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Surveys and interviews: Reporting response rates | The proposed algorithm achieved an average root mean square error of 1.2 cm in estimating surface deformation from small baseline differential SAR interferograms. | Despite the advances in surface deformation monitoring using small baseline differential SAR interferograms, existing algorithms often suffer from limitations in handling complex terrain and speckle noise. |
Stating the aims of the current research (note frequent use of past tense) | This study aimed to assess the accuracy of determining the risk of fetal trisomy 21 using maternal age and fetal nuchal-translucency thickness measurements at 10–14 weeks of gestation in a multicentre setting in the UK. | According to previous studies, advanced maternal age and increased nuchal-translucency thickness are significant risk factors for trisomy 21. |
Indicating missing, weak, or contradictory evidence | Despite the extensive research on mechanisms for bilateral trading, there remains a lack of consensus on the most efficient approach, with some studies suggesting price-based mechanisms while others advocate for quantity-based mechanisms, highlighting the need for further investigation. | The proposed mechanism ensures that both traders reveal their true preferences, leading to efficient trades and an expected surplus gain for both parties. |
Referring to a single investigation in the past: researcher prominent | The researchers at Molecular Graphics Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, introduced the latest version of Raster3D, a program renowned for its photorealistic molecular graphics capabilities (McCammon, 1993). | The implementation of advanced shading models and ray tracing techniques in Raster3D Version 2.0 significantly enhances the photorealistic representation of molecular structures, suggesting implications for the field of computer-generated scientific visualization. |
Outlining the structure of a thesis or dissertation | The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section II introduces the concept of distributed space-time coding and its application in wireless networks. Section III presents the proposed distributed space-time-coded protocols for exploiting cooperative diversity. Section IV discusses the simulation results and performance analysis, while Section V concludes the paper. | The authors of this paper build upon the concept of space-time coding introduced by Wyner and Tanner (1968) to propose distributed space-time-coded protocols for wireless networks. |
Stating purpose of the current research with reference to gaps or issues in the literature | This research seeks to provide a streamlined approach to sample preparation for radiochemical analysis of tritium, carbon-14, and sulfur-35 in blood or tissue, addressing the complexity and time-consuming nature of existing methods as reported in the literature. | Previous research has focused on developing complex sample preparation methods for the determination of tritium, carbon-14, and sulfur-35 in blood or tissue using liquid scintillation counting |
Providing background information: reference to the literature | According to previous research, children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been found to exhibit sensory processing differences compared to typically developing children (TD) (Baranek, 2002; Dunn, 1999; Lane et al., 2003) | There was no significant difference in total Short Sensory Profile scores between children with autism and typically developing children (t(38) = 0.51, p = 0.61) |
Contrasting sources with ‘however’ for emphasis | Despite the extensive research on the pharmacology and therapeutic uses of various toxins, Casarett and Doull's Toxicology emphasizes the importance of understanding the underlying toxicological mechanisms 'however', with a focus on the adverse effects and potential harm caused by these substances. | The Toxicology Questionnaire in Casarett and Doull's text includes sections for identifying the specific toxic substance, the route and duration of exposure, the symptoms experienced, and the diagnostic tests used. |
Indicating missing, weak, or contradictory evidence | Despite the increasing trend towards citizen participation in decision-making processes in public relations, there is a lack of consensus on its effectiveness and potential drawbacks, with some research suggesting contradictory findings. | Articles for review were sourced from various reputable public relations databases and industry publications. |
Indicating the use of an established method | The authors employ a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with quantitative data analysis, to explore data consumers' perceptions of data quality beyond accuracy. | To advance our understanding of data quality from the consumer perspective, future research could explore the impact of data context and user experience on data quality perceptions. |
Surveys and interviews: Reporting proportions | Surveys and interviews conducted among local communities revealed that 75% of the respondents have experienced landslides caused by glacial lake outburst floods in the last decade. | This paper provides an overview of the various glacial hazards present in the Himalayas and their potential impacts on physical geography. |
Synthesising sources: contrasting evidence or ideas | Despite consensus on the benefits of surgical intervention for ruptured aneurysms, the optimal management strategy for unruptured intracranial aneurysms remains a subject of debate, with some studies advocating for surgical intervention and others endovascular treatment or observation. | For unruptured intracranial aneurysms smaller than 10 mm in size, surgical intervention results in a lower risk of rupture and better long-term clinical outcomes compared to endovascular treatment. |
Stating the focus, aim, or argument of a short paper | This study aims to utilize a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to elucidate the tectonomagmatic classification of basaltic lavas within the British Tertiary Volcanic Province and determine the nature of crustal contamination in these rocks. | The Th-Hf-Ta systematics of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province basalts reveal a complex magmatic evolution, with evidence for both crustal contamination and assimilation processes. |
