
- The collaborative group presentation will require you to: 1) share your interpretive approach; i.e., explain how you accessed the text to make it “mean.” For example, was your interpretation influenced by one of the formal features of the novel (plot, point of view, etc.), by the presence of certain ideas or beliefs you related to, or a critical approach that helped you dis-entangle the complexities of the narrative? 2) identify, for discussion, the important issues and questions raised by the text; 3) contextualize the reading by relating it to another work by the same author, another contemporary text that invites comparison in terms of shared ideas, themes and "horizons" that respond in some way to the major concerns of the core text, or by locating it in some literary or paraliterary movement; 4) summarize a scholarly response to the work and try to identify the author’s critical approach.
Guidelines for Presentations
Each team member should contribute equally. Teams will compile a list of major topics to be covered in their presentation, and assign one to each member to research and present. Each member should speak for approximately three to five minutes. The presentation can reflect the diversity of viewpoints of the presenters. Designate one team member as the team leader. This person will be responsible for introducing the presentation as a whole, and each presenter. The team leader will also summarize the presentation at its conclusion, and lead a class discussion.
Since grading is based on the presentation as a whole, team members should notify the professor before the date of the presentation if any member does not do their share. Shyness or stumbling do not negatively affect the
Team members may decide among themselves how to distribute the work of preparing the following information sheets.
- Things to Know -- One to two sheets listing major facts relevant to your topic, significant concepts, key points, terminology with definitions, and other interesting points of information_
- Quotes -- One sheet containing salient quotes from your readings, with explanations of their significance.
- References -- A compilation of references used for the presentations, including two or more for each presenter, written in MLA style, with one sentence summarizing the content of the text.
Many students elect to use PowerPoint. This is not absolutely required, but provision of some visual aids is helpful.
Talk to us, don't read. You may use notes when you make your presentation, but you may not read from a fully written out text.
Here is one way to make a successful presentation:
- Do plenty of reading and research. Explore the topic as fully as possible. Make notes.
- Read over your notes, and think over the results of your reading.
- Discuss your results with your team members. Tentatively plan the presentation in its general outlines.
- On your own again, and setting notes aside, brainstorm and write down all the interesting ideas that you have come up with.
- Organize these ideas into a coherent sequence. Return to your notes and add any information relevant to your major ideas which will illustrate or explain them..
- Add an introduction, which tells what you will talk about, and a conclusion which sums up what you have discussed and learned. Cut out any irrelevant or uninteresting material.
- Meet with your team members to organize and streamline the presentation.
- Visualize yourself giving a talk to the class, going through all these ideas, in a comfortable and relaxed fashion. If you wish, practice talking about your subject to a mirror.
- Using only brief notes, give your presentation to the class and have fun!
- The team leader will also prepare a short general introduction to the presentation, lead-ins for each individual presenter, and a very brief possible conclusion, which may change according to how the presentations unfold.
Prepare three possible questions with which to lead a class discussion_ Designate one team member as the discussion leader. Other team members may contribute to the discussion, but the discussion leader will be responsible for organizing and controlling the discussion. Lead a discussion utilizing your prepared questions, along with any others which have occurred to you during the presentation. Conclude your presentation by opening the floor for questions and comments from the class audience. | <urn:uuid:225b32d3-5c87-4dd1-8752-e0ba253b7065> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/teaching/e238/paex.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937996 | 1,059 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Skip to comments.This day in History: Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki (Happy Nagasaki Day!)
Posted on 08/09/2008 3:50:28 AM PDT by abb
On this day in 1945, a second atom bomb is dropped on Japan by the United States, at Nagasaki, resulting finally in Japan's unconditional surrender.
The devastation wrought at Hiroshima was not sufficient to convince the Japanese War Council to accept the Potsdam Conference's demand for unconditional surrender. The United States had already planned to drop their second atom bomb, nicknamed "Fat Man," on August 11 in the event of such recalcitrance, but bad weather expected for that day pushed the date up to August 9th. So at 1:56 a.m., a specially adapted B-29 bomber, called "Bock's Car," after its usual commander, Frederick Bock, took off from Tinian Island under the command of Maj. Charles W. Sweeney. Nagasaki was a shipbuilding center, the very industry intended for destruction. The bomb was dropped at 11:02 a.m., 1,650 feet above the city. The explosion unleashed the equivalent force of 22,000 tons of TNT. The hills that surrounded the city did a better job of containing the destructive force, but the number killed is estimated at anywhere between 60,000 and 80,000 (exact figures are impossible, the blast having obliterated bodies and disintegrated records).
General Leslie R. Groves, the man responsible for organizing the Manhattan Project, which solved the problem of producing and delivering the nuclear explosion, estimated that another atom bomb would be ready to use against Japan by August 17 or 18-but it was not necessary. Even though the War Council still remained divided ("It is far too early to say that the war is lost," opined the Minister of War), Emperor Hirohito, by request of two War Council members eager to end the war, met with the Council and declared that "continuing the war can only result in the annihilation of the Japanese people...." The Emperor of Japan gave his permission for unconditional surrender.
Thus ended WWII and alleviating the need to invade the island of Japan which would have cost hundreds of thousands of American lives.
And if they didn’t surrender after Nagasaki... it meant that Olympic and Coronet were the next on the docket. The loss of life in an invasion of Japan, at that time, is mind-boggling.
I’ve not gotten to this one yet. Any reviews from FReepers?
I've seen numerous interviews of men who were readying to invade the main island and they were overjoyed at the news. Prior to that, they ALL considered themselves as "dead men walking".
My grandfather was on the Bunker Hill when it got kamikazee’d during Okinawa. Never had to do much to convince him the bomb was a good thing.
“Another great day in United States military history.”
Absolutely true, but that “Happy Nagasaki day” jibe in the headline is childish.
“Another great day in United States military history.”
Indeed. A good day to remember that our nuclear forces are essential and in need of modernization.
Nothing in history has been a force for peace to equal the nuclear weapon.
Thanks again to the makers of the bomb .My dad was in California training for the invasion of mainland Japan when the bomb was dropped. Good chance I probably wouldn’t be writing this if it hadn’t happened !
“ Made in America, Tested in Japan !”
My late father, at that time a Marine private who helped to take Okinawa, was one such man. He lived to the age of 77 instead of being killed in the invasion of the Japanese Home Islands.
Oh dear, The Lord must have been watching over my Mother - She was an Eleven Year old young child, her hometown was Fukuoka, Japan. She remembers, still vividly and Sixty-Three Years later the flash of bright sunlight one morning, it was the second Atomic Bomb dropping of Nagasaki. Fate, brought her many years later to my Late Father, an American, who served proudly in the United States Army. My Mother still says to this day that the bomb saved alot of lives and that the Japanese would have never surrendered but to describe this event as Happy? I think the word: Happy would be appropriate when the Japanese unconditionally surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur./Just Asking - seoul62.......
My father considered every day of his life after d-day (Sept. 20?) as a gift from heaven. There turned out to be 60 years worth of days to be grateful for. He had done that beachhead thing three times and was already a fugitive from the law of averages. Also he was in an independent tank battalion, and they always got the dirty end of the stick.
Not really. It's quite on point - the day should be celebrated at least as prominently as Dec. 7. It caused WWII to come to an end.
And of course, this is what the anti American- anti nuke crowd will be wailing over during all the tearful candlelight vigils held tonight.
What they can't seem to get through their heads is that had the war continued, 10 times that number would have been killed by the Japanese imperial army alone in their occupied zones.
My dad had recovered from burns suffered in a crash in the CBI Campaign. He was sure that his number would be called again.
It should be Happy Fatman day!
I wonder if any of those 60-80k people were non-cambatants?
I understand that on a good day down town, you can still smell fried sushi.
Allied POW's will tell you of their Japanese-Christian guard's life-saving favors when nobody was looking.
Should also serve as a reminder and warning to enemies of the United States...
I seriously doubt the accuracy of that number.
Fat man was dropped purposely on the industrial area where there would be as few civilian casualties as possible. The plan was to take out Japans aircraft and ship building capability.
Do you celebrate Dec 7? Really? How?
Where did you hear that? It was an industrial area
Exactly, as an (understandable) reaction to the America haters constant assertion that the bombs were unjustified. I'd probably say it myself if someone pissed me off enough.
One of the first surprises I got as a young adult was that the WWII generation (our parents) were NOT the war-happy yahoos that the Boomers portrayed them to be. As I got into History written at the time of the war and after I was struck at the sadness and horror “of the waste” expressed by the very Americans fighting it.
To be sure, many a man has raised his glass to the bombing that saved his own skin but I doubt too many of them, based upon their own testimony, would have seen anything happy about it.
That’s why I asked. It’s always interesting to hear how if it’s the good guys doing the killing, civilian and non-cambatants casualties are acceptable...but if it’s the bad guys killing good civilians and non-combatants, it’s heinous.
.....”Frederick Bock, took off from Tinian Island under the command of Maj. Charles W. Sweeney. Nagasaki was a shipbuilding center, the very industry intended for destruction.....”
Wans’t Kokura the target? But due to bad weather they diverted to their secondary target Nagasaki. Am I wrong?
Sounds like that to me. I don’t see why so many people are so against moral relativism...it’s all through history.
Yeah "baby". "Happy Nagasaki" day to you, too.
Agreed. Thoroughly bad taste. I’m sure the Japanese were a hated enemy, and I’m glad the war was ended quickly with a fraction of the lives lost than had we invaded...but, to celebrate joyfully at the incineration of tens of thousands of non-combatants is pretty disgusting. As much as I hate the hajis, even I wouldn’t go dancing a jig if Baghdad got nuked. People need to have a little more respect.
As compassionate Americans, we don't have to rejoice in the deaths of others and the destruction of their cities to prove to ourselves that we were right. We don't believe in collective punishment of this kind, do we? Moreover, I hope we have not set a terrible precedent that may came back to haunt us.
He could get eyewitness accounts of the cruelty of Japanese military towards Allied POWs near Nagasaki that were liberated, the guy also could document the immense CIVILIAN tragedy (casulties and radiation disease) that were the aftermath of the Naga bomb as well. Ending the war is worth celebration; gloating over massive civilian deaths in the process, however, is barbaric and is not American.
Chicago Daily News reporter George Weller broke all the rules when he went into Nagasaki about four weeks after it had been blasted by the second atomic bomb dropped on Japan. He escaped his military escort, rode a still-running Japanese train, and pretended to be an American army officer. The ruse worked to the point that he obtained official Japanese cooperation, but his on-the spot reports were snagged by General MacArthur's censors and destroyed. The carbons from his typewriter were found in 2003. First into Nagasaki is the first publication of most of the stories from his months in and around Japan in the fall of 1945. Why were Weller's reports suppressed? His accounts were not sensational. In fact, the military accounts of destruction and loss of life were higher, and most of his pieces dealt with soldiers and civilians who had been Japanese prisoners of war. In a memoir that he wrote later (also in this book), he surmised that MacArthur and his staff wanted full control of the story, which the reporter threatened. The prisoner of war stories are more interesting than the Nagasaki story, which is as much about Weller's adventure as about the military event. The reporter spoke with hundreds of service men who had spent years in brutally hard work camps, often recording their own words. First Into Nagasaki should have an index so the descendants of these men could more easily find their stories.
My Dad was waiting to ship out with his infantry battalion to the Pacific theater when the bombs were dropped. I’m here for that reason.
We were stationed in Yokohama 1956-58. I was in the third grade and played baseball with Japanese kids. Subject of war never came up.
Heck, at the time I thought WWII only involved the Nazis!
But yeah, we shouldn’t lightly celebrate August 9th. Just observe with sad solemnity that the murderous Japanese warlord regime made such an enormous act unfortunately necessary.
It was the site of Urakami Cathedral or St. Mary's Cathedral built by the Kakure Kirishitan or "Hidden Christians".
I have stood on the exact spot and in that rebuilt church.
Where did you hear that? It was an industrial area
Probably here at FR; however, Amazon books gets a great many references from Google, and here are two others:
"...Survivors from the Catholic community--the bomb had fallen on Nagasaki's Catholic district and cathedral--..."
Yeah, but what would be taught would be how evil the US was to use such a terrible weapon on civilians, with no mention of the millions of lives that were saved.
In fact, Christianity was sealed in Nagasaki in the blood of martyrs. On a hill not far from the epicenter of the blast of Nagasaki, is a hill where about 20 Japanese were crucified on orders of Tokugawa (the Shogun at the time) for not renouncing Christianity. In that group, were little Japanese children, too, each nailed to their own smaller crosses overlooking the city.
Some people have absolutely no class, even freepers.
1597. Although I had the shogunate wrong. It was Toyotomi who ordered this.
I am as always envious of your travels in Japan.
On this day still no one recognizes that the Japanese lives saved by the bomb were in the Millions.
And that their losses could have been on a scale of ten to every one of ours had we invaded.
As cruel as it was the reality of what might have been if Operation Olympus had proceeded is lost on many. The planners at the time were estimating 300,000 to 700,000 allied casualties—and up to 2,000,000 Japanese casualties for the first phase of the operation.
Imagine a world where “Made in Japan” didn’t happen.
My dad would have been a new infantry draftee private in Coronet and/or Olympic. Against fierce Japanese resistance, he might not have made it. The atom bomb probably made me possible.
Derserves to be repeated.
Every war has developed newer technologies to kill people. Nuclear weapons are too indescriminate to use in populous nations.
The fact so many here gloat over the deaths of thousands of innocents should be reviled. It makes you look like the jihadists that celebrated when the Twin Towers fell.
Was the dropping necessary? It saved American lives. The bomb had been developed, it would be used. EVERY weapon developed gets used, especially in a time of war.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works. | <urn:uuid:9bccd15a-f55c-43f9-a3c7-244114f3f55c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2058966/posts?page=9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979892 | 2,876 | 3.546875 | 4 |
News and Events
Public Relations & Marketing
Ice Cream and Peas: Autism Awareness in April
Families with children on the autism spectrum are familiar with "the beige diet," in which the child picks foods to eat based on their color (chicken nuggets, french fries). This is one of the many feeding disorders seen at WCU's Southeastern Pennsylvania Autism Resource Center, known as SPARC.
Jennifer Dawson, clinical director of SPARC and a specialist in pediatric feeding disorders, says for any autistic individual with a feeding disorder, "Ice cream is the same as peas." One is not a sweet dessert and the other a tasty vegetable. Rather, that individual lumps into one category anything that isn't beige or the same texture as a chicken nugget.
Dawson says it's estimated that 80% of individuals with developmental disabilities and more than 45% of typically developing children have some type of feeding problem. Because many parents are told their children will probably grow out of their finicky eating, the issue is somewhat misunderstood and often flies under the radar of clinicians. Feeding disorders are best evaluated and addressed early because they can manifest as obesity or failure to thrive, even later in life.
SPARC is the only site in the region -- and one of the few clinics in the country -- to combine intensive clinic-based feeding therapy with home and community services.
With behavior analysis as their conceptual framework, the therapists at SPARC develop treatments based on each client's strengths and needs. They conduct a comprehensive feeding evaluation in the clinic and, whenever possible, at home and at school or day care. Parents are involved from day one. They must follow the individualized protocol developed by SPARC therapists, who help the family transition to home and social settings.
"Generalization is the key to working with children with feeding disorders," explains Dawson, who developed the outpatient feeding disorders program for both children on the autism spectrum and typically developing children.
Typically developing children in the program may have been premature, or suffer from gastroesophageal reflux or other medical conditions. SPARC's services are available to all children presenting with feeding problems appropriate to an outpatient setting, regardless of diagnosis.
In its suite in the University's Graduate Center, SPARC has a large, colorful room for its social skills, young adult and preschool programs. Another kitchen-style room is almost monochrome; in it, therapists work one-on-one with individuals with feeding disorders. Separating the two rooms is an observation room with one-way windows onto both areas. Sessions are videotaped and Dawson analyzes all data gathered during each session, for example, number of bites of food, number of refusals, length of time spent crying.
"I tell parents it's wonderful if I can get your child to eat here in the clinic, but if they're not eating for you at home or at school, then our protocol hasn't been effective," she says.
SPARC is a nonprofit teaching clinic so West Chester undergraduate and graduate students from psychology, special education, and communicative disorders programs serve as student therapists, peer mentors and volunteers, gaining valuable training in the field of autism and behavior analysis.
Dawson understands parents of a child on the autism spectrum can be overwhelmed, so the clinic's policy is to offer an initial appointment within two weeks of a family contacting them for a diagnostic evaluation.
"We offer comprehensive therapeutic services for the child's personal, social and academic development as well as support for their families as they navigate the maze of opportunities for evaluation and treatment."
For more about SPARC, visit the website.
Jennifer Dawson,a licensed clinical psychologist and Board Certified Behavior Analyst, arrived at West Chester University in 2006 and opened SPARC in March 2007. She developed her specialty in pediatric feeding disorders while at the Kennedy Krieger Institute at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Her clinical and research expertise and interests are in the areas of behavior analysis, autism spectrum disorders, feeding disorders, parent training, treatment acceptability and behavior problems. She earned both her M.A. and Ph.D. in child clinical psychology from Louisiana State University. | <urn:uuid:8504170d-6c8c-402c-bc89-df2da092adc0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://wcupa.edu/pr/2014/03.25autism.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00042-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962033 | 849 | 2.671875 | 3 |
July 24, 2003
Most designers and engineers usually place very little importance on achieving the correct inside radius of a formed part. Why? Because the functionality of the part is unaffected if the specified inside radius is 0.062 in. and actual measured inside radius is 0.078 in. So why do we care about achieving an exact inside radius? First we need to look at the current state of forming and the method used.
The most common forming method used today is air forming. Air forming is a three-point bending in which the final inside bend radius is determined by the width of the V die (see Figure 1).
As the V-die width is narrowed or widened, it will have the effect of increasing or decreasing the inside radius of the part respectively. This principle is known as the 20 percent rule (20 percent is not the only percentage used). Typical manufacturing facilities use many types of sheet metal. The table below shows the correct percentage to compute the inside radius for some common material types. The 20 percent rule percentages for other materials can be estimated by comparing the tensile strengths of the material with any sheet metal supplier's material characteristics sheet.
In the old days a rule of thumb for selecting a die width was that the die width should be six to 12 times that of the material thickness. No other factors were considered. But this is how many problems with air forming begin. Why? Because between six and 12 times the material thickness a wide range of tooling options exist, and each option produces a different inside radius. Note that these rules do not apply to bottom bending or coining.
To put this concept into perspective, let's examine what might happen on the shop floor. Operator A may choose a six times V-die width from experience, paying attention to the punch tip radius only but not to the achievable inside radius. Operator B, concentrating on tonnage, may choose 12 times the material thickness, again with no real concern for the final measurable inside radius.
Because air forming establishes the inside radius at the V-die opening rather than at the punch tip, variations in V-die width will change the geomety of the final product.
If the radius changes, so does the geometry, in particular, the outside setback (OSSB), or (X) factor. The outside setback is defined as the distance between the tangent point of the radius and the apex of the bend. If the radius and OSSB change, so do the bend deduction (BD), or (X) factor, and the bend allowance (see Figure 2).
Finding a part design that places a feature inside the area that is defined by the outside setback (on the radius) is uncommon, unless that feature is placed on or outside the bend line. Any feature placed inside the area defined by the OSSB or bend line will suffer distortion. The closer to the bend line a feature gets, the greater the amount of the distortion it will encounter (see Figure 3).
Back to our original question, why do we care about achieving exact inside radius? A part feature designed to lie outside the area defined by the OSSB will begin to distort as the radius increases. If the radius is too large, the area of the OSSB will be too large, thus, setting the feature into the area of the new and larger OSSB.
How can these problems be avoided? By using a standard formula based on the outside radius of the final product when selecting a V-die opening. The reason for basing the calculations on the outside radius rather than guessing at six, eight, 10 or 12 times the material thickness is that this method (shown below) will result in a consistent tooling selection regardless of the bending method or type.
Optimum V-die opening: Factor x (outside radius x 0.7071)
When you use the 20 percent rule to find the measurable inside radius specified in the design, based on the inside radius produced at the optimum V-die width, distortions will decrease or disappear completely, and you'll achieve true consistency in forming, regardless of the material thickness, bend radius, type of bend, or forming method. | <urn:uuid:854e6fa1-1c85-488a-9e3f-e64f246d12a9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thefabricator.com/article/stamping/die-width-selection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00177-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901217 | 848 | 3.65625 | 4 |
More and more schools are using mobile learning devices to help boost student engagement and achievement, and a new monograph from the Consortium for School Networking (CoSN) examines some of the best practices in mobile devices from schools across the nation.
“Small Size, Big Potential: Mobile Learning Devices in School,” the third and final component from CoSN’s 2011 Compendium, profiles Oregon’s Canby School District, Chicago Public Schools, Katy Independent School District in Texas, Minnesota’s Osseo School District, and Ohio’s St. Mary’s City Schools.
The school districts share their experiences with one-to-one computing implementations, launching “bring your own device” programs, and overcoming obstacles such as budget constraints.
“From smart phones to tablets, mobile devices are changing the traditional methods of K-12 teaching and learning, offering schools advanced, affordable solutions toward creating a more collaborative, engaging and personalized learning environment,” said Lucy Gray, project director of CoSN’s Leadership for Mobile Learning Initiative and author of the monograph. “Schools embracing these technologies are helping to shape 21st century classrooms and are paving the way for other districts by documenting their best practices and maintaining an open dialogue on how to implement robust, successful mobile learning programs.”
For more on mobile learning, see:
Educators and students have a number of options when it comes to mobile learning devices, including laptops, netbooks, tablets, eReaders, and smart phones. According to the monograph, laptops and netbooks maintain a large presence in one-to-one computing programs, but many schools are opting to use smart phones or tablets when they launch new mobile pilots.
“Bring your own device” (BYOD) pilots also are gaining steam, with more schools realizing the benefits to be had when students bring their own technology tools–especially in tough budget times. | <urn:uuid:12981a34-00ed-4a7b-b4e2-c9f203adc4a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eschoolnews.com/2012/01/07/tips-and-success-stories-for-effective-mobile-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00073-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930039 | 400 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This is an edited version of a presentation to the "Intellectual Property Online" panel at the Harvard Conference on the Internet and Society, May 28-31, 1996. The panel was a reminder of both the importance of intellectual property and the dangers of legal insularity. Of approximately 400 panel attendees, 90% were not lawyers. Accordingly, the remarks that follow are an attempt to lay out the basics of intellectual property policy in a straighforward and non-technical manner. In other words, this is what non-lawyers should know (and what a number of government lawyers seem to have forgotten) about intellectual property policy on the Internet. The legal analysis which underlies this discussion is set out in the Appendix.
James Boyle, Intellectual Property Policy Online: A Young Person’s Guide, 10 Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 47-111 (1996)
Library of Congress Subject Headings
Intellectual property infringement, Public domain, Internet, Fair use (Copyright), Copyright | <urn:uuid:6e537eb7-c47a-4631-b4cb-9f94852f3791> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/3076/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875824 | 198 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Artist: Joshua Johnson
Title: Mrs. Abraham White, Jr., and Daughter Rose
Oil on canvas
Overall: 30 x 25 1/2 in. (76.2 x 64.8 cm) Overall, Frame: 35 x 30 1/8 x 2 in. (88.9 x 76.5 x 5.1 cm)
Gift of Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch
What details do you notice in this portrait of a woman and child?
Try to sit like the woman. How do you feel?
How would you describe this painting to a person who could not see it?
This portrait is typical of post-Revolutionary War art made by self-taught painters. Martha Bussey White (1778-1809) is shown seated with one of her seven children, Rose Elizabeth (1807-1875). Although he did not have formal training in an art school, artist Joshua Johnson is able to show the warmth of the relationship and the tenderness of the mother towards her daughter as she places her hand on Rose Elizabeth’s shoulder. The two are also depicted holding props. Martha holds a book, and Rose Elizabeth holds a sprig of strawberries, a common symbol for the sweetness of youth. Johnson repeatedly used the two props in many of his paintings of women and children.
Joshua Johnson was one the first freedmen to earn a professional reputation as a portraitist. By the 1800s when Johnson was painting, Baltimore was comprised of a large African-American population, where free blacks outnumbered those enslaved. In a newspaper advertisement from 1798, Johnson promoted himself as a
...self-taught genius, deriving from nature and industry his knowledge of the Art and having experienced many insufferable obstacles in the pursuit of his studies, it is highly gratifying to him to make assurances of his ability to execute all commands with an effect and style that give fascination.
Johnson painted more than 80 portraits of middle-class families, including merchants like Mrs. White’s family. However, only two of Johnson’s surviving portraits depict African-American subjects. When Johnson painted Mrs. White and her daughter, Abraham White, Jr. ran a grocery establishment on High Street, not far from Johnson’s home.
How does what you’ve learned about Johnson’s life and career change your ideas about this painting?
What is your experience having your portrait made, such as a school picture? How did you pose? Were there
any props included? | <urn:uuid:7a22f7b4-7f60-4fa7-884c-ccd96a5a3eeb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chrysler.org/ajax/load-artwork/46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00088-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973021 | 517 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Confessional Lutheran theology, hagiography, philosophy, music, culture, sports, education,
and whatever else is on the fevered mind of Orycteropus Afer
+ Augustine of Hippo, Doctor of the Church +
28 August AD 430
Saint Augustine was one of the greatest of the Latin church fathers and was among the most significant influences in the formation of Western Christianity, including Lutheranism. He was born to Monica
and Patricius, a Christian mother and a pagan father, in AD 354 in Tagaste, Numidia (now Souk Ahras in Algeria).
Augustine's early life was distinguished by exceptional advancement as a teacher of rhetoric. He described his life before his conversion to Christianity in his book Confessions
. He was drawn into the moral laxity of the day, plagued by lust, and fathered an illegitimate son. He also joined himself to the Manichaeian religion
Although he wandered (and sometimes wallowed) through a sinful, unchristian life for many years, Monica continued faithfully praying for Augustine's conversion. During his times of spiritual unrest, he moved first to Rome and later to Milan in order to find and hold teaching positions.
Monica's prayers were answered as her son responded to God's Word and the work of the Holy Spirit through the the preaching of Ambrose
, Bishop of Milan. Certainly Monica must have rejoiced to see her son baptized by Ambrose during the Easter Vigil of 387. However, her earthly joy was short-lived; she died at Ostia Antica, just outside Rome, as she was beginning a journey back to Africa with her sons Augustine and Navigius.
During the Pelagian Controversies
of the Fifth Century, Augustine fought the notion of salvation by works and emphasized the unilateral grace of God in the salvation of mankind. The great theologian served as Bishop of Hippo
in North Africa from AD 395 until his death in 430. Augustine was a man of immense intellect and deep love, a fierce defender of the orthodox faith, and a prolific writer. In addition to his Confessions
, Augustine's book City of God
(De Civitate Dei
) had great impact upon the Church throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
His monastic rule was used and emulated in much of the Western Church. The Order of Saint Augustine
adhered closely to his teachings. Through the Order, Augustine's theology had a profound impact upon the thinking of the young German monk, Martin Luther
. Luther espoused and refined Augustine's understanding of divine grace and of original sin
, becoming part of the theology that forged the Reformation.
The barbarian invasions of the 5th Century form the backdrop for his death. Saint Augustine died during the Vandal
siege of Hippo. He urged resistance, at least in part because the Vandals held to the Arian heresy
. He is listed with Saint Ambrose as two of the Western (or Latin) fathers among the eight great Doctors of the undivided Church
and Gregory the Great
are the West's other representatives; Athanasius
, John Chrysostom
, Basil the Great
, and Gregory of Nazianzus
represent Eastern (Greek) Christendom.
The picture above represents Augustine's baptism at the hands of Ambrose. The text behind his head is the opening of the medieval hymn, Te Deum Laudamus
. Some legends tell that Augustine and Ambrose jointly improvised it at this moment.LectionPsalm 87 or 84:7-12Hebrews 12:22-24,28-29John 14:6-15Collect
Lord God, the Light of minds who know You, the Life of souls who love You, and the Strength of hearts who serve You, help us to follow the example of Your servant Augustine of Hippo, knowing You that we may truly love You, and loving You that we may fully serve You, whom to serve is perfect freedom; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who lives and reigns with You and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and forever.Hymn: Holy God, We Praise Your Name
Holy God, we praise your name;
Lord of all, we bow before you.
All on earth your scepter claim,
All in heaven above adore you.
Infinite your vast domain,
Everlasting is your reign.
Hark! The glad celestial hymn
Angel choirs above are raising;
Cherubim and seraphim,
In unceasing chorus praising,
Fill the heavens with sweet accord:
"Holy, holy, holy Lord!"
Lo, the apostolic train
Join your sacred name to hallow;
Prophets swell the glad refrain,
And the white robed martyrs follow;
And from morn to set of sun
Through the Church the song goes on.
You are King of Glory, Christ;
Son of God, yet born of Mary.
For us sinners sacrificed,
As to death a Tributary,
First to break the bars of death,
You have opened heaven to faith.
Holy Father, holy Son,
Holy Spirit, three we name you,
Though in essence only one;
Undivided God we claim you
And, adoring, bend the knee
While we own the mystery.Canticle: Te Deum Laudamus
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| Numidian history | <urn:uuid:2c160c54-ebe9-4e67-8d99-52b1ff7bd654> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://aardvarkalley.blogspot.com/2011/08/augustine-of-hippo-doctor-of-church.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933496 | 1,240 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Permanent URL to this publication: http://dx.doi.org/10.5167/uzh-62168
Egli, M; Wernli, M; Kneisel, C; Biegger, S; Haeberli, W (2006). Melting glaciers and soil development in the proglacial area Morteratsch (Swiss Alps): II. Modeling the present and future soil state. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 38(4):510-521.
View at publisher
Climate change due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases is predicted to increase the average surface temperature. The most evident soil changes in the Alps will occur in proglacial areas where already existing young soils (with an age in most cases of up to 150 years) will continuously develop and new soils will form due to glacier retreat. Based on existing soil chronosequence data and statistical analyses in the proglacial area Morteratsch (Switzerland), the present-day state of the soils as well as their future development in the next 100 years in the existing and new proglacial area has been modeled taking the retreat of the glacier into consideration. The present-day as well as the future soil distribution was modeled using a probabilistic approach. Several soil characteristics have been modeled such as the pH value, the skeleton content, and the soil depth relevant to plant growth. To model soil properties in a future proglacial area (that is now covered by ice), the glacier-bed morphology had to be modeled. The calculations were performed using the cubic Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) curve to parameterize the course of a branch in flow direction. With the help of the ice cap and relief factor the thickness of the glacier was modeled. Climate change was introduced numerically by changing the mass balance of the glacier. For the area of interest a temperature increase of +1.6°C by the year 2050 and +3°C by the year 2100 can be assumed (according to the scenario A1B of IPCC). In the upper part of the proglacial area mostly Skeletic/Lithic Leptosols and Humi-Skeletic Leptosols will be found. In flat parts close to the main river, additional Fluvisols will develop. A considerable part of the upper proglacial area does not have any soil cover. Lithic/Skeletic to Humi- Skeletic Leptosols are modeled on the young lateral moraines. Chronosequences were vital to make any (4D) predictions of soil evolution in the proglacial area. The statistically and probabilistically based model also had, however, its weaknesses. The problems are related to the sediment properties in the glacier bed and the stability of new moraines.
45 downloads since deposited on 20 Jul 2012
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|Item Type:||Journal Article, refereed, original work|
|Communities & Collections:||07 Faculty of Science > Institute of Geography|
|Dewey Decimal Classification:||910 Geography & travel|
|Deposited On:||20 Jul 2012 23:09|
|Last Modified:||05 Apr 2016 15:48|
|Publisher:||University of Colorado, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research|
Users (please log in): suggest update or correction for this item
Repository Staff Only: item control page | <urn:uuid:798662a8-fd63-45e0-a0e6-21b351984e92> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.zora.uzh.ch/62168/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00093-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892677 | 717 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Reform Calculus Resources
Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help
|Many printable activities and worksheets, some with solutions, long-term student projects, capsules and tutorials, and resources for instructors including a sample second-semester calculus course with in-class groupwork activities, projects, and student oral presentations. Entries are indexed by keyword and by the section in which they occur in the text Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by James Stewart.|
|Levels:||High School (9-12), College|
|Resource Types:||Syllabi, Lesson Plans and Activities, Problems/Puzzles, Tutorials|
|Math Topics:||Calculus (Single Variable), Calculus (Multivariable)|
|Math Ed Topics:||Calculus Reform|
© 1994- The Math Forum at NCTM. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:85f724cb-f479-4038-b858-530a701dcc19> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathforum.org/library/view/8188.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.793658 | 188 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers
UNITAR PRTR Programme
Based in the principle of people’s right to have access to environmental information, a Pollutant Releases and Transfers Register (PRTR) is a database about releases of potentially harmful chemicals to the environment, which is accessible to the civil society.
A PRTR provides information about releases to air, water and land from a broad variety of productive activities, such as the chemical industry, agricultural operations (pesticides), and transportation activities. It also reports on the transfer of waste and wastewaters from the point where they are produced to the treatment and disposal sites. Therefore, PRTRs are a powerful tool to provide specific environmental information that can help to:
- Inform people about their environment and their surroundings
- Track potentially harmful substances through their life-cycle
- Develop informed policy to improve environmental performance
- Incentive innovation and use of cleaner technologies in the industrial sector and other productive activities
- Create a close relation between industry and communities (increased transparency)
Information in a PRTR is periodically collected directly from industrial facilities or other productive sectors into a centralized national database, and subsequently published in a free-access website, or in a national report. Potential applications of PRTR information include mapping the data to discern the proximity of pollution sources to population centres or to ecologically sensitive areas.
The goal of UNITAR’s PRTR Programme is to assist countries in the design and implementation of national PRTRs through multi-stakeholder processes. In collaboration with IOMC, UNITAR developed a 6-step training methodology to design a national PRTR system (Download).
UNITAR PRTR Programme has delivered training and supported PRTR design activities in more than 20 countries around the world, since 1998. UNITAR’s 6-step training methodology to design a PRTR has proved easy-to-use and effective on assisting countries to assess their initial infrastructure to implement a PRTR; to develop the legal, technical, and administrative aspects of a PRTR; and to pilot a first PRTR report at the national level (Download).
GEF global project on implementing PRTRs in six countries
UNITAR is currently initiating a project with UNEP, funded by the GEF, to implement PRTR systems in Belarus, Cambodia, Ecuador, Kazakhstan, Moldova, and Peru and prove these systems as effective tools to report releases of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) to the environment. The project aims to evidence the value of PRTR systems to report chemicals under different Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), such as the Stockholm Convention on POPs. The project will be implemented from 2014 to 2018.
PRTRs as tools to support SAICM implementation
As part of the comprehensive Global Plan of Action of the Strategic Approach to Internationals Chemicals Management (SAICM), PRTR was identified as one of the work areas that are priorities to soundly manage chemicals in countries. Funded by the SAICM Trust Fund, UNITAR is implementing PRTR design projects in Azerbaijan and Panama under the SAICM objectives of systematizing environmental information and improving risk communication. The projects will be implemented from 2013 to 2015. A similar project was implemented in 2010-2012 in Georgia.
PRTRs around the world
Around 30 countries around the world already report their emissions and transfers of chemicals to air, water, and soil through their PRTR systems. Every year more countries are joining this initiative.
The International PRTR Coordinating Group provides an opportunity for cooperation between international organizations, governments, and other interested parties regarding PRTRs and related capacity-building activities. This group also ensures coordination among organizations and countries involved in PRTR development and implementation. UNITAR is an active member of the PRTR ICG.
OECD has been supporting the development and implementation of PRTR systems in member countries. Important experiences and lessons learned are shared among the OECD countries on the implementation of PRTR systems. This is an important pool of knowledge and tools which the OECD Task Force on PRTRs makes accessible to any country interested in implementing a PRTR. UNITAR closely collaborates with OECD on the development and revision of tools and methodologies to implement PRTR systems. Click here to learn more.
Visit this resourceful global portal developed between the OECD Task Force on PRTRs, UNECE, and UNEP/Grid Arendal.
UNITAR has developed PRTR:Learn, a platform to share knowledge and provide training about PRTR systems. This interactive platform facilitates online forums, webinars, and chats and provides access to several resources. It also includes a comprehensive library with different types of documents that can assist on learning about PRTRs around the world and implementing a PRTR system. | <urn:uuid:490f6899-4b2d-4bcd-a22c-1ea92db2716d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.unitar.org/cwm/prtr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926037 | 993 | 2.96875 | 3 |
How to teach your kids that money doesn't grow on trees
By Erica Sandberg
July 1, 2014
My boys are 6 and 8, and they think money grows on trees! If I tell them that I don't have the money to buy them a toy or something, they tell me to use my credit card! I've told them that you still have to pay the money back, but they don't seem to get it. Any ideas? –Jeannie
I understand your predicament. As my own daughter gleefully pointed out, money does grow on trees! It is made of paper, after all, which comes from, you know… trees. Smart aleck kids.
Time to give some real lessons in what money and credit are all about, since it seems your wee ones are a wee bit confused about the basics. Here's how you, Professor Mom, can clear up the murkiness.
