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41911052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title%2049%20of%20the%20Code%20of%20Federal%20Regulations | Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations | CFR Title 49 - Transportation is one of fifty titles comprising the United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 49 is the principal set of rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) issued by the Departments of Transportation and Homeland Security, federal agencies of the United States regarding transportation and transportation-related security. This title is available in digital and printed form, and can be referenced online using the Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR).
History
Publication of Title 49 began in 1938, at which point it was entitled Transportation and Railroads. It was renamed in 1949 to Transportation.
Current structure
The table of contents, as reflected in the e-CFR updated February 18, 2014, is as follows:
Code of Federal Regulations
Transportation in the United States |
19130814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosa-Kure%20Station | Tosa-Kure Station | is a railway station on the Dosan Line in Nakatosa, Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Shikoku and has the station number "K22".
Lines
The station is served by JR Shikoku's Dosan Line and is located 179.7 km from the beginning of the line at .
In addition to the local trains of the Dosan Line, the following limited express services also stop at Tosa-Kure Station:
Nanpū - to , and
Shimanto - to , and
Ashizuri - to and
Layout
The station consists of an island platform serving two tracks. A station building, which is located at a lower level than the tracks, houses a waiting room. The island platform is accessed by means of a ramp and a level crossing. There is also a passing loop and a siding which leads to a separate freight platform used for the loading of ballast.
JR Shikoku closed its ticket window at the station on 1 October 2010. Subsequently, a kan'i itaku agent reopened the window and continued selling tickets from a JR Shikoku POS machine.
Adjacent stations
History
The station opened on 15 September 1939 as the terminus of the Dosan Line which was extended westwards from . It became a through-station on 20 October 1947 when the track was further extended to . At the time it was opened, the station was operated by Japanese Government Railways, later becoming Japanese National Railways (JNR). With the privatization of JNR on 1 April 1987, control of the station passed to JR Shikoku.
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
Railway stations in Kōchi Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1939 |
60705845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Hobday | Ralph Hobday | Ralph Hobday OBE (September 1899 – October 1975) was a British architect who worked for the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
Career
Hobday joined the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in 1944, became Senior Architect in 1956, and retired from the Commission in 1975.
Works
His works include:
Cemeteries
Ambon War Cemetery on Ambon Island, Indonesia
Jakara War Cemetery in Menteng Pulo, Jakarta, Indonesia
Shelters and entrance gates at Lyness Royal Naval Cemetery, Hoy, Orkney, Scotland
Memorials
The Brookwood Memorial in Brookwood Cemetery, Surrey, England. Unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II in 1958, it commemorates 3,428 Commonwealth men and women who died during the Second World War and have no known grave.
A war memorial in the form of an obelisk, which was placed in 1961 by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission opposite the World War II war graves plot at Willesden Jewish Cemetery in the London Borough of Brent, England. The first national Jewish war memorial in the UK, it is Grade II listed.
Honours
Hobday was appointed Officer in the Order of the British Empire in the 1959 Birthday Honours.
References
1899 births
1975 deaths
20th-century British architects
Commonwealth War Graves Commission
Officers of the Order of the British Empire |
6821613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream%20hunter | Dream hunter | Dream hunter can refer to:
Dream Hunter Rem, an anime OVA series
Sandman: The Dream Hunters, a graphic novella by Neil Gaiman and Yoshitaka Amano
The Dream-Hunter, a book by Sherrilyn Kenyon
Dream Hunter, a non-player character in Kirby's Adventure |
69856432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%20in%20Jordan | 2016 in Jordan | The following lists events that happened during 2016 in Jordan.
Incumbents
Monarch - Abdullah II
Prime Minister - Abdullah Ensour, and Hani Mulki
Events
May
29 May - Parliament is dissolved by King Abdullah.
September
20 September - 2016 Jordanian general election.
November
4 November - King Faisal Air Base shooting
7 November - Abdullah II of Jordan opens the 18th Parliament of Jordan with his speech from the throne.
December
18 December - 2016 Al-Karak attack
References
*
2010s in Jordan
Jordan
Years of the 21st century in Jordan
Jordan |
41105270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Clohesy | Bill Clohesy | William John Clohesy (5 November 1894 – 8 November 1945) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
Bill Clohesy's profile at Blueseum
1894 births
1945 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Carlton Football Club players |
41674836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstorffst%C3%B8tten | Bernstorffstøtten | The Bernstorff Memorial (Danish: Bernstorffstøtten) is a memorial to Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff located at Lyngbyvej, just south of Kildegårds Plads, Gentofte Municipality, in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was erected by local farmers to a design by Johannes Wiedewelt to commemorate the agricultural reforms that Bernstorff introduced on his estate, Bernstorff Palace.
History
The memorial was inaugurated on a hilltop just south of Gentofte on 28 August 1783. The 100 years anniversary for the agricultural reforms at Bernstorff Palace was celebrated on 20 June 1866. It was listed in 1918.
Description
The Neoclassical memorial is executed in Norwegian marble and stands on a granite plinth. It features reliefs representing the harvest and a plaque inscription:
Æreminde efter Døden / for / Johan Hartvig Ernst / Greve af Bernstorff / som gav / udskiftede :::hovningsfrie arvelige /Gaarde / med dem Stræbsomhed Velstand alt / til Mønster for Efterslægten / :::MDCCLXVII / oprettet / af Godsets takfulde Beboere MDCCLXXXIII.
Publication
Møller, N: Kort Beskrivelse over Forfatningen paa Godset Bernstorff for og efter Fælledskabets Ophævelse og Eiendoms Meddelelse, med Forklaring over den af Bønderne oprettede Obelisk, Copenhagen1783.
See also
Liberty Column, Copenhagen
References
External links
Unrealized project for the Bernstorff Memorial
Listed buildings and structures in Gentofte Municipality
Listed monuments and memorials in Copenhagen
Outdoor sculptures in Copenhagen
Obelisks in Denmark
Buildings and structures completed in 1886
Buildings and structures associated with the Bernstorff family |
29542178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20doubles | 1980 Australian Open – Women's doubles | Judy Chaloner and Diane Evers were the defending champions but lost in the first round to Lee Duk-hee and Elizabeth Little.
Betsy Nagelsen and Martina Navratilova won in the final 6–4, 6–4 against Ann Kiyomura and Candy Reynolds.
Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. All four seeded teams received byes into the second round.
Rosemary Casals / Wendy Turnbull (semifinals)
Pam Shriver / Betty Stöve (quarterfinals)
Ann Kiyomura / Candy Reynolds (final)
Betsy Nagelsen / Martina Navratilova (champions)
Draw
Final
Top half
Bottom half
External links
1980 Australian Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Women's Doubles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Women's doubles |
42295207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board%20on%20Infrastructure%20and%20Constructed%20Environment | Board on Infrastructure and Constructed Environment | The Board on Infrastructure and Constructed Environment (BICE) is a part of the Engineering and Physical Sciences division in the National Research Council (NRC).
History
The Board was first organized in 1946 as the Building Research Advisory Board. BICE and its predecessor organizations have been the principal units of the NRC concerned with the built environment.
Programs
Although most of the BICE activities are advisory services, a number of specific programs have been created and maintained over the years, one of which was the Federal Construction Council and its successor, the Federal Facilities Council.
Federal Construction Council (FCC)
The Federal Construction Council was founded in 1953 at the request of the National Bureau of Standards as part of the NRC's division of Engineering and Industrial Research and its subdivision, the Building Research Advisory Board (BARB, later the BICE). It operated through the late 1990s, often supported by arrangements with the National Bureau of Standards, or the Department of Commerce. Its main purpose was to encourage continuing cooperation among those agencies with a direct or indirect interest in federal construction to advance the practice of design, construction, and operation of government facilities. It sought to minimize duplication of effort on technical studies as well as disseminate what are now termed best practices. It also sought to resolve technical problems of particular concern to the federal construction agencies.
Its membership comprised 19 members appointed by the BRAB chairman, with the approval of the Chairmen of the National Research Council; ten of its members were from the BARB and nine from nominations made by the Federal agencies providing financial support.
Early work
Practice surveys
In both 1954 and 1958, the FCC surveyed engineering practices in Building Technology by the thirty-six Federal agencies that had a direct or indirect interest in building or heavy construction, consisting of over 300 projects. The FCC would continue this survey practice to the late 1960s, producing updates in 1961 (SP3), 1963 (SP5), 1965 (SP6), 1968 (SP8).
Underground heat-distribution systems
An example of the work performed by this committee is its study of underground piping systems which at that time (1957-1964) was a ..."major and continuing concern to the Federal Construction Council." As result of its efforts, technical reports were published and sound design criteria were developed.
1970-1980
The Federal Construction Council's technical program for the 1970s included three broad categories of activities: continuing programs, ad hoc studies, and other activities. The council carried on 8 continuing programs: the Federal Construction Guide Specifications program (ended 1978), the Cost Engineering proqram, the Computer Technology proqram, the Design Criteria proqram, the Information Exchange program, the Fire Technology program, the Facilities Safety program, and the Procurement policy program.
The FCC conducted many "ad hoc" studies over the years to address "...specific problems or issues of mutual concern to federal construction agencies ... [dealing with] ... with both technical and administrative problems.
Federal Facilities Council (FFC)
The Federal Facilities Council is a successor to the Federal Construction Council. It is a cooperative association of 20 federal agencies with interests and responsibilities related to all aspects of facility design, acquisition, management, maintenance, and evaluation.
Project management at the Department of Energy (DOE)
The 105th Congressional Committee of Conference on Energy and Water Development in its appropriation conference report directed the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to undertake an independent review and assessment of its project management structure and processes for identifying, managing, designing and constructing facilities. The concern was the quality of the technical scopes, cost estimates, schedules, and supporting data regarding these construction projects as well as the validity of the proposed costs, scopes, and schedules. The study was to also include a review of large operating projects such as environmental projects which may or may not involve much construction, but should clearly be managed with the same principles and guidelines. The overall objective was achieve departmental processes that controlled the projects' cost and schedule as well as reduce cost growth and schedule slippages.
While the original congressional direction was for the US Army Corps of Engineers to perform the review, the final version allowed the DOE to ask the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct such a study. In 1998, prior to delivering the later general study in 1999, NRC completed a short time frame study using a generic approach to assess DOE's FY98 budget request, which did not attempt to address the broader issues of systems acquisition and project delivery within DOE raised by the conference report.
In its 2003 assessment report, NRC recommended that DOE ..."develop detailed procedures and guidance for identifying risks, planning strategies to address risks, and managing risks throughout the life cycle of projects, and should require their implementation for all projects." The DOE Office of Engineering and Construction Management (OECM) requested the committee to provide assistance for following this recommendation by summarizing practices
the committee believes constitute excellence in risk management. Over the next seven years, NRC delivered four more reports on its assessments of DOE project management.
See also
Official website for the NRC's Board on Infrastructure and Constructed Environment (BICE)
List of all BICE reports from 1985
Official website for BICE's Federal Facilities Council (FFC)
References
United States National Academies |
39100656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabasheane%20Masupha | Gabasheane Masupha | Gabasheane Masupha (26 December 1903 - 28 January 1941) was the Regent paramount chief of Basotho (modern Lesotho) from 1940 to 1941. Principal Chief of Ha-'Mamathe, Teya-teyaneng, Thupa-kubu and Jorotane. Died 1949; spouse 'Mamathe Masupha (nee. Nthati Lebona). Issues 'Mankhabe Masupha (daughter), Mathe Masupha (daughter), Masupha Masupha (son), Koali Masupha (son), 'Mabatho Masupha (daughter), Sempe Masupha (son), Michele Masupha (son).
References
1903 births
1941 deaths
House of Moshesh
Basutoland in World War II
Basutoland people |
42260466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Erik%20D%C3%BCring | Jan Erik Düring | Jan Erik Düring (15 June 1926 – 13 March 2014) was a Norwegian film director. He was born in Bærum. Among his films are Hjelp - vi får leilighet! (1965), Lucie (1979), the musical Bør Børson Jr. from 1974, and the comedy Deilig er fjorden! from 1985.
Düring also chaired the trade union .
References
1926 births
2014 deaths
People from Bærum
Norwegian film directors |
24305742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina%20Nature%20Photographers%20Association | Carolina Nature Photographers Association | The Carolinas Nature Photographers Association (CNPA) is a photography group based mainly in North and South Carolina. It is a group focused on photographing nature and wildlife and began in 1992. It is approaching 1200 members (May 2016) and is split into 13 regional groups.
Each regional group typically meets monthly to plan photo outings, photo workshops, gallery shows, and the occasional group project. For all of the regions there is one collective Annual Meeting where, for 3 days, there are nationally known nature photographers and educational speakers providing lectures on a variety of nature subjects and opportunities for photo outings, and a Mid-Year Outing that is held at different locations around the region with programs tailored for each location and a focus on field trips.
Camera in the Wild is the official magazine for the Carolina Nature Photographers Association, mailed quarterly to all members.
External links
CNPA.org
CNPA Forums
Nature photography
American photography organizations
Arts organizations established in 1992
1992 establishments in the United States |
60800938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Redmond | Joan Redmond | Joan Redmond (born 1946) is an American photographer.
Her work is included in the collection of the National Gallery of Canada, the Museum of Contemporary Photography, the Norton Simon Museum and in the Art Institute of Chicago.
References
1946 births
Living people
American women photographers
20th-century American photographers
20th-century women photographers
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women |
26833165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%20You%20Free%20%28The%20Black%20Keys%20song%29 | Set You Free (The Black Keys song) | "Set You Free" is a single by American blues rock duo The Black Keys from their second album, Thickfreakness. It was recorded in Patrick Carney's basement at his old house in Akron, Ohio. The song appears in the film School of Rock (2003) and the soundtrack album, as well as in the film I Love You, Man.
Usage in media
Although The Black Keys had always refused to allow their music to be used for commercialism, for fear of being branded "sell-outs", they decided to license "Set You Free" for use in a Nissan advert. Dan Auerbach later said, "It's helped us immensely. Before "Tighten Up", we'd never had a real song regularly played on rock radio. We didn't have that support, and getting these songs in commercials was almost like having your song on the radio."
The track was also included on the soundtrack to the film School of Rock (2003).
Track listing
All songs written by Dan Auerbach and Patrick Carney, unless otherwise noted.
"Set You Free"
"Hard Row" (lyrics by Dan and Chuck Auerbach)
"Evil" (previously unreleased)
Personnel
Dan Auerbach - vocals, guitars
Patrick Carney - drums and percussion
References
The Black Keys songs
2003 songs
Songs written by Dan Auerbach
Songs written by Patrick Carney |
22300233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle%20Castle | Newcastle Castle | Newcastle Castle may refer to one of two medieval castles in Great Britain:
The Castle, Newcastle, in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
Newcastle Castle, Bridgend, a ruinous Norman castle in Bridgend, Wales. |
62229450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killigan | Killigan | Killigan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Aria Killigan, from Daybreak (2019 TV series)
Duff Killigan, from Kim Possible (see List of Kim Possible characters)
Kip Killigan, Small Soldiers
See also
McKilligan |
3289556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildary | Kildary | Kildary () is a small village in Easter Ross, Ross and Cromarty, Highland, Scotland.
The village is located on the Balnagown River and is bordered by Balnagown Castle and the Balnagown estate, owned by Mohamed Al Fayed, former owner of Harrods department store. The main road A9 passes close by, running parallel to the Far North Line.
The only landmark visible from the A9 is Ken's Garage, which has been on the same site for many decades. Ken's Garage gets its name from the original proprietor Mr Ken Mackay. It is now owned by the Bannerman brothers. The A9 used to run in front of the garage until the road was realigned. Close by is an unusual Tudor-style lodge, known as East Lodge, attached to the Tarbat Estate.
Kildary railway station served the village until its closure on 13 June 1960. It was opened on 1 June 1864 as Parkhill and renamed Kildary on 1 May 1868. The station was demolished when the A9 was realigned, although the station building remains as a listed building.
The village is a good starting point for walks or drives – the Scotsburn area to the north is a warren of single track roads, and the village of Milton around to the south allows access to woodland and the Balnagown River, which can be followed down to the coast at the Cromarty Firth. The Scotsburn area was home to a number of German prisoners of war during World War II, who were employed in helping the farming community locally.
Kildary is an important site for those researching the Clan Ross. However, the castle is on private land and limited access permission must be obtained well before any visit.
References
External links
Fearn Peninsula website
STV documentary - A Day in the Life - Balnagown
Populated places in Ross and Cromarty
Clan Ross |
9920302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Blackall%20Simonds | George Blackall Simonds | George Blackall Simonds (6 October 1843 – 16 December 1929) was an English sculptor and director of H & G Simonds Brewery in Reading in the English county of Berkshire.
Biography
George was the second son of George Simonds Senior of Reading, director of H & G Simonds, and Mary Anne, the daughter of William Boulger of Bradfield. His grandfather was Reading brewing and banking entrepreneur, William Blackall Simonds. He added Blackall to his name after the death of his brother, Blackall Simonds II, in 1905. He was brother-in-law of the portrait painter, John Collingham Moore, and cousin of the botanist, George Simonds Boulger. He served as the inaugural Master of the Art Workers' Guild in 1884-85.
His best known works are The Falconer (1873) in Central Park, New York City (US) and the Maiwand Lion (1886) in the Forbury Gardens, Reading in Berkshire (UK).
In 1922, he temporarily came out of retirement to build the war memorial in Bradfield, the village where he lived in Berkshire. This commemorates the deaths of local men in the First World War, including his son, a lieutenant in the 2nd Battalion, South Wales Borderers.
In 2005, users of Reading Borough Libraries, voted him winner of the 'Great People of Reading' poll.
Works
Notes
References
External links
New York City Department of Parks and Recreation: The Falconer
Reading Borough Libraries: George Blackall Simonds
Royal Berkshire History: George Blackall Simonds
1843 births
1929 deaths
Artists from Reading, Berkshire
English brewers
English businesspeople
English sculptors
English male sculptors
People educated at Bradfield College
People from Bradfield, Berkshire
People from Westminster
20th-century British sculptors
19th-century British sculptors
Masters of the Art Worker's Guild |
22986006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20on%20My%20Mind | You on My Mind | "You on My Mind" is a song by the British pop group Swing Out Sister. It was the lead-off single from the group's second album, Kaleidoscope World. It featured a more sophisticated blend of musical components.
Music video
The music video was strongly inspired by the 1968 cult film, The Thomas Crown Affair.
Remixes
You On My Mind (Vinyl 7") 872964-7
"You On My Mind" (Album Version) - (3:36)
"Coney Island Man" - (3:38)
You On My Mind (CD Maxi) 874 229-2
"You On My Mind" (Album Version) - (3:36)
"Coney Island Man" - (3:38)
"Precious Words (Earth Bound Mix) - (3:46)
"You On My Mind" (12" Mix) - (6:32)
You On My Mind (Vinyl 12") 872 965-1, SWING 612
"You On My Mind" (Extended Version) - (6:32)
"You On My Mind" (3:29)
"Coney Island Man" - (3:38)
Charts
References
1989 singles
Swing Out Sister songs
1989 songs
Fontana Records singles
Songs written by Andy Connell
Songs written by Corinne Drewery
Songs written by Paul Staveley O'Duffy |
41074425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazi%20Gavaber | Qazi Gavaber | Qazi Gavaber (, also Romanized as Qāẕī Gavāber) is a village in Ahandan Rural District, in the Central District of Lahijan County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 54, in 16 families.
References
Populated places in Lahijan County |
909507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividend%20reinvestment%20plan | Dividend reinvestment plan | A dividend reinvestment program or dividend reinvestment plan (DRIP) is an equity investment option offered directly from the underlying company. The investor does not receive dividends directly as cash; instead, the investor's dividends are directly reinvested in the underlying equity. The investor must still pay tax annually on his or her dividend income, whether it is received as cash or reinvested.
DRIPs allow the investment return from dividends to be immediately invested for the purpose of price appreciation and compounding, without incurring brokerage fees or waiting to accumulate enough cash for a full share of stock. Some DRIPs are free of charge for participants, while others do charge fees and/or proportional commissions.
Similarly income trusts and closed-end funds, which are numerous in Canada, can offer a distribution reinvestment plan and a unit purchase plan which operate principally the same as other plans.
Because DRIPs, by their nature, encourage long-term investment rather than active trading, they tend to have a stabilizing influence on stock prices.
Cash purchase
Although the name implies that reinvesting dividends is the main purpose of these plans, many companies offer a complementary share purchase plan (SPP). An SPP allows the enrollee to make periodic optional cash purchases (OCP) of company stock. The dollar amount of the OCP is sometimes subject to minimum and maximum limits, e.g. a minimum of $25 per OCP or a maximum that cannot exceed $100,000 per year. Low-fee or no-fee SPPs may be advantageous to enrollees as they offer a quick and cost-effective way to increase their holdings. And just like when dividends are reinvested, optional cash purchases are for fractional shares to 3 or 4 decimal places.
DRIPs have become popular means of investment for a wide variety of investors as they enable them to effectively take advantage of dollar-cost averaging with income in the form of corporate dividends that the company is paying out. This way, the investor is guaranteed the return of whatever the dividend yield is, but he or she is also subject to market risk due to the price fluctuations of the stock.
Acquiring stock
The majority of plans require the potential investor to become a registered shareholder, as opposed to a beneficial shareholder. Registered shareholders are direct owners of company stock and are listed with a company's transfer agent, whereas beneficial shareholders hold their stock through a proxy, such as a brokerage account or an investment dealer. In the past, this meant having to keep stock certificates as proof of ownership, but now most plans are in paperless, "book-entry" format. In Canada, you must start a DRIP with a certificate and, as such, Canadian enrollees must have the share certificates to do so. All subsequent shares acquired through the DRIP or SPP would be in "book-entry" format.
In addition, certain DRIPs offer (with SEC approval in the US) a direct enrollment option, in which the initial share purchase may itself be made through the DRIP, thereby avoiding retail brokerage fees and commissions. This option is often called a "direct share purchase plan" or "direct stock purchase plan" (DSPP). DRIP expert Charles Carlson has dubbed such plans "no-load stocks". However, describing such plans as "no-load stock" plans is extremely misleading. In the mid-1990s, when investing through company-sponsored plans became more popular, such "no-load" plans were created and promoted by certain transfer agents in order to create fees each time an investment is made through the plan (and, in many cases, for each dividend reinvestment). Traditional DRIPs, those available only to those who are already shareholders, are more likely to be "no-fee" plans. There are many no-fee versions of DRIPs, SPPs and DSPPs which are an efficient way to build holdings over time by making small regular investments on a dollar-cost averaging basis.
In some DRIPs, the investor has the option of receiving some or all dividends by check, as opposed to full reinvestment. Also, if a DRIP is discontinued, the investor's shares typically continue to be held in book-entry form, either including fractional shares or with a refund check issued for the fractional part of the position.
A downside of using DRIPs is that the investor must keep track of cost basis for many small purchases of stock, and maintain records of these purchases in paper or electronic form. This assures that the investor can accurately calculate the capital gains tax when any shares are sold, and document cost basis to their government if requested. This record keeping can become burdensome (or costly, if done by an accountant) if the investor participates in more than one DRIP for many years. For example, participating in 15 DRIPs for ten years, with all of the stocks paying quarterly dividends, would result in at least 615 share lots to keep track of—the 15 initial purchases, plus 600 reinvested dividends. Further complications arise if the investor periodically buys or sells shares, or if the company is involved in an event requiring adjustments to cost basis, such as a spin-off or a merger.
While the term "DRIP" is usually associated with company-sponsored plans, reinvestment of stock dividends is also available at no cost through some brokerage firms. This is called a synthetic DRIP. The drawback to broker DRIPs is that they do not allow for optional cash purchases. If the investor wants to acquire additional shares, he or she must pay a commission for each subsequent purchase.
References
External links
Are DRIPs Worth it? Pros and cons of using dividend reinvestment plans
DRIP Investing Resource Center A community of people involved in dividend reinvestment programs
Dividend Information A searchable database of dividend payouts and history for all stocks
Canadian DRIP Primer Step by step guide to starting a Canadian dividend reinvestment plan and lists of Canadian companies and trusts with DRIPs
Australian DRIPs resources, information, and guides to Dividend Reinvestment Plans in Australia including a searchable database of listed DRIPs.
FirstShare membership organization that helps investor's acquire one share of stock for DRIP enrollment.
What is a Dividend Reinvestment Plan An article about dividend reinvestment plans (DRIPs) including a variety of examples so you can easily understand how DRIPs work.
directinvesting.com educational articles, resources and a complete list of Dividend Reinvestment Plans.
Things to consider before buying a share and enrolling in a dividend reinvestment plan This article takes an in-depth look at the things you need to consider before buying a share and enrolling in a dividend reinvestment plan (DRIP).
Reinvestment program
Stock market |
29390036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible%20Lessons%20International | Bible Lessons International | Bible Lessons International (BLI) is a non-profit Bible study ministry and 501(c)(3) corporation based in Marshall, Texas. The ministry, according to information published on its website, "is dedicated to reaching the world for Jesus Christ with the goal of empowering God's people to interpret the Bible for themselves." Verse-by-verse, exegetical commentaries are offered entirely for free by the organization, which says its materials are "committed to the trustworthiness and authority of Scripture, emphasizing the intent of the original inspired authors by means of their historical setting, literary context, grammatical features, choice of words, genre and parallel passages."
History
BLI was founded in Lubbock, Texas in 1976 under its original name of International Sunday School Lessons, Inc. by Dr. Robert James (Bob) Utley, a retired professor of Biblical Hermeneutics (interpretation). A certificate of restated articles of incorporation with the new name of Bible Lessons International was issued by the Secretary of the State of Texas on Sept. 30, 1998. The organization currently has its offices in Marshall, Texas. BLI is funded by individual donors from all over the world, and publishes a semi-annual newsletter that is sent to nearly 10,000 people on the organization's mailing list.
In its early days, BLI published written materials through the Uniform Sunday School Series offered by the Southern Baptist Convention. Utley also presented his commentaries in the "You Can Understand the Bible" television series and radio programs. Materials in the form of printed commentaries, cassette tapes and VHS tapes, as well as CDs and DVDs, were also offered for sale on the organization's original website, www.biblelessonsintl.com.
Activities
At present, BLI distributes its free materials through its website www.freebiblecommentary.org. Here are posted for free download the entire collection of Dr. Utley’s audio, video and written commentaries, sermons and other Bible study aids. All materials are copyrighted, but can be printed or copied if credit is given to Dr. Utley and if a link to the website is included in the copied material.
Resources offered by BLI may also be obtained at other online locations and libraries, including www.WorldCat.org, www.archive.org, www.ibiblio.org, East Texas Baptist University's online Mamye Jarrett Library and www.logos.com.
Written Bible commentaries are presently offered or currently undergoing translation into the following languages: Afrikaans, Amharic, Arabic, Armenian, Bangla, Bulgarian, Burmese, Chinese, English, Eritrean, French, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Korean, Malayalam, Nepali, Oromo, Persian, Portuguese, Pashto, Punjabi, Russian, Saraki, Serbian, Sindhi, Slovak, Spanish, Tagalog, Tamil, Telugu, Thadou, Thai, Turkish, Urdu and Vietnamese. The pace of translations has increased over the years, with more than 50 different translations in progress as of late 2010.
BLI's first CD compilation was published in 2005 as "The NASB (Update) Study Bible New Testament Supplement." The CD contained English commentaries with Biblical cross-references from the following Bible translations: The New American Standard (1995 update), New King James Version, New Revised Standard Version, Today’s English Version and the New Jerusalem Bible. Subsequent releases were entitled: "CD-ROM Computer Bible Commentary" (2009), and "Verse-By-Verse Computer Bible Study Library" (2010).
As of Fall 2015, more than 150,000 free CDs and DVDs containing Bible study guide commentaries and multimedia sermons and commentaries had been distributed to people in more than 146 countries. BLI's most recent publication, the "Verse-By-Verse Computer Bible Study Library," is a free two-disc set containing a CD with all of Dr. Utley's written Old and New Testament commentaries, translations and other Bible study helps, plus a DVD containing more than 850 minutes of video, 600 minutes of MP3 audio and the PDF version of Dr. Utley's "Bible Interpretation Seminar Textbook." The DVD also includes MP4 video files that can be downloaded and viewed by iPod and iPhone users. As of 2019 over 3 million people have visited the www.freebiblecommentary.org website.
In addition to mailing CDs and DVDs to individuals, BLI has sent entire sets of printed commentaries to numerous state and federal prison libraries. The materials are also distributed through several organizations, including the National Baptist Educational Convention, World Baptist Alliance and Sovereign World Trust.
Organization
Bible Lessons International is overseen by a Board of Directors. BLI has sponsored several overseas pastors’ conferences, and has contributed to National-to-National (N2N) evangelism projects conducted by International Commission (www.ic-world.org) of Lewisville, Texas.
References
External links
www.biblelessonsintl.com
www.freebiblecommentary.org
Christian publishing companies
Non-profit organizations based in Texas
Christian organizations established in 1976
Marshall, Texas
1976 establishments in Texas |
28675241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20J.%20Castellani | John J. Castellani | John J. Castellani is an American public affairs executive and public policy advocate. He was the former President and Chief Executive Officer of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) a trade group representing U.S. pharmaceutical research and biopharmaceutical companies. Prior to joining PhRMA, Castellani led the Business Roundtable, a U.S. advocacy and lobbying group. Currently he is on the Pharmacist Partners Advisory Board.
Biography
Castellani is originally from Skaneateles, New York and is a Roman Catholic. He is married to the former Therese Ann Mulroy. They have two sons. Castellani is a graduate of Union College in Schenectady, New York. He majored in biology and graduated in 1972.
Career
Castellani started his career at General Electric in 1972 as an environmental scientist and strategic planner and left the company in 1977. He then served as Vice President of State, Federal and International Government Relations for TRW, a major defense contractor, from 1980–1992 and as. Vice President for Resources and Technology with the National Association of Manufacturers from 1977 to 1980.
He then became Executive Vice President of Tenneco Inc. from 1992 to 1999 .
Before joining PhRMA, Castellani was President and Chief Executive Officer of the Business Roundtable, an association of CEOs of leading U.S. corporations with a combined workforce of nearly 12 million employees and $6 trillion in annual revenues. The Business Roundtable was cited by the Financial Times as "the most influential chief executive lobbying group in the U.S." Castellani served at the Business Roundtable from May 2001 to July 2010.
Non-profit work and community service
Castellani is a former member of the Union College board of trustees. He is also an Ethics Resource Center Executive Fellow and a member of the Advisory Council of the Business Roundtable Institute for Corporate Ethics, in addition to being a member of The Economic Club of Washington, D.C.
He has served on the Connecticut Governor's Prevention Task Force as vice chair, on the board of directors of Keep America Beautiful, and on the U.S. Olympic Committee. He was president of the Business Government Relations Council and chair of the Fairfax County Redevelopment and Housing Authority.
References
External links
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
American lobbyists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
12959694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF%202.95-inch%20mountain%20gun | QF 2.95-inch mountain gun | The QF 2.95-inch mountain gun was the designation given by the British to a Vickers 75 mm calibre gun. It was originally produced for the Egyptian Army. It was taken into British service in the late 19th century to provide the 'movable armament' at some coaling stations. Also known as 'The Millimetre Gun', it was used by the West African Frontier Force in several theatres in Africa during World War I. It was also used by United States and Philippines.
Service history
The weapon could be broken down and carried by 4 horses or mules, or in British use in Africa by men.
British service
The weapon was not adopted by the British Army or the Indian Army, which used the BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun and later the BL 2.75-inch Mountain Gun, but it was used from 1900 by the defence forces of some British African colonies as part of the Royal West African Frontier Force (WAFF). The officers and most NCOs were British, and the gunners, gun carriers and some NCOs were African. As part of the British Empire these units became part of the British war effort in World War I.
Thirty guns were originally supplied to West Africa (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and Nigeria). Guns involved in the West Africa campaign were used by the Sierra Leone Company Royal Garrison Artillery (6 guns), Gold Coast Battery WAFF (6 guns), 1st and 2nd Nigerian Battery WAFF (6 guns each).
The guns seem to have been fielded in small numbers as stockade breakers during the War of the Golden Stool, as The Ashanti Campaign of 1900 mentions their presence and details their correct tactical usage as follows: "Vickers, Sons, & Maxim's 75-millimetre mountain gun will breach any stockade in from three to six rounds; it is therefore most essential for this gun to be kept well up in front, and as soon as the scouts have located a frontal stockade, the gun should be mounted, run up to the front, and take up a position where either the top or bottom of the stockade can be seen. While fire is being opened with the gun, a company should be deployed to either flank, to a sufficient depth in the bush to outflank the ends of the stockade."
Guns of the Gold Coast Battery fired the first British Empire artillery rounds of World War I, in the attack on Khra in Togoland on 22 August 1914.
The gun was also used in the East Africa campaign, originally a section of the Gold Coast Battery, and from December 1916 the 1st Nigerian Battery.
In one action, Corporal Awudo Kano and five Nigerian gunners stayed by their gun during the British attack near Melong in Kamerun, 4 March 1915. Their officer was wounded and the infantry forced to retire, but though isolated they refused to abandon the officer or their guns, and continued firing until relieved.
US service
The US purchased 12 guns in 1899 and used them in the Philippine–American War (otherwise known as the Philippine Insurrection).
By 30 June 1904 another 120 guns were purchased. Carriages and pack saddles were manufactured at Watertown and Rock Island.
It was also used in World War II by US and Philippine forces defending against the Japanese invasion. Approximately 50 were issued to the Filipino Army artillery regiments. The US Army Philippine Division had one battalion of the 23rd Artillery (Philippine Scouts) equipped with the 2.95 in mountain gun.
Ammunition
British ammunition
The British "Treatise on Ammunition" of 1915 stated that available rounds were Shrapnel (203 bullets), Case shot (330 bullets), Star shell and the Double common shell of 18 lb (exploding charge of 14 oz "P" mixture – gunpowder).
US ammunition
According to the US manual of 1916 the "Double explosive" shell was no longer in US use.
Gallery
See also
List of mountain artillery
West Africa Campaign (World War I)
Surviving examples
A British example is on display at US Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
HM Royal Armouries Fort Nelson, Fareham, Hampshire, UK
At the Military Museum in Bogota, Colombia
U.S. Army Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, USA
Notes and references
Bibliography
Dale Clarke, British Artillery 1914–1919. Field Army Artillery. Osprey Publishing, Oxford UK, 2004]
Major-General Sir John Headlam, The History of the Royal Artillery : From the Indian Mutiny to the Great War, Volume II (1899–1914). Woolwich [England] : Royal Artillery Institution, 1937. Facsimile reprint by Naval and Military Press 2004.
General Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery : Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914–18. London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988.
I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914–1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972.
US Army Ordnance Dept, Handbook of the 2.95-inch Mountain Gun Matériel and Pack Outfit. 1912, updated 1916
Louis Morton, "The Fall of the Philippines". United States Army Center of Military History, 1953.