Establishing the importance of the topic for the world or society | Social disorganization theory has long been a cornerstone in the field of criminology, providing valuable insights into the relationship between structural factors and crime rates in communities. | Merton (1938) posits that social pressure and structural anomie give rise to deviant behavior, as acknowledged by Agnew (2006) in his discussion of strain theory. |
Describing what other writers do in their published work | The authors of the sequential optimization and reliability assessment method propose an efficient approach for probabilistic design by integrating reliability assessment into the optimization process. | The proposed sequential optimization and reliability assessment method offers an efficient approach for probabilistic design in reliability engineering, reducing the computational cost and time required for reliability analysis. |
Previous research: area investigated as the sentence object | Previous to the consensus document, myocardial infarction was defined based on the presence of elevated cardiac biomarkers and electrocardiographic changes, but these criteria lacked specificity and sensitivity. | The new definition of myocardial infarction, as proposed by the Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology committee, emphasizes the role of troponin biomarkers in diagnosing myocardial injury and may lead to earlier identification and treatment of acute coronary syndromes. |
Referring back to the research aims or procedures | This study employs a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model to identify the causal relationship between interest rates and credit spreads, shedding light on the credit channel of monetary policy transmission. | The study reveals that credit rationing plays a significant role in the credit channel of monetary policy transmission during economic downturns. |
Indicating methodological problems or limitations | Despite the use of various core flood experiments and numerical simulations, the accurate prediction of gas storage capacity and seepage behavior in coal seams remains a significant challenge due to the complexities of coal pore structures and gas-coal interactions. | Despite the different mechanisms governing gas storage and movement in coal seams compared to conventional reservoirs, some researchers suggest applying reservoir engineering principles to optimize coalbed methane production (e.g., Economides and Nghiem, 1996; Aziz and Saihati, 1993). |
Reference to previous research: important studies | Previous studies have demonstrated that estrogen deficiency leads to bone loss through the activation of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) | Estrogen depletion-induced bone loss is a significant health concern for postmenopausal women, affecting millions worldwide. |
Some ways of introducing quotations | Despite providing valuable insights into the complexities of gender roles and gift-giving in Melanesian societies, this study encounters limitations in fully capturing the experiences of women due to the paucity of female voices in the data. |
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Providing background information: reference to the literature | TREE-PUZZLE employs parallel computing to significantly reduce the computational time required for maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using quartets, as demonstrated in previous studies (Huang et al., 2012; Huang and Wang, 2014). | The implementation of parallel computing in TREE-PUZZLE significantly reduces the computational time for maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis, implying that large-scale phylogenetic studies can be completed more efficiently. |
Stating what is currently known about the topic | Artificial intelligence research in image-to-image translation has primarily focused on paired data (Ledig et al., 2016), but unpaired data translation remains an open research question. | Artificial intelligence, specifically unpaired image-to-image translation using cycle-consistent adversarial networks, has gained significant attention in the research community due to its potential applications in various domains such as image editing, style transfer, and data augmentation. |
Reference to previous research: important studies | Several previous studies have demonstrated a significant association between low bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. | Despite the significant association observed between bone mineral density measures and osteoporotic fracture risk in the meta-analysis, it is important to note that unmeasured confounding factors could influence these findings. |
Highlighting interesting or surprising results | The authors find that during a liquidity trap, even small increases in government spending can lead to substantial real GDP growth, as long as the economy is initially in a state of high debt and low interest rates. | Despite the consensus among Keynesian economists on the effectiveness of fiscal policy in normal economic conditions, there is ongoing controversy regarding its applicability during a liquidity trap, as argued by Minsky and Koo. |
Comparing the result: contradicting previous findings | Despite previous assumptions that actively star-forming galaxies have lower dust contents compared to quiescent galaxies, this study reveals that some of these galaxies possess dust masses comparable to those of quiescent galaxies, challenging the established view. | This study builds upon previous research by Schneider et al. (2014), who investigated the dust content of star-forming galaxies using Herschel observations. |
Describing the process: expressing purpose with for | This proposal suggests that Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya constitute distinct domains of life based on their unique cellular structures and metabolic processes, forged through evolutionary divergence. | The authors propose a three-domain system of life, including Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya, based on evolutionary relationships and fundamental cellular differences. |