How you get money
A logical place to begin is with the fine art of earning. Keep it simple and positive. Explain that an employer gives money in exchange for effort and time. The longer and harder you work, the more you'll make. Demonstrate this by allowing your children to earn a bit of cash from an array of job opportunities. Make sure the tasks are doable but challenging, and outside of what they're normally expected to do. You can even negotiate over the wage.
It's important to give them the sense that work may be tough, but worth the reward. About your own occupation, convey a sense of pride. A great way to put it: “Not all aspects of my job are fantastic, but I always love providing for you guys!”
What you do with money
Tell them that because you are the parent, you get to decide where and how to spend the money you earn. Your first priority is to ensure their security. That means paying for essentials such as housing costs, fuel for the car and groceries. Draw a pie chart, with all the categories as slices. Include pieces for savings and fun.
Point out that if you spend too much in one slice of pie, there won't be enough for others. Again, you want to convey control and enjoyment.
Why you might want to borrow money
Explain that there are some things that you would like to have, but you don't have all the money needed right now, so sometimes it makes sense to borrow. Tell them the cost of an average house in your area, and say, “Most people don't have enough cash to buy a home like this with savings, so they ask a bank for a loan and make monthly payments. The bank adds fees to the loan, but the buyer gets to live in it right away, which is really cool.”
As for credit cards, it looks as though the kids have seen you use them, so now explain the more complete process:
- Say: “The bank lets me borrow up to $1,000. That's my credit line and I can charge up to that amount.”
- Tell them: “At the end of the month, they tally up all my charges and send me a bill. If I pay everything, I don't have to pay any extra (called interest). But if I only pay some, what I bought will be more expensive, leaving me with less money to spend on other things we want or need.”
What happens when you don't repay the money you borrow
Now, get really dramatic. Ask them if they'd be upset if they lent someone money, but that person didn't pay it back. When they nod, explain that banks do too, and can react in a few ways:
- Give you a terrible report card. Just as their school will list poor marks for bad performance, banks will add negative information about you to credit reports. Other banks will see that you didn't pay as you promised, and the next time you want a loan, it will be harder and more expensive.
- Add a lot of money to what you already owe. The amount of interest the banks add will be higher, making it even harder to repay.
- Sue you if you still don't pay. They have that right, but you never want them to take that action. It would be very stressful, and you'd probably lose and owe even more.
So that's a start. Don't try to cover all these points at once, but discuss it over time. Instead of lecturing, try to have fun with it! Though this knowledge won't always take the sting out of not getting what they want when they want it, it should temper the tantrums.
Got a question for Erica? Send her an email. | <urn:uuid:48e6a3b4-2e2d-414e-a618-0020e618f043> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.creditcardguide.com/creditcards/erica/teach-kids-money-doesnt-grow-trees-2564/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00058-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978322 | 974 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The melting of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets is accelerating and may trigger faster sea level rise than predicted, according to leaked details of the forthcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report.
Greenland's ice added six times more to sea levels in the decade through 2011 than in the prior 10 years, according to details of a draft 2200-page study by the UN agency, obtained by Bloomberg.
The Antarctic experienced a five-fold increase, prompting the UN to raise its forecast for how much the two ice sheets would add to Earth's oceans by 2100.
The leak comes just weeks before the IPCC gathers on September 23 in Stockholm, with the Fifth Assessment Report scheduled to be released four days later. National delegates are expected to wade through 1800 comments to achieve consensus on the important Summary for Policymakers during the event.
The report's assessment of ice melt from Greenland and Antarctica will be closely watched. The previous IPCC report, released in 2007, drew criticism from some scientists for underplaying the potential contribution from the two regions.
"Greenland is losing mass and the rate of loss from Greenland has increased," said Ian Allison, a Hobart-based honorary research professor and lead author of the IPCC report's chapter on the cryosphere. "Antarctica is also losing mass but the signal is not so strong whether it's accelerating."
Sea levels are now forecast to rise by as much as 80 centimetres by the end of the century and are expected to continue to rise after that.
According to the leaked report, Greenland's contribution to rising sea levels "very likely" rose to an average of 0.59 millimetres a year from 2002 to 2011, from 0.09 millimetres a year in the prior decade. Global sea levels have been rising at the rate of more than 3 millimetres a year. Together, Greenland and Antarctica contain enough ice to raise global sea levels by almost 66 metres.
The IPCC leaks come as Australia is likely to register a poor snow season. Temperatures often favoured rain rather than snow, with the early arrival of warm spring weather likely to continue a trend towards shorter snow seasons.
"The world is defrosting," Professor Neville Nicholls, a climate expert at Monash University, said in a recent interview. "We're losing snowfields, we're losing glaciers and we're starting to get melting of the big ice blocks on Greenland, even on Antarctica over the last decade or so."
"It's just more and more evidence that the whole world is warming." | <urn:uuid:fc5f041a-1c0b-4ce2-af2b-1fceba332d23> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/environment/seas-may-be-rising-faster-than-predicted-scientists-20130906-2tanz.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951203 | 512 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Visit our sister site, BirdSong Nature Shop, for great prices on thousands of backyard birding items:
|The cucumber tree
|The leaves and fruit of a cucumber tree
|A cucumber tree blossom
Scientific Name: Magnolia acuminata
Hardiness Zones: 3 to 8
Height: 60 ft
Spread: 60 ft
Type: deciduous tree
Annual Growth Rate: 12 to 18 inches
This magnolia often forms a single stem more readily than other species of the genus. The large, dark green, leaves give the plant a coarse texture. The flowers are produced in late spring and may not be produced until the tree is fairly old. The common name refers to the pinkish, 3-inch fruit borne in late summer.
'Butterflies' - Light yellow flowers are produced on plants 18 feet tall.
X 'Elizabeth' - This hybrid has yellow flowers and will reach a height of 30 feet.
'Gold Star' - The 40-foot trees produced yellow flowers. The new foliage is bronzed until summer.
'Golden Glow' - The bright yellow flowers are produced in late spring on plants that can be 40 feet tall.
'Goldfinch' - Yellow flowers are produced before the leaves appear. The trees reach a height of 30 feet.
'Yellow Fever' - The 40-foot tall tree produces large, yellow flowers.
X 'Yellow Lantern' - Clear, lemon yellow flowers. | <urn:uuid:653e1bff-48df-43e1-b901-22185344c98a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.treehelp.com/cucumber-tree/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.868801 | 303 | 3.453125 | 3 |
I think that material culture has two important interpretative uses. 1) Strategic. As anyone who has been on one of Jim Ogden's staff rides at Chick-Chatt can attest, the materiel of the Confederate soldier is a window into the political economy of the Confederacy, Chattanooga being the gateway into the industrial heartland of the Confederacy. A Johnny writing home about the abundance of goods - and, yes, that happens despite mythology - reveals the extent of the (to quote The Ogden) "Confederate military-industrial complex."
2) Social. What do clothes say about the man? What prewar associations did soldiers make between cloth and status? Is the fact that the Confederacy resorts to the cotton-wool blended jean cloth vice the all-wool uniforms of regulation (and their U.S. counterparts) significant? I think it is, particularly with this army emerging from a southern slave society. How do Confederate soldiers, particularly those from elite backgrounds, react when they are issued uniforms of jean cloth? Is it degrading to wear the material often associated with "jeans wearers," a term antedating "redneck" and "hillbilly"? Is it more degrading when, after hauling off large quantities of jeans from the 1862 Kentucky Campaign, slaveowning Confederates are issued suits of the same goods marketed as "negro cloth" before the war?
This is, also, something I've been playing around with recently. I mentioned a while back poking around on a project on the relationship of the 5th Ky. Inf. to the rest of the Orphan Brigade. That issue of interpreting material culture, using it for more than its purely descriptive, "wonder what it was like..." value. In a paper I'm prepping for the Appalachain Studies Association's meeting in the Spring in Dahlonega, I bring out Kentucky Confederates' association of cloth and class. One brief illustrative point from my paper, my take on an account of the 5th Ky. joining the rest of the Brigade, which by that time was uniformly uniformed in what is now known as the "Columbus Depot" jacket.
"'Say, there backwoods, bawled one [Orphan], 'any more butternut jeans where you
came from?' And such attacks came quick and fast." Such attacks, of
course, associated both class - jeans coats - and space - the backwoods - with
the men of the Fifth Kentucky and as a consequence with the mountains as a whole
without regard to material evidence of the Fifth's actual range of sartorial
Lee, if I remember correctly, has found some similar evidence of disdain for rough jeans from his South Carolinians. Any more we're aware of? | <urn:uuid:252e20bb-11a1-4c97-aaad-99659a6559c4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://bullyforbragg.blogspot.com/2009/11/interpreting-wileys-material-culture.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00147-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952775 | 564 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Personality Traits Influence Emotional Memories
We all carry products of life circumstances in the form of emotional memories. Some memories are positive, others are painful recollections that we would rather forget.
A new study suggests the factors that influence the way memories affect us include gender, personality and the methods used to moderate feelings.
“We’re looking at traits that are associated with the way that people process the emotional world and the way that they respond to it,” said University of Illinois psychology professor Dr. Florin Dolcos.
“We wanted to look not only at how personality traits might influence what and how people remember, but also to examine how that impacts their (subsequent) emotional state.”
Previous studies of personality and its relationship to autobiographical memory have tended to focus only on women and only on negative memories, Dolcos said. Researchers have been drawn to women because they are more likely to be diagnosed with emotional disorders such as depression or anxiety, which are associated with an increased focus on negative emotions.
Investigators have found that individuals with strong neurotic behavior — the tendency to focus on negative emotions, particularly in times of stress — also “are more disposed to become ill with affective disorders like depression and anxiety-related problems.”
However, prior research efforts have not looked at differences between men and women, the relationship between positive and negative memories, the frequency with which individuals recall specific memories and the vividness of their memories. Nor have most such studies examined the strategies people use to regulate their emotions when calling to mind positive and negative autobiographical memories.
Such strategies include suppression (trying to blunt or hide negative emotions) and reappraisal (trying to adopt a new perspective on unpleasant memories).
In the new study, Dolcos and colleagues examined all these variables with findings suggesting a complex interplay of factors that contribute to mood in healthy young men and women.
The researchers used questionnaires and verbal cues to assess personality and to elicit more than 100 autobiographical memories in each of 71 participants (38 of them women). Investigators learned that both men and women who were high in extroversion (gregarious, assertive, stimulus-seeking) tended to remember more positive than negative life events.
Men who were high in neuroticism tended to recall a greater proportion of negative memories than men who were low in neuroticism, while women who were high in neuroticism tended to return to the same negative memories again and again, a process called rumination.
Rumination is known to be associated with depression.
“Depressed people recollect those negative memories and as a result they feel sad,” he said. “And as a result of feeling sad, the tendency is to have more negative memories recollected. It’s a kind of a vicious circle.”
Although none of the study participants had been diagnosed with depression or other emotional disorders, both male and female participants were likely to experience a lower mood after recalling negative autobiographical memories.
Typically, positive memories predicted a more positive mood, although the link was indirect and influenced by extroversion.
The most pronounced differences between men and women involved the effects of the emotional strategies they used when recalling negative autobiographical memories.
Men who tended to make an effort to think differently about their memories were likely to recall more positive memories than their peers, while men who tried to suppress their negative emotional responses saw no pronounced effect on the recall of positive or negative memories.
In women, however, suppression was significantly associated with the recall of negative memories and with a lower mood afterward.
“I think that the most important thing here is that we really need to look concomitantly at sex- and personality-related differences and to acknowledge that these factors have a different impact on the way we record our memories, on what we are doing with our memories, and later, how what we are doing with our memories is impacting our emotional well-being,” said co-author and postdoctoral researcher Dr. Sanda Dolcos.
The findings are instructive for both men and women, she said. Being more outgoing, interrupting rumination and using reappraisal seems to work best for men and women as a strategy for dealing with negative memories and cherishing the positive ones, she said.
Nauert PhD, R. (2015). Personality Traits Influence Emotional Memories. Psych Central. Retrieved on June 26, 2016, from http://psychcentral.com/news/2012/04/11/personality-traits-influence-emotional-memories/37198.html | <urn:uuid:fe1519ec-f954-42a2-8fff-fd4009807ee9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://psychcentral.com/news/2012/04/11/personality-traits-influence-emotional-memories/37198.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00052-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960348 | 945 | 3.15625 | 3 |
As the first tribes of men migrated north from the Lorimar Sea to settle in what is now Narin, many smaller groups broke off to remain in the beautiful landscapes of what has become the Kingdom of Corin. Small fiefdoms eventually sprung up from agricultural and fishing settlements, becoming a loose-knit whole that led to a history of very republican Corin sovereignty.
Under Narin Rule
The reign of Arlor II of Narin brought Corin into the Empire of Narin after a bloody campaign from -12 to -7 IA, Corin became the first conquered province of the Empire. Corin's more republican nature led to a rather piecemeal military defense, and both occupying and integrating Corin into the Empire were easy for Arlor.
Because of the lack of resistance, Corin enjoyed a much less harsh occupation than some of the other provinces of the period. Corin's staple agricultural and fishing industries flourished again quickly under imperial rule, though its culture of art and knowledge dwindled sharply.
Raiders and Independence
In the late 300s and early 400s IA, Eergu raiders were becoming more common throughout the Empire, as Eergu populations migrated westward through imperial lands. In 460 IA, Laurence of Dunkirk, the Narin-appointed governor of the province, declared Corin independence after growing unrest at Narin's inability to defend the region.
Led by newly-crowned King Laurence and House Dunkirk, Corin mobilized quickly to not only set up defenses against the encroaching Eergu, but to re-install the basic framework of self-governance. King Laurence enjoyed a wealth of popularity for shaking off Narin rule, which enabled him to easily get the taxes he needed to set up a thriving Kingdom of Corin once more. Industry as well as culture soared in a long period of renaissance.
The Second Narin Reign
The royal heir of House Hadal, Prince Arron (Son of King Vandrail I) was assasinated in low-spring of 909 IA as part of a Narin plot to politically destabilize the kingdom. In 910 IA, Emperor Turest III of Narin launched a full-scale invasion of Corin. For reasons that were never discovered, Corin forces all over the kingdom were slow or unable to mobilize, and Corin fell to Narin in an extremely short time. Narin troops became spread especially thin, however. Due to continued conflict both in the north and in Illyria, Narin was unable to continue its campaign, and withdrew from most imperial holdings, including the newly-occupied Corin.
Having no other successors, William of Dunkirk ascended to the throne when Vandrail died, returning Corin rule to the House of Dunkirk. | <urn:uuid:e39de24f-7696-4234-b30f-f41b1ecd8eb9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://gradia.org/Corin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960559 | 570 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Risky actions at Kilauea’s ocean entry are cause for concern
Most of us feel fortunate if we never go near a dangerous battlefield. Yet, dozens, if not hundreds, of people are knowingly — or unwittingly — doing just that every day on Kilauea volcano.
The “battlefield” in question is the ocean entry, where, according to legend, Pele — Hawaiian deity of volcanoes — clashes with her sister, Namakaokahai — Hawaiian deity of the sea. Stories of their encounters reflect the tumultuous interactions that occur when lava meets the sea.
The US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory has repeatedly cautioned people about the hazards of ocean entries in previous “Volcano Watch” articles. But Hawaii residents and visitors continue to put themselves at risk by approaching Kilauea’s ocean entry too closely, both by land and by sea.
Recently, kayakers paddled just feet from lava streaming into the ocean. Then, further risking their lives, they went ashore, walking across new land built by the ocean entry and then scooping molten lava with their paddles. Their actions were unsafe and cause for grave concern — not to mention, culturally insensitive.
Because so many things could have gone awry — instantly and with disastrous results — for the kayakers and other risk-takers, HVO is again reminding folks that ocean entries are exceedingly hazardous areas.
Lava entering the sea builds a platform of new land known as a lava delta. This new land appears deceptively stable, but the veneer of lava hides a foundation of loose rubble. Consequently, lava deltas are extremely unstable, and they can collapse without warning. Kilauea’s largest delta collapse sent 44 acres of new land plummeting into the ocean. But a collapse of only 1 square yard can be deadly, if that’s where you’re standing.
When lava deltas collapse, the mix of lava and seawater generates steam-driven explosions that blast fragments of molten lava and blocks of hot rock hundreds of yards inland and seaward. Rocks the size of a small file cabinet have been hurled 330 yards, with fist-sized rocks thrown as far as 1/4 mile.
If you are on or near a lava delta when it collapses, you are in immediate peril. Imagine the land beneath your feet abruptly giving way, plunging you into a chaotic jumble of scalding seawater and rocky debris. Envision a wave, generated by tons of rock crashing into the sea, swamping kayaks and boats, engulfing swimmers and paddleboarders, and wreaking havoc as it washes ashore. This could all happen.
There is no way to know exactly when a collapse might occur — and it’s unlikely you can outrun, out-paddle or outswim the dangers. Past attempts to flee lava delta collapses have ended with serious injuries and death.
In addition to lava delta collapses, ocean entries pose myriad other hazards, described in detail on HVO’s website, hvo.wr.usgs.gov/hazards/oceanentry/main.html.
For example, the white plume produced when lava enters the sea may look harmless, but it’s a corrosive mixture of superheated steam, hydrochloric acid, and tiny particles of volcanic glass — all to be avoided. Ocean waves washing over an active entry can send boiling seawater farther inland than expected, scalding anyone in its path.
Not surprisingly, people are drawn to the beauty of ocean entries. But, like moths to a flame, approaching too closely is risky. Based on decades of experience observing ocean entries and the consequences of lava delta collapses, HVO advises people to stay 1/4 mile away from where lava enters the sea.
To date, four deaths on Kilauea have been related to ocean entry hazards. Given the recently observed disregard for these hazards, we fear that tragedy will strike again.
Last week’s hiker death was not directly related to the ocean entry. But it underscores the need to be fully prepared for a long, hot hike if you plan to trek across Kilauea’s lava flow field, which can be legally accessed via Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Tips for safe lava hiking and viewing are available at pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/fs152-00/fs152-00.pdf and from National Park rangers.
With due diligence, you can safely witness lava entering the sea. Know the hazards. Keep a safe distance from the ocean entry. And, above all, do not be misguided by the risky actions of others.
Kilauea activity update
A lava lake within the Halemaumau Overlook vent produced nighttime glow visible from the Jaggar Museum overlook and via HVO’s webcam during the past week. The lava lake reached to within 130 feet of the floor of Halemaumau Crater, in response to a several-day-long inflation, before cycles of deflation and inflation started again May 13.
The lava level dropped thereafter, rising and falling between about 165 and 230 feet below the crater floor.
On Kilauea’s east rift zone, breakouts from the Peace Day tube remain active on the pali and on the coastal plain. Small ocean entries are active on both sides of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park boundary, though the entry within the National Park has diminished considerably. A breakout started May 6 from a spatter cone on the northeast edge of Puu Oo’s crater floor has traveled about 0.6 miles toward the north, adjacent to the Kahaualea flow that died last month.
No earthquakes were reported felt in the past week across Hawaii Island.
Visit hvo.wr.usgs.gov for Volcano Awareness Month details and Kilauea, Mauna Loa and Hualalai activity updates, recent volcano photos, recent earthquakes and more; call 967-8862 for a Kilauea summary; email questions to [email protected].
Volcano Watch is a weekly article and activity update written by scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. | <urn:uuid:d12af933-0124-4b65-9ec3-41038f5cc74e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://westhawaiitoday.com/sections/news/volcano-update/risky-actions-kilauea%E2%80%99s-ocean-entry-are-cause-concern.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00175-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919542 | 1,298 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Speed Limits on Cargo Ships Could Cut Emissions ‘Up to 70%’
Putting a speed limit on cargo ships as they sail near ports and coastlines could cut their GHG emissions by up to 70 percent, according to scientists writing in the journal Environmental Science & Technology.
More than 100,000 ships carry 90 percent of the world’s cargo, David R. Cocker III and colleagues write in the journal. Engines on these vessels burn low-grade oil that produces large amounts of air pollution. While cargo ships make up less than 5 percent of the total ocean-going fleet, they emit more than 21 percent of the CO2 from the international shipping industry, according to the journal.
Some 70 percent of ship-related emissions occur within 216 nautical miles of the coastline, the authors write, and between 74 and 83 percent of all vessels are within 200 nautical miles of land at any given time. Because fuel consumption and smokestack emissions increase exponentially with speed, the authors explored how speed limits could reduce pollution.
The research found that slowing container ships to about 14 mph reduced emissions of carbon dioxide by about 60 percent and nitrogen oxides by 55 percent compared to emissions at traditional cruising speeds of 25 to 29 mph. Soot emissions fell by almost 70 percent.
The authors conclude that imposing these speed limits on vessels near ports and coastlines could significantly reduce pollution and protect the health of people living in those areas.
The authors received funding from the California Air Resources Board — which has proposed speed limits on cargo ships — and the EPA.
Some port authorities have launched voluntary speed limits, according to the study. The Los Angeles and Long Beach San Pedro Bay ports have a voluntary program, slowing ships to 12 knots in certain zones.
This vessel speed reduction program helped the Port of Los Angeles cut its cumulative emissions as much as 76 percent while container volumes increased 6 percent between 2005 and 2011, according to the Port of Los Angeles’ 2011 Inventory of Air Emissions.
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- Oberlin, Ohio, Ratepayers to Receive $2.2M in Rebates for Sale of RECs | <urn:uuid:001709db-b1aa-43c3-8036-771ef90ef360> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.environmentalleader.com/2012/10/25/speed-limits-on-cargo-ships-could-cut-emissions-up-to-70/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92766 | 539 | 2.96875 | 3 |
James L. Starr
James L. Starr was born in Dayton, Ohio. He received a B.S. degree in plant pathology from Ohio State University in 1971 and completed an M.S. degree the following year. His research studies in plant nematology began at Cornell University with William F. Mai. After receiving a Ph.D. in 1976, Starr joined the International Meloidogyne Project at North Carolina State University as a post-doctoral associate with Joseph N. Sasser. This included an 8-month appointment as a visiting nematologist at ICRISAT in India where he developed an international perspective on plant disease management. He later worked at the North Carolina Department of Agriculture Nematode Advisory Laboratory. In 1981, Starr was appointed associate professor in the Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology at Texas A&M University where he now holds the rank of professor.
Starr is internationally recognized for his leadership in plant nematology. Studies of the ecology and epidemiology of economically important nematodes have transformed management strategies for peanut and cotton crops in Texas, and promise to transform the worldwide peanut and cotton industries. Specifically, he documented the frequency distributions of Meloidogyne species and developed models of winter survival by comparing the relative role of eggs and second-stage juveniles. By investigating the relationship between nematode number and yield loss, he determined damage functions for M. incognita and M. arenaria on cotton and peanut, respectively. He also determined the complex effects of interactions among nematode infection, fungal disease complexes, and host–plant resistance on these damage functions. Recently, Starr and a long-time collaborator and peanut geneticist, Charles Simpson, introgressed resistance to M. arenaria and M. javanica from wild Arachis species into cultivated peanut. Their release of Coan represents the first nematode-resistant peanut cultivar. Starr was the first to use a marker-assisted selection system for peanuts, and is using this technology to incorporate nematode resistance into lines with Tomato spotted wilt virus and Sclerotinia blight resistance. He also developed the first genetic map of peanut in collaboration with scientists at Texas A&M and the University of Georgia. The genetic map, breeding strategies, and resistance markers are also being used by Starr to produce disease resistance peanuts with a high ratio of oleic to linoleic acid, which is nutritionally beneficial to human health and increases the shelf-life of peanuts.
Starr also has extensive collaborations to develop germ plasm lines with resistance to cotton root-knot nematode, and is currently working to introgress resistance to the reniform nematode from Gossypium barbadense into cultivated cotton that has extant resistant to M. incognita.
His research focus is on the biology, epidemiology, and management of root-knot nematodes, especially on cotton and peanut, with a goal of furthering our understanding of the cell biology of the root-knot/host interactions. Starr has characterized a complex of proteins in esophageal gland secretions (nematode spit) of Meloidogyne species and quantified the multinucleate nature of nematode-induced giant cells in host plants. These polyploid nurse cells increase in gene copy number several hundred-fold. Starr showed that a reduction of nuclei of greater than 70% in giant cells affected a reduction in development of the nematode parasite, suggesting the potential for genetic engineering as an additional form of an IPM-based control strategy. To characterize the relationship between gene copy number in giant cells and nematode development, Starr pioneered the use of laser-capture microdissection coupled with real-time PCR to study gene expression in the giant cells. Starr discovered that tissue sample volume is a more appropriate reference for gene expression than comparison to house-keeping genes, whose expression is likely to be greatly altered in giant cells.
Starr’s basic research has drawn the attention of plant pathologists, nematologists, and plant breeders, revealing his unique strength in bringing modern laboratory practices to practical applications for crop improvement. Another measure of his success is funding by USDA-NRI, USDA-IPM, and US-AID as well as industry and commodity grants. Starr has authored more than 100 publications, including 70 peer-reviewed journal articles. He recently co-edited two books entitled, “Plant Resistance to Parasitic Nematodes” and “A Colour Handbook of Nematode Diseases” for the nematology community.
Starr has a prolific record of training and mentoring more than 20 graduate students who have developed successful careers in industry, universities, and government agencies. Starr is committed to graduate student success and scholarship, including written articles and seminars on ethics and professionalism in science. At Texas A&M, he has played a defining role in teaching several key graduate courses on the application of the science of plant pathology in addressing plant disease management. Currently, he teaches or co-teaches Advanced Plant Pathology, Diseases of Field Crops, Host-Plant Resistance, and a new online course entitled Plant Disease Management. Starr is an effective and popular instructor who emphasizes principles important to plant pathology and has the unusual ability to teach and support a research program encompassing his interests from molecular plant–microbe interactions to applied plant pathology.
As expected of a scientist with an outstanding record of contributions to plant pathology, Starr has had extensive involvement in The American Phytopathological Society (APS) and the Society of Nematologists (SON). He served as president of SON from 1996 to 1997. He has worked to advance the science of nematology by serving on several editorial boards, including senior editor for APS PRESS, a founding senior editor of the APS online journal Plant Health Progress, and the current editor-inchief of the Journal of Nematology. As vice-chair of the Nathan A. Cobb Foundation, Starr was instrumental in completing a fundraising goal of $100,000 for the SON student travel awards. He has served on numerous grant panels as an authority on plant nematology and integrated pest management.
Starr is a respected and distinguished plant nematologist and, accordingly, he was elected as fellow of the Society of Nematologists in 2003. He also was honored for his contributions to the peanut industry where he received the American Peanut Research and Education Society “Bailey Award” on two occasions for outstanding research, and was a recipient of the American Peanut Council’s Research and Education Award in 2001.
Starr is recognized for his scientific contributions and leadership as a plant pathologist. He has a distinguished record of professional service, which speaks to his leadership role in promoting the science of plant nematology. His studies of the nature and genetics of crop resistance to nematode diseases are recognized as an important model for other plant pathologists studying soilborne pathogens of field crops. | <urn:uuid:7702b39b-3209-40e9-b512-e4a33dccc0a6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.apsnet.org/MEMBERS/AWARDS/FELLOWS/Pages/JamesLStarr.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951346 | 1,429 | 2.59375 | 3 |
HEALTH: Support Services; Growing Movement Seeks to Help Women Infected With AIDS Virus
By GINA KOLATA
Published: May 4, 1989
From the beginning, AIDS has been thought of as a man's disease, even by the women who are at risk of getting it. Support groups or advocacy organizations were not formed with women in mind, and they have generally been overlooked in efforts to deal with the epidemic.
But now a new movement is seeking to specifically address the problems that women have in protecting themselves against AIDS and in getting help if they become infected with the AIDS virus.
Experts say the effort is crucial because the virus now seems to be spreading relatively rapidly in women.
''The hope is that the impact on the women's community can be lessened and that women will not have to see that sort of devastation that struck the gay male community,'' said Timothy J. Sweeney, deputy director for policy at the Gay Men's Health Crisis in New York, which strongly supports the effort to help women. #7,000 Women Have AIDS So far AIDS has been diagnosed in about 7,000 women in the United States, or about 10 percent of the nation's total number of AIDS patients. The virus can spread through sexual intercourse or exchanges of blood as in sharing needles with people who carry the AIDS virus. The virus can also be passed from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy or at birth.
Leslie Wolfe, executive director of the Center for Women Policy Studies in Washington, says new support groups are needed because women's concerns have not been addressed.
''Women to a large extent have been invisible in the AIDS epidemic,'' she said. ''One of the problems is that those who are most at risk are low-income women who are sometimes in abusive relationships and are sometimes involved with drug users.''
Her organization, a private advocacy group on women's issues, is establishing a national resource center on women and AIDS and is putting together a directory of education and counseling programs around the country. It is also working with the Y.W.C.A. to train counselors and leaders of local groups.
One such group, called WARN, for Women and AIDS Resource Network, is based in Brooklyn. 'A Very Shaky Situation'
Its director, Marie St. Cyr, said nearly half of the women her group counseled learned they were infected with the AIDS virus when their babies developed AIDS. ''It's awful,'' she said. ''That is why we say the time to serve women is now, not when they are in their first trimester of pregnancy and not when their baby is born.''
But Ms. St. Cyr and others said some women faced formidable problems trying to protect themselves against AIDS. They often have difficulty persuading sexual partners to use condoms if the partners are promiscuous or abuse drugs.
''It can be a very shaky situation for women,'' Ms. St. Cyr said. ''Their husbands look at them and say, 'What have you been doing? Why should we start using a condom now?' Some women feel there is a threat of violence if they even broach the issue.''
Mathilde Krim, director of the American Foundation for AIDS Research, said about 75 percent of American women who have AIDS are members of minorities. 'Waves of Infections'
''We are seeing waves of infections,'' she said. ''First we saw a wave of men - gays and hemophiliacs and drug abusers. Now they have infected women, and we are seeing a wave of infections in women.''
Dr. Mary E. Guinan, assistant director for science at the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, says she is alarmed by the rapid spread of the AIDS virus in women.
The proportion of AIDS cases among women has been steadily increasing since the early 1980's, when women accounted for about 6 percent of all diagnosed AIDS cases.
The Federal figures actually represent a snapshot of the AIDS epidemic 10 years ago, Dr. Guinan added. The agency counts only actual AIDS cases, but it takes 7 to 10 years from the time people are infected with the virus to the time they develop AIDS.
''We don't know what is happening now,'' Dr. Guinan said. ''But I would venture to say that the trend is continuing.''
Gerry Pearlberg, director of an AIDS project for the Women's Action Alliance, said that until recently feminists did not think AIDS was a problem that concerned them. Even women who were particularly at risk did not want to think about AIDS, she said. 'A Huge Amount of Denial'
''There is a huge amount of denial,'' Ms. Pearlberg added. ''Most women don't see themselves as having any possible risk. Most think that by asking a man what his past has been they will get a sufficient answer. Most have bought the idea that this is a gay and I.V. drug users' disease.''
The Women's Action Alliance, an advocacy group based in New York, is working with community groups in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut to provide services and education on AIDS.
Ms. Pearlberg said counselors discuss how women could negotiate for safer sex. ''But we don't really have the answers,'' she said. ''These are huge issues - power, women taking control over sexuality.''
The women's groups also want to press for integrated family services for women with AIDS whose children might also be infected. Many women now must go to one clinic for their own health care and to another one for their children.
They must go to still another center for help in negotiating with landlords or to get financial assistance, which adds to the burden of coping with the disease.
''If there were clinics or centers where an obstetrician and a pediatrician could see the family, and where there was a social worker or someone who could help them to negotiate with the housing authorities, that would go a long way,'' Ms. Wolfe said. ''We're very concerned about service delivery systems that are being developed on the gay male model of AIDS.''
Photo of Marie St. Cyr of WARN, the Women and AIDS Resource Network (NYT/Vic DeLucia) | <urn:uuid:45fce419-d616-4a78-90de-00747391ff71> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/04/us/health-support-services-growing-movement-seeks-help-women-infected-with-aids.html?src=pm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977864 | 1,262 | 2.75 | 3 |
CHADDS FORD, PENNSYLVANIA.-Clement C. Moore's poem The Night Before Christmas has long kindled the imaginations of children and adults alike. For many, reading the poem is a holiday tradition that celebrates the much anticipated appearance of Santa Claus. This year, from November 25, 2005 through January 8, 2006, the Brandywine River Museum presents The Night Before Christmas, an exhibition examining many artistic interpretations of the famous poem. It features paintings, prints, drawings and other imagery from the 1800s to the modern day. Included are works by Thomas Nast, Everett Shinn, N.C. Wyeth, Jessie Willcox Smith and many others.
Moore, an eminent scholar and professor of Oriental and Greek literature, wrote The Night Before Christmas in 1822 for his children. He never intended to publish it. If not for Harriet Butler, a friend of the Moore family, the poem may have existed only within the family home.
Harriet Butler of Troy, New York, was visiting the Moore family over the holiday season and copied the poem. The following year, she gave it to Orville L. Holley, the editor of her hometown newspaper, The Troy Sentinel. Holley published the poem anonymously, perhaps to prevent Moore, the author of many scholarly works, any embarrassment over a poem that seemed so frivolous. Holley also provided the poem's title, An Account of a Visit from Saint Nicholas. The work was an instant success, and Holley reprinted it during successive holiday seasons at the request of his readers. As the popularity of Moore's poem spread, it appeared in almanacs, anthologies, magazines and in other newspapers. Amazingly, it was not printed in book form until 1848, 26 years after being written.
The first exclusive book edition was published by Henry M. Onderdonk of New York and illustrated with woodcuts by T.C. Boyd. Boyd's St. Nicholas bears little resemblance to the red-suited, exuberant Santa Claus of today. Boyd depicted a rather diminutive figure in knee breeches, buckle shoes, and a fur hat. Boyd's Santa is so small that he stands on a chair to fill the children's stockings, and his head barely reaches a doorknob.
In the years following Onderdonk's publication, many artists illustrated Moore's poem and, although all looked to the poem for inspiration, their interpretations of Santa differ greatly. Some portrayed Santa in the costume of England's Father Christmas, the Netherlands' Sinterklaas, or Germany's Belsh-Nichel. When such early editions were printed in color, Santa's clothes are not only red, but blue, brown, green and even yellow. The development and subsequent standardization of our modern Santa Claus resulted from the work of cartoonist Thomas Nast.
Thomas Nast worked for Harper's Weekly where he depicted political events with a wry, biting humor. During the holiday season, however, Nast turned to a more pleasant topic, Christmas. His festive scenes were extremely popular and were eventually published in a children's book. The publisher, McLoughlin Brothers, wanted to print the illustrations in color, and that created a dilemma for Nast who was accustomed to working in black ink. Although Nast had envisioned Santa as wearing a tan fur suit, he was compelled to create colorful illustrations. His solution was to dress Santa in an eye-catching red suit edged with brilliant white fur. This defining image influences artists' renditions of Santa Claus to this very day. | <urn:uuid:1d444c3a-cc45-4b85-bf8b-0a4665a142a0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://artdaily.com/news/15612/The-Brandywine-River-Museum-Celebrates-the-Season | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969072 | 727 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Beginning in 1987, the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) offered a series of courses on the conservation and preventive care of photographic materials, especially historic photographs and negatives. Designed for curators, conservators, archivists, and others responsible for collections of historic photographs, the courses included approaches to storage, negative duplication, exhibitions, and disaster planning, as well as practical sessions on the identification of major historical photographic processes. Other components of the course included the examination of deterioration problems; identification of photographic prints and negatives in need of treatment; and treatment and storage options.
Follow-up courses focused on the structure and composition of photographic materials; identifying specific color photographic processes and their characteristic deterioration problems and preservation alternatives; the environmental and storage issues affecting the stability of photographic materials; the stability of silver images; care of photographic materials; and the survey and establishment of long-term preservation plans for collections, including disaster recovery plans.
Presently, GCI's work on the conservation of photographs is reflected in: | <urn:uuid:63160753-0585-4d6a-9496-2bcc82661f80> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.getty.edu/conservation/our_projects/education/photographic/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00179-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922784 | 201 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Reference to the process.
In order to be arrested, there must be what's called "probable cause." This means that there must be a reasonable belief that a crime was committed and you committed the crime. An arrest warrant is not necessary.
After you're placed under arrest, you are protected by constitutional rights. Two important rights to be aware of are right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney. After your arrest, you aren't required to say anything else to police or investigators, until you have an attorney present. You must be given the opportunity to contact an attorney.
Under the Miranda Rule, if you are in police custody you must be informed of specific constitutional rights before interrogation begins. Those rights are as follows:
- The right to remain silent
- The right to have an attorney present during questioning
- The right to have an attorney appointed if you are unable to afford one
Important to note is that Miranda rights do not have to be read until you are taken into custody. That means that you can be questioned by the police before being taken into custody, and anything you say at that point can be used against you later in court.
After you're arrested, the police will bring you to the police station for the booking process . You'll be fingerprinted and asked a series of questions, such as your name and date of birth. You'll also be searched and photographed. Your personal property such as jewelry will be catalogued and stored.