Further reading
External links
Handbook for the 2.95inch q.f. mountain gun, mark I mule equipment. 1906 from State Library of Victoria
1908 (provisional) Drill Regulations for mountain Artillery US Army Manual provided online by University of California and www.archive.org
2.95-Inch Vickers-Maxim Mountain Gun Matériel. in https://archive.org/details/handbookofartill00unitrich" Handbook of Artillery : including mobile, anti-aircraft and trench matériel (1920)"] United States. Army. Ordnance Dept May 1920. provided online by University of California and www.archive.org
Diagram, photographs, video & data at Victorian Forts and Artillery website
photo of a 2.95-inch shell casing at big-ordnance.com
Artillery of the United States
World War I artillery of the United States
World War I artillery of the United Kingdom
Mountain artillery
World War I mountain artillery
75 mm artillery
Vickers
Weapons of the Philippine Army |
59469988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon%20Parris | Timon Parris | Timon Parris (born September 1, 1995) is an American football offensive tackle for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Stony Brook and was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Washington Redskins in 2018.
Early life and high school
Parris was born in Elmont, New York, and grew up in Floral Park, New York. He attended Floral Park Memorial High School, where he was a member of the basketball, football and track & field teams. He played both offensive and defensive line for the Knights and was named All-Nassau County as a senior.
College career
Parris joined the Stony Brook Seawolves football team as a walk-on and eventually earned a scholarship. He redshirted his freshman season and became a starter at tackle for the Seawolves as a redshirt freshman. Overall, Parris started 41 games for Stony Brook and was named first team All-CAA in each of his final three seasons and was an FCS All-American as a redshirt senior.
Professional career
Washington Redskins
Parris signed with the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent on April 28, 2018. He was cut by the Redskins at the end of training camp and subsequently re-signed to the team's practice squad on September 2, 2018. Parris was promoted to the Redskins' active roster on December 21, 2018 after Austin Howard was placed on injured reserve. Parris made his NFL debut on December 22, 2018 in a 25-16 loss to the Tennessee Titans.
Parris was waived on August 31, 2019, but was signed to the practice squad the following day. He was promoted to the active roster on December 14, 2019 after the Indianapolis Colts attempted to sign him off the Redskins practice squad. Parris played in three games on special teams in 2019. Parris was waived by Washington on September 5, 2020.
Atlanta Falcons
Paris was claimed off waivers by the Atlanta Falcons on September 6, 2020, before being waived on September 15, 2020.
Cleveland Browns
Parris was signed to the Cleveland Browns' practice squad on October 13, 2020, but was released on November 9, 2020.
Washington Football Team
Parris rejoined the Washington Football Team's practice squad on December 1, 2020. His practice squad contract with the team expired after the season on January 18, 2021.
Miami Dolphins
On May 20, 2021, Parris signed with the Miami Dolphins. He was waived on June 14, 2021, and re-signed with the team on July 19, 2021. He was waived on August 17, 2021.
Minnesota Vikings
On October 26, 2021, Parris signed to the Minnesota Vikings practice squad. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list on November 8 and activated on November 16. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Vikings on January 10, 2022.
References
External links
Stony Brook Seawolves bio
1995 births
Living people
American football offensive tackles
Atlanta Falcons players
Miami Dolphins players
Minnesota Vikings players
People from Elmont, New York
Players of American football from New York (state)
Sportspeople from Nassau County, New York
Stony Brook Seawolves football players
Washington Redskins players
Washington Football Team players |
4385560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiahmoo%20Shopping%20Centre | Semiahmoo Shopping Centre | Semiahmoo Shopping Centre ( ) is an indoor shopping mall on the Semiahmoo peninsula in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada. Opened in 1980, the shopping centre is named after the nearby Semiahmoo Bay and is currently anchored by Save-On-Foods and Winners.
Other stores of note: Black Bond Books, The Body Shop, GS & Company.
History
The mall opened with a Kmart discount department store as an anchor tenant featuring an Automotive Centre and a Kmart Cafeteria. Kmart closed this location in 1998.
In 2013, the mall featured one of only three remaining Zellers-branded department stores still operating in the country, with plans for the brand to continue as a crossover with Hudson's Bay. In June 2014, First Capital announced that the Zellers store would close and be replaced by another retailer. It was confirmed on May 15, 2019, that a Winners store would be replacing the former Zellers.
Redevelopment
Bosa Properties purchased the mall in 2002 and had major plans to expand and redevelop the property.
In March 2010, Semiahmoo Shopping Centre went through a much-needed upgrade to the interior of the mall. The exterior of the mall lost several tenants as the structures that housed their businesses were demolished to accommodate the exterior upgrade.
Plans for residential and commercial redevelopment were put on hold amid concerns that nearby developments in Grandview Heights and Morgan Crossing affected the commercial and residential viability of the town centre. Bosa sold the mall in June 2010 to First Capital Realty, an investment company.
Transportation
White Rock Centre is adjacent to the mall, with TransLink bus services to other parts of White Rock, Surrey, Langley, and Richmond. Parking access is available from Martin Drive and 152nd Street.
See also
List of shopping malls in Canada
References
External links
Official website
Shopping malls in Metro Vancouver
Shopping malls established in 1980
1980 establishments in British Columbia
White Rock, British Columbia
Buildings and structures in Surrey, British Columbia |
31097017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20Wings%20of%20Eagles%20%28miniseries%29 | On Wings of Eagles (miniseries) | On Wings of Eagles (also known as Teheran) is a 1986 American television miniseries starring Burt Lancaster and Richard Crenna, and directed by Andrew V. McLaglen. It was adapted from Ken Follett's 1983 book of the same name.
Synopsis
The story is set during the Iranian Revolution (1978–1979). As Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi is overthrown by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in the takeover of Iran, two executives of Electronic Data Systems, are arrested on false charges and then imprisoned. The head of the company, H. Ross Perot (Richard Crenna), travels to Tehran to negotiate for their release. Meanwhile, a retired US Army Special Forces Colonel, Arthur D. 'Bull' Simons (Burt Lancaster), is hired by Perot to formulate a rescue plan at any cost.
Cast
Awards
The miniseries was nominated for Outstanding Miniseries at the 38th Primetime Emmy Awards.
References
Burt Lancaster: An American Life, by Kate Buford
External links
1986 American television series debuts
1986 American television series endings
1980s American television miniseries
1986 television films
1986 films
Adaptations of works by Ken Follett
English-language television shows
Films set in Iran
Films shot in Mexico
Iranian Revolution films
Ross Perot
Television series set in 1978
Television series set in 1979
Television shows set in Iran |
13849334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Bavarian%20royal%20consorts | List of Bavarian royal consorts | There have been three kinds of Bavarian consorts in history, Duchesses, Electresses and Queens. Most consorts listed are Duchesses. The first ever consort of Bavaria was Waldrada in the 6th century. The final consort was Maria Theresia of Austria-Este in 1913.
The longest serving House was the Wittelsbach Dynasty, who played a major role in Bavarian History. During the medieval period under the Wittelsbach Dynasty, Bavaria was split into two parts, Upper and Lower Bavaria. This meant that there may have been more than one Duchess of Bavaria at the same time, due to messy inheritance among heirs. Three of the break-away Wittelsbach families were: Landshut, Munich and Ingolstadt.
Since 555 there have been 99 Bavarian consorts: 78 duchesses, 11 queens, 10 electresses and one margravine. The number doesn't add up because Elizabeth of Lorraine and Caroline of Baden, held two titles. There was a few consort that married twice usually their brothers-in-law. It was common for the ruler of Bavaria to have more than one wife. His wives may have died childless or they divorced, because the marriage was childless. Most of the marriages were to make a treaty with the family of the consort.
Ducal Bavaria
{| width=95% class="wikitable"
| colspan="9" bgcolor=#E6E6AA align=center| Agilolfing Dynasty
|-
!width = "8%" | Image
!width = "10%" | Name
!width = "9%" | Father
!width = "10%" | Birth
!width = "9%" | Marriage
!width = "9%" | Became Duchess
!width = "9%" | Ceased to be Duchess
!width = "9%" | Death
!width = "6%" | Husband
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Waldrada of the Lombards
|align="center"| Wacho, King of the Lombards(Lethings)
|align=center| c. 531
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 556
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 572
|align="center"| Garibald I
|-
|align="center" colspan="9"| No names of Bavarian duchesses are mention during until 610.
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Geila of Friuli
|align="center"| Gisulf II, Duke of Friuli
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| c. 610husband's accession
|align=center| c. 625/630husband's death
|align=center| ?
|align="center"| Garibald II
|-
|align="center" colspan="9"| Bavarian duchesses or dukes for a half of a century after Garibald II is not very clear until Folchiade of Salzeburg.
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Fara of Bavaria
|align="center"| A King of the Lombards
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Theodo I
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Gleisnod de Friuli
|align="center"| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Folchiade of Salzeburg
|align="center"| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Theodo II
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Regintrude of Austrasia
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Dagobert I, King of the Franks?(Merovingians)?
|align="center" rowspan="2"| c. 660–665
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| c. 716husband's death
|align="center" rowspan="2"| c. 730–740
|-
|align=center| ?
|align=center| c. 716husband's accession
|align=center| c. 719husband's death
|align="center"| Theodbert
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Waldrada
|align="center"| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| c. 716husband's accession
|align=center| c. 719husband's death
|align=center| ?
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Theobald
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Biltrude
|align="center"| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| c. 716husband's accession
|align=center| c. 719husband's death
|align=center| ?
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Waldrada
|align="center"| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| c. 716husband's accession
|align=center| c. 719husband's death
|align=center| ?
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Tassilo II
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Imma of Alamannia
|align="center"| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| ?
|align=center| c. 716husband's accession
|align=center| c. 719husband's death
|align=center| c. 750
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Biltrude
|align="center"| ?
|align=center| ?
|align="center" colspan="2"| somewhere after 719
|align=center| c. 725husband's accession as Duke of All Bavaria
|align=center| after 725
|align="center"| Grimoald
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Hiltrud of the Franks
|align="center"| Charles Martel, Duke and Prince of the Franks(Carolingians)
|align=center| c. 715/720
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 741
|align=center| 18 January 748husband's death
|align=center| c. 754
|align="center"| Odilo
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Unnamed mother of his two sons
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| 753husband usurped power
|align="center"| 753husband lost power
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| Grifo
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Liutperga of the Lombards
|align="center"| Desiderius, King of the Lombards
|align=center| c. 715/720
|align="center" colspan="2"| before 770
|align=center| c. 788husband and herself deposed and enter monastery
|align=center| c. 793
|align="center"| Tassilo III
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=#AACC99 align=center| Carolingian Dynasty
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameConsort
!Ceased tobe Consort
!Died
!Husband
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Fastrada of Franconia
|align="center"| Raoul III of Franconia
|align="center"| c. 765
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 784as sole-Queen consort of the Franks and co-Queen consort the Lombardsc. 788 husband became ruler of Bavaria
|align="center" colspan="2"| 10 October 794
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Charlemagne, Emperor and King of the Franks
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Luitgard of Sundgau
|align="center"| Luitfrid II, Count of Sundgau(Etichonids)
|align="center"| c. 776
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 794as sole-Queen consort of the Franks and co-Queen consort of the Lombards
|align="center" colspan="2"| 4 June 800
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Ermengarde of Hesbaye
|align="center"| Ingerman, Count of Hesbaye(Robertians)
|align="center"| c. 778
|align="center"| c. 794/5
|align="center"| c. 813as Holy Roman Empress and Queen consort of the Franksc. 817as senior Holy Roman Empress
|align="center"| c. 817son became king of Bavaria
|align="center"| 3 October 818
|align="center"| Louis the Pious, Emperor and King of the Franks
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Emma of Altdorf
|align="center"| Welf, Count of Altorf(Elder Welfs)
|align="center"| c. 808
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 827as Queen consort of BavariaAugust 843as Queen consort of the East Franks
|align="center" colspan="2"| 31 January 876
|align="center"| Louis the German, King of the East Franks and Bavaria
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Liutgard of Saxony
|align="center"| Liudolf, Duke of the Eastern Saxons(Liudolfings)
|align="center"| c. 845
|align="center"| 29 November 874
|align="center"| 28 August 876as Queen consort of Saxony29 September 880as Queen consort of Bavaria
|align="center"| 20 January 882husband's death
|align="center"| 17 November 885
|align="center"| Louis the Younger, King of Saxony and Bavaria
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Richardis of Swabia
|align="center"| Erchanger, Count of the Nordgau(Ahalolfings)
|align="center"| c. 840
|align="center"| c. 862
|align="center"| 29 November 874 as Queen consort of Alemannia12 February 881as Holy Roman Empress20 January 882as Queen consort of the East Franks12 December 884as Queen consort of the West Franks
|align="center"| 17 November 887husband's desposition
|align="center"| 18 September, between 894 and 896
|align="center"| Charles the Fat, Emperor and King of the Franks
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Ota of Neustria
|align="center"| Berengar I of Neustria(Conradines)
|align="center"| c. 874
|align="center"| c. 888
|align="center"| c. 888as Queen consort of the East Franks 22 February 896as Holy Roman Empress and Queen consort of Italy
|align="center"| 8 December 899husband's death
|align="center"| 899–903
|align="center"| Arnulf of Carinthia,Emperor and King of the East Franks
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=#CCEEFF align=center| Luitpolding Dynasty
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameConsort
!Ceased tobe Consort
!Died
!Husband
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Cunigunde of Swabia
|align="center"| Berthold I, Count Palatine of Swabia(Ahalolfings)
|align="center"| c. 870/880
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| ?as Margravine of Bavaria
|align="center"| 4 July 907husband's death
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| Luitpold
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Judith of Friuli
|align="center"| Saint Eberhard, Duke of Friuli(Unruochings)
|align="center"| c. 888
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 910
|align="center"| 14 July 937husband's death
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| Arnulf
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Biltrude
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| c. 938 husband's accession
|align="center"| 23 November 947husband's death
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| Berthold
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=#FFFFCC align=center| Ottonian Dynasty
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameDuchess
!Ceased tobe Duchess
!Died
!Husband
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Judith, Duchess of Bavaria
|align="center"| Arnulf(Luitpoldings)
|align="center"| c. 925
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| 23 November 947 husband's accession
|align="center"| 1 November 955husband's death
|align="center"| June soon after 985
|align="center"| Henry I
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Gisela of Burgundy
|align="center"| Conrad I of Burgundy(Elder Welfs)
|align="center"| before 952
|align="center" colspan="2"| before 972
|align="center"| c. 976husband's desposition
|align="center"| 21 July 1006
|align="center"| Henry II
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=#CCEEFF align=center| Luitpolding Dynasty
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=#FFFFCC align=center| Ottonian Dynasty
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameDuchess
!Ceased tobe Duchess
!Died
!Husband
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Gisela of Burgundy
|align="center"| Conrad I of Burgundy(Elder Welfs)
|align="center"| before 952
|align="center"| before 972
|align="center"| c. 985 husband's restoration
|align="center"| 28 August 995husband's death
|align="center"| 21 July 1006
|align="center"| Henry II
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Saint Cunigunde of Luxembourg
|align="center"| Siegfried, Count of Luxembourg(Elder Luxembourg)
|align="center"| c. 975
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 1000
|align="center"| c. 1004Bavaria given to Henry V
|align="center"| 3 March 1040
|align="center"| Henry IV
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=purple align=center| Luxembourg Dynasty
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=#f2e0ce align=center| Salian Dynasty
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameDuchess
!Ceased tobe Duchess
!Died
!Husband
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Gunhilda Knutsdotter of Denmark
|align="center"| Knut the Great(Denmark)
|align="center"| c. 975
|align="center" colspan="2"| May 1035/1036
|align="center" colspan="2"| 18 July 1038
|align="center"| Henry VI
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=purple align=center| Luxembourg Dynasty
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=yellow green align=center| Ezzonian Dynasty
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameDuchess
!Ceased tobe Duchess
!Died
!Husband
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Judith of Schweinfurt
|align="center"| Otto III, Duke of Swabia
|align="center"| ?
|align="center" colspan="2"| ?
|align="center"| c. 1053Bavaria given to Henry V
|align="center"| c. 1104
|align="center"| Conrad I
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=#f2e0ce align=center| Salian Dynasty
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=periwinkle align=center| Northeim Dynasty
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameDuchess
!Ceased tobe Duchess
!Died
!Husband
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Richenza of Swabia
|align="center"| Otto II, Duke of Swabia(Ezzonids)
|align="center"| c. 1020/1025
|align="center"| c. 1050
|align="center"| c. 1061Bavaria granted to husband
|align="center"| c. 1070Bavaria taken from husband
|align="center"| c. 1083
|align="center"| Otto of Nordheim
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=#FFB6B6 align=center| Welf Dynasty
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameDuchess
!Ceased tobe Duchess
!Died
!Husband
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Ethelinde of Northeim
|align="center"| Otto of Nordheim(Northeim)
|align="center"| c. 1160
|align="center"| c. 1062
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 1070
|align="center"| ?
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Welf I
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Judith of Flanders
|align="center"| Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders(Flanders)
|align="center"| c. 1030
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 1071
|align="center"| May 1077Bavaria deprived from husband
|align="center"| 5 March 1094
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=#f2e0ce align=center| Salian Dynasty
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameDuchess
!Ceased tobe Duchess
!Died
!Husband
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Bertha of Savoy
|align="center"| Otto, Count of Savoy(Savoy)
|align="center"| 21 September 1051
|align="center"| 13 July 1066
|align="center"| 1077Bavaria taken back from Welf I
|align="center" colspan="2"| 27 December 1087
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Henry VIII
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Eupraxia Vsevolovna of Kiev
|align="center"| Vsevolod I, Grand Prince of Kiev(Rurikids)
|align="center"| c. 1071
|align="center" colspan="2"| 14 August 1089
|align="center"| c. 1096Bavaria given to Welf I
|align="center"| 20 July 1109
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=#FFB6B6 align=center| Welf Dynasty
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameDuchess
!Ceased tobe Duchess
!Died
!Husband
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Judith of Flanders
|align="center"| Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders(Flanders)
|align="center"| c. 1030
|align="center"| c. 1071
|align="center"| c. 1096Bavaria recovered by husband
|align="center" colspan="2"| 5 March 1094
|align="center"| Welf I
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Matilda of Canossa
|align="center"| Boniface III, Margrave of Tuscany(Canossa)
|align="center"| c. 1046
|align="center"| c. 1089
|align="center"| 6 November 1101 husband's accession
|align="center" colspan="2"| 24 July 1115
|align="center"| Welf II
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Wulfhilde of Saxony
|align="center"| Magnus, Duke of Saxony(Billung)
|align="center"| c. 1075
|align="center"| c. 1095/1100
|align="center"| c. 1120 husband's accession
|align="center"| early 1126husband abdicated as duke and retired to Weingarten Abbey
|align="center"| 29 December 1126
|align="center"| Henry IX
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Gertrude of Süpplingenburg
|align="center"| Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor(Süpplingenburg)
|align="center"| 18 April 1115
|align="center" colspan="2"| 29 May 1127
|align="center"| 20 October 1139 husband's death
|align="center"| 18 April 1143
|align="center"| Henry X
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=red align=center| Babenberg Dynasty
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameConsort
!Ceased tobe Consort
!Died
!Husband
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Maria of Bohemia
|align="center"| Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia(Přemyslids)
|align="center"| c. 1024/25
|align="center"| 28 September 1138
|align="center"| c. 1139 Bavaria granted to husband
|align="center"| 18 October 1141 husband's death
|align="center"| c. 1160
|align="center"| Leopold I
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2"|
|align="center"| Gertrude of Süpplingenburg
|align="center"| Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor(Süpplingenburg)
|align="center"| 18 April 1115
|align="center" colspan="2"| 1 May 1142
|align="center" colspan="2"| 18 April 1143
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Henry XI
|-
|align="center"| Theodora Komnene
|align="center"| Sebastokrator Andronikos Komnenos(Komnenos)
|align="center"| –
|align="center" colspan="2"| 1148
|align="center"| 17 September 1156Privilegium Minus
|align="center"| 2 January 1184
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=#FFB6B6 align=center| Welf Dynasty
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameDuchess
!Ceased tobe Duchess
!Died
!Husband
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Clementia of Zähringen
|align="center"| Conrad, Duke of Zähringen(Zähringen)
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|1148/49
|align="center"|17 September 1156Privilegium Minus
|align="center"| 1162divorce
|align="center"|1148/49
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Henry XII
|-
|align="center"|
|align=center| Matilda of England
|align="center"| Henry II of England(Plantagenet)
|align="center"| June 1156
|align="center" colspan="2"| 1 February 1168
|align="center"| 1180 husband lost the duchy'
|align="center"| 28 June 1189
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor=#FFDEAD align=center| Wittelsbach Dynasty
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameConsort
!Ceased tobe Consort
!Died
!Husband
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Agnes of Loon
|align="center"| Louis I, Count of Loon(Loon)
|align="center"| c. 1150
|align="center"| c. 1157/1169
|align="center"| 16 September 1180Bavaria given to husband|align="center"| 11 July 1183husband's death|align="center"| 26 March 1191
|align="center"| Otto I Wittelsbach
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Ludmilla of Bohemia
|align="center"| Frederick, Duke of Bohemia(Přemyslids)
|align="center"| 1170
|align="center" colspan="2"| October 1204
|align=center| 15 September 1231husband's death|align=center| 14 August 1240
|align=center| Louis I
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Agnes of the Palatinate
|align="center"| Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine(Welf)
|align="center"| c. 1201
|align="center"| May 1222
|align=center| 15 September 1231husband's accession|align="center"| 29 November 1253husband's death|align="center"| 16 November 1267
|align="center"| Otto II Wittelsbach
|-
|align="center" colspan="9"| Bavaria partitioned into Upper and Lower Bavaria.
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Elizabeth of Hungary
|align="center"| Béla IV of Hungary(Árpád)
|align="center"| c. 1236
|align="center"| c. 1250
|align=center| 29 November 1253husband's accession|align="center" colspan="2"| 24 October 1271
|align="center"| Henry XIII(Lower Bavaria)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Maria of Brabant
|align="center"| Henry II, Duke of Brabant(Leuven)
|align="center"| 1226
|align="center" colspan="2"| 2 August 1254
|align="center" colspan="2"| 18 January 1256
|align="center" rowspan="3"| Louis II(Upper Bavaria)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Anna of Glogau
|align="center"| Konrad I, Duke of Silesia-Glogau(Piast)
|align="center"| 1250/52
|align="center" colspan="2"| 24 August 1260
|align="center" colspan="2"| 25 June 1271
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Matilda of Habsburg
|align="center"| Rudolph I of Germany(Habsburg)
|align="center"| 1252
|align="center" colspan="2"| 24 October 1273
|align="center"| 2 February 1294husband's death|align="center"| 23 December 1304
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Isabelle of Lorraine
|align="center"| Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine(Metz)
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| c. 1287
|align="center"| 3 February 1290husband's accession|align=center| 9 October 1296 husband's death|align="center"| c. 1335
|align="center"| Louis III(Lower Bavaria)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Jutta of Schweidnitz
|align="center"| Bolko I, Duke of Jawor and Świdnica(Piast)
|align="center"| c. 1285/87
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 1297/99
|align=center| 10 December 1310husband's death|align="center"| 15 September 1320
|align="center"| Stephen I(Lower Bavaria)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Agnes of Glogau
|align="center"| Henry III, Duke of Silesia-Glogau(Piast)
|align="center"| c. 1293/96
|align="center" colspan="2"| 18 May 1309
|align=center| 9 November 1312husband's death|align="center"| 25 December 1361
|align="center"| Otto III(Lower Bavaria)
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Mechtild of Nassau
|align="center"| Adolf, King of the Romans(Nassau)
|align="center"| before 1280
|align="center" colspan="2"| 1 September 1294
|align="center"| c. 1317husband's desposition|align="center"| 19 June 1323
|align="center"| Rudolf I(Upper Bavaria)
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Beatrix of Świdnica
|align="center"| Bolko I, Duke of Jawor and Świdnica(Piast)
|align="center"| 1290/2
|align="center" colspan="2"| 14 October 1308/11as Duchess consort of Upper Bavaria
|align="center" colspan="2"| 25 August 1322
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Louis IV(United Bavaria)
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Margaret of Holland
|align="center"| William I, Count of Hainaut(Avesnes)
|align="center"| 1311
|align="center" colspan="2"| 26 February 1324as Duchess consort of Upper Bavaria20 December 1340as Duchess consort of Lower BavariaJanuary 1341as Duchess consort of All Bavaria
|align="center"| 11 October 1347 husband's death|align="center"| 23 June 1356
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Richardis of Jülich
|align="center"| Gerhard V of Jülich(Jülich)
|align="center"| c. 1314
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 1330
|align=center| 14 December 1334husband's death|align="center"| c. 1360
|align="center"| Otto IV(Lower Bavaria)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Margaret of Bohemia
|align="center"| John I of Bohemia(Luxembourg)
|align="center"| 8 July 1313
|align="center" colspan="2"| 2 August 1328
|align=center| 1 September 1339husband's death|align="center"| 11 July 1341
|align="center"| Henry XIV(Lower Bavaria)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Anna of Austria
|align="center"| Frederick I, Duke of Austria(Habsburg)
|align="center"| c. 1318
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 1326–1328
|align=center| 18 June 1333husband's death|align="center"| 14/15 December 1343
|align="center"| Henry XV(Upper Bavaria)
|-
|align="center" colspan="9"| Bavaria reunited in 1341 under Louis IV. It passed to his six sons in this state, in 1347, until it was repartitioned into Upper and Lower Bavaria with each brother co-ruling with each other, in 1349.
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Margarete Maultasch
|align="center"| Henry of Bohemia(Meinhardiner)
|align="center"| c. 1318
|align="center"| 10 February 1342
|align="center"| 11 October 1347as Duchess consort of Bavariac. 1349as Duchess consort of Upper Bavaria
|align=center| 18 September 1361husband's death|align="center"| 3 October 1369
|align="center"| Louis V(Bavaria and 2nd Partition)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Elisabeth of Sicily
|align="center"| Frederick III of Sicily(Barcelona)
|align="center"| c. 1310
|align="center"| 27 June 1328
|align="center"| 11 October 1347as Duchess consort of Bavariac. 1349as Duchess consort of Lower Bavaria
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 1349
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Stephen II(Bavaria and 2nd Partition)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Margarete of Nuremberg
|align="center"| John II, Burgrave of Nuremberg(Hohenzollern)
|align="center"| c. 1315
|align="center" colspan="2"| 14 February 1359as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Landshut13 January 1363as Duchess consort of Upper Bavaria
|align="center"| 13 May 1375husband's death|align="center"| 19 September 1377
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Cunigunde of PolandAlso Electress consorts of Brandenburg.
|align="center"| Casimir III of Poland(Piast)
|align="center"| c. 1334
|align="center"| 1 January 1352
|align="center"| 11 October 1347as Duchess consort of Upper Bavaria
|align="center" colspan="2"| 26 April 1357
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Louis VI(Bavaria and 2nd Partition)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Ingeborg of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
|align="center"| Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg(Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
|align="center"| c. 1340
|align="center" colspan="2"| 15 February 1360as Duchess consort of Upper Bavaria
|align="center"| 17 May 1365husband's death|align="center"| 25 July 1395
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Maud of LancasterAlso Countess consorts of Holland.
|align="center"| Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster(Plantagenet)
|align="center"| 4 April 1339
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 1352as Duchess consort of Lower Bavariac. 1353as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Straubing
|align="center" colspan="2"| 10 April 1362
|align="center"| William I(Bavaria and 2nd Partition)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Margaret of Legnica-Brzeg
|align="center"| Ludwik I, Duke of Legnica-Brzeg(Piast)
|align="center"| c. 1342/1343
|align="center" colspan="2"| after 19 July 1353as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Straubing
|align="center" colspan="2"| February 1386
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Albert I(Bavaria and 2nd Partition)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Margaret of Cleves
|align="center"| Adolph I, Count of Cleves(De la Marck)
|align="center"| c. 1375
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 1394 as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Straubing
|align="center"| 13 December 1404husband's death|align="center"| 14 May 1411
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Katharine of Bohemia
|align="center"| Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor(Luxembourg)
|align="center"| 19 August 1342
|align="center" colspan="2"| 19 March 1366as Duchess consort of Upper Bavaria13 May 1375as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Straubing
|align="center"| 15 November 1379husband's death|align="center"| 26 April 1395
|align="center"| Otto V(Bavaria and 2nd Partition)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Margaret of Austria
|align="center"| Albert II, Duke of Austria(Habsburg)
|align="center"| c. 1346
|align="center"| 4 September 1359
|align="center"| 18 September 1361as Duchess consort of Upper Bavaria
|align="center"| 13 January 1363husband's death|align="center"| 14 January 1366
|align="center"| Meinhard(Upper Bavaria)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Katharina of Görz
|align="center"| Meinhard VI, Count of Görz(Görz)
|align="center"| c. 1346
|align="center"| c. 1372
|align="center"| 13 May 1375as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Landshut
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 1391
|align="center"| John II(Bavaria-Munich)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Anna of Neuffen
|align="center"| Berthold VII of Neuffen(Neuffen)
|align="center"| ?
|align="center"| 16 May 1360
|align="center"| 13 May 1375as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Landshut
|align="center" colspan="2"| c. 1381
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Frederick(Bavaria-Landshut)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Maddalena Visconti
|align="center"| Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan(Visconti)
|align="center"| c. 1366
|align="center" colspan="2"| 2 September 1381as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Landshut
|align="center"| 4 December 1393husband's death|align="center"| 17 July 1404
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Taddea Visconti
|align="center"| Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan(Visconti)
|align="center"| c. 1352
|align="center"| 13 October 1364/12 August 1367
|align="center"| 13 May 1375as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Landshutc. 1392as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Ingolstadt
|align="center" colspan="2"| 28 September 1381
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Stephen III(Bavaria-Ingolstadt)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Elisabeth of Cleves
|align="center"| Adolph I, Count of Cleves(De la Marck)
|align="center"| c. 1378
|align="center" colspan="2"| 16 January 1401 as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Ingolstadt
|align="center"| 26 September 1413husband's death|align="center"| c. 1424
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Margaret of Austria
|align="center"| Albert IV, Duke of Austria(Habsburg)
|align="center"| 26 June 1395
|align="center" colspan="2"| 25 November 1412as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Landshut1 May 1447as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Ingolstadt
|align="center" colspan="2"| 24 December 1447
|align="center"| Henry XVI(Bavaria-Landshut)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Margaret of Cleves
|align="center"| Adolph I, Duke of Cleves(De la Marck)
|align="center"| 23 February 1416
|align="center" colspan="2"| 11 May 1433as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Munich and Bavaria-Straubing
|align="center"| 12 September 1435husband's death|align="center"| 20 May 1444
|align="center"| William III(Bavaria-Munich)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Elisabetta Visconti
|align="center"| Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan(Visconti)
|align="center"| c. 1374
|align="center"| 26 January 1395
|align="center"| c. 1397as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Munichc. 1429as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Straubing
|align="center" colspan="2"| 2 February 1432
|align="center"| Ernest(Bavaria-Munich)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Margaret of Burgundy
|align="center"| Philip II, Duke of Burgundy(Valois-Burgundy)
|align="center"| October 1374
|align="center"| 12 April 1385
|align="center"| 13 December 1404as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Straubing
|align="center"| 31 May 1417husband's death|align="center"| 8 March 1441
|align="center"| William II(Bavaria-Straubing)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Catherine of Alençon
|align="center"| Peter II, Count of Alençon(Valois-Alençon)
|align="center"| c. 1396
|align="center" colspan="2"| 1 October 1413 as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Ingolstadt
|align="center"| c. 1443husband's imprisonment1 May 1447husband's death|align="center"| 25 June 1462
|align="center"| Louis VII(Bavaria-Ingolstadt)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Elisabeth of Görlitz
|align="center"| John of Görlitz(Luxembourg)
|align="center"| November 1390
|align="center" colspan="2"| 10 March 1418as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Straubing
|align="center"| 6 January 1425husband's death|align="center"| 2 August 1451
|align="center"| John III(Bavaria-Straubing)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck
|align="center"| Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen(Brunswick-Grubenhagen)
|align="center"| c. 1414/20
|align="center"| 22 January 1437
|align="center"| 2 July 1438as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Munich
|align="center"| 29 February 1460husband's death|align="center"| c. 1474
|align="center"| Albert III(Bavaria-Munich)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Margaret of Brandenburg
|align="center"| Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg(Hohenzollern)
|align="center"| c. 1410
|align="center"| 20 July 1441
|align="center"| c. 1443as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Ingolstadt
|align="center"| 7 April 1445husband's death|align="center"| 27 July 1465
|align="center"| Louis VIII(Bavaria-Ingolstadt)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Amalia of Saxony
|align="center"| Frederick II, Elector of Saxony(Wettin)
|align="center"| 4 April 1436
|align="center" colspan="2"| 21 March 1452as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Landshut
|align="center"| 18 January 1479husband's death|align="center"| 19 October 1501
|align="center"| Louis IX(Bavaria-Landshut)
|-
|align=center|
|align=center| Jadwiga Jagiellonca
|align="center"| Casimir IV Jagiellon(Jagiellon)
|align="center"| 21 September 1457
|align="center"| 14 November 1475
|align="center"| 18 January 1479as Duchess consort of Bavaria-Landshut
|align="center" colspan="2"| 18 February 1502
|align="center"| George(Bavaria-Landshut)
|-
!Image
!Name
!Father
!Born
!Married
!BecameDuchess
!Ceased tobe Duchess
!Died
!Husband
|}
Duchy of Bavaria
Electorate of Bavaria
Kingdom of BavariaNote: All Frankish queens in the Ducal Bavaria section were also Queens consorts of Bavaria not Duchess consorts of Bavaria.
Notes
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Bavaria, Queen of
Bavaria, Duchess of
Bavaria |
3151934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Opposite%20Sex | The Opposite Sex | The Opposite Sex is a 1956 American musical romantic comedy film shot in Metrocolor and CinemaScope. The film was directed by David Miller and stars June Allyson, Joan Collins, Dolores Gray, Ann Sheridan, Ann Miller, Leslie Nielsen, Jeff Richards, Agnes Moorehead, Charlotte Greenwood, Joan Blondell, Sam Levene, Dick Shawn, Jim Backus, Bill Goodwin, and Harry James.
The Opposite Sex is a remake of the 1939 comedy The Women. Both films are based on Clare Boothe Luce's original 1936 play.
Plot
The story concerns Kay Hilliard (June Allyson), a former nightclub singer who discovers her husband Steven (Leslie Nielsen) is having an affair with showgirl Crystal Allen (Joan Collins). Kay is the last to find out among her circle of gossiping girlfriends. Kay travels to Reno to divorce from Steve who then marries Crystal, but when Kay finds out that Crystal isn't true to Steve, she starts fighting to win her ex-husband back.
