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Describing the process: sequence words | NWChem employs a divide-and-conquer strategy to efficiently distribute computational tasks across multiple processors or nodes, enabling large scale molecular simulations. | NWChem, an open-source software package for large-scale molecular simulations, offers advanced quantum chemistry methods and scalability for computational science. |
Surveys and interviews: Reporting participants’ views | Through surveys and interviews, it was revealed that many rural-to-urban migrants in China perceived urban employment opportunities as crucial for escaping poverty and improving their livelihoods. | For this study, we employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of census data with qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews to explore the social structures and household strategies driving migration in economic geographic contexts. |
Noting implications of the findings | The long-term success rate of osseointegrated implants in the edentulous jaw was found to be high, with a significant reduction in the incidence of peri-implantitis and other complications compared to conventional dentures. | Despite the widespread belief that osseointegrated implants have a higher success rate in the mandible compared to the maxilla, this 15-year study challenges this notion, reporting comparable success rates for both jaws. |
Noting the lack of or paucity of previous research | Despite the significant amount of textile wastewater generated in the pulp and paper industry, only a few studies have explored the use of whole bacterial cells for colour removal from this type of wastewater. | The pulp and paper industry can significantly reduce its effluent colour intensity by utilizing whole bacterial cells for colour removal from textile wastewater, as extensively discussed in this review. |
Referring to a single investigation in the past: investigation prominent | In the late 1990s, Dr. Steven A. Rosenberg's groundbreaking work at the National Cancer Institute led to the first clinical application of cancer immunotherapy using dendritic cell vaccines in patients with metastatic melanoma. | Dendritic cells, which are crucial antigen-presenting cells in the immune system, are efficiently taken up by tumor-associated macrophages through a process called |
Noting the lack of or paucity of previous research | Despite the vast body of work on ecological patterns and processes, there has been a striking lack of research on the role of spatial and temporal scales in shaping these phenomena. | To effectively address complex ecological issues at larger spatial and temporal scales, there is a need for increased collaboration and integration of data and knowledge among researchers and practitioners. |
Previous research: A historic perspective | Previous research in data science has highlighted the importance of data quality beyond mere accuracy, with data consumers expressing concerns over completeness, timeliness, and relevance. | Despite the importance of high data accuracy in data science, this paper emphasizes that data quality, as perceived by data consumers, encompasses other aspects such as completeness, timeliness, and relevance. |
Describing the limitations of the current study | Despite the comprehensive coverage of various diseases in this textbook, it is important to note that the diagnostic techniques and treatments described may not be applicable in all situations due to the constant evolution of veterinary medicine and the variability of individual animal cases. | This textbook, first published in 1895, has been a foundational resource for veterinary medicine, covering the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and horses. |
Outlining the structure of a short paper | This paper explores the sequential relationship between brand trust, brand affect, and brand loyalty, and how these constructs influence brand performance in the context of advertising. | The present study reveals that brand loyalty significantly mediates the relationship between brand trust and brand affect, ultimately leading to enhanced brand performance in the context of advertising. |
Summarising the main research findings | This study provides evidence that the human brain's functional networks exhibit dynamic anticorrelation, suggesting a fundamental organizational principle in neuroscience. | Previous research has investigated the organization of the human brain into static functional networks (Power et al., 2011; Fox and Raichle, 2007), but more recent findings suggest that these networks are in fact dynamic and anticorrelated (Fox and Raichle, 2007; Fransson, 2005). |
Previous research: highlighting negative outcomes | Despite the widespread use of various orthodontic treatment modalities for correcting mandibular anterior alignment, there remains a lack of consensus on the ideal method and outcome measures. Previous research has highlighted negative outcomes associated with these treatments, such as root resorption and tooth discoloration. | This study aims to introduce the Irregularity Index, a novel quantitative tool for assessing mandibular anterior alignment. |
Reference to previous research: important studies | Previous research on privacy preservation in computer networks includes the k-anonymity model proposed by Sweeney (1997), which aims to protect individuals' privacy by masking personally identifiable information. | The k-anonymity model proposed in this paper aims to protect privacy by ensuring that any individual's data is indistinguishable from at least k-1 other individuals in a dataset. |
Establising the importance of the topic as a problem to be addressed | The increasing trend in the transfer of greenhouse gas emissions through international trade during the 1990-2008 period is a significant concern in the context of mitigating climate change. | Despite the use of comprehensive trade databases, the accuracy of emission transfer estimates is limited by the lack of harmonized reporting standards for international trade in emissions between countries. |