Appointment of an Attorney
In Georgia, if you cannot afford to hire an attorney, and if you are charged with a crime that is punishable by incarceration, an attorney will be appointed to defend you. Usually a public defender will be appointed as your attorney.
Once a public defender has been appointed to defend you, the court generally will not appoint a substitute attorney unless you show that you are not receiving effective assistance. You do not have the right to choose a specific appointed attorney.
Once criminal charges are filed, you'll make a court appearance which is known as an "arraignment." If you are incarcerated, this will usually occur within 72 hours of your arrest.
During your arraignment, you'll be asked to enter a "plea" to the crime you've been charged with. Georgia pleas and corresponding definitions follow:
- Guilty plea: If you plead "guilty," you're admitting to the facts of the crime and the fact that you were the one who committed that crime.
- Not guilty plea: A "not guilty" plea asserts that you did not commit the crime with which you were accused. After your plea, a pre-trial or trial date will be set.
- No contest plea: A "no contest" plea indicates that, while you are not admitting guilt, you do not dispute the charge. This is preferable to a guilty plea because guilty pleas can be used against you in later civil lawsuits.
- "Mute" plea: In Georgia, you may "stand mute" instead of making a plea. The court will then enter a plea of not guilty. By standing mute, you avoid silently admitting to the correctness of the proceedings against you until that point. You are then free to attack all previous proceedings that may have been irregular.
If you plead "guilty" or "no contest," there will not be a trial. You'll then be sentenced.
During the arraignment, the court will also:
- Set bail
- Refuse to set bail; or
- Release you on your own personal recognizance, which means that the court takes your word that you will appear when necessary for later court obligations
"Bail" is money or property put forth as security to ensure that you'll show up for further criminal proceedings.
In Georgia, bail can be paid:
- In cash
- A pledge of property (if permitted in that court)
- A bail bond
A professional bail bondsman is an individual whose business is to pledge his or her own property or security to guarantee the bail bond to the court.
You have a right to a speedy trial under the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which requires that the trial be held within a certain time frame after a person has been charged with a crime.
This right can be waived by asking for additional time for the preparation of your defense.
Speedy Trial rights in Georgia:
In Georgia, the law requires a defendant to make a speedy trial demand. Once that demand is made, a defendant must be tried within two court terms, as long as juries were empaneled and qualified to try the defendant.
Many prosecutors will consider "plea agreements," although it's not legally required. If you don't reach a plea agreement with the prosecutor, your proceedings will move toward the trial stage.
Usually, if you are charged with a crime punishable by six or more months of imprisonment, you have the right to a jury trial. This right may be waived by:
- Pleading guilty, or
- Choosing a bench trial (a trial in front of a judge only)
If you request a bench trial, the judge will perform the fact-finding function that is usually performed by the jury.
If you're found guilty after a trial, you're entitled to an appeals process. This process varies depending upon the crime, but there are always time deadlines by which you must file an appeal.
In Georgia, generally you must file an appeal within 30 days after the judgment.
There are numerous reasons for an appeal from a guilty verdict in a criminal case, including what's called "legal error." Legal error may include:
- Allowing inadmissible evidence during the criminal process, including evidence that was obtained in violation of your constitutional rights
- Lack of sufficient evidence to support a verdict of guilty
- Mistakes in the judge's instructions to the jury regarding your c | <urn:uuid:1677a922-ddf4-4eb6-9b2d-e979228e5e6f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.justanswer.com/criminal-law/33g70-steps-procedures-considered-due-process.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00201-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968432 | 1,203 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Future Earth is a global platform for international scientific collaboration, providing the knowledge required for societies in the world to face risks posed by global environmental change and to seize opportunities in a transition to global sustainability.Future Earth is at its core a ‘federation’ of projects and other initiatives related to Global Environmental Change.
These projects were launched under the umbrella of four global environmental change programmes, DIVERSITAS, the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Some further projects arose out of the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP).
A formal process for the accession of these projects into Future Earth is currently underway. Projects that have completed this process are listed in blue below. | <urn:uuid:a6e44c98-f83f-42a4-9993-6d2d1612807d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.futureearth.org/projects | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900589 | 161 | 2.96875 | 3 |
These days, keeping up with the advances in digital technology seems impossible. We can only imagine. So, let’s have some fun. Is the following science fiction or real?
A service technician has just come aboard to check out a problem with our inboard. He drops down into the engine compartment, points his cell phone camera at the engine, dons a pair of special goggles and quickly identifies the problem. He starts repairs. No thick manual. No laptop. He no longer needs either. That’s because he’s seeing everything he needs to know, including detailed and illustrated how-to instructions, on his smartphone’s screen and in his goggles.
Sounds like Star Wars, right? Sorry, it’s real. It’s Augmented Reality and it could be coming to your dealership in the future.
Just what is AR? If you’ve watched NFL football on TV, you’ve already seen it. It’s those blue or yellow line-of-scrimmage and first down lines you see “painted” on your TV picture. In other words, AR is simply the overlay of digital images or text on a live video feed picture. (AR is not Virtual Reality, like in video games.) AR involves a real time video.
According to Kristina Grifantini, assistant editor at MIT’s Technology Review (TechnologyReview.com), Columbia University has already developed an AR system for diagnosing and repairing the many electric, hydraulic, and mechanical components in light armored vehicles. Testing is ongoing by U.S. Marine Corps mechanics. So far, results indicate mechanics find problems and begin maintenance in nearly half the previous normal time. Imagine if your service department could do that – possibly producing twice the billable work during normal hours!
In the Marine Corps tests, the mechanics have a head-worn display and the AR system shows 3-D arrows pointing to relevant components, text instructions, floating labels and warnings, even animated 3-D models of the appropriate tools. An Android-powered G1 smartphone on the mechanic’s wrist provides touchscreen controls for cueing up the next sequence of instructions. The idea is to give the users the “information they need to find and fix problems in a way that is going to be more efficient and accurate,” says Steven Feiner, director of the Computer Graphics and User Interfaces Laboratory at Columbia, working with Steven Henderson, an assistant professor at the United States Military Academy’s Department of Systems Engineering.
What about AR’s commercial uses? They’re still in their infancy but the potential is huge. Cell phones and their cameras is the key to expansion. Companies in retail and travel are reportedly already funding AR applications development for smartphones and tablet computers. Suppose, for example, your sales team could point a cell phone at a boat model in the showroom and show a prospect all the interior configurations and color options just as if they were right there. Or, point the smartphone camera at the prospect and “virtually” put him in the boat? It’s the phone’s camera and virtual images combined that show what is seen on the phone’s screen in real time. If the prospect isn’t actually in the showroom, then send it all to his cell phone. After all, nearly 66 million Americans already owned smartphones as of Jan. 1, 2011.
The technology all exists. Applications, as well as a need for standardization of applications, are where things must go now. Some say that could take several years. But, I’m reminded there is Moore’s Law (after the founder of Intel) that essentially says the processing power of a computer chip doubles every 18 months. Thus, each new generation of smartphones will boast even faster processing, more sensors and improved video capabilities. It’s fun to imagine the many benefits that AR could provide in all dealerships, perhaps sooner than we think. | <urn:uuid:33dae174-af8c-48bc-b69e-e5ecb5ecd2d8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.tradeonlytoday.com/dealer_outlook/?p=532 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00128-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949078 | 821 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Check out the information below about Prevention
Prevention Acronym A list of commonly used acronyms
Bullying Prevention Click on this link for the Bullying Prevention Campaign developed by the Perry Drug & Alcohol Commission and their Youth Advisory Board.
Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America (CADCA) Strategizers
Communities That Care (This link is to the University of Washington Center for Communities That Care)
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
FASD Awareness Campaign: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are preventable. CPA's goal is for PA to join with the 20 other states that have mandatory signage in restaurants, bars, and taverns.
You can help by participating in our FASD awareness campaign. See "Information Sharing" page for our DDAP-approved materials.
Gambling Laws in PA A powerpoint from regional CPA training (April 2012; be patient while 96 slides load)
When Gambling Crosses the Line Signs
and Symptoms of Problem Gambling (this is a Publisher file). Developed by Blair County Drug and Alcohol Program, Inc.
Marijuana - recreational and medicinal: CPA encourages you to develop your own data-based stance on the issues re: legalization of marijuana. See our "Information Sharing" page
National Prevention Strategy The National Prevention Strategy: America’s Plan for Better Health and Wellness. "On June 16, 2011 the National Prevention, Health Promotion, and Public Health Council, announced the release of the National Prevention Strategy, a comprehensive plan that will help increase the number of Americans who are healthy at every stage of life. The National Prevention Strategy recognizes that good health comes not just from receiving quality medical care, but also from clean air and water, safe outdoor spaces for physical activity, safe worksites, healthy foods, violence-free environments and healthy homes. Prevention should be woven into all aspects of our lives, including where and how we live, learn, work and play. Everyone—businesses, educators, health care institutions, government, communities and every single American—has a role in creating a healthier nation."
Prevention Week PSAs
2013: "Your Voice - Your
for PSAs created by students
2014: Prevention Works! (wait for YouTube video
to load then click on the 2014 PSA icon)
See also SAMHSA Nat'l Prevention Week
SAMHSA / CSAP 6 Prevention Strategies
Tobacco Prevention: Fresh Air Now (FAN) is a second- and third-hand smoke awareness campaign and asks families with children to make a pledge not to smoke in the house or the car. During the week of Sept 15-20 2013, CPA partnered with Hoss’s Steak and Sea Restaurants to promote this campaign. The pledge certificate and brochure can be downloaded here: FAN pledge certificate and FAN brochure.
STOP OPIATE ABUSE / STOP campaign
For Stop Opiate Abuse materials, visit PAStop.org or click on an icon below: | <urn:uuid:16533ff3-010d-4175-9669-f5e419bf7a0d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.commonwealthpreventionalliance.org/Pages/Prevention101.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00125-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901393 | 626 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The key finding of the report shows that rural young drivers are 37% more likely to be involved in an injury collision than their urban counterparts. A table comparing risk of collision involvement each year by local authority area also shows the risk rate for young drivers living in each area.
Young drivers throughout the country are already more likely to be involved in a crash with 30% of all motor vehicle drivers involved in collisions aged between 16 and 29 years old, yet this age group only made up 18% of the population. This report calculates that young rural drivers are two-thirds more likely to be involved in an injury collision than their older neighbours.
One of the biggest factors in the elevated risk profile is the much higher average annual mileages driven by rural drivers with 31% more miles driver per person than their urban counterparts. This increased exposure combined with their relative inexperience compared to older drivers is a signal to rural local authorities and police forces that special attention needs paying to this subject.
The report also considers the level of deprivation and whether this is a factor in young driver crashes. This was not found to be the case in Rural areas, although it is something seen in large town and cities. Other analysis within the report compares vehicle types involved in crashes, road type, and speed limits.
One further piece of analysis carried out was to rank young driver risk bases on residency in each of the 379 local authority areas in Great Britain. This was then used to create a map showing regional hotspots and is included at the end of this release along with the best and worst performing areas.
Dan Campsall, director of Road Safety Analysis says, “This is the first time that we have had a thorough examination of the risks to young drivers based on where they live; and the results are stark. Younger drivers from rural areas are much more likely to be involved in a crash where someone is injured, and we need to see a package of measures developed that can bring about a change. This may require investment in transport infrastructure, community bus schemes and further driver training to affect the inequality that these drivers are experiencing.”
With the help of this sort of information, Local Authorities can develop a much better understanding of the risks experienced by their residents and road users, helping them to address the inequalities that many people are experiencing.”
For a copy of the full results including a breakdown of casualty rates for all 206 highway authorities, visit [Young Drivers Road Risk and Rurality] | <urn:uuid:14710417-b690-4a0e-ada5-ef602f265e60> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.roadsafetyanalysis.org/2012/02/rural-young-drivers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00088-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974129 | 499 | 2.84375 | 3 |
It was surely very different from our familiar world of today.
- Capital punishment was regular practice in almost 99% of human societies.
- Cannibalism was practised in Melanesia and the Pacific Islands.
- 90% of doctors in the USA had no college education
- Syphilis, which drove people crazy and killed them, was still incurable.
- The tallest structure in the world was the Eiffel Tower.
- Famine in Anhui province kills about 4 million.
- Confucius is raised to the same rank as Heaven and Earth, which are worshipped by the Emperor alone.
- The first World Vegetarian Congress founded in Manchester.
- The Secret Service Bureau, the first incarnation of MI5, was established in 1909 to combat Imperial Germany's espionage operations in the United Kingdom.
- Britain starts arms race in response to Germany’s plans to build four Dreadnought battleships.
- Construction of the world’s then largest passenger ship RMS Titanic begins in Belfast.
- the French disease in Italy and Germany,
- Italian disease in France
- Spanish disease by the Dutch
- Christian disease by the Turks
- British disease by the Tahitians
- Vaccination is compulsory in Japan.
- Census reveals that 5,6 persons live in each Japanese household and 11% live in cities.
- Prince Hirobumi Ito, former Prime Minister, the first resident-general of Korea, who opposed annexation, is assasinated by independence activist Ahn Jung-Geun and Korea is annexed by the Japanese Empire.
- Okhrana General Gerasimov reports to Czar Nikolai II that not a single revolutionary organization is still functioning in the Russian Empire.
- A bloody Bolshevik train robbery at Miass in the Urals nets 60,000 rubles and 24 kilograms of gold.
- Pyotr Stolypin, Prime Minister of Russia begins a campaign of repression of national minorities.
- The USA has its heaviest (136 kgs) white Republican president (William Howard Taft). His pursuit of world peace through his self-founded League to Enforce Peace and “Dollar diplomacy” was a disaster for him.
- Plastic, then called Bakelite, is invented from phenol and formaldehyde by Leo Hendrik Baekeland.
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded to end segregation and oppose lynching
- 95% of American babies were born at home.
- 90% of doctors in the USA had no college education as doctors went to medical school (many were attacked in the press as sub-standard). In Texas, a doctor coming to town only had to say he was a doctor, register with the health officer and start practising.
- Most American women only washed their hair about once a month using borax or egg yolks.
- Marijuana, heroin, and morphine were all available over the counter at the local corner drugstores. "Heroin clears the complexion, gives buoyancy to the mind, regulates the stomach and bowels, and is, in fact, a perfect guardian of health." - They advertised then.
- First woman drives motorcar across the USA. Alice Huyler Ramsey from Hackensack, New Jersey, with 3 non-driving companions drives 3800 miles from Manhattan to San Francisco in 59 days. | <urn:uuid:eb00ebcc-cf5a-4355-8e52-2d2c67443ca4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://originalwavelength.blogspot.com/2009/10/100-years-ago-what-was-happening-in.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00108-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949576 | 698 | 2.546875 | 3 |
PLEA Sentence, Example and UsageExamples and usage of PLEA in prose and poetry
Usage of "PLEA": Examples from famous English Poetry
To better understand the meaning of PLEA, certain examples of its usage are presented.Examples from famous English prose on the use of the word PLEA
"This could be a plea for attention"- The word/phrase 'plea' was used by 'J. K. Rowling' in 'Harry potter and the goblet of fire'.
"He turned to ginny and she answered his unspoken plea for information at once"- 'J. K. Rowling' has used the plea in the novel Harry potter and the deathly hallows.
"While my body knew what it craved for, my mind rejected my body’s every plea"- To understand the meaning of plea, please see the following usage by Vladimir Nabokov in Lolita.
Usage of "PLEA" in sentences
"That came in neptune's plea"
- This term plea was used by John Milton in the Poem Lycidas.
"If you grant the plea never indebted."
- This term plea was used by Lewis Carroll in the Poem The hunting of the snark.
"A plea for purging"
- This term plea was used by Prince ..... in the Poem This pain - poem.
"Void a plea"
"Indifferent to her plea"
"The last despairing plea of the condemned criminal" | <urn:uuid:cea5db63-b0b5-494b-b096-ad4ccca74a62> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-PLEA-in-Hindi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93891 | 317 | 2.59375 | 3 |
CCSS.Math.Content.4.OA.A.3 - Solve multistep word problems posed with whole numbers and having whole-number answers using the four operations, including problems in which remainders must be interpreted. Represent these problems using equations with a letter standing for the unknown quantity. Assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies including rounding.
Authors: National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, Council of Chief State School Officers
Title: CCSS.Math.Content.4.OA.A.3 Solve Multistep Word Problems Posed With Whole... Operations and Algebraic Thinking - 4th Grade Mathematics Common Core State Standards
Publisher: National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, Council of Chief State School Officers, Washington D.C.
Copyright Date: 2010
(Page last edited 05/13/2016)
- African Safari Story. - Print out this story along with the worksheet. Students will need all four operation skills to complete tasks.
- Camping; story with word problems. - Print out this story along with the worksheet. Students will need all four operation skills to complete tasks.
- Multi-step word problems - Worksheet to be printed; independent practice.
- Multi-step word problems - Worksheet to be printed; guided instruction.
- Multiple worksheets - Select the level of difficulty for your class; many to choose from.
- Online word problem quiz - Critical thinking skills needed to choose correct answer.
- Problem Solving Strategy - Guess and check; write down the steps you use to solve this problem. Can be used as IWB activity
- Problem Solving Strategy Stories - Story problems to be written on the smartboard for discussions on how to solve these multistep problems.
- Solve it! - Videos provide problem solving practice for students. Each set contains five multistep word problems with step by step video solutions. Concepts include basic operations, algebraic reasoning, money, fractions, percent, perimeter, area, proportional reasoning, and measurement.
- Solve problems - Many resources; solve word problems.
- Thinking Blocks - Build a model that represents the story problem.
- Word problems - Worksheet with numerous problems. | <urn:uuid:db5b20da-2546-4673-983e-79007bd229aa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.internet4classrooms.com/common_core/solve_multistep_word_problems_posed_whole_operations_algebraic_thinking_fourth_4th_grade_math_mathematics.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.858615 | 463 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Maybe we're finally getting serious about making good use of the energy resources we can literally draw from thin air: sunshine and wind.
Solar panels now cover 65,000 square feet on the roof of the Meadowlands Exposition Center. Public Service Electric & Gas plans to install solar panels on 220,000 utility poles around the state. And the state Board of Public Utilities has awarded grants to three companies to study the feasibility of building wind-energy farms off the Jersey Shore.
Nationally, President Obama's budget blueprint calls for increased funding for research into solar, wind and other "renewable" energy sources.
After decades of talk and experimentation, solar and wind power are coming into their own. And among those in the forefront of this energy revolution is a group of people who have some familiarity with the bounties of nature: farmers.
Windmills have long been used on farms to power water pumps, but in recent years farmers around the world have been installing large wind-driven turbines to generate electricity for their own use and for sale. Likewise, solar panels are beginning to appear atop barns and other farm buildings, harvesting the power of the sun.
Towering turbines and shiny barn roofs may not fit the traditional picture of bucolic farmland, but generating "green" energy from New Jersey's green acres makes a lot of sense. So it's puzzling that some environmentalists are resisting the idea when it comes to farmland that state taxpayers have paid to preserve.
The New Jersey Conservation Foundation is concerned that proposed legislation encouraging farmers to install solar- and wind-energy systems would effectively allow a new use of land that's set aside for agriculture.
But the bill pending in the state Senate and Assembly would not allow farmers to, say, cover their fields with solar panels and claim energy as a crop. It requires that any renewable-energy facilities on preserved farmland do not interfere with agriculture and are used primarily to meet the farm's own power needs. There are tight limits on how much power can be generated for sale to other users.
New Jersey's farmland preservation programs are intended to keep farming alive, not frozen in time. There's no reason this ancient industry shouldn't use modern technology for its energy needs. | <urn:uuid:600804fd-502c-412d-8f7a-f060e8dbc1ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.nj.com/njv_editorial_page/2009/03/jersey_farmers_should_harvest.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94753 | 449 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Carrier Landings Made EZ
Landing safely on an aircraft carrier has long been admired among pilots as one of the most challenging tasks to master, but those days could soon be over. GPS technology now allows the pilot to let the airplane land itself. While the landing system has been in the works for a while, it's now coming of age, and last week it was tested for the first time at sea in a short-takeoff vertical-landing aircraft -- that is, the Harrier jump-jet. The technology, which is also being studied by the U.S. Joint Strike Fighter program, reduces pilot workload at the end of a mission, when fatigue can be a factor and the pilot faces a critical and difficult landing. Besides reducing risk, the automated landings will enable pilots to conduct missions by day or night and in weather that would previously have been impossible, according to QinetiQ, the British technology company that developed the new system. The recent ship trial aboard HMS Invincible was the world's first fully automatic STOVL shipboard recovery and landing, QinetiQ said. | <urn:uuid:2fbc21c0-bd8e-47d1-a758-a36640d86de5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/briefs/189814-1.html?type=pf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963021 | 226 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Snowmobile safety tips
MN DNR Enforcement-Safety/Education
Watch the weather and check trail conditions before riding
Don't drink alcohol and ride
Alcohol is a factor in over 70% of all fatal accidents in Minnesota, as well as many non-deadly snowmobile accidents. Alcohol and drugs have a negative effect on the driver's vision, balance, coordination, and reaction time. Don't ride with people who drink and ride! Minnesota is part of a larger coalition of snowmobiling states that support 'Zero Alcohol' consumption before or during your ride.
Never ride alone
Always ride with a friend on another snowmobile. This way if one machine is disabled, you have another to get help.
Dress for safety & survival
Always wear a quality DOT helmet and facemask. Wear layers of clothing to keep warm and dry. Snowmobile suits, bibs, jackets, gloves and mittens should cut the wind, repel water and keep you ventilated.
Excessive speed is a major factor in many accidents, especially at night. To help avoid accidents, keep your night time speed under 40 MPH.
Stay to the right
Almost every trail is a "two way" trail. So stay to the far right of the trail, especially on hills and corners. Obey all trail signs and cross roadways with extreme caution.
Stay on the trail or stay home
Trespassing is a major complaint about snowmobilers and can result in trail closure. Always stay on designated snowmobile trails. Venturing off of trails can result in accidents. Only ride private property when you have landowners permission.
Riding on ice - lakes & rivers
It is safest to avoid riding on lakes and rivers. If you must ride on ice, wear a life jacket over your outer clothing. Stay on the marked trail and stay off of ice that has moving water (current) near or under it - ice in these areas may be thin and weak. Ice Safety Information
Take a Snowmobile Safety Training Course!
Designed to educate the student on basic snowmobile operation, laws and regulations, and safety. Go to snowmobile training. | <urn:uuid:8a9e527d-847d-411d-b3f0-d70e72068573> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/snowmobiling/safety.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00099-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941175 | 441 | 2.59375 | 3 |
*1397 (Vienna, Austria), †1439 (Neszmély, Hungary)
King of Bohemia and a member of the Habsburg dynasty; Albert was the son-in-law of Sigismund of Luxembourg and father of Ladislaus the Posthumous. He became an Austrian duke in 1404, was crowned King of Bohemia and Hungary in 1437 and was made Holy Roman Emperor in 1438. He was an experienced warrior, and fought against the Hussites as a scrupulous Catholic. He was the first Czech king to complete the coronation journey from the King’s Courtyard to Prague Castle, where he was crowned in St. Vitus’ Cathedral (29. 6. 1438). He died a year later, during the march against the Turks, when he became diseased with diabetes in the swamps of southern Hungary. | <urn:uuid:e595bc01-7477-46ab-ab6f-8fad1e9f92df> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.kralovskacesta.cz/en/texts/rulers/albert-ii-of-habsburg.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987763 | 184 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Symptoms of osteoporosis
Jerry Owensby, MD, is board certified in Internal Medicine and certified by the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. She practices at Banner Baywood Medical Center in Mesa.
Question: I am in my late 50s and worried about osteoporosis. What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a disease of the skeleton the causes a loss of bone which leads to brittle and weak bones. The risk factors include:
- Caucasian and Asian ethnicity
- family history
- small frame
- inadequate calcium and vitamin D
- alcohol, smoking, caffeine
- chronic medical diseases/medications.
Unfortunately, there are no obvious symptoms of osteoporosis. A fracture (broken bone) may be the first indication that a person has osteoporosis. These fractures most often occur in the spine (vertebra), hip and forearm.
Fractures are usually associated with pain and can be debilitating, especially hip fractures. However, more than 50 percent of spine (vertebral/compression) fractures occur without pain. Such fractures can cause a curvature in the spine (kyphosis) and loss of height (one inch or more).
Fortunately, a Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) test can diagnose osteoporosis and osteopenia (less severe bone loss) prior to a fracture. A Vertebral Fracture Assessment (VFA) also can be performed at the same time and can diagnose vertebral fractures. These tests are done while you lie on a table and typically take 20 minutes. It does not hurt and is very safe. The radiation exposure is about the same as an airline flight or two hours of sun exposure.
Your physician can diagnose osteoporosis and recommend the best treatment for you. There are several good medications that help stop bone loss, rebuild bone and lower risk for fractures. A healthy diet, calcium, Vitamin D and weight-bearing exercise are also recommended. | <urn:uuid:6511cd46-f8b9-4afb-afc1-e3901d12b950> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.bannerhealth.com/Services/Health+And+Wellness/Ask+the+Expert/Orthopedics/_Symptoms+of+osteoporosis.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00015-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919992 | 417 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Description from Flora of China
Isnardia Linnaeus; Jussiaea Linnaeus; Oocarpon Micheli.
Herbs slender, erect to prostrate and rooting at nodes, or shrubs or rarely small trees; underwater parts often swollen and spongy or with inflated white spongy pneumatophores. Leaves alternate [or opposite], usually entire; stipules present, reduced and/or deciduous; bracteoles 2, at or near base of ovary, or absent. Flowers perfect, actinomorphic, in upper leaf axils or in spikes, racemes, or clusters; floral tube not prolonged beyond ovary. Sepals (3 or)4 or 5(-7), green, persistent after anthesis. Petals as many as sepals or absent, yellow or white, caducous. Stamens as many as or 2 × as many as sepals; anthers versatile or sometimes basifixed; pollen shed singly or in tetrads or polyads. Ovary with as many locules as sepals, rarely more, apex flat or conic, often with a depressed nectary surrounding base of each epipetalous stamen; stigma capitate or hemispheric, entire or lobed, upper 1/2-2/3 receptive. Fruit an obovoid to cylindric capsule, dehiscent irregularly or by a terminal pore or by flaps separating from valvelike apex. Seeds numerous, in one to several rows per locule, free or embedded in powdery or woody endocarp, raphe small or conspicuous, sometimes equal in size to body of seed. 2n = 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 128.
Ludwigia is distinctive within the family, and morphological, anatomical, and molecular evidence indicates that it is the sister group to the remainder of the family. Historically, plants of this affinity with stamen number equal to sepal number were Ludwigia, and those with stamens twice as many as sepals were Jussiaea, but Raven and others demonstrated reticulate variation in this character, and treated the two groups as a single genus. Polyploidy and autogamy are important evolutionary phenomena within the genus.
Eighty-two species: cosmopolitan, on all continents except Antarctica; nine species (one endemic) in China.
(Authors: Chen Jiarui (陈家瑞 Chen Chia-jui); Peter C. Hoch, Peter H. Raven) | <urn:uuid:50fcc1df-9709-4004-ab1b-e3d0b691e94f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=610&taxon_id=119063 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916378 | 535 | 2.578125 | 3 |
During the 1940s pigeons in a
These experiments, called PROJECT SEA HUNT, used three pigeons a small observation bubble on the underside of a helicopter. The birds faced 120 degrees from each other so that they covered the entire 360 degrees under the aircraft. The pigeons were trained to recognize objects floating in the water and communicate with the helicopter pilots by pecking a key that would help guide the pilots to the targets. The pigeons were 93 percent accurate at locating objects floating at sea and their false positive rates were extremely low. Human flight crews were accurate 38 percent of the time. When combined with human searchers, the pigeons' success rate was nearly perfect. Also, unlike humans, the pigeons did not get bored as Simmons had trained them to respond even when there were hours between sightings. Eventually, the Coast Guard recognized the value of Simmons' pigeons and called this project "the best daylight search system" yet developed.
The project, however, was plagued by problems as two helicopters crashed either destroying or damaging the pigeon system. The project, unfortunately, never got out of the testing phase and was ended in 1983 due to federal budget cuts. Though innovative in theory, the project ultimately proved impractical. In the end the birds never did get a chance to save any lives.
|Official Coast Guard Imagery (click on thumbnail for High resolution image)||Caption/ Historical Information|
|The complete apparatus outside the helicopter|
|Crewman handling the secured pigeon|
|Crewman works on the observation bubble|
|View showing how each pigeon was secured|
|One of the helicopters involved in the testing|
|One of the testing flight crews|
|The instrument pecked by the pigeon to communicate with the crew|
|View of the tested observation cupola|
|View of the compartmentalized observation cupola|
|Project Sea Hunt poster|
|Project Sea Hunt cartoon| | <urn:uuid:f98bec58-f5ab-49b4-a62f-bf2ce6d6a3e6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.uscg.mil/History/articles/PigeonSARProject.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963805 | 395 | 4.03125 | 4 |
A boot is a type of footwear that protects the foot and ankle. Boots are higher and larger than shoes and sandals. Some boots are high enough to protect the calves (lower part of the leg) as well. Some boots are held on with bootstraps or bootlaces. Some also have spats or gaiters to keep water out. Most have a very strong boot sole, the bottom part of a boot.
Types of boots[change | change source]
- Rain boots (or rubber boots) are made from rubber or plastic. Rain boots protect a person's feet from water and rain. People who work on fishing boats and farmers wear rubber boots to keep their feet dry. People who work in chemical factories wear rubber boots to protect their feet from dangerous chemicals.
- Winter boots are boots that keep a person's feet warm in cold weather. People in cold countries such as Canada and Sweden wear winter boots during the cold season. Winter boots can be made from many different materials, such as leather, fabric, or plastic. Winter boots are insulated with wool or fur to keep the feet warm. Most winter boots also keep people's feet dry.
- Work boots (or "construction boots") are designed for people who work in construction or factory jobs. Work boots often have a steel toe cover to protect the person's toes. Work boots are usually made of strong leather, to protect the person's foot from sharp objects or dangerous chemicals. Some work boots have a flat piece of steel in the sole to protect the foot from sharp nails. Many countries require construction workers to wear work boots when they are on a construction site. | <urn:uuid:e6eab5e6-ae06-4a05-8448-08bf133b6608> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966288 | 333 | 3.375 | 3 |
Our coverage of the Champlain Line of the UGRR would be incomplete if we did not include Western Vermont. The terrain of the Green Mountain state along Lake Champlain was easy to traverse, and there was an early rail line connecting Albany and Troy to Rutland, Burlington, and St. Albans, Vermont. Plattsburgh and Albany were not connected by rail until after the Civil War. Many freedom seekers who went to Vermont from Albany, Troy and Boston, were forwarded across Lake Champlain to New York where they continued their journey to Canada West.
UGRR stationmaster Lawrence Brainerd,
who employed Mr. Boggs
Jeremiah C. Boggs
When Jeremiah C. Boggs arrived in St. Albans in 1843, businessman Lawrence Brainerd, who had a general store, welcomed him into his home and gave him a job. Boggs had been forwarded to St. Albans from Albany, New York. It had taken him three weeks to reach Albany from Richmond, Virginia. The Eastern New York Anti-Slavery Society reported Boggs's case in its annual report. Jeremiah had been sold six times. One of his masters, Joshua S. Green, had "treated him very bad." Jeremiah had fallen asleep one night from "excessive fatigue" while watching a piece of meat cook. When the fire burned the meat, his mistress beat him with a broomstick. Then her husband struck Jeremiah with his cane and stabbed him with a dagger in his hand, his thigh and under his ribs, "all at one time, swearing in the meantime he would kill him." The Greens starved Boggs to the point that he was forced to pick bits of table scraps out of a swill barrel of garbage they saved for their hogs. When the Greens caught Jeremiah with any garbage, they took it from him and whipped him.
When the abolitionists looked at Boggs they did not see a thief. They saw an intelligent, "mild pleasant man, and to all appearances a disciple of Christ." They noted that he was a Free Will Baptist. They described him as 30 years old, and about 5 feet 8 inches tall and pointed out that he had a brother in Montpelier, Vermont. That is very likely the reason he went to the Green Mountain State instead of Canada. In Albany, members of the Eastern New York Anti-Slavery Society "gave him some cash, a letter recommending him to the good, and sent him on."
But Boggs would soon find that he could not stay in Vermont. Toward the end of 1844, A.G. Tarlton, a townsman of St. Albans who knew his master, recognized Boggs. When an agent for the American Colonization Society came to town, Jeremiah followed him to Liberia, West Africa. He left "behind him the reputation of being a giant in strength and a faithful laborer."
In 1895, Lawrence's son, Aldis, had this to say about Jeremiah C. Boggs: "During his stay with us he learned to read and write and after landing in Africa sent my father a grateful letter informing him of his safe arrival." Aldis said Boggs escaped from South Carolina, but the Eastern New York Anti-Slavery Society said he escaped from Virginia, and that is probably the more accurate account because it was written less than a month after his escape.
Annual Report of the Committee , Albany: Eastern NY A.S. Society & Fugitive Slaves, September 29, 1843. American Antiquarian Society.
Lawrence Brainerd image courtesy Ohio Historical Society
Rowland Thomas Robinson, a leader of the anti-slavery movement
in Vermont and UGRR Stationmaster in Ferrisburgh
Rachel Gilpin Robinson
When the Quaker UGRR agent, Stephen Keese Smith of Peru, New York, shared his recollections in 1887, he identified a fellow member of the Religious Society of Friends, Rowland Robinson, as the principal agent in Ferrisburgh, Vermont. Smith recalled,
Many Negroes were run up on the other side of the lake to Canada. Rowland Robinson of Ferrisburgh, Vermont was the champion there. Scores of slaves made their escape through him. He ran his Negroes through to Canada mostly on the other side of the lake. There were also agents in Canada who got places for the escaped Negroes.
The Robinson's home, now Rokeby Museum, is a National Historic
and a National Park Service Network to freedom site.
In 1837, Oliver Johnson, a fellow Vermonter who was living in Pennsylvania at the time, wrote to Robinson about a fugitive slave named Simon who he thought Robinson might like to employ on his farm, Rokeby:
I saw yesterday, in this township a stout man who ran away from Maryland. He is 28 years old, and appeared to me to be an honest, likely man. He says he was sold with several others to a soul-driver for $1,000; consequently he must have been considered very valuable. When he came here...he was destitute of decent clothing, and unable to proceed, as he intended when he left Maryland, to Canada. A man in this place by the name of William C. Griffith, the son of a Friend, who has often rendered assistance to runaways kindly offered to keep him until spring. A reward of $200.00 has been offered for his apprehension, and it is not considered safe for him to remain here after winter has gone by...I was so well pleased with his appearance, and with the account given of him by Griffith, that I could not help thinking he would be a good man for you to hire. Mr. Griffith says he is of a kind disposition, and knows how to do all most all kinds of farm work. He is used to teaming, and is very good to manage horses. He says that he could beat any man in the neighborhood where he lived, in Maryland, at mowing, cradling, or pitching. He has intended going to Canada in the spring, but says he would prefer to stay in the U.S., if he could be safe. I have no doubt he would be perfectly safe with you. Would you not like to have him go to you in the spring? I fear that, if he goes to Canada, he may fall into bad company; but if he is under your guardianship, I think he may become a useful man...It will be a great way for him to walk, but not worse than going to Canada. He can be furnished with the names of abolitionists on whom to call upon the way, and I think may reach Vermont in safety.
When Robinson responded positively to Johnson's proposal, Johnson replied,
Immediately after receiving your letter, I wrote to Wm. C. Griffith of Jenner, the man with whom Simon was living, telling him to send the man to you as soon as he could be got ready for the journey. I gave him such directions as will enable him to reach Philadelphia, where he will put himself under the direction of our friends, who will give him all needful information concerning the route to New York, at which last place he will be befriended by the "Committee of Vigilance," or by members of the Ex. Committee. I trust he will meet with no serious difficulty on the way. He appeared to me to be a man of considerable perseverance, and I trust he will not be discouraged though it is a long way to your residence.
Another story of a fugitive slave from Maryland provides us with a link between Rowland T. Robinson and Peru, New York, where Robinson's fellow Quaker, Samuel Keese, was head of the UGRR depot.
The story comes to us from a letter Rowland T. Robinson's son, Rowland E. Robinson, wrote to the prominent UGRR historian Wilbur Siebert on August 19, 1896. Rowland E. reported,
Mariah Rogers, sister of Joseph, and his housekeeper, mentions in a diary kept from 1842 to 1846, that a fugitive was brought to their house by my father, and sent from there to McNeils ferry in Charlotte, and down the other side of the lake toward Canada, but I do not know to whom in that direction, unless Samuel Keese of Peru N.Y. who was in sympathy with the Antislavery workers.
Wilbur Siebert transcribed the above passage incorrectly because Rowland E. Robinson was nearly blind and his penmanship was extremely difficult to decipher. In his Vermont's Anti-Slavery and Underground Railroad Record With a Map and Illustrations (1937), Siebert said the young man was sent to "Samuel Parr of Peoria, N.Y."