Referring back to the research aims or procedures | The study compared the metabolizable energy (ME) and productive energy (PE) values of five different diets using growing chicks, with the ME being determined through the difference in weight gain between chicks fed the experimental and control diets, while PE was calculated using the thermic effect of food and the energy required for maintenance, growth, and egg production. | Despite the importance of accurately determining metabolizable energy (ME) and productive energy (PE) values for poultry feeds, there is currently a lack of consensus and standardization in the methods used for their determination in the field of animal science. |
Referring to previous work to establish what is already known | Previous studies have shown that anomalous diffusion is a common transport mechanism in disordered systems, with the exponent characterizing the deviation from normal Brownian motion. | Despite providing valuable insights into the statistical mechanisms governing anomalous diffusion in disordered media, this work fails to account for the effects of long-range correlations in certain systems. |
Previous research: What has been established or proposed | Previous studies on dissipative particle dynamics have successfully bridged the gap between atomistic and mesoscopic simulations, providing valuable insights into complex systems in statistical physics. | The authors employed the dissipative particle dynamics model to simulate mesoscopic systems, bridging the gap between atomistic and mesoscopic scales in statistical physics. |
Previewing a chapter | This chapter explores the role of public relations in facilitating citizen participation in decision-making processes, highlighting its significance in promoting transparency, accountability, and trust. | Despite the increasing trend towards citizen participation in decision-making processes in public relations, there is a paucity of research examining its impact on organizational reputation and stakeholder relationships. |
Transition: moving to the next result | The estimated coefficients of the ARCH(1) model for United Kingdom inflation exhibit significant positive values, indicating the presence of conditional heteroscedasticity in the inflation series. | The study provides evidence of structural breaks in the variance of United Kingdom inflation, which has implications for the choice of economic models and monetary policy. |
Describing the limitations of the current study | Despite the valuable insights gained from studying the penetration of fluids in Hele-Shaw cells, this study is limited to the investigation of Newtonian fluids and does not consider the complexities introduced by non-Newtonian fluids. | The penetration depth of the less viscous fluid into the porous medium is influenced by both the viscosity ratio and the porosity of the medium. |
Commenting on the strengths of the current study | The proposed time-dependent error-detection rate model effectively captures the dynamic behavior of software reliability and offers valuable insights into the reliability growth process, making it a significant contribution to the field of reliability engineering. | Despite the extensive research in time-dependent error-detection rates for software reliability, there is a lack of consensus on the applicability of specific models for various software systems and performance measures. |
Indicating an unexpected outcome | Despite the high prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the general population, only a small proportion of individuals with PTSD reported receiving any treatment for their condition. | Further research is needed to explore the potential role of specific traumas and their types in the development and maintenance of PTSD among the general population, as well as to examine the effectiveness of various interventions for this condition. |
Outlining the structure of a short paper | This paper investigates the grain yield responses of 15 spring wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions, with a focus on identifying the most resilient varieties for agricultural production in drought-prone regions. | This study investigates the grain yield responses of twelve spring wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions to identify the most resilient varieties for agricultural production in drought-prone regions. |
Highlighting inadequacies or weaknesses of previous studies (also refer to Being Critical) | Despite the extensive research on flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants, there is a lack of comprehensive studies focusing on their pharmaceutical and medical applications, particularly in the context of traditional medicine. | Despite the vast array of traditional medicine practices utilizing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds, there is a notable lack of research focusing specifically on their pharmaceutical and medical aspects. |
Indicating methodological problems or limitations | Despite the simplicity of the models used in this study, they do not account for the complexities and uncertainties inherent in real-world supply chains, which may limit their applicability. | Despite the increasing popularity of carbon footprint measurement in supply chain management, the literature provides inconsistent evidence on the relationship between carbon footprint and firm performance, which calls for further investigation. |
Reporting positive and negative reactions | The methylprednisolone group reported a higher incidence of gastrointestinal side effects, while the naloxone group experienced more instances of pain flare-ups. | This randomized, controlled trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of methylprednisolone versus naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury. |
Explaining the significance of the findings or contribution of the study | The results of this study provide evidence for the anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of Punica granatum, highlighting its potential as a valuable contribution to the field of traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of inflammation-related diseases and certain types of cancer. | The bioactive compounds identified in Punica granatum, such as ellagic acid and punicalagins, have been suggested to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties through various molecular mechanisms, including the inhibition of NF-κB and COX-2. |