Describing previously used methods | In the field of control engineering, visual servoing has been implemented using various methods, such as position-based control, image-based control, and hybrid control. | Despite the simplicity of visual servoing control algorithms, the selection of appropriate control parameters significantly affects the system's performance. |
Noting implications of the findings | The proposed method for antioxidant capacity determination through phosphomolybdenum complex formation could potentially be applied to other food samples, providing valuable information for the assessment of their antioxidant properties in the chromatography analysis of food components. | Despite the phosphomolybdenum method being widely used for antioxidant capacity determination, contrasting evidence exists regarding the suitability of this technique for quantitating vitamin E due to its unique redox properties. |
General reference to previous research or scholarship: highlighting negative outcomes | Despite the potential economic benefits of international trade, several studies have highlighted the negative environmental consequences, specifically the increase in greenhouse gas emissions transferred between countries. | Emission transfers through international trade were calculated using the gravity model, which estimates the volume of trade flows based on the economic size of trading partners and the geographical distance between them. |
Establishing the importance of the topic for the discipline | The time variability of the Earth's gravity field plays a significant role in geophysics, with hydrological and oceanic effects being the primary contributors to these variations. | The GRACE satellite mission has demonstrated its capability in detecting temporal variations in the Earth's gravity field, with hydrological and oceanic effects being the primary contributors to these variations. |
Previous research: area investigated as the sentence object | Previous research in the field of Network-on-Chip (NoC) architecture has focused on minimizing area and power consumption through various techniques such as routing algorithms, network topologies, and traffic management. | The proposed Æthereal NoC (Network-on-Chip) design achieves an average latency of 1.5 ns for message passing between IP cores, outperforming traditional NoC designs by 30%. |
Previous research: highlighting negative outcomes | Despite the potential benefits of terrain analysis in soil science, previous research has highlighted the challenges and negative outcomes associated with the use of this approach for predicting soil attributes. | This study aims to predict soil attributes using terrain analysis, providing a valuable tool for soil scientists and agricultural professionals in understanding the relationship between topography and soil properties. |
Referring to a single investigation in the past: investigation prominent | This study builds upon the earlier work of Mills (1967) by employing a novel methodology, the dartboard approach, to investigate the geographic concentration of U.S. manufacturing industries. | Despite consensus on the importance of economic agglomeration in manufacturing industries, the extent and causes of geographic concentration vary significantly across different sectors. For instance, while the automobile industry exhibits high levels of concentration in specific regions, the computer industry shows a more dispersed pattern. |
Previous research: What has been established or proposed | Previous research in the field of software engineering has explored various approaches to component software development beyond object-oriented programming, including aspect-oriented programming, service-oriented architecture, and component-based software engineering. | The 'for' component in Component Software is used to define relationships and dependencies among components, enabling the composition of complex systems beyond the capabilities of object-oriented programming. |
Indicating the methodology for the current research | In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 100 patients diagnosed with normal-tension glaucoma, of whom 50 were untreated and 50 received therapeutic interventions to reduce their intraocular pressures. | Patients with normal-tension glaucoma and therapeutically reduced intraocular pressures showed significantly different rates of structural and functional progression over a 5-year follow-up period. |
Surveys and interviews: Reporting proportions | The surveys and interviews conducted as part of our study revealed that 75% of participants were willing to pay an additional $10,000 for a QALY with a full health state. | In the field of actuarial science, there is a growing interest in incorporating quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) into the valuation of health interventions. However, little research has been conducted on individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) for a QALY, which is essential for informing healthcare resource allocation decisions. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the determinants of WTP for a QALY using |
Noting the lack of or paucity of previous research | Despite the abundance of research on interior-point methods for nonlinear programming, there is a paucity of work specifically addressing the implementation of filter line-search algorithms for large-scale problems. | The interior-point filter line-search algorithm presented in this paper demonstrates effective solutions for large-scale nonlinear programming, yet further research is required to explore its applicability to problems with high dimensionality and non-differentiable objectives. |