But there was no one named Samuel Keese in a place called Peoria on the western side of Lake Champlain. We corrected Siebert by obtaining a digitized copy of Rowland E. Robinson's original letter from the Wilbur Siebert Collection at Harvard University's Houghton Library and zooming in on the questionable passage.
As we researched this story we learned that Rowland E. Robinson did not tell Siebert the entire story. We visited Rokeby Museum where Executive Director Jane Williamson showed us Mary Rogers's diaries, and we discovered that on November 11, 1844, Mary wrote,
...First day north wind ...there was a collored boy who said that he was seventeen years old came here said he came from Maryland state was going to Canada and his Master was after him and had traveled two nights and R.T. Robinson thought it would be best for him to come here and stay all night and he would come up in the morning which he did and directed him to Isaac Orvis in upper Canada and to cross the lake at McKneels..."
The McNeil ferry operated between Charlotte, Vermont, and Essex, New York. Isaac Orvis was a Quaker from Vermont who moved to Upper Canada where he became a member of the Yonge Street Meeting at Toronto. Swathmore College's Christopher Densmore provided us with confirmation that Isaac Orvis was a member of the Yonge Street meeting before his disownment in July of 1839. Orvis had struck a person in anger with the handle of an ax, and then used profane language on several people [presumably either the overseers or a committee from the Preparative Meeting] who visited him.
This groundbreaking research provided us with our first documented historical record of an UGRR route which linked Ferrisburgh, Vermont to Peru, New York, and Toronto, Canada.
For more information on the history of the Underground Railroad at Rokeby, contact Jane Williamson, Director, Rokeby Museum, 4334 Route 7, Ferrisburgh, VT 05456, (802) 877-3406 or [email protected].
Mary Rogers's 1844 diary, Rokeby Museum.
Rowland E. Robinson, to Wilbur Siebert. Wilbur Siebert Collection at Houghton Library, Harvard College Library.
Rowland Thomas Robinson, Rachel Gilpin Robinson and Rokeby images, courtesy Rokeby Museum.
Wilbur Siebert, Vermont's Anti-Slavery and Underground Railroad Record With a Map and Illustrations (1937) | <urn:uuid:f13f8d54-ca05-4e85-99bd-917d6e882c65> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://northcountryundergroundrailroad.com/western-vermont.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98072 | 2,348 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Testing & Assessment
Assessment is a critical element in language education. Well-crafted assessments provide valid, reliable, and relevant information about student progress. Assessment data can be used to inform program evaluation and instructional design to better meet the needs of language learners and the educators who serve them.
For over fifty years, CAL has been a key player in developing language tests used by many public and private agencies. CAL staff produce resources, develop tests, conduct research on language testing, and provide professional development for language teachers on assessment. Our assessment projects serve foreign and English language learners of all ages at all educational levels. This includes professional settings, such as the government and workplace.
To learn more about CAL's work and resources about this topic, browse the subtopics within this section.
The Center for Applied Linguistics is working in collaboration with Georgetown University to establish the Assessment and Evaluation Language Resource Center (AELRC) funded by the U.S. Department of Education.
The COPI provides language educators with a computerized, time-efficient assessment of their native-English-speaking students' oral language proficiency in Arabic or Spanish.
STARTALK was created in 2006 to provide learning opportunities in the critical languages for students (K-16) and professional development for teachers of the critical languages, mainly through programs offered during the summer.
CAL collaborates with the 31-state WIDA Consortium in its work to provide standards-based assessments for English language learners, most prominently on the Consortium’s assessment of English language proficiency, ACCESS for ELLs®. The test is currently taken by over 1,000,000 students annually.
This online course provides world language instructors with an understanding of the fundamentals of assessment.
The CAL English Proficiency Test for Teachers: Reading and Writing and the CAL English Proficiency Test for Teachers: Speaking and Listening are designed to serve as diagnostic assessments for teachers of English as a foreign language, measuring teachers’ abilities linked to the Common European Framework for Languages (CEFR), and allowing for suggested professional development to improve English and demonstrate growth of language skills.
Computerized Oral Proficiency Instrument (COPI)
The COPI is a comprehensive oral proficiency assessment that provides reliable, valid results to help inform instruction and gauge student progress. The COPI is available in Mandarin Chinese, Modern Standard Arabic, and Spanish.
The Multimedia Rater Training Program (MRTP) is a hands-on introduction to oral proficiency assessment that teaches rating skills via CD-ROM. This computer assisted professional development program was modeled after live rater training workshops and CAL's self-instructional Rater Training Kits. | <urn:uuid:0b9fd3a2-ce0d-444d-a79f-a37341291349> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cal.org/areas-of-impact/testing-assessment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00178-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931002 | 539 | 3 | 3 |
PE Programs May 11, 2009, Letter
Dear County and District Superintendents and Charter School Administrators:
PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS
The California Department of Education (CDE) supports high quality physical education instruction for every student. Physical education is important in the lives of our youth and is an instructional priority in our schools. It helps to combat high levels of obesity and diabetes as well as to increase the mental function and alertness of students. Research has established a connection between increased levels of physical fitness and success in learning.
The Legislature has also voiced its commitment to high quality physical education in numerous ways throughout the California Education Code (EC). Recent legislation has raised several questions concerning the requirements for a physical education course of study in our schools. The purpose of this letter is to clarify key issues pertaining to physical education instructional programs.
Physical Education as a Required Course of Study
The course of study adopted by local educational agencies (LEAs) must include physical education for grades one through six (EC Section 52120[g]) and for grades seven through twelve (EC Section 51220[d]). These statutes specify that the physical education course of study must include an emphasis upon those physical activities that may be “conducive to health and vigor of body and mind.”
The Legislature also specified a required number of minutes of physical education instruction. For grades one through six, an LEA is required to provide at least 200 minutes of physical education instruction in each ten schooldays (EC Section 33352[b]; EC Section 51210). For grades seven through twelve, the requirement is at least 400 minutes each 10 schooldays (EC Section 33352[b]; EC Section 51222)1. In order to receive a high school diploma, students are required to complete two courses of physical education unless an exemption is granted under specified circumstances (EC Section 51225.3; see also EC sections 51241–51246 regarding exemptions).
High-Quality Physical Education
In addition to requiring LEAs to include physical education as part of the course of study, the Legislature directed the CDE to exercise general supervision over physical education, in part through the adoption of rules and regulations as the CDE deemed necessary (EC Section 33352[a]).The Legislature further directed the CDE to encourage all districts, to the extent resources are available, to “provide quality physical education” that develops the knowledge, attitudes, skills, behavior, and motivation needed to be physically active and fit for life (EC Section 33350[c]). Consistent with the Legislature’s directive, in 1977, the CDE published regulations requiring LEAs to appraise the quality of their respective high school courses of study, including the extent to which they include instruction in eight areas: (1) the effects of physical activity upon dynamic health; (2) mechanics of body movement; (3) aquatics; (4) gymnastics and tumbling; (5) individual and dual sports; (6) rhythms and dance; (7) team sports; and (8) combatives (California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 5, Section 10060).
Physical Education Standards and Frameworks
In 2002, the Legislature required the CDE to adopt model content standards in physical education (EC Section 60605.2). The model content standards are, according to the Legislature, to provide a framework for programs that a “school may offer in the instruction of physical education” (EC Section 60605.2). LEAs are not mandated to follow the standards and accompanying frameworks (EC Section 60605.2[b]). However, they do provide the foundation for a high quality sequential course of study for kindergarten through grade twelve. For grades nine through twelve, the frameworks encompass eight content areas for physical education as identified in the regulations adopted in 1977. The frameworks propose a course of study delivered in a series of four courses. High school courses one and two include the eight content areas specified above and provide the foundation for further high school instruction. High School Courses three and four provide students with the opportunity to explore a variety of physical activities in search of those that they can enjoy and participate in for a lifetime.
Data Collection and Reporting
In 2007, Senate Bill 601 amended EC Section 33352 to require CDE to collect data through the categorical program monitoring process indicating “the extent to which each school within the jurisdiction of a school district or county office of education does all of …the following that are applicable to the school…” (EC Section 33352[b]). The data collection is as follows:
- Provides the requisite number of instructional minutes for its pupils pursuant to EC sections 51210(g), 51222, and 51223.
- Conducts physical fitness testing (PFT) pursuant to EC Section 608002 and includes the results of the PFT as a part of the school accountability report card.
- Offers a variety of physical education elective courses to those students exempted from attendance in physical education courses.
- Provides a course of study in physical education to pupils in any of grades nine to twelve, inclusive, that includes a developmentally appropriate sequence of instruction, including the effects of physical activity upon dynamic health, the mechanics of body movement, aquatics, gymnastics and tumbling, individual and dual sports, rhythms and dance, team sports, and combatives.
- Provides instruction in physical education to pupils that provides equal opportunities for participation regardless of gender.
- Provides instruction in physical education to pupils in any of grades one to twelve, by teachers who hold an appropriate teaching credential issued by the Commission on Teacher Credentialing (CTC).
SB 601 also required that the CDE report to the Governor and Legislature on the data collected through its compliance monitoring process.
Physical Education Credit for courses such as Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps and Drill Team
One issue that has recently been identified as a particular concern is what criteria must be used by an LEA in determining whether physical education credit may be awarded to students in grades nine through twelve. Specifically, this question has arisen in regard to physical education credit being awarded for participation in Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps, marching band, cheerleading, and drill team. In making the determination of whether to award physical education credit for any given activity or class, EC Section 51220(d) and EC Section 33352(b)(7) together require that an LEA offer a course of study in physical education for grades nine through twelve that includes instruction in the eight areas over the span of the “physical education” classes offered as part of the school’s course of study. The law does not specify that every class must include instruction in all eight areas, but rather it speaks to a course of study over grades nine through twelve that includes all eight areas. It is ultimately the obligation of the LEA to determine how each particular course, as conducted in its district, supports its course of study for grades nine through twelve that includes the eight areas and substantially meets the objectives and criteria of EC Section 33352(b)(7). While it is not required that every course for which physical education course credit is given include all eight areas, an LEA is required to structure its course offerings such that all areas are included over the course of study offered to all students.
In addition, it is important to note that EC Section 33352(b) requires the LEA to meet additional responsibilities should the LEA decide to award physical education credit for a particular course. These responsibilities include the provision of minimum instructional minutes, various reporting requirements, and the assignment of an appropriately credentialed teacher. There are a variety of ways in which a teacher may meet the requirement to be “appropriately credentialed” to provide physical education instruction. To obtain information regarding appropriate assignment options, please contact the CTC Assignment Unit by phone at 916-322-5038 or by e-mail at [email protected].
In the next few weeks, frequently asked questions for physical education will be posted on the CDE Professional Development Curriculum Areas Web page [http://www.cde.ca.gov/pd/ca/].
Physical education is an essential component of California education and impacts the life-long learning and well-being of each student. To accomplish this, it is critical that physical education programs offer a planned and sequential instructional program that provides students with the skills, knowledge, and confidence to be physically active throughout their lifetimes. Districts should design their physical education courses to ensure that students will receive instruction in all eight content areas, consistent with the requirements identified above. I encourage all LEAs to keep this goal in mind when determining for which courses students are granted physical education credit.
If you have any questions regarding this subject, please contact
Marcela Obregon-Enriquez, Administrator, Curriculum Leadership Office, by phone at 916-445-4904 or by e-mail at [email protected] Mike Lee, Education Programs Consultant, STEM Office, by phone at 916-323-5798 or by e-mail at [email protected].
If you have any questions regarding the PFT, please contact
Linda Hooper, Education Research and Evaluation Consultant, Standards and Assessment Division, by phone at 916-445-9449 or by e-mail at [email protected] Denise Moore, Education Programs Consultant, High School and Physical Fitness Assessment Office, by phone at 916-319-0500 or by e-mail at [email protected]. If you have any questions regarding teacher credentialing, please contact the CTC Assignment Unit by phone at 916-322-5038 or by e-mail at [email protected].
1 Instruction in physical education in an elementary school maintaining any of grades one to eight is to be for at least 200 minutes in each ten school days.
2 In 1995, the Legislature required the administration of the Physical Performance Test. This provision is codified in EC 60800 and 5 CCR 1040. | <urn:uuid:95862fb1-5526-4d8c-b544-694e6911286e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cde.ca.gov/pd/ca/pe/yr09ltr0511.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935402 | 2,091 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Scientists Make First-Ever Observations Of Comet's Demise Deep Inside Solar Atmosphere
In a paper to be published tomorrow in the journal Science, for the first time ever scientists at the Lockheed Martin [NYSE:LMT] Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL) at the Advanced Technology Center (ATC) in Palo Alto, and collaborators at other institutions, have reported observations and analysis of the final death throes of a comet, as it passed across the face of the Sun on July 6, 2011, to vanish in flight.
Using observations from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) instrument on board NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), the comet was first seen about 0.2 solar radii off the limb of the Sun, travelling at nearly 400 miles per second and was tracked for 20 minutes until it disintegrated and evaporated in the low solar corona, about 62,000 miles above the solar surface. The Extreme-Ultraviolet Imager (EUVI), on one of NASA’s twin Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatories (STEREO), made simultaneous additional observations of the comet’s passage from its near-quadrature view relative to the Sun-Earth line.
Global Satellite Market: Trends & Opportunities (2015-20)
The comet was discovered on July 4, 2011 by using the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) on the ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), and was designated comet C/2011 N3 (SOHO). It was the SOHO discovery that alerted Lockheed Martin scientists to watch the AIA data stream for the comet’s likely transit across the face of the Sun.
“This unprecedented passage of a comet through the solar atmosphere in view of our AIA cameras presented us with a remarkable opportunity,” said LMSAL solar physicist Dr. Karel Schrijver, lead author of the Science paper and AIA principal investigator. “As we witnessed this comet evaporate as it traversed a known amount of space over a specific period of time, we were able to work backward to estimate its mass just before it reached the Sun. We’ve been able to bracket its size as between 150 and 300 feet long, with a greater likelihood that it lies at the upper end of that range. And it most likely weighed in at as much as 70,000 tons, giving it about the weight of an aircraft carrier, when it first became visible to AIA.”
As the comet streaked into the solar atmosphere it had already fractured into many large pieces ranging in size from 30 to 150 feet. The pieces were embedded in the nebulous envelope made up of ice, dust, and gas called the coma, surrounding the comet’s nucleus. The coma was estimated to be about 800 miles across, followed by a glowing tail approximately 10,000 miles long. The tail was seen pulsing from dim to bright to dim again during the journey across the Sun, which suggests that there was further breakup of the individual chunks of comet as it continued to fragment in the intense glow from the Sun’s surface. Eventually, the comet evaporated completely.
"I think the light pulses in the tail were one of the most interesting things we witnessed," said Schrijver. "The comet's tail gets brighter by as much as four times every minute or two. The comet seems first to put a lot of material into that tail, then less, and then the pattern repeats. Only because of these pulses can we measure how fast the tail falls behind the comet as its gases collide with those in the Sun’s atmosphere. And that, in turn, helps us measure the comet’s weight.
Your company’s press release on ASDNews and to thousands of other journalists and editors? Use our ASDWire press release distribution service.
Source : Lockheed Martin Corporation (NYSE: LMT) | <urn:uuid:5d25a20c-4862-44e8-94e9-c777fdb1391b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.asdnews.com/news-40558/Scientists_Make_First-Ever_Observations_Of_Comet_s_Demise_Deep_Inside_Solar_Atmosphere.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95055 | 815 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A cardiac molecule - called Myheart - could lead to new treatment and prevention strategies for heart failure.
Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood and oxygen around the body to support other organs. It can be caused by a number of medical conditions, including high blood pressure (hypertension), heart disease and diabetes.
If heart failure is diagnosed early, there are medications - such as beta blockers and statins - that can help improve a patient's quality of life. Daily physical activity and a healthy diet may also help slow its progression.
But the researchers of this latest study - led by Dr. Ching-Pin Chang, associate professor of medicine at the Indiana University School of Medicine - say a new prevention and treatment strategy for heart failure could be in the cards with the discovery of a long non-coding RNA (ribonucleic acid), which they call Myheart (myosin heavy-chain-associated RNA transcript).
The researchers explain that RNA is normally responsible for carrying instructions, or a "code," from the DNA in a cell's nucleus to parts of the cell that create proteins crucial for cell activities.
Myheart stops protein from altering genetic material, preventing heart failure
Recent research has uncovered a number of long non-coding RNAs, which act on their own rather than carry instructions. The role these RNAs play in the heart has been a mystery.
But in this latest study, published in the journal Nature, Dr. Chang and colleagues found that the long non-coding RNA Myheart controls BRG1 - a protein that a 2010 study from the team found is crucial to heart development in the fetus.
In the previous study, the researchers found that only small amounts of BRG1 are produced as the heart matures. However, they found that when the heart is subject to stress - such as hypertension or damage from a heart attack - BRG1 production is increased. This interferes with genetic activity in the heart, causing heart failure.
The researchers explain that Myheart production is halted during this process, meaning BRG1 attaches to DNA and has free reign over alteration of genetic material.
In the new study, the researchers used gene transfer technology to restore Myheart to normal levels in mice that had high levels of BRG1. The researchers say this stopped BRG1 from altering the heart's genetic material and prevented heart failure in the mice.
Commenting on the discovery, Dr. Chang says:
"I think of Myheart as a molecular crowbar that pries BRG1 off the genomic DNA and prevents it from manipulating genetic activity."
He adds that when it comes to testing Myheart against heart failure in humans, the molecule itself is too large to be delivered as a drug.
Therefore, the team is now in the process of pinpointing smaller parts of the molecule that are crucial for blocking the BRG1 protein. If these subsections are found, the researchers say, they may end up with a compound that can be tested in human trials.
Medical News Today recently reported on a study by researchers from Abertay University in the UK, which detailed the creation of lab-grown mini beating human hearts that could offer a cure for heart disease. | <urn:uuid:83a6a686-5439-41a0-9ce5-e30abfc32561> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/280864.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937082 | 660 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Recently the Hearing Voices Movement (HVM) has been receiving a lot of very positive press in Canada. The Globe and Mail, CBC's Tapestry program and the University of British Columbia's alumni magazine TREK have offered similar kinds of stories. The public finds out about the long known but not well-publicized fact that lots of people who have auditory hallucinations don't have mental illnesses. Then we learn about someone who benefitted from the supportive atmosphere that the Hearing Voices Movement's programs offers. We hear that this program helps people better manage their voices.
How could anyone object to such a helpful use of our very limited mental health budgets?
Some of us need to object because, by failing to differentiate between the needs of people who actually have psychotic disorders and those who don't, HVM poses serious risks.
Recent coverage of HVM hasn't made clear that HVM doesn't distinguish between these two different populations. In fact, its founders believe that what psychiatry and the neuroscience community call brain disorders are just symptoms of emotional distress and what they call delusions are just unusual ideas.
Dutch psychiatrist Dr. Marius Romme helped develop HVM in the 1980s. If you listen to this presentation by him or read this article, it's easy to believe that people who have been given psychiatric diagnoses like schizophrenia should reject the diagnosis and just work through their emotional problems. As well, Romme believes that "anti-psychotic medication prevents the emotional processing and therefore healing, of the meaning of the voices."
These can be very dangerous messages for people who are struggling to understand and accept that they have serious brain disorders that will require careful management.
Although the Hearing Voices Movement has been around for over 25 years, there is no research attesting to its benefits for people with mental illnesses. And operating from the belief that medications interfere with recovery can have negative consequences; ample research demonstrates that the longer the period of untreated psychosis is for people, the worse their outcomes are.
At support groups for families of people with psychotic illnesses, I mainly see two kinds of families. Some of our family members received appropriate education and treatment and are no longer psychotic, even though they continue to struggle with other aspects of their illnesses. However, many of the people who attend have family members who resist treatment because they don't understand that they are ill. International research demonstrates that many people experiencing psychosis have anosognosia, a brain-based inability to understand that they are ill.
A growing problem in Vancouver is that family support groups are receiving presentations from proponents of HVM who don't make clear the movement's theoretical assumptions. The presentations don't reveal how deep the anti-psychiatry and anti-medication beliefs are of founder Marius Romme and other leaders of HVM.
Romme maintains that there is no scientific reason for thinking of schizophrenia as a brain disease. He might be surprised if he visited Google Scholar, searched under "brain" and "schizophrenia" and looked at even the first few pages of the more than one million citations that could update him on advances in his field.
Families are being encouraged through groups like HVM to think of auditory hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, impaired functioning and other symptoms of severe mental illnesses as just part of the human condition, not medical problems. Meanwhile, they aren't being exposed to the larger context of these messages.
An alarming de-medicalized approach to psychotic disorders is being promoted internationally through various groups. In the U.K. these trends are apparent in a very controversial monograph, "Understanding Psychosis and Schizophrenia," put out by the British Psychological Society. Its attempts to normalize psychosis have been vigorously criticized by numerous psychiatrists including Dr. Ronald Pies, Editor in Chief Emeritus of Psychiatric Times, who writes that the monograph, "Trivializes the very real suffering of those with psychosis." He also points out that the authors, by focusing on voice hearers, ignore severe problems that need attention, like the well-documented cognitive losses that can occur with schizophrenia.
In looking at the research informing the British monograph's attempt to minimize the impact of psychosis, prominent psychologist Dr. James Coyne criticizes it for the poor standards of research it uses and its "self-serving anecdotal, rather than evidence-based accounts of psychosis." As well, he points out that the document seems to rely on anecdotes from people who hear voices but who don't use mental health services. In other words, the experiences of people who aren't being treated for mental illnesses are being used to suggest treatments for people who do have mental illnesses.
The U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) recently underwent two years of Congressional scrutiny ecause of concerns SAMHSA was promoting non-medical and non-evidence based approaches to severe mental illnesses. In June, Congress reintroduced the Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Act which would ensure that mental health services use evidence based practices.
Canada has psychiatrists who are actively working to educate the public about psychotic disorders from a science and evidence-based perspective. In a new video created by the B.C. Schizophrenia Society, Dr. Diane Fredrikson, head of Vancouver's Early Psychosis Intervention program, provides essential information about these illnesses. And, although Dr Romme maintains that psychiatry can't help people with schizophrenia, the film profiles Bryn Ditmars whose illness included both auditory and visual hallucinations; with psychiatric care he has rebuilt an active and meaningful life.
This is the kind of information that families looking to provide the best help need to hear.
MORE ON HUFFPOST:
Don't be fooled by Terry Bradshaw's demeanour on NFL broadcasts; even tough guys like the Super Bowl-winning former quarterback have struggled with depression. The ex-Pittsburgh Steeler opened up about his struggle with the illness in 2004, and how he had difficulty "bouncing back" after a divorce. "With any bad situations I'd experienced before — a bad game or my two previous divorces — I got over them. This time I just could not get out of the hole." He has also talked openly about his struggles with memory loss, which resulted from concussions he sustained in his playing days.
In "Silver Linings Playbook," Bradley Cooper played Pat Solitano, a Philadelphia man struggling with bipolar disorder after being released from an institution. Cooper admitted to knowing very little about the illness before the role, but he has since spoken openly about mental health, talking about veterans dealing with PTSD in a speech at the MTV Movie Awards, and attending the White House's National Conference on Mental Health in 2013. At the conference, he talked about how a friend was diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and how people dealt with it by not talking about it. Cooper encouraged delegates to "[help] people understand that they're not alone, that the thing they're feeling, it probably has a name."
Last year, as Robert De Niro's film "Silver Linings Playbook" was in theatres, he broke down crying while talking to Katie Couric about his father's difficulties with bipolar disorder. "I don't like to get emotional, but I know exactly what he goes through," he said of the film's character Pat Solitano (played by Bradley Cooper). De Niro's public discussion helped to show how families also suffer when people close to them experience mental illness.
Canadian Olympic medallist Clara Hughes is among the most prominent voices speaking out about mental health in the Great White North. The speed skater and cyclist, who is the only person to ever win multiple medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics, has been open about her struggles with depression, which have been present throughout her athletic career. Hughes took that experience and channeled it into a job as spokesperson for Bell Let's Talk, an initiative that aims to end the stigma around mental illness. She cycled across Canada for 11,000 kilometres as part of "Clara's Big Ride for Bell Let's Talk," which triggered a conversation around mental health from coast to coast to coast. Hughes visited 105 communities and 80 schools and youth groups as part of the ride.
Michael Landsberg, host of TSN's Off the Record, cuts an energetic figure on TV. But in 2010, he went public about his struggles with depression in a TSN special alongside ex-NHLer Stephane Richer in an effort to let men know that it's OK to talk about it. The special triggered as many as 30 emails, all of them from men, Landsberg told The Toronto Star. Years later, he helped a woman who tweeted at him about her plans to kill herself. Landsberg found the woman and sought help for her from the police.
Actress and singer Demi Lovato did not have a strong relationship with her father, but when he died, she went public about both his and her own struggles with mental illness. She also established the Lovato Treatment Scholarship, which helps to pay for people's treatment.
As a figure skater, Elizabeth Manley did Canada proud by winning a silver medal in ladies' singles at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. Prior to the 1984 Sarajevo Olympics, she experienced a series of unfortunate events. Her coach left her, she ended up training in the U.S. away from those closest to her, and her parents divorced. Manley gained weight and her hair fell out. She was diagnosed with a nervous breakdown and depression. Manley has since become a spokeswoman on mental health issues. She told her story in her 1990 autobiography "Thumbs Up!" and organized "Elizabeth Manley and Friends," a 2012 benefit show whose proceeds went to teen mental health initiatives.
Who can forget Amanda? The 15-year-old from Port Coquitlam, B.C. jumpstarted a whole new discussion on bullying and mental health after she went public with allegations of harassment in a heartbreaking video that was posted on YouTube. Then on Oct. 10, just over a month later, she killed herself. Her death sparked an outpouring of emotion from around the world, and prominent voices such as B.C. Premier Christy Clark cited her in speeches at We Day 2012 in Vancouver. Her mother Carol Todd also set up a trust fund at Royal Bank of Canada, which would raise money for young people living with mental health issues.
In 2006, Margaret Trudeau, ex-wife of former prime minister Pierre Trudeau, went public over her struggle with bipolar disorder, and how she used marijuana to cope with it. She has spent subsequent years since giving speeches about the condition, telling packed audiences about her highs and lows. Her book "Changing My Mind" details her life as it's been affected by the disorder and offers advice to others who live with it. | <urn:uuid:2c739493-bea8-417d-8d1e-099e9d1710d3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/susan-inman/-hearing-voices-movement_b_8044180.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97657 | 2,199 | 3.046875 | 3 |
With a number of school shootings in recent years psychologists are more and more interested in what leads to aggression and violence. In particular, various experiments have centered around the relationship between self-esteem and violent behavior. That is, does low self-esteem underlie violent behavior or does high self-esteem?
Two studies suggest that those individuals most prone to violent behavior are narcissists. In Greek mythology, we know Narcissus as the man who fell in love with his own reflection in the waters of a spring, and whose excessive self-love killed him. Does this mean self-love, or high self-esteem, leads to violence? Not exactly.
High self-esteem and narcissism are two different creatures. Psychologists define narcissists as those who want desperately to feel superior to other people. High self-esteem, on the other hand, means having confidence in oneself, but does not entail a need to feel superior to others. The problem for narcissists is that despite how much they want to be and feel superior to others, they always feel that they are failing in achieving this superiority. Therefore, narcissists are hardly the confident people they’d like to be. Narcissists want to think well of themselves, but constantly fail.
The experiments at hand entailed measuring the participants for narcissism and self-esteem, then allowing them the opportunity to act aggressively towards another party who was either neutral, who evaluated the participant negatively, or who evaluated him positively. The experiment found that the most aggressive participants in the studies were narcissists who were attacking a person who had evaluated them negatively, and thus, threatened their fragile egos. | <urn:uuid:8f4b1b2d-3f49-4263-b5d0-b834ecc73970> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/narcissism-and-violence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976098 | 333 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Environmentally friendly material created at Rice University targets flue gases, wells
Rice University scientists have discovered an environmentally friendly carbon-capture method that could be equally adept at drawing carbon dioxide emissions from industrial flue gases and natural gas wells.
The research is the subject of an open-access paper today in Nature’s online journal Scientific Reports.
“We had two goals,” Barron said. “One was to make the compound 100 percent selective between carbon dioxide and methane at any pressure and temperature. The other was to reduce the high temperature needed by other amine solutions to get the carbon dioxide back out again. We’ve been successful on both counts.”
Tests from one to 50 atmospheric pressures showed the Rice compound captured a fifth of its weight in carbon dioxide but no measurable amount of methane, Barron said, and the material did not degrade over many absorption/desorption cycles.
Carbon-60, the soccer ball-shaped molecule also known as buckminsterfullerene (or the “buckyball”) was discovered at Rice by Nobel Prize laureates Richard Smalley, Robert Curl and Harold Kroto in 1985. The ultimate curvature of buckyballs may make them the best possible way to bind amine molecules that capture carbon dioxide but allow desirable methane to pass through.
The Rice lab used buckyballs as crosslinkers between amines, nitrogen-based molecules drawn from polyethyleneimine. The lab produced a brown, spongy material in which hydrophobic (water-avoiding) buckyballs forced the hydrophilic (water-seeking) amines to the outside, where passing carbon dioxide could bind to the exposed nitrogen.
When Barron and his team began combining carbons and amines several years ago, they noticed an interesting progression: Flat graphene absorbed carbon dioxide well, multiwalled nanotubes absorbed it better, and thinner single-walled nanotubes even better. “That suggested the curvature was important,” Barron said. “C-60, being a sphere, has the highest possible curvature among carbon materials.”
He said the Rice compound compared favorably with other carbon-capture candidates based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs). “It’s about equivalent to the best MOFs for carbon capture, but our material is far more selective. Methane just doesn’t absorb,” Barron said. Unlike MOFs, he noted the Rice compound absorbed wet carbon dioxide as well as dry.
Barron said it’s just as important that the compound release carbon dioxide efficiently for reuse. “We noticed a long time ago that if we attached amines to carbon nanotubes or graphene, they lowered the temperature at which carbon dioxide dissolves,” Barron said. Industrial amine-based scrubbers must be heated to 140 degrees Celsius to release captured carbon dioxide; lowering the temperature would save energy.
“Compared to the cost of current amine used, C-60 is pricy,” Barron admitted. “But the energy costs would be lower because you’d need less to remove the carbon dioxide.” He noted industrial scrubbers lose amines through heating, so they must constantly be replenished. “They’re forever adding reagent, which is nice for the companies that sell amine, but not so good for those trying to separate the carbon dioxide.”
The researchers are pursuing ways to improve the compound’s capacity and rate of absorption. “We really understand the mechanism, which is important,” Barron said. “That allows us to push it further.”
Lead author Enrico Andreoli is a former Rice postdoctoral researcher and now a senior lecturer at Swansea University, Wales. Co-authors are former graduate student Eoghan Dillon, undergraduate alumna Laurie Cullum and senior research scientist Lawrence Alemany, all of Rice. Barron is the Charles W. Duncan Jr.-Welch Professor of Chemistry and a professor of materials science and nanoengineering.
The Apache Corp., the Robert A. Welch Foundation and the Welsh Government Ser Cymru Program supported the research. | <urn:uuid:72ac04c7-1f8c-4cb2-ae92-1c7191b6f780> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.rice.edu/2014/12/03/buckyballs-enhance-carbon-capture-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945525 | 869 | 3 | 3 |
Students at Alice M. Baxter High School in San Pedro enjoy the new rowing machines provided by UCLA Health Sound Body Sound Mind.
A physical education program that brings commercial-grade fitness equipment to under-resourced schools, along with a curriculum based on boosting confidence and making participation more enjoyable, dramatically increases students’ performance on California’s standardized physical fitness test, a UCLA study has found.
Publishing in the July issue of the Journal of Education and Training Studies, Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, a professor of urban planning and associate dean in the UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, reported that the UCLA Health Sound Body Sound Mind curriculum tripled the percentage of students who passed the state Fitnessgram test in schools where it was implemented — from an average passage rate of 20 percent prior to the curriculum’s initiation to an average passage rate of 60 percent after its completion. The study also found that students’ confidence levels, enjoyment of physical activity and knowledge about fitness increased following the program.
“I was not expecting that in such a short time one could see such a big difference in the kids’ fitness performance,” said Loukaitou-Sideris. “A curriculum such as this could go a long way toward motivating children to be more active and fighting obesity, particularly in low-income communities where such efforts are most needed.”
Loukaitou-Sideris, along with a team of UCLA graduate students, followed 640 students attending five inner-city Los Angeles schools during the academic year 2012-2013. The students, who ranged from seventh to 10th grade, spent eight weeks taking physical education classes that followed the Sound Body Sound Mind curriculum. Students, parents and physical education teachers were asked to respond to questionnaires before and after the students completed the curriculum. The researchers also interviewed teachers and analyzed students’ Fitnessgram scores.
“Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of the SBSM curriculum on students in more schools, and especially to look at the impact on students of various ages, ethnicities and socioeconomic backgrounds, as well the long-term impact of the program,” added Loukaitou-Sideris.
Sound Body Sound Mind has been implemented in nearly 100 middle and high schools in the Los Angeles Unified School District, the vast majority of them in low-income communities. More than 400 educators have been trained on the curriculum. The Sound Body Sound Mind Foundation was created by philanthropists Cindy and Bill Simon in 1999, and became part of UCLA Health earlier this year.
Approximately 23 percent of children and young people under the age of 18 in Los Angeles County are obese, and another 19 percent are overweight, as measured by body mass index. Low-income communities tend to offer limited access to free and safe spaces for physical activity outside of school, making it more difficult for children from those communities to get regular exercise.
Sound Body Sound Mind addresses this problem with state-of-the-art fitness programs and a unique curriculum that includes 30 lesson plans focused on mastering basic physical tasks. All of the activities are designed for small spaces, so they don’t require gyms or large multipurpose rooms, which many inner-city schools lack.
“At the core of the teaching strategy is creating a welcoming environment, removing intimidation and demonstrating to students that they can improve their fitness by focusing on their own achievement rather than comparing themselves to others,” said Nathan Nambiar, executive director of the Sound Body Sound Mind Foundation and community engagement manager at UCLA Health. Nambiar says that students are never asked to perform in front of others and, since everyone is moving at once, they don’t worry that others are watching.
At Alliance Alice M. Baxter College-Ready High School, a public charter school in San Pedro, the initiation of the Sound Body Sound Mind program last fall resulted in a dramatic increase in the percentage of students passing the FITNESSGRAM test — from 37 percent to 82 percent.
“It’s changed the entire outlook our students have on fitness,” said Brooklin Brumund, athletic director at the school, which was not part of the study. “A lot of these kids come from families where exercise and healthy lifestyles are not promoted. Many have never been involved in recreational sports. At the beginning some of them complained about hating anything physically strenuous, and now they are running miles, passing the physical fitness test, and showing confidence that they’ve never had before. It’s been an amazing transformation.”
The study was funded by a donation from the UCLA Dream Fund. The author has no financial ties to disclose. | <urn:uuid:d95d4af6-2b3c-4a11-9a5d-6db53657df7e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/innovative-p-e-curriculum-triples-the-rate-at-which-students-pass-a-state-physical-fitness-test-study-finds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96164 | 966 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Hambali invisioned a large Islamic caliphate across Southeast Asia. His planned caliphate would include Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, and Thailand. It would have created a large Islamic superpower. The CIA World Factbook stated that Hambali's state would have had 420 million people. The United States population, which numbers in 280 million, is less than about three quarters of the population of Hambali's envisioned state. The amount of men that are able to be in the military would have numbered about 75 million.
Hambali's state would also have a strangle-hold over the South China Sea shipping lanes which are a gateway between parts of Asia and the Indian Ocean. This would also give the state a significant hold in air-space. This would affect trade between India, Africa, and Australia.
Riduan Isamuddin was born Encep Nurjaman in the rice belt of Pamokolan, a small town in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. He was the son of a peasant farmer, and was the second of eleven children. He got involved with Jemaah Islamiah as a teenager. He was a very studious student at his Islamic high school, Al-I’anah. He travelled to Afghanistan in the 1983 to fight the Soviet Union during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Over his three year course of being a mujahideen, which lasted from 1987 to 1990, he fought the Soviets and met Osama Bin Laden. Most of his friends and family back home did not know what he was doing.
In Malaysia, he met the two co-founders of JI, Abdullah Sungkar and Abubakar Ba'asyir, who fled Indonesia in 1985. Nurjaman internationalized the terrorist groups' activities. Nurjaman then took a new name in his permanent residence permit. He now was Riduan Isamuddin. The three of them were in a housing compound in Kampung Sungai Manggis, Banting, Selangor.
The two co-founders sent their students to "study" in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The students actually fought the Soviets until the Soviets pulled out of Afghanistan. A woman named Noralwizah Lee Abdullah had gone to Malaysia for religious schooling. She secretly married Isamuddin after meeting him at the Luqmanul Hakiem School in Ulu Tiram, Johor. The school was founded by Sungkar and Ba'asyir.