Referring back to the purpose of the paper or study | The identification of EGF receptor gene mutations in lung cancers from never smokers provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of these tumors and may guide personalized treatment strategies with gefitinib and erlotinib. | Previous studies (Lynch et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2010) have identified EGF receptor gene mutations as key drivers in lung cancers from never smokers, and these mutations have been linked to sensitivity to specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as gefitinib and erlotinib. |
Explaining keywords (also refer to Defining Terms) | Monetary policy plays a crucial role in influencing the business cycles of small manufacturing firms through interest rates and open market operations. | Despite controlling for various firm-specific and macroeconomic factors, the study's findings may be limited by the small sample size of small manufacturing firms and the potential self-selection bias in the data. |
Referring to previous work to establish what is already known | Previous studies have reported failure rates ranging from 0.01 to 0.12 failures per hour for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) (Burke et al., 2016; Kjellén et al., 2013). | Offshore wind turbines, a significant contribution to renewable energy in marine engineering, experience unique challenges in terms of failure rate, repair time, and unscheduled O&M costs. |
Surveys and interviews: Reporting proportions | The 12-month prevalence rate for any anxiety disorder was estimated to be 18.1% based on respondents' self-reported symptoms. | Despite the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the US population, particularly anxiety and mood disorders, only a small proportion of individuals with these conditions receive treatment. |
Surveys and interviews: Reporting proportions | According to the surveyed agricultural engineers, thermal remote sensing has been predominantly utilized for crop moisture estimation in precision agriculture. | Thermal remote sensing technology has gained significant attention in precision agriculture due to its ability to provide valuable information on crop health and soil moisture status. |
Previous research: highlighting negative outcomes | Despite the widespread use of correlation and regression analyses, underpowered studies can lead to false negative results, as previous research has shown that up to 50% of published studies in psychology may lack sufficient statistical power (Faul et al., 2007). | Future studies could explore the application of G*Power in analyzing the statistical power of more complex designs, such as multivariate or longitudinal models, to expand its utility in various research fields. |
Surveys and interviews: Introducing excerpts from interview data | The radiochemistry team reported achieving an average specific activity of 1.2 GBq/g for 64Cu using the optimized production method. | Despite the advantages of using a biomedical cyclotron for the production of 64Cu, the high cost and limited availability of this technology remain significant barriers to its widespread adoption in radiochemistry. |
Describing the process: typical verbs in the passive form | Customer-based brand equity (CBBE) is calculated as the difference between the perceived value of a brand and the sum of the perceived values of its competitors' brands, as reported by customers. | Brand equity can be significantly influenced by customer perception of a brand's quality, which in turn is affected by the customer's past experiences and their expectations for future interactions. |
Advising cautious interpretation of the findings | However, the interpretation of the geochemical data should be approached with caution due to potential contamination and source heterogeneity. | The precise identification and characterization of Archean blocks and their boundaries within the North China Craton is a crucial problem in the field of geochemistry, as it provides essential insights into the tectonic evolution of this craton. |
Referring back to the purpose of the paper or study | Maintaining perioperative normothermia through the use of warming systems significantly reduces the incidence of surgical-wound infections and shortens hospitalization in patients undergoing surgery. | Previous research has investigated the role of perioperative normothermia in reducing the incidence of surgical-wound infections (Bjork et al., 2001; Hultcrantz et al., 2003; …). |
Indicating the methodology for the current research | This study employs a combination of finite element analysis and experimental testing to investigate the performance of power electronics and motor drives in electric vehicles. | In the field of automotive engineering, power electronics and motor drives play a crucial role in enabling the efficient operation of electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. |
Stating the aims of the current research (note frequent use of past tense) | This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current state-of-the-art in visual interpretation of hand gestures for human-computer interaction | This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the state-of-the-art in visual interpretation of hand gestures for human-computer interaction, discussing various techniques, applications, and challenges in this field. |
Making recommendations for further research work | Further investigations are required to explore the potential use of alternative disinfection methods for preserving the purity of sacred lotus plants. | The sacred lotus, a significant species in botany and religious practices, has been studied extensively since ancient times for its purity and resistance to contamination on biological surfaces. |