Cast
June Allyson as Kay Hilliard
Joan Collins as Crystal Allen
Dolores Gray as Sylvia Fowler
Jeff Richards as Buck Winston
Ann Sheridan as Amanda Penrose
Ann Miller as Gloria Dell
Leslie Nielsen as Steven Hilliard
Agnes Moorehead as Countess Lavaliere
Charlotte Greenwood as Lucy
Joan Blondell as Edith Potter
Sam Levene as Mike Pearl
Bill Goodwin as Howard Fowler
Alice Pearce as Olga
Barbara Jo Allen as Dolly
Sandy Descher as Debbie Hilliard
Carolyn Jones as Pat
Barrie Chase as Specialty Dancer
Dick Shawn as Psychiatric Patient
Jim Backus as Psychiatrist
Alan Marshal as Ted
Harry James as Himself
Gordon Richards as Hilliards' Butler
Dean Jones as Backstage Delivery Person
Leslie Parrish as Leg Model
Juanita Moore as Powder Room Attendant
Dolores Fuller in a bit role
Production notes
Unlike the 1936 play and the 1939 film adaptation, The Opposite Sex includes musical numbers and features male actors who portray the husbands and boyfriends, whose characters were only referred to in the previous film and stage versions. This alters the structure and tone of the base storyline significantly.
Fay Kanin who cowrote the script with her husband Michael said the studio's argument was "you can't play a love scene alone." Michael said the studio "felt the movie audience would somehow be disappointed at not seeing men in it. After all, a man is a fact."
Fay Kanin thought the "manless world" of the play "was a stunt, an artificial trick, but it was accepted. But in a movie, which has the freedom to go out, the device would seem constrained and self conscious." Michael claimed "we only put in men to relieve the strain - and only when they are called for."
The Kanins gave the story a show business background to help justify it being turned into a musical, but "there are no big production numbers," according to Fay Kanin.
Elaine Stewart was promised Joan Collins' role before filming. Grace Kelly was supposed to have June Allyson's role, but she retired from acting before filming. MGM studio head Dore Schary envisioned Esther Williams in June Allyson's role. According to her 2000 autobiography The Million Dollar Mermaid, Williams objected to Schary's casting suggestion, resulting in her suspension from the studio. Shortly after, on agent Lew Wasserman's advice, she left Metro after 14 years. Eleanor Parker was cast as Kay Hilliard but replaced by June Allyson.
Jo Ann Greer dubbed Allyson's ballad "A Perfect Love".
In November 1955, Joe Pasternak was pursuing Marlene Dietrich and Miriam Hopkins. In December 1955, MGM announced the lead roles would be played by June Allyson, Dolores Gray, Ann Miller (as the husband stealer), and Leslie Nielsen with filming to begin January 16, 1956. In the 1939 version of The Women, actress Lucile Watson was featured in the cast as Mrs. Morehead, the loving, wise, and supportive mother of Norma Shearer's character Mary Haines. For the 1956 version, the role was eliminated, and a new character was created instead - Amanda Penrose, a playwright who served as Kay Hilliard's kind friend confidante. Ann Sheridan was cast in this part.
Barbara Jo Allen had the distinction of being in both the 1939 and 1956 versions - in the first film, she had a small, uncredited part as a receptionist; in the second, she played the gossip columnist Dolly DeHaven.
This was June Allyson's final film for MGM after having worked at the studio for nearly 15 years.
Reception
According to MGM records, the film earned $1,735,000 in the U.S. and Canada and $1,025,000 in other markets, resulting in a loss of $1,513,000.
Award nomination
The film was nominated for a Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe Award in 1957.
See also
List of American films of 1956
References
External links
1956 films
1956 musical comedy films
1956 romantic comedy films
Remakes of American films
American films
American musical comedy films
American romantic comedy films
1950s English-language films
American films based on plays
Films directed by David Miller
Films scored by Georgie Stoll
Musical film remakes
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films produced by Joe Pasternak |
2152077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex%20Machine%20%28album%29 | Sex Machine (album) | Sex Machine is a 1970 double album by James Brown. It showcases the playing of the original J.B.'s lineup featuring Bootsy and Catfish Collins, and includes an 11-minute rendition of the album's title song, different from the original recording of the title song which was released as a two-part single in 1970.
Sex Machine purports to be a live recording. However, the first LP's worth of material consists of tracks recorded in studio settings with added reverberation and overdubbed applause (some of which subsequently were released in unadulterated mixes, most notably on the 1996 Funk Power compilation CD.). All but one track of the second LP apparently were recorded live in concert in Brown's hometown of Augusta, Georgia, although this material, too, features added reverb and overdubbed applause. It charted #4 R&B and #29 Pop.
Sex Machine is often considered to be one of the greatest and most important funk records of all time, and arguably the high point of Brown's creative heyday from 1967 to 1971. It was ranked 1st in SPIN magazine's 25 greatest albums of all time in 1989, and 96th in a 2005 survey held by British television's Channel 4 to determine the 100 greatest albums of all time. Sex Machine was also voted the 34th greatest album of all time in a VH1 poll of over 700 musicians, songwriters, disc jockeys, radio programmers, and critics in 2003. In Rolling Stones 2020 edition of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, it was ranked number 439.
Track listing
All tracks on sides one and two are studio recordings with added reverberation and audience noise. All tracks on sides three and four recorded live at the Bell Auditorium in Augusta, GA unless otherwise noted.
"Brother Rapp" and "Lowdown Popcorn" are the same studio performances initially released as singles. Audience-free studio versions of "Get Up I Feel Like Being a Sex Machine" and "Give It Up or Turnit a Loose" appear on the CD compilation Funk Power 1970: A Brand New Thang, along with a previously unreleased take of "There Was a Time" from the same session. "Mother Popcorn", which was indeed recorded live, appears without added audience noise and with a longer running time on the CD compilation Foundations of Funk: A Brand New Bag 1964-1969. In addition, the album Motherlode includes a live rendition of "Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud" purportedly from the same Augusta 1969 concert.Side one (studio recordings produced to sound in concert)
"Get Up I Feel Like Being a Sex Machine" (Brown, Bobby Byrd, Ron Lenhoff) – 10:48
"Brother Rapp (Part I & Part II)" – (Brown) 5:09Side two (studio recordings produced to sound in concert)
Medley: – 13:42
"Bewildered" (Teddy Powell, Leonard Whitcup) – 6:09
"I Got The Feelin'" (Brown) – 1:07
"Give It Up or Turnit a Loose" (Charles Bobbit) – 6:26Side three"I Don't Want Nobody to Give Me Nothing (Open Up the Door I'll Get It Myself)" (Brown) – 4:31
"Licking Stick - Licking Stick" (Brown, Byrd, Pee Wee Ellis) – 1:19
"Lowdown Popcorn" (Brown) – 3:25 (studio recording)
"Spinning Wheel" (David Clayton-Thomas) – 4:02
"If I Ruled the World" (Leslie Bricusse, Cyril Ornadel) – 4:03Side four"There Was a Time" (Brown, Bud Hobgood) – 4:04
"It's a Man's Man's Man's World" (Brown, Betty Jean Newsome) – 3:42
"Please, Please, Please" (Brown, Johnny Terry) – 2:26
"I Can't Stand Myself (When You Touch Me)" (Brown) – 1:28
"Mother Popcorn" (Brown, Pee Wee Ellis) – 5:50
Personnel Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine, MedleyJames Brown – vocals, piano (Sex Machine)
Clayton "Chicken" Gunnels – trumpet
Darryl "Hassan" Jamison – trumpet
Robert "Chopper" McCollough – tenor sax
Bobby Byrd – organ, vocals (Sex Machine)
Phelps "Catfish" Collins – guitar
William "Bootsy" Collins – bass
John "Jabo" Starks – drums (Sex Machine)
Clyde Stubblefield – drums (Medley)
Johnny Griggs – congas (Medley)Bell Auditorium, Augusta, GA'''
James Brown – vocals, organ (Spinning Wheel)
Richard "Kush" Griffith – trumpet
Joseph Davis – trumpet
Fred Wesley – trombone
Maceo Parker – tenor sax, organ, emcee
Eldee Williams – tenor sax
St. Clair Pinckney – tenor and baritone sax
Jimmy Nolen – guitar
Alphonso "Country" Kellum – guitar
Sweet Charles Sherrell – bass
Clyde Stubblefield – drums
John "Jabo" Starks – drums
Melvin Parker – drums
References
External links
Sex Machine'' at Discogs
James Brown albums
James Brown live albums
1970 albums
1970 live albums
King Records (United States) albums |
28959882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Hall%20%28footballer%29 | David Hall (footballer) | David Henry Hall (born 16 March 1954) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder during the 1970s.
Career
After beginning as a trainee at Sheffield Wednesday, Hall began his senior career at Bradford City, where he made 54 appearances in the Football League between 1975 and 1977. He later played non-League football with Mossley.
References
1954 births
Living people
English footballers
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Mossley A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Association football midfielders
Footballers from Sheffield |
15112796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina%20Mi%C5%82ki | Gmina Miłki |
Gmina Miłki is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Giżycko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Miłki, which lies approximately south-east of Giżycko and east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 3,861.
Villages
Gmina Miłki contains the villages and settlements of Bielskie, Borki, Czyprki, Danowo, Jagodne Małe, Jagodne Wielkie, Jedamki, Kąp, Kleszczewo, Kleszczewo-Osada, Konopki Małe, Konopki Wielkie, Lipińskie, Lipowy Dwór, Marcinowa Wola, Miechy, Miłki, Paprotki, Przykop, Ruda, Rydzewo, Staświny, Staświny-Osada, Wierciejki and Wyszowate.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Miłki is bordered by the gminas of Giżycko, Mikołajki, Orzysz, Ryn and Wydminy.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
Milki
Giżycko County |
1480276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford%20Avenue%20%28disambiguation%29 | Bedford Avenue (disambiguation) | Bedford Avenue may refer to:
Bedford Avenue (Brooklyn), the longest street in Brooklyn, New York City
New York City Subway stations
Bedford Avenue (BMT Canarsie Line) at North Seventh Street; serving the train
Bedford–Nostrand Avenues (IND Crosstown Line) at Lafayette Avenue; serving the train |
58363826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skai%20Moore | Skai Moore | Skai Moore (born January 8, 1995) is an American football linebacker for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at South Carolina and signed with the Colts as an undrafted free agent in 2018.
Professional career
Moore signed with the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent on May 1, 2018. After making the Colts 53-man roster, he played in three games, starting one, before being waived on September 28, 2018. He was re-signed to the practice squad on October 1, 2018. He was promoted back to the active roster on October 4, 2018. He was waived again on October 13, 2018 and was re-signed to the practice squad. He was promoted back to the active roster on November 9, 2018. He was placed on injured reserve on December 18, 2018.
On August 31, 2019, Moore was waived by the Colts and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on December 28, 2019.
Moore chose to opt-out of the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic on August 4, 2020. He was waived/injured on August 23, 2021 and placed on injured reserve.
References
External links
Indianapolis Colts bio
South Carolina Gamecocks bio
1995 births
Living people
American football linebackers
Indianapolis Colts players
People from Cooper City, Florida
Players of American football from Florida
South Carolina Gamecocks football players
Sportspeople from Broward County, Florida |
2461646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20I%2C%20Prince%20of%20Anhalt-Bernburg | Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg | Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, also known as Christian of Anhalt, (11 May 1568 – 17 April 1630) was a German prince of the House of Ascania. He was ruling prince of Anhalt and, from 1603, ruling prince of the revived principality of Anhalt-Bernburg. From 1595 he was governor of Upper Palatinate, and soon became the advisor-in-chief of Frederick IV, Elector Palatine.
Life
Christian was the second son of Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt, by his first wife Agnes, daughter of Wolfgang I, Count of Barby-Mühlingen. Born in Bernburg, Christian was trained from 1570 in Dessau by Caspar Gottschalk in Latin, Italian, and French. Still a child, he participated in diplomatic missions, among other places, to Constantinople; thus prepared, he developed into an ambitious, urbane diplomat.
In the early months of 1586 he went to Dresden and remained there several years as the closest friend of his namesake, Christian I, Elector of Saxony, whose Calvinist sympathies he shared. It is known that he suffered from alcoholic excesses during his stay at the electoral court.
Taking possession of his family lands in December of the same year (1586), Christian remained a devoted Calvinist and later served as advisor to Frederick IV, Elector Palatine. In 1591 he led the Palatine army in aid of the French king Henry IV. When a dispute for the possession of the bishopric of Strasbourg—the so-called Bishops' War—erupted in 1592, he supported Brandenburg against Lorraine. In 1595 he was appointed Governor of the Upper Palatinate by Frederick IV and settled in the Bavarian town of Amberg.
In 1603 the principality of Anhalt was formally divided between Christian and his surviving brothers. He received Bernburg, and with this settlement revived the old principality of the same name that had been extinct since 1468.
As a diplomat, Christian played an important role in the formation of the Protestant Union in 1608. With the death of the Elector Frederick IV, Christian served his son, Frederick V, and was appointed to command the Protestant forces to defend Bohemia against Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and his allies when the Bohemian nobles elected Frederick as their king in 1619. The same year, Christian was accepted in the Fruitbearing Society. When Bohemian forces were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, Christian advised Frederick against making a stand in Prague. In 1621, in response to his affiliation with the Palatines, Christian was put under an imperial ban that effectively made him an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire and stripped him of his lands.
Christian fled first to Sweden, and then became a guest of King Christian IV at his court in Denmark-Norway. He appealed to Emperor Ferdinand for mercy in 1624 and was allowed to return to his principality, where he died six years later.
Marriage and issue
In Lorbach on 2 July 1595 Christian married Anna of Bentheim-Tecklenburg (b. Bentheim, 4 January 1579 – d. Bernburg, 9 December 1624), daughter of Arnold III, Count of Bentheim-Steinfurt-Tecklenburg-Limburg. They had sixteen children:
Frederick Christian (b. and d. Amberg, 2 May 1596).
Amalie Juliane (b. Amberg, 10 September 1597 – d. Neinburg, Hannover, 11 August 1605).
Christian II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg (b. Amberg, 11 August 1599 – d. Bernburg, 22 September 1656).
Eleonore Marie (b. Amberg, 7 August 1600 – d. Strelitz, 17 July 1657), married on 7 May 1626 to John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow.
A daughter (b. and d. Amberg, May? 1601).
Sibylle Elisabeth (b. Amberg, 10 February 1602 – d. Strelitz, 15 August 1648).
Anna Magdalene (b. Amberg, 8 March 1603 – d. 30 October 1611).
Anna Sophie (b. Amberg, 10 June 1604 – d. Bernburg, 1 September 1640).
Louise Amalie (b. Amberg, 14 January 1606 – d. Bernburg, 17 October 1635).
Ernest (b. Amberg, 19 May 1608 – d. Naumburg, 3 December 1632), colonel of a cavalry regiment in Saxon service, fatally wounded at the Battle of Lützen (1632).
Amöena Juliane (b. Amberg, 13 November 1609 – d. Bernburg, 31 July 1628).
Agnes Magdalene (b. Amberg, 8 October 1612 – d. Wildungen, 17 July 1629).
Frederick, Prince of Anhalt(-Bernburg)-Harzgerode (b. Ensdorf, 16 November 1613 – d. Plötzkau, 30 June 1670).
Sophie Margarete (b. Amberg, 16 September 1615 – d. Dessau, 27 December 1673), married on 14 July 1651 to John Casimir, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau.
Dorothea Matilde (b. Amberg, 11 August 1617 – d. Bernburg, 7 May 1656).
Frederick Louis (b. Amberg, 17 August 1619 – d. Harzgerode, 29 January 1621).
Footnotes
References
Parker, Geoffrey (ed.) (1997): The Thirty Years' War: Second Edition. Routledge.
Pursell, Brennan C. The Winter King. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.
Yates, Frances. The Rosicrucian Enlightenment. London; New York: Routledge, 1972.
1568 births
1630 deaths
Princes of Anhalt
Princes of Anhalt-Bernburg
German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Military personnel of the Thirty Years' War
People from the Electoral Palatinate
Burials at Schlosskirche St. Aegidien (Bernburg)
Palatinate nobility |
53005324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthlogena%20dissimilis | Esthlogena dissimilis | Esthlogena dissimilis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2011.
References
Pteropliini
Beetles described in 2011 |
18522080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%99bina%2C%20Che%C5%82m%20County | Dębina, Chełm County | Dębina is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leśniowice, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.
References
Villages in Chełm County |
21503110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon%20River%20Bridge%2C%20Nova%20Scotia | Salmon River Bridge, Nova Scotia | Salmon River Bridge is a community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, along the Marine Drive, also known as Route 7, on the Eastern Shore of the province. The bridge crosses the Salmon River. The historic Salmon River Country Inn is situated on the eastern shore of the river and Jeddore Lodge & Cabins across the bridge, on the western shore. The bridge is a popular spot for mackerel fishing.
References
Explore HRM
Communities in Halifax, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia |
44181937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda%20Nash | Belinda Nash | Belinda Jacqueline Nash (October 27, 1946 – February 16, 2016) was an American historian, author and activist. She wrote a biography of Grace Sherwood, the last person "convicted" by ducking of being a witch in Virginia. As a result of Nash's work, Sherwood was given a pardon, 300 years after her trial by ordeal.
History
In the 1980s, Nash moved from Stratford Ontario, Canada to Virginia Beach. She became interested in the etymology of the name Witchduck Road which was close to her home. As a result, she researched Grace Sherwood for around 20 years and with her daughter, Danielle Sheets, co-wrote a biography of her, A Place in Time: The Age of the Witch of Pungo. Sherwood's life had been described before by Louisa Venable Kyle in The Witch of Pungo and Other Historical Stories of the Early Colonies, a fiction book written for children including biographical data, published in 1973.
Nash has been on the board of Directors of the Ferry Plantation House in Virginia Beach from 1996 and its director from 1999. She has provided information on Sherwood to visitors, dressed in a period costume. The ducking has been re-enacted annually. Sherwood was an unusual character who survived the ordeal and lived into her eighties.
In response to Nash's activity, the Governor of Virginia, Tim Kaine, pardoned Sherwood on July 10, 2006, 300 years after her trial by ordeal. He wrote: "We also can celebrate the fact that a woman's equality is constitutionally protected today, and women have the freedom to pursue their hopes and dreams."
During the ceremony at the Ferry Plantation House, where Sherwood's trial was partly held, the annual re-enactment was performed.
Also in 2006, Nash successfully raised funds for a bronze statue of Sherwood, despite finding that "No one wanted a statue of a witch". The statue was finally erected in 2007 at the Sentara Independence outpatient care center in Witchduck Rd.
In 2014, a memorial marker was placed at a herb garden of the Old Donation Episcopal Church, Sherwood's former parish church. Nash commented: "I was so happy when I heard this stone was going to be placed. My heart was relieved to hear the church was welcoming it."
Nash died on February 16, 2016, aged 69, after a long battle with cancer.
References
1946 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American historians
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Historians of Virginia
American women historians
Writers from Virginia
20th-century American women writers
Deaths from cancer in Virginia
Place of birth missing
21st-century American women |
6446363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s%20Fire | Dragon's Fire | Dragon's Fire is a science fiction novel by the American-Irish author Anne McCaffrey and her son Todd McCaffrey, Published in 2006, it was the twentieth book in the Dragonriders of Pern series that she initiated in 1967.
Dragon's Fire may be considered the second of a trilogy by the McCaffreys, between Dragon's Kin and Dragon Harper. Primarily the three books feature Kindan as a boy and young man, about 500 years after landing on Pern (500 AL). He is not the protagonist of Dragon's Fire, however, which is told from the viewpoints of three others in his generation, Cristov, Pellar, and Halla.
Plot summary
Pellar's story provides background information related to the previous title Dragon's Kin. Cristov's story is mostly new material (blue firestone that survives in water) and takes place after the events in Pellar's. The focus of Cristov's story is the problem-laden transition from firestone to the phosphine-bearing rock that is used by later generations of dragons.
Notes
References
External links
2006 novels
2006 fantasy novels
2006 science fiction novels
Dragonriders of Pern books
Collaborative novels
Novels by Anne McCaffrey
Novels by Todd McCaffrey
Del Rey books |
68026637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranombao | Andranombao | Andranombao is a commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Iakora, which is a part of Ihorombe Region. The population of the commune was 5,809 in 2018.
References
Populated places in Ihorombe |
4344727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Fr%C3%B8ya | Sør-Frøya | Sør-Frøya is a former municipality in the old Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The municipality existed from 1906 until its dissolution in 1964. Sør-Frøya included the southwestern part of the island of Frøya in what is now the municipality of Frøya in Trøndelag county. The main population center of Sør-Frøya was the village of Titran on the western tip of the island. The main church for the municipality was Hallaren Church (Sør-Frøya Church) which is located in Storhallaren on the southern coast of the island.
History
The municipality was established on 1 January 1906 when the old municipality of Frøien was divided into two new municipalities: Sør-Frøya in the south (population: 2,091) and Nord-Frøya in the north (population: 3,972). During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipalities of Sør-Frøya (population: 2,208) and Nord-Frøya (population: 4,348) were merged to form the municipality of Frøya.
Name
The municipality is named after the island of Frøya. The prefix Sør- means "southern", literally meaning the southern part of Frøya. The second part of the name comes from Norse mythology. Although Frøya is a variant of the name of the Norse goddess Freyja, the Old Norse form of the name of the island was Frøy or Frey (the ending -a in the modern form is actually the definite article - so the meaning of Frøya is 'the Frøy'). Therefore, the name of the island probably has the same root as the name of the Norse god Freyr, brother to Freyja. The names originally were titles: "lord" or "lady". The oldest meaning of the common word was "(the one) in front; the foremost, the leading" and here in the sense "the island in front of Hitra". Until 1906, the island and municipality name was spelled Frøien (-en is the definite article in Danish-Norwegian).
Government
All municipalities in Norway, including Sør-Frøya, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elects a mayor.
Municipal council
The municipal council of Sør-Frøya was made up of 17 representatives that were elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:
See also
List of former municipalities of Norway
References
Frøya, Trøndelag
Former municipalities of Norway
1906 establishments in Norway
1964 disestablishments in Norway |
54635689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Therese%20Henderson | Marie Therese Henderson | Marie Thérèse Henderson is a Scottish music director and composer. She teaches at the Sophia University Institute of the Focolare Movement. She is linked to the music group Gen Verde.
References
British women composers
Scottish composers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) |
59746920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanchang | Wanchang | Wanchang may refer to the following places in China:
Wanchang, Jilin (万昌), a town in Yongji County, Jilin
Wanchang, Weiyuan County (碗厂), a town in Weiyuan County, Sichuan
Wanchang Township (碗厂乡), a township in Zhaojue County, Sichuan
Wanchang, Yunnan (碗厂), a town in Zhenxiong County, Yunnan
See also
Wangchang (disambiguation) |
29361035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetoslav%20Sakadzhiyski | Svetoslav Sakadzhiyski | Svetoslav Sakadzhiyski () (born 1 April 1987) is a Bulgarian footballer currently playing for Malesh Mikrevo as a forward.
References
Bulgarian footballers
1987 births
Living people
PFC Marek Dupnitsa players
FC Malesh Mikrevo players
Association football forwards |
59925965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cear%C3%A1-Piau%C3%AD%20border%20dispute | Ceará-Piauí border dispute | A vast region of 3,000 km2 at Serra de Ibiapaba is claimed by the Brazilian states of Ceará and Piauí. The regions became popularly known as Cerapió and Piocerá.
Background
The dispute dates back to the colonial government of Manuel Inácio de Sampaio e Pina Freire in Ceará, when engineer Silva Paulet presented a map of the then-province which showed the west coastline border reaching the mouth of Igaraçu River. As such, the location known as Amarração, currently Luís Correia, would be part of Ceará's territory.
During the 19th century Amarração was assisted by the neighboring Ceará city of Granja, until 1874, when the state deputies decided to grant Amarração village status. This caught the attention of politicians from Piauí, who claimed the territory. A solution arose with the General Decree 3.012, of 22 November 1880, determining that there would be an exchange in which Piauí would reestablish its coastline and Ceará would incorporate the municipalities of Crateús and Independência.
Since then, the border of Ceará and Piauí features several points of indefiniteness and both states keep claiming those places. According to Ceará state deputy Neto Nunes (PMDB), the indefiniteness persists because "Piauí wants a part of the range that is fertile and has good weather, inns, a touristic region of the state", while the land exchanged for the coastline would be of pure sertão.
Pending solution proposal
After the 1988 constitution, it was proposed that the dispute would be settled, but it wasn't until 2008 that an actual agreement was presented, one that would give Piauí 1,500 hectares and 1,000 to Ceará. In October 2011, however, the talks were disturbed by Piauí's decision to resort to Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) with a public civil act, claiming a 2,821 km2 area that currently belongs to Ceará.
If STF accepts Piauí's request, Ceará would lose 66% of Poranga, 32% of Croatá, 21% of Guaraciaba do Norte, 18% of Carnaubal, 8% of Crateús and 7% of Ipaporanga.
Involved populations
The population in the disputed area are supposedly using health and education systems provided by the government of Ceará. According to the deputy general-prosecutor of Piauí, João Batista de Freitas Júnior, the government of Ceará is irregularly providing such services, since they're not part of either states.
Due to the conflict, most of the local population is deprived of public medical assistance and public security services. According to a story published in Diário do Nordeste, people from Cocal dos Alves must go to Viçosa do Ceará in order to have access to public health. According to Sérgio Fontenele, infrastructure secretary of Viçosa do Ceará, mayor Pedro da Silva Brito has ordered medical posts to treat every patient regardless of their state of origin, "but we pay the bill while Piauí enjoy the services".
According to him, around 100 families are found in this situation.
References
Geography of Ceará
Geography of Piauí
Internal territorial disputes
Internal borders of Brazil
Territorial disputes of Brazil |
1134154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Realm%20of%20the%20Senses | In the Realm of the Senses | In the Realm of the Senses (, Japanese: , Ai no korīda, "Bullfight of Love") is a 1976 pornographic art film written and directed by Nagisa Ōshima. It is a fictionalised and sexually explicit treatment of a 1936 murder committed by Sada Abe. An international coproduction of France and Japan, the film generated great controversy at the time of its release. While intended for mainstream wide release, the film contains scenes of unsimulated sexual activity between the actors (Eiko Matsuda and Tatsuya Fuji, among others).
Plot
In 1936 Tokyo, Sada Abe is a former prostitute who now works as a maid in a hotel. The hotel's owner Kichizo Ishida molests her, and the two begin an intense affair that consists of sexual experiments and various self-indulgences. Ishida leaves his wife to pursue his affair with Sada. Sada becomes increasingly possessive and jealous of Ishida, and Ishida more eager to please her. Their mutual obsession escalates until Ishida finds that she is most excited by strangling him during lovemaking, and he is killed in this fashion. Sada then severs his penis. While she is shown next to him naked, it is mentioned that she will walk around with his penis inside her for several days. Words written with blood can be read on his chest: "Sada Kichi the two of us forever."
Cast
Title
The film was released under the title of In the Realm of the Senses in the U.S. and the U.K., and under L'Empire des sens (Empire of the Senses) in France. The French title was taken from Roland Barthes's book about Japan, L'Empire des signes (Empire of Signs, 1970).
Censorship
Strict censorship laws in Japan would not have allowed the film to be made according to Ōshima's vision. This obstruction was bypassed by officially listing the production as a French enterprise, and the undeveloped footage was shipped to France for processing and editing. At its premiere in Japan, the film's sexual activity was optically censored using reframing and blurring.
In the United States, the film was initially banned upon its premiere at the 1976 New York Film Festival but was later screened uncut, and a similar fate awaited the film when it was released in Germany. It was also banned because of a scene in which Kichi pushes an egg into Sada's vulva, forcing her to push it out of her vagina before Kichi eats the egg. The film was not available on home video until 1990, although it was sometimes seen uncut in film clubs.
At the time, the only European country in which the film was banned was Belgium. The ban was lifted in 1994, and Belgium has not censored a film of any kind since.
At the time of its initial screening at the 1976 London Film Festival, the British Board of Film Censors recommended that it be shown under private cinema club conditions to avoid the need for heavy cuts, but only after the Obscene Publications Act had been extended to films in 1977 to avoid potential legal problems. The film opened at the Gate Cinema Club in 1978. It was given an official countrywide cinema release in 1991, though the video release was delayed until 2000 when it was passed with an "18" certificate (suitable for adults only). All of the adult sexual activity was left intact, but a shot in which Sada yanks the penis of a prepubescent boy after he misbehaves was reframed, zooming in so that only the reaction of the boy was shown. In Australia, the film was originally banned, but a censored version was made available in 1977. In 2000, it finally became available in its complete version. The pornographic content of the production also caused it to be banned in Israel in 1987.
The film is available in uncut form in France, Germany, the United States (as part of The Criterion Collection), the Netherlands, Belgium and several other territories.
In Canada, when originally submitted to the provincial film boards in the 1970s, the film was rejected in all jurisdictions except Quebec and British Columbia. It was not until 1991 that individual provinces approved the film and gave it a certificate. However, in the Maritimes, the film was rejected again as the policies followed in the 1970s were still enforced.
In Brazil, the film was banned during the military dictatorship due to its explicit sex scenes. The ban was lifted in 1980.
Controversy
Because of its sexual themes and explicit scenes, the film was the cause of great controversy in Portugal in 1991 after it aired on RTP. Some deemed it inappropriate even for the watershed slot, while others appreciated its airing. The film aired again on RTP2, almost unnoticed.
Box office
In France, the film sold 1,730,874 tickets, grossing approximately ($5,203,732). In Germany, where it was released in 1978, the film sold 693,628 tickets, grossing approximately ($2,446,050). Combined, the film sold 2,424,502 tickets and grossed approximately in France and Germany.
Critical reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 86% based on 36 critic reviews, with an average rating of 7.7 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Sexual taboos are broken and boundaries crossed In the Realm of the Senses, a fearlessly provocative psychosexual tale."
See also
Unsimulated sex
Nudity in film (East Asian cinema since 1929)
References
Sources
Kenny, Patrick T. M. (2007) Conflicting Legal and Cultural Conceptions of Obscenity in Japan: Hokusai's Shunga and Oshima Nagisa's "L'Empire des sens". Earlham College thesis
Further reading
Joan Mellen. L'Empire des sens. London: British Film Institute, 2004.
External links
In the Realm of the Senses: Some Notes on Oshima and Pornography an essay by Donald Richie at the Criterion Collection
Nagisa Oshima on In the Realm of the Senses an essay by Nagisa Oshima at the Criterion Collection
1976 films
1970s erotic drama films
Japanese films
Japanese erotic drama films
French films
French erotic drama films
Japanese multilingual films
French multilingual films
Japanese-language films
Drama films based on actual events
Films about prostitution in Japan
Films set in 1936
Films set in Tokyo
Films shot in Japan
Adultery in films
BDSM in films
1970s multilingual films
Censored films
Obscenity controversies in film
Controversies in Japan
Necrophilia in film
Films directed by Nagisa Ōshima
Films produced by Anatole Dauman
Cultural depictions of Sada Abe
1976 drama films
Controversies in France |
591201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey%20Commission | Dewey Commission | The Dewey Commission (officially the "Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials") was initiated in March 1937 by the American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky. It was named after its chairman, the philosopher John Dewey. Its other members were Carleton Beals, Otto Rühle, Benjamin Stolberg, and Secretary Suzanne La Follette, Alfred Rosmer, Wendelin Thomas, Edward A. Ross, John Chamberlain, Carlo Tresca, and . It was seen by some at the time, as Dewey feared it would be, as a Trotskyist front organization.
Following months of investigation, the Dewey Commission made its findings public in New York on September 21, 1937.
Sub-commission
A sub-commission, comprising the first five commission members above, conducted thirteen hearings at Leon Trotsky's home in Coyoacan, Mexico, D.F., from April 10 to April 17, 1937. Trotsky was defended by the lawyer Albert Goldman. John Finerty acted as the commission's legal counsel.
The commission proclaimed that it had cleared Trotsky of all charges made during the Moscow Trials and, moreover, exposed the scale of the alleged frame-up of all other defendants during these trials. Among its conclusions, it stated: "That the conduct of the Moscow trials was such as to convince any unprejudiced person that no effort was made to ascertain the truth."
Background
The American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky had been set up following the first of the Moscow "Show Trials" in 1936. It comprised Franz Boas, John Chamberlain, John Dos Passos, Louis Hacker, Sidney Hook, Suzanne La Follette, Reinhold Niebuhr, George Novack, Norman Thomas and Edmund Wilson. Dewey, then seventy-eight years old, agreed to head its Commission of Inquiry.
The hearings claimed to bring to light evidence which established that some of the specific charges made at the trials could not be true.
The Dewey Commission published its findings in the form of a 422-page book titled Not Guilty. Its conclusions asserted the innocence of all those condemned in the Moscow Trials. In its summary the commission wrote: "Independent of extrinsic evidence, the Commission finds:
That the conduct of the Moscow Trials was such as to convince any unprejudiced person that no attempt was made to ascertain the truth.
That while confessions are necessarily entitled to the most serious consideration, the confessions themselves contain such inherent improbabilities as to convince the Commission that they do not represent the truth, irrespective of any means used to obtain them.
That Trotsky never instructed any of the accused or witnesses in the Moscow trials to enter into agreements with foreign powers against the Soviet Union [and] that Trotsky never recommended, plotted, or attempted the restoration of capitalism in the USSR."
The commission concluded: "We therefore find the Moscow Trials to be frame-ups."
Trotsky remarked at the start of the Commission that:
Trotskyist historian Pierre Broué noted that Trotsky had misinformed the Commission, claiming to have had no contacts with oppositionists inside the USSR to form an Opposition bloc (one of the charges of the Moscow Trials) despite being reminded during the Commission by his secretary, Jean van Heijenoort, of the opposite being the case. American historian J. Arch Getty also noted this, pointing out that "Trotsky and Sedov were reminded of the bloc at the time of the 1937 Dewey Commission but withheld the matter from the inquiry."
Resignation of Beals
Following the resignation of Beals, Dewey added the following text to the report:
Your sub-commission reports with regret the resignation, before the hearings were concluded, of one of its members, Mr. Carleton Beals. Toward the close of the hearing on the afternoon of April 16, Mr. Beals put to Mr. Trotsky a provocative question based on alleged information which the sub-commission could not check and place on the record. After the hearing our counsel, Mr. John Finerty, advised the sub-commission that questions based on private information were highly improper, would be sufficient cause for mistrial in any ordinary court, and that he could not continue as counsel if they were to be permitted in future. Mr. Beals then angrily declared that either he or Mr. Finerty must leave the sub-commission. Still, he promised to attend a conference that evening to discuss the matter. But although we waited for him until midnight he did not come. The next morning, before the opening of the session, Mrs. Beals brought us his resignation, in which he charged that the Commission was not conducting a serious inquiry.
Beals subsequently wrote an article in the Saturday Evening Post entitled "The Fewer Outsiders the Better", criticizing the Commission as biased and in the hands of a "purely pro-Trotsky clique".