At first, Isamuddin struggled to make a living for his family. He switched from selling kebabs to patenting medicines. He soon disappeared from his home for weeks on end, and he recieved many visitors at home. He eventually came to own a red Proton hatchback and several cell phones. Investigators say that many calls on those cell phones were made to Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, Osama bin Laden's brother in law, who had arrived back in Manila, Philippines in 1991.
After Arab visitors gave his family lots of money, he founded a shell company, Konsojaya, in June 1994. The company claimed to be an "import-export" company that traded palm oil from Malaysia to Afghanistan, but was more or less a front company for terrorism. Wali Khan Amin Shah, who would become the financier of Operation Bojinka, was one of the members of the board of directors of Konsojaya. The company provided financial assistance to the project until it was discovered by investigators on a laptop computer after an apartment fire on January 5, 1995. Shah was arrested in the Philippines but he escaped on a short order. Shah would get arrested in Malaysia in December 1995. Both Shah and mastermind Ramzi Yousef, who escaped the Philippines but got arrested in Lahore, Pakistan, were extradited to the United States. They both were convicted and sentenced to life in prison for participating in the project.
Hambali goes underground
Hambali's company was narrowly overlooked by the investigators, so he wasn't as ambitious for the moment. He decided to preach, raise money, and recruit for his cause. He went underground in 2000 and started a wave of church-bomings in Indonesia. He always had a "hands-on" technique. He met his foot soldiers and came to them "with detailed plans, plenty of cash and two of his own bombmakers." He always vanished before the bombing commenced. Meanwhile, the spiritual leader of Jemaah Islamiah, Abu Bakr Bashir, was teaching jihad at his schools and denying terrorist links.
In January 2000, he attended the 2000 Al Qaeda Summit in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He planned and made his meeting with two September 11 hijackers, Khalid Almihdhar and Nawaf Alhazmi during the summit. The meeting was videotaped by the CIA and Malaysian authorities. Hambali also provided money and documents to Zacarias Moussaoui in October of that year.
After the Bali nightclub bombing, which killed 202 people, more focus from the United States was on Hambali. Prior to that attack, the Indonesian government didn't do very much to deal with terrorism. After the attack occurred, Abu Bakr Bashir was arrested and the government started to crack down on Jemaah Islamiah. He became wanted for the bombings of several churches in the reason, as well as the Bali bombing and a failed plot on several targets in Singapore.
The end of the road
Hambali used a series of safe-houses throughout Southeast Asia, especially Thailand and Cambodia to move around. While he was in Ayutthaya, Thailand, 75 kilometers north of Bangkok, he was planning a terrorist attack against the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation summit (APEC) in Bangkok on October 2003. The meeting brought together twenty-one leaders, including George W. Bush, the United States President. Hambali had used a false Spanish passport to enter Thailand while his wife used her Malaysian passport.
Thai police found him as part of a joint operation between the Thai police and the CIA on August 11, 2003. The twenty uniformed and undercover police smashed down the door to his one bedroom apartment in Ayutthaya, and arrested him and and 33-year old Noralwizah Lee Abdullah, a Chinese Malaysian who was considered to be his wife. Hambali was wearing a pair of jeans, a t-shirt, a baseball cap, and a pair of sunglasses. Police also seized explosives and firearms in the property. It marked the end of a 20-month hunt for Hambali, who was 37 years of age when he was captured.
Hambali is now imprisoned in a secret location and in U.S. custody. His wife is now in Malaysian custody. The United States is reluctant to give Hambali to Indonesia after the latter imposed a lenient sentence on Bashir. The United States said that they would eventually give up Hambali to the Indonesian government.
Hambali is wanted in the Philippines for the transfer of explosives on Filipino soil in an attempt to take them to Singapore. | <urn:uuid:702cc7e9-aad8-44af-b9d9-7afc91fa08ae> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fact-index.com/r/ri/riduan_isamuddin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982054 | 1,448 | 2.671875 | 3 |
|Founded||June 16, 1903|
|Headquarters||Dearborn, Michigan, U.S.|
William C. Ford, Jr.|
Alan R. Mulally
(President & CEO)
|Revenue (turnover)||US$128.954 billion (2010)|
|Operating income||US$7.149 billion (2010)|
|Net income||US$6.561 billion (2010)|
|Total assets||▼ US$165.693 billion (2010)|
|Total equity||US$-642 million (2010)|
Automotive Components Holdings|
Ford of Europe
Ford do Brasil
Ford Motor Company (NYSE: F) is an American multinational automaker based in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. The automaker was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. In addition to the Ford and Lincoln brands, Ford also owns a small stake in Mazda in Japan and Aston Martin in the UK. Ford's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover were sold to Tata Motors of India in March 2008. In 2010 Ford sold Volvo to Geely Automobile. Ford discontinued the Mercury brand after the 2011 model year.
Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines. Henry Ford's methods came to be known around the world as Fordism by 1914.
Ford is the second largest automaker in the U.S. and the fifth-largest in the world based on annual vehicle sales in 2010. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe. Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants and facilities worldwide. During the automotive crisis, Ford's worldwide unit volume dropped to 4.817 million in 2009. In 2010, Ford earned a net profit of $6.6 billion and reduced its debt from $33.6 billion to $14.5 billion lowering interest payments by $1 billion following its 2009 net profit of $2.7 billion. Starting in 2007, Ford received more initial quality survey awards from J. D. Power and Associates than any other automaker. Five of Ford's vehicles ranked at the top of their categories and fourteen vehicles ranked in the top three.
Members of the board as of early 2011 are: Richard A. Gephardt, Stephen Butler, Ellen Marram, Kimberly Casiano, Alan Mulally (President and CEO), Edsel Ford II, Homer Neal, William Clay Ford Jr. (Executive Chairman), Jorma Ollila, Irvine Hockaday Jr., John L. Thornton, and William Clay Ford, Sr. (Director Emeritus).
The main corporate officers are: Lewis Booth (Executive Vice President, Chairman (Premier Automotive Group) and Ford of Europe), Mark Fields (Executive Vice President, President of The Americas), Donat Leclair (Executive Vice President and CFO), Mark A. Schulz (Executive Vice President, President of International Operations), and Michael E. Bannister (Group Vice President; Chairman & CEO Ford Motor Credit). Paul Mascarenas (Vice President of Engineering, The Americas Product Development)
During the mid to late 1990s, Ford sold large numbers of vehicles, in a booming American economy with soaring stock market and low fuel prices. With the dawn of the new century, legacy healthcare costs, higher fuel prices, and a faltering economy led to falling market shares, declining sales, and sliding profit margins. Most of the corporate profits came from financing consumer automobile loans through Ford Motor Credit Company.
By 2005, corporate bond rating agencies had downgraded the bonds of both Ford and GM to junk status, citing high U.S. health care costs for an aging workforce, soaring gasoline prices, eroding market share, and dependence on declining SUV sales for revenues. Profit margins decreased on large vehicles due to increased "incentives" (in the form of rebates or low interest financing) to offset declining demand.
In the face of demand for higher fuel efficiency and falling sales of minivans, Ford moved to introduce a range of new vehicles, including "Crossover SUVs" built on unibody car platforms, rather than more body-on-frame chassis. In developing the hybrid electric powertrain technologies for the Ford Escape Hybrid SUV, Ford licensed similar Toyota hybrid technologies to avoid patent infringements. Ford announced that it will team up with electricity supply company Southern California Edison (SCE) to examine the future of plug-in hybrids in terms of how home and vehicle energy systems will work with the electrical grid. Under the multi-million-dollar, multi-year project, Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of Ford Escape Hybrids into plug-in hybrids, and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated "in typical customer settings," according to Ford.
In December 2006, the company raised its borrowing capacity to about $25 billion, placing substantially all corporate assets as collateral to secure the line of credit. Chairman Bill Ford has stated that "bankruptcy is not an option". In order to control its skyrocketing labor costs (the most expensive in the world), the company and the United Auto Workers, representing approximately 46,000 hourly workers in North America, agreed to a historic contract settlement in November 2007 giving the company a substantial break in terms of its ongoing retiree health care costs and other economic issues. The agreement includes the establishment of a company-funded, independently run Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association (VEBA) trust to shift the burden of retiree health care from the company's books, thereby improving its balance sheet. This arrangement took effect on January 1, 2010. As a sign of its currently strong cash position, Ford contributed its entire current liability (estimated at approximately US$5.5 Billion as of December 31, 2009) to the VEBA in cash, and also pre-paid US$500 Million of its future liabilities to the fund. The agreement also gives hourly workers the job security they were seeking by having the company commit to substantial investments in most of its factories.
The automaker reported the largest annual loss in company history in 2006 of $12.7 billion, and estimated that it would not return to profitability until 2009. However, Ford surprised Wall Street in the second quarter of 2007 by posting a $750 million profit. Despite the gains, the company finished the year with a $2.7 billion loss, largely attributed to finance restructuring at Volvo.
In January 2008, Ford launched a website listing the ten Built Ford Tough rules as well as a series of webisodes that parodied the TV show COPS.
During November 2008, Ford, together with Chrysler and General Motors, sought financial aid at Congressional hearings in Washington D.C. in the face of worsening conditions caused by the automotive industry crisis. The three companies presented action plans for the sustainability of the industry. The Detroit based automakers were unsuccessful at obtaining assistance through Congressional legislation. GM and Chrysler later received assistance through the Executive Branch from the T.A.R.P. funding provisions. On December 19, the cost of credit default swaps to insure the debt of Ford was 68 percent the sum insured for five years in addition to annual payments of 5 percent. That means it costs $6.8 million paid upfront to insure $10 million in debt, in addition to payments of $500,000 per year. In January 2009, Ford announced a $14.6 billion loss in the preceding year, making 2008 its worst year in history. Still, the company claimed to have sufficient liquidity to fund its business plans and thus, did not ask for government aid. Through April 2009, Ford's strategy of debt for equity exchanges, erased $9.9 B in liabilities (28% of its total), in order to leverage its cash position. These actions yielded Ford a $2.7 billion profit in fiscal year 2009, the company's first full-year profit in four years.
"The Way Forward"Edit
In the latter half of 2005, Chairman Bill Ford asked newly appointed Ford Americas Division President Mark Fields to develop a plan to return the company to profitability. Fields previewed the Plan, dubbed The Way Forward, at the December 7, 2005 board meeting of the company; and it was unveiled to the public on January 23, 2006. "The Way Forward" includes resizing the company to match current market realities, dropping some unprofitable and inefficient models, consolidating production lines, and shutting fourteen factories and cutting 30,000 jobs. These cutbacks are consistent with Ford's roughly 25% decline in U.S. automotive market share since the mid-late 1990s.
In 2010, Ford earned a net profit of $6.6 billion and reduced its debt from $33.6 billion to $14.5 billion lowering interest payments by $1 billion following its 2009 net profit of $2.7 billion.. In the U.S., the F-Series is the best selling vehicle for 2010. Ford sold 528,349 F-Series trucks during the year, a 27.7% increase over 2009, out of a total sales of 1.9 million vehicles, or every one out of four vehicles Ford sold. Trucks sales accounts for a big slice of Ford's profits, according to USA Today. Ford's realignment also includes the sale of its wholly owned subsidiary, Hertz Rent-a-Car to a private equity group for $15 billion in cash and debt acquisition. The sale was completed on December 22, 2005. A 50–50 joint venture with Mahindra & Mahindra Limited of India, called Mahindra Ford India, Limited (MIFL), ended with Ford buying out Mahindra's remaining stake in the company in 2005. Ford had previously upped its stake to 72% in 1998.
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Ford also became President of the company in April 2006, with the retirement of Jim Padilla. Five months later, in September, he stepped down as President and CEO, and naming Alan Mulally as his successor. Bill Ford continues as Executive Chairman, along with an executive operating committee made up of Mulally, Mark Schulz, Lewis Booth, Don Leclair, and Mark Fields.
The domain ford.com attracted at least 11 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com survey.
Ford Motor Company manufactures automobiles under its own name and as Lincoln in the United States. In 1958, Ford introduced a new brand, the Edsel, but poor sales led to its discontinuation in 1960. In 1985, the Merkur brand was introduced to market Fords from Europe in the United States; it met a similar fate in 1989. The Mercury brand was also introduced by Ford in 1939 but poor sales also led to its discontinuation in 2010.
Ford has major manufacturing operations in Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Germany, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, the People's Republic of China, and several other countries, including South Africa where, following divestment during apartheid, it once again has a wholly owned subsidiary. Ford also has a cooperative agreement with Russian automaker GAZ.
Ford acquired British sports car maker Aston Martin in 1989, but sold it on March 12, 2007, retaining a small minority stake, and bought Volvo Cars of Sweden in 1999, selling it to Zhejiang Geely Holding Group in 2010. In November 2008 it reduced its 33.4% controlling interest in Mazda of Japan, to a 13.4% non-controlling interest. On November 18, 2010, Ford reduced their stake further to just 3%, citing the reduction of ownership would allow greater flexibility to pursue growth in emerging markets. Ford and Mazda remain strategic partners through joint ventures and exchanges of technological information. It shares an American joint venture plant in Flat Rock, Michigan called Auto Alliance with Mazda. It has spun off its parts division under the name Visteon.
Ford's FoMoCo parts division sells aftermarket parts under the Motorcraft brand name.
Ford's non-manufacturing operations include organizations such as automotive finance operation Ford Motor Credit Company. Ford also sponsors numerous events and sports facilities around the US, most notably Ford Center in downtown Oklahoma City and Ford Field in downtown Detroit.
|Lincoln||1922–present||North America, Middle East|
Initially, Ford Motor Company models sold outside the U.S. were essentially versions of those sold on the home market, but later on, models specific to Europe were developed and sold. Attempts to globalize the model line have often failed, with Europe's Ford Mondeo selling poorly in the United States as the Ford Contour, while U.S. models such as the Ford Taurus have fared poorly in Japan and Australia, even when produced in right hand drive. The small European model Ka, a hit in its home market, did not catch on in Japan, as it was not available as an automatic. The Mondeo was dropped by Ford Australia, because the segment of the market in which it competes had been in steady decline, with buyers preferring the larger local model, the Falcon. One recent exception is the European model of the Focus, which has sold strongly on both sides of the Atlantic.
|Calendar Year||American sales|
In the first five months of 2010, auto sales in the U.S. rose to 4.6 million cars and light trucks, an increase of 17% from a year earlier. The rise was mainly caused by the return of commercial customers that had all but stopped buying in 2009 during the recession. Sales to individual customers at dealerships have increased 13%, while fleet sales have jumped 32%. Ford reported that 37% of its sales in May came from fleet sales when it announced its sales for the month increased 23%. In the first seven months of 2010, vehicle sales of Ford increased 24%, including retail and fleet sales. Fleet sales of Ford for the same period rose 35% to 386,000 units while retail sales increase 19%. Fleet sales account for 39 percent of Chrysler's sales and 31 percent for GM's.
At first, Ford in Germany and Ford in Britain built different models from one another until the late 1960s, with the Ford Escort and then the Ford Capri being common to both companies. Later on, the Ford Taunus and Ford Cortina became identical, produced in left hand drive and right hand drive respectively. Rationalisation of model ranges meant that production of many models in the UK switched to elsewhere in Europe, including Belgium and Spain as well as Germany. The Ford Sierra replaced the Taunus and Cortina in 1982, drawing criticism for its radical aerodynamic styling, which was soon given nicknames such as "Jellymould" and "The Salesman's Spaceship."
Increasingly, the Ford Motor Company has looked to Ford of Europe for its "world cars," such as the Mondeo, Focus, and Fiesta, although sales of European-sourced Fords in the U.S. have been disappointing. The Focus has been one exception to this, which has become America's best selling compact car since its launch in 2000.
In February 2002, Ford ended car production in the UK. It was the first time in 90 years that Ford cars had not been made in Britain, although production of the Transit van continues at the company's Southampton facility, engines at Bridgend and Dagenham, and transmissions at Halewood. Development of European Ford is broadly split between Dunton in Essex (powertrain, Fiesta/Ka, and commercial vehicles) and Cologne (body, chassis, electrical, Focus, Mondeo) in Germany. Ford also produced the Thames range of commercial vehicles, although the use of this brand name was discontinued circa 1965. Elsewhere in continental Europe, Ford assembles the Mondeo range in Genk (Belgium), Fiesta in Valencia (Spain) and Cologne (Germany), Ka in Valencia, and Focus in Valencia, Saarlouis (Germany) and Vsevolozhsk (Russia). Transit production is in Kocaeli (Turkey), Southampton (UK), and Transit Connect in Kocaeli.
Ford also owns a joint-venture production plant in Turkey. Ford-Otosan, established in the 1970s, manufactures the Transit Connect compact panel van as well as the "Jumbo" and long-wheelbase versions of the full-size Transit. This new production facility was set up near Kocaeli in 2002, and its opening marked the end of Transit assembly in Genk.
Another joint venture plant near Setúbal in Portugal, set up in collaboration with Volkswagen, formerly assembled the Galaxy people-carrier as well as its sister ships, the VW Sharan and SEAT Alhambra. With the introduction of the third generation of the Galaxy, Ford has moved the production of the people-carrier to the Genk plant, with Volkswagen taking over sole ownership of the Setubal facility.
In 2008, Ford acquired a majority stake in Automobile Craiova, Romania. Starting 2009, Ford Transit Connect will be Ford's first model produced in Craiova, followed, in 2010, by low-capacity car engines and a new small class car.
Ford Europe has broken new ground with a number of relatively futuristic car launches over the last 50 years.
Its 1959 Anglia two-door saloon was one of the most quirky-looking small family cars in Europe at the time of its launch, but buyers soon became accustomed to its looks and it was hugely popular with British buyers in particular. It was still selling well when replaced by the more practical Escort in 1967.
The third incarnation of the Ford Escort was launched in 1980 and marked the company's move from rear-wheel drive saloons to front-wheel drive hatchbacks in the small family car sector.
The fourth generation Escort was produced from 1990 until 2000, although its successor – the Focus – had been on sale since 1998. On its launch, the Focus was arguably the most dramatic-looking and fine-handling small family cars on sale, and sold in huge volumes right up to the launch of the next generation Focus at the end of 2004.
The 1982 Ford Sierra – replacement for the long-running and massively popular Cortina and Taunus models – was a style-setter at the time of its launch. Its ultramodern aerodynamic design was a world away from a boxy, sharp-edged Cortina, and it was massively popular just about everywhere it was sold. A series of updates kept it looking relatively fresh until it was replaced by the front-wheel drive Mondeo at the start of 1993.
The rise in popularity of small cars during the 1970s saw Ford enter the mini-car market in 1976 with its Fiesta hatchback. Most of its production was concentrated at Valencia in Spain, and the Fiesta sold in huge figures from the very start. An update in 1983 and the launch of an all-new model in 1989 strengthened its position in the small car market.
In Australia and New Zealand, the popular Ford Falcon has long been considered the average family car and is considerably larger than the Mondeo, Ford's largest car sold in Europe. Between 1960 and 1972, the Falcon was based on a U.S. model of the same name, but since then has been entirely designed and manufactured in Australia, occasionlly being manufactured in New Zealand. Like its General Motors rival, the Holden Commodore, the Falcon uses a rear wheel drive layout. High performance variants of the Falcon running locally built engines produce up to 362 hp (270 kW). A ute (short for "utility," known in the US as pickup truck) version is also available with the same range of drivetrains. In addition, Ford Australia sells highly tuned limited-production Falcon sedans and utes through its performance car division, Ford Performance Vehicles.
In Australia, the Commodore and Falcon have traditionally outsold all other cars and comprise over 20% of the new car market. In New Zealand, Ford was second in market share in the first eight months of 2006 with 14.4 per cent. More recently Ford has axed its Falcon-based LWB variant of its lineup – the Fairlane and LTD ranges, and announced that their Geelong engine manufacturing plant may be shut down from 2013. They have also announced local manufacturing of the Focus small car starting from 2011.
However, with the acquisition of a stake in Japanese manufacturer Mazda in 1979, Ford began selling Mazda's Familia and Capella (also known as the 323 and 626) as the Ford Laser and Telstar, replacing the European-sourced Escort and Cortina.
In Australia, the Laser was one of Ford Australia's most successful models, and was manufactured in Ford's Homebush plant from 1981 until the plant's closure in September 1994. It outsold the Mazda 323, despite being almost identical to it, due to the fact the Laser was manufactured in Australia and Ford was perceived as a local brand.
In New Zealand, the Ford Laser and Telstar were assembled alongside the Mazda 323 and 626 until 1997, at the Vehicle Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ) plant in Wiri, Auckland. The Sierra wagon was also assembled in New Zealand, owing to the popularity of station wagons in that market.
Through its relationship with Mazda, Ford also acquired a stake in South Korean manufacturer Kia, which built the (Mazda-based) Ford Festiva from 1988–1993, and the Ford Aspire from 1994–1997 for export to the United States, but later sold their interest to Hyundai (which also manufactured the Ford Cortina until the 1980s). Kia continued to market the Aspire as the Kia Avella, later replaced by the Rio and once again sold in the US.
Ford's presence in Asia has traditionally been much smaller, confined to Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and Taiwan, where Ford has had a joint venture with Lio Ho since the 1970s. Ford began assembly of cars in Thailand in 1960, but withdrew from the country in 1976, and did not return until 1995, when it formed a joint venture with Mazda called Auto Alliance.
Ford India began production in 1998 with its Ford Escort model, which was later replaced by locally produced Ford Ikon in 2001. It has since added Fusion, Fiesta, Mondeo and Endeavour to its product line.
In South America, Ford has had to face protectionist government measures in each country, with the result that it built different models in different countries, without particular regard to rationalization or economy of scale inherent to producing and sharing similar vehicles between the nations. In many cases, new vehicles in a country were based on those of the other manufacturers it had entered into production agreements with, or whose factories it had acquired. For example, the Corcel and Del Rey in Brazil were originally based on Renault vehicles.
In 1987, Ford of Brasil and Ford of Argentina merged its operations with those of Volkswagen to form a company called Autolatina, with which it shared models. Sales figures and profitability were disappointing, and Autolatina was dissolved in 1995. With the advent of Mercosur, the regional common market, Ford was finally able to rationalize its product line-ups in those countries. Consequently, the Ford Fiesta and Ford EcoSport are only built in Brazil, and the Ford Focus only built in Argentina, with each plant exporting in large volumes to the neighboring countries. Models like the Ford Mondeo from Europe could now be imported completely built up. Ford of Brazil produces a pick-up truck version of the Fiesta, the Courier, which is also produced in South Africa as the Ford Bantam in right hand drive versions.
Africa and Middle EastEdit
In Africa, Ford's market presence has traditionally been strongest in South Africa and neighbouring countries, with only trucks being sold elsewhere on the continent. Ford in South Africa began by importing kits from Canada to be assembled at its Port Elizabeth facility. Later Ford sourced its models from the UK and Australia, with local versions of the Ford Cortina including the XR6, with a 3.0 V6 engine, and a Cortina-based 'bakkie' or pick-up, which was exported to the UK. In the mid-1980s Ford merged with a rival company, owned by Anglo American, to form the South African Motor Corporation (Samcor).
Following international condemnation of apartheid, Ford divested from South Africa in 1988, and sold its stake in Samcor, although it licensed the use of its brand name to the company. Samcor began to assemble Mazdas as well, which affected its product line-up, and saw the European Fords like the Escort and Sierra replaced by the Mazda-based Laser and Telstar. Ford bought a 45 per cent stake in Samcor following the demise of apartheid in 1994, and this later became, once again, a wholly owned subsidiary, the Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa. Ford now sells a local sedan version of the Fiesta (also built in India and Mexico), and the Focus. The Falcon model from Australia was also sold in South Africa, but was dropped in 2003, while the Mondeo, after briefly being assembled locally, was dropped in 2005.
Ford's market presence in the Middle East has traditionally been even smaller, partly due to previous Arab boycotts of companies dealing with Israel. Ford and Lincoln vehicles are currently marketed in ten countries in the region. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the UAE are the biggest markets. Ford also established itself in Egypt in 1926, but faced an uphill battle during the 1950s due to the hostile nationalist business environment. Ford's distributor in Saudi Arabia announced in February 2003 that it had sold 100,000 Ford and Lincoln vehicles since commencing sales in November 1986. Half of the Ford/Lincoln vehicles sold in that country were Ford Crown Victorias. In 2004, Ford sold 30,000 units in the region, falling far short of General Motors' 88,852 units and Nissan Motors' 75,000 units.
Ford announced in late 2008 July that it will bring six of its more fuel-efficient European models to the U.S.
Compressed natural gasEdit
The alternative fossil fuel vehicles, such as some versions of the Crown Victoria especially in fleet and taxi service, operate on compressed natural gas—or CNG. Some CNG vehicles have dual fuel tanks – one for gasoline, the other for CNG – the same engine can operate on either fuel via a selector switch.
Flexible fuel vehiclesEdit
Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to operate smoothly using a wide range of available ethanol fuel mixtures—from pure gasoline, to bioethanol-gasoline blends such as E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) or E100 (neat hydrous ethanol) in Brazil. Part of the challenge of successful marketing alternative and flexible fuel vehicles in the U.S., is the general lack of establishment of sufficient fueling stations, which would be essential for these vehicles to be attractive to a wide range of consumers. Significant efforts to ramp up production and distribution of E85 fuels are underway and expanding.
Ford is also planning to produce 250,000 E85-capable vehicles a year in the US, adding to some 1.6 million already sold in the last 10 years.
Current Ford E85 Flexible Fuel Vehicles sold in North America and Europe are:
- Ford F-150
- Ford Crown Victoria
- Ford Focus
- Ford C-MAX
- Ford Mondeo
- Ford S-MAX
- Ford Galaxy
- Ford Taurus
- Ford Ranger
- Ford Explorer
- Ford Expedition and EL/Max
- Mercury Grand Marquis
- Lincoln Town Car
Current Ford E100 Flex sold in the Brazilian market are:
- Main article: Electric vehicle
Ford Motor Co. expects electric vehicles will represent a "major portion" of its lineup a decade from now as the automaker breaks away from a recent reliance on pickup trucks and SUVs. The stakes are high because Ford's stepped-up investment is coming at a time when the U.S. government is demanding steep increases in fuel economy and has put money forward to help automakers adopt new fuel-saving technologies.
Ford Motor Co. will partner with Coulomb Technologies to provide nearly 5,000 free in-home charging stations for some of the automaker's first electric vehicle customers, under the Ford Blue Oval ChargePoint Program.
Hybrid electric vehiclesEdit
In 2004 both Ford and Toyota agreed on a patent sharing accord which granted Ford access to certain hybrid technology patented by Toyota, in exchange Ford licensed Toyota some of their own patents.
Ford did improve fuel efficiency during 2005, with the introduction of the Hybrid-Electric Escape. With this vehicle, Ford was third to the automotive market with a hybrid electric vehicle and the first hybrid electric SUV to market. This was also the first hybrid electric vehicle with a flexible fuel capability to run on E85. The Escape's platform mate Mercury Mariner was also available with the hybrid-electric system in the 2006 model year—a full year ahead of schedule. The similar Mazda Tribute will also receive a hybrid-electric powertrain option, along with many other vehicles in the Ford vehicle line.
In 2005 Ford announced its goal to make 250,000 hybrids a year by 2010, but by mid-2006 announced that it would not meet that goal, due to excessively high costs and the lack of sufficient supplies of the hybrid-electric batteries and drivetrain system components. Instead, Ford has committed to accelerating development of next-generation hybrid-electric power plants in Britain, in collaboration with Volvo. This engineering study is expected to yield more than 100 new hybrid-electric vehicle models and derivatives. There are also plans for hybrid versions of the Ford Edge and Lincoln MKX.
Ford announced on 2007-07-09 that it will team up with Southern California Edison (SCE) to examine the future of plug-in hybrids in terms of how home and vehicle energy systems will work with the electrical grid. Under the multi-million-dollar, multi-year project, Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of Ford Escape Hybrids into plug-in hybrids, and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated "in typical customer settings," according to Ford.
On June 12, 2008 USDOE expanded its own fleet of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles with the addition of a Ford Escape Plug-In Hybrid Flex-Fuel Vehicle. The vehicle is equipped with a 10-kilowatt (13 hp) lithium-ion battery supplied by Johnson Controls-Saft that stores enough electric energy to drive up to 30 miles (48 km) at speeds of up to 40 mph (64 km/h).
Current and planned Ford hybrid electric vehicles:
- 2004– Ford Escape Hybrid
- 2006– Mercury Mariner
- 2009– Ford Fusion Hybrid/Mercury Milan
- 2009/10– Ford Edge/Lincoln MKX
Ford ended the Think City experiment and ordered all the cars repossessed and destroyed, even as many of the people leasing them begged to be able to buy the cars from Ford. After outcry from the lessees and activists in the US and Norway, Ford returned the cars to Norway for sale.
Bill Ford was one of the first top industry executives to make regular use of an battery electric vehicle, a Ford Ranger EV, while the company contracted with the United States Postal Service to deliver electric postal vans based on the Ranger EV platform..Ford discontinued a line of electric Ranger pickup trucks and ordered them destroyed, though it reversed in January 2005, after environmentalist protest.
The North American Focus EV is based on next generation Focus fuel vehicle, converted to an electric propulsion system as a Production EV by Magna International, and is planned to be launched in late 2011. Ford plans to have 10,000 Focus EVs on the road beginning in late 2011 in partnership with Magna International and it will be a global vehicle that will be sold in the three key markets of North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific. The Focus EV has a maximum range of about 160 kilometers or 100 miles, and a top speed of about 120+ kilometers or 75+ miles per hour.
- 2010 All-electric Transit Connect
- 2011 All-electric small car in late 2011 (Ford Focus EV).
- 2013 C-MAX Energi coming fall 2012
Ford battery electric vehicle (BEV) demonstrators are included in a British project that is part of the UK government's zero carbon vehicle fleet of Focus BEVs. The BEV demonstrator fleet is being developed partly with public funding from the government's Technology Strategy Board (TSB), which promotes innovative industry-led projects that reduce CO2 while benefiting the UK's transport system.
Ford also continues to study Fuel Cell-powered electric powertrains, and has demonstrated hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine technologies, as well as developing the next-generation hybrid-electric systems. Compared with conventional vehicles, hybrid vehicles and/or fuel cell vehicles decrease air pollution emissions as well as sound levels, with favorable impacts upon respiratory health and decrease of noise health effects.
Ford has launched the production of hydrogen-powered shuttle buses, using hydrogen instead of gasoline in a standard internal combustion engine, for use at airports and convention centers. At the 2006 Greater Los Angeles Auto Show, Ford showcased a hydrogen fuel cell version of its Explorer SUV. The Fuel cell Explorer has a combined output of 174 hp (130 kW). It has a large hydrogen storage tank which is situated in the center of the car taking the original place of the conventional model's automatic transmission. The centered position of the tank assists the vehicle reach a notable range of 350 miles (563 km), the farthest for a fuel cell vehicle so far. The fuel cell Explorer the first in a series of prototypes partly funded by the United States Department of Energy to expand efforts to determine the feasibility of hydrogen- powered vehicles. The fuel cell Explorer is one of several vehicles with green technology being featured at the L.A. show, including the 2008 Ford Escape Hybrid, PZEV emissions compliant Fusion and Focus models and a 2008 Ford F-Series Super Duty outfitted with Ford's clean diesel technology.
Increased fuel efficiencyEdit
Ford Motor Company announced it will accelerate its plans to produce more fuel-efficient cars, changing both its North American manufacturing plans and its lineup of vehicles available in the United States. In terms of North American manufacturing, the company will convert three existing truck and sport utility vehicle (SUV) plants for small car production, with the first conversion starting in December at its Michigan Truck Plant. In addition, Ford's assembly plants near Mexico City, Mexico, and in Louisville, Kentucky, will convert from pickups and SUVs to small cars, including the Ford Fiesta, by 2011. Ford will also introduce to North America six of its European small vehicles, including two versions of the Ford Fiesta, by the end of 2012. And last but not least, Ford is stepping up its production of fuel-efficient "EcoBoost" V-6 and four-cylinder engines, while increasing its production of hybrid vehicles. See the Ford press release.
Ford of Europe developed the ECOnetic programme to address the market and legislative need for higher fuel efficiency and lower CO2 emissions. As opposed to the hybrid engine technology used in competitor products such as the Toyota Prius, ECOnetic improves existing technology. Using lower consuming Duratorq TDCi diesel engines, and based on a combination of improved aerodynamics, lower resistance and improved efficiency, the Ford Fiesta is currently the lowest emitting mass-produced car in Europe, while the 2012 Ford Focus ECOnetic will have better fuel consumption that the Prius or the Volkswagen Golf BlueMotion. ECOnetic is not presently planned to be sold in North Americam due to current perceived lower consumer demand.
Ford has challenged University teams to create a vehicle that is simple, durable, lightweight and come equipped with a base target price of only $7,000 The students from Aachen University created the "2015 Ford Model T".
In 2000, under the leadership of the current Ford chairman, William Clay Ford, the Company announced a planned 25 percent improvement in the average mileage of its light truck fleet – including its popular SUVs – to be completed by the 2005 calendar year. In 2003, Ford announced that competitive market conditions and technological and cost challenges would prevent the company from achieving this goal.
Researchers at the University of Massachusetts have, however, listed Ford as the seventh-worst corporate producer of air pollution, primarily because of the manganese compounds, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and glycol ethers released from its casting, truck, and assembly plants. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has linked Ford to 54 Superfund toxic waste sites, twelve of which have been cleaned up and deleted from the list.
For the 2007 model year, Ford had thirteen U.S. models that achieve 30 miles per gallon or better (based on the highway fuel economy estimates of the EPA and several of Ford's vehicles were recognized in the EPA and Department of Energy Fuel Economy Guide for best-in-class fuel economy. Ford claimed to have eliminated nearly three million pounds of smog-forming emissions from their U.S. cars and light trucks over the 2004 to 2006 model years.
PC Power ManagementEdit
On March 2010, Ford announced its PC Power Management system which it developed with NightWatchman software from 1E. The company is expected to save $1.2m on power cost and reduce carbon footprint by an estimated 16,000 to 25,000 metric tons annually when the system is fully implemented.
PC power management is being rolled out to all Ford computer users in US this month and it will be used in Ford operations around the world later in the year. Computers with this power profile enabled will monitor its usage patterns and decides when it can be turned off. PC user will be alerted of the approaching power down time and given the opportunity to delay it.
According to company reduction in carbon footprint and power cost will be achieved by developing 'Power Profiles' for every PC in the company.
- Main article: Ford Trucks
Ford has produced trucks since 1908. Countries where Ford commercial vehicles are or were made include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada (badged Mercury too), France, Germany, India, Netherlands, Philippines, Spain (badged Ebro too), Turkey, UK (badged also Fordson and Thames) and USA.
From the 1940s to late 1970s Ford's Ford F-Series were used as the base for light trucks for the North American market.
Most of these ventures are now extinct. The European one that lasted longest was the lorries arm of Ford of Britain, which was eventually sold to Iveco group in 1986, and whose last significant models were the Transcontinental and the Cargo.
In the United States, Ford's heavy trucks division (Classes 7 and 8) was sold in 1997 to Freightliner Trucks, which rebranded the lineup as Sterling. Freightliner is in the process of discontinuing this line.
Line of heavy trucks made by Ford for the North American market:
- Ford F-650 – joint venture model from 2000 to present
- Ford L9000 – last model year 1999
- Ford LNT9000 – short nose tandem axle from 1970s to 1997
- Ford LT9000 – tandem axle with last model year 1997
- Ford FT900 – until 1998
- Ford LT8000 – last model year 1998
- Ford L7000 – last model year 1996
Ford continues to manufacture medium duty trucks under the F-650 and F-750 badges. In 2001, the company entered into a joint venture with Navistar International to produce medium duty commercial trucks. The first new model from the new corporation, known as Blue Diamond Truck Company LLC, was the 2006 model year LCF, the first Ford branded cab-over-engine design in the United States since Freightliner's acquisition of the Cargo in the mid-1990s. The LCF was discontinued in 2009 and Ford's 2011 medium-duty commercial offerings are limited to the two F-Series.
In 1999 the end of the F800 meant Ford was not producing in any F-series heavy truck chassis.
In Europe, Ford manufactures the Ford Transit jumbo van which is classed as a Large Goods Vehicle and has a payload of up to 2,265 kg, there are options of a panel van, pickup or chassis cab. The Ford Transit is also available as a light van called the Ford Transit Connect and the Ford Ranger pickup is available.
Ford manufactured complete buses in the company's early history, but today the role of the company has changed to that of a second stage manufacturer. In North America, the E-Series is still used as a chassis for small school buses and the F-650 is used in commercial bus markets. In the 1980s and 1990s, the medium-duty B700 was a popular chassis used by school bus body manufacturers (Thomas Built, Ward, Blue Bird, etc...), but Ford lost its market share due to industry contraction and agreements between body manufacturers. Older bus models included:
Prior to 1939, For buses were based on truck bodies:
- Model B – 1930s
- Model T – 1920s
- F-105 school bus
- 09-B/19-B City transit bus – 1939–1941
- 19-B/29-B City transit bus – 1941–1942
- 49-B/79-B City transit bus – 1944–1947
- 69-B City transit bus – 1946–1947
- 29-B City transit bus – 1946–1947
- 72-T transit bus – 1944–1945
After 1946 the Transit City bus was sold as Universal Bus with the roof changed from fabric/wood to all metal:
- 79-B Universal transit bus – 1946–1947
- 8MB transit bus – with Wayne Works 1948–?