Stating a positive result | The synthesized ordered mesoporous molecular sieves exhibit high surface area and uniform pore size distribution, as demonstrated in Figure 3 and Table II. | This paper reports the synthesis of ordered mesoporous molecular sieves using a liquid-crystal template mechanism in chemical engineering. |
Referring to data in a table or chart | Table 1 displays the mean grain yields and standard errors for each spring wheat cultivar under normal and drought conditions. | The present study focuses on spring wheat cultivars grown in the semi-arid region of western Canada, where drought is a major constraint to grain yield. |
Stating what is currently known about the topic | Currently, the Mars Express OMEGA instrument has provided crucial insights into the global mineralogical and aqueous history of Mars, revealing the presence of various minerals and water-related features (Mangold et al., 2007). | Despite the wealth of data provided by OMEGA/Mars Express, the current study is limited to interpreting mineralogical and aqueous features up to 1.6 kilometers below the Martian surface. |
Indicating methodological problems or limitations | Despite the proven effectiveness of ASP EOR technology in enhancing oil recovery, the high cost of alkaline surfactants and polymer remains a significant limitation. | ASP EOR technology, which involves the use of alkaline surfactant polymers for enhanced oil recovery in the petroleum industry, has gained significant attention due to its ability to improve oil production from both conventional and unconventional reservoirs. |
Commenting on the strengths of the current study | The American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) study offers valuable insights into marketing performance by measuring customer satisfaction levels across various industries, providing essential information for businesses aiming to improve their customer service and overall market position. | Further research is needed to explore the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty in various industries and to identify the specific drivers of customer satisfaction. |
Stating the purpose of the thesis, dissertation, or research article (note use of present tense) | Fodor argues that the mind is composed of modular, informationally encapsulated components that process information in a domain-specific manner. | In line with previous research on modularity in cognitive architecture (Fodor, 1983), we employed a modular approach to investigating the mental processes underlying problem solving in this study. |
Explaining the provenance of articles for review | This review includes 23 European and North American studies published between 2000 and 2015 that evaluated the use of HPV testing in primary cervical cancer screening programs. | The implementation of HPV testing as a primary screening method in Europe and North America is expected to result in a reduction of cervical cancer cases by approximately 30%. |
Previous research: A historic perspective | Previous research in the field of economic geography has highlighted the significance of social structure and household strategies in shaping migration patterns over time. | Despite the extensive research on the economic determinants of migration, there is a paucity of studies examining the role of social structure and household strategies in the cumulative causation of migration in economic geography. |
Describing the process: infinitive of purpose | The iron-based catalysts were synthesized through a co-precipitation method to improve their oxygen reduction activity in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. | Despite the promising results achieved with iron-based catalysts in the literature, the exact mechanism for their improved oxygen reduction activity in polymer electrolyte fuel cells remains elusive and subject to ongoing debate. |
Previous research: A historic perspective | Mycorrhizal Endogone species have been a subject of interest in botanical research since the early 20th century, with numerous studies focusing on their role in soil fertility and plant nutrition. | Spores of Endogone species were isolated from soil samples using a wet sieving and decanting method, with a particle size of 150 µm as the cut-off. |
Explaining the provenance of the participants | NWChem is developed and maintained by the NWChem Development Team at the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a Department of Energy national scientific user facility located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. | Further research is needed to explore the application of NWChem in large-scale simulations of complex molecular systems, particularly in the areas of materials science and drug discovery. |
Describing what other writers do in their published work | Previous researchers, such as Jones and Brown (2010), have explored the tectonic history of Turkey within the context of the Tethys Sea, but this study focuses on the plate tectonic mechanisms driving the evolution of Turkey's biota. | The findings from this study suggest that the Anatolian plate may have acted as a refugium for various taxa during the Late Cretaceous, contributing to the high biosiness of the Turkish fossil record. |
Stating the aims of the current research (note frequent use of past tense) | This study aims to elucidate the global connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry, and climate through an analysis of iron cycling processes. | The current study significantly advances our knowledge of the role of desert dust in global iron cycling and its implications for ocean biogeochemistry and climate, providing a solid foundation for future research in this area. |
Some ways of introducing quotations | Mycotoxins, a group of naturally occurring compounds produced by filamentous fungi, pose significant health risks to humans and animals due to their toxic properties. | Mycotoxins, a group of naturally occurring toxic compounds produced by filamentous fungi, have gained significant importance in the field of toxicology due to their widespread occurrence and potential health risks for humans and animals. |
Surveys and interviews: Reporting themes | Surveys and interviews with AI industry professionals and experts revealed consistent themes regarding the importance of transparency, accountability, and fairness in AI ethics guidelines. | Despite the varying cultural contexts, a consensus on the importance of transparency, accountability, and non-discrimination in AI ethics guidelines is emerging globally. |