Previous research: area investigated as the sentence subject | Previous studies have investigated the efficacy of various treatment durations for chronic hepatitis C virus infection, specifically comparing interferon α2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks to interferon α2b plus placebo for the same duration (De Bruyn et al., 1996; Fried et al., 1996; …). | Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects an estimated 71 million people worldwide, and effective antiviral treatment is essential for reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. |
Describing the limitations of the current study | Despite the extensive analysis of voter turnout dynamics in this paper, the influence of specific demographic groups on electoral competition in established democracies since 1945 remains an area for further research in the field of demographic economics. | This paper explores the relationship between demographic changes and voter turnout in established democracies since 1945. |
General reference to previous research or scholarship: highlighting negative outcomes | Despite the implementation of various water management strategies in the Senegal River Basin, irrigation water scarcity continues to negatively impact agricultural productivity. | Despite the use of various methods to estimate irrigation water requirements, data limitations, particularly inaccurate or unavailable water use data, pose significant challenges in achieving precise and reliable results. |
Indicating an expected outcome | Despite the use of prophylactic antibiotics and other preventative measures, the incidence of late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates remained high in the study. | Data for this study were obtained from the NICHD Neonatal Research Network, a collaborative group of neonatal research centers in the United States. |
Restating a result or one of several results | The theory proposes that inflectional morphemes are derived from the base through a series of transformational rules. | The implementation of transformational rules in Chomsky's revised theory of syntax provides a framework for understanding the complexities of language structure, with potential implications for language teaching and acquisition. |
Outlining the structure of a thesis or dissertation | In the first part of this thesis, the application of NMR spectroscopy in the structural elucidation of oligosaccharides will be explored, with a focus on the determination of stereochemistry through analysis of proton and carbon signals. | This review focuses on the application of NMR spectroscopy in the structural elucidation of oligosaccharides and glycosides, providing insights into the complex stereochemistry of these biomolecules. |
Referring to previous work to establish what is already known | Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of using the Slip Circle method in the stability analysis of circular slopes (Jansen and Savage, 1967; Morgenstern and Price, 1965). | The Slip Circle method is utilized for determining the critical slip surface in slope stability analysis, considering the shear stresses and circular failure mechanism. |
Surveys and interviews: Introducing excerpts from interview data | During the interviews, many participants expressed a strong desire to leave their current rural locations due to limited economic opportunities, with some citing the lack of job prospects and inadequate infrastructure as major reasons for their migration intentions. | Despite consensus on the role of economic opportunities in shaping migration patterns, a controversial debate persists within economic geography regarding the relative importance of push and pull factors in determining household migration decisions. |
Describing the process: using + instrument | The risk analysis of product-service systems is conducted using the Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study methodology. | Product-service systems (PSS) represent a significant shift in business models, moving from selling physical goods to providing a service bundled with those goods, which necessitates a new approach to risk analysis |
Referring to a single investigation in the past: researcher prominent | The stereochemical features of the acetylcholine-binding site in Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase were first elucidated through X-ray crystallography studies by Fleming and colleagues in 1996 (Fleming et al., 1996). | To determine the stereochemistry of acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo californica, X-ray crystallography was employed. |
Advising cautious interpretation of the findings | Although the boron doping significantly enhanced the photodegradation of Rhodamine B and Methyl Orange under visible light irradiation, the potential presence of unmeasured variables in the experimental setup warrants cautious interpretation of the findings. | This study investigates the photodegradation of Rhodamine B and Methyl Orange over Boron-doped g-C 3 N 4 under visible light irradiation, with a focus on exploring the potential of boron-doped g-C 3 N 4 as an efficient and environmentally friendly photocatalyst for the removal of these common water pollutants. |
Offering an explanation for the findings | These findings suggest that a secure therapeutic relationship, characterized by attunement and emotional availability, can facilitate the healing of attachment wounds and promote psychological growth in individuals with insecure attachment styles, as posited by psychoanalytic theory. | Further research is needed to explore the potential application of secure base therapy in the context of psychoanalytic treatment, particularly in addressing the unconscious dynamics of attachment and their impact on the therapeutic relationship. |
Describing the process: using + instrument | The risk analysis of product-service systems is conducted using the Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study methodology. | The product-service system involves a complex network of participants, including the producer, the customer, and various intermediaries, each contributing unique value to the system. |