Nuremberg Trials
Some ten years later, the Dewey Commission was cited in great detail, when in an open letter to the British press dated 25 February 1946, written by George Orwell and signed by Arthur Koestler, C. E. M. Joad, Frank Horrabin, George Padmore, Julian Symons, H. G. Wells, F. A. Ridley, C. A. Smith and John Baird, among others, it was suggested that the Nuremberg Trials then underway were an invaluable opportunity for establishing "historical truth and bearing upon the political integrity" of figures of international standing. Specifically they called for Rudolf Hess to be interrogated about his alleged meeting with Trotsky and that the Gestapo records then in the hands of Allied experts be examined for any proof of any "liaison between the Nazi Party or State and Trotsky or the other old Bolshevik leaders indicted at the Moscow trials...".
Footnotes
Further reading
Arthur Jay Klinghoffer and Judith Apter Klinghoffer, International Citizens' Tribunals: Mobilizing Public Opinion to Advance Human Rights. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
Leon Trotsky, I Stake My Life! Trotsky's Address to the NY Hippodrome Meeting. New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1937.
Mass Meeting Called by the American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, to Answer His Accusers - At the Hippodrome, New York City, February 5th, 1937: Stenographic Report. New York: American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, 1937.
Alan B. Spitzer, Historical Truth and Lies About the Past: Reflections on Dewey, Dreyfus, de Man, and Reagan. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
External links
The Case of Leon Trotsky: Report of Hearings on the Charges Made Against Him in the Moscow Trials (PDF HTML)
Not Guilty: Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials (PDF HTML
Shannon Jones: 60 years since the Dewey Commission
Political repression in the Soviet Union
Soviet Union–United States relations
Leon Trotsky
1937 conferences
Defunct Trotskyist organizations in the United States |
44201756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Caledonian%20Society%20of%20South%20Australia%20Inc. | Royal Caledonian Society of South Australia Inc. | The Royal Caledonian Society of South Australia was founded in Adelaide in 1881 as the South Australian Caledonian Society to promote Scottish culture and traditions in South Australia.
History
Foundation members included A. W. Dobbie and Patrick Gay.
Chiefs
1881–1883 Alexander Hay MLC.
1883–1885 Dr. Allan Campbell MLC.
1885–1886 Hon. Sir J. Lancelot Stirling
1886–1887 Hon. James Henderson Howe MLC.
1887–1888 David Murray
1888–1891 Aloysius MacDonald
1891–1892 Hugh Fraser
1892–1894 Hon. John Darling MLC.
1894–1895 Aloysius MacDonald
1895–1897 Hon. A. Wallace Sandford MLC.
1897–1899 John Wyles JP.
1899–1902 A. J. McLachlan
1902–1903 G. Fowler Stewart
1903–1904 P. D. Haggart
1904–1907 John Darling Jr.
1907–1909 John Wood Sandford
1909–1914 Robert Weymss
1914–1917 George McEwin
1917–1918 John Drummond
1918–1921 J. W. Hill
1921–1923 Duncan Fraser SM.
1924–1925 James W. McGregor
1925–1928 Andrew Douglas Young
1928–1930 John Tassie, brother of Henry Tassie
1930–1933 Hon. Sir David J. Gordon MLC.
1933–1936 Maxwell A. Fotheringham
1936–1938 Hon. Sir George Ritchie, KCMG
1938–1940 C. B. Anderson ISO.
1940–1943 Capt. Duncan Menzies
1943–1945 John McLeay
1945–1949 Andrew Small
1949–1952 F. R. Forgan JP.
1952–1954 J. McGregor Soutar
1954–1959 Norman H. Campbell
1959–1968 Sir Lyell McEwin KBE., MLC.
1968–1971 Clarrie Martin
1971–1980 Charles Gardiner
1980–1983 Ron A. Layton
1983–1985 Donaldina Nicolson Richards
1985–1986 Dr. Gordon C. Greig MB MRCGP
1987–1989 Marian Macaulay Johnson
1989–1993 William Paterson
1993–1995 Jeffrey C. McFarlane
1995–2000 J. Lennox Pawson JP.
2000–2003 Ann Calver (née Lumsden)
2003–2004 Jim D. Wallace
2004–2007 David Porteous
2007–2010 Anne Miller
2010–2012 Christina Forbes Cockerill
2012–present (2015) Roselee Bruce
Activities
The Caledonian Society commissioned W. J. Maxwell to produce the statue of Robert Burns on North Terrace, which was unveiled on 5 May 1894. They commissioned James White to produce the statue of John McDouall Stuart in Victoria Square commemorating his crossing of the continent in 1861–1862. The statue, paid for by public subscription and the South Australian Government, was unveiled on 4 June 1904.
External links
Royal Caledonian Society of South Australia official website
References
1881 establishments in Australia
Organisations based in Adelaide
Clubs and societies in South Australia
Culture of South Australia
Organisations based in Australia with royal patronage |
44081570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olim%20L%27Berlin | Olim L'Berlin | Olim L'Berlin (Hebrew: , lit. "Let's Ascend to Berlin" but more accurately "Let's Move to Berlin," also known as the Milky protest) was the name of a Facebook page that coined a snowclone in 2014, and was terminated in early 2015. Comparing the high cost of living in Israel with the comparatively cheaper economic climate in Berlin, which has a growing community of Israeli expatriates, the page urged more Israelis to move to Germany, raising a storm of protest in Israeli social and political circles. Compounding the reaction was the Facebook page's use of the same verb (olim) that Jews use for aliyah (immigration to Israel).
The Facebook page based its cost-of-living comparison on the price of grocery items in Israel and Germany, among them a pudding dessert similar to the popular Israeli pudding known as Milky. The grocery bill was found to be three times higher in Israel than in Germany. The Facebook page and subsequent public debate became known as the "Battle of the Milky" () in Israel, or "Milky Protest" in international media.
Background
Milky pudding, based on a former Danone product and produced by Strauss, is one of the best-known and best-selling dessert products in Israel. The chocolate-flavored Milky was introduced in 1979, followed by the vanilla-flavored version in 1980. In 1986, a video commercial called "Battle of the Milky" () was released in cinemas, showing supermarket customers racing each other down the aisle to grab the last chocolate-flavored Milky off the shelf. Evoking the cottage cheese protests in Israel in 2011, the Facebook site owner chose the popular Milky pudding as a new symbol of protest against Israel's high consumer prices, calling for Israelis to emigrate to Berlin to enjoy a lower cost of living.
Berlin is known as a "cheap and shabby-chic" city with a lower cost of living than Israel and a growing population of Israeli expatriates. It is among the cities that now attract "the type who made Tel Aviv cool" – young, single, and often female graduates; artists, filmmakers, musicians, and other members of the creative class. According to unofficial estimates, between 3,000 and 20,000 young Israelis and Western European Jews relocated to Berlin between 2009 and 2014; an estimated 25,000 Israelis were residents of the city in 2014.
Controversy
On September 29, 2014, a Hebrew-language Facebook page called Olim L'Berlin was launched by an anonymous site owner. On October 5, the page showed a picture of a Berlin supermarket receipt for a variety of products, including bread, eggs, noodles, orange juice, and three containers of a chocolate pudding dessert. Beside it was a picture of a Milky-like chocolate pudding product topped with whipped cream. The site challenged Israelis to buy exactly the same list of groceries in Israel for less. The pudding alone cost the equivalent of 1 shekel in Germany, as opposed to 4 or 5 shekels in Israel. The equivalent grocery bill was found to be three times higher in Israel than in Germany.
Besides reminding Israelis of the high cost of living in their country, the name of the Facebook page was a distortion of the Zionist ideal of aliyah, using the same verb (olim) to suggest emigration to Germany instead. Finance Minister Yair Lapid called the owner of the site "anti-Zionist". The fact that Germany was chosen as the destination struck a raw nerve across the social and political spectrum, considering Israel's founding in 1948 in the wake of the Holocaust, its large population of Holocaust survivors, and the many citizens who still refuse to buy products made in Germany. "Are the gas chambers in Berlin also cheaper than here?" one visitor posted to the Facebook page. Israel HaYom branded the Facebook page as "an insult to all Holocaust survivors". Agriculture Minister Yair Shamir stated, "I pity the Israelis who no longer remember the Holocaust and abandoned Israel for a pudding".
The Facebook page garnered 13,000 likes within hours of its posting and reached 1 million hits within four days. The so-called "Milky Protest" was widely covered by international media. The site owner refused to reveal his identity or to be interviewed by the Israeli press; he was known only as a 25-year-old Israeli and ex-IDF officer living in Berlin.
Five days after the page went live, the site owner claimed he had received 12,000 messages from Israelis and was actively advising Israelis how to emigrate. He told Channel 2 that he had petitioned German Chancellor Angela Merkel to issue 25,000 temporary visas to accommodate Israelis looking for work in Germany. From his home in Berlin, he organized an "emigration fair" in Rabin Square in Tel Aviv on October 14, 2014. Though 2,300 people registered on the Facebook page to attend, fewer than 100 participants showed up.
On October 14th 2015 The Washington Post revealed that the site owner was Naor Narkis, a 25-year-old former officer of the Intelligence Corps and a freelance mobile app designer living in Berlin. Narkis had first emigrated to France five months earlier, but was put off by strains of antisemitism and the high cost of living in Paris. He found much less antisemitism in Germany and a more welcoming atmosphere for Israelis there, as well as the "cheap and cool" factor of Berlin. He claimed that the high cost of living in Israel was "forcing young people into exile".
By October 26, The Jerusalem Post had reported that Narkis planned to return to Israel, saying that his Facebook protest had become "less effective" since he revealed his identity, and that the site would be taken down upon his return to Israel.
Other responses
In a play on the original page, other Olim L'... Facebook pages sprang up to provide destinations for emigrating Israelis, including Olim L'Prague, Olim L'Detroit, and Olim L'Mars. Like the original page, these groups were mocked by Right-wing Zionists as Post-Zionism, which harmed their potential popularity.
References
External links
Facebook page
2000s neologisms
2014 controversies
2014 in Israel
Anti-Zionism
Culture in Berlin
Economic problems
Jews and Judaism in Israel
Judaism in Germany
Israeli culture
Mottos
Neologisms
Post-Zionism
Protests in Israel
Snowclones |
7176657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spined%20pygmy%20shark | Spined pygmy shark | The spined pygmy shark (Squaliolus laticaudus) is a species of squaliform shark in the family Dalatiidae found widely in all oceans. Growing no larger than roughly , it is one of the smallest sharks alive, with this record beaten by the dwarf lanternshark. This shark has a slender, cigar-shaped body with a sizable conical snout, a long but low second dorsal fin, and an almost symmetrical caudal fin. Its sister species S. aliae and it are the only sharks with a spine on the first dorsal fin and not the second. Spined pygmy sharks are dark brown to black, with numerous bioluminescent organs called photophores on their ventral surface. The shark is believed to use these photophores to match ambient light conditions, which break up its silhouette and help the shark to avoid being seen by predators below.
Usually inhabiting nutrient-rich waters over upper continental and insular slopes, the spined pygmy shark feeds on small bony fishes and squid. Like its prey, it is a diel vertical migrator, spending the day at close to deep and moving towards a depth of at night. Reproduction is presumably aplacental viviparous, with females giving birth to litters of up to four pups. This diminutive shark has no economic value. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed this species as of Least Concern, as it faces little threat from commercial fisheries and has a wide distribution.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
The spined pygmy shark was one of many new species discovered during the course of the 1907–1910 Philippine Expedition of the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. It was described by American ichthyologists Hugh McCormick Smith and Lewis Radcliffe in a 1912 paper for the scientific journal Proceedings of the United States National Museum, based on two specimens collected in Batangas Bay, south of Luzon in the Philippines. One of these, a 15-cm-long adult male, was designated the type specimen.
Smith and Radcliffe coined the new genus Squaliolus for this shark, and gave it the specific epithet laticaudus, from the Latin latus meaning "broad" or "wide", and cauda meaning "tail". The spined pygmy shark may also be referred to as the dwarf shark or the bigeye dwarf shark. Based on similarities in their claspers (male intromittent organs), the closest relative of the spined pygmy shark and the related S. aliae is thought to be the pygmy shark (Euprotomicrus bispinatus).
Distribution and habitat
The spined pygmy shark has a wide distribution around the world. In the Atlantic Ocean, it occurs off Bermuda, the United States, Suriname, southern Brazil, and northern Argentina in the west, and off northern France, Madeira, Cape Verde, and the Azores in the east. In the Indian Ocean, this species has only been recorded off Somalia. In the Pacific Ocean, it is found off southern Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines. The spined pygmy shark is found at depths of and seldom approaches the surface, unlike the related pygmy shark and cookiecutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis). This shark prefers areas of high biological productivity over upper continental and insular slopes. It may also be found over outer shelves, but avoids central ocean basins. The range of this species does not overlap that of the pygmy shark, which has a similar ecology, and is also largely separate from that of the cookiecutter shark.
Description
One of the world's smallest sharks, the spined pygmy shark attains a maximum recorded length of for males and for females. This species has an elongated, spindle-shaped body with a long, bulbous, moderately pointed snout. The eyes are large, with the upper rim of the orbit almost straight. Each nostril is preceded by a short flap of skin. The mouth has thin, smooth lips and contains 22–31 tooth rows in the upper jaw and 16–21 tooth rows in the lower jaw. The upper teeth are narrow and smooth-edged with single upright cusps. The bases of the lower teeth are broad and interlocked to form a continuous cutting surface, with each tooth bearing a single upright, smooth-edged, knife-like cusp. The openings of the five pairs of gill slits are minute and uniform in size.
The two species of Squaliolus are the only sharks with a spine on the first dorsal fin but not the second. The spine is sexually dimorphic, being typically exposed in males and enclosed by skin in females. The first dorsal fin is tiny and originates over the trailing margin of the pectoral fins. The second dorsal fin is low, with a base twice as long as that of the first, and originates over the anterior half of the pelvic fin bases. The pectoral fins are short and triangular, with the rear margin slightly curved. The pelvic fins are long and low, and there is no anal fin. The caudal peduncle is slender and laterally expanded into weak keels. The caudal fin is broad and paddle-like, with the upper and lower lobes of similar size and shape, and a deep notch in the trailing margin of the upper lobe.
The dermal denticles are flat and blocky, not elevated on stalks or bearing marginal teeth. The coloration is dark brown to black, with light fin margins. The underside is densely carpeted by light-emitting photophores, which extend to the tip of the snout and around the eyes and nostrils, and thin to almost non-existent on the back. This species has on average only 60 vertebrae, the fewest of any shark.
Biology and ecology
The diet of the spined pygmy shark consists mainly of bony fishes (including the dragonfish Idiacanthus, the lanternfish Diaphus, and the bristlemouth Gonostoma) and squid (including members of the genera Chiroteuthis and Histioteuthis). Catch records suggest that the spined pygmy shark follows its prey on their diel vertical migrations, spending the day close to a depth of and ascending towards a depth of at night. The ventral photophores of the spined pygmy shark have been theorized to function in counter-illumination, a form of camouflage in which the shark disguises its silhouette from would-be predators by matching the ambient light welling down from above. There is no evidence that this shark swallows its shed teeth like the pygmy and cookiecutter sharks.
The spined pygmy shark is aplacental viviparous like the rest of its family, with the developing embryos being sustained by a yolk sac until birth. Adult females have two functional ovaries that may each contain up to 12 mature eggs. However, the actual litter size is much smaller; a pregnant female caught off southern Brazil in 1999 contained four near-term pups. The young are born at long. Males mature sexually at a length of , and females at a length of . The spined pygmy shark was widely considered to be the smallest living shark species until the discovery of the dwarf lanternshark (Etmopterus perryi), though the pygmy ribbontail catshark (Eridacnis radcliffei) is also known to mature at a size comparable to these two species. Whether one of these sharks is definitively smaller than the others cannot yet be stated with certainty, because of the difficulties involved in assessing reproductive maturity in sharks.
Human interactions
Spined pygmy sharks have no commercial value; they sometimes appear in the bycatch of trawl fisheries, but are generally too small to be captured. In light of its wide distribution and the absence of substantial threats from human activity, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed this species as of Least Concern.
References
Squaliolus
Fish described in 1912 |
67105120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahzadipur | Shahzadipur | Shahzadipur, also spelled Sahzadepur, is a village in Gosainganj block of Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, its population is 847, in 161 households. It is part of the gram panchayat of Rasulpur Ashik Ali.
References
Villages in Lucknow district |
27662973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Gamarra | Pierre Gamarra | Pierre Gamarra (; 10 July 1919 – 20 May 2009) was a French poet, novelist and literary critic, a long-time chief editor and director of the literary magazine Europe.Gamarra is best known for his poems and novels for the youth and for narrative and poetical works deeply rooted in his native region of Midi-Pyrénées.
Life
Pierre Gamarra was born in Toulouse on 10 July 1919. From 1938 until 1940, he was a teacher in the South of France. During the German Occupation, he joined various Resistance groups in Toulouse, involved in the writing and distributing of clandestine publications. This led him to a career as a journalist, and then, more specifically both as a writer and a literary journalist.
In 1948, Pierre Gamarra received the first in Lausanne for his first novel, La Maison de feu. Members of the 1948 Veillon Prize jury included writers André Chamson, Vercors, Franz Hellens and Louis Guilloux. The novel is described in Books Abroad as "a beautifully written tale of humble life, which Philippe and Jammes would have liked".
From 1945 to 1951, he worked as a journalist in Toulouse. In 1951, Louis Aragon, Jean Cassou and André Chamson offered him a position in Paris as editor-in-chief of the literary magazine Europe. He occupied this position until 1974, when he became director of the magazine. Under Pierre Gamarra's direction, Europe continued the project initiated in 1923 by Romain Rolland and other writers. Until 2009, Pierre Gamarra also contributed to most of the magazines's issues with a book review column titled "La Machine à écrire" (The Typewriter).
Most of his novels take place in his native South-West of France: he wrote a novel trilogy based on the history of Toulouse and various novels set in that town, along the Garonne or in the Pyrenees.John L. Brown, in World Literature Today, writes that Pierre Gamarra's descriptions of Toulouse, its people and its region were "masterly", "skillfully and poetically" composed "with a vibrant lyricism" and that: Pierre Gamarra is also the author of The Midnight Roosters, a novel set in Aveyron during the French Revolution. The book was adapted for the French television channel FR3 in 1973. The film, casting , was shot in the town of Najac.
In 1955, he published one of his best known novels, Le Maître d’école; the book and its sequel La Femme de Simon (1962) received critical praise.Reviewing his 1957 short stories collection Les Amours du potier, Lois Marie Sutton deems that, although war affects the plots of many of "all (those) delightful thirteen stories", "it is the light-hearted plot that Gamarra maneuvers best" and that "as in his previous publications, (the author) shows himself to be a master delineator of the life of the average peasant and employee."
In 1961, Pierre Gamarra received the for L'Aventure du Serpent à Plumes and in 1985, the SGDL Grand Prize for his novel Le Fleuve Palimpseste.
Pierre Gamarra died in Argenteuil on 20 May 2009, leaving a substantial body of work, not yet translated into English for the most part. The Encyclopædia Britannica sees in him a "delightful practitioner with notable drollery and high technical skills" in the art of children's poetry and children's stories. His poems and fables are well known by French schoolchildren.
Selection of works
Literature for the youth
Stories
Les Vacances de tonton 36 (2006)
Moustache et ses amis de toutes les couleurs (2005)
New edition of Moustache et ses amis (1974)
Douze tonnes de diamant (1978)
L'Aventure du Serpent à plumes, Prize for the Youth 1961
Berlurette trilogy:
Berlurette contre Tour Eiffel (1961)
Le Trésor de Tricoire (1959)
Le Mystère de la Berlurette (1957)
La Rose des Karpathes, (1955)
The Bridge on the River Clarinette in Cricket: the magazine for children, vol. 2 No. 11, (La Salle, Illinois) 1975, (p. 22-29) – illustrated by Marilyn Hafner, translated by Paulette Henderson
Meet your author (op. cit. pp. 30–33), Paulette Henderson
Fables collections
Salut, Monsieur de La Fontaine (2005), Frédéric Devienne,
La Mandarine et le Mandarin (1970)
Poetry
Mon cartable et autres poèmes à réciter (2006)
Des mots pour une maman (1984)
Voici des maisons (1979)
Les Mots enchantés (1952)
'My schoolbag', in Berthe Mouchette Celebration, Melbourne Alliance française (2019), p. 74-75
CD
Les Aventuriers de l'alphabet (2002)
Adaptations
Les Fariboles de Bolla (1981), , original Swedish text and by Gunilla Bergström,
Novels
L'Empreinte de l'ours (2010), De Borée (Sayat)
Les Coqs de minuit (new ed. including Rosalie Brousse) 2009, De Borée
Le Maître d'école (new ed. including La Femme de Simon) 2008, De Borée
Les Lèvres de l’été (1986)
Le Fleuve palimpseste PUF (1985) ; SGDL Prize for the novel
Cantilène occitane (1979)
La Femme et le Fleuve (1952)
L’assassin a le prix Goncourt (1951)
Les Enfants du pain noir (1950)
La Maison de feu (1948), Éditions La Baconnière (Neuchatel)/Éditions de Minuit,
Reedited De Borée (2014)
Editions of the book since 1948
Toulouse trilogy:
72 soleils, 1975
L'Or et le Sang, 1970
Les Mystères de Toulouse, 1967
Short stories
Les Amours du potier, (Neuchatel), 1957
Un cadavre; Mange ta soupe, Prix National de la Résistance 1944
Poetry collections
Mon Pays l'Occitanie (2009), Cahiers de la Lomagne
Romances de Garonne (1990)
Essais pour une malédiction, Hélène Vacaresco Prize for Poetry 1943
About Pierre Gamarra
List of reviews of Pierre Gamarra’s books (Worldcat)
Les Lèvres de l’été reviewed by John L. Brown, World Literature Today, Vol. 61, No. 2, The Diary as Art (Spring, 1987), p. 236 (University of Oklahoma)
La Maison de feu reviewed by Georgette R. Schuler, Books Abroad, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Spring, 1949), p. 156
Literary journals special issues
Poésie Première "Tarn en Poésie 2003: Avec Pierre Gamarra"
Poésie Première No. 29 (2004)
Interviews
Tohoku University Faculty of Letters Bulletin, No. 27 (Year 2007) (Sendai, Japan)
Vivre en Val-D’Oise, No. 112, November–December 2008 (Argenteuil)
Homages
Charles Dobzynski, Michel Delon, Jean Métellus, Roger Bordier, Béatrice Didier, Raymond Jean, Bernard Chambaz, Michel Besnier, Marc Petit, Claude Sicard, Georges-Emmanuel Clancier, Henri Béhar, Gérard Noiret, Francis Combes, in Europe No. 966 (October 2009)
Les Cahiers de la Lomagne (Los Quasèrns de la Lomanha), No. 15 (Year 2009), pp. 1 & 16-29
Two streets (one in Argenteuil, one in Montauban) and a cul-de-sac in Boulazac—, two schools (one in Montauban, the other in Bessens)— and two public libraries (one in Argenteuil, the other in Andrest) are named after Pierre Gamarra.
Notes
See also
Europe (magazine)
References
External resources
Encyclopædia Britannica about Pierre Gamarra
Encyclopædia Universalis article
Pierre Gamarra in the Dictionary of the workers' movement
Pierre Gamarra on the website of
1919 births
2009 deaths
People from Toulouse
French fabulists
French children's writers
French literary critics
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
21st-century French dramatists and playwrights
French magazine editors
French male essayists
20th-century French novelists
21st-century French novelists
20th-century French poets
21st-century French poets
21st-century French male writers
French male poets
French male novelists
French male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century French essayists
21st-century French essayists
20th-century French male writers |
21509792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cockman | Thomas Cockman | Revd Dr Thomas Cockman, Doctor of Divinity (1675–1745) was an Oxford academic and administrator. He was Master of University College, Oxford.
Cockman was an undergraduate at University College, Oxford, matriculated in 1692, then a Fellow of the College during 1701–13, before becoming Master of the College later.
Thomas Cockman was Rector at Chidingstone in Kent, in 1705.
Cockman's mastership at University College was a contested one, with William Dennison, who also served as Master between 1722–29. There were two disputed elections held in 1722. Cockman appealed to the Crown and was declared Master of University College in 1729. The success of Thomas Cockman's appeal involved accepting that King Alfred had founded the College. This myth originated from the late 1380s but it was widely believed by Cockman's time. The ruling at the court hearing meant that the Visitor of University College, who is responsible for resolving such disputes, should be the Crown rather than the University. This event acted as the impetus for the college antiquary, William Smith, to write a history of the college, refuting this medieval myth. This materialised as The Annals of University College (1578), the first scholarly Oxford history. Cockman received this book coldly, dismissing it as "the private opinion of a partial disgusted old man, who was always famous for opposition and confounding thing".
In 2008, University College acquired a painting including Thomas Cockman. The painting had remained in Thomas Cockman's family, but was auctioned at Sotheby's. The picture is presumed to be a celebration of the success of Cockman's appeal to the Crown to be declared Master of University College in 1729. The painting was probably commissioned by his brother, John Cockman, who is also in the picture along with a number of Fellows of University College. It was painted by Benjamin Ferrers.
References
1675 births
1745 deaths
18th-century English educators
18th-century English Anglican priests
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Fellows of University College, Oxford
Masters of University College, Oxford |
19673841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda | Nanda | Nanda may refer to:
Indian history and religion
Nanda Empire, ruled by the Nanda dynasty, an Indian royal dynasty ruling Magadha in the 4th century BCE
Mahapadma Nanda, first Emperor of the Nanda Empire
Dhana Nanda (died c. 321 BCE), last ruler of the Nanda dynasty
Nanda (Buddhist nun), half-sister of Siddhartha Gautama, who became Gautama Buddha
Nanda (half-brother of Buddha) or Sundarananda
Nanda Baba, a character in Hindu mythology, foster-father of god Krishna
Other people
Nanda (surname), an Indian surname
Nanda (actress) (1939–2014), Indian film actress
Nanda Bayin (1535–1600), king of Burma (r. 1581–99)
Nanda people, an indigenous Australian group
Other uses
Nanda (film), a 2009 Indian Kannada film
NANDA, formerly the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association
Nanda, Maharashtra, India, a town
Nanjing University or Nanda, in Jiangsu, China
See also
Nandha, a 2001 Indian Tamil film
Fernanda, a feminine given name
Nand (disambiguation) |
49315707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesta%20%28name%29 | Vesta (name) | Vesta is the Roman goddess of the hearth, home, and family.
The given name may also refer to:
People:
Vesta Hathaway (Marina Oliver, born 1934), British writer
Vesta Kasputė (born 1984), Lithuanian chess player
Vesta M. Roy (1925–2002), American politician
Vesta Tilley (Matilda Alice Powles, 1864–1952), English actress
Vesta Victoria (1873–1951), English actress
Vesta Williams (1957–2011), American singer
Fictional characters:
Vesta, a non-player character from Fer.al
Vesta (Marvel Comics), Marvel Comics character
Sailor Vesta or VesVes, character in Sailor Moon
See also
Vesta (disambiguation)
Feminine given names |
79616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar | Pindar | Pindar (; , ; ; ) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet from Thebes. Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, his work is the best preserved. Quintilian wrote, "Of the nine lyric poets, Pindar is by far the greatest, in virtue of his inspired magnificence, the beauty of his thoughts and figures, the rich exuberance of his language and matter, and his rolling flood of eloquence, characteristics which, as Horace rightly held, make him inimitable." His poems can also, however, seem difficult and even peculiar. The Athenian comic playwright Eupolis once remarked that they "are already reduced to silence by the disinclination of the multitude for elegant learning". Some scholars in the modern age also found his poetry perplexing, at least until the 1896 discovery of some poems by his rival Bacchylides; comparisons of their work showed that many of Pindar's idiosyncrasies are typical of archaic genres rather than of only the poet himself. His poetry, while admired by critics, still challenges the casual reader and his work is largely unread among the general public.
Pindar was the first Greek poet to reflect on the nature of poetry and on the poet's role. Like other poets of the Archaic Age, he has a profound sense of the vicissitudes of life, but he also articulates a passionate faith in what men can achieve by the grace of the gods, most famously expressed in the conclusion to one of his Victory Odes:
Creatures of a day! What is anyone?
What is anyone not? A dream of a shadow
Is our mortal being. But when there comes to men
A gleam of splendour given of heaven,
Then rests on them a light of glory
And blessed are their days. (Pythian 8)Pindar (1972) p. 144
His poetry illustrates the beliefs and values of Archaic Greece at the dawn of the Classical period.
Biography
Sources
Five ancient sources contain all the recorded details of Pindar's life. One of them is a short biography discovered in 1961 on an Egyptian papyrus dating from at least 200 AD (P.Oxy.2438). The other four are collections that weren't finalized until some 1600 years after his death:
brief biography of Pindar and his tomb in Boeotia, from Pausanias’s “descriptions of Greece” [9.23.2]-[9.23.5].
Commentaries on Pindar by Eustathius of Thessalonica;
Vita Vratislavensis, found in a manuscript at Breslau, author unknown;
a text by Thomas Magister;
some meagre writings attributed to the lexicographer Suidas.
Although these sources are based on a much older literary tradition, going as far back as Chamaeleon of Heraclea in the 4th century BC, they are generally viewed with scepticism today: much of the material is clearly fanciful. Scholars both ancient and modern have turned to Pindar's own workhis victory odes in particularas a source of biographical information: some of the poems touch on historic events and can be accurately dated. The 1962 publication of Elroy Bundy's ground-breaking work Studia Pindarica led to a change in scholarly opinion—the Odes were no longer seen as expressions of Pindar's personal thoughts and feelings, but rather as public statements "dedicated to the single purpose of eulogizing men and communities." It has been claimed that biographical interpretations of the poems are due to a "fatal conjunction" of historicism and Romanticism. In other words, we know almost nothing about Pindar's life based on either traditional sources or his own poems. However, the pendulum of intellectual fashion has begun to change direction again, and cautious use of the poems for some biographical purposes is considered acceptable once more.
Life
Infancy to adulthood
Pindar was born circa 518 BC (the 65th Olympiad) in Cynoscephalae, a village in Boeotia, not far from Thebes. His father's name is variously given as Daiphantus, Pagondas or Scopelinus, and his mother's name was Cleodice. It is told that he was stung on the mouth by a bee in his youth and this was the reason he became a poet of honey-like verses (an identical fate has been ascribed to other poets of the archaic period). Pindar was about twenty years old in 498 BC when he was commissioned by the ruling family in Thessaly to compose his first victory ode (Pythian 10). He studied the art of lyric poetry in Athens, where his tutor was Lasos of Hermione, and he is also said to have received some helpful criticism from Corinna.
The early-to-middle years of Pindar's career coincided with the Greco-Persian Wars during the reigns of Darius and Xerxes. This period included the first Persian invasion of Greece, which ending at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, and second Persian invasion of Greece (480-479 BC). During the second invasion, when Pindar was almost forty years old, Thebes was occupied by Xerxes' general, Mardonius, who with many Theban aristocrats subsequently perished at the Battle of Plataea. It is possible that Pindar spent much of this time at Aegina. His choice of residence during the earlier invasion in 490 BC is not known, but he was able to attend the Pythian Games for that year, where he first met the Sicilian prince, Thrasybulus, nephew of Theron of Acragas. Thrasybulus had driven the winning chariot and he and Pindar were to form a lasting friendship, paving the way for his subsequent visit to Sicily.
Middle age
Pindar seems to have used his odes to advance his, and his friends', personal interests. In 462 BC he composed two odes in honour of Arcesilas, king of Cyrene, (Pythians 4 and 5), pleading for the return from exile of a friend, Demophilus. In the latter ode Pindar proudly mentions his own ancestry, which he shared with the king, as an Aegeid or descendant of Aegeus, the legendary king of Athens. The clan was influential in many parts of the Greek world, having intermarried with ruling families in Thebes, in Lacedaemonia, and in cities that claimed Lacedaemonian descent, such as Cyrene and Thera. The historian Herodotus considered the clan important enough to deserve mention (Histories IV.147). Membership of this clan possibly contributed to Pindar's success as a poet, and it informed his political views, which are marked by a conservative preference for oligarchic governments of the Doric kind.
Pindar might not actually claim to be an Aegeid since his 'I' statements do not necessarily refer to himself. The Aegeid clan did however have a branch in Thebes, and his reference to 'my ancestors' in Pythian 5 could have been spoken on behalf of both Arcesilas and himselfhe may have used this ambivalence to establish a personal link with his patrons.
He was possibly the Theban proxenos or consul for Aegina and/or Molossia, as indicated in another of his odes, Nemean 7, in which he glorifies Neoptolemus, a national hero of Aegina and Molossia. According to tradition, Neoptolemus died disgracefully in a fight with priests at the temple in Delphi over their share of some sacrificial meat. Pindar diplomatically glosses over this and concludes mysteriously with an earnest protestation of innocence"But shall my heart never admit that I with words none can redeem dishonoured Neoptolemus". Possibly he was responding to anger among Aeginetans and/or Molossians over his portrayal of Neoptolemus in an earlier poem, Paean 6, which had been commissioned by the priests at Delphi and which depicted the hero's death in traditional terms, as divine retribution for his crimes.
Some doubt this biographical interpretation of Nemean 7 since it is largely based on marginal comments by scholiasts and Pindaric scholiasts are often unreliable. The fact that Pindar gave different versions of the myth may simply reflect the needs of different genres, and does not necessarily indicate a personal dilemma. Nemean 7 in fact is the most controversial and obscure of Pindar's victory odes, and scholars ancient and modern have been ingenious and imaginative in their attempts to explain it, so far with no agreed success.
In his first Pythian ode, composed in 470 BC in honour of the Sicilian tyrant Hieron, Pindar celebrated a series of victories by Greeks against foreign invaders: Athenian and Spartan-led victories against Persia at Salamis and Plataea, and victories by the western Greeks led by Theron of Acragas and Hieron against the Carthaginians and Etruscans at the battles of Himera and Cumae. Such celebrations were not appreciated by his fellow Thebans: they had sided with the Persians and had incurred many losses and privations as a result of their defeat. His praise of Athens with such epithets as bulwark of Hellas (fragment 76) and city of noble name and sunlit splendour (Nemean 5) induced the authorities in Thebes to fine him 5,000 drachmae, to which the Athenians are said to have responded with a gift of 10,000 drachmae. According to another account, the Athenians even made him their proxenus or consul in Thebes. His association with the fabulously rich Hieron was another source of annoyance at home. It was probably in response to Theban sensitivities over this issue that he denounced the rule of tyrants (i.e. rulers like Hieron) in an ode composed shortly after a visit to Hieron's sumptuous court in 476–75 BC (Pythian 11).
Pindar's actual phrasing in Pythian 11 was "I deplore the lot of tyrants" and though this was traditionally interpreted as an apology for his dealings with Sicilian tyrants like Hieron, an alternative date for the ode has led some scholars to conclude that it was in fact a covert reference to the tyrannical behaviour of the Athenians, although this interpretation is ruled out if we accept the earlier note about covert references. According to yet another interpretation Pindar is simply delivering a formulaic warning to the successful athlete to avoid hubris. It is highly unlikely that Pindar ever acted for Athenians as their proxenus or consul in Thebes.