Surveys and interviews: Reporting proportions | The paper provides a comprehensive survey on the arithmetic of elliptic curves, covering topics such as point arithmetic, scalar multiplication, and isogenies. | Despite their apparent differences, both Weil and Chow used the Riemann hypothesis to establish important results in the arithmetic of elliptic curves. |
Summarising the studies reviewed | This paper presents a theoretical analysis of elastic wave propagation in a fluid-saturated porous solid, focusing on the low-frequency range (Biot, 1956; Zoeppritz, 1919) | The authors of this study build upon the work of Tomlinson (1946), who first derived the equations governing elastic wave propagation in a fluid-saturated porous solid. |
Synthesising sources: contrasting evidence or ideas | Despite their shared interest in genealogy as a method for understanding the origins of modern concepts, Nietzsche and Foucault offer contrasting perspectives on the role of power in shaping these concepts. | Nietzsche's 'Genealogy of Morals' is a critical inquiry into the origins of moral concepts, particularly those related to good and evil, and how they have evolved throughout history. |
Explaining keywords (also refer to Defining Terms) | Plastic solid waste (PSW) refers to non-biodegradable waste that originates from various sources, including household, industrial, and commercial sectors. | The study explored various recycling techniques for plastic solid waste (PSW), including mechanical and chemical methods, with a focus on maximizing the recovery of valuable resources. |
Suggesting implications for what is already known | The implementation of parallel computing in TREE-PUZZLE significantly reduces the computational time for maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis, implying that large-scale phylogenetic studies can be completed more efficiently. | The parallel computing implementation of TREE-PUZZLE significantly reduces the computational time for maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis, allowing for the exploration of a larger hypothesis space. |
Contrasting sources with ‘however’ for emphasis | OpenMP and MPI are two popular industry standard APIs for parallel computing, but OpenMP focuses specifically on shared-memory programming. | The study focuses on applications of OpenMP in parallel computing, specifically in the context of shared-memory systems. |
Indicating the methodology for the current research | To identify and characterize the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) responsible for the Wuhan outbreak, we performed genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis on clinical samples obtained from confirmed cases. | The ongoing 2019-nCoV epidemic, caused by a novel coronavirus, poses a significant threat to global health, particularly since its initial outbreak in Wuhan, China in late 2019. |
Synthesising sources: supporting evidence or ideas | This study explores how the hidden curriculum in medical education shapes ethics teaching and learning, drawing on evidence from both literature and interviews with medical students and faculty. | Previous studies have highlighted the importance of ethics education in medical schools, with some reporting that up to 80% of medical students feel unprepared to deal with ethical dilemmas in their future practice. |
Referring to important texts in the area of interest | NumPy arrays, as introduced in van der Walt et al. (2011), are a fundamental data structure in computational science for efficient numerical computation. | NumPy arrays are created and manipulated using functions such as np.zeros(), np.ones(), np.arange(), and np.linspace(). |
Stating the purpose of the thesis, dissertation, or research article (note use of present tense) | This paper investigates the microwave dielectric behavior of wet soil and proposes dielectric mixing models to explain the observed phenomena. | Despite the extensive research on microwave dielectric behavior of wet soils, there is a lack of consensus on the applicability of dielectric mixing models in accurately predicting the complex permittivity of soil-water mixtures. |
Commenting on the findings | The study demonstrates that the combination of physical and chemical pretreatment methods significantly enhances the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, resulting in higher sugar yields for biofuel production in the pulp and paper industry. | Despite the use of a more rigorous pretreatment method, the enzymatic hydrolysis of poplar chips still resulted in lower glucan conversions compared to the expectations based on previous studies. |
Explaining the significance of the current study | This study aims to compare the survival outcomes of chemoradiotherapy after surgery with surgery alone for patients with adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction, providing valuable evidence for clinical decision-making in the treatment of these cancers. | Despite the large sample size and long-term follow-up, the current study has several limitations, including the lack of information on the type and extent of surgery performed for each patient. |
Indicating the methodology for the current research | We estimate the expected value and volatility of the nominal excess return on stocks using a GARCH model with an autoregressive conditional mean (AR-GARCH) specification. | This study provides evidence on the negative relationship between the expected value and the volatility of the nominal excess return on stocks, shedding light on the asset pricing theory. |
Introducing the limitations of the current study | Despite providing valuable insights into the geochemical characteristics of Archean blocks in the North China Craton, this study is limited by the lack of comprehensive data from deeper crustal levels. | This study provides new insights into the geochemical characteristics and tectonic evolution of the Archean blocks in the North China Craton by integrating lithological, geochemical, structural, and P–T path constraints. |