Describing previously used methods | The authors build upon previous work in recursive neural networks and deep learning models, specifically applying these techniques to sentiment analysis using a treebank corpus. | Previous studies in the field of natural language processing have primarily focused on shallow models for sentiment analysis, while this paper introduces recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank. |
Stating a positive result | The results indicate that a significant positive relationship exists between customer satisfaction and market share in the Swedish marketing context (r = 0.71, p < 0.01). | Despite the strong correlation found between customer satisfaction and market share in the Swedish context, the evidence linking customer satisfaction directly to profitability is less clear-cut and at times contradictory. |
Reference to previous research: important studies | Building upon the seminal works of Hirshleifer (1982) and Smith and Sutter (1962), this paper develops a theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation. | Despite the presence of competition, firms in the monopolistically competitive market colluded to maintain prices above the competitive level, resulting in a consumer surplus loss. |
Suggesting implications for what is already known | The results of this study highlight the importance of minimizing unnecessary CT scans in nuclear medicine, as even low-dose examinations contribute significantly to an individual's lifetime attributable risk of cancer. | The authors of a seminal study published in 2015 investigated the radiation doses associated with common computed tomography (CT) examinations and estimated the resulting lifetime attributable risk of cancer for each examination (Huda et al., 2015). |
Outlining the structure of a short paper | The paper presents an estimate of over 5 trillion plastic pieces, with a total weight exceeding 250,000 tons, currently circulating in the world's oceans. | Despite the growing body of research on plastic pollution in oceans, there is a paucity of information on the long-term consequences of microplastics on marine biodiversity. |
Referring to previous work to establish what is already known | Previous studies have demonstrated that salt and drought stress activate a complex signaling network in plants, leading to various physiological responses. | Plant cells respond to salt and drought stress through a complex signal transduction pathway, initiating various adaptive mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and ensure survival under adverse conditions. |
Restating a result or one of several results | The study reveals that hydrophobic interactions between hydrocarbon chains play a crucial role in the folding and association of proteins, with interfacial energies between protein and hydrocarbon being a key determinant of these processes. | The authors employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interfacial behavior between proteins and hydrocarbons in the context of protein folding and association. |
Commenting on the findings | The study reveals that older adults' primary reasons for using technology while aging in place are to maintain their independence and improve their quality of life. | Prior research has identified several reasons why older adults use technology to age in place, including maintaining independence, social connection, and health management. |
Stating the purpose of the thesis, dissertation, or research article (note use of present tense) | This study aims to rediscover and integrate traditional ecological knowledge into modern environmental resource management practices. | Previous research has highlighted the importance of incorporating traditional ecological knowledge into environmental resource management practices. |
Referring to the literature to justify a method or approach | The self-assembly of gold nanoparticles into various shapes and structures has been extensively studied in the literature, providing a robust and versatile approach for nanotechnology applications. | This paper aims to explore the assembly processes, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications of gold nanoparticles in the fields of biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. |
Previewing a chapter | This chapter of the ENDF/B-VII.1 report provides nuclear data for neutron-induced reactions on various materials, including cross sections, covariances, and fission product yields. | The ENDF/B-VII.1 database provides comprehensive nuclear data for a wide range of applications in science and technology, including nuclear reactors, medical physics, and nuclear waste management. |
Making recommendations for further research work | Further research is needed to explore the applicability of Nietzsche's genealogical method to other historical contexts and disciplines beyond philosophy. | Nietzsche's genealogical method involves an inquiry into the origins and evolution of moral concepts by examining their historical contexts and power dynamics. |
Describing what other writers do in their published work | Previous studies, such as those by Shrestha et al. (2015) and Adhikari et al. (2017), have identified several key factors influencing the adoption of improved rice varieties among rural farmers in Nepal, including access to credit, extension services, and seed availability. | Despite the potential benefits of improved rice varieties, previous research has highlighted negative outcomes such as increased input costs and risks associated with market price fluctuations, hindering their widespread adoption among rural farm households in Central Nepal. |
Setting out the research questions or hypotheses | In the context of acute pulmonary embolism diagnosis, this study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of ventilation/perfusion scans compared to other imaging modalities. | Despite previous reports suggesting that normal ventilation/perfusion scans rule out acute pulmonary embolism, our study found that up to 15% of patients with negative scans still had PE confirmed by follow-up testing. |