Lyric verse was conventionally accompanied by music and dance, and Pindar himself wrote the music and choreographed the dances for his victory odes. Sometimes he trained the performers at his home in Thebes, and sometimes he trained them at the venue where they performed. Commissions took him to all parts of the Greek worldto the Panhellenic festivals in mainland Greece (Olympia, Delphi, Corinth and Nemea), westwards to Sicily, eastwards to the seaboard of Asia Minor, north to Macedonia and Abdera (Paean 2) and south to Cyrene on the African coast. Other poets at the same venues vied with him for the favours of patrons. His poetry sometimes reflects this rivalry. For example, Olympian 2 and Pythian 2, composed in honour of the Sicilian tyrants Theron and Hieron following his visit to their courts in 476–75 BC, refer respectively to ravens and an ape, apparently signifying rivals who were engaged in a campaign of smears against himpossibly the poets Simonides and his nephew Bacchylides. Pindar's original treatment of narrative myth, often relating events in reverse chronological order, is said to have been a favourite target for criticism. Simonides was known to charge high fees for his work and Pindar is said to have alluded to this in Isthmian 2, where he refers to the Muse as "a hireling journeyman". He appeared in many poetry competitions and was defeated five times by his compatriot, the poet Corinna, in revenge of which he called her Boeotian sow in one of his odes (Olympian 6. 89f.).
It was assumed by ancient sources that Pindar's odes were performed by a chorus, but this has been challenged by some modern scholars, who argue that the odes were in fact performed solo. It is not known how commissions were arranged, nor if the poet travelled widely: even when poems include statements like "I have come" it is not certain that this was meant literally. Uncomplimentary references to Bacchylides and Simonides were found by scholiasts but there is no reason to accept their interpretation of the odes. In fact, some scholars have interpreted the allusions to fees in Isthmian 2 as a request by Pindar for payment of fees owed to himself. His defeats by Corinna were probably invented by ancient commentators to account for the Boeotian sow remark, a phrase moreover that was completely misunderstood by scholiasts, since Pindar was scoffing at a reputation that all Boeotians had for stupidity.
Old age and death
His fame as a poet drew Pindar into Greek politics. Athens, the most important city in Greece throughout his poetic career, was a rival of his home city, Thebes, and also of the island state Aegina, whose leading citizens commissioned about a quarter of his Victory Odes. There is no open condemnation of the Athenians in any of his poems but criticism is implied. For example, the victory ode mentioned above (Pythian 8) describes the downfall of the giants Porphyrion and Typhon and this might be Pindar's way of covertly celebrating a recent defeat of Athens by Thebes at the Battle of Coronea (447 BC). The poem ends with a prayer for Aegina's freedom, long threatened by Athenian ambitions.
Covert criticism of Athens (traditionally located in odes such as Pythian 8, Nemean 8 and Isthmian 7) is now dismissed as highly unlikely, even by scholars who allow some biographical and historical interpretations of the poems.
One of his last odes (Pythian 8) indicates that he lived near a shrine to the oracle Alcmaeon and that he stored some of his wealth there. In the same ode he says that he had recently received a prophecy from Alcmaeon during a journey to Delphi ("...he met me and proved the skills of prophecy that all his race inherit") but he does not reveal what the long-dead prophet said to him nor in what form he appeared. The ode was written to commemorate a victory by an athlete from Aegina.
Pindar doesn't necessarily mean himself when he uses the first person singular. Many of his 'I' statements are generic, indicating somebody engaged in the role of a singer i.e. a 'bardic' I. Other 'I' statements articulate values typical of the audience, and some are spoken on behalf of the subjects celebrated in the poems. The 'I' that received the prophecy in Pythian 8 therefore might have been the athlete from Aegina, not Pindar. In that case the prophecy must have been about his performance at the Pythian Games, and the property stored at the shrine was just a votive offering.
Nothing is recorded about Pindar's wife and son except their names, Megacleia and Daiphantus. About ten days before he died, the goddess Persephone appeared to him and complained that she was the only divinity to whom he had never composed a hymn. She said he would come to her soon and compose one then.
Pindar lived to about eighty years of age. He died around 438 BC while attending a festival at Argos. His ashes were taken back home to Thebes by his musically-gifted daughters, Eumetis and Protomache.
Post mortem
One of Pindar's female relatives claimed that he dictated some verses to her in honour of Persephone after he had been dead for several days. Some of Pindar's verses were inscribed in letters of gold on a temple wall in Lindos, Rhodes. At Delphi, where he had been elected a priest of Apollo, the priests exhibited an iron chair on which he used to sit during the festival of the Theoxenia. Every night, while closing the temple doors, they intoned: "Let Pindar the poet go unto the supper of the gods!"
Pindar's house in Thebes became one of the city's landmarks. When Alexander the Great demolished Thebes in 335 BC, as punishment for its resistance to Macedonian expansionism, he ordered the house be left intact out of gratitude for verses praising his ancestor, Alexander I of Macedon.
Values and beliefs
Pindar's values and beliefs have been inferred from his poetry. No other ancient Greek poet has left so many comments about the nature of his art. He justified and exalted choral poetry at a time when society was turning away from it. It "... had for two centuries reflected and shaped the sentiments, the outlook, and the convictions of the Greek aristocracies ... and Pindar spoke up for it with passionate assurance". His poetry is a meeting ground for gods, heroes and meneven the dead are spoken of as participants: "Deep in the earth their heart listens".
His view of the gods is traditional but more self-consistent than Homer's and more reverent. He never depicts gods in a demeaning role. He seems indifferent to the intellectual reforms that were shaping the theology of the times. Thus an eclipse is not a mere physical effect, as contemplated by early thinkers such as Thales, Anaximander and Heraclitus, nor was it even a subject for bold wonder, as it was for an earlier poet, Archilochus; instead Pindar treated an eclipse as a portent of evil.
Gods are the embodiment of power, uncompromisingly proud of their nature and violent in defense of their privileges. There is some rationalization of religious belief, but it is within a tradition at least as old as Hesiod, where abstractions are personified, such as "Truth the daughter of Zeus". Sometimes the wording suggests a belief in 'God' rather than 'a god' (e.g. "What is God? Everything"), but the implications are not given full expression and the poems are not examples of monotheism. Nor do they vocalize a belief in Fate as the background to the gods, unlike the plays of Aeschylus for example. Pindar subjects both fortune and fate to divine will (e.g. "child of Zeus ... Fortune").
He selects and revises traditional myths so as not to diminish the dignity and majesty of the gods. Such revisionism was not unique. Xenophanes had castigated Homer and Hesiod for the misdeeds they ascribed to gods, such as theft, adultery and deception, and Pythagoras had envisioned those two poets being punished in Hades for blasphemy. A subtle example of Pindar's approach can be found in his treatment of the myth of Apollo's rape of the nymph Cyrene. As the god of the Delphic oracle, Apollo is all-knowing, yet in keeping with his anthropomorphic nature he seeks information about the nymph from a third party, in this case the centaur Chiron. Chiron however affirms the god's omniscience with an elegant compliment, as if Apollo had only pretended to be ignorant: "You, Sire, who know the appointed end of all, and all paths..." Apollo's abduction of the nymph is not presented as a shameful act. Pindar's gods are above such ethical issues and it is not for men to judge them by ordinary human standards. Indeed, the finest breeds of men resulted from divine passions: "For Pindar a mortal woman who is loved by a god is an outstanding lesson in divine favours handsomely bestowed".
Being descendants of divine unions with privileged mortals, mythical heroes are an intermediate group between gods and men, and they are sympathetic to human ambitions. Thus, for example, Pindar not only invokes Zeus for help on behalf of the island of Aegina but also its national heroes Aeacus, Peleus and Telamon. Unlike the gods, however, heroes can be judged according to ordinary human standards and they are sometimes shown in the poems to demean themselves. Even in that case, they receive special consideration. Thus Pindar refers obliquely to the murder of Phocus by his brothers Peleus and Telamon ("I am shy of speaking of a huge risk, hazarded not in right"), telling the audience that he will not talk of it ("silence is a man's wisest counsel"). The Theban hero Heracles was a favourite subject but in one poem he is depicted as small in order to be compared with a small Theban patron who had won the pankration at the Isthmian Games: a unique example of Pindar's readiness to shape traditional myths to fit the occasion, even if not always flattering to the mythical hero. A hero's status is not diminished by an occasional blemish but rests on a summary view of his heroic exploits.
Some of his patrons claimed divine descent, such as Diagoras of Rhodes, but Pindar makes all men akin to gods if they realize their full potential: their innate gifts are divinely bestowed, and even then success still depends on the gods' active favour. In honouring such men, therefore, Pindar was honouring the gods too. His statements about life after death were not self-consistent but that was typical for the times. Traditional ambivalence, as expressed by Homer, had been complicated by a growth of religious sects, such as the Eleusinian mysteries and Pythagoreanism, representing various schemes of rewards and punishments in the next life. However, for the poet, glory and lasting fame were men's greatest assurance of a life well-lived. He presents no theory of history apart from the view that Fortune is variable even for the best men, an outlook suited to moderation in success, courage in adversity. Notions of 'good' and 'bad' in human nature were not analysed by him in any depth nor did he arrive at anything like the compassionate ethics of his near contemporary, Simonides of Ceos. His poems are indifferent to the ordinary mass of people. They are dismissed with phrases such as "the brute multitude" (Pythian Ode 2.87). Nor are the poems concerned with the fate of rich and powerful men once they lose their wealth and social status (compared for example with the bitter and disillusioned poems of Theognis of Megara). They are more interested in what successful men do with their good fortune: success brings obligations, and religious and artistic activities need patrons.
Whereas the Muses inspired Homer with relevant information and with the language to express it, Pindar seems to receive only their inspiration: his role is to shape that inspiration with his own wisdom and skill. Like his patrons, whom he immortalizes in verse, he owes his success to hard work as well as to innate gifts; though he hires himself out, he has a vocation. The Muses are to him as an oracle is to a prophet, and lesser poets are to him as ravens are to an eagle; the art of such men is as hackneyed as garland-making; his is magical:
Works
Pindar's strongly individual genius is apparent in all his extant compositions but, unlike Simonides and Stesichorus for example, he created no new lyrical genres. He was however innovative in his use of the genres he inheritedfor example, in one of his victory odes (Olympian 3), he announces his invention of a new type of musical accompaniment, combining lyre, flute and human voice (though our knowledge of Greek music is too sketchy to allow us to understand the full nature of this innovation). Although he probably spoke Boeotian Greek he composed in a literary language that tended to rely more on the Doric dialect than his rival Bacchylides, but less insistently than Alcman. There is an admixture of other dialects, especially Aeolic and epic forms, and an occasional use of some Boeotian words. He composed 'choral' songs yet it is by no means certain that they were all sung by choirsthe use of choirs is testified only by the generally unreliable scholiasts. Scholars at the Library of Alexandria collected his compositions in seventeen books organized according to genre:
1 book of hymnoi"hymns"
1 book of paianes"paeans"
2 books of dithyramboi"dithyrambs"
2 books of prosodia"processionals"
3 books of parthenia"songs for maidens"
2 books of hyporchemata"songs for light dances"
1 book of enkomia"songs of praise"
1 book of threnoi"laments"
4 books of epinikia"victory odes"
Of this vast and varied corpus, only the epinikiaodes written to commemorate athletic victoriessurvive in complete form; the rest survive only by quotations in other ancient authors or from papyrus scraps unearthed in Egypt. Even in fragmentary form however they reveal the same complexity of thought and language that are found in the victory odes. Dionysius of Halicarnassus singled out Pindar's work as an outstanding example of austere style () but he noted its absence in the maiden songs or parthenia. One surviving fragment of a maiden song does seem to be different in tone, due however to the fact that it is spoken in the character of a girl:
Enough of his dithyrambic poetry survives for comparison with that of Bacchylides, who used it for narrative. Pindar's dithyrambs are an exuberant display of religious feeling, capturing the wild spirit of Dionysus and pointing forward to the ecstatic songs of Euripides' Bacchae. In one of these, dedicated to the Athenians and written to be sung in Spring, he depicts the divine energy of the revitalized world.
Victory odes
Almost all Pindar's victory odes are celebrations of triumphs gained by competitors in Panhellenic festivals such as the Olympian Games. The establishment of these athletic and musical festivals was among the greatest achievements of the Greek aristocracies. Even in the 5th century BC, when there was an increased tendency towards professionalism, they were predominantly aristocratic assemblies, reflecting the expense and leisure needed to attend such events either as a competitor or spectator. Attendance was an opportunity for display and self-promotion, and the prestige of victory, requiring commitment in time and/or wealth, went far beyond anything that accrues to athletic victories today, even in spite of the modern preoccupation with sport. Pindar's odes capture something of the prestige and the aristocratic grandeur of the moment of victory, as in this stanza from one of his Isthmian Odes, here translated by Geoffrey S. Conway:
If ever a man strives
With all his soul's endeavour, sparing himself
Neither expense nor labour to attain
True excellence, then must we give to those
Who have achieved the goal, a proud tribute
Of lordly praise, and shun
All thoughts of envious jealousy.
To a poet's mind the gift is slight, to speak
A kind word for unnumbered toils, and build
For all to share a monument of beauty. (Isthmian I, antistrophe 3)
His victory odes are grouped into four books named after the Olympian, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean GamesPanhellenic festivals held respectively at Olympia, Delphi, Corinth and Nemea. This reflects the fact that most of the odes were composed in honour of boys, youths, and men who had recently enjoyed victories in athletic (and sometimes musical) contests at those festivals. In a few odes however much older victories, and even victories in lesser games, are celebrated, often as a pretext for addressing other issues or achievements. For example, Pythian 3, composed in honour of Hieron of Syracuse, briefly mentions a victory he had once enjoyed at the Pythian Games, but it is actually intended to console him for his chronic illness (similarly, Pythian 2 is like a private letter in its intimacy). Nemean 9 and Nemean 10 celebrate victories in games at Sicyon and Argos, and Nemean 11 celebrates a victory in a municipal election on Tenedos (though it also mentions some obscure athletic victories). These three odes are the final odes in the Nemean book of odes, and there is a reason for their inclusion. In the original manuscripts, the four books of odes were arranged in the order of importance assigned to the festivals, with the Nemean festival, considered least important, coming last. Victory odes that lacked a Panhellenic subject were then bundled together at the end of the book of Nemean odes.
Style
Pindar's poetic style is very distinctive, even when the peculiarities of the genre are set aside. The odes typically feature a grand and arresting opening, often with an architectural metaphor or a resounding invocation to a place or goddess. He makes rich use of decorative language and florid compound adjectives. Sentences are compressed to the point of obscurity, unusual words and periphrases give the language an esoteric quality, and transitions in meaning often seem erratic, the images seem to burst outit is a style that sometimes baffles but also makes his poetry vivid and unforgettable.
His odes were animated by...
Some of these qualities can be found, for example, in this stanza from Pythian 2, composed in honour of Hieron:
The stanza begins with a celebration of divine power, and then abruptly shifts to a darker, more allusive train of thought, featuring condemnation of a renowned poet, Archilochus, Grown fat on the harsh words of hate. Archilochus was an iambic poet, working within a genre that licensed abusive and scurrilous versea regrettable tendency from the viewpoint of Pindar, whose own persona is intensely earnest, preaching to Hieron the need for moderation (wealth with wisdom) and submission to the divine will. The reference to the embittered poet appears to be Pindar's meditative response to some intrigues at Hieron's court, possibly by his rivals, condemned elsewhere as a pair of ravens (Olympian 2). The intensity of the stanza suggests that it is the culmination and climax of the poem. In fact, the stanza occupies the middle of Pythian 2 and the intensity is sustained throughout the poem from beginning to end. It is the sustained intensity of his poetry that Quintilian refers to above as a rolling flood of eloquence and Horace below refers to as the uncontrollable momentum of a river that has burst its banks. Longinus likens him to a vast fire and Athenaeus refers to him as the great-voiced Pindar.
Pindar's treatment of myth is another unique aspect of his style, often involving variations on the traditional stories, since his original audience was familiar with the myths and this allowed him to concentrate on unique and surprising effects. Reversing the chronological order was one such effect, as in Olympian VII dedicated to Diagoras of Rhodes, but this could also resemble a circular pattern, beginning with a culminating event, followed by scenes leading up to it, and ending with its restatement, as in his account of the Dioscuri in Nemean 10. Myths enabled him to develop the themes and lessons that pre-occupy himin particular mankind's exulted relation with the gods via heroic ancestors and, in contrast, the limitations and uncertainties of human existencebut sometimes the traditional stories were an embarrassment and were carefully edited, as for example:
"Be still my tongue: here profits not / to tell the whole truth with clear face unveiled," (Nemean 5, epode 1); "Away, away this story! / Let no such tale fall from my lips! / For to insult the gods is a fool's wisdom," (Olympian 9, strophe 2); "Senseless, I hold it, for a man to say / the gods eat mortal flesh. / I spurn the thought," (Olympian 1, epode 2). His mythical accounts are edited for dramatic and graphic effects, usually unfolding through a few grand gestures against a background of large, often symbolic elements such as sea, sky, darkness, fire or mountain.
Structure
Pindar's odes typically begin with an invocation to a god or the Muses, followed by praise of the victor and often of his family, ancestors and home-town. Then follows a narrated myth, usually occupying the central and longest section of the poem, which exemplify a moral, while aligning the poet and his audience with the world of gods and heroes. The ode usually ends in more eulogies, for example of trainers (if the victor is a boy), and of relatives who have won past events, as well as with prayers or expressions of hope for future success. The event where the victory was gained is never described in detail, but there is often some mention of the hard work needed to bring the victory about.
A lot of modern criticism tries to find hidden structure or some unifying principle within the odes. 19th century criticism favoured 'gnomic unity' i.e. that each ode is bound together by the kind of moralizing or philosophic vision typical of archaic Gnomic poetry. Later critics sought unity in the way certain words or images are repeated and developed within a particular ode. For others, the odes are just celebrations of men and their communities, in which the elements such as myths, piety, and ethics are stock themes that the poet introduces without much real thought. Some conclude that the requirement for unity is too modern to have informed Pindar's ancient approach to a traditional craft.
The great majority of the odes are triadic in structurei.e., stanzas are grouped together in three's as a lyrical unit. Each triad comprises two stanzas identical in length and meter (called 'strophe' and 'antistrophe') and a third stanza (called an 'epode'), differing in length and meter but rounding off the lyrical movement in some way. The shortest odes comprise a single triad, the largest (Pythian 4) comprises thirteen triads. Seven of the odes however are monostrophic (i.e., each stanza in the ode is identical in length and meter). The monostrophic odes seem to have been composed for victory marches or processions, whereas the triadic odes appear suited to choral dances. Pindar's metrical rhythms are nothing like the simple, repetitive rhythms familiar to readers of English versetypically the rhythm of any given line recurs infrequently (for example, only once every ten, fifteen or twenty lines). This adds to the aura of complexity that surrounds Pindar's work. In terms of meter, the odes fall roughly into two categoriesabout half are in dactylo-epitrites (a meter found for example in the works of Stesichorus, Simonides and Bacchylides) and the other half are in Aeolic metres based on iambs and choriambs.
Chronological order
Modern editors (e.g., Snell and Maehler in their Teubner edition), have assigned dates, securely or tentatively, to Pindar's victory odes, based on ancient sources and other grounds. The date of an athletic victory is not always the date of composition but often serves merely as a terminus post quem. Many dates are based on comments by ancient sources who had access to published lists of victors, such as the Olympic list compiled by Hippias of Elis, and lists of Pythian victors made by Aristotle and Callisthenes. There were however no such lists for the Isthmian and Nemean GamesPausanias (6.13.8) complained that the Corinthians and Argives never kept proper records. The resulting uncertainty is reflected in the chronology below, with question marks clustered around Nemean and Isthmian entries, and yet it still represents a fairly clear general timeline of Pindar's career as an epinician poet. The code M denotes monostrophic odes (odes in which all stanzas are metrically identical) and the rest are triadic (i.e. featuring strophes, antistrophes, epodes):
Manuscripts, shreds and quotes
Pindar's verses have come down to us in a variety of ways. Some are only preserved as fragments via quotes by ancient sources and papyri unearthed by archeologists, as at Oxyrhynchusin fact the extant works of most of the other canonic lyric poets have survived only in this tattered form. Pindar's extant verses are unique in that the bulk of themthe victory odeshave been preserved in a manuscript tradition, i.e., generations of scribes copying from earlier copies, possibly originating in a single archetypal copy and sometimes graphically demonstrated by modern scholars in the form of a stemma codicum, resembling a 'family tree'. Pindar's victory odes are preserved in just two manuscripts, but incomplete collections are located in many others, and all date from the mediaeval period. Some scholars have traced a stemma through these manuscripts, for example Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, who inferred from them the existence of a common source or archetype dated no earlier than the 2nd century AD, while others, such as C.M. Bowra, have argued that there are too many discrepancies between manuscripts to identify a specific lineage, even while accepting the existence of an archetype. Otto Schroeder identified two families of manuscripts but, following on the work of Polish-born classicist, Alexander Turyn, Bowra rejected this also. Different scholars interpret the extant manuscripts differently. Bowra for example singled out seven manuscripts as his primary sources (see below), all featuring errors and/or gaps due to loss of folios and careless copying, and one arguably characterized by the dubious interpolations of Byzantine scholars. These he cross-referenced and then supplemented or verified by reference to other, still more doubtful manuscripts, and some papyrus fragmentsa combination of sources on which he based his own edition of the odes and fragments. His general method of selection he defined as follows:
Selected manuscriptsa sample of preferred sources (Bowra's choice, 1947)
Influence and legacy
The influential Alexandrian poet Callimachus was fascinated by Pindar's originality. His masterpiece Aetia included an elegy in honour of Queen Berenice, celebrating a chariot victory at the Nemean Games, composed in a style and presented in a manner that recall Pindar.
The Hellenistic epic Argonautica, by Apollonius Rhodius, was influenced by some aspects of Pindar's style and his use of episodic vignettes in narrative. The epic concerns the adventures of Jason, also touched on by Pindar in Pythian 4, and both poems link the myth to a Greek audience in Africa.
There seems to have been a vogue for Pindaric-style lyrics following the 'publication' of Horace's Odes 1–3Horace had mastered other styles such as Sapphic and Alcaeic, which had discouraged his contemporaries from attempting anything in the same form, but he had not composed anything in triadic stanzas in the manner of Pindar.
Pindar was much read, quoted, and copied during the Byzantine Era. For example, Christophoros Mytilenaios of the 11th century parodied a chariot race in his sixth poem employing explicit allusions to Pindar.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, literary theorists in Europe distinguished between two types of lyric poetry, loosely associated with Horace and Pindar. Regular verses in four line stanzas were associated with Horace's Odes, which did in fact inspire and influence poets of the period. Irregular verses in longer stanzas were termed Pindarics though the association with Pindar was largely fanciful. Abraham Cowley was considered the main exponent of English Pindarics. In fact, the two styles were not always easy to distinguish and many 'Pindaric' odes were quite Horatian in content, as in some poems by Thomas Gray.
A 'Pindaric Ode' was composed for the revived 1896 Olympic Games in Athens by the Oxford scholar George Stuart Robinson, and similar compositions were commissioned from and composed by classicist Armand D'Angour for the Athens Olympics in 2004 and the London Olympics in 2012.
Horace's tribute
The Latin poet, Quintus Horatius Flaccus, was an admirer of Pindar's style. He described it in one of his Sapphic poems, addressed to a friend, Iullus Antonius:
Bowra's tribute
C. M. Bowra, the leading Pindaric scholar of his generation and the editor of the 1935 OUP edition of his poems, summarized Pindar's qualities in the following words:
See also
John Wolcot
Notes
References
Sources
Bowie, Ewen, 'Lyric and Elegiac Poetry' in The Oxford History of the Classical World, J. Boardman, J. Griffin and O. Murray (eds), Oxford University Press (1986)
Currie, Bruno (2005), Pindar and the Cult of Heroes, Oxford University Press
Easterling, P. & Knox, B. (eds) (1985), The Cambridge History of Classical Greek Literature "Greek Literature", Cambridge University Press
Gerber, Douglas E. (1997) A Companion to the Greek lyric poets, Brill
Morice, Francis David (2009), Pindar, Bibliobazaar, LLC
Conway, Geoffrey Seymour (1972), The Odes of Pindar, Dent
Race, William H. (1997), Pindar: Olympian Odes, Pythian Odes, Loeb Classical Library
De Romilly, Jacqueline (1985), A Short History of Greek Literature, University of Chicage Press
Further reading
Nisetich, Frank J., Pindar's Victory Songs. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980: translations and extensive introduction, background and critical apparatus.
Revard, Stella P., Politics, Poetics, and the Pindaric Ode 1450–1700, Turnhout, Brepols Publishers, 2010,
Race, W. H. Pindar. 2 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Barrett, W. S., Greek Lyric, Tragedy, and Textual Criticism: Collected Papers, edited M. L. West (Oxford & New York, 2007): papers dealing with Pindar, Stesichorus, Bacchylides and Euripides
Kiichiro Itsumi, Pindaric Metre: 'The Other Half''' (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
Burnett, Anne Pippin, Pindar (London: Bristol Classical Press, 2008) (Ancients in action).
Wells, James Bradley. Pindar's Verbal Art: An Enthnographic Study of Epinician Style, Hellenic Studies Series 40. Washington, DC, Center for Hellenic Studies, 2010,
External links
Works by Pindar at Perseus Digital Library
Selected odes, marked up to show selected rhetorical and poetic devices
Olympian 1, read aloud in Greek, with text and English translation provided
Pythian 8, 'Approaching Pindar' by William Harris (text, translation, analysis)
Pindar by Gregory Crane, in the Perseus Encyclopedia
Pindar's Life by Basil L. Gildersleeve, in Pindar: The Olympian and Pythian Odes Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Pindar, Olympian Odes, I, 1–64; read by William Mullen
Perseus Digital Library Lexicon to Pindar, William J. Slater, De Gruyter 1969: scholarly dictionary for research into Pindar
Pindar-A Hellenistic Bibliography compiled by Martine Cuypers
William J. Slater, Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin, De Gruyter, 1969 on the Perseus Project
Historic editions
The Odes of Pindar translated into English with notes, D.W.Turner, A Moore, Bohm Classical Library (1852), digitalized by Google
Pindartranslations and notes by Reverend C.A.Wheelwright, printed by A.J.Valpy, M.A., London (1830): digitalized by Google
Pindari carmina, adnotationem criticam addidit Tycho Mommsen, vol. 1, vol. 2, Berolini apud Weidmannos, 1864.
Scholia of Pindar:
Pindari opera quae supersunt. Scholia integra, Augustus Boeckhius (ed.), 2 voll., Lipsiae apud Ioann. August. Gottlob Weigen, 1811: vol. 1, vol. 2.
Scholia vetera in Pindari carmina'', Anders Bjørn Drachmann (ed.), 3 voll., Verlag Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1903-27: vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3.
510s BC births
430s BC deaths
5th-century BC Greek people
5th-century BC poets
Ancient Boeotian poets
Ancient Thebans
Doric Greek poets
Nine Lyric Poets
Proxenoi |
13852530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Corday | Ken Corday | Kenneth Robert Corday (born June 16, 1950) is an American television soap opera producer and music composer. He is the son of Ted Corday and Betty Corday, the co-creators of Days of Our Lives. His production company Corday Productions owns 1% of "The Young and the Restless" while Sony Pictures Television owns the majority of the serial.
Early life
Corday graduated from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1977 with a master's degree in music composition.
Positions held
1977-78: Production assistant
1979; Assistant producer and music composer
1981: CEO, Corday Productions Inc. (from May 1986 to present: executive producer)
1988: Head writer (during the Writers Guild of America strike)
In 2021, Corday served as executive producer of the Peacock-exclusive "Days of Our Lives" spinoff, "Days of Our Lives: Beyond Salem".
Awards and nominations
Corday has been nominated for 16 Daytime Emmys. Corday won the Daytime Emmy Award for Music Direction and Composition For a Drama Series in 1990 and 1997, and was nominated in the same category in 2006 and 2007. He was nominated for the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Daytime Drama Series in 1983, 1984, 1985, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2009 and 2012. He won the 2007 Film & TV Music Award for Best Score for a Television Daytime Drama for his work on the series. In 2017 he was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Personal life
He married Sherry Williams in 1987; the couple has three children.
Executive producing tenure
References
External links
1950 births
Living people
American chief executives in the media industry
American television producers
American soap opera writers
American male composers
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American composers
Days of Our Lives
Soap opera producers
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
San Jose State University alumni
American male television writers
21st-century American male musicians
La-La Land Records artists |
8520581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%20French%20motorcycle%20Grand%20Prix | 1988 French motorcycle Grand Prix | The 1988 French motorcycle Grand Prix was the eleventh round of the 1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 22–24 July 1988 at the 5.81 km (3.61 mi) Paul Ricard Circuit.
500 cc race report
Frenchman Christian Sarron claimed his 5th pole position in a row on his Yamaha YZR500, and his last ever in 500 GP.
Like most of the mid-field, Niall Mackenzie (Honda) jumped the start and raced to the lead, but the race was allowed to continue and no penalties were handed out by race officials. On the 1.8 km long Mistral Straight for the first time Wayne Gardner used the power of his factory Rothmans Honda to shoot to the lead from Kevin Schwantz (Suzuki), Mackenzie and Wayne Rainey (Yamaha).
Gardner and pole sitter Sarron battled for the lead with Schwantz and Eddie Lawson (Yamaha), who was battling a shoulder injury suffered in the previous race in Yugoslavia only one week before and had turned to famed Austrian Willi Dungl to help him get fit to race. Gardner's Honda had the advantage on the Mistral Straight over all but Lawson's YZR500, but Lawson, Sarron and Schwantz had the advantage through the turns, though the Suzuki was clearly the slowest on the Pit and Mistral straights. The quartet gradually pulled away from Rainey, who in turn pulled away from a pack including Randy Mamola (Cagiva), Didier de Radiguès (Yamaha), Pierfrancesco Chili (Honda) and Kevin Magee (Yamaha).
Going into the last lap, Gardner had pulled out a two-second lead over the trio and looked set to win his fourth race in a row. However, going through the Courbe de Signes at the end of the Mistral his bike developed mechanical problems when a crankshaft bolt broke loose and found its way into the water pump, though he had a big enough gap over Wayne Rainey to struggle home in 4th place only 5.720 seconds behind Lawson. Gardner's breakdown allowed Lawson to win the race and extend his lead in the championship. Sarron consolidated his second place in the title race, finishing only 0.22 behind the American. In one of the closest top 3 finishes in history, Schwantz finished in 3rd place only 0.24 behind Sarron and less than half a second from winning. Schwantz came out of the final turn and knowing his bike didn't have the acceleration to pass, pulled a wheelie until after crossing the line and celebrated on the cool down lap for gaining an unexpected podium finish.
Wayne Gardner, back in the form that has seen him win the World Championship in 1987, had the consolation of setting the races fastest lap.
1988 was the final time that the French motorcycle Grand Prix would be held on the full length 5.81 km (3.61 mi) Paul Ricard circuit. When Grand Prix racing next returned to the circuit in 1991, the 3.812 km (2.369 mi) 'Club' circuit was used.
500 cc classification
References
External links
1988 French Motorcycle Grand Prix
French motorcycle Grand Prix
French
Motorcycle Grand Prix
French motorcycle Grand Prix |
68556208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Southern%20Vipers%20cricketers | List of Southern Vipers cricketers | This is an alphabetical list of cricketers who have played for Southern Vipers since their founding in 2016. They first played in the Women's Cricket Super League, a Twenty20 competition, that ran from 2016 to 2019. After a restructure of English women's domestic cricket in 2020, they now compete in the 50 over Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy and the Twenty20 Charlotte Edwards Cup.
Players' names are followed by the years in which they were active as a Southern Vipers player. Seasons given are first and last seasons; the player did not necessarily play in all the intervening seasons. Current players are shown as active to the latest season in which they played for the club. This list only includes players who appeared in at least one match for Southern Vipers; players who were named in the team's squad for a season but did not play a match are not included.
A
Georgia Adams (2016–2021)
B
Suzie Bates (2016–2019)
Tammy Beaumont (2018–2019)
Lauren Bell (2018–2021)
Maia Bouchier (2018–2021)
Arran Brindle (2016–2018)
Thea Brookes (2019)
C
Ella Chandler (2020–2021)
Isabelle Collis (2016)
Providence Cowdrill (2020)
Charlie Dean (2017–2021)
D
Mignon du Preez (2017–2018)
E
Charlotte Edwards (2016–2017)
Georgia Elwiss (2021)
F
Tash Farrant (2016–2019)
Katie George (2016–2018)
Lydia Greenway (2016)
G
Chiara Green (2021)
K
Marie Kelly (2019)
Amelia Kerr (2018)
L
Gaby Lewis (2021)
M
Ella McCaughan (2020–2021)
Sara McGlashan (2016–2018)
Alice Macleod (2016)
Hayley Matthews (2017)
Sophie Mitchelmore (2021)
Alice Monaghan (2020–2021)
Fi Morris (2016–2019)
N
Morna Nielsen (2016)
Tara Norris (2017–2021)
R
Carla Rudd (2016–2021)
S
Paige Scholfield (2018–2021)
Linsey Smith (2016–2017)
T
Charlotte Taylor (2020–2021)
Stafanie Taylor (2019)
W
Amanda-Jade Wellington (2019)
Emily Windsor (2020–2021)
Issy Wong (2019)
Danni Wyatt (2017–2021)
Captains
References
Southern Vipers |
36823400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Thomas%27%20Church%2C%20Ashton-in-Makerfield | St Thomas' Church, Ashton-in-Makerfield | St Thomas' Church is in Warrington Road, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Greater Manchester, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Wigan, the archdeaconry of Warrington, and the diocese of Liverpool. Its benefice is united with that of St Luke, Stubshaw Cross. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.
History
A chapel of ease to St Oswald, Winwick is recorded on the site in 1515; this chapel was rebuilt in 1714. The new chapel, which had a cruciform plan, was consecrated in 1746. It was enlarged in 1782, and again in 1815. This chapel was in Georgian style. The present church was built in 1891–93, and was designed by F. H. Oldham of Manchester, providing seating for about 500 people. The church was consecrated on 6 July 1893 by the Rt Revd J. C. Ryle, Bishop of Liverpool. In 1929–30 the Lancaster architect Henry Paley of Austin and Paley added a new vestry at a cost of £506 (equivalent to £). The tower originally had a saddleback roof, but this was removed in the 1960s.
Architecture
Exterior
The church is constructed in stone with a concrete tile roof. Its plan consists of three-bay nave with a clerestory, north and south aisles, a chancel with a north organ chamber, vestries to the south and east, and a west tower. The tower has entrances on the north and south sides, and a four-light west window containing Perpendicular tracery. At the northwest corner is a stair turret. The bell openings are louvred, and paired on the east and west sides; there are clock faces on three sides. The parapet is embattled, with a gargoyle on the east side. Along the sides of the south aisle are pairs of three-light windows, and along the north side the windows have one or two lights. The clerestory windows mainly have three lights. The south vestry has three-light windows, the east window of the chancel has seven lights, and its north window has three lights. The east vestry window is straight-headed with three lights. The organ chamber has a three-light window and a rose window.