- B500 or B-series – 1950-1990s based on Ford F-series truck chassis used by school bus body manufacturers
In Europe, Ford manufactures the Ford Transit Minibus which is classed in Europe as a Passenger Carrying Vehicle and there are options of 12, 15 or 17 seaters. In the past European models included:
- D series buses (Australia)
- Main article: Ford Tractors
The "Henry Ford and Son Company" began making Fordson tractors in Henry's hometown of Springwells (later part of Dearborn, Michigan from 1907 to 1928, from 1919 to 1932, at Cork, Ireland and 1933–1964 at Dagenham, England, later transferred to Basildon. They were also produced in Leningrad beginning in 1924.
In 1986, Ford expanded its tractor business when it purchased the Sperry-New Holland skid-steer loader and hay baler, hay tools and implement company from Sperry Corporation and formed Ford-New Holland which bought out Versatile tractors in 1988. This company was bought by Fiat in 1993 and the name changed from Ford New Holland to New Holland. New Holland is now part of CNH Global.
- Main article: History of Ford Motor Company
The Ford Motor Company was launched in a converted factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John and Horace Dodge (who would later found their own car company). Later Ford realized it would be better if he manufactured all of his company's automotive parts himself instead of using parts from aftermarket sources which lead to the production of the assembly line 1908. Henry's first attempt under his name was the Henry Ford Company on November 3, 1901, which became the Cadillac Motor Company on August 22, 1902. In 1908 Ford During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on each car from components made to order by other companies. Henry Ford was 40 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company, which would go on to become one of the world's largest and most profitable companies, as well as being one to survive the Great Depression. As one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world, the Ford Motor Company has been in continuous family control for over 100 years.
- Detroit Automobile Company
- Dodge v. Ford Motor Company
- Firestone and Ford tire controversy
- Ford F-Series
- Ford Mustang
- Ford Racing
- Ford V-8
- Fordson tractor
- The Henry Ford
- Henry Ford Company
- History of Ford Motor Company
- List of Ford vehicles
- List of Ford factories
- List of Ford engines
- List of Ford platforms
- List of Ford VIN codes
- List of CEOs of Ford Motor Company
- Pay on production
- Plug-in hybrid
- Smith Electric Vehicles
- Southern California Edison
- Soybean Car
- Special Vehicle Team (SVT)
- Special Vehicle Operations (SVO)
- United States Council for Automotive Research
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "2010 Form 10K, Ford Motor Company". United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
- ↑ "Ford Motor Company Completes Sale of Volvo to Geely", Ford Motor Co. (August 2, 2010). Retrieved on August 2, 2010.
- ↑ "Hyundai 4th Largest Automaker, Overtakes Ford". The Truth about Cars (2011). Retrieved on January 28, 2011.
- ↑ ACEA. "NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS BY MANUFACTURER EUROPEAN UNIUM (EU)". ACEA. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved on January 28, 2011.
- ↑ "Fortune 500", CNN. Retrieved on November 27, 2010.
- ↑ "Ford Motor Company / 2008 Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Durbin, Dee Ann and Tom Kirshner (January 28, 2011).Ford 2010 profit highest in a decade as sales rise.Bloomberg Business Week. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Ford Motor Company / 2009 Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ Money.CNN.com – Ford gets 5 top quality awards – June 7, 2007
- ↑ Edmunds AutoObserver.com – J.D Power: Ford Is a Winner – June 7, 2007
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Board of Directors". Ford Motor Company. Retrieved on March 9, 2011.
- ↑ Leggett, Theo (March 6, 2005). "Ford fighting to keep its shine", BBC News. Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ Post Store (May 6, 2005). "GM, Ford Bond Ratings Cut to Junk Status", The Washington Post. Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ Rebate wars
- ↑ Zaun, Todd (March 10, 2004). "Ford to License Toyota's Hybrid Technology". Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ Nussbaum, Bruce (November 1, 2005). "Is Ford Innovative? Part Two". Business Week. Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 "EERE News: EERE Network News". Eere.energy.gov (September 15, 2010). Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Ford Motor Company – Press Release – Ford Motor Company And Southern California Edison Join Forces To Advance A New Transportation And Energy Vision
- ↑ "Ford Bets The House". The Detroit News (November 28, 2006). Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ Levine, Greg (April 5, 2006), "Ford CEO: 'Honesty' Best Weapon Against Bankruptcy", Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/2006/04/05/ford-bankruptcy-cuts-cx_gl_0405autofacescan15.html. Retrieved on 19 September 2010.
- ↑ "Ford: Biggest loss ever", CNN (January 25, 2007). Retrieved on May 2, 2010.
- ↑ "Ford hit by record $12.7bn loss", BBC News (January 25, 2007). Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ "Ford takes $2.4bn writedown for Volvo" (January 24, 2008). Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ "Tata Motors completes acquisition of Jag, Land Rover", Thomson Reuters (June 2, 2008). Retrieved on June 2, 2008.
- ↑ "On U.S. tour, Mr. Tata gives Jaguar and Rover dealers a hug: AutoWeek Magazine". Autoweek.com. Retrieved on June 18, 2009.
- ↑ Detroit Chiefs Plead for Aid. New York Times on November 18, 2008.. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ↑ "GM and Chrysler to Receive Up to $17.4 Billion in Loans". CNBC.com (December 19, 2008). Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ GM, Ford default swaps fall on Bush bailout plan, Karen Brettell, Reuters, December 19, 2008
- ↑ Dolan, Matthew D., and John D. Stoll (April 7, 2009).Ford Trims Debt 28%. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on July 23, 2009.
- ↑ Bunkley, Nick (January 28, 2010). "Ford Profit Comes as Toyota Hits a Bump", The New York Times. Retrieved on February 2, 2010.
- ↑ "Ford to Cut Up to 30,000 Jobs and 14 Plants in Next 6 Years", The New York Times (January 23, 2006).
- ↑ Matt Krantz (March 30, 2011). "As gas prices rise, is Ford stock still a good bet?". USA Today.
- ↑ "Ford Commits $75 Million For India Operations". Expansionmanagement.com. Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ "Ford India Private Ltd, Ford Cars India, Ford Motors India, Ford Fiesta India, Ford in India". Business.mapsofindia.com. Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ Ford Motor Company (June 2, 2010). "FORD TO EXPAND LINCOLN LINEUP AND BRAND EMPHASIS; MERCURY PRODUCTION ENDS IN FOURTH QUARTER OF 2010", http://corporate.ford.com/news-center/news/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-to-expand-lincoln-lineup-and-32749.
- ↑ Ford Motor Company (March 12, 2007). "FORD ANNOUNCES AGREEMENT TO SELL ASTON MARTIN", http://media.ford.com/newsroom/release_display.cfm?release=25635.
- ↑ Ford Sells Major Stake in Aston Martin. March 12, 2007.
- ↑ "AB Volvo – press release". Cision Wire. Retrieved on January 28, 1999.
- ↑ "Ford to Sell 20% of stake in Mazda " Stuff going on in the world". Miscstuff.wordpress.com (November 18, 2008). Retrieved on June 18, 2009.
- ↑
- ↑ "Ford to Change Stake in Mazda". Ford Motor Company (November 18, 2010). Retrieved on March 9, 2011.
- ↑ "Ford Motor Company Sets New Full Year U.S. Sales Record". Theautochannel.com. Retrieved on April 28, 2009.
- ↑ "Ford's F-Series Truck Caps 22nd Year in a Row as America's Best-Selling Vehicle With a December Sales Record". Theautochannel.com (November 17, 2004). Retrieved on April 28, 2009.
- ↑ "Ford Achieves First Car Sales Increase Since 1999". Theautochannel.com (November 17, 2004). Retrieved on April 28, 2009.
- ↑ "Ford Motor Company 2007 sales" (January 3, 2008).
- ↑ "F-Series drives ford to higher market share for third consecutive month" (PDF). Ford Motor Company (January 5, 2009). Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved on May 14, 2009.
- ↑ "FORD CAPS 2009 WITH 33 PERCENT SALES INCREASE, FIRST FULL-YEAR MARKET SHARE GAIN SINCE 1995 , Ford Motor Company Newsroom". Media.ford.com (January 5, 2010). Retrieved on September 30, 2010.
- ↑ http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=33704
- ↑ Neal E. Boudette and Sharon Terlep (June 14, 2010). "Auto-Sales Optimism Fades", The Wall Street Journal.
- ↑ Chris Isidore (June 2, 2010). "GM, Ford sales gains outpace Toyota", CNNMoney.com.
- ↑ Jesse Snyder (August 9, 2010). "Fleets fuel surge at GM, Chrysler", Automotive News.
- ↑ "Ford to build low capacity car engines at hotnews.ro". English.hotnews.ro. Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ "Kia soars ahead of the others" (September 20, 2006).
- ↑ "About Ford Thailand". Ford.co.th. Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ↑ "Ford launches Figo compact, hopes for cool entry into India's hot auto market", Chicago Tribune (March 9, 2010). Retrieved on March 9, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.
- ↑ "Ford Motor Company: Global Websites".
- ↑ Tignor, Robert, L. (Summer 1990), "In The Grip Of Politics: The Ford Motor Company Of Egypt, 1945–1960", Middle East Journal 44(3): 383–198.
- ↑ "Al Jazirah Vehicles Hits 100,000 Mark with Ford and Lincoln in Saudi Arabia".
- ↑ "Car Brands Americans Love", Forbes. Retrieved on June 18, 2009.
- ↑ "Alternative Power: Michigan sets sights on ethanol to become an energy hotbed".
- ↑ "Leading the Way with Ethanol-Capable Vehicles".
- ↑ "Ford Motor Company".
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 "Ford CEO Mullaly expects "major portion" of Fords will be electric within a decade". autoblog.com. Retrieved on September 30, 2010.
- ↑ "Ford, Coulomb to Provide EV Charging Stations – News". Automotive Fleet (June 2, 2010). Retrieved on September 30, 2010.
- ↑ Zaun, Todd (March 10, 2004). "Ford to Use Toyota's Hybrid Technology – The New York Times", The New York Times. Retrieved on August 1, 2009.
- ↑ Takahashi, Yoshio (March 9, 2004). "Toyota to License Hybrid Patents For Use by Ford", The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on August 1, 2009.
- ↑ Eldridge, Earle (March 9, 2004). "Ford borrows from Toyota's blueprints for new hybrid Escape", USA Today. Retrieved on August 1, 2009.
- ↑ "Ford Develops World's First Ethanol-Fueled Hybrid Marrying Two Gasoline-Saving Technologies".
- ↑ Vanzieleghem, Bruno (June 29, 2006). "Bill Ford eats his words: No 250,000 hybrids a year by 2010". autoblog.com. Retrieved on August 27, 2009.
- ↑ "EERE News: DOE to Award $30 Million for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Demonstrations". Apps1.eere.energy.gov (June 12, 2008). Retrieved on June 18, 2009.
- ↑ "US Hybrid Sales in March 2009 Down 44% Year-on-Year; Monthly New Vehicle Market Share of 2.5%". Green Car Congress (April 3, 2009). Retrieved on June 6, 2009.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 "EERE News: Chrysler, Ford, and Other Automakers Pursue Electric Vehicles". Apps1.eere.energy.gov (January 14, 2009). Retrieved on June 18, 2009.
- ↑ Lydersen, Kari. "Activists Deride Ford over Fuel Inefficiency, ?Greenwashing? – The NewStandard". Newstandardnews.net. Retrieved on September 30, 2010.
- ↑ "This page is available to GlobePlus subscribers", The Globe and Mail (Toronto). Retrieved on June 18, 2009. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013.
- ↑ "More details emerge on Ford's upcoming electric compact – MotorAuthority – Car news, reviews, spy shots". MotorAuthority. Retrieved on June 18, 2009.
- ↑ "UK: Ford vehicles set for London EV trial: Automotive News & Comment". Just-auto.com (June 24, 2009). Retrieved on August 1, 2009.
- ↑ Hoffman, Bryce G (July 18, 2006). "Ford to produce 'green' buses", The Detroit News.
- ↑ "Ford Fiesta ECOnetic – UK’s greenest car". AutoTrader.co.uk (July 23, 2008). Retrieved on April 13, 2011.
- ↑ "Ford Focus ECOnetic: 80mpg". AutoTrader.co.uk (April 7, 2011). Retrieved on April 13, 2011.
- ↑ Kiley, David (September 4, 2008). "The 65 mpg Ford the U.S. Can't Have". BusinessWeek. Retrieved on May 9, 2009.
- ↑ "INSPIRING INNOVATION: 100 YEARS LATER, GLOBAL STUDENTS CREATE 21ST CENTURY MODEL T CONCEPTS , Ford Motor Company Newsroom". Media.ford.com (October 1, 2008). Retrieved on June 18, 2009.
- ↑ "Details Revealed on Postmodern 2015 Ford Model T and Model T2". Edmunds.com (October 1, 2008). Retrieved on June 18, 2009.
- ↑ "Ford Commits to Major SUV Fuel Economy Gains". Prnewswire.com (July 27, 2000). Retrieved on September 30, 2010.
- ↑ Koenig, Bill (April 9, 2008). ""Ford to Cut New-Car Greenhouse Emissions 30% by 2020" April 9, 2008 Bloomberg.com May 1, 2008". Bloomberg. Retrieved on September 30, 2010.
- ↑ Political Economy Research Institute
- ↑ "Center for Public Integrity". Publicintegrity.org. Retrieved on September 30, 2010.
- ↑ Ford Motor Company, May 1, 2008
- ↑ "Ford Motor rolls out PC power management", NewStatesman (March 24, 2010). Retrieved on March 24, 2010.
- ↑ "Daimler Trucks North America Plans Decisive Response to Changed Economic Environment". Retrieved on June 18, 2009.
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Ford Motor Company (August 7, 2001). "FORD, NAVISTAR JOIN FORCES TO CREATE BLUE DIAMOND TRUCK COMPANY" (pdf), http://media.ford.com/article_pdf.cfm?article_id=9165. Retrieved on 4 February 2010.
- ↑ Rick Weber (November 2004). "Ford enters LCF commercial market". Trailer Body Builders.com. Penton Media, Inc.. Retrieved on February 4, 2011.
- ↑ Rick Weber. "LCF Update 2009". Fordtrucksonline. HDG/Battlefield Ford. Retrieved on February 4, 2011.
- ↑ "Medium Duty". Ford Commercial Truck. Ford Motor Company. Retrieved on February 4, 2011.
- ↑ Ford UK Commercial Vehicles. ford.co.uk. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
- ↑ http://www.detroittransithistory.info/PhotoGalley/Photos1940sA.html
- ↑ http://www.detroittransithistory.info/PhotoGalley/Photos1940sA.html
- ↑ Ford UK Minibus. ford.co.uk. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
References and further readingEdit
Ford Motor CompanyEdit
- Bak, Richard. Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire (2003)
- Bardou; Jean-Pierre, Jean-Jacques Chanaron, Patrick Fridenson, and James M. Laux. The Automobile Revolution: The Impact of an Industry University of North Carolina Press, 1982
- Batchelor, Ray. Henry Ford: Mass Production, Modernism and Design Manchester U. Press, 1994
- Bonin, Huber et al. Ford, 1902–2003: The European History 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9 scholarly essays in English on Ford operations in Europe; reviewed in Len Holden, Len. "Fording the Atlantic: Ford and Fordism in Europe" in Business History Volume 47, #January 1, 2005 pp 122–127
- Bowman, Timothy J. Spirituality at Work: An Exploratory Sociological Investigation of the Ford Motor Company. London School of Economics and Political Science, 2004
- Brinkley, Douglas G. Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress (2003)
- Brinkley, Douglas. "Prime Mover". American Heritage 2003 54(3): 44–53. on Model T
- Bryan, Ford R. Henry's Lieutenants, 1993; ISBN 0-8143-2428-2
- Bucci, Federico. Albert Kahn: Architect of Ford Princeton Architectural Press, 1993
- Cabadas, Joseph P. River Rouge: Ford's Industrial Colossus (2004), heavily illustrated
- Dempsey, Mary A. "Fordlandia' Michigan History 1994 78(4): 24–33. Ford's rubber plantation in Brazil
- Flink, James. America Adopts the Automobile, 1895–1910 MIT Press, 1970
- Foster, Mark S. "The Model T, The Hard Sell, and Los Angeles Urban Growth: The Decentralization of Los Angeles During the 1920s." Pacific Historical Review 44.4 (November 1975): 459–84
- David Halberstam, The Reckoning (1986) detailed reporting on the crises of 1973-mid 1980s
- Iacocca, Lee and William Novak. Iacocca: An Autobiography (1984)
- Jacobson, D. S. "The Political Economy of Industrial Location: the Ford Motor Company at Cork 1912–26." Irish Economic and Social History [Ireland] 1977 4: 36–55. Ford and Irish politics
- Lacey, Robert "Ford: The Men and the Machine" (Heinnemann, London) 0 414 401027 (1986)
- Levinson, William A. Henry Ford's Lean Vision: Enduring Principles from the First Ford Motor Plant, 2002; ISBN 1-56327-260-1
- Kuhn, Arthur J. GM Passes Ford, 1918–1938: Designing the General Motors Performance-Control System. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1986
- Magee, David. Ford Tough: Bill Ford and the Battle to Rebuild America's Automaker (2004)
- Maxton, Graeme P. and John Wormald, Time for a Model Change: Re-engineering the Global Automotive Industry (2004)
- May, George S. A Most Unique Machine: The Michigan Origins of the American Automobile Industry Eerdman's, 1975
- Maynard, Micheline. The End of Detroit: How the Big Three Lost Their Grip on the American Car Market (2003)
- McIntyre, Stephen L. "The Failure of Fordism: Reform of the Automobile Repair Industry, 1913–1940: Technology and Culture 2000 41(2): 269–299. repair shops rejected flat rates
- Nevins, Allan; Frank Ernest Hill (1954). Ford: The Times, The Man, The Company. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons.
- Nevins, Allan; Frank Ernest Hill (1957). Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons.
- Nevins, Allan; Frank Ernest Hill (1962). Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933–1962. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons.
- Rubenstein; James M. The Changing U.S. Auto Industry: A Geographical Analysis Routledge, 1992
- Shiomi, Haruhito and Kazuo Wada. Fordism Transformed: The Development of Production Methods in the Automobile Industry Oxford University Press, 1995
- . Various republications, including ISBN 9780814332795.
- Studer-Noguez; Isabel. Ford and the Global Strategies of Multinationals: The North American Auto Industry Routledge, 2002
- Tedlow, Richard S. "The Struggle for Dominance in the Automobile Market: the Early Years of Ford and General Motors" Business and Economic History 1988 17: 49–62. Ford stressed low price based on efficient factories but GM did better in oligopolistic competition by including investment in manufacturing, marketing, and management
- Thomas, Robert Paul. "The Automobile Industry and its Tycoon" Explorations in Entrepreneurial History 1969 6(2): 139–157. argues Ford did NOT have much influence on US industry
- Watts, Steven. The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (2005)
- Wik, Reynold M. Henry Ford and Grass-Roots America. University of Michigan Press, 1972. impact on farmers
- Wilkins, Mira and Frank Ernest Hill, American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents Wayne State University Press, 1964
- Williams, Karel, Colin Haslam and John Williams, "Ford versus 'Fordism': The Beginning of Mass Production?" Work, Employment & Society, Vol. 6, No. 4, 517–555 (1992), stress on Ford's flexibility and commitment to continuous improvements.
|This page uses some content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Ford Motor Company. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Tractor & Construction Plant Wiki, the text of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons by Attribution License and/or GNU Free Documentation License. Please check page history for when the original article was copied to Wikia| | <urn:uuid:b1940108-5237-4d45-94be-830a7fc20253> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://tractors.wikia.com/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926989 | 13,870 | 2.546875 | 3 |
(re pag' lin ide)
WHY is this medicine prescribed?
Repaglinide is used to treat type 2 diabetes (condition in which the body does not use insulin normally and, therefore, cannot control the amount of sugar in the blood). Repaglinide helps your body regulate the amount of glucose (sugar) in your blood. It decreases the amount of glucose by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin.
Over time, people who have diabetes and high blood sugar can develop serious or life-threatening complications, including heart disease, stroke, kidney problems, nerve damage, and eye problems.Taking medication(s), making lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise, quitting smoking), and regularly checking your blood sugar may help to manage your diabetes and improve your health. This therapy may also decrease your chances of having a heart attack, stroke, or other diabetes-related complications such as kidney failure, nerve damage (numb, cold legs or feet; decreased sexual ability in men and women), eye problems, including changes or loss of vision, or gum disease. Your doctor and other healthcare providers will talk to you about the best way to manage your diabetes.
This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
HOW should this medicine be used?
Repaglinide comes as a tablet to take by mouth. The tablets are taken before meals, any time from 30 minutes before a meal to just before the meal. If you skip a meal, you need to skip the dose of repaglinide. If you add an extra meal, you need to take an extra dose of repaglinide. Your doctor may gradually increase your dose, depending on your response to repaglinide. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take repaglinide exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than directed by the package label or prescribed by your doctor.
Continue to take repaglinide even if you feel well. Do not stop taking repaglinide without talking to your doctor.
What SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS should I follow?
Before taking repaglinide,
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to repaglinide or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially acetophenazine (Tindal), aspirin, blood pressure medicines, carbamazepine (Tegretol), chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin), chlorpromazine (Thorazine), corticosteroids, diuretics ('water pills'), drugs for arthritis, erythromycin, troglitazone (Rezulin), estrogens, fluphenazine (Prolixin), isoniazid (Rifamate), ketoconazole (Nizoral), mesoridazine (Serentil), oral contraceptives, perphenazine (Trilafon), phenelzine (Nardil), phenobarbital (Luminal), phenytoin (Dilantin), probenecid (Benemid), prochlorperazine (Compazine), promazine (Sparine), promethazine (Phenergan), rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane), thioridazine (Mellaril), tranylcypromine (Parnate), trifluoperazine (Stelazine), triflupromazine (Vesprin), trimeprazine (Temaril), vitamins, or warfarin (Coumadin).
- tell your doctor if you have or have ever had liver or kidney disease or if you have been told you have type I diabetes mellitus.
- tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking repaglinide, call your doctor.
- if you are having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are taking repaglinide.
What SPECIAL DIETARY instructions should I follow?
Be sure to follow all exercise and dietary recommendations made by your doctor or dietitian. It is important to eat a healthful diet.
Alcohol may cause a decrease in blood sugar. Ask your doctor about the use of alcoholic beverages while you are taking repaglinide.
What should I do IF I FORGET to take a dose?
If you have just begun to eat a meal, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if you have finished eating, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.
What SIDE EFFECTS can this medicine cause?
This medication may cause changes in your blood sugar. You should know the symptoms of low and high blood sugar and what to do if you have these symptoms.
You may experience hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) while you are taking this medication. Your doctor will tell you what you should do if you develop hypoglycemia. He or she may tell you to check your blood sugar, eat or drink a food or beverage that contains sugar, such as hard candy or fruit juice, or get medical care. Follow these directions carefully if you have any of the following symptoms of hypoglycemia:
- dizziness or lightheadedness
- nervousness or irritability
- sudden changes in behavior or mood
- numbness or tingling around the mouth
- pale skin
- clumsy or jerky movements
If hypoglycemia is not treated, severe symptoms may develop. Be sure that your family, friends, and other people who spend time with you know that if you have any of the following symptoms, they should get medical treatment for you immediately.
- loss of consciousness
Call your doctor immediately if you have any of the following symptoms of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar):
- extreme thirst
- frequent urination
- extreme hunger
- blurred vision
If high blood sugar is not treated, a serious, life-threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis could develop. Call your doctor immediately if you have any of these symptoms:
- dry mouth
- upset stomach and vomiting
- shortness of breath
- breath that smells fruity
- decreased consciousness
Repaglinide may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:
- nasal congestion
- joint aches
- back pain
What should I know about STORAGE and DISPOSAL of this medication?
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom).
Unneeded medications should be disposed of in special ways to ensure that pets, children, and other people cannot consume them. However, you should not flush this medication down the toilet. Instead, the best way to dispose of your medication is through a medicine take-back program. Talk to your pharmacist or contact your local garbage/recycling department to learn about take-back programs in your community. See the FDA's Safe Disposal of Medicines website (http://goo.gl/c4Rm4p) for more information if you do not have access to a take-back program.
What should I do in case of OVERDOSE?
In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.
What OTHER INFORMATION should I know?
Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) should be checked regularly to determine your response to repaglinide. Your doctor will also tell you how to check your response to this medication by measuring your blood or urine sugar levels at home. Follow these instructions carefully.
You should always wear a diabetic identification bracelet to be sure you get proper treatment in an emergency.
Do not let anyone else take your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription.
It is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription (over-the-counter) medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements. You should bring this list with you each time you visit a doctor or if you are admitted to a hospital. It is also important information to carry with you in case of emergencies.
®(as a combination product containing Metformin, Repaglinide)
Please note, not all procedures included in this resource library are available at Allegiance Health or performed by Allegiance Health physicians.
All EBSCO Publishing proprietary, consumer health and medical information found on this site is accredited by URAC. URAC's Health Web Site Accreditation Program requires compliance with 53 rigorous standards of quality and accountability, verified by independent audits. To send comments or feedback to our Editorial Team regarding the content please email us at [email protected].
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition. | <urn:uuid:d3462876-e5ff-4fcd-ab41-803915954eb9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.allegiancehealth.org/wellness/medications/78170014 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908298 | 1,995 | 2.5625 | 3 |
India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. It is grown on about one-fourth of the total cropped area and provides food to about half of the country's population.
Rice is the major food of more than 70% of total population. Production of rice at present is 1895 kg per hectare. Rice cultivation thrives in hot and humid climate. It requires temperature of 24°C and a rainfall of 100 centimeters and above.
In 1950-51 area under rice cultivation was 300 lakh hectares and its production was 350 lakh tonnes. These figures have risen to 434 lakh hectares and its production was 823 lakh tonnes in 1997-98. They have further risen to 450 lakh hectares and production up to 895 lakh tonnes in 1999-2000.
Its distribution in India is eastern coastal plains, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Haryana. Two to three crops of rice are raised annually in the deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. Nowadays Punjab and Haryana are known for its cultivation. It depends upon irrigation. Besides, rice is grown on terraced fields of the hills from Kashmir to Assam. | <urn:uuid:ce47cc91-db41-4fba-af87-394bbb4e7502> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.preservearticles.com/201104215587/distribution-of-rice-cultivation-in-india.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00192-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941746 | 253 | 3.296875 | 3 |
- About Us
- Get Involved
We are excited to reach students across the globe with our new video conferencing program. Teachers can register their classes in grades 6-8 to have a live 45 minute video conference with a Smithsonian Museum Teacher. The participants will engage in an interactive discussion about the Emancipation Proclamation and discuss how it touched every American.
Students will critically examine authentic objects from the slavery period that are currently on view in the exhibition Changing America: The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 and the March on Washington, 1963 located at the National Museum of American History in the National Museum of African American History and Culture gallery. The students will determine the history of the object and connect it to quotes from Americans during the Civil War.
To share our program in print, please download our flyer (pdf).
Registration is closed at this time. Please enjoy your summer and check back for future offerings. | <urn:uuid:54d636ca-0b03-4e7a-8033-686acd59435c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nmaahc.si.edu/Programs/livesofobjects | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932253 | 188 | 3.015625 | 3 |
One of Moretti's main thesis is that there has been a "Great Divergence" on-going since the 1980s. Moretti sums his idea as-so:
America’s new economic map shows growing differences, not just between people but between communities. A handful of cities with the “right” industries and a solid base of human capital keep attracting good employers and offering high wages, while those at the other extreme, cities with the “wrong” industries and a limited human capital base, are stuck with dead-end jobs and low average wages. This divide—I will call it the Great Divergence—has its origins in the 1980s, when American cities started to be increasingly defined by their residents’ levels of education. Cities with many college-educated workers started attracting even more, and cities with a less educated workforce started losing ground. While in 1969 Visalia did have a small professional middle class, today its residents, especially those who moved there recently, are overwhelmingly unskilled. Menlo Park had many low-income families in 1969, but today most of its new residents have a college degree or a master’s degree and a middle- to upper-class income. Geographically, American workers are increasingly sorting along educational lines. At the same time that American communities are desegregating racially, they are becoming more segregated in terms of schooling and earnings.
Regions of boom and bust are nothing new in economic geography, but never before has education played such an important role. Communities themselves are specializing immensely on skilled, education-needing industries.
Moretti discusses his idea and the new geography of jobs in America in his lengthy Salon article. There are counterweights to this education rise, service industries and technical jobs (carpenters, plumbers, etc) will always complement any strong professional population. Meanwhile, one also has to consider the potential upcoming higher education bubble and the inflation of degrees being awarded. | <urn:uuid:1b2c8dda-9ec5-4fa8-9b05-628c75eafb0a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.geographictravels.com/2012/05/geography-of-jobs-in-america-after.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972102 | 398 | 2.53125 | 3 |
PALO ALTO, Calif. — Neil Armstrong, the first person to set foot on the moon, thinks humanity should stop neglecting the space environment much closer to Earth.
The United States dropped most of its test flights in the stratosphere and suborbital space after figuring out how to send humans to low-Earth orbit and the moon, said Armstrong, who stepped onto the lunar surface during NASA's Apollo 11 mission in July 1969. He thinks it's time for that to change.
"In the suborbital area, there are a lot of things to be done," Armstrong said here Monday (Feb. 27) during a presentation at the 2012 Next-Generation Suborbital Researchers Conference (NSRC-2012). "This is an area that has been essentially absent for about four decades, since the X-15 finished its job."
The X-15 was a rocket plane that took to the skies 199 times between 1959 and 1968, setting numerous speed and altitude records along the way. Armstrong was at the controls for some of those flights; before becoming an astronaut in 1962, the moonwalker was a test pilot for NASA and its predecessor institution, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. [Giant Leaps: Top Milestones in Human Spaceflight]
The test flights of the X-15 and other experimental craft of the era helped pave the way for future vehicles, such as NASA's iconic space shuttle. Further investigation and exploitation of suborbital space — this time led not by the government but by private industry — could provide more technological and economic benefits to the country, Armstrong said.
"There's a lot of opportunity," he told a room full of 400 or so people. "So I certainly hope that some of the approaches that you all are providing now will prove to be both profitable and useful."
Multiple private spaceflight firms are aiming to take both scientific experiments and paying customers up to suborbital space. Such trips would reach altitudes of about 62 miles (100 km), and return back to the ground without making a complete orbit of the Earth.
These companies include XCOR Aerospace, which is developing a two-seat rocket plane called Lynx, and Virgin Galactic, whose SpaceShipTwo vehicle can seat up to six passengers, along with two pilots.
The presence of a spaceflight legend like Armstrong at NSRC-2012 should help shine a light on the promise of commercial suborbital spaceflight, some researchers say.
"I think that this shows that commercial suborbital, while being leading-edge, is also becoming mainstream," saidAlan Stern, associate vice president of the nonprofit Southwest Research Institute, which has bought tickets for its scientists and experiments on both the Lynx and SpaceShipTwo.
"The fact that he wanted to travel across the country — he actually cancelled an overseas trip so he could speak at a suborbital conference — I think speaks volumes," Stern added. | <urn:uuid:1b2ffa68-0683-4748-b707-6d703787b937> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.space.com/14698-neil-armstrong-suborbital-commercial-spaceflight.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963509 | 597 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Glimpses into Application of Chi-Square Tests in Marketing
By P.K. Viswanathan
Adjunct Professor and Management Consultant
In this article, an attempt is made to bring into sharp focus the use of c² in marketing function. By no means, the coverage is exhaustive. The aim is to make the reader appreciate the conceptual framework of Chi-Square analysis through problem illustrations in marketing. The ideas presented in this article certainly can be extended to many decision situations in marketing that can fruitfully employ chi-square tests.
Get the most brand exposure for your products through Internet Marketing!
1. Chi-Square (c²) Analysis- Introduction
Consider the following decision situations:
1) Are all package designs equally preferred? 2) Are all brands
equally preferred? 3) Is their any association between income level and brand preference? 4) Is their any association
between family size and size of washing machine bought? 5) Are the attributes educational background
and type of job chosen independent? The answer to these questions require the help of Chi-Square (c²) analysis. The first two
questions can be unfolded using Chi-Square test of goodness of fit for a single
variable while solution to questions 3, 4, and 5 need the help of Chi-Square
test of independence in a contingency table. Please note that the variables
involved in Chi-Square analysis are nominally scaled. Nominal data are also
known by two names-categorical data and attribute data.
The symbol c² used here is to denote the chi-square distribution whose value depends upon the number of degrees of freedom (d.f.). As we know, chi-square distribution is a skewed distribution particularly with smaller d.f. As the sample size and therefore the d.f. increases and becomes large, the c² distribution approaches normality.
c² tests are nonparametric or distribution-free in nature. This means that no assumption needs to be made about the form of the original population distribution from which the samples are drawn. Please note that all parametric tests make the assumption that the samples are drawn from a specified or assumed distribution such as the normal distribution.
a meaningful appreciation of the conditions/assumptions involved in using chi-square
analysis, please go through the contents of hyperstat
on chi-square test meticulously.
Test-Goodness of Fit
A number of marketing problems involve decision situations in which it is important for a marketing manager to know whether the pattern of frequencies that are observed fit well with the expected ones. The appropriate test is the c² test of goodness of fit. The illustration given below will clarify the role of c² in which only one categorical variable is involved.
Problem: In consumer marketing,
a common problem that any marketing manager faces is the selection of appropriate
colors for package design. Assume that a marketing manager wishes to compare
five different colors of package design. He is interested in knowing which of
the five is the most preferred one so that it can be introduced in the market.
A random sample of 400 consumers reveals the following:
Do the consumer preferences for package colors show any significant difference?
Solution: If you look at the data, you may be tempted to infer that Blue is the most preferred color. Statistically, you have to find out whether this preference could have arisen due to chance. The appropriate test statistic is the c² test of goodness of fit.
Null Hypothesis: All colors are equally preferred.
alternative Hypothesis: They are not equally preferred
Please note that under the null hypothesis of equal preference for all colors being true, the expected frequencies for all the colors will be equal to 80. Applying the formula
we get the computed value of chi-square ( c²) = 11.400
The critical value of c2 at 5% level of significance for 4 degrees of freedom is 9.488. So, the null hypothesis is rejected. The inference is that all colors are not equally preferred by the consumers. In particular, Blue is the most preferred one. The marketing manager can introduce blue color package in the market.
|Next-Chi Square Test of Independence||previous|
Test of Independence
The goodness-of-fit test discussed above is appropriate for situations that involve one categorical variable. If there are two categorical variables, and our interest is to examine whether these two variables are associated with each other, the chi-square( c² ) test of independence is the correct tool to use. This test is very popular in analyzing cross-tabulations in which an investigator is keen to find out whether the two attributes of interest have any relationship with each other.
The cross-tabulation is popularly called by the term “contingency table”. It contains frequency data that correspond to the categorical variables in the row and column. The marginal totals of the rows and columns are used to calculate the expected frequencies that will be part of the computation of the c² statistic. For calculations on expected frequencies, refer hyperstat on c² test.
Problem: A marketing firm producing detergents is interested in studying the consumer behavior in the context of purchase decision of detergents in a specific market. This company is a major player in the detergent market that is characterized by intense competition. It would like to know in particular whether the income level of the consumers influence their choice of the brand. Currently there are four brands in the market. Brand 1 and Brand 2 are the premium brands while Brand 3 and Brand 4 are the economy brands.
A representative stratified random sampling procedure was adopted covering the entire market using income as the basis of selection. The categories that were used in classifying income level are: Lower, Middle, Upper Middle and High. A sample of 600 consumers participated in this study. The following data emerged from the study.
Cross Tabulation of Income versus Brand chosen (Figures in the cells represent number of consumers)
Analyze the cross-tabulation data above using chi-square test of independence and draw your conclusions.
Null Hypothesis: There is no association between the brand preference and income level (These two attributes are independent).
alternative Hypothesis: There is association between brand preference and income level (These two attributes are dependent).
Let us take a level of significance of 5%.
In order to calculate the c² value, you need to work out the expected frequency in each cell in the contingency table. In our example, there are 4 rows and 4 columns amounting to 16 elements. There will be 16 expected frequencies. For calculating expected frequencies, please go through hyperstat. Relevant data tables are given below:
Expected Frequencies (These are calculated on the assumption of the null hypothesis being true: That is, income level and brand preference are independent)
Note: The fractional expected frequencies are retained for the purpose of accuracy. Do not round them.