Synthesising sources: contrasting evidence or ideas | Despite contrasting evidence regarding the role of salt and drought stress in the activation of the same signal transduction pathway in plants, recent studies suggest that both stressors can converge at specific points to elicit similar responses. | The identification of specific kinases involved in salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants suggests potential targets for engineering stress tolerance. |
Previous research: Approaches taken | In the field of combinatorial chemistry, peptide libraries have been extensively utilized for identifying ligand-binding activities through high-throughput screening methods (Levy, 2002; Wong, 2006) | In the first part of this thesis, we will describe the design and synthesis of a novel combinatorial peptide library using the new synthetic method. |
Summarising the main research findings | The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), a microencapsulated olfactory function test, demonstrated excellent reliability and validity in identifying individuals with olfactory dysfunction in the audiology population. | Despite the standardization of the microencapsulated University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test presented in this study, its applicability to clinical settings may be limited due to the lack of normative data for specific age groups and populations. |
Referring to previous work to establish what is already known | Nitric oxide has been identified as a key mediator of various physiological processes, including vasodilation, neurotransmission, and immune response, as previously established in the literature. | Studies were included if they were published in English and focused on the physiological or pathophysiological role of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular system. |
Highlighting significant data in a table or chart | The working group reached a consensus that the Ann Arbor staging system, combined with the CT scan and FDG-PET findings, provides the most accurate staging for Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. | Further studies are needed to evaluate the utility of advanced imaging techniques, such as PET-CT and MRI, in the early detection and monitoring of response to treatment in patients with Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. |
Referring to important texts in the area of interest | In the field of computational chemistry, the study of silacyclopropane isoforms has been explored extensively, with notable works by Bickelhaupt and co-workers (2011) and Schleyer and colleagues (2013) providing significant insights into their structures and reactivity. | Despite extensive investigations, a definitive assignment of the preferred conformation for the silacyclopropane isomers remains elusive due to conflicting experimental and computational results. |
Surveys and interviews: Reporting proportions | The meta-analysis of 30 studies revealed that epidural or spinal anesthesia led to a significant reduction in postoperative morbidity, with an odds ratio of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.77-0.90). | Despite the significant reduction in postoperative mortality and morbidity observed in the meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, the clinical applicability of epidural or spinal anesthesia may be limited in certain patient populations due to the increased risk of complications. |
Some ways of introducing quotations | This review explores various techniques for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials, focusing on methods such as solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction. | Caution should be exercised in the interpretation of the extraction yields reported in the literature due to the influence of various factors such as plant material preparation, choice of solvent, and extraction conditions. |
Detailing specific limitations | Despite the potential of biofuels to contribute to food security through income generation for farmers, the large-scale production of biofuels from food crops can lead to increased food prices and potential food insecurity for the most vulnerable populations. | Despite the significant progress in understanding the agricultural and economic factors influencing food security, there is a need to explore the role of natural resource economics in ensuring food availability and accessibility for the projected population of 9 billion people by 2050. |
Surveys and interviews: Reporting participants’ views | Participants in the pulp and paper industry expressed a strong interest in integrating ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass into their existing processes, with several citing potential cost savings and improved sustainability as key motivators. | Although sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw are commonly used sources for ethanol production in the pulp and paper industry, this study focuses on the techno-economic performance of corn stover and rice straw 'however' with different assumptions for feedstock collection and transportation. |
Making recommendations for further research work | Further research is needed to explore the implementation of advanced irrigation technologies and their impact on water conservation and agricultural productivity in arid regions. | Implementing water conservation techniques in irrigation systems can lead to an average water savings of 30% without compromising crop yields. |
Previewing a chapter | This chapter explores the anatomical structures of the patella and its surrounding tissues, providing a foundation for understanding the pathophysiology of chondromalacia patellae. | Despite consensus on the multifactorial etiology of chondromalacia patellae, the exact role and interaction of various risk factors, such as patellar malalignment and overuse, remain a subject of debate among researchers. |