Interior
Inside the church the arcades are carried on octagonal piers without capitals. The chancel arch is decorated with Tudor roses. On the north side of the chancel is a piscina. Removed from the older church are a chandelier, the organ case of 1826, the Royal arms of William IV, and monuments dating back to the 18th century. Most of the stained glass is by A. L. Moore, including the east window of 1897, which celebrates Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee. The original two-manual pipe organ in the older church was made in 1826 by Bewsher and Fleetwood of Liverpool. It was refurbished in 1890 by Wadsworth of Manchester. In 1905 it was moved into the new church and rebuilt by Charles Whiteley of Chester. In 1962 it was moved from its position on the north side of the chancel to a north chapel by Whitely, and in 1988 the organ was refurbished by George Sixsmith.
External features
The primary churchyard contains the war graves of eight service personnel of the First World War and three of the Second World War, and the churchyard extension, in Heath Lane, those of ten service personnel of the First World War and four of the Second World War.
See also
Listed buildings in Ashton-in-Makerfield
List of churches in Greater Manchester
List of ecclesiastical works by Austin and Paley (1916–44)
References
External links
Parish website
Ashton
Ashton
Churches completed in 1930
19th-century Church of England church buildings
Ashton-in-Makerfield
Austin and Paley buildings
Anglican Diocese of Liverpool
Ashton-in-Makerfield |
61305372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%20Again%20%28song%29 | Here Again (song) | "Here Again" is a song performed by American contemporary worship band Elevation Worship released as the second single from their eleventh live album, Hallelujah Here Below (2018), on August 17, 2018. The song was written by Amy Corbett, Chris Brown and Steven Furtick. Chris Brown and Aaron Robertson handled the production of the single.
Background
"Here Again" was released by Elevation Worship as the second single from the album Hallelujah Here Below in anticipation of its release, which was slated for September 28, 2018. The song was recorded in March 2018 at Elevation Ballantyne in Charlotte, North Carolina.
On February 1, 2019, a Spanish rendition of the song, titled "Encuéntrame Otra Vez (Here Again)" was released by Elevation Worship. On April 12, 2019, a revamped version of "Here Again" was released on Elevation Worship's album Paradoxology (2019), a collection of revamped songs initially released on Hallelujah Here Below.
Writing and development
Chris Brown had an interview with Kevin Davis, lead contributor at NewReleaseToday about the song and the inspiration behind it. Davis asked about the personal story behind the song, to which Brown responded, saying:
Composition
"Here Again" is composed in the key of D major with a tempo of 81 beats per minute, and a musical time signature of .
Music videos
On August 17, 2018, Elevation Worship released the extended live music video of "Here Again" recorded at Elevation Church's Ballantyne campus on its YouTube channel. A "YouTube Exclusive" live performance video of "Here Again" recorded at the YouTube Space in New York was released by Elevation Worship on January 18, 2019. The lyric video of "Encuéntrame Otra Vez (Here Again)" in Spanish was published on YouTube by Elevation Worship on February 8, 2019. The music video for the Paradoxology rendition of "Here Again" shot on location at Savona Mill was availed on Elevation Worship's YouTube channel on April 15, 2019.
Tracklisting
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Release history
References
External links
2018 singles
Elevation Worship songs
Songs written by Steven Furtick
2018 songs |
50910424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo%20de%20%C3%81vila | Rodrigo de Ávila | Rodrigo de Ávila (died February 1492) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Plasencia (1470–1492).
Biography
On 29 January 1470, Rodrigo de Ávila was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul II as Bishop of Plasencia. He served as Bishop of Plasencia until his death in February 1492.
See also
Catholic Church in Spain
References
External links and additional sources
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
15th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Castile
Bishops appointed by Pope Paul II
1492 deaths |
3980594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily%20Yefanov | Vasily Yefanov | Vasily Prokofiyevich Yefanov () (, in Samara – March 3, 1978) was a Soviet painter and People's Painter of the USSR (1965). He was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1950.
Selected works
The (An) Unforgettable Meeting, 1934.
A Street Fight, 1942.
Portrait of Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, 1958.
References
20th-century Russian painters
Russian male painters
Soviet painters
People's Artists of the USSR (visual arts)
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Arts
Stalin Prize winners
People from Samara, Russia
1900 births
1978 deaths |
61411054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20A.%20Regelski | Thomas A. Regelski | Dr. Thomas Adam Regelski (May 4, 1941 - ) is a retired Distinguished Teaching Professor of Music (Emeritus) at the State University of New York at Fredonia N.Y. He was born in Florida, NY and spent the majority of his professional career in Fredonia, NY.
He has published over 135 peer-reviewed articles (see Google Scholar) on teaching ethics, philosophy, aesthetics, musicology, curriculum, psychology and sociology of music and music education. He is a leading scholar of a philosophy of praxis, a social and ethical philosophy that seeks to supersede aesthetics as the foundation of music, music appreciation, and music education.
Professional and academic career
Education
Regelski studied piano in his youth. In 1958, he was accepted at SUNY Fredonia where he earned a B.M.. In his Junior year at SUNY Fredonia, he was able to study abroad at Antwerp Conservatory (Belgium) focusing on conducting, composition, and piano. After graduation from SUNY Fredonia in 1962, Regelski went on to earn his M.M. from Columbia University, Teachers College. He conducted Mozart's Requiem (Choruses) in June, 1963 for his Master's graduation project. After teaching in public schools for several years, he completed doctoral studies in the philosophy and aesthetics of art and music at Ohio University from 1978-1980.
Career
Regelski began his career in public schools teaching music (rural-Bemus Point N.Y.; urban-Middletown N.Y.). After earning his doctorate, he returned to his Alma Mater (SUNY Fredonia, School of Music) where he taught secondary school teaching methods, choral conducting and methods, and foundation of education studies in philosophy, psychology, and sociology (1980-2001).
He also taught at Aichi University in Nagoya, Japan (1985), Sibelius Academy in Helsinki, Finland (as a Fulbright Scholar in 2000), and was a research fellow at the Philosophy of Education Research Center at Harvard University (1991).
His most recent position was as Docent at Helsinki University, Faculty of Behavioral Science (including education) where he taught "Writing of Scholarly English," (2005-2018) for students and faculty wishing to publish in English.
Achievements
Awarded the Distinguished Professor Rank for Teaching from SUNY Fredonia (1977) (at the time, a SUNY-wide award).
Awarded the Dean of Fine Art's Award for Best Thesis (Music and Painting in the Paragon of Eugène Délacroix) from Ohio University (1980).
Chair of the SUNY Fredonia Music Education Department (1982-2000).
Won the Kasling Award for "Outstanding Research by Senior Faculty Member, culminating in the Kasling Lecture" (1999).
Mayday Group and publications
He is the co-founder (with J.T. Gates) of the MayDay Group. From its inception until 2007, he was the founding editor of its e-journal Action, Criticism, and Theory for Music Education. Later, he was also the founding editor of TOPICS for Music Education Praxis, with a focus on translating theory into praxis, and praxis into theory.
He is the author of Principles and Problems of Music Education (Prentice-Hall, 1975); Arts Education and Brain Research (Alliance for Arts Education/MENC, 1978); Teaching General Music: Action Learning for Middle and Secondary Schools (Schirmer Books, 1981); Teaching General Music in Grades 4-8: A Musicianship Approach (Oxford University Press, 2014); co-editor (with J.T. Gates) of Music Education for Changing Times (Springer, 2009); A Brief Introduction to Music and Music Education as Social Praxis (Routledge 2016); and Curriculum Philosophy and Theory for Music Education Praxis, Oxford University Press, (2021).
His choral compositions and arrangements have received positive acclaim.
Journal publications and influence
He has published over 135 peer-reviewed articles on teaching ethics, philosophy, aesthetics, musicology, curriculum, psychology and sociology of music and music education. Since 1995, he has been a leading scholar of a philosophy of praxis, a social and ethical philosophy (stemming from Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics) that seeks to supplant aesthetics as the foundation of music appreciation and music education. And, along with David Elliott, he has been a leader in making praxical (also known as praxial or praxis) theory a topic of growing influence in music and music education scholarship. A praxical philosophy denies the claims of traditional aesthetics about the supposedly "good-for-its-owns sake” benefit of aesthetic experience. Instead, it emphasizes both praxis philosophy (e.g., Aristotle) and phenomenological sociology (e.g., Alfred Schütz) in support of the benefits of music as a social praxis and of the importance of school music teaching as a professional praxis for promoting musical praxis of one or another kind throughout life.
Personal life
Regelski began piano lessons at age five with his 1st Grade school teacher and then with a traveling piano teacher who came to Regelski's home for private lessons. He later studied with a ‘real’ professional piano teacher for five or six years—despite being always involved in school sports. He was always recognized locally as “musical,” and it seemed that he never seriously considered any other career than music after graduation from high school.
During his first two years working at SUNY Fredonia, he married an artist and began to cultivate a serious interest in art. So much so that he enrolled in Comparative Arts/Aesthetics Doctoral Program at Ohio University with the intent of changing his career to Art History. There were few jobs available in that field at the time. Regelski was able to rejoin the faculty at SUNY Fredonia in the Music Education Department. His love for art continued with a focus on Japanese art and antiques after traveling and living in Japan in the 1980s. He has hosted two Japanese children (1983–85) who attended school in Westfield, NY. One is now a linguistics professor specializing in English, the other an art professor specializing in sculpture. He began collecting Japanese art pieces after his time in Japan and now has a sizable collection. He and his wife are writing a book on his collection, now reaching 1500 high quality pieces, starting from pre-history to a few contemporary, mostly Edo and Meiji, and specializing in maki-e lacquer.
After spending a year at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki, Finland, Regelski returned to SUNY Fredonia, from which he retired in 2001. He returned to Finland (attracted by cross-country skiing), where he met and married a Finnish marine biologist. They currently reside in a Helsinki suburb.
Further reading
Regelski, Thomas A. (July 2006). "'Music appreciation' as praxis". Music Education Research. 8 (2): 281–310. doi:10.1080/14613800600779584. ISSN 1461-3808.
Regelski, Thomas A. (1975). Principles and problems of music education. Prentice-Hall. . OCLC 468343115.
Regelski, Thomas A. (1978). Arts education & brain research. Music Educators National Conference. OCLC 4135475.
Regelski, Thomas A. (1981). Teaching general music : action learning for middle and secondary schools. Schirmer Books. . OCLC 832414256.
Regelski, Thomas A. (2004). Teaching general music in grades 4-8 : a musicianship approach. Oxford University Press. . OCLC 1131477748.
Regelski, Thomas A., Gates, J. (2010). Music Education for Changing Times. Springer Netherlands. . OCLC 732599355.
Regelski, Thomas A. (2016). A brief introduction to a philosophy of music and music education as social praxis. Routledge. . OCLC 936628578.
"Symposium: Philosophy: Exploring the Potentials in the School Curriculum". Philosophy of Music Education Review. 13 (2): 131–132. 2005. doi:10.1353/pme.2005.0041. ISSN 1543-3412.
Musical Compositions
Look to this Day. SATB (1970)
This is the Day. SATB (1970)
The Fallen Warrior. SATB (1972)
Between Before We Are and What We Were. SATB (1983)
Choral Arrangements
The Lass from the Low Country. SATB (1970)
For All We Know. SATB (1970)
Sinnerman. SATB (1970)
Old Coat. SATB (1971)
What Have They Done to the Rain? SA(T)B (1971)
Corner of the Sky. SATB (1976)
Whose Garden Was This? SA(T)B (1976)
One Tin Soldier. SATB (1980)
The Grave. SATB (1982)
Wayfarin’ Stranger. SATB/solo voice (1982)
Feelin’ Good. SATB (1985)
Laura. SATB (1985)
Love the World Away. SATB (1986)
Sweet Beginning. SATB (1986)
The Joker. SATB (1986)
The Water is Wide. SATB (1986)
Be Kind to Your Parents. SA(T)B (1986)
Pretty Women. SSAATTBB (1987)
More Than You Know. SSAATTBB (1988)
Hush-a-bye. SSAATTBB (1988)
Motherless Child. SSAATTBB solo (1989)
Just in Time. SATB (1990)
Silent Night. SATB (1993)
References
American writers about music
American philosophers
American music educators
State University of New York at Fredonia faculty
Living people
1941 births |
47714161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuakeML | QuakeML | The Quake Markup Language (QuakeML) is a flexible, extensible and modular XML representation of seismological data (e.g. epicenter, hypocenter, magnitude) which is intended to cover a broad range of fields of application in modern seismology.
The flexible approach of QuakeML allows further extensions of the standard in order to represent waveform data, macroseismic information, probability density functions, slip distributions, shake maps, and others.
QuakeML is an open standard and is developed by a distributed team in a transparent collaborative manner.
Development
QuakeML is developed in parallel with a UML representation of its data model. This allows an elaborate software development strategy which uses the UML class model together with a custom UML profile. The XML Schema (XSD) description is created automatically from the UML model with the help of tagged values, which describe the mapping from UML class attributes to XML representation.
The UML/XMI description can also be used as a basis for automated creation of a class library using code generators. Suitable programming languages are, e.g., Python, C++, and Java. In this approach, writing and reading QuakeML documents is equivalent to serializing/deserializing QuakeML objects to/from their XML representation. A further possibility would be the serialization/deserialization to/from SQL for persistent storage in a relational database.
The QuakeML language definition is supplemented by a concept to provide resource metadata and facilitate metadata exchange between distributed data providers. For that purpose, QuakeML proposes a URI-based format for unique, location-independent identifiers of seismological resources which are assigned by approved naming authorities. In a later development stage, QuakeML will provide a RDF vocabulary for resource metadata description, covering the resource's identity, curation, content, temporal availability, data quality, and associated services. QuakeML proposes to set up a network of registry institutions which offer web services for resolving resource identifiers into corresponding RDF/XML metadata descriptions, and additionally provide means for resource discovery by offering services for searches against resource metadata.
Version 1.2
Version 1.2 is the latest stable version QuakeML. Schemas and other documentation for version 1.2 can be found here. This is the version that is used in results of event queries to International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks (FDSN) web services and is supported by data centers around the world, such as the European Seismic Portal.
Version 2.0
QuakeML 2.0 will be the next major version. QuakeML up to version 1.2 covered (only) a basic seismic event description, whereas from v2.0 many new thematic packages will be available, and are currently under development.
Currently, the following packages are under development with new first-level elements (child elements of quakeml):
Basic Event Description (BED)
Basic Event Description - Real Time (BED-RT)
Borehole
Hydraulic
Macroseismic
Seismic Source
Site Characterization
Station Characterization
Strong Motion
Helper packages that do not define first-level elements:
Basic Event Description Types
Common
Filter
Resource Metadata
Waveform
QuakePy tools
QuakePy is a Python package designed as a set of tools for statistical analyses of seismological data encoded using QuakeML. It provides a library of classes for earthquake catalog handling and computations, and plot routines for visualizing the obtained results. QuakePy is developed in Python as a fully open-source library, and it is based on multiple other tools such as GMT.
Although QuakePy avoids the use of any proprietary software, many tools for Python allow for a MATLAB-like working environment, e.g., IPython.
References
External links
QuakeML homepage
Seismology
Earthquakes
XML markup languages
Industry-specific XML-based standards
Emergency management software |
57357157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20LBA%20Playoffs | 2018 LBA Playoffs | The 2018 LBA Playoffs, officially known as the 2018 LBA Playoff, were the final phase of the 2017–18 LBA season. The Playoffs started on May 12, 2018, and ended on June 15, 2018, with the Finals.
Umana Reyer Venezia were the defending champions.
EA7 Emporio Armani Milano won their 28th title by beating Dolomiti Energia Trento in game 6 of the finals.
Qualified teams
The eight first qualified teams after the end of the regular season qualified to the playoffs.
Bracket
As of 15 June 2018.
Quarterfinals
The quarterfinals were played in a best of five format.
EA7 Emporio Armani Milano v Red October Cantù
Germani Basket Brescia v Openjobmetis Varese
Umana Reyer Venezia v Vanoli Cremona
Sidigas Avellino v Dolomiti Energia Trento
Semifinals
The semifinals were played in a best of five format.
EA7 Emporio Armani Milano v Germani Basket Brescia
Umana Reyer Venezia v Dolomiti Energia Trento
Finals
The finals were played in a best of seven format.
EA7 Emporio Armani Milano v Dolomiti Energia Trento
References
External links
Official website
2017–18 in Italian basketball |
105181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlock | Deadlock | In concurrent computing, deadlock is any situation in which no member of some group of entities can proceed because each waits for another member, including itself, to take action, such as sending a message or, more commonly, releasing a lock. Deadlocks are a common problem in multiprocessing systems, parallel computing, and distributed systems, because in these contexts systems often use software or hardware locks to arbitrate shared resources and implement process synchronization.
In an operating system, a deadlock occurs when a process or thread enters a waiting state because a requested system resource is held by another waiting process, which in turn is waiting for another resource held by another waiting process. If a process remains indefinitely unable to change its state because resources requested by it are being used by another process that itself is waiting, then the system is said to be in a deadlock.
In a communications system, deadlocks occur mainly due to loss or corruption of signals rather than contention for resources.
Necessary conditions
A deadlock situation on a resource can arise if and only if all of the following conditions occur simultaneously in a system:
Mutual exclusion: At least one resource must be held in a non-shareable mode; that is, only one process at a time can use the resource. Otherwise, the processes would not be prevented from using the resource when necessary. Only one process can use the resource at any given instant of time.
Hold and wait or resource holding: a process is currently holding at least one resource and requesting additional resources which are being held by other processes.
No preemption: a resource can be released only voluntarily by the process holding it.
Circular wait: each process must be waiting for a resource which is being held by another process, which in turn is waiting for the first process to release the resource. In general, there is a set of waiting processes, P = {P1, P2, …, PN}, such that P1 is waiting for a resource held by P2, P2 is waiting for a resource held by P3 and so on until PN is waiting for a resource held by P1.
These four conditions are known as the Coffman conditions from their first description in a 1971 article by Edward G. Coffman, Jr.
While these conditions are sufficient to produce a deadlock on single-instance resource systems, they only indicate the possibility of deadlock on systems having multiple instances of resources.
Deadlock handling
Most current operating systems cannot prevent deadlocks. When a deadlock occurs, different operating systems respond to them in different non-standard manners. Most approaches work by preventing one of the four Coffman conditions from occurring, especially the fourth one. Major approaches are as follows.
Ignoring deadlock
In this approach, it is assumed that a deadlock will never occur. This is also an application of the Ostrich algorithm. This approach was initially used by MINIX and UNIX. This is used when the time intervals between occurrences of deadlocks are large and the data loss incurred each time is tolerable.
Ignoring deadlocks can be safely done if deadlocks are formally proven to never occur. An example is the RTIC framework.
Detection
Under the deadlock detection, deadlocks are allowed to occur. Then the state of the system is examined to detect that a deadlock has occurred and subsequently it is corrected. An algorithm is employed that tracks resource allocation and process states, it rolls back and restarts one or more of the processes in order to remove the detected deadlock. Detecting a deadlock that has already occurred is easily possible since the resources that each process has locked and/or currently requested are known to the resource scheduler of the operating system.
After a deadlock is detected, it can be corrected by using one of the following methods:
Process termination: one or more processes involved in the deadlock may be aborted. One could choose to abort all competing processes involved in the deadlock. This ensures that deadlock is resolved with certainty and speed. But the expense is high as partial computations will be lost. Or, one could choose to abort one process at a time until the deadlock is resolved. This approach has a high overhead because after each abort an algorithm must determine whether the system is still in deadlock. Several factors must be considered while choosing a candidate for termination, such as priority and age of the process.
Resource preemption: resources allocated to various processes may be successively preempted and allocated to other processes until the deadlock is broken.
Prevention
Deadlock prevention works by preventing one of the four Coffman conditions from occurring.
Removing the mutual exclusion condition means that no process will have exclusive access to a resource. This proves impossible for resources that cannot be spooled. But even with spooled resources, the deadlock could still occur. Algorithms that avoid mutual exclusion are called non-blocking synchronization algorithms.
The hold and wait or resource holding conditions may be removed by requiring processes to request all the resources they will need before starting up (or before embarking upon a particular set of operations). This advance knowledge is frequently difficult to satisfy and, in any case, is an inefficient use of resources. Another way is to require processes to request resources only when it has none; First, they must release all their currently held resources before requesting all the resources they will need from scratch. This too is often impractical. It is so because resources may be allocated and remain unused for long periods. Also, a process requiring a popular resource may have to wait indefinitely, as such a resource may always be allocated to some process, resulting in resource starvation. (These algorithms, such as serializing tokens, are known as the all-or-none algorithms.)
The no preemption condition may also be difficult or impossible to avoid as a process has to be able to have a resource for a certain amount of time, or the processing outcome may be inconsistent or thrashing may occur. However, the inability to enforce preemption may interfere with a priority algorithm. Preemption of a "locked out" resource generally implies a rollback, and is to be avoided since it is very costly in overhead. Algorithms that allow preemption include lock-free and wait-free algorithms and optimistic concurrency control. If a process holding some resources and requests for some another resource(s) that cannot be immediately allocated to it, the condition may be removed by releasing all the currently being held resources of that process.
The final condition is the circular wait condition. Approaches that avoid circular waits include disabling interrupts during critical sections and using a hierarchy to determine a partial ordering of resources. If no obvious hierarchy exists, even the memory address of resources has been used to determine ordering and resources are requested in the increasing order of the enumeration. Dijkstra's solution can also be used.
Deadlock Avoidance
Similar to deadlock prevention, deadlock avoidance approach ensures that deadlock will not occur in a system. The term "deadlock avoidance" appears to be very close to "deadlock prevention" in a linguistic context, but they are very much different in the context of deadlock handling. Deadlock avoidance does not impose any conditions as seen in prevention but, here each resource request is carefully analyzed to see whether it could be safely fulfilled without causing deadlock.
Deadlock avoidance requires that the operating system be given in advance additional information concerning which resources a process will request and use during its lifetime. Deadlock avoidance algorithm analyzes each and every request by examining that there is no possibility of deadlock occurrence in the future if the requested resource is allocated. The drawback of this approach is its requirement of information in advance about how resources are to be requested in the future. One of the most used deadlock avoidance algorithm is Banker's algorithm.
Livelock
A livelock is similar to a deadlock, except that the states of the processes involved in the livelock constantly change with regard to one another, none progressing.
The term was coined by Edward A. Ashcroft in a 1975 paper in connection with an examination of airline booking systems. Livelock is a special case of resource starvation; the general definition only states that a specific process is not progressing.
Livelock is a risk with some algorithms that detect and recover from deadlock. If more than one process takes action, the deadlock detection algorithm can be repeatedly triggered. This can be avoided by ensuring that only one process (chosen arbitrarily or by priority) takes action.
Distributed deadlock
Distributed deadlocks can occur in distributed systems when distributed transactions or concurrency control is being used.
Distributed deadlocks can be detected either by constructing a global wait-for graph from local wait-for graphs at a deadlock detector or by a distributed algorithm like edge chasing.
Phantom deadlocks are deadlocks that are falsely detected in a distributed system due to system internal delays but do not actually exist.
For example, if a process releases a resource R1 and issues a request for R2, and the first message is lost or delayed, a coordinator (detector of deadlocks) could falsely conclude a deadlock (if the request for R2 while having R1 would cause a deadlock).
See also
Aporia
Banker's algorithm
Catch-22 (logic)
Circular reference
Dining philosophers problem
File locking
Gridlock (in vehicular traffic)
Hang (computing)
Impasse
Infinite loop
Linearizability
Model checker can be used to formally verify that a system will never enter a deadlock
Ostrich algorithm
Priority inversion
Race condition
Readers-writer lock
Sleeping barber problem
Stalemate
Synchronization (computer science)
Turn restriction routing
References
Further reading
External links
"Advanced Synchronization in Java Threads" by Scott Oaks and Henry Wong
Deadlock Detection Agents
DeadLock at the Portland Pattern Repository
Etymology of "Deadlock"
Concurrency (computer science)
Software bugs
Software anomalies
Distributed computing problems
Edsger W. Dijkstra |
46995466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20St%20John%20the%20Evangelist%2C%20Waterbeach | Church of St John the Evangelist, Waterbeach | The Anglican Church of St John the Evangelist (also known as St John's Church) is the parish church of the village of Waterbeach in Cambridgeshire, England. It is a grade II* listed building.
History
The church dates from the 12th century, and around 1160 priests were recorded. In the early 13th century the tower was added to the small aisled church which had been built in the 12th. The church was associated with Barnwell Priory until the dissolution of the monasteries.
The condition of the church deteriorated in the 17th and 18th centuries and attendances fell. The tower and spire were replaced after collapse in 1821. Restoration and rebuilding of the chancel was undertaken in 1848, and it underwent a Victorian restoration by W.M. Fawcett in 1871, and John Ladds in 1878.
In 2018 an event, entitled Waterbeach Thread[ed], was held in the church using a variety of clothing and textiles to "draw attention to the impact of clothing on the environment, human trafficking, church life, poverty, and consumerism".
The parish is within the Diocese of Ely.
Architecture
The limestone building has lead and tiled roofs. It has a chancel and three-bay aisle. The tower has a parapet and is supported by buttresses. In the tower are five bells. The tenor bell is tuned to G# and weighs 7cwt.
This church contains an electric pipe organ. The Caen stone pulpit is inlaid with mosaics.
In the churchyard is a stone cross which acts as a memorial to those from Waterbreach who perished in World War I and World War II. It also 25 war graves related to the nearby RAF Waterbeach.
References
External links
Church website
Waterbeach
Waterbeach |
23938687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregra%20railway%20station | Gregra railway station | Gregra is a closed railway station on the Broken Hill railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The station opened in 1893 and closed to passenger services in 1974. Only remains of the platform are now visible at the site.
References
Disused regional railway stations in New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1893
Railway stations closed in 1974 |
35662991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu%20Sign%20Language | Yolŋu Sign Language | Yolŋu (Yolngu) or Murngin Sign Language is a ritual sign language used by the Yolngu, an Aboriginal community in the Arnhem Land region of Australia. As with other Australian Aboriginal sign languages, YSL was developed by the hearing for use when oral speech is forbidden, as during mourning or between certain family relations. (See speech taboo.) However, "YSL is not a signed version of any spoken Yolngu language... YSL also serves as a primary means of communication for a number of deaf members in Yolngu communities... YSL functions as both an alternate and primary sign language". That is, it is used for communicating to the deaf, but also when communicating at a distance, when hunting, or when ceremonies require silence. It was acquired from birth by the hearing population. YSL is now considered an endangered language.
See also
Warlpiri Sign Language
Citations
References
Yolngu Sign Language project at the University of Central Lancashire
Kendon, Adam (1988) Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: cultural, semiotic, and communicative perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Warner, W. Lloyd (1937) "Murngin Sign Language", A Black Civilization. New York: Harper and Row, pp. 389–392.
Bauer, Anastasia (2014) "The use of signing space in a shared sign language of Australia", Sign Language Typology 5, De Gruyter Mouton & Ishara Press. Berlin & Nijmegen.
External links
ISO request to recognize Yan-nhaŋu Sign Language as a distinct language
Australian Aboriginal Sign Language family
Yolŋu languages
Sign languages
lv:Varlpiri žestu valoda |
61436742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20African%20Swimming%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20200%20metre%20individual%20medley | 2018 African Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre individual medley | The Men's 200 metre individual medley competition of the 2018 African Swimming Championships was held on 15 September 2018.
Records
Prior to the competition, the existing world and championship records were as follows.
The following new records were set during this competition.
Results
Heats
The heats were started on 15 September at 09:55.
Final
The final was started on 15 September.
References
Men's 200 metre individual medley |
46772147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascon-Thomas%20Award | Gascon-Thomas Award | The Gascon-Thomas Award is a Canadian theatre award created in 1990. It is awarded by the National Theatre School of Canada to two artists, one English-speaking and one French-speaking, and is named after two of the school's founders, Jean Gascon and Powys Thomas. The award was designed by Montreal artist Annie Michaud.
Award winners
References
Canadian theatre awards
Awards established in 1990
1990 establishments in Canada
National Theatre School of Canada |
31579654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman%20Gunatilake | Saman Gunatilake | Saman Gunatilake, FRCP, FCCP is a Sri Lankan physician, academic and neurologist.
He was a Professor of Medicine with a personal chair and head of the Department of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, working with Professor Janaka de Silva till he was appointed Professor of Medicine at the University of Sri Jayawardanapura succeeding Professor Devaka Fernando. He was a former President of the Ceylon College of Physicians
Educated at Royal College Colombo, he studied medicine gaining his MBBS. He subsequently trained with J.B. Peiris obtaining an MD from the University of Colombo and Board Certification as a Neurologist from the Post graduate Institute of Medicine. He later worked in the UK specialising in Stroke Medicine and obtaining MRCP. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians as well as a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and Ceylon College of Physicians.
References
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Alumni of the University of Colombo
Living people
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Kelaniya
Sri Lankan neurologists
Sinhalese academics
Year of birth missing (living people) |
63858149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Industry%20Act%202018 | Space Industry Act 2018 | The Space Industry Act 2018 (c. 5) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom introduced by Chris Grayling as Secretary of State for Transport to extend and improve the regulatory framework for commercial spaceflight activities (involving both launch to orbit and sub-orbital spaceflight) to be carried out from spaceports in the United Kingdom and launches and other activities overseas by UK entities. It operates in conjunction with the Outer Space Act 1986.
Outline of provisions
The Act prohibits the carrying on of spaceflight and specified associated activities without a licence and breach of this prohibition will be an offence. The Secretary of State is the regulatory authority and has a duty to secure public safety in carrying out his or her functions under the Act. There are powers to enable the Civil Aviation Authority or other persons to carry out functions on behalf of the Secretary of State. Applicants for licences will also be required to meet any requirements set out in secondary legislation made under this Act.
It creates offences including:
Hijacking of spacecraft
Destroying, damaging or endangering safety of spacecraft
Endangering safety at spaceports
Possession of a firearm or explosive at a spaceport or on a spacecraft
Prosecutions under this act require the consent of the Attorney General for England and Wales or the Director of Public Prosecutions in Northern Ireland.
References
External links
Full text of the Space Industry Act 2018
The Space Industry Act 2018 (Commencement No. 1) Regulations 2018
Space law in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2018
2018 in British law |
35585912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20Grand%20Prix%20Hassan%20II%20%E2%80%93%20Doubles | 1994 Grand Prix Hassan II – Doubles | Mike Bauer and Piet Norval were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.
David Adams and Menno Oosting won in the final 6–3, 6–4, against Cristian Brandi and Federico Mordegan.
Seeds
David Adams / Menno Oosting (champions)
Tomás Carbonell / Udo Riglewski (semifinals, withdrew)
Stefan Kruger / Libor Pimek (first round)
Horacio de la Peña / Mark Koevermans (first round)
Draw
Draw
External links
Draw
1994 ATP Tour
1994 Grand Prix Hassan II |
9435037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Book%20of%20Fantasy | The Book of Fantasy | The Book of Fantasy is the English translation of Antología de la Literatura Fantástica, an anthology of approximately 81 fantastic short stories, fragments, excerpts, and poems edited by Jorge Luis Borges, Adolfo Bioy Casares, and Silvina Ocampo. It was first published in Argentina in 1940, and revised in 1965 and 1976. Anthony Kerrigan previously translated the similar work Cuentos Breves y Extraordinarios as Extraordinary Tales, published by Herder & Herder in 1971. The 1988 Viking Penguin edition for English-speaking countries includes a foreword by Ursula K. Le Guin.
The idea and seed for this volume came into being one "night in 1937 in Buenos Aires, when Jorge Luis Borges, Adolfo Bioy Casares, and Silvina Ocampo fell to talking - so Casares tells us - 'about fantastic literature. ..simply a compilation of stories from fantastic literature which seemed to us to be the best.'"
Contents
Pagination is given per the Penguin edition.
Introduction. Ursula K. Le Guin (begins page 9)
"Sennin". Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, The Three Treasures, 1951 (begins page 13)
This is a reworking of a Japanese Zen koan; the koan can be found in the collection Zen Flesh, Zen Bones.