There are 16 observed frequencies (O) and 16 expected frequencies (E). As in the case of the goodness of fit, calculate this c² value. In our case, the computed c² =131.76 as shown below: Each cell in the table below shows (O-E)²/(E)
and there are 16 such cells. Adding all these 16 values, we get c² =131.76
The critical value of c² depends on the degrees of freedom. The degrees of freedom = (the number of rows-1) multiplied by (the number of colums-1) in any contingency table. In our case, there are 4 rows and 4 columns. So the degrees of freedom =(4-1). (4-1) =9. At 5% level of significance, critical c² for 9 d.f = 16.92. Therefore reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.
The inference is that brand preference is highly associated with income level. Thus, the choice of the brand depends on the income strata. Consumers in different income strata prefer different brands. Specifically, consumers in upper middle and upper income group prefer premium brands while consumers in lower income and middle-income category prefer economy brands. The company should develop suitable strategies to position its detergent products. In the marketplace, it should position economy brands to lower and middle-income category and premium brands to upper middle and upper income category. | <urn:uuid:0d924ed3-53b4-4d73-8992-df45a80867f1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/viswanathan/chi_square_marketing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.863918 | 1,728 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Symptoms of disease - chest pain when cough
Chest pain when coughing and inhaling or other respiratory movements usually indicate the pleura and pericardial area or the connection as a possible source of the pain, although the pain in the chest wall, is also likely to affect the respiratory movements, and nothing to do with heart disease do not have. Often pain localized to the left or right side and can be as blunt and sharp.
Which diseases there is chest pain when cough
The main causes of chest pain when coughing:
1. Chest pain when coughing and inspiration occurs because of inflammation of the membrane that lines the chest cavity from the inside and covering the lungs. Dry pleurisy can arise in a variety of diseases, but most of all - with pneumonia.
Pain in the dry pleurisy decrease in the position on the affected side. Significantly limit the respiratory mobility of the corresponding half of the chest; in an unmodified percussion sound can listen weakened breath due to spare patients affected by the hand, rubbing noise of the pleura. Body temperature often subfebrile, may be chills, night sweats, weakness.
2. Restriction of movement of the chest or chest pain when coughing, inhale and exhale with a superficial breathing is observed with the functional disorders of the rib framework or the thoracic spine (restriction of mobility), tumors of the pleura, pericarditis.
3. In the dry pericarditis chest pain increases when coughing, breath and movements, thus, the depth of respiration decreases, which exacerbates the shortness of breath. The intensity of pain during inspiration varies from slight to strong.
4. In shortening “between the pleural” ligaments have seen a constant cough, increasing during the conversation, deep breath, physical load, stabbing pain in the chest when coughing, running.
“Between the pleural” bundle formed from the merger of visceral and parietal sheets of the pleura the root part of the lung. Further, down caudally on medial the edge of the light, the link between the forks of the tendinous part of the iris and her legs. The function of ensuring springy of resistance in the caudal displacement of the diaphragm. In the presence of inflammatory process ligaments are shortened and limit the caudal offset.
5. When intercostal neuralgia in the course of intercostal arise sharp "shooting" pain in the chest, sharply increasing by coughing and inspiration.
6. In case of renal colic pain is localized in the right hypohondrium and in the epigastric region and then spread around the stomach. The pain changes under the right shoulder blade, in the right shoulder, amplified by coughing and inspiration, as well as during palpation of the gall bladder. There is local pain when pressure is applied in the area of X-XII of the thoracic vertebrae in 2-3 cross your finger to the right of the spine islands.
7. From shock or compression chest may occur broken ribs. If this damaged the person feels a sharp pain in chest coughing and inspiration.
9. Chest pain when coughing and inspiration can also indicate the presence of thoracic osteochondrosis.
10. Chest pain that occurs on the background of the common cold (flu, SARS) and accompanied by dry, compulsive cough, manifested a sense of scratching behind the breastbone, increased cough, is a sign of tracheitis - inflammation of the trachea (breathing tube that connects the throat to the bronchi). Such feelings are themselves together with the cold. In addition, with prolonged, frequent, "hacking" cough there is pain in the lower parts of the chest, at the level of the lower ribs. It is connected with the fact that cough is mainly due to the reduction of muscles of the diaphragm. Like any other muscle, the aperture in the long run are tired and there is pain on each of her sharp reduction. This pain is also at the end of colds and coughs.
11. For lung cancer the nature of the pain varies: acute, stitching, girdle increasing when coughing, breathing. The pain may cover a certain area or one-half of the thorax is possible its irradiation in the hands, neck, belly, etc. The pain is especially intense and painful upon germination the tumor in the ribs, and spine.
13. Chest pain with pneumothorax are often unbearable, but sometimes prove to be moderate and, like other pleural pain, amplified by coughing and movements. Sometimes spontaneous pneumothorax can occur even without any pain.
Which doctor should I contact if there is a chest pain when cough
- Family doctor
Are you experiencing chest pain when cough? You want to know more detailed information, or you need an inspection? Please sign up on reception to the doctor! Doctors will examine you, examine the external signs and help to determine the disease the symptoms, they will consult you and provide the necessary assistance. You can also call the doctor on the house.
Do you feel chest hurts when cough? You should be very careful approach to your health in general. People pay not enough attention to the symptoms of the disease and don't realize that these diseases can be critically dangerous. There are many diseases that in the beginning didn't manifest in our body, but in the end it turns out, unfortunately, it have already been treated too late. Every disease has its own specific features typical symptoms - called symptoms of the disease. Definition of symptoms is the first step in the diagnosis of diseases in general. You just need a few times a year to be screened by a doctor, not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in a body and the organism in general.
Pains by category
Pains by alphabet
Map of the symptoms and the types of pain is intended solely for educational purposes. We strongly recommend do NOT self-medicate; on all matters relating to the definition of the disease and ways of its treatment, contact your doctor. Md-tips is not responsible for the consequences of use information posted on the site. | <urn:uuid:73a2f7b6-ca95-43c6-bd00-db82447c887a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.md-tips.com/pains/48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00032-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92914 | 1,277 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Use improve in a sentence
- By managing in this way, I made out to improve every hour in the twenty-four.
- Who shall improve on what they did?
- And they could not fail to improve with each fresh success.
- As they were likely to be detained some time in the city, Harry told Philip that he was going to improve his time.
- Clemens continued to improve, and Clemens, once more able to work, occupied the study which Mrs.
- It might improve him, it could not impair his usefulness.
- Training, experience, association, can temporarily so polish him, improve him, exalt him that people will think he is a mule, but they will be mistaken.
- The way for a young man to rise is to improve himself every way he can, never suspecting that anybody wishes to hinder him.
This page helps answer: how do I use the word improve in a sentence? How do you use improve in a sentence? Can you give me a sentence for the word improve? It may also be related to diploma grades, homeschooling, education and training, activities course, educ, preschool, tutoring children education, and college.
Example sentences with the word improve, a sentence example for improve, and improve in sample sentence. | <urn:uuid:684a4c73-db17-4d2a-9130-c64d3337de84> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://in-a-sentence.com/Use/im/improve.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00080-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975135 | 277 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Thus we learn to look into what we hear and into what we see and try to find how much thought there is in it, and the kind of thought it is. We want to know if goodness is expressed; if the best work of the man is before us, or if, for a lower reason, his selfishness and vanity are most prominent. And let us remember that as we seek these things in the works of others, so others of thoughtful kind will watch our doings, our playing, our speech, our little habits, and all to see what our intentions are each time we express ourselves. They will look to see what thoughts we are putting into our doings, whether thoughts of goodness or of selfishness. And our actions will always be just as good as the thought we put into them.
Now a great and a common mistake is, that sometimes we hope by some mysterious change, as in a fairy tale, that they will be better than what we intend. But in the first days let us learn that this is not possible.
“Genuine work done faithfully, that is eternal.”—Thomas Carlyle.
The older we grow and the more we study, the more we shall hear about the classics, about classic music, and classic art, and classic books. From the beginning let us keep it in our minds that one of our duties is to find out the difference between what is classic and what is not. Then we shall have a proper understanding. An English writer on art says: “The writers and painters of the classic school set down nothing but what is known to be true, and set it down in the perfectest manner possible in their way."
And we have already learned that thought from the heart, expressed in tones, is good music. On the other hand, a thought with the heart not in it, expressed in tone, makes poor or common music. Mendelssohn wrote in one of his letters: “When I have composed a piece just as it springs from my heart, then I have done my duty toward it." But in writing thoughts, whether in words or in tones, there is a very important thing to add to the bidding of the heart. It is the training of the mind. With both of these one works and judges wisely.
With thought and intention ever so pure, but with no education, one would not be able to write for others, and with a little education one would be able to write only in a partially correct way. This brings us to one of the most interesting Talks we shall have. Let us try to make it clear and simple.
We can easily imagine a man both true and good who can neither write nor spell. Happily, in these days, nearly all people who are old enough know how to do both. We can understand that this man may have beautiful thoughts—the thoughts of a true poet or of a true artist—but being unable to write or to spell he could not put his thoughts on paper for others to read and to study. This is the way thoughts are preserved and made into books so that people may benefit by them. | <urn:uuid:132a8c2d-bd9b-4504-9178-cadbe01451c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/14339/16.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00029-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975256 | 640 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Unlike any other time that I've known, technology companies are now engaged in several races to get new technology to market first and more importantly right. While Apple's Touch ID may not have been the first fingerprint scanner on the market, they definitely got it right and now all of the major smartphone vendors are scrambling to match Apple's success. Other races include indoor location services, advanced haptics, wearable computers, flex displays and the list goes on to include eye tracking and gaze control systems. Sony, Google and Apple are heavily researching this technology and today the US Patent and Trademark Office revealed a new Apple invention covering eye tracking that will apply to all future iDevices, the MacBook and more importantly, for use in your car, in a future gaming console or entertainment system. Controlling a system using advanced eye tracking is tricky and Apple's patent discusses how their system will overcome the number one problem facing eye tracking systems today: Troxler fading.
Apple's Patent Background
Troxler fading is a phenomenon of visual perception that the human brain uses to cope with blind spots on the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue lining of the inner surface of the eye. One result of this phenomenon is that when one fixates on a particular point, objects in one's peripheral vision will fade away and disappear. Another result related to this phenomenon is the perceived fading of a fixated stimulus when its retinal image is made stationary on the retina, which is otherwise known as a stabilized retinal image. This perceived fading causes the stimulus to fade away after a short time and effectively disappear to the viewer (i.e., the person whose retina is capturing and perceiving the fixed stimulus).
The perceptual fading of stabilized retinal images presents a particularly difficult problem with respect to the navigation of a GUI using a movable indicator, such as a cursor, whose position is controlled by eye tracking.
When eye tracking is accurate such that the cursor consistently appears wherever the user looks in the GUI, the cursor will be stationary with respect to the user's retina, and as such the cursor may fade with respect to the user's perception of the GUI. The perceptual fading of the cursor may cause the user to lose track of the location of the cursor within the GUI, which lessens the usability of the GUI itself.
When a user loses track of a cursor within a GUI, systems typically depend on the user to provide manual input to the GUI in order to remind the user of the location of the cursor. However, this is undesirable as it causes the user to become distracted from whatever interaction they are trying to accomplish with the GUI in the first place.
Further, such systems don't take into account when the perceptual fading of the cursor occurs, and how it can be prevented such that the user does not notice or consider the prevention measure to be a nuisance (e.g., by blocking other information within the GUI or becoming a distraction).
Apple Advances Eye Tracking System
Apple's invention in various implementations provides systems, methods, and devices that provide a user of a GUI with one or more measures to counteract a perceptual fading of a cursor with respect to the GUI.
The GUI may exist as part of an interactive operating system environment such as Mac OS X. The cursor or movable indicator may be any object that the user manipulates in order to navigate or interact with the GUI, such as a mouse cursor, bi-directional text cursor, a movable object within a game, or any other object within the GUI.
In certain configurations, the GUI may be presented by and controlled with an eye tracking system. The eye tracking system may allow a user of the GUI to navigate or interact with various elements in the GUI, such as a word processor, game, web browser, or any other suitable interactive application, simply by gazing or looking at a particular point on a display of the GUI.
For example, the user may gaze at a button on the menu bar of a word processing application, causing the eye tracking system to render a cursor over the button. In certain configurations, the user of the eye tracking system may be able to select the button using any suitable input device external to the display device that is presenting the GUI, such as a track pad or mouse. In other configurations, the user of the eye tracking system may be able to select the button using an input device built-in to the display device presenting the GUI itself, such as a capacitive or resistive touch screen. In yet other configurations, the user of the eye tracking system may be able to select the button using facial gestures or voice input.
In certain configurations, the eye tracking system may persistently render the cursor wherever the user looks in the GUI. This rendering of the cursor may be accurate to the degree that the cursor becomes a stabilized retinal image with respect to the user's eyes. As such, the cursor may fade with respect to the user's perception of the GUI. In other words, the cursor may no longer be visible to the user. In such situations, it is desirable to restore the user's perception of the cursor to counteract this fading effect. Accordingly, the eye tracking system described in Apple's patent may automatically alter the position, appearance, or both of the movable indicators so that it is no longer a stabilized retinal image and can be perceived by the user.
Apple's patent FIG. 1A noted below is a diagram including components of an eye tracking system 100A. In Apple's patent FIG. 1B we're able to see a diagram including components associated with a display device or eye tracking apparatus 110B of the eye tracking system.
In certain configurations, Apple states that the eye tracking apparatus, noted as #106 of FIG. 1A, may include hardware, such as cameras or infrared transmitters and receivers, which are integrated into the display device itself (#104).
In other configurations, eye tracking apparatus may include hardware that is free standing from display device, such as a headset (see headset) or web camera.
The eye tracking system may apply to a desktop computer, MacBook, iPad, iPhone, iPod touch or any suitable computing form factor (headset, television, wearable computer).
Apple notes that the display device or eye tracking apparatus noted in patent figure 1B-100B may be in communication with data storage (#120) through a data link (#119). The IR transmitter (#112) may include hardware, software, or a combination therefore arranged to generate and transmit infrared or near-infrared signals from display device or eye tracking apparatus towards an object of interest such as a user's face, or more particularly, a user's eyes.
In other configurations, reflections of these infrared or near-infrared signals may be used to detect the presence or absence of a feature of a user's eyes, such as the presence or absence of an exposed pupil.
The Key Countermeasure Generator
At the top of our report we presented Apple's patent background that pointed to "Troxler fading" as a visual perception phenomenon that when one fixates on a particular point, objects in one's peripheral vision will fade away and disappear. Apple's eye tracking system includes a key countermeasure generator which is seen in patent FIG. 1C under #138 which is designed to counter the Troxler fading phenomenon.
Basically the countermeasure generator receives infrared and camera data as input, determines whether a user's perception of a cursor within a GUI presented by the eye tracking system is subject to fading, and communicates data to the input device driver or GUI rendering module in order to provide a countermeasure (i.e., a counteracting measure) to reduce, prevent, or stop Troxler fading.
In certain configurations, the countermeasure generator may be configured to analyze infrared and camera data to recognize facial features associated with a user such as, for example, the presence or absence of an exposed pupil, a pigment in the eye, or an eyelid. The countermeasure generator may then track the facial features over time such that a determination can be made as to whether the user closed and subsequently opened their eyes, signifying a blink. The countermeasure generator may then prompt input device driver or GUI rendering module to alter the position of the cursor in order to counteract a perceptual fading of the cursor based on detecting this blink.
Apple's patent FIG. 1D noted above is a diagram 100D of a more detailed view of the countermeasure generator within the computer processing environment 100C of FIG. 1C.
According to Apple, the blink tracking module, noted as # 142 of patent FIG. 1D, may employ one or more computer vision techniques, such as image filtering, edge detection, thresholding, object recognition, or color processing in order to detect the presence or absence of a user's exposed pupils, eyelids, or a pigment of the user's eye in order to detect whether the user's eyes are open and subsequently close. In certain configurations, the blink tracking module may make this determination using infrared images of a user's eyes.
Eye Tacking System for the Car, Video Game Console or Entertainment System
Apple's patent FIG. 2A note below is a diagram of a side view of a user interacting with a GUI presented by Apple's eye tracking system.
Interestingly, beyond devices such as an iPhone, iPad or MacBook Air, Apple specifically adds that the display and imaging components #208 noted in patent FIG. 2B may be integrated within the packaging of other devices or structures such as a vehicle, video game system and entertainment system.
Apple's eye tracking system could complement another of Apple's entertainment or gaming system inventions such as this wild 3D imaging system.
Apple notes that in certain configurations, the user will be able to control the position of a cursor within the GUI presented by the eye tracking system on a display using their eyes. In such configurations, imaging components (#208) may track the movements of the user's eyes (#210) and determine the user's point of gaze using any suitable eye tracking technique, including but not limited to Pupil Centre Corneal Reflection (PCCR) using dark pupil eye tracking, bright pupil eye tracking, or both.
In certain configurations, when the user's point of gaze transitions from a first point of gaze to second point, the cursor glides between the positions in the GUI associated with these points of gaze.
Apple's patent FIG. 2B is a diagram of an overhead view of a user interacting with a GUI presented by the eye tracking system. In Apple's patent FIGS. 3A and 3B, the "movable indicator" is rendered by the GUI in the form of cursor. Apple's patent FIG. 6 is one of their flowcharts of a process for counteracting a perceptual fading of a movable indicator within a GUI presented by the eye tracking system.
Apple credits David Julian as the sole inventor of this patent application which was originally filed in Q2 2012. For review Apple's 36 patent claims and full details, review patent application 20130265227.
Patently Apple presents a detailed summary of patent applications with associated graphics for journalistic news purposes as each such patent application is revealed by the U.S. Patent & Trade Office. Readers are cautioned that the full text of any patent application should be read in its entirety for full and accurate details. Revelations found in patent applications shouldn't be interpreted as rumor or fast-tracked according to rumor timetables. About Comments: Patently Apple reserves the right to post, dismiss or edit comments.
New on Patent Bolt this Week | <urn:uuid:93a3fdfa-6d98-4cf1-9798-484dbe4a9440> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2013/10/apple-files-eye-tracking-system-with-advanced-gaze-controls.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00171-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914675 | 2,356 | 2.546875 | 3 |
I’ve been spending a little time far south of the border in a land of mariachi bands, fake designer goods, Zapatistas and a host of dead revolutionaries.
In Guadalajara their memories never die. Great looming monuments dominate city blocks and government buildings, and museums enshrine Miguel Hidalgo, Poncho Villa, Emiliano Zapata and the artists who immortalized them. It’s impossible not to compare the enduring patriotism in Mexico with the United States when it’s coming at you from all sides – and when art, specifically, has played such a role in Mexico’s revolutions.
Muralist Jose Clemente Orozco stands alongside statues of Hildago and other statesmen in the Rotonda de los Heroes Ilustres in central Guadalajara. Poet Enrique González Martinez and several priests are also household names here. Oddly, separation of church, state and culture is neither as severe nor as delineated as the U.S., in spite of their Marxist-driven independence battles and revolution.
Of the famed Mexican Social-Realist muralists whose works are practically idolized here, José Clemente Orozco is the most complex and contemplative. Compatriots David Siqueiros and Diego Rivera were both hard core and unswerving Marxist-Stalinists their entire lives, using art flagrantly and militantly as political propaganda. Orozco was publically supportive of the philosophy but personally reserved in its praise. He was also suspicious and critical of extreme ideologies and political movements.
Orozco’s murals, such as “The Trench,” illustrated the treachery and destruction he witnessed in the 1910-1920, Marxist-tinged revolution.
David Craven writes that the “emotional register … [of ‘The Trench’] is almost unattained by any other twentieth century artist.”
Orozco ‘s bloody shadows, strong contrasts and diagonal movement make you feel off-balance at times. He used machinery to symbolize militaristic greed and violence even in the People’s Revolution, while Rivera and Siqueiros, leftist to the core, tolerated no criticism of revolutionary misdeeds in their work.
Mexico’s George Washington, Miguel Hidalgo, is honored by Orozco with an enormous, reverential mural winding up the walls of Governor’s Palace here. He portrays the founder of Mexican Independence with great dignity, although heaps of bodies surrounding him attest to the tragic cost of the effort.
Beneath the towering Hidalgo, a telling assortment of actors tell a more complete story of Mexico’s revolutions and Orozco’s mixed feelings about them. Anarchists and Marxists with nasty expressions (evidenced by red-hats, hammers and sickles) simultaneously sport swastikas or weapons. Revolutionary crowds are confused and hideous with torn loyalties and self-interest, rife with genocidal infighting. Orozco spared no one and no pet group escaped his critical eye.
Jesus and sundry priests regularly appear in Orozco’s work, but he shows surprising respect and restraint for a “Marxist” painter. Priests may accompany Conquistadors, but Orozco was hardly a sloganeering reactionary, using the cross only as a symbol of oppression.
Guadalajara’s grand Hospicio Cabañas, originally built by the church to house orphans and the poor is now the background for Orozco’s greatest mural works. Remaining true to the spirit of the place, the artist sympathetically portrays founder Bishop Juan Ruiz de Cabañas as a sheltering, great and kind-hearted man of the people in the monumental series of paintings (1937-1939).
Christ-like, almost unearthly Franciscan monks also populate Orozco’s work at the Governors’ Palace and elsewhere. These are among his most powerful and moving images. Orozco’s sympathy for the suffering and poor was his major theme and personal interest. He resisted his contemporaries’ pressure to politicize misery and reaped some scorn and professional rejection because of it.
Since Orozco’s death the situation has reversed, with critics acknowledging him as Mexico’s greatest artist but one rift with conflicts. Orozco’s paintings war with each other, some even on the same wall. A modern and hopeful allegory morphs into another, which graphically records the brutality of the Revolution.
Writer Thomas Sowell offers what may lay behind Orozco’s dilemma. He divides the world’s philosophies and religions into two camps, tragic and utopian. In the first humans are flawed, weak and inherently selfish, hardly captains of their own ship. By contrast utopians think everything can be fixed, even human nature and sin, generally by education and social agreements – classical liberalism. Orozco was torn between the promised Marxist paradise his peers fought for and tragedies he personally observed and couldn’t honestly deny.
Three times he painted a masculine, husky and resurrected Christ destroying His cross among his murals. This “cross” is a massive marble one, fallen on a heap of official-looking buildings and wreckage, symbols of institutions, governments and what Jesus labeled “the world.”
Sweeping in from the left, a mass of fire devours icons of ideologies and oppression. Orozco’s “Christ” is a powerful emancipator who is allied to the people and won’t play dead. This is a truly revolutionary image.
By contrast, American artists rarely deal with truly epic themes now or over the last 60 years. Struggles against clearly delineated good and evil are passé and left for more trivial and entertaining subjects. Who wants to think that hard anyway, not to mention the possibility of alienating or offending someone?
Contemporary artists who use the terminology “good” and “evil” – such as Gloria Garfinkle’s show a few years back – generally require reams of artist statements to qualify their work to viewers. In Garfinkle’s case, she used highly patterned work surrounding photos of time spent in Bali.
In her words: “Good & Evil” alludes to the Hindu/Buddhist belief system where good exists simultaneously with evil within all persons. It is up to the person to focus on the good and to mitigate against evil impulses.”
Is it just me, or is Garfinkle obfuscating the entire subject, while feigning to have something to actually say about it? Otherwise I’m certain her photos are very nice.
In defense of liberal artists, most actually do believe in absolute evil; George Bush is the icon of unspeakable evil and the fount of all social and political evil from about 1946 (his birth ) to now. Ask Obama.
For the most part it’s been considered provincial and terribly gauche to even hint at patriotism or extol the Founders of the U.S. republic (with a few exceptions). Why such a different take when we have a perfectly respectable revolution of our own? I have a few guesses.
The (North) American Revolution just slightly preceded and avoided the pre-Marxist series of disasters in France. Affected liberation zeal and the same philosophers, Americans avoided genocidal infighting and self-exaltation of our leaders. Even more so, American colonists conspicuously spoke of, wrote on and prayed to God for guidance – even officially and in public!
Perhaps religion and allusions to God bring such a stench to the godless that they can’t bring themselves to acknowledge any benefits they might gain by it – a sort of social schizophrenia that some liberals are prone to, like refusing to breathe free air because someone may have prayed over it. It’s their loss and sometimes ours. | <urn:uuid:ea6d126c-08d1-4f3e-a389-1f2d2c833ee8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wnd.com/2013/03/communism-vs-freedom-which-is-real-revolution/print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00032-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944254 | 1,672 | 3.1875 | 3 |
As a part of a State in which no real battle was fought during the Revolution — in this Maryland and New Hampshire were alone — Annapolis does not appear in any of the military annals of the war. The mouth of the Severn was fortified, a battery was placed on Windmill Point, several companies of troops were recruited in the town and sailed away for the head of Chesapeake Bay in time to take part in the Brandywine campaign, British warships passed up and down the Chesapeake at intervals, causing fears of an attack which never came, and distinguished generals like Greene and von Steuben passed through the town enchanting the hearts of young men and maidens with their brilliant uniforms and dashing aides-de‑camp — but that was all.
The real heyday of military activity in Annapolis did not come until the French troops p178appeared in 1781. Then regiments of Americans under Lafayette and French soldiers of Rochambeau occupied the town on several occasions, and Washington's own troops from the Northern Army passed down the bay on their way to Yorktown.
First came Lafayette in March, 1781, on his way to Virginia to reinforce the Americans there fighting Benedict Arnold. At the same time a French fleet had sailed from Newport for the Chesapeake to assist the Continental forces, prevent reinforcements reaching Arnold or Cornwallis, and perhaps to accomplish the actual capture of Arnold, the hated traitor and renegade. Lafayette marched his men by land from Washington's headquarters near New York till he reached the Head of Elk on the 9th of March. Here, at the upper end of the Chesapeake, he was supposed to wait till the arrival of the French ships in the Chesapeake guaranteed him safe passage by water to .
But Lafayette soon saw that the French would be unlikely to render him much assistance, and as he had a little fleet of Continental ships under Commodore Nicholson he moved his men p179on to Annapolis by water, effectively protected by his own ships. But from there down he was unwilling to risk attack and accordingly left his forces in the town while he proceeded down the bay in a small boat to find the French fleet and secure convoy.
When, however, Lafayette arrived in Virginia he found no signs of the French and soon learned that the squadron had been followed back to Newport by a British attack. He accordingly followed the instructions he had received from Washington, returned to Annapolis, and re‑embarked his men for the Head of Elk for a return north. But when he was ready to leave he found himself blockaded by two British vessels, the Hope, of twenty guns, and the Monk, of eighteen. The people of Annapolis urged him to hold his troops in their town to safeguard the place, but Lafayette was anxious to be on his way and he did not relish marching by land and crossing the many rivers and inlets between the Severn and the Elk.
What he finally did was to fit out two merchantmen with a few cannon and several hundred volunteers and sail boldly out to meet the p180enemy. Thereupon the British blockaders moved off and Lafayette brought his troops up the bay without molestation.
By the summer of 1781 the campaign of Yorktown was making Annapolis an important base for troops and supplies. At the end of August and the beginning of September two regiments of Marylanders were organized here and marched off for Virginia. By the first week of the latter month the French fleet under De Grasse had arrived at the entrance of the Chesapeake and closed the bay to British expeditions. French ships of war passed up and down the bay, anchored in the mouth of the Severn, and embarked troops at Annapolis. About the 12th the vanguard of the Franco-American army from the north arrived on its way to Yorktown. On the 18th, 4,000 French troops arrived by land to take ship for the same place. Their stay in the town, encamped on the banks of Dorsey's, or College, Creek, is commemorated by two monuments, one a simple marker in the Naval Academy grounds, the other a beautiful bronze relief on the bluff behind St. John's College, erected to mark the spot where a number who p181died were buried. As Ambassador Jusserand said in dedicating the monument, this was the first of the memorials to "unknown soldiers" of wars in which the two nations took part.
No place in the Colonies was perhaps better adapted to give the French officers a sympathetic reception. Annapolis was in America what Paris was in France, the center of fashion, refinement and luxury. As the Abbé Robin, a chaplain in the French army, said after visiting it at this time:
"That very inconsiderable town . . . out of the few buildings it contains, has at least three-fourths such as may be styled elegant and grand. Female luxury here exceeds what is known in the provinces of France; a French hairdresser is a man of importance among them, and it is said a certain dame here hires one of that craft at a thousand crowns a year salary. The State House is a very beautiful building, I think the most so of any I have seen in America. The peristyle is set off with pillars, and the edifice is topped with a dome."1
It is not strange, therefore, that the French p182were delighted with Annapolis, or that the townspeople reciprocated the feeling. On June 25, 1781, the birth of an heir to the French throne had been celebrated with a public dinner of many toasts, a salute of five hundred cannon, and a splendid ball.
In 1782, after the surrender of Cornwallis, French troops were quartered in many places in Maryland, and Annapolis saw much of the young aristocratic Frenchmen who were on the staffs of Rochambeau and his subordinate commanders. Baron de Closen, one of these, a youth of only twenty when he wrote in 1782, records in his journal, now among the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress, how he accompanied Rochambeau to Annapolis in July. At that time Lafayette was in the city with a body of troops waiting transportation to France.
"Before the war," he writes, "Annapolis was very strong commercially, and the richest people of the State made it their home, which brought it about that here society was charming and boasted some very pretty women, very well brought up, quite wealthy, and fond of social life. Madame Lloyd [wife of Richard Bennett p183Lloyd], is surely one of the most beautiful women I have seen in America. She was born in London. Her husband is a rich native of Maryland, who, having been in England studying, begged her in marriage of her parents, and obtained her only on condition that he should spend two years in England while she remained in France. He agreed to this, and it is her stay in France which has given her so many graces and so many of the charming French manners that are hers to such perfection. In her home everything is French, and she dresses with a taste and a distinction which have fascinated us. She also speaks French and Italian perfectly. In a word, she is reputed to be the American beauty."2
Testimony from the other side is furnished by a letter written by a sprightly Annapolis chatelaine, Mrs. Benjamin Ogle, daughter of a rich Marylander and partly a Tory, but wife of the son of Governor Ogle of the 1730's and 40's and himself to be Governor from 1789 to 1801. p184Writing in March, 1781, she says to a friend of her own sex:
"The town is so dull it would be intolerable were it not for the officers. I sometimes see them, but am not acquainted with many. I scarcely ever see or hear the name of a gentleman of our former acquaintance. 'Tis all marquises,º counts, etc. One very clever French colonel I have seen. I like the French better every hour. The divine Marquis de la Fayette is in town, and is quite the thing. We abound in French officers, and some of them are very clever, particularly the colonel before mentioned. But the marquis — so diffident, so polite, in short everything that is clever. I have seen one tolerable American among them, a Major Macpherson, one of the marquis's family; perhaps that has polished him. The British ships are still here, and a great number of boats, with troops on board, are gone out to‑day, and I expect every moment to hear the cannon. Everybody seems quite anxious to know the fate of this day."3
A similar impression is made on her cousin, Ann Dulany, in Baltimore and Annapolis during p185these years. She writes in December, 1781, that:
"A few days ago I had the pleasure of three French gentlemen (real gentlemen) to drink tea with me. One of them was a Count Somebody with a hard name; a very elegant man of fashion, one might see it at once. He holds his commission under the French King, and not under King Con."4
And in April, 1782, Ann Dulany writes in a similar strain:
"Several Frenchman visit me, and I find them agreeable. They are all easy and polite, and ready to oblige. He says the Tories are the people of fashion at least and they love and pity them for all their sufferings. This is French flattery, some may think. But I beg leave to differ with all such. Because, when we reflect on their great loyalty and attachment to their king (and love for all kings in general), and their very great contempt for the rulers of this land, I believe them sincere."
It is interesting to note that the latter lady in the year that followed married a Frenchman p186and left America never to return. A witness of the scenes of the French Revolution, she and her husband were compelled to flee to England, where she spent her last days. And even in 1784, when Congress was in session in Annapolis, her cousin, Mrs. Benjamin Ogle, is still charmed with the French. She writes to her friend in Bladensburg, to whom all the letters are directed, as follows:
"I assure you the town is very agreeable. The minister (probably the French minister) has been here two weeks, and two agreeable men with him, and a gay French officer, General Armand, with whom I danced last night at a ball where there were sixty ladies. Our friend (probably Governor Eden) was there in scarlet and gold, and looked like himself. You know I always thought him superior to most. We supped with him two nights ago, a snug party. Generally dine once a week with the president (probably General Mifflin, President of Congress, and a connection by marriage of the Dulanys). The last time was day before yesterday with forty. I must now lay down my pen for some time, as I am told the prettiest fellow in p187the world is below, to whom I hope soon to introduce you."5
Probably the gayety due to the French officers was highest during 1782‑3, for on January 4, 1783, Count Rochambeau spent a night in Annapolis and the next morning embarked on board the L'Emeraude on his return to France. But many French remained, for on the 2d of April we hear of "an infinity of French beaux" from a letter written by the widow of Walter Dulany, who was then a woman with married sons and daughters, to her son Walter, who had sought refuge in England from the wrath of the patriots and had not yet returned. She writes from Annapolis in part as follows:
". . . Thursday our races begin and Kitty (her daughter) has just gone off in a superb phaeton-and‑four with a very flaming beau to the ground. I don't know his name. Yesterday was his first appearance with our infinity of French beaux, all of whom are very gallant. . . .
"We have a dismal set of players too, who will act every night of this joyous week.
p188 "To‑morrow we celebrate Peace (the signing of the treaty of peace between England and the United States). I hear there is to be a grand dinner on Squire Carroll's Point, a whole ox to be roasted, and I can't tell how many sheep and calves, besides a world of other things. Liquor in proportion. The whole to conclude with illuminations and squibbs, etc. I had like to have forgot to mention the ball, which I think had better be postponed. I am horribly afraid our gentlemen will have lighter heads than heels. I think to keep myself snug at home and pray no mischief may happen and for Kitt's safe return from the Ball. . . .
". . . The shoes, etc., came very opportunely for Kitty, just two days before our gaiety commences. They are very pretty. You must accept her thanks thro' me, as she is entirely taken up at present and will be for several days. Be pleased to accept my thanks for the very pretty handkerchief. I'll wear it and think of you.
"I am, my dear Wat, Y'r affect. Mother,
p189 Though Lafayette had returned to France after the Revolution he came back to the United States in 1784, and on November 28th reached Annapolis in the company of Washington himself. The two Houses of the Legislature being then in session, both presented him with addresses of welcome, and Lafayette returned the following answer:
"Gentlemen: On this opportunity so pleasantly anticipated, of my respectful congratulations to your General Assembly, I meet such precious marks of your partiality, as most happily complete my satisfaction.
"Amidst the enjoyments of allied successes, affection conspires with interest to cherish a mutual intercourse; and in France you will ever find that sympathizing good will, which leaves no great room for private exertions. With the ardor of a most zealous heart, I earnestly hope this State, ever mindful of the public spirit she has conspicuously displayed, will to the fullest extent improve her natural advantages, and in the Federal Union so necessary to all, attain the highest degree of particular happiness and prosperity.
p190 "While you are pleased, gentlemen, to consider my life as being devoted to the service of humanity, I feel not less gratified by so flattering an observation than by your friendly wishes for its welfare, and the pleasure I now experience in presenting you with the tribute of my attachment and gratitude.
Anxious to do him further honor, the Assembly by legislative enactment made Lafayette and his male heirs forever natural-born citizens of the State and entitled, upon their conforming to the Constitution and the laws, to all the privileges of native-born citizens. This was pleasantly recalled when Lafayette visited Annapolis in 1824 accompanied by his son, George Washington Lafayette, and also when a later descendant, the Marquis de Chambrun, a French commander who won fame at Verdun, was in the United States at the close of the World War.
1 C. C. Robin, "New Travels Through America," Letter IX.
2 Translated from the Maryland Historical Magazine, September, 1910, pp233‑4. Mrs. Lloyd's beauty is well attested by her portrait painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds and representing her as Shakespeare's Rosalind. Also by a remark at the end of De Closen's letter, where he refers to her husband as "M. her dear husband, who is jealousy personified."
3 Atlantic Monthly, November, 1890, p651 ff.
4 Atlantic Monthly, November, 1890, p651 ff.
5 Atlantic Monthly, November, 1890, p651 ff.
6 E. H. Murray, "One Hundred Years Ago," pp67‑8 (Letters of the Dulany and Addison Families).
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Page updated: 7 May 13 | <urn:uuid:d33920da-7de7-457d-b314-0fbb5cd7a991> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Maryland/Anne_Arundel/Annapolis/_Texts/NORANN/11*.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979796 | 3,447 | 3.25 | 3 |
by Linda Elder and Richard Paul
Universal intellectual standards are standards which must be applied to thinking whenever one is interested in checking the quality of reasoning about a problem, issue, or situation. To think critically entails having command of these standards. To help students learn them, teachers should pose questions which probe student thinking; questions which hold students accountable for their thinking; questions which, through consistent use by the teacher in the classroom, become internalized by students as questions they need to ask themselves.
The ultimate goal, then, is for these questions to become infused in the thinking of students, forming part of their inner voice, which then guides them to better and better reasoning. While there are many universal standards, the following are some of the most essential:
CLARITY: Could you elaborate further on that point? Could you express that point in another way? Could you give me an illustration? Could you give me an example? Clarity is the gateway standard. If a statement is unclear, we cannot determine whether it is accurate or relevant. In fact, we cannot tell anything about it because we don't yet know what it is saying. For example, the question, "What can be done about the education system in America?" is unclear. In order to address the question adequately, we would need to have a clearer understanding of what the person asking the question is considering the "problem" to be. A clearer question might be "What can educators do to ensure that students learn the skills and abilities which help them function successfully on the job and in their daily decision-making?"