Describing the process: sequence words | The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology committee reached a consensus on redefining myocardial infarction based on the presence of myocardial necrosis, elevated cardiac biomarkers, and clinical evidence of myocardial ischemia. | The Joint European Society of Cardiology and American College of Cardiology committee, comprised of international experts in the field of cardiology, collaborated to produce this consensus document for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. |
Some ways of introducing quotations | The STARD (Standard for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy) initiative was launched in 2003 to improve the quality and completeness of reporting in diagnostic accuracy studies, addressing issues such as study design, patient selection, and outcome measurement. | Inadequate reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies is a significant problem in medical research, leading to misinterpretation and misapplication of results. |
Describing the process: statistical procedures | The study employed a longitudinal design, with school readiness assessed through a standardized test at kindergarten entry and academic achievement measured through standardized tests in third and fifth grades. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between school readiness and later academic achievement, controlling for demographic variables. | The study included 120 children from low-income families who were enrolled in a Head Start program in the mid-western United States and were assessed at the beginning and end of the program year. |
Indicating the use of an established method | Fodor (1983) proposes that the mind is composed of modular systems, each specialized for processing specific types of information. | Fodor's seminal work, 'The Modularity of Mind: An Essay in the Metaphysics of Mind and Language,' proposes that the human mind is composed of independent cognitive modules, each specialized for specific information processing tasks. |
Previous research: What has been established or proposed | Over the past three decades, DEA has been applied to various sectors, including healthcare, education, finance, and manufacturing, to evaluate the relative efficiency of Decision Making Units (DMUs) and identify potential areas for improvement. | Over the past three decades, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been applied extensively in various sectors to measure and improve productivity, with significant advancements made in model extensions, robustness analysis, and sensitivity assessment. |
Highlighting interesting or surprising results | Despite the high density of radial glia in the fetal monkey neocortex, astrocytes were the predominant cell type observed at the superficial layers, suggesting a role in guiding migrating neurons during cortical development. | Despite its potential advantages, we rejected the use of two-photon microscopy for this study due to the limited depth penetration and the need for long-term observations. |
Explaining the significance of the current study | This paper proposes a theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation in microeconomic markets, providing new insights into the interplay between these concepts and their implications for market outcomes. | However, it is important to note that the assumptions made in this model may not hold in real-world markets, and the findings should be interpreted with caution. |
Previous research: A historic perspective | Prior to the introduction of the Slip Circle method, geotechnical engineers relied on circular slip surfaces in slope stability analyses, which often resulted in conservative estimates due to the assumption of a constant shear stress along the slip surface. | The application of the Slip Circle method in the stability analysis of slopes not only provides a more accurate assessment of the factor of safety but also sheds light on the critical slip surface location, implying potential improvements in the design and monitoring of geotechnical structures. |
Explaining the provenance of the participants | The study involved collaboration between local farmers, researchers, and extension agents, with each bringing unique perspectives and expertise to the agroforestry implementation process on degraded lands. | Agroforestry systems were established through a combination of tree planting and agricultural practices, including intercropping, alley cropping, and silvopasture. |
Establishing the importance of the topic for the discipline | Hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units, highlighting the importance of establishing effective guidelines for their management. | Despite the comprehensive nature of these guidelines, they are limited by the lack of high-quality evidence for many aspects of HAP, VAP, and HCAP diagnosis and treatment. |
Explaining the significance of the current study | The current study proposes a unified description of dark energy and matter through the introduction of a generalized Chaplygin gas model, which exhibits an accelerated expansion behavior in the late universe. | The paper proposes a unified description of dark energy and matter through the introduction of a generalized Chaplygin gas, leading to an accelerated expansion of the universe. |
Suggestions for future work | Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and potential interventions for reducing the burden of disease and injury associated with air pollution in low- and middle-income regions. | In 2010, environmental risk factors, including household air pollution from solid fuels and ambient particulate matter pollution, accounted for approximately 15% of all global deaths and 16% of the total Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) lost. |