"A Woman Alone with Her Soul". Thomas Bailey Aldrich, 1912 (begins page 16)
"Ben-Tobith". Leonid Andreyev, from his The Crushed Flower and Other Stories (begins page 17)
"The Phantom Basket". John Aubrey, Miscellanies, 1696 (begins page 20)
"The Drowned Giant". J. G. Ballard, The Terminal Beach, London: Gollancz, 1964 (begins page 21)
"Enoch Soames". Max Beerbohm, The Century May ’16 (begins page 28)
"The Tail of the Sphinx". Ambrose Bierce, San Francisco Examiner January 14, 1893. Later included in Bierce's Fantastic Fables
"The Squid in Its Own Ink". From El Lado de La Sombra, 1962, Adolfo Bioy Casares; translated by Alexandra Potts (begins page 49)
"Guilty Eyes". Ah‘med Ech Chiruani (no information besides the name is given about Chiruani) begins page 57)
"Anything You Want!..." from Histoires Désobligeantes ("Disagreeable tales"), 1894, Léon Bloy; translated by Moira Banks, (begins page 58)
"Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius". 1941, Jorge Luis Borges, Labyrinths, New Directions, 1962 (begins page 61)
"Odin". Jorge Luis Borges & Delia Ingenieros, (begins page 73)
"The Golden Kite, the Silver Wind" Ray Bradbury, Epoch Win ’53. Also in Bradbury's The Golden Apples of the Sun (begins page 73)
"The Man Who Collected the First of September, 1973". Tor Åge Bringsvaerd; translated by Oddrun Grønvik, 1973 (begins page 77)
"The Careless Rabbi". Martin Buber; translated by Olga Marx, Tales of the Hasidin, vol. 1, 1956 (begins page 81)
"The Tale of the Poet". Sir Richard Burton (begins page 81)
"Fate Is a Fool". Arturo Cancela, Pilar de Lusarreta; translated by Lucia Alvarez de Toledo & Alexandra Potts (begins page 82)
"An Actual Authentic Ghost". From Sartor Resartus, Thomas Carlyle, 1834 (begins page 92)
"The Red King’s Dream". From Through the Looking-Glass, Lewis Carroll, London: Macmillan, 1871 (begins page 92)
"The Tree of Pride". G. K. Chesterton, The Trees of Pride, Cassell, 1922 (begins page 94)
"The Tower of Babel". G. K. Chesterton, The Man Who Knew Too Much, Cassell, 1922 (begins page 95)
"The Dream of the Butterfly or “Chuang Chu and the Butterfly”". Chuang Tzu; translated by Herbert A. Giles, 1926 (begins page 95)
"The Look of Death". From Le Grand Ecart, Jean Cocteau, 1923 (begins page 96)
"House Taken Over". Julio Cortázar, End of Game and Other Stories, Random House, 1967 (begins page 96)
"Being Dust". Santiago Dabove, La Muerta y su Traje, 1961 (begins page 100)
"A Parable of Gluttony". From With Mystics and Magicians in Tibet, Alexandra David-Neel, 1931 (begins page 104)
"The Persecution of the Master". From With Mystics and Magicians in Tibet, Alexandra David-Neel, 1931 (begins page 105)
"The Idle City". Lord Dunsany, Saturday Review (UK) April 10 ’09 (begins page 106)
"Tantalia". Macedonio Fernández; translated by Lucia Alvarez de Toledo & Alexandra Potts - (begins page 110)
"Eternal Life" J. G. Frazer 1913; Balder the Beautiful, Volume I. A Study in Magic and Religion: the Golden Bough, Part VII., The Fire-Festivals of Europe and the Doctrine of the External Soul (begins page 114)
"A Secure Home". Elena Garro (begins page 115)
"The Man Who Did Not Believe in Miracles". From Confucianism and Its Rivals, Herbert A. Giles, 1915 (begins page 123)
"Earth’s Holocaust" Nathaniel Hawthorne, Graham’s Lady’s and Gentleman’s Magazine May, 1844 (begins page 124)
"Ending for a Ghost Story". I. A. Ireland, 1919 (begins page 137)
"The Monkey's Paw". W. W. Jacobs, Harper’s Monthly, September ’02 (begins page 137)
"What Is a Ghost?". From Ulysses, James Joyce 1921 (begins page 145)
"May Goulding". From Ulysses. James Joyce, 1921 (begins page 146)
"The Wizard Passed Over". Don Juan Manuel, Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio, Allen Lane, 1970 (begins page 147)
"Josephine the Singer, or the Mouse Folk". March 1924, Franz Kafka (begins page 149)
"Before the Law". Franz Kafka (begins page 160)
"The Return of Imray". Rudyard Kipling, Mine Own People or Life's Handicap, New York: Hurst & Co., 1891; EQMM Sep ’58 (begins page 162)
"The Horses of Abdera". Leopoldo Lugones; Las Fuerzas Extranas, Buenos Aires, 1906. (begins page 170)
"The Ceremony". Arthur Machen, Ornaments in Jade, New York: A.A. Knopf, 1924 (begins page 175)
"The Riddle". Walter de la Mare, Monthly Review February ’03; The Riddle, and Other Stories (begins page 177)
"Who Knows?". Guy de Maupassant April 6, 1890 (begins page 180)
"The Shadow of the Players". From The Weekend Guide to Wales, Edwin Morgan (begins page 190)
Based on The Dream of Rhonabwy of the Mabinogion "The Cat". H. A. Murena (begins page 190)
"The Story of the Foxes". Niu Chiao (begins page 192)
"The Atonement". Silvina Ocampo, 1961 (begins page 193)
"The Man Who Belonged to Me". Giovanni Papini; in Il Trangico Quoticliano, 1906. (begins page 202)
"Rani". Carlos Peralta (begins page 208)
"The Blind Spot". Barry Perowne, EQMM November ’45 (begins page 213)
"The Wolf". From the Satyricon, Rome, 60 CE. Petronius (begins page 222)
"The Bust". Manuel Peyrou (begins page 224)
"The Cask of Amontillado", Edgar Allan Poe, Godey's Lady's Book November, 1846 (begins page 29)
"The Tiger of Chao-ch’êng". From Liao Chai, 1679, P’u Sung Ling. Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, De La Rue, 1880 (begins page 234)
"How We Arrived at the Island of Tools". From Gargantua and Pantagruel. François Rabelais, 1564 (begins page 236)
"The Music on the Hill". Saki, The Chronicles of Clovis, John Lane, 1911 (begins page 37)
"Where Their Fire Is Not Quenched". May Sinclair, The English Review Oct ’22 (begins page 241)
"The Cloth Which Weaves Itself". From Malay Magic. W. W. Skeat, 1900 (begins page 256)
"Universal History". From Star Maker, Olaf Stapledon, London: Methuen, 1937 (begins page 257)
"A Theologian in Death". Emanuel Swedenborg, Arcana Coelestia (1794), Allen Lane, 1970 (begins page 257)
"The Encounter". From the T’ang Dynasty (618-906 CE) (begins page 259)
"The Three Hermits". Leo Tolstoy, Twenty-Three Tales (begins page 260)
"Macario". B. Traven The Night Visitor, and Other Stories, 1966 (begins page 265)
"The Infinite Dream of Pao-Yu". Ts’ao Chan (Hsueh Ch’in), The Dream of the Red Chamber (begins page 291)
"The Mirror to Wind-and-Moon". Ts’ao Chan (Hsueh Ch’in), The Dream of the Red Chamber (begins page 292)
"The Desire to Be a Man". Villiers de l’Isle-Adam Contes Cruels, 1883 (begins page 294)
"Memnon, or Human Wisdom". Voltaire, 1749; from Romances, Tales and Smaller Pieces of M. de Voltaire, Vol. 1 1794 (begins page 300)
"The Man Who Liked Dickens". Evelyn Waugh Hearst's International September ’33 (begins page 304)
"Pomegranate Seed". Edith Wharton, The Saturday Evening Post, April 25 ’31 (begins page 315)
"Lukundoo" 1907 Edward Lucas White, Weird Tales, November ’25 (begins page 336)
"The Donguys". Juan Rodolfo Wilcock (begins page 346)
"Lord Arthur Savile’s Crime". Oscar Wilde, Court and Society Review, May 11, 1887 (begins page 353)
"The Sorcerer of the White Lotus Lodge". Richard Wilhelm; translated by F. H. Martens; in Chinesische Volksmaerchen, 1924 (begins page 376)
"The Celestial Stag". G. Willoughby-Meade, Chinese Ghouls and Goblins, Constable, 1928 (begins page 377)
"Saved by the Book". G. Willoughby-Meade, Chinese Ghouls and Goblins, Constable, 1928 (begins page 377)
"The Reanimated Englishman". Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Roger Dodsworth, 1826 (begins page 378)
"The Sentence" from Monkey, 16th century, Wu Ch’Eng En; translated by Arthur Waley, 1921 (begins page 379)
"The Sorcerers". William Butler Yeats, The Celtic Twilight, Lawrence & Bullen, 1893 (begins page 380)
"Fragment" from Don Juan Tenorio'', 1844, José Zorrilla (begins page 382)
References
External links
Reviews of book
at Los Angeles Times
at Publishers Weekly
Fantasy anthologies |
5055708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Anne%27s%20Episcopal%20Church%20%28Middletown%2C%20Delaware%29 | St. Anne's Episcopal Church (Middletown, Delaware) |
Old St. Anne's Church
Old St. Anne's Church was built in 1768 on the site of an earlier wooden church built about 1705. Queen Anne presented the church with a "covering for the communion table."
References
External links
Burials in Old St. Anne's churchyard
State Historical Marker at Old St. Anne's
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Delaware
Episcopal church buildings in Delaware
Churches in New Castle County, Delaware
Churches completed in 1768
18th-century Episcopal church buildings
Historic American Buildings Survey in Delaware
National Register of Historic Places in New Castle County, Delaware
Buildings and structures in Middletown, Delaware
1768 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies |
13206563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BClheim-K%C3%A4rlich%20Nuclear%20Power%20Plant | Mülheim-Kärlich Nuclear Power Plant | The nuclear power station Mülheim-Kärlich lies on the Rhine, about 10 km northwest from Koblenz, close to the town Mülheim-Kärlich in Germany. The operating company was Société Luxembourgeoise de Centrales Nucléaires, a daughter company of RWE. It was the only nuclear power plant in the Rhineland-Palatinate after it was finished in 1986, however, due to problems with the building permit it only operated for 3 years and was taken offline in 1988. Subsequent attempts to bring the plant online continued until 1998 when the supreme court ruled for it to never be restarted.
History
The plant was built from 1975 to 1986 and potential problems were apparent before construction was completed. There were complaints from municipalities and delays from various suppliers. It was revealed that the construction site lay in an earthquake prone basin, the Neuwieder Becken. Due to earthquake concerns, the location was moved 70 meters from where it had been originally planned.
After just three years of operation it had to be taken out of operation indefinitely, with restart pending a judicial decision. New requirements for a building permit were drafted and the licensing process essentially had to start over completely in order for the plant to come back online. The government of Rhineland Palatinate granted the plant a building permit, but it was rescinded by the higher administrative court in Koblenz in 1991 and 1995. The decision was confirmed by the federal administrative court in Berlin in 1998 in the final legal battle.
The plant began the decommissioning process in 2001 and management was transferred from RWE. The removal of the fuel happened one year later. The removal of the plant and the cooling tower itself were postponed multiple times; both were still standing in 2018. Demolition of the cooling tower happened on August 9, 2019 at 15.38 local time.
Technical data
Owner: Société Luxembourgeoise de Centrales Nucléaires (RWE subsidiary)
Operator: RWE Power AG
Building firm: ABB
Type: Pressurized water reactor
Rated output: 1,308 MWe
First current production: 14. March 1986
Storage capacity: 362 fuel elements
Construction costs: 7 billion DM (3.58 billion euro)
Height of the cooling tower: 162 m
Height of the chimney: 161.5 m
Gallery
References
Former nuclear power stations in Germany
Economy of Rhineland-Palatinate
RWE |
308430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Faculty | The Faculty | The Faculty is a 1998 American science fiction horror film directed by Robert Rodriguez and written by Kevin Williamson. It stars Jordana Brewster, Clea DuVall, Laura Harris, Josh Hartnett, Shawn Hatosy, Famke Janssen, Piper Laurie, Bebe Neuwirth, Robert Patrick, Usher Raymond, Jon Stewart, and Elijah Wood.
The film was theatrically released on December 25, 1998, by Miramax Films through Dimension Films. It grossed $63.2 million and has developed a cult following since its release.
Plot
One evening at Herrington High School in Ohio, teachers and Principal Drake leave after discussing the school's budget. When Drake returns to retrieve her keys, she is attacked by the school's football coach, Joe Willis. Drama teacher Mrs. Olson emotionlessly stabs Drake with scissors as she flees the school.
The following morning, the students arrive, including Casey Connor, the dedicated but perpetually harassed photographer for the school newspaper. Casey is the unappreciated assistant to spiteful Delilah Profitt, the paper's editor-in-chief and head cheerleader. Delilah's mistreated boyfriend Stan Rosado is contemplating quitting the football team to pursue academics. Zeke Tyler is an intelligent yet rebellious student repeating his senior year. Zeke sells, among other illegal items, a powdery ecstasy-like drug he manufactures and distributes; he is confronted by teacher Elizabeth Burke, who expresses concern for him over his illegal activities. Naive transfer student Marybeth Louise Hutchinson befriends self-styled outcast Stokely Mitchell, who has deliberately spread rumors that she is a lesbian though she has a crush on Stan. Marybeth develops a crush on Zeke.
Casey finds a strange creature on the football field and takes it to science teacher Mr. Furlong, who believes it is a new species of cephalopod-specific parasite called a mesozoan. Delilah and Casey hide in the teachers' lounge to find a story. They witness Coach Willis and Ms. Olson forcing one of the parasites into the ear of the school nurse. They also find the body of another teacher, Mrs. Brummel. Casey and Delilah flee, and Casey calls the police, but his claims are dismissed.
The next day, Casey tells Delilah, Stan and Stokely he believes the teachers are being controlled by aliens. After Zeke and Marybeth tease them about their theory, Mr. Furlong attempts to infect them. Zeke injects his homemade drugs into Furlong's eye, killing him. Zeke takes the five to his house, where he experiments on a specimen retrieved by Casey. He discovers it needs water to survive and can be killed by his drugs. Zeke makes everyone take his drug to prove they are uninfected. Delilah is revealed as infected and she destroys Zeke's lab and most of his drug supply before escaping.
Acting on Stokely's speculation that killing the alien queen will revert everyone to normal, the group returns to the school, where their football team is playing and infecting opposing players. Believing Principal Drake to be the queen, they isolate her in the gym and fatally shoot her. Stan confronts the coach and team to see if the plan worked, but becomes infected himself. Zeke and Casey retrieve more of Zeke's drugs from his car. Casey leads infected students away from Zeke, who encounters Miss Burke in the parking lot and incapacitates her.
At the gym, Marybeth reveals herself to be the alien queen; earlier on, she faked taking the drug. Casey and Stokely flee to the swimming pool, where Stokely is injured and becomes infected. Zeke and Casey hide in the locker room, where Marybeth reverts to her human disguise. She explains she is taking over Earth because her own planet is dying. Marybeth transforms back into her true form and hurls Zeke across the room into the lockers, knocking him out. Casey seizes the drug and traps the queen behind retracting bleachers. He stabs the drug into the queen's eye. Casey returns to the locker room and finds Stokely and Zeke alive.
One month later, everyone has returned to normal. Stan and Stokely, who has shed her Goth girl image, are now dating. Zeke has taken Stan's place on the football team, while Miss Burke affectionately watches him practice. Delilah, no longer vindictive, is now dating Casey, who is considered a local hero as various news media reveal the attempted alien invasion is now public knowledge, even as the FBI denies it.
Cast
Jordana Brewster as Delilah Profitt
Clea DuVall as Stokely "Stokes" Mitchell
Laura Harris as Marybeth Louise Hutchinson
Josh Hartnett as Zeke Tyler
Shawn Hatosy as Stan Rosado
Salma Hayek as Rosa Harper
Famke Janssen as Elizabeth Burke
Piper Laurie as Karen Olson
Christopher McDonald as Frank Connor
Bebe Neuwirth as Valerie Drake
Robert Patrick as Joe Willis
Usher Raymond as Gabe Santora
Jon Stewart as Edward Furlong
Daniel von Bargen as John Tate
Elijah Wood as Casey Connor
Summer Phoenix as "F*%# You" girl
Jon Abrahams as "F*%# You" boy
Susan Willis as Jessica Brummel
Pete Janssen as Eddie "Meat" McIvey
Tina Rodriguez as tattoo girl
Danny Masterson as F*%# up #1
Wiley Wiggins as F*%# up #2
Harry Knowles as Mr. Knowles
Louis Black as Mr. Louis
Eric Jungmann as freshman
Libby Villari as Mrs. Connor
Duane Martin as police officer #1
Katherine Willis as police officer #2
Production
In 1990, David Wechter and Bruce Kimmel wrote their first draft of the script and sent it out, but there were no buyers. It wasn't until after the success of Scream that Miramax bought the script and rushed it into production. Bob Weinstein and Harvey Weinstein brought in Kevin Williamson to do rewrites, keeping the basic story, but rewriting the dialogue and adding new characters to make it more "hip". Originally, Williamson was set to direct the film, but he chose not to so he could direct his self-penned script Teaching Mrs. Tingle. The Weinsteins brought in Robert Rodriguez to direct the film instead.
Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, The Faculty received an approval rating of 55 percent based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 5.60/10. The site's consensus reads, "Rip-off of other sci-fi thrillers." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 61 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.
The Faculty was viewed on 2,365 screens its opening weekend, debuting at No. 5 in the US, making $11,633,495. Its eventual US gross was $40.3 million.
In retrospect, Jordana Brewster said:
Clea Duvall is also very fond of the film: "It was so much fun. It was mostly night shoots, so it was like we were in this alternate universe. Working all night long and making this fun sci-fi horror movie. I loved it."
Influences and legacy
Aliya Whiteley wrote an essay, "Revisiting Robert Rodriguez's The Faculty", which identifies the film's influences:
Mix Invasion Of The Body Snatchers with The Thing. Throw in some Terminator, a spoonful of The Breakfast Club, and a pinch of The Stepford Wives, and you've got a big mess of a movie set in a school that's being taken over by a conformist alien, one teacher at a time. You've got the very funny, occasionally scary, quite gory, and extremely entertaining 1998 Robert Rodriguez film called The Faculty.
Whiteley added, "It's all about examining the tropes of science fiction with a smart, funny angle. Half of the fun in this film is in identifying where you first came across a certain character's name or saw a particular special effect. For instance, there's a brilliant moment with a head on legs that I defy you to watch and not think of a certain John Carpenter film." Whitely concludes, "The Faculty is very definitely a big mess of a movie. But if you love all things sci-fi, it's a good mess."<ref name=den></blockquote></ref>
Keith Phipps described the nostalgic homage when he described the film as "a Kevin Williamson-scripted high-school variation on Invasion Of The Body Snatchers."
Haleigh Foutch considers The Faculty as one of the most iconic 1990s teen horror films: "Yet another win from 90s teen screenwriter in chief Kevin Williamson, The Faculty fused Williamson's knack for snappy teen drama with Robert Rodriguez's subversive camp to fantastic results. It's smart without ever taking itself too seriously and campy without ever losing its cool, drawing proudly from the tradition of classic alien invasion movies and casting them in the 90s teen tradition."
Analysis
The film has been praised for its portrayal of teenage alienation, especially within the high school environment and its system of cliques and social roles. In particular, the alien invasion through parasitized bodies has been recognized as functioning as a metaphor for those concepts, reflecting the fear of losing one's nascent individuality to a crowd. The alien queen encapsulates this by offering the heroes a world without alienation or differences, in which "everything that is both wonderful and awful about being a teenager is done away in favor of blind allegiance".
Experts also noted in The Faculty a reinvention of the fear of female sexuality often found in the horror genre. The character of Marybeth, the alien queen, is "a complex imbrication of woman, alien and power" that acts beyond the role of femme fatale. She masquerades as a virginal, unassuming girl clad in floral dresses, but at the final battle she reveals her true sexual threat, becoming nude by her alien transformation and turning confident and flirtatious. Her role as a threatening, castrating agent is underlined by the sharp teeth of her species, which evoke a vagina dentata, and their association to water, the archaic, womb-like female element. As the monstrous mother of her race, she tries to seduce the heroes by offering them a symbolic return to the womb. As Sharon Packer and Jody Pennington put it:
The image on the screen is dual: we see the beautiful, young, naked Marybeth strolling around looking for Casey, and the shadow of the monstrous form in the walls. Marybeth delivers a speech which ties the elements of the movie together. It is about the "world" she came from and its promises of "paradise" for lost and lonely humans, trapped in high-school "hell".
The character of Miss Burke precedes Marybeth in the same line, revealing her hidden sexuality only after being infected and turned into a monster. The scene of her detached, tentacled head in particular echoes the Freudian Medusa head. The monstrous feminine is therefore used in the film to reflect the teenage characters entering adult world, where they are forced to "come to terms with female sexuality and overcome their fear of its 'monstrous' aspects in order to become fully functioning adults". Casey, the male character closest to his softer, feminine side, is the final hero of the film.
Soundtrack
The score is composed by Marco Beltrami, who had previously scored the teen-slasher-horror film, Scream, as well as Mimic. Both Beltrami's score and songs by various artists used in the film were released as albums. The "music from the motion picture" album features songs by various indie and alternative rock groups.
"Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" – Class of '99
"The Kids Aren't Alright" – The Offspring
"I'm Eighteen" – Creed
"Helpless" – D Generation
"School's Out" – Soul Asylum
"Medication" – Garbage
"Haunting Me" – Stabbing Westward
"Maybe Someday" – Flick
"Resuscitation" – Sheryl Crow
"It's Over Now" – Neve
"Changes" – Shawn Mullins
"Stay Young" – Oasis
"Another Brick in the Wall (Part 1)" – Class of '99
Filming locations
The Faculty takes place in the fictional town of Herrington, Ohio, but was shot in Austin, San Marcos, Dallas, and Lockhart, Texas.
Home media
The Faculty was one of the few Robert Rodriguez films not to receive special treatment on DVD. Missing are traditional extras typical for a Robert Rodriguez DVD including "10 Minute Film School", audio commentary, and making-of featurettes.
Several scenes involving an additional character named Venus, played by Kidada Jones, were shown in TV previews for the film, as well as Tommy Hilfiger commercials, but cut from the film. She is also visible in a scene in the theatrical version, standing next to Gabe (Usher) in Mr. Furlong's (Jon Stewart) science class when they are looking at the "new species" in the aquarium.
The Faculty was released in several countries on Blu-ray, including Canada on October 6, 2009, by Alliance; in Australia on September 1, 2011, by Reel; in the United Kingdom on October 3, 2011, by Lionsgate, in Germany on October 6, 2011, by Studio Canal; in France on January 10, 2012, by Studio Canal; and in the United States on July 31, 2012, by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment. Lionsgate re-issued the Blu-ray version in the United States on October 7, 2014 after Echo Bridge lost the rights to the Miramax films.
Nominations
The film was nominated for a total of eight awards, including an ALMA Award for director Robert Rodriguez, 2 Saturn Awards, 2 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards and 3 Teen Choice Awards, but did not win any.
References
External links
1998 films
1998 horror films
1990s mystery films
1990s science fiction horror films
1990s teen horror films
American films
American body horror films
American high school films
American mystery films
American science fiction horror films
American teen horror films
1990s English-language films
Alien invasions in films
Fiction about parasites
Dimension Films films
Films scored by Marco Beltrami
Films about educators
Films about extraterrestrial life
Films directed by Robert Rodriguez
Films produced by Elizabeth Avellán
Films set in Ohio
Miramax films
Films shot in Austin, Texas
Films shot in Dallas
Films with screenplays by Kevin Williamson |
24049919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiril%20River | Chiril River | Chiril River may refer to the following rivers in Romania:
Chiril River (Bistrița), a tributary of the Bistrița
Chiril River (Putna), a tributary of the Putna
See also
Chiril (disambiguation)
Chirilovca (disambiguation)
Chirui River (disambiguation) |
47730576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Gunn | Sandy Gunn | Alastair Donald Mackintosh "Sandy" Gunn (27 September 1919 – 6 April 1944), was a Scottish Supermarine Spitfire photo reconnaissance pilot who was taken prisoner during the Second World War. Gunn took part in the "Great Escape" from Stalag Luft III in March 1944, and was one of the men re-captured and subsequently executed by the Gestapo.
Pre-war life
Gunn was born at home in Auchterarder, Perthshire, the son of surgeon James Turner Gunn, MB, ChB, FRCS and Adelaide Lucy Frances [nee Macdonald] Gunn. He was reportedly a fine athlete at school, being a member of 1st XV rugby & 1st XI cricket team. He attended Cargilfield Preparatory School and Fettes College, both in Edinburgh, and was a school prefect. After leaving school, Gunn became an engineering apprentice at the Govan, Glasgow shipyard of Harland and Wolff. After a year he gained entry to Pembroke College, Cambridge to study mechanical sciences hoping for a career as a diesel engineer.
Early war service
Gunn enlisted in the Royal Air Force on 22 February 1940 and commenced active service on 22 June 1940 as an aircrew candidate (airman 2nd class).
He began his flying training at RAF Ansty near Coventry, and later at Blackpool.
On 18 January 1941 he received his pilot's brevet and promotion to sergeant. He was commissioned as a Pilot Officer on 25 January 1941. Gunn subsequently joined No. 48 Squadron RAF of RAF Coastal Command flying Avro Anson aircraft on photo reconnaissance missions. A reliable record flying with the squadron led to Gunn being posted to RAF Benson to fly stripped-down high-altitude conversion Supermarine Spitfires with the RAF in September 1941. In January 1942 he was posted to RAF Wick in the north of Scotland. Wick was a noted photo reconnaissance aerodrome: for example, in May 1941, a Spitfire from Wick found and photographed the German battleship Bismarck in a Norwegian fjord. Bismarck was later sunk by the Royal Navy, but the German battleship Tirpitz remained a threat in Norway.
Gunn was promoted to Flying Officer on 25 January 1942, and flew many long-range missions over German naval units on the Norwegian coast and in the North Atlantic, often in terrible weather conditions. On one occasion he crashed in the North Atlantic after his aircraft ran out of fuel.
Prisoner of war
At 0807 hours on the morning of 5 March 1942, Gunn took off from RAF Wick in a Supermarine Spitfire on a photo reconnaissance mission of the German naval anchorages on the Norwegian coastline near Trondheim, Norway. He was shot down with burn on hands and face by two Messerschmitt Bf 109s from Jagdgruppe Losigkeit, flown by Leutnants Heinz Knoke and Dieter Gerhard. Gunn bailed out before his Spitfire crashed near Langurda, Surnadal, Norway, and was made a prisoner of war.
Gunn was initially suspected by the Germans of having flown from a covert RAF base somewhere in northern Norway. He was questioned over a period of three weeks before being processed into the prison camp system. Gunn was sent to Stalag Luft III in the German province of Lower Silesia near the town of Sagan (now Żagań, Poland), where he became a regular member of the tunnelling team. In captivity, Gunn was promoted to Flight Lieutenant (24 January 1943).
The 'Great Escape'
Gunn was one of 76 men who escaped the prison camp on the night of 24–25 March 1944 in the now famous "Great Escape". The alarms sounded upon the discovery of the escape attempt when he had been outside the wire for less than an hour. Gunn was quickly arrested on the road to Görlitz (to the south of the camp), and arrived at the collection point for recaptured officers at Görlitz prison.
The prisoners were interrogated harshly. Mike Casey and Gunn were both told that they would lose their heads. At Görlitz prison on the morning of 6 April 1944, Tony Bethell heard a truck arrive and saw three Germans in uniform call out the names of Denys Street, Neville McGarr, Jack Grisman, Sandy Gunn, Harold Milford, and John F Williams.
Outcome
Gunn was one of 50 escapees executed by the Gestapo. He was cremated at Breslau. Originally his remains were buried at Sagan, although his ashes are now interred in the Old Garrison Cemetery, Poznan.
Gunn's name was amongst those in the list of the murdered prisoners, which was published in the press in the UK and Commonwealth countries when news broke on or about 20 May 1944.
See Stalag Luft III murders
Post-war investigations saw a number of those guilty of the murders tracked down, arrested, and tried for their crimes; some were executed.
In 2018, wreckage of Gunn's aircraft was found in a peat bog near the Norwegian village of Sarnadal and brought back to the UK.
Awards
Mentioned in Despatches on 5 June 1942 for service as pilot officer
Mentioned in Despatches for conspicuous gallantry as a prisoner of war
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Lessons from History site analyses their efforts using modern project management methods, as the prisoners formally structured their work as a project.
Further reading
Project Lessons from the Great Escape (Stalag Luft III), by Mark Kozak-Holland.
Royal Air Force officers
British World War II pilots
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
1919 births
1944 deaths
Royal Air Force personnel killed in World War II
Participants in the Great Escape from Stalag Luft III
British escapees
Extrajudicial killings in World War II
British World War II prisoners of war
People from Perthshire
Shot-down aviators
Scottish military personnel |
4500892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Dakota%20State%20Bison | North Dakota State Bison | The North Dakota State Bison is the name of the athletic teams of North Dakota State University (NDSU), which is located in the city of Fargo, North Dakota. The teams are often called the "Thundering Herd". The current logo is a bison.
Sports sponsored
A member of the Summit League, North Dakota State University sponsors teams in eight men's and eight women's NCAA sanctioned intercollegiate sports: The football team competes as a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference. The wrestling team competes as an affiliate member of the Big 12 Conference.
In the past, North Dakota State has been a member of the North Central Conference, the Great West Football Conference, and the United Soccer Conference. It has also been an independent.
Football
The Bison football team, which since 1993 played their home games at the Fargodome, was a dominant force in Division II. Through January 2020, they have won 16 NCAA National titles. Eight were at the Division II level (1965, 1968, 1969, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, and 1990) before moving up to Division I-AA (now FCS) in 2004 where they have won eight national championships (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019). NDSU is the only team at any level of NCAA football to have won five straight national championships. The program was the winningest in the history of the NCAA Division II North Central Conference, with 17 outright championships and 27 total league football titles. The program has also been quite successful since moving up to the D1 FCS classification. In 2006 the Bison posted a 10–1 record that included a win over FBS Ball State. During a 2006 game against FBS Minnesota, NDSU led for much of the game, but a last-second field goal attempt was blocked by Minnesota, resulting in a 10–9 loss. The following season, the Bison won their first Great West Football Conference championship and achieved the number 1 ranking in major FCS polls for a majority of the season. During this season the 2007 Bison football team defeated FBS members Central Michigan University and the University of Minnesota. In 2010 the Bison defeated the FBS Kansas Jayhawks, 6–3, for their first win over a Big 12 program. The Bison won the 2011 FCS national championship, defeating Sam Houston State University, 17–6. The 2011 title was their ninth overall. The Bison returned to the FCS championship game in 2012 and soundly defeated Sam Houston State University in a rematch of the 2011 title game, 39–13. Expectations were high entering the 2013 season. The season commenced with a game against the Kansas State Wildcats, the reigning Big 12 Champions. The Bison took a quick lead, but let a 7–7 halftime score get away from them; trailing 21–7 in the third quarter. The Bison finished the game with an 18-play 80-yard drive that used minutes, leaving 28 seconds on the clock for the Wildcats, trailing by 3. NDSU Linebacker Grant Olson intercepted the first pass attempt by the Wildcats, sealing their 7th win over FBS teams since their move to FCS. ESPN College GameDay broadcast an episode from Fargo. The Bison finished the season 15–0 with a victory over the Towson Tigers, 35–7. Despite a cast of new coaches, the 2014 Bison finished the season with a 15–1 record, including another win over Big 12 Iowa State and won their fourth consecutive national championship. ESPN College GameDay was broadcast from Fargo for the 2nd consecutive year.
Basketball
The Bison basketball program includes a men's and a women's team. The teams play at the Sanford Health Athletic Complex (SHAC). The women's basketball team was a dominant force in Division II throughout the 1990s. They won five NCAA National Championships during the decade (1991, 1993–1996). The men's basketball team won an upset victory over the University of Wisconsin on January 21, 2006, potentially increasing its chances of being accepted into a conference. The Bison also upset Marquette University on their home court at their tournament, 64–60, on December 2, 2006. On March 10, 2009 the Bison defeated Oakland 66–64 to win the Summit League Tournament and a bid to the 2009 NCAA Basketball Tournament.
On February 28, 2009, the Bison men's basketball team captured the Summit League regular-season championship, the school's first at the Division I level, by defeating Oral Roberts 75–72 in Tulsa, OK. Two weeks later, NDSU earned its first men's basketball NCAA berth by winning the Summit League Tournament played at Sioux Falls, SD. The Bison defeated Centenary 83–77 in the tourney quarterfinals, stopped Southern Utah 79–67 in the semifinals, and edged Oakland 66–64 in the championship game. The Bison traveled to Minneapolis for a first-round game with the defending national champions, the Kansas Jayhawks, and fell 84–74. NDSU's tournament appearance marked the first time in almost 35 years that a Division I men's program qualified for the tournament in its first season of eligibility.
2013 NDSU season highlights included a win over Notre Dame for their first ever win over an ACC team. NDSU advanced to the NCAA tournament for a 2nd time and received a #12 seed. They defeated #5 Oklahoma 80–75 in a second-round matchup of the NCAA basketball tournament and fell to San Diego State, one win short of the Sweet 16.
In 2014, NDSU won the Summit League Tournament and advanced to their 3rd NCAA Basketball Tournament as a #15 seed, eventually falling to #2 seed Gonzaga 86–76.
Wrestling
The Bison wrestling program had success under coach Bucky Maughan, winning four NCAA Division II team National Championships (1988, 1998, 2000, 2001). Maughan retired in 2011 after 37 years and his successor is two-time NCAA All-American Roger Kish. Kish led the 2013–14 NDSU to career highs in rankings and tournament placement since the Bison joined the Division I ranks. In 2013, NDSU earned its first D1 All American and four through 2015. The team is a member of the Big 12 Conference.
Volleyball
The 2008–2009 season was when the school first became fully eligible for Division I competition. In December 2008 NDSU's women's volleyball team captured the Summit League's regular season and tournament championships (doing so with a perfect league record) to become the first program at the school to earn a berth in a Division I NCAA tournament. The Bison dropped their opening round match to the University of Minnesota.
Softball
In the spring of 2009, the Bison women's softball team won the Summit League tournament in Macomb, Illinois, becoming the school's third team to appear in an NCAA tournament in the calendar year. In its opening game in May, the Bison upset 9th-ranked Oklahoma, 1–0, in an 11-inning game that spanned two days due to a weather delay. The Bison won the regional with victories over Tulsa, 3–2 and 4–1, to advance to the Super Regional (Sweet Sixteen) of the tournament, where they were eliminated.
Soccer
In fall 2010, the Bison women's soccer team achieved the program's first NCAA tournament bid with a victory over Western Illinois in the Summit League tournament final.
Mascot
"Thundar" is the official mascot of NDSU athletics. The mascot, which resembles the American Bison, comes from the term "thundering herd," a nickname given to NDSU athletic teams since changing its name from "Aggies" to "Bison" in 1919. While some form of a "Bison Mascot" has been used at NDSU athletic events since the mid-1960s, "Thundar" did not become the official mascot of the university until 1991.
Media
NDSU athletics radio coverage rights are held by Radio FM Media with games also airing on the 24-station Bison Radio Network. TV rights for the Bison are held by Forum Communications, a Fargo-based communications company that owns TV stations affiliated with ABC, for both football and basketball.
In addition to broadcast rights, the NDSU Bison also receive dedicated print coverage in Bison Illustrated. The monthly magazine brings readers behind the scenes coverage of NDSU teams, players, coaches, administration, and alumni. The magazine is distributed free of charge in locations around the Fargo-Moorhead area and is available via paid subscription for out-of-state readers.
References
External links |
848797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer%20Girls | Mercer Girls | The Mercer Girls or Mercer Maids were women who chose to move from the east coast of the United States to the Seattle area in the 1860s at the invitation of Asa Mercer. Mercer, an American who lived in Seattle, wanted to "import" women to the Pacific Northwest to balance the gender ratio. The women were drawn by the prospect of moving to a boomtown with a surplus of bachelors. These events formed the basis of the television series Here Come the Brides.
First trip
Frontier Seattle attracted numerous men to work in the timber and fishing industries, but very few single women were willing to relocate by themselves to the remote Pacific Northwest. Only one adult out of ten was a woman, and most girls over 15 were already engaged. White men, and women of the Salish tribes, did not always feel mutually attracted. Prostitutes were also scarce, until the arrival of John Pennell and his brothel from San Francisco.
In 1864, Asa Mercer decided to go east to find women willing to relocate to Puget Sound. Mercer first enlisted prominent local married couples to act as hosts for the women once they arrived to assuage Victorian era moral concerns over the propriety of importing single women to the frontier. Mercer also had support from the governor of Washington Territory, but the government could not offer any money.
Mercer proceeded to travel to Boston and later to the textile town of Lowell and recruited eight young women from Lowell and two from the nearby community of Townsend, willing to move to the other side of the country. They traveled back through the Isthmus of Panama, although in San Francisco locals tried to convince the girls to stay there instead. They arrived in Seattle on May 16, 1864, where the community staged a grand welcome on the grounds of the Territorial University.
Only eleven women undertook the journey, well under the fifty initially reported in The Seattle Gazette. The Mercer Girls of the first voyage were Annie May Adams, Antoinette Josephine Baker, Sarah Cheney, Aurelia Coffin, Sarah Jane Gallagher, Maria Murphy, Elizabeth Ordway, Georgia Pearson, Josephine Pearson, Catherine Stevens, and Katherine Stickney. Daniel Pearson and Rodolphus Stevens, the fathers of three of the young women, completed the westward party.