ACCURACY: Is that really true? How could we check that? How could we find out if that is true? A statement can be clear but not accurate, as in "Most dogs are over 300 pounds in weight."
PRECISION: Could you give more details? Could you be more specific?
A statement can be both clear and accurate, but not precise, as in "Jack is overweight." (We don’t know how overweight Jack is, one pound or 500 pounds.)
RELEVANCE: How is that connected to the question? How does that bear on the issue?
A statement can be clear, accurate, and precise, but not relevant to the question at issue. For example, students often think that the amount of effort they put into a course should be used in raising their grade in a course. Often, however, the "effort" does not measure the quality of student learning; and when this is so, effort is irrelevant to their appropriate grade.
DEPTH: How does your answer address the complexities in the question? How are you taking into account the problems in the question? Is that dealing with the most significant factors? A statement can be clear, accurate, precise, and relevant, but superficial (that is, lack depth). For example, the statement, "Just say No!" which is often used to discourage children and teens from using drugs, is clear, accurate, precise, and relevant. Nevertheless, it lacks depth because it treats an extremely complex issue, the pervasive problem of drug use among young people, superficially. It fails to deal with the complexities of the issue.
BREADTH: Do we need to consider another point of view? Is there another way to look at this question? What would this look like from a conservative standpoint? What would this look like from the point of view of . . .? A line of reasoning may be clear accurate, precise, relevant, and deep, but lack breadth (as in an argument from either the conservative or liberal standpoint which gets deeply into an issue, but only recognizes the insights of one side of the question.)
LOGIC: Does this really make sense? Does that follow from what you said? How does that follow? But before you implied this, and now you are saying that; how can both be true? When we think, we bring a variety of thoughts together into some order. When the combination of thoughts are mutually supporting and make sense in combination, the thinking is "logical." When the combination is not mutually supporting, is contradictory in some sense or does not "make sense," the combination is not logical.
FAIRNESS: Do I have a vested interest in this issue? Am I sympathetically representing the viewpoints of others? Human think is often biased in the direction of the thinker - in what are the perceived interests of the thinker. Humans do not naturally consider the rights and needs of others on the same plane with their own rights and needs. We therefore must actively work to make sure we are applying the intellectual standard of fairness to our thinking. Since we naturally see ourselves as fair even when we are unfair, this can be very difficult. A commitment to fairmindedness is a starting place.
For a deeper understanding of intellectual standards and their relationship with critical thinking, see the Thinker's Guide to Intellectual Standards.
( Paul, R. and Elder, L. (October 2010). Foundation For Critical Thinking, online at website: www.criticalthinking.org) | <urn:uuid:fe49e6e4-a46f-4db6-bb84-6e100cc68f65> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/universal-intellectual-standards/527 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00151-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96786 | 1,032 | 4.375 | 4 |
Sudan is an overwhelmingly agricultural country. Much of the farming is of a subsistence kind. Agricultural production varies from year to year because of intermittent droughts that cause widespread famine. The government plays a major role in planning the economy. The leading export crops are cotton, sesame, peanuts, and sugar. Other agricultural products include sorghum, millet, and wheat. Sheep, cattle, goats, and camels are raised. The leading products of the country's small mining industry are iron ore, gold, copper, and chromium ore. Petroleum deposits were developed in the 1970s, but the work was discontinued in the mid-1980s as military conflict in the now independent South Sudan intensified. In the late 1990s, the government sought foreign partners to help redevelop the oil sector, and a pipeline was built from S Sudan to Port Sudan, on the Red Sea. Sudan began exporting crude oil in 1999. With the independence of South Sudan (2011) some three quarters of the country's oil production was lost, but the petroleum industry remains important.
Industry is largely confined to agricultural and natural resource processing and light manufacturing; the chief products include ginned cotton, textiles, processed food, beverages, soap, footwear, pharmaceuticals, and armaments. There is also some automobile and light-truck assembly. Petroleum and gold and silver are refined and hydroelectric power is produced. The country has a very limited transportation network. Foreign trade is largely conducted via Port Sudan. Chief among the annual imports are food, manufactured goods, refinery and transportation equipment, medicines, chemicals, textiles, and wheat; the principal exports are oil and petroleum products, gold, cotton, sesame, livestock, peanuts, gum arabic, and sugar. The leading trade partners are China, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and South Sudan.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:478d12a6-2552-4574-870b-b2b8718a5c23> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/world/sudan-economy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00071-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956196 | 393 | 3.484375 | 3 |
AKRON, Ohio – When Renata Fossen Brown checks on the progress of a patch of tulips at Cleveland Botanical Garden, schoolchildren across the Northern Hemisphere are watching.
Brown is a participant in Journey North’s tulip test garden project, an online educational effort that lets kids track spring’s arrival across the hemisphere and teaches them about seasonal changes, climate and geography.
The concept is simple: Volunteers scattered across the United States and a few countries in Eurasia plant the same type of tulip bulbs and then monitor and report on the plants’ growth. Tulips were chosen because they’re one of the few plants that can be grown just about everywhere in North America. The volunteers’ dispatches are tracked on a map on the Journey North website, so children can watch the season’s progression throughout the country and beyond.
Many of the gardens are at schools, but other institutions and individuals participate, too.
This is the first year Cleveland Botanical Garden has been part of the project. Brown, the garden’s vice president of education, planted tulips last fall at its Hershey Children’s Garden and at three urban farms tended by the teenage participants in its Green Corps program.
Staff members monitored the tulips’ early progress, Brown said, because the children’s garden was closed for the season until late March and the Green Corps program doesn’t start till May.
Nevertheless, she’s hoping to get the garden’s young visitors engaged in the project. She might urge the children to compare the progress of bulbs planted one year to bulbs planted the next, she said, or perhaps involve the kids in tracking data over a long period of years as a way of seeing climate trends.
“This is real science. This is authentic,” said Brown, the botanical garden’s vice president of education. “This is engaging, and it’s worthwhile.”
The tulip watch is just one of the citizen science projects overseen by Journey North ( www.learner.org/jnorth ), a program that helps children study wildlife migration and seasonal change. It’s operated by Annenberg Learner, a division of the Annenberg Foundation.
Journey North started in 1994, and the tulip test gardens were one of its first projects, said Mary Hosier, a Cleveland Heights, Ohio, resident and a writer for the program.
She said the tulip project reaches more than 1 million students annually. The number of gardens varies each year, but about 450 have been planted this year, she said.
Those gardens cover much of the United States, reaching as far south as Florida, Louisiana and Texas. There are even a few gardens in Germany, Russia, Denmark and England.
This year, participating gardeners planted Red Emperor tulips.
The gardeners are required to plant fresh bulbs each year as a way of controlling the tests, Hosier said. Otherwise, an older bulb might come up earlier than a new one.
Bulbs are planted in the fall in cooler areas and in January in warmer spots. Bulbs planted in warmer climates have to be chilled in a refrigerator for six weeks before they’re planted to mimic the cold conditions needed to stimulate proper growth.
Participants report the dates when they plant their bulbs, when they spot the first growth emerging from the ground in spring and when the tulips are fully opened.
For each report, a pin is placed on an online map. The pins are color-coded so the map’s visitors can see at a glance what’s happening. By clicking on a pin, users can read specific information about that garden.
Hosier said the project helps students learn about climate and the effects of geologic features such as mountains and oceans, and it also develops skills such as map reading. She said good teachers can encourage their students to ask questions, such as why their garden is blooming while another nearby is not.
“It can be really fun, plus it’s super hands-on,” she said. “You know, you’re out there digging in the dirt.” | <urn:uuid:197744a5-5271-429b-bb90-3b64e1a489c1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.saukvalley.com/2014/04/10/tulips-help-young-scientists-track-seasonal-change/a6hi5mj/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950028 | 869 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Labels on the popular insulin pen used by people with diabetes warn against visually-impaired people using pens to measure out and administer their insulin dosage.
A Case Western Reserve University pilot study from the Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing overturns that thinking, finding that visually impaired people actually did slightly better than their seeing peers, although the difference was not statistically significant.
Ann S. Williams, the lead investigator of the study, "A Comparison of Dosing Accuracy: Visually Impaired and Sighted People Using Insulin Pens," speculates, based on observations of individuals in the study, that the reason behind the poor performance of certain individuals in the sighted group is that some glossed over important instructions about how to use the pen. In contrast, individuals with sight problems listened, step by step, to complete audio instructions before using the pen in the study.
Sixty people participated in the study. This is one of the first research projects on insulin dosage to include participants who are visually impaired.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 23.6 million people in the United States--7.8% of the population--have diabetes. Among the 17.6 million with diagnosed diabetes, 3.6 million, or about 20 percent have visual impairment.
The results were published in the Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. Besides the inherent importance of these results to visually impaired persons with diabetes, this study also demonstrates the importance of including people with disabilities in research.
CWRU has established the FIND Lab, a National Institutes of Nursing Research/National Institute of Health-funded center to promote Full Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities (FIND) in Research. It is part of the nursing school's SMART Center, funded by the NIH to find ways to promote better self-management of an individual's healthcare.
Although insulin pens are manufactured by a number of companies and have been on the market since the 1980s, Williams found no research literature available that supported the disclaimer that blind people cannot accurately use the insulin pens when they receive complete instructions in a format they can use.
In 2008, the National Federation for the Blind passed a resolution calling for removal of the disclaimer against the use by blind people.
"This resolution emphasized the real-world importance of rigorous investigation of the accuracy of insulin dosage by visually impaired people using non-visual techniques," Williams reported.
As a diabetes educator, Williams knew visually impaired people were successfully using the pen with accuracy but needed the scientific research to support her observations.
During the 2009 National Federation for the Blind meeting in Detroit, Williams recruited 30 individuals who have vision problems that prevent them from reading printed instructions. They were given complete recorded instructions. She also enrolled 30 individuals from Cleveland, Ohio, who could see and read the pen's directions.
Each participant first read instructions or listened to an audiotape about how to use the insulin pen. The instructions were essentially the same as those included on printed sheets in the insulin pen packaging, modified slightly to include tactile methods for using the pens. Then each participant measured out 10 doses of insulin and injected them into a rubber ball. The ball was weighed immediately before and after the insulin injections for dosage accuracy.
Generally there was little difference between the two groups in the accuracy of 600 dosages of insulin--although Williams reports the visually impaired group did slightly better.
For people with sight problems, measuring and administering insulin presents challenges, since most tools and techniques were designed assuming that people have good vision.
"People with visual impairment can manage their own insulin accurately when they have access to nonvisual tools and techniques and complete instructions in a format they can use," Williams said.
"This study raises questions about the validity of the disclaimer that pharmaceutical companies put on the labels," Williams said.
She added that if studies are designed correctly, people with disabilities can participate in research projects that impact their health.
The study was funded by the American Association of Diabetes Educators/Sigma Theta Tau International Research grant.
Williams' research also was supported during her postdoctoral fellowship through a National Institutes of Health grant.
Case Western Reserve University is among the nation's leading research institutions. Founded in 1826 and shaped by the unique merger of the Case Institute of Technology and Western Reserve University, Case Western Reserve is distinguished by its strengths in education, research, service, and experiential learning. Located in Cleveland, Case Western Reserve offers nationally recognized programs in the Arts and Sciences, Dental Medicine, Engineering, Law, Management, Medicine, Nursing, and Social Work. http://www. | <urn:uuid:757914f0-54e1-48a7-b198-6617354da14f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-07/cwru-csf070110.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00009-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951632 | 930 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In what is one of the most pivotal moments in the game's history, Jackie Robinson made history when he became the first African-American to play in major league baseball on April 15, 1947.
The move was met with mixed reactions from both the public and the team, though Dodgers Manager Leo Durocher put that to bed when he stood up for Robinson, from Out of the Shadows: African American Baseball from the Cuban Giants to Jackie Robinson (2005) by Bill Kirwin:
I do not care if the guy is yellow or black, or if he has stripes like a f*****' zebra. I'm the manager of this team, and I say he plays. What's more, I say he can make us all rich. And if any of you cannot use the money, I will see that you are all traded. | <urn:uuid:6c63ccb5-0417-4741-ae52-2e3eb0651d77> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1066602-most-inspiring-moments-in-every-mlb-teams-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00166-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96368 | 169 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Many things can get on to your computer. Some can cause your system to crash, some are less alarming, and other things are nonetheless can be a nuisance. Viruses, malware, spyware and adware are on the top of the list pertaining to what can be downloaded to your system without your awareness and you should be familiar with the way they work. Compared to the other two, adware and spyware are probably the most manageable; but they can still cause problem and hassle if you have no knowledge about them.
Spyware and adware might be the most usual thing you can inadvertently encounter on the web. In most cases they are not malicious, contrasting with malware or virus, but you should understand that you must have the prerogative whether you want this kind of software spying on you while you surf the Net. Once you download anything from the Internet, any of these programs can be incorporated in that download, and you might not know it until such time you experience troubles with your computer system.
Spyware and adware are both programs created with the purpose of collecting information from your computer and your activity online, without your knowledge and consent. They keep track of the sites you often visit, how much time you use up on these sites, as well as the items you buy, if you are shopping. This information is collected from thousands or even millions of surfers, after which is sold as bulk information to some third parties. Yet, it's infrequent that adware or spyware release your information that can be traced back to you. You are only a statistical data for sale.
Certain software of this form performs positively on your system. It collects the similar type of details and then utilizes it to display ads that you may more or less respond to and click on. Other people find this alarming, but some do not care. Nonetheless, it is still upsetting to know software is capable of doing this without your knowledge. If you are fine with your information being collected through spyware and adware, you may not be fine with your system slowing down up to the point of crashing as results from this software performing in the background. Other websites can share your information and reveal you ads with no software, though on their own website only.
These programs can enter your system when you download things from untrusted places; nevertheless, you can obtain them as well from trusted sites. For example, once you download a game, there may be spyware and adware included in your download. Your best defense is to locate a spyware and adware scanner that can detect and eradicate any software from your system that you don't want operating on your computer system. A lot of these cleaning programs are free of charge, and some can be accessed with a small service fee. This should be an eye opener for all of us that if it's too good to be true, then it probably ain't true.
Do you need protection from spyware and adware programs? Get the right information on Adware Removal Software. Visit our site today and find out how to get free Ad Removal Software. | <urn:uuid:f1f52aa5-d333-4191-a0dd-ec773f878b66> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.usfreeads.com/electronics/computing/software-general/how-to-detect-spyware-and-adware-on-your-pc_2614865-cls.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951232 | 628 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Germany showcases solar energy home of the future
Earth Day enthusiasts can appreciate a solar home whose every feature is designed to save energy, from the thick insulated windows to the photovoltaic panels on every surface.
Frankfurt — • A local, slice-of-life story from a Monitor correspondent.
It is here that the German government has chosen to showcase what it sees as the country’s solar house of the future. Designed by Darmstadt University, the house won the title of the world’s most beautiful, functional, and future-oriented house at the past two US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon competitions in Washington, D.C.
“We want to reach out to the young generation of construction workers, to let them know about financing opportunities,” said Jan Mücke of the German Housing Ministry, when inaugurating the solar house. It will remain in Frankfurt until the end of May.
To fulfill its aim of cutting gas emissions by 40 percent by 2010, the government has set aside $1.5 billion in low-interest loans for the building of solar energy homes, said Mr. Mücke.
Everything about the 968-square-foot house is made to save energy. Its glass windows are thickly insulated. There are photovoltaic panels on every surface, including on the roof, which is flat so as to better soak up the sun or chase the wind. Perhaps its most innovative feature lies in its wooden lamella facades, with photovoltaic receptors fitted on each lamella. The lamellas can be shut or kept open depending on the time of the day and the weather. Kept open in the winter, they can act as shutters, keeping the sun away or lending privacy in the hot season or at night. | <urn:uuid:82caac05-7e01-4211-96bd-ab66253f9d13> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2010/0422/Germany-showcases-solar-energy-home-of-the-future | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945934 | 369 | 2.640625 | 3 |
March 21, 2012
Robotic Jellyfish Fuses Hi-Tech Materials With Nature’s Elegant Design
In an article published Wednesday, a team of Navy-sponsored researchers outlined an in-the-works project for a robotic jellyfish that is able to propel itself through water by harnessing the latent power of the ocean.
Humorously dubbed 'Robojelly', scientists say that the plans for the mechanical Cnidarian were hatched with a very serious purpose in mind: Researchers say they hope the experimental gizmo will eventually be used to assist emergency teams in dangerous underwater rescue operations — like the recent Costa Concordia disaster that claimed the lives of at least 25 people when the cruise liner ran aground off the coast of Italy in January.Particularly ingenious is the means the scientists have devised for powering the device. Drawing on and modifying existing hydrogen-power technology, Robojelly would derive its fuel from sea water, giving it access to an essentially unlimited power source.
“To our knowledge this is the first successful powering of an underwater robot using external hydrogen as a fuel source,” wrote lead author Yonas Tadesse, a mechanical engineer at Virginia Tech.
REPRODUCING NATURE´S MECHANICS
Equally impressive is how Tadesse´s team plans make the robot swim.
And if mimicry really is the highest form of flattery, then Mother Nature ought to be blushing.
Though still in the early phases of development, the scientist´s model draws on the elegant simplicity of the mechanism used by real jellyfish to propel themselves through the water.
One of the world´s most ancient and primitive life forms, jellyfish are equipped with simple rows of circular muscle that line the inside of their mushroom-shaped cap. When these muscles relax, the cap becomes engorged with water and puffs out, giving the creature its characteristic bell-shaped form.
When the circular muscles contract, the water held in the cap is forcefully ejected, propelling the gelatinous invertebrate through the water in rhythmic bursts.
In an attempt to replicate this movement, the researchers are making use of a material known to engineers as shape-metal alloy. As the name indicates, the material is an amalgam of metals that is able to resume its original shape after being deformed or scrunched up.
Essentially, it´s as malleable as tin-foil and resilient as rubber.
The researchers say the body of the robot consists of eight segments of this shape-metal alloy arranged in a form similar to the jellyfish´s bell-like cap.
In order to mimic the contraction and relaxation of natural muscles, the researchers coated each of these eight segments with a layer of platinum black powder. With electrical help from additional “straws” of pure carbon, the platinum coating catalyzes a chemical reaction with oxygen and hydrogen molecules in the sea water, releasing heat that is then transferred to Robojelly´s artificial muscles.
When the heat reaches the rings of shape-metal alloy, it causes them to temporarily change their shape, or ℠contract´. They are then immediately cooled off by the surrounding water and resume their original shape, ready to start the process again.
While the basic mechanism for allowing the robot to glide through water has already been worked out, the researchers say that they still have a bit of tinkering to do to figure out how to coordinate and control Robojelly´s movements.
In their current model, the eight segments that make up the bell-shaped cap all contract and relax simultaneously. In order to guide its movements, however, the team says it will have to work out a mechanism for controlling the contraction of each individual segment separately.
Funding for the project came from the US Office of Naval Research, which supports independent private research that is considered potentially beneficial to the US Navy and Marine Corps.
The team´s report was published Wednesday in the journal Smart Materials and Structures, a of publication of Britain´s Institute of Physics. | <urn:uuid:f10ed28c-cc18-4e5e-a1f9-e68350a3820e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112498328/robotic-jellyfish-fuses-hi-tech-materials-with-nature%E2%80%99s-elegant-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943033 | 834 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The lessons on Fossils were targeted to the Science and Technology for Children (STC) unit Rocks & Minerals and the Full Option Science System (FOSS) unit Earth Materials. These lessons, developed and piloted by classroom teachers, were designed to take advantage of the opportunity to integrate reading and writing into science.
The Fossils lessons will help your students understand that fossils provide evidence of plants, animals, and environments that existed long ago as well as understanding that plant and animal species change over time. We suggest these lessons fit just after Lesson 3 in the Rocks & Minerals (STC) unit and at the end of the Earth Materials (FOSS) unit.
If you are an individual teacher, check with your Materials Science Resource Center (if your school district has one) to see if the Fossils Lessons are already in the kit. If you do not have a Materials Science Resource Center, here are the resources you will need:
- Fossils Lessons
- Fossils PowerPoint
- Geologic Cross Section Image
- Fossils (two sets per classroom)
Go to: http://www.educational
Order sets of Fossil Kit 1.
- Fossils Books:
Fossils Tell of Long Ago by Aliki, Harper Collins, 1990.
Let's Investigate Fossils by Melissa Gish and Nancy Shaw, Creative Paperbacks, 2001. (Reference)
If you are a Materials Science Resource Center, each Rocks & Minerals (STC) or Earth Materials (FOSS) kit will need 2 to 3 sets of Fossils Kit 1 http://www.educationalfossils.com/
fossilkits.htm Fossil Kit 1, and a CD with the Fossils Lessons, Fossils PowerPoint, the Geologic Cross Section, and the Aliki and Gish/Shaw listed above. | <urn:uuid:2c697ba1-eb2f-4cbf-bf94-0c637654ae36> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://science-ed.pnnl.gov/teachers/fossils.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00111-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900764 | 379 | 4.1875 | 4 |
The extent of coca cultivation in Peru fell by 3.4 percent last year to 60,400 hectares (about 151,000 acres), according to a joint Peruvian-U.N. report released here Tuesday.
The study, carried out by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and Peru's Devida counternarcotics agency, found that the Peruvian government managed to eradicate a total of 14,234 hectares (about 35,585 acres) of illegal coca fields.
That represents an increase of 38 percent in the amount of coca cultivation destroyed in 2011.
The reduction in the illegal fields and plots came after authorities moved into one of the most difficult and highly-concentrated area of coca-growing, the Monzon district in the Upper Huallaga Valley, the document said.
The Upper Huallaga and the Valley of the Apurimac, Ene and Mantaro Rivers are considered to be the most "emblematic" for the production of coca from which cocaine is refined.
UNODC experts found that Peru's production of dry coca leaf - a preliminary stage in the production of cocaine - totaled 128,739 tons in 2012, of which 119,739 tons was destined to be made into the illegal drug and 9,000 tons was for traditional consumption.
Peru, like neighboring Bolivia, allows limited cultivation of coca for use in folk remedies and Andean religious rites.
In its unaltered form, coca is a mild stimulant that relieves hunger pangs and symptoms of altitude sickness. EFE | <urn:uuid:67021f05-0582-4883-895c-346bc5190b21> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/09/24/coca-cultivation-in-peru-down-by-34-pct/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945155 | 325 | 2.75 | 3 |
The earliest recording of Doc Watson is part of the archival collections of the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection at Belk Library and Information Commons at Appalachian State University. This now internationally-known performer from Deep Gap, North Carolina, performed “Precious Jewel” at the 1941 Boone Fiddler’s Convention and was recorded by folklorist Dr. Amos Abrams. The recording is available online as part of the Library’s digital collections.
Dr. Amos Abrams (1905-1991), an English professor at Appalachian State Teacher’s College from 1932 to 1946, made this recording of Doc Watson when Watson was about 18 years old. As he tells at the beginning of the recording, Dr. Abrams thought that this was the first time Watson had sung for a microphone.
Dr. Abrams was an active collector, scholar, and promoter of North Carolina folklore. His archival collection contains hundreds of field recordings from the 1930s and 1940s of the traditional music of western North Carolina, including well-known musicians such as Doc Watson and Frank Profitt. The titles contained in Abrams’ collection range from Child Ballads to nineteenth century popular music to compositions of local origin. The collection includes transcriptions of the songs and their variants, also created by Dr. Abrams.
For more information about the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection, please visit our website or call 828-262-4041. | <urn:uuid:8492fdbb-022b-45f0-b546-000136dc711c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.library.appstate.edu/news-archive/201207 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939166 | 291 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Early Veterinary Student Bovine Experience Program Expands in 2005
Although America's agricultural economy is closely connected to the world's most productive dairies and a thriving food animal industry in California, most of today's veterinary students have been raised in cities and suburbs, well away from the rural areas where these industries take place. Recruitment of veterinarians into this practice type takes creative effort as well as practical knowledge.
UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine is reaching out to new students to provide unique summer work experiences with cattle and dairy operations. The goal is to influence students at an early stage of their veterinary education to choose a career in dairy medicine or cattle health.
The food animal veterinarian serves in an essential role in maintaining animal health, productivity and well-being in production settings. Large animal veterinarians are also among the first health professionals to recognize food safety issues on the farm and detect potential infectious diseases of animals that may be passed on to humans. As concerns about food safety and biosecurity rise among consumers, the food animal veterinarian becomes an increasingly important member of the nation's food production system.
The program spans two summer sessions of five weeks each. The first year, students unfamiliar with dairies or cattle live and work on a modern dairy or cattle operation. Participants perform all the tasks of milking, feeding, medicating sick cows and calves, and keeping records. They may meet with veterinarians and learn about farm management during meetings with the dairy's business and operations team.
During a second session of about five weeks the following summer, each student pairs up with a veterinarian or large animal clinic to care for animals on the farm, meet with clients, learn about nutritional management, and address herd health and food safety issues. Raising awareness of issues such as antibiotic resistance in food animals is just one objective of the project.
This year, the original emphasis on dairy medicine has expanded to include students interested in the health of beef cattle. The program began with seven students and has grown to support up to 20 participants each year.
School officials and industry supporters offer scholarship support and mentoring to encourage veterinary students to gain hands on experience with cattle. Pfizer Animal Health supports the program through scholarship funding. Participants receive scholarships of up to $2500 for five weeks of general and specialized training. Agricultural producers introduce students to various aspects of the industry and their facilities, and they may provide free housing for participants.
Veterinary practitioners share their expertise in everything from farm visits to laboratory testing and other aspects of the health management of large populations of animals.
Bradford P. Smith, Associate Dean for Clinical Programs, reports that the program so far appears to be a promising model for increasing the number of students choosing food animal medicine careers. A copy of his report may be viewed at: http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/evsbep/performance.htm.
The following students from the Class of 2009 have been assigned to participating dairies in Sonoma, Santa Barbara, San Joaquin counties and at one facility in Colorado.
The following students have become familiar with dairy or beef operations and will shadow veterinary practitioners during this summer session. Veterinary practices are located in Tulare, Merced, Sonoma, Yolo, Sacramento, Glenn and Shasta counties.
Brittany Bello, Class of 2007
Jenni Dike, 2007
Heather Clarke, 2007
Marcos Villasenor, 2007
Carlos Borges, 2007
April Miles, 2007
Sara Bartholomew, 2007
Beth-Ann Palermo, 2007
Josh Brownfield, 2007
Jessica Reitz, 2008
Kristina Cataline, 2008
Seth Stammerjohan, 2008
Ray Loc, 2008
Gregg Bell, 2008
You can find more information about the Early Veterinary Student Bovine Experience program at: http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/evsbep/default.htm
Lynn Narlesky, Dean's Office, (530) 752-5257 | <urn:uuid:bbfe3abe-091e-45b3-8f78-e72a094ced0c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/whatsnew/article2.cfm?id=1452 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00016-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932768 | 824 | 2.6875 | 3 |
White-throated Greenbul (Phyllastrephus albigularis) - HBW 10, p. 216
French: Bulbul à gorge blanche
Spanish: Bulbul Gorgiblanco
Taxonomy: Xenocichla albigularis Sharpe, 1882, Fantee, Ghana.
Distinctive species of unclear affinities; not obviously closely related to any other member of genus. Two subspecies recognized.
Subspecies and Distribution:
- albigularis (Sharpe, 1882) - SW Senegal, and Sierra Leone and SE Guinea E through C Nigeria to SW Central African Republic and S to S PRCongo; also NW, W & E DRCongo (Duma, lower R Congo at Kunungu, and E from Sankuru and Kasai), SE Central African Republic, extreme S Sudan, and NW, W & C Uganda.
- viridiceps Rand, 1955 - NW Angola (Cuanza Norte, N Cuanza Sul).
- Least Concern Enlarge map
A bird high up in the trees next to a road going into the forest
Locality Bakoumba, Haut-Ogooué Province, Gabon
Paul van Giersbergen 29 September 2013 1 year ago 4
A partly hidden individual foraging in forest understory.
Locality Kibale National Park, Uganda (ssp albigularis)
David Beadle 12 February 2014 1 year ago 3.4
Bird perched in a tree
Locality Kibuye, West Province, Rwanda
Dr_M_Zieger 28 January 2015 1 year ago 3
- No sound recordings available yet | <urn:uuid:c8f12b98-4943-4bbe-90f3-24868a22db49> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/white-throated-greenbul-phyllastrephus-albigularis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.738556 | 354 | 2.734375 | 3 |
You are here
For Immediate Release
Online Video Program Trains Clinicians to Help Patients Who Drink Too Much
A new, interactive video training program from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), demonstrates quick and effective strategies for screening patients for heavy drinking and helping them to cut down or quit.
“The video scenarios demonstrate evidence-based techniques for assessing and managing at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders,” says NIAAA Director Ting-Kai Li, M.D. “We want to make these techniques widely available to clinicians so that more people with alcohol use problems will get the help they need.” Called Video Case Studies: Helping Patients Who Drink Too Much , the program is available through the NIAAA website at www.niaaa.nih.gov/guide
Based on the NIAAA Clinician’s Guide, the online program features four 10-minute video case scenarios, each led by an expert clinician who offers insights and engages viewers in considering different strategies for treatment and follow-up. Continuing education credit for physicians and nurses who use the training program will be provided through Medscape.com.
“The videos model clinicians interacting with patients with different levels of alcohol involvement and who are in different stages of readiness to change,” noted Mark Willenbring, M.D., director of NIAAA’s Division of Treatment and Recovery Research. “The video scenarios take place in several different settings to show that clinicians in primary care, mental health, and other specialties are all in a prime position to make a difference.”
In addition to the video case studies, the program includes a 15- to 20-minute tutorial on the NIAAA Clinicians Guide. With video narration and animated graphics, this section teaches clinicians how to:
- Ask patients about alcohol use
- Assess heavy drinkers for alcohol use disorders
- Help at-risk drinkers to cut back to safer drinking levels
- Help patients with alcohol use disorders to quit, including treating them with newer, effective medications for dependence when indicated
The tutorial and case studies require about an hour to complete.
“As physicians, we see the serious impact that excessive alcohol use can have on patients, their families and public safety,” said Ronald M. Davis, M.D., president of the American Medical Association. “Scientific evidence shows if we can prevent alcohol consumption from becoming a problem, we can help stop thousands, even millions , of alcohol-related diseases and injuries. The AMA encourages physicians to learn how to conduct screening and brief interventions for at-risk drinking behavior and how to identify and treat alcoholism.”
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, part of the National Institutes of Health, is the primary U.S. agency for conducting and supporting research on the causes, consequences, prevention, and treatment of alcohol abuse, alcoholism, and alcohol problems. NIAAA also disseminates research findings to general, professional, and academic audiences. Additional alcohol research information and publications are available at www.niaaa.nih.gov.
NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov. | <urn:uuid:19956245-562e-4cb6-87bd-670bf99f8e81> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/online-video-program-trains-clinicians-help-patients-who-drink-too-much | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00201-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913091 | 736 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Nothing is known about Sun Zi except his text Sunzi suanjing (Sun Zi's Mathematical Manual). Dating this is made more difficult since it is not known how much the text was changed or added to over time. Let us first look at the various theories about the date.
In the 17th century Sun Zi was identified with Sun Wu, a famous military expert of the sixth century BC who wrote Sun Zi's art of war. The Ruan Yuan in his Chouren zhuan or Biographies of astronomers and mathematicians (1799) certainly realised that references in certain problems in the Sunzi suanjing meant that the identification with Sun Wu was incorrect. He placed Sun Zi around 250 BC but knew that there was still problems with this dating which he said would have to be studied later. Indeed such studies did take place and Dai Zhen, an 18th century scholar, historian and mathematician, stated that it was impossible for the Sunzi suanjing to have been written before about 50 BC.
In more recent times Alexander Wylie, the expert on China who worked with the London Missionary Society in Shanghai for many years, states in a text published in 1897 that:-
During the third century Sun Zi, an author of considerable note, published his Sunzi suanjing.
L E Dickson, the American number theorist, claimed in 1919 that the Sunzi suanjing was written in the first century AD. Wang Ling seems to have the most convincing argument:-
The Sunzi suanjing mentions the mein as an item of taxation, and the hu tiao system. These two were first established in 280 AD. So the book could not have been written before this date. ... A new scale between chih and tuan was established in 474 AD; the Sunzi, still using the old scale by Wu Ch'en-Shih's emendation, cannot be older than 473 AD.
Of course this dating assumes that the text was written as a whole, while it seems more likely that it was compiled, like many of the texts, from older sources. In that case Wang Ling's dating will only establish when part of the text was written, some possibly being earlier, while other parts probably have been written later. This theory is supported by the fact that in a bibliography compiled in 636 it is stated that the Sunzi suanjing has two chapters while today's version has three. Rather strangely it is the first of the three chapters which has a different form to the other two, so perhaps an elementary introduction was added at a later date.
What of the modern texts? Lam and Ang in suggest it is a '3rd century AD treatise'; Martzloff in (also ) gives 'fifth century very approximately'; Bag and Shen say 'About 400 AD a Chinese mathematician, Sun Zi, took up the problem ...'; Berezkina says it was 'composed in the third or fourth century of our era'; Lam in says 'Sun Zi (somewhere between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD) ...'; while Shen gives the very precise date for the Sunzi suanjing of 237 AD.
Leaving the question of the date let us look briefly at the content of the treatise, before finally trying to make some guesses about Sun Zi based purely on the text. The Sunzi suanjing consists, as we have already noted, of three chapters. The first chapter describes systems of measuring with considerable detail, and gives instructions on using counting rods to multiply, divide, and compute square roots. It also gives two systems for designating high powers of ten. Sun Zi explains how to do multiplication on a counting board:-
Lay down the multiplicand in the upper row and the multiplier in the lower, with the product in between. Attention must be paid to the placing of the digits.
So the numbers to be multiplier are placed in the top and bottom of the three rows of the counting board and multiplications by single digits and additions take place in constructing the product in the middle row. Sun Zi then explains how to do division on a counting board:-
In division, reverse the order by placing rods in rows for quotient (upper), dividend (middle), and divisor (lower) respectively,
in this case the if one were dividing 1813 by 49, then 1813 is placed in the middle row, 49 in the bottom row. Then division by single digits takes place, building up the answer in the top row, with subtraction from the middle row until it is empty.
The second and third chapters consist of problems (28 problems and 36 problems respectively) concerning fractions, areas, volumes etc. similar to, but rather easier than, the problems in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Here is a sample, rather easy, problem:-
Problem 3.34: Suppose that, after going through a town gate, you see 9 dykes, with 9 trees on each dyke, 9 branches on each tree, 9 nests on each branch, and 9 birds in each nest, where each bird has 9 fledglings and each fledgling has 9 feathers with 9 different colours in each feather. How many are there of each?
Answer: 81 trees, 729 branches, 6561 nests, 59049 birds, 531441 fledglings, 4782969 feathers, 43046721 colours.
One problem, however, is of special interest, this being Problem 26 in Chapter 3:-
Suppose we have an unknown number of objects. When counted in threes, 2 are left over, when counted in fives, 3 are left over, and when counted in sevens, 2 are left over. How many objects are there?
This, of course, is important for it is a problem which is solved using the Chinese remainder theorem. It is the earliest known occurrence of this type of problem. In fact the solution given, although in a special case, gives exactly the modern method. After solving the particular problem (the answer is 23) the Sunzi suanjing gives a method for arbitrary remainders:-
Multiply the number of units left over when counting in threes by 70, add to the product of the number of units left over when counting in fives by 21, and then add the product of the number of units left over when counting in sevens by 15. If the answer is 106 or more then subtract multiples of 105.
Let us mention one further major contribution by Sun Zi. Xu, in , gives a detailed description of the algorithm used by Sun Zi for the extraction of roots and compares it with the method described in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Xu argues convincingly that Sun Zi's procedure differs from the earlier method in significant ways and so should be recognized as an outstanding and original contribution.
Can we deduce anything of Sun Zi himself? Perhaps the most significant fact is that nothing is known. How can this tell us anything? Well first notice that since the work of modern historians has placed the Sunzi suanjing much later than was thought in ancient times, we can now see that as nothing was known of Sun Zi within say 100 years of his death. For example in the Standard History of the Sui dynasty the treatise is mentioned with no details of the author, and the same occurs in other similar works. Unlike many Chinese mathematicians, Sun Zi cannot have been an important government official, nor to have been from a family of high social standing. The best guess would be that he was a scholar, clearly interested in the social issues of the day, but playing a very minor role in society. One problem suggests that he may have been a Buddhist for he mentions a Buddhist sutra in Problem 4 of Chapter 3.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson | <urn:uuid:7fe5bf38-764d-4ad4-aecd-b8dd4cfcb3ac> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Sun_Zi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970891 | 1,613 | 2.75 | 3 |
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