Noting implications of the findings | The surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles presented in this study significantly enhances their biocompatibility and targeting capabilities, which could potentially improve their efficacy in various biomedical applications. | Despite the extensive research on the synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications, a significant knowledge gap exists in understanding the long-term biocompatibility and toxicity of these nanoparticles. |
Suggesting general hypotheses | The study suggests that impaired maternal spiral artery remodeling may contribute to both the development of pre-eclampsia and the occurrence of small-for-gestational age infants. | Pre-eclampsia and small-for-gestational age infants are characterized by inadequate maternal vascular response to placentation, leading to impaired nutrient transfer and fetal growth restriction. |
Describing the process: infinitive of purpose | The proposed method utilizes the Savitzky–Golay filter for smoothing and differentiating NDVI time-series data to obtain accurate trends and anomalies in remote sensing applications. | The Savitzky–Golay filter, a popular method in remote sensing data processing, is employed in this study to improve the quality of NDVI time-series data. |
Describing the characteristics of the participants | The study involved the use of mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures derived from C57BL/6J mice. | The study successfully generated induced pluripotent stem cells from both mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures using defined factors, paving the way for potential applications in regenerative medicine. |
Previous research: Approaches taken | Previous research on international trade under the WTO regime has explored various approaches to understanding the uneven promotion of trade (Hoekstra & Kostecki, 2001; Cline, 2004, ...). | Despite the WTO's efforts to promote international trade, the benefits are not evenly distributed among member countries, with some experiencing more significant growth than others. |
Surveys and interviews: Reporting participants’ views | The study reveals that the proposed method exhibits good agreement with analytical solutions and experimental data for various reaction systems, as demonstrated by a comparison of simulation results with literature values. | This work presents a novel method for simulating the stochastic time evolution of coupled chemical reactions, which is a significant problem in the field of statistical physics, particularly in the context of biochemical systems. |
Indicating the use of an established method | The HPLC-DAD method was employed to quantitatively analyze the phenolic and polyphenolic compounds in various food samples. | The review reveals that phenolics and polyphenolics in various foods, beverages, and spices exhibit potent antioxidant activity, contributing to numerous health benefits, including cardiovascular protection and anti-cancer properties. |
Introducing the limitations of the current study | Despite achieving high sugar yields through the optimized pretreatment process, the current study has limitations in terms of the applicability of the proposed method to various types and sizes of lignocellulosic biomass. | Previous research in the pulp and paper industry has focused on acid and alkaline pretreatment methods for efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (Sanz et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2014). |
Indicating missing, weak, or contradictory evidence | Despite the widespread belief that citizen participation in local government decision-making processes is essential for effective public administration, the literature provides conflicting evidence on the relationship between citizen participation and government performance in the United States. | The findings suggest that effective public communication and transparency in decision-making processes are crucial for fostering civic engagement and promoting democratic values in America. |
Referring to previous work to establish what is already known | Previous studies have reported that Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)--producing Staphylococcus aureus strains are associated with more severe skin infections and necrotizing pneumonia compared to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains without PVL production. | PVL-producing S. aureus strains exhibit enhanced ability to cause skin necrosis and pneumonia through the production of leukocidin toxins, which specifically target and lyse leukocytes in a pore-forming mechanism. |
Referring to previous work to establish what is already known | Prior research in face recognition under variable lighting and pose has primarily focused on modeling illumination conditions using statistical methods or 3D Morphable Models (3DMMs), but these approaches often fail to capture the complex interactions between lighting, pose, and identity. | To model the illumination cone under variable lighting and pose conditions, we utilize a deep neural network to learn the illumination-invariant face representations. |
Explaining the provenance of the participants | The paper brings together the perspectives of Fisher, Minsky, and Koo to analyze the role of debt, deleveraging, and the liquidity trap in Keynesian economics, with a focus on the financial sector and its interactions with monetary policy. | Further research is needed to explore the implications of our findings for the design of monetary policy in a Keynesian framework during a liquidity trap, particularly regarding the optimal balance between debt monetization and interest rate adjustments. |
Surveys and interviews: Reporting themes | The interviews with experts in the field of climatology revealed consistent themes regarding the significance of long-term trends in sea surface temperature and their potential impacts on global climate patterns. | Further research is needed to examine the potential impacts of long-term trends in sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature on global climate dynamics and ecosystems. |