All but two of the women were married in short order: Josie Pearson who died unexpectedly a short time after she arrived, and Lizzie Ordway, the oldest of the ladies who was 35 when she arrived in Seattle with Mercer. Mercer was subsequently elected to the Territorial Legislature.
Second trip
Mercer decided to try again on a larger scale in 1865, and again collected donations from willing men. He asked for $300 to bring a suitable wife and received hundreds of applications. However, in the aftermath of Abraham Lincoln's assassination, his next trip east went wrong, until speculator Ben Holladay promised to provide transport for the women. However, the New York Herald found out about the project and wrote that all the women were destined to waterfront dives or to be wives of old men. Authorities in Massachusetts were not sympathetic, either.
Due to the bad publicity by the time Mercer was to depart on January 16, 1866, he had fewer than 100 recruits, when he had promised five times that many. His ship, the former Civil War transport S.S. Continental, sailed for the West Coast around Cape Horn.
Three months later, the ship stopped in San Francisco, where the captain refused to go any further. Mercer failed to convince him otherwise, and when he telegraphed to Washington governor Pickering to ask for more money, the governor could not afford it. Finally, he convinced crewmen on lumber schooners to transport them for free. Among the financiers of the trip had been Hiram Burnett, a lumber mill manager for Pope & Talbot, who was bringing out his sister and wanted wives for his employees. A few of the women decided to stay in California instead.
When Mercer returned to Seattle, he had to answer a number of questions about his performance. At a meeting on May 23, public dismay softened, probably because the women were with him.
Mercer ended up marrying one of the women, Annie Stephens, a week later, and most of the others found husbands as well.
See also
History of Seattle
Bigelow House Museum
References
Murray Morgan. Skid Road. Seattle: Her First 100 Years. Ballantine Books. 1951. SBN 345-02228-9-125. . .
External links
Original Mercer Girls, Mercer Girls chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution
Seattle at 150: Ordway, the unwed 'Mercer Girl,' was still well-loved James R. Warren, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 16, 2001
History of Seattle
1864 in the United States
History of women in Washington (state) |
55958711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobva | Lobva | Lobva () is a settlement located in the Novolyalinsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. According to a census, Lobva had 9260 inhabitants in 2010. The administrative center of the district, the town of Novaya Lyalya, lies 16 kilometers south of Lobva.
Lobva is located at the confluence between the Lovba river and the Lyampa river, its tributary. The Lobva river meanders through the settlement, forming a number of oxbow lakes.
Lobva was founded on 9 November 1905 when the Lobva train station of the Bogoslovskaya Railway was created. From 1905 to 1917 Lobva was part of the Perm Governorate and became part of Sverdlovsk Oblast in 1934.
Rural localities in Sverdlovsk Oblast |
31082179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession%20Proof%20%28House%29 | Recession Proof (House) | "Recession Proof" is the fourteenth episode of the seventh season of the American medical drama House. It aired on February 28, 2011.
Plot
A patient is admitted after breaking out in a severe rash triggered by caustic chemical exposure at his blue-collar job. As the team treats him, they discover that he has led his wife to believe that he is still maintaining his once-lucrative real estate career. He is finally diagnosed with Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome but dies before he can be treated.
Meanwhile, Cuddy is honored with an award and needs House to be at the charity event for support, but his attendance is threatened when his patient's battle to survive forces him to question his practice and his own happiness. Also, Chase and Masters teach each other a lesson in forging meaningful personal and professional relationships.
Reception
Critical Response
The A.V. Club gave this episode a C- rating.
References
External links
"Recession Proof" at Fox.com
House (season 7) episodes
2011 American television episodes |
63929857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession%20%28Scots%20law%29 | Accession (Scots law) | Accession or Accessio is method of original acquisition of property under Scots property law. It operates to allow property (the accessory) to merge with (or accede to) another object (the principal), either moveable or heritable (land). Accessio derives from the Roman law concept of the same name. Other jurisdictions employ similar rules. The leading case in this area is said to be Brand's Trustees v Brand's Trustees (1876) 3 R (HL) 16.
A common example is a tree (the accessory) acceding to the land (the principal), thereby the tree is owned by the owner of the land on which it is planted by the operation of accession. Accession may appear similar to other modes of original acquisition, but each mode has discrete differences. Importantly, accession does not produce a new object (rem) in itself, such as specificatio, accesio merely accessorises one object to another (the principal).
Types of Accession
There are broadly two types of accession: (1) natural accession and (2) human accession.
Natural Accession
Natural accession occurs by the operation of nature alone, eg: A tree sapling owned by C is planted in a garden owned to B, a cow belonging to F impregnates a cow belonging to G, thereby acceding ownership of the calf foetus to G.
Human Accession
Industrial, or human, accession occurs whereby property are merged artificially, such as by welding, drilling or other permanent affixment. eg: a hood ornament, owned by Z, is welded to a car, owned by a W.
Requirements for Accession
It is now recognised that there are three requirements for accession to occur, irrespective if human or natural accession. These are:
(1) Physical Union
Accession requires a physical bond or attachment between the two objects. e.g.: a tree can be physically attached to land by taking root
(2) Functional Subordination
The accessory must be functionally subordinate to the principal.
(3) Permanency
The accessory must be merged to the principal in a permanent manner. This is to ensure that attachments of short length do not create an accession. E.g.: A tent recently affixed to the land it is erected upon does not accede as there is no permanency.
The test for accession is said to be applied "mechanically", ie: the circumstances of the accession are not analysed. Viscount Stair was of the opinion that accession can occur irrespective of the consent or bad faith in the merger of the accessory and principal. As consent is irrelevant, neither owner can contract out of accession occurring.
Legal Effects of Accession
There are three legal effects where accession has occurred, whereby the principal and accessory become owned by the principal's owner insevereably. These are:
(1) The accessory becomes part of the principal
The accessory, as a matter of property law, becomes an inherent part of the principal. This means that where the ownership of the principal is transferred, ownership will travel with it, eg: when a house is sold, the tree planted in the garden of the house is transferred with the land.
(2) Conversion
If the accessory is a different class to the principal, the accessory will be reclassified (ie converted) as the class of the principal. Eg: the tree planted in the garden of a house is no longer a corporeal moveable property, but is considered corporeal heritable property.
(3) Extinction of Title
Ownership of the accessory is extinguished by ownership of the principal. In circumstances where ownership (title) of an accessory was held by a separate individual from the owner of the principal, the owner of the principal becomes the owner of the accessory. Thus, ownership of the accessory is extinguished. Eg: A tree sapling, owned by C, is planted in the garden of a house owned by D. At the moment it is considered to have acceded, ie: when the tree takes root in the soil of the garden, thereby meeting the above three tests of accession, ownership of the tree now belongs to D.
Compensation
There is no legal authority for compensating owners of accessories who have had their right extinguished by natural accession. However, where extinction of a separate individual's ownership occurs by way of industrial, or human, accession (eg: a hood ornament, owned by Z, is welded to a car, owned by a W), compensation from the principal owner is available only where the principal's owner instructed the accessory's owner to merge the object, or the principal merged the accessory himself. Where an accessory owner has the merged the object, compensation is not recoverable unless the owner of the accessory acted in good faith and has a reasonable, but mistaken, belief that he owned the principal. In such circumstances, the law of unjustified enrichment, part of the Scots law of obligations applies. Where a third party, and is not an agent of the two owners, has merged the two objects to cause accession; compensation is recoverable from the third party. As compensation falls as part of a personal right, enforcement of a right of compensation does not apply to subsequent owners of the principal.
Separation of Accessory
If the accessory is removed from the principal, eg: the tree in the house of the garden owned by D (see above examples) is dug up by a thief, E, the property is reconverted to its original class of property (e.g.: the tree, once uprooted, is considered a moveable again) and is considered an independent piece of property again. However, ownership of the accessory does not fall by occupatio to the removing individual but is widely considered to remain with the owner of the principal before the accession. However, there is authority in Scots law that the original owner of the accessory obtains ownership so this rule may subject to subsequent clarification, eg: the young tree planted by C in the garden belonging to D, uprooted and stolen by E would legally belong to C again under this interpretation of the law of accession.
Moveable Accessory acceding to Heritable Principal (Fixtures)
Moveable accessories that have acceded to a heritable principal are known as fixtures, with similar concepts of the same name found in other legal jurisdictions. Fixtures, ie: that which has acceded by the three rules above, should not be confused with fittings (such as chairs, desks, drawers). Fixtures alone transfer with the heritable principal, fittings do not.
The three requirements for accession must always be met. However it is possible for the weight of a fitting alone to cause it to accede to the heritable property, irrespective of the physical union to the land. Functional subordination must also apply here too, the accessory must be functionally subordinate to the heritable property for it to accede. Difficulty can arise where it can be difficult to identify where a fixture is functionally subordinate, as such the issue of functional subordination is dependent of the fact of the case at hand. The test for functional subordination of fixtures is expressed by Gretton & Steven as: "does the item appear to be attached for the improvement of the land or for the better enjoyment of the item?"In certain situations, a constructive fixture can accede to heritable property where it traditionally would not be considered to be an accessory. A notable example of this is the keys to a house or moveable parts of a machine that itself is a fixture of heritable property.
As discussed above, due to the narrow test for fixtures, it is common practice for fittings to also be included in the sale and subsequent transfer in any event, either expressly or impliedly as a matter of Scots contract law. It is common practice, for example in the missives of sale of a house, to include certain fittings such as whitegoods or curtains, as is the case with the Scottish Standard Clauses. This means that a voluntary transfer of fittings will also take place when the heritable property (land) is sold to avoid any disputes or litigation as to what it is classified as a fixture or fitting.
Heritable Accessory acceding to Heritable Moveable (Alluvion or Alluvio)
Heritable property is capable of acceding to other heritable property, known as alluvio after the Roman law method of acquisition of the same name. This primarily operates by rivers or other moving-waters such as the tide depositing sediment, or alluvium, deposited by a river. It should not be confused with avulsion, which occurs when there is a deposit of sediment after a heavy storm or other weather event.
Accession of Fruits
Certain fruits, fructus, or products (the accessory) accede to the property (the principal) that created them. The institutional writers considered there were three cases where accession of fruits occurs:
Animals in utero
An animal mother's child in the womb belongs to the owner of the mother while the child remains in utero (gestation period or pregnancy). The accession ends upon the birth of the child but as the owner of principal will still retain ownership of the accessory (see above), the child will belong to the owner of the mother.
Natural Products of Plants and Animals
Natural products of plants (e.g.: sap, flowers, fruits etc.) and animals (milk, fur, honey, etc.) accede to the principal until they are physically separated.
Trees, Plants, Crops
Trees, plants and other crops accede to the land (heritable accessory) upon which they take root. However, an important exception is made for industrial crops. which do not accede to the land they are rooted upon.
References
Scots law
Roman law
Civil law (legal system) |
10007498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%20Javed%20%28cricketer%29 | Sana Javed (cricketer) | Sana Javed (born 27 March 1983) is a Pakistani former cricketer who played as a wicket-keeper and right-handed batter. She appeared in 20 One Day Internationals for Pakistan between 2005 and 2008, including captaining the side at the 2005–06 Women's Asia Cup. She played domestic cricket for Lahore.
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Cricketers from Punjab, Pakistan
Pakistani women cricketers
Pakistan women One Day International cricketers
Pakistani women cricket captains
Lahore women cricketers |
5685804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmar | Harmar |
Harmar may refer to:
People
Surname
Fairlie Harmar, Viscountess Harberton
John Harmar (c. 1555 – 1613), Greek scholar and translator of the 1611 Bible
John Harmar (philologist) (also Harmer) (c. 1594–1670), English cleric and academic, Regius Professor of Greek at Oxford
Josiah Harmar (1753–1813), American Army officer of the Revolutionary War
Given name
Harmar D. Denny, Jr. (1886–1966), Pilot and US Congressman from Pennsylvania
Harmar Denny (1794–1852), US Congressman from Pennsylvania
Places
Fort Harmar
Harmar, Marietta, Ohio, which includes the fort
Harmar Township, Pennsylvania
See also
Harmer, a surname |
31540921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espacio%20y%20Desarrollo | Espacio y Desarrollo | Espacio y Desarrollo is an annual Peruvian peer-reviewed scientific journal of geography. It was established in 1989 and is published by the Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú). The current editor-in-chief is Ana Sabogal. Espacio y Desarrollo focuses on environmental geography, linking physical geography and human geography. Contributions often highlight the human-environmental relationship. The regional focus is on Latin America.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in ERIH PLUS, EBSCOhost and Latindex.
See also
Geography portal
References
External links
Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada
1989 establishments in Peru
Geography journals
Annual journals
Multilingual journals
Publications established in 1989
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru |
27601004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Allan | Adam Allan | Adam McIlroy Allan (12 September 1904 – after 1937) was a professional association footballer who played at Centre Half. He played for Falkirk, Sunderland, Reading and Queen of the South.
Early years
Adam Allan was born in Newarthill, Scotland.
Adam Allan started his senior career with Falkirk.
Sunderland
Allan moved South to join Sunderland. His debut was 27 August 1927 in a 3-3 draw against Portsmouth at home. He was there for three seasons with his last game being a 4-1 defeat away against Everton on 3 May 1930. He made 20 appearances in the league that first season.
At Sunderland he was a teammate of the player who was the 1928/29 top scorer in England's top division, ex Queen of the South player, Dave Halliday. This was Allan's most successful season at Sunderland. The club ended the season as England's fourth team in the league in which Allan had made 29 appearances as well an FA Cup appearance.
In his third and final season at Roker, Allan made 14 first team appearances and a further FA Cup appearance (a 2-2 draw against Nottingham Forest). Thus in total he made 63 league appearances and two appearances in the FA Cup for Sunderland.
Reading
After Sunderland, Allan joined Reading for whom he made 106 appearances in the league scoring three goals.
Queen of the South
Allan joined newly promoted Queen of the South in 1933 for their first season in the top division of Scottish football. Allan played a prominent role in Queens achieving what remains their highest top division finish, fourth in 1933/34. Among the scalps Queens took that season were double victories over Celtic, Hibs and Hearts. Queens reached the Scottish Cup quarter finals before losing to two deflected goals away to St. Johnstone.
Allan was part of the George McLachlan managed 1936 Summer tour to France, Luxembourg, and Algeria.
On the back of league wins against Dundee and Hibs, on 30 January 1937 captained by Willie Savage, with Willie Fotheringham in goal and with Willie Culbert, Laurie Cumming, Joe Tulip and Jackie Law, Sr also playing, Queen of the South condemned Rangers to a 1–0 first round Scottish Cup exit. The Evening Times reported, "It was more than a merited win for Queen of the South. It was a triumph".
References
Scottish footballers
Falkirk F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Queen of the South F.C. players
English Football League players
1904 births
Year of death missing
Association football defenders |
34488528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbalakudunj%20Community | Jimbalakudunj Community | Jimbalakudunj is a small Aboriginal community, located approximately north west of Fitzroy Crossing in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, within the Shire of Derby-West Kimberley.
Jimbalakudunj occupies a unique location in the West Kimberley settlement pattern in the sense that it is proximate to the midway point between the coastal regional centres of Broome/Derby and the inland regional centre of Fitzroy Crossing.
History
Jimbalakudunj was established in the early 1990s by members of the Nargoodah family moving away from Noonkanbah and Fitzroy Crossing onto Paradise Downs Station. An entity to manage the affairs of the community was established in 199.
Native title
The community is located within the SDWK Nyikina Mangala (WI2005/001) Indigenous land use agreement area.
Governance
The community is managed through its incorporated body, Jimbalakudunj Aboriginal Corporation, incorporated under the Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976 on 27 May 1991.
Town planning
Jimbalakudunj Layout Plan No.1 has been prepared in accordance with State Planning Policy 3.2 Aboriginal Settlements. Layout Plan No.1 was endorsed by.
Notes
External links
Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
Native Title Indigenous Land Use Agreement summary
Towns in Western Australia
Aboriginal communities in the Kimberley (Western Australia) |
116681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egremont%2C%20Massachusetts | Egremont, Massachusetts | Egremont is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,372 at the 2020 census. Egremont consists of two villages, North Egremont and South Egremont.
History
Egremont was first settled in 1722 by Dutch settlers from New York. English settlers arrived a few years later, and the town was officially incorporated by Massachusetts in 1761. It is unclear whether the town is named for the English town or for the first Earl of Egremont, whose title was created shortly after Egremont's settlement. For much of its history, Egremont has been an agricultural town, with only a small milling area around South Egremont.
Around New Year's Day, 1776, General Henry Knox passed through the town with cannons from Fort Ticonderoga, which he was bringing to help end the Siege of Boston. Today, the path is known as the Knox Trail, and a historical marker is located in the village of North Egremont.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.26%, is water. Egremont lies along the western border of Berkshire County and Massachusetts, with Columbia County, New York, to the west. The town is bordered by Alford to the north, Great Barrington to the east, Sheffield to the southeast, Mount Washington to the southwest, and Copake and Hillsdale, New York, to the west. Egremont is south-southwest of Pittsfield, west of Springfield, west of Boston, and southeast of Albany, New York.
Egremont is situated in a valley east of the Taconic Range. To the southwest, Mount Whitbeck divides the town from Mount Washington, and to the west, Mount Fray and several other mountains divide the town from New York proper. Mount Fray is the site of the Catamount Ski Area, which extends into Hillsdale. Mount Whitbeck and its neighbor, the Jug End, make up the Jug End State Reservation and Wildlife Management Area. The Appalachian Trail extends through the reservation, before turning east at the Jug End towards Great Barrington. The town lies along the Green River, a tributary of the Housatonic River. Several brooks also flow through the town, with one being dammed to form the Mill Pond in South Egremont.
In South Egremont, Massachusetts Route 23 and Route 41 meet just northeast of the Mill Pond, traveling together into Great Barrington. The western end of Route 23 is at the state border within town, where it becomes New York State Route 23. Massachusetts Route 71, which carries part of the Knox Trail, also passes through the town, from Alford to the north to Great Barrington to the east. The highway does not meet the other two, however, until well into Great Barrington. The nearest interstate, Interstate 90 (the Massachusetts Turnpike), is located north of town, with the nearest exit, the "turn-around" Exit 1, being to the north in West Stockbridge. There is no rail, bus or air service in town, with the nearest for all three being in Great Barrington. The nearest national air service can be found at Albany International Airport in Albany, New York.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,345 people, 609 households, and 408 families residing in the town. By population, Egremont ranks twentieth out of the 32 cities and towns in Berkshire County, and 315th out of the 351 cities and towns in Massachusetts. The population density was 71.4 people per square mile (27.6/km2), which ranks 16th in the county and 301st in the Commonwealth. There were 866 housing units at an average density of 46.0 per square mile (17.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.36% European American, 0.07% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.30% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.04% of the population.
There were 609 households, out of which 22.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.67.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 18.3% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 22.5% from 25 to 44, 34.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $50,000, and the median income for a family was $60,104. Males had a median income of $40,885 versus $31,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $41,702. About 4.3% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Egremont employs the open town meeting form of government, and is led by a board of selectmen and an administrative assistant. Egremont has its own police, fire and public works departments, and its post office also serves neighboring Mount Washington. The town's library, located in South Egremont, is connected to the regional library networks. A 150 acre public park, located in North Egremont, has tennis courts, ball fields, a modern children's playground, a dog park, a riding ring, hiking and equestrian trails, picnic shelters, and other features.
On the state level, Egremont is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives by the Fourth Berkshire district, which covers southern Berkshire County, as well as the westernmost towns in Hampden County. In the Massachusetts Senate, the town is represented by the Berkshire, Hampshire and Franklin district, which includes all of Berkshire County and western Hampshire and Franklin counties. The town employs a professional full-time Police Department, and recently completed its first stand alone Police facility. Egremont is also patrolled by the First (Lee) Station of Barracks "B" of the Massachusetts State Police.
On the national level, Egremont is represented in the United States House of Representatives as part of Massachusetts's 1st congressional district, and has been represented by Richard Neal of Springfield since January 2013.
Education
Egremont is one of five towns that operate the Southern Berkshire Regional School District (neighboring Mount Washington also sends students to the district's schools). Kindergarten and first-grade students from Egremont and Mount Washington attend either the South Egremont School, a one-room school-house for early-kindergarten, kindergarten, and first grades, or the Undermountain Elementary School in Sheffield, which serves students in pre-kindergarten through fifth grade. Sixth- through twelfth-graders attend Mount Everett Regional School. There are private schools in adjacent Great Barrington, Sheffield, Salisbury and Lakeville (in Connecticut) and other nearby towns.
The nearest community college is the South County Center of Berkshire Community College in Great Barrington. The nearest state university is Westfield State University. The nearest private college is Bard College at Simon's Rock in Great Barrington.
References
External links
Town of Egremont official website
1775 establishments in Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts
Towns in Berkshire County, Massachusetts |
59828095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Ostashchenko | Roman Ostashchenko | Roman Ostashchenko (born 26 September 1992) is a Russian handball player for Chekhovskiye Medvedi and the Russian national team.
He represented Russia at the 2019 World Men's Handball Championship.
References
1992 births
Living people
Russian male handball players |
38161743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIC%C2%B7NII%C2%B7LAN%C2%B7DAFT%C2%B7ERD%C2%B7ARK | DIC·NII·LAN·DAFT·ERD·ARK | DIC·NII·LAN·DAFT·ERD·ARK is the eleventh studio album by Danish rock band D-A-D. It was released on 14 November 2011 on Mermaid Records.
The album was nominated for the Danish Rock release of the Year at the Danish Music Awards in 2012.
Track list
"A New Age Moving In" (4:18)
"I Want What She's Got" (4:04)
"The End" (3:45)
"Fast on Wheels" (4:06)
"The Place of the Heart" (3:41)
"The Last Time in Neverland" (3:51)
"Breaking Them Heart by Heart" (4:26)
"We All Fall Down" (4:59)
"The Wild Thing in the Woods" (4:50)
"Can't Explain What It Means" (3:16)
"Drag Me to the Curb" (3:36)
"Your Lips Are Sealed" (5:33)
Charts
References
External links
This album on D-A-D's official homepage
2011 albums
D.A.D. (band) albums |
19427903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua%20Mark%20Thomas | Joshua Mark Thomas | Joshua Mark Thomas is an interior designer and photographer.
Early years
He was born in Montana, possibly Proctor, on August 21, 1973 to Mark & Dianne Thomas. After various moves throughout the country, including to New York, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas, he settled in Atlanta, Georgia, where he attended the Savannah College of Art & Design.
Early career
Joshua's early career including the design and manufacture of detailed, high-end dresses and costumes for ballroom dancers, and his clients included many of the countries top dancers who are still performing professionally today.
Career
He was an on-air cast member of HGTV's Designed to Sell for all Atlanta seasons and is the current photographer for HGTV's Curb Appeal. Joshua's textile work has also been featured on The Today Show, HGTV's Designed to Sell, and with various John Gidding Design Inc. projects, including at the upscale furniture store, Artefacto (currently in their Atlanta, GA Style House). His work has also recently been in Loft Life magazine, which shows both his textiles as part of the Artefacto Style House and his photography, as credited in the article, in Jezebel magazine, where he's shown as part of the Designed to Sell cast, and in Atlanta Woman's Magazine, which shows his textile work as part of Designed to Sell, as well as crediting his photography work. In 2009, his work (both photography and textiles) was featured in the remodel of Carrie Fisher's dressing room at Studio 54 for her production of Wishful Drinking.
He also owns a textile and design firm named J Thomas Design and a fine art photography business, J Thomas Fine Art.
His textile work has appeared on almost every episode of seasons 25 - 28 of Designed to Sell.
References
American photographers
1973 births
Living people
American interior designers |
47742422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Gray%20%28broadcaster%29 | Jane Gray (broadcaster) | Elsie Gray (1896-1984), known professional as Jane Gray was a pioneering English-born Canadian radio and television broadcaster, who was active between 1924 and 1979. She was one of the first women to pursue a career in radio broadcasting in Canada, and was inducted into the Canadian Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame in 1988.
Early years
She was born in Croydon, England in 1896 and grew up there. She was interested in theater from an early age, but her parents were religious Baptists and did not want her to be an entertainer. However, they did permit her to sing for church groups, and she also did some performances during World War I to entertain the troops. After marrying a British military officer named Earl Gray, she came with him to Canada as a war bride in 1919; they settled in London, Ontario, where they raised their three children, Earl Jr. (nicknamed "Buddy"), Kenneth, and Dorothy. But when the marriage failed and she separated from her husband in 1924, she needed to support her children; jobs in London did not pay very well, so she decided to move her family to Toronto, where she believed she could find more lucrative opportunities for employment.
Radio career
Gray's radio career began in October 1924. Some sources have stated, erroneously, that she was Canada's first female broadcaster; but researcher Peggy Stewart, in her 2012 book Radio Ladies: Canada's Women on the Air 1922-1975, tells the stories of women who were on the air as early as 1922, including Mary Conquest of CFAC in Calgary and Elizabeth MacAdam of CKMC in Cobalt. But there is no denying that Gray was one of Canada's early women announcers, and she went on to have one of the longest careers of any female broadcaster, a career that lasted for more than five decades. Her radio career had begun when she joined station CJGC in London, Ontario; she hosted a program where she read poetry. She also gave advice to the listeners; by some accounts, this was the first advice program on Canadian radio. At that time, she did not use the name "Jane Gray"—she used her actual name, Elsie Gray. But she met a numerologist who told her that the combination of letters in her name was unlucky; she decided to select a different and shorter name, and chose "Jane Gray."
By 1927, Gray was living in Toronto, where she was hired by CFRB and then CFCA. She also continued her advice show on radio stations in Toronto. She developed a strategy for making money, even in radio's early years when few stations were financially successful: would pay for airtime on a radio station, and then sell commercials on the shows she hosted; her programs were popular, and she quickly began making a profit. By 1928, she had also founded an acting troupe, the Jane Gray Players, which performed both short and long form radio drama. Some of the first presentations she produced were half-hour mystery plays, over Toronto station CFCA, owned at that time by the Toronto Star. She was then hired by CKNC in Toronto. One day, she needed a ride to work and couldn't find a taxi. A young man was driving by and she flagged him down and asked if he would take her to the radio station. He did, and to show her gratitude, she offered him a chance to take part in her radio show as one of the Jane Gray Players. That young man was Ken Soble, who would go on to become a major force in Canadian broadcasting.
Success
By this time, Gray had started to make a name for herself. She not only wrote, produced, and acted in radio plays, but she also held drama school classes on Saturday mornings. In addition to becoming popular with women radio listeners, Gray also began writing a column for housewives in the Toronto Globe & Mail. During the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, her column, which was called the Home Forum, provided advice. She also shared recipes that readers sent in, or offered homemaking tips. And she let her readers know about what her own children were doing. On radio and in print, she became known for trying to solve the problems of her audience: people would write to her about family tragedies, illnesses, financial problems, and if she couldn't solve the problem herself, she would use her programs or her column to let others know and try to find solutions that way. In fact, her newspaper promoted her problem-solving abilities in regular advertisements: readers and radio listeners were encouraged to write to her for guidance, because she "has shown the way to happiness... to thousands of men and women."
She also became known as a pitch-woman, making appearances and doing testimonials for various products, several of which claimed to be "miracle elixirs." She assumed the role of "Princess Mus-Kee-Kee," promoting a medicinal tonic, called Mus-Kee-Kee, that promised to cure a wide range of health problems; the sponsor expected her to dress in a faux-Indian costume, and she made appearances across Canada, selling bottles of the product. She also developed a successful side-business as an astrologer and numerologist. Ads placed in newspapers in every city in which she appeared referred to her as "The Wise Little Lady of the Air," speaking of her "common sense advice and sound philosophy."
Later years
In the early 1940s, she took a brief hiatus from broadcasting to care for her son Buddy, who was living in Calgary and had become gravely ill; he died of cancer at age 20, in 1942. She remained in Calgary for a while, before returning to Toronto and getting back into broadcasting work, once again giving advice and being inspirational to her audience. As a way of coping with her grief, she became involved with making toys and other crafts. Her specialty was stuffed animals for children. She displayed her crafts and toys at hobby shows, and her work became popular, especially with fans who had enjoyed listening to her on the radio.
In addition to her radio work, beginning in 1953, she became a television host on CHCH-TV in Hamilton. The station was founded by Ken Soble, who had never forgotten her. He nicknamed her "Duchess," and hired her for his radio station, CHML, as well as for his TV station. At CHCH-TV, she was the longtime host of a Saturday morning program called Hobby Time, devoted to crafts. Well into the 1960s, when styles of broadcasting had become smoother and more sophisticated, Gray was considered timeless by her fans: critics might call her corny and old-fashioned, but in a typical week, she would receive as many as 800 letters. She became known for interviewing well-known celebrities, including Liberace, Bob Hope, and Sophie Tucker, and she also interviewed local people.
Gray retired from full-time broadcasting in 1979, but continued to work as an occasional freelancer, filling in whenever CHCH needed her, until her death in 1984 at age 87. She died after a brief illness, in St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton.
References
Canadian radio hosts
Canadian television hosts
1896 births
1984 deaths
English emigrants to Canada
People from Croydon
Canadian women radio hosts
Canadian women television hosts |
40266482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shambhu%20Rai | Shambhu Rai | Shambhu Rai () or Sambhu Rai is a renowned Nepali singer, songwriter, musician and a music producer. Some of his famous songs are चिट्ठी तिमीलाई लेखु भन्छु, यो मन भन्छ कहाँ जाऊ, चलेछ बतास सुस्तरी and आलु दम चाना. He also plays Sarangi, a short-necked fiddle used throughout South Asia
References
21st-century Nepalese male singers
Living people
People from Dhankuta District
Year of birth missing (living people)
Rai people |
4650234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role%20set | Role set | According to Erving Goffman a role set is the various kinds of relevant audiences for a particular role. Robert K. Merton describes "role set" as the "complement of social relationships in which persons are involved because they occupy a particular social status." For instance, the role of a doctor has a role set comprising colleagues, nurses, patients, hospital administrators, etc.
The term "role set" was coined by Merton in 1957. He made a clear distinction between a "role set" and a "status set".
See also
Role conflict
Role strain
References
Role theory
Role status |
2571081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Robertson | Steven Robertson | Steven Robertson (born 1 January 1977) is a Scottish actor who stars as Detective Sandy Wilson in the BBC One adaptation of Ann Cleeves's Shetland, filmed near where Robertson was born and brought up. He portrayed Michael Connelly, a young man with cerebral palsy, in Inside I'm Dancing, and played Dominic Rook in the popular BBC Three comedy-drama series Being Human. He has had roles in numerous television programs including Luther and The Bletchley Circle.
Personal life
Robertson grew up in the small village of Vidlin in the Shetland Islands of Scotland, with his two sisters. In his childhood, Robertson battled and overcame severe dyslexia. Before pursuing an acting career, he worked as an odd-job man in his village. Growing up, he was close to the Shetland poet Rhoda Bulter. He stated that she was the trigger for him pursuing a career in performing by telling him old Shetland tales. Robertson attended the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. While there he met his wife, actress Charlotte Allam. He is also a member of Aya Theatre and has starred in their adaptation of George Orwell's Burmese Days as Flory. He currently lives in Hertfordshire with his wife and daughter.
Career
Robertson's first major film role came in 2004 when he starred alongside fellow Scottish actor James McAvoy in Inside I'm Dancing.
He then went on to play a small part in the 2005 film Kingdom of Heaven as an Angelic Priest. Following this, he had a big role in the 2005 French war film Joyeux Noel in which he played Jonathan, a young man whose brother was shot dead during WW1. Robertson then went on to play characters in numerous TV dramas, including Luther, where he played both of the Millberry twins, a murderous duo who decided their victim's fate on the roll of a die.
Robertson then played Dominic Rook, a government leader whose department protects the world from supernaturals in series 5 of the British supernatural drama Being Human.
He later worked on series 2 of Utopia, a British conspiracy thriller for Channel 4 where he played the role of Terrence.
Shetland
Robertson returned to his home in Shetland to film the TV series of the same name, where he starred as Constable Sandy Wilson in the BBC One adaptation of the popular Ann Cleeves book series. The show was criticised for its lack of Shetland accents, with Robertson being the only main cast member born and brought up on the islands. However, the series attracted over 6 million viewers and a second series was commissioned featuring, alongside Douglas Henshall and Robertson, actors Brian Cox, Julie Graham and Alex Norton, with Robertson's character now a detective. Robertson stated to Digital Spy that his portrayal of Wilson was a "nice break from playing killers and creeps". A third series, telling a single story, aired in 2016.
Robertson returned as DC Wilson for the fourth series which was broadcast in early 2018, the fifth series which was broadcast in early 2019 and the sixth in 2021.
Filmography
Film
Inside I'm Dancing (2004) (also released under the title Rory O'Shea Was Here) as Michael Connolly
Kingdom of Heaven (2005) as the Angelic Priest
Joyeux Noël (2005) as Jonathan
True North (2006) as The Cook
Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) as Francis Throckmorton
Neds (2010) as Mr Bonetti
5 Days of War (2011) as Davit Kezerashvili
The Somnambulists (2012) as Man 12
T2 Trainspotting (2017) as Francis Begbie's lawyer
Tell It to the Bees (2018) as Jim
TV
E=mc² (2005) as Michael Faraday
He Kills Coppers (2008) as Tony Meehan
Tess of the d'Urbervilles (2008) as Cuthbert Clare
Shameless (2009) as Padraig Maguire, deceased father of Paddy Maguire seen in a nightmare
Red Riding (2009) as Sergeant Bob Fraser
Hustle (2009)
Ashes to Ashes (2010) as Paul Thordy
Luther (2011) as Robert/Nicholas Millberry
Parade's End as Colonel Bill Williams, CO (2012)
Being Human (2012-Guest, 2013-Regular) as Dominic Rook
The Bletchley Circle (2012) as Malcolm Crowley
Shetland (2013–present) as Police Constable Sandy Wilson
New Tricks (2013) as Tim Belgrade
Utopia (2014) as Terrence
In the Flesh (2014) as John Weston
Doctor Who (2015) as Richard Pritchard
Harlots (2017) as Robert Oswald
Vera (2018) as Tom Naresby
The Bay (2021) as Mark Bradwell
Stage
King Lear (2002) as Kent (Royal Shakespeare Company Academy)
The Seagull (2003) as Konstantin Gavrilovich Treplyov (Royal Exchange, Manchester)
Antony and Cleopatra as Octavian (Royal Exchange, Manchester)
The Tempest (2007) as Ariel (Royal Exchange, Manchester)
Ghosts (2009) as Oswald Alving (Citizens Theatre)
References
External links
Shetlopedia.com – Steven Robertson page
1970 births
Living people
People from Shetland
People educated at Anderson High School, Lerwick
Scottish male film actors
Scottish male stage actors
Scottish male television actors
Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
British male film actors
21st-century Scottish male actors |