Summarising the main research findings | This work demonstrates that sub-wavelength hole arrays can exhibit extraordinary optical transmission, enabling potential applications in nanophotonics and metamaterials. | This research explores the intriguing phenomenon of extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays, which has potential applications in various fields of optics, such as nanophotonics and metamaterials. |
Previous research: Approaches taken | Previous studies have explored the use of a one-stage in vitro digestion method for forage crops (Bergman, 1992; Johnson, 1995), but this technique often results in underestimation of true digestibility due to the lack of consideration of the structural complexity of the plant material. | The in vitro digestion of forage crops is a crucial step in estimating their nutritive value and predicting their feeding value to livestock, yet an accurate and efficient method for this process is still needed in the field of agronomy. |
Explaining keywords (also refer to Defining Terms) | The authors propose a new maximum likelihood algorithm, called IQ-TREE, which combines the advantages of various methods for model selection, branch swapping, and approximate likelihood calculation. | In the late 1990s and early 2000s, maximum likelihood methods gained widespread use and recognition as the preferred approach for estimating large phylogenies due to their accuracy and computational efficiency. |
Stating the purpose of the thesis, dissertation, or research article (note use of present tense) | The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, launched in 2002, aims to provide accurate measurements of Earth's time-varying gravity field and its connection to mass redistribution caused by climate and hydrological processes. | The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) is a satellite mission designed to measure changes in Earth's gravity field and its relation to mass distribution, providing insights into the Earth's hydrological cycle and solid Earth processes. |
Explaining the significance of the findings or contribution of the study | The development of accurate and efficient spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophyll and pheopigments in this study advances the field of library science by improving the preservation and assessment of historical plant specimens. | Previous studies have established spectrophotometric methods for determining chlorophyll and pheopigments in various plant materials, with equations specific to each pigment and wavelength range. |
Stating a positive result | The integration of traditional ecological knowledge into modern environmental resource management practices led to a 25% increase in the success rate of fish stock recovery in the study area. | Despite the limitations of this study in terms of its small sample size and geographical scope, the integration of traditional ecological knowledge into environmental resource management practices has proven to be an effective adaptive strategy. |
Previous research: What has been established or proposed | Previous research in the field of political economy has explored the economic drivers of authoritarian rule, identifying the role of natural resources, rent-seeking, and the political economy of development. | Despotism and developmentalism are not mutually exclusive: authoritarian regimes can successfully implement economic reforms and achieve high levels of economic growth. |
Indicating an unexpected outcome | Despite the high prevalence and burden of common skin conditions such as acne and psoriasis, the analysis revealed that neglected tropical skin diseases accounted for a significant proportion of the global burden in dermatology. | This study provides comprehensive global estimates of the prevalence and impact of various skin diseases in 2010, offering valuable insights into the disease burden in dermatology. |
Describing the process: statistical procedures | The Global Burden of Disease study employed a systematic and standardized approach to estimate the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to various risk factors and diseases for different regions and age groups, using data from various sources and statistical models. | Despite the comprehensive nature of the data analyzed, it is important to note that the study may not have captured all potential environmental risk factors for disease burden, and therefore, the findings should be interpreted with caution. |
Previous research: What has been established or proposed | Previous studies have reported that the average effective dose of nuclear medicine examinations ranges from 1 to 20 mSv, depending on the specific procedure. | In accordance with previous studies in nuclear medicine, we utilized a standardized protocol for administering the radiopharmaceutical and acquiring the SPECT images. |
Stating a negative result | Despite the inclusion of technical inefficiency effects, the estimated model failed to explain a significant proportion of the variation in productivity across firms, with only 12.3% of the total deviation from the production frontier being attributed to inefficiency. | This study contributes to the econometrics literature on technical efficiency by proposing a stochastic frontier production function model specifically designed for panel data. |
Explaining keywords (also refer to Defining Terms) | Transdisciplinary research in sustainability science integrates engineering ethics with various disciplines to address complex sustainability issues, ensuring ethical considerations are incorporated into the research process and solutions. | This transdisciplinary research aims to explore the ethical dilemmas and principles guiding engineering practices in sustainability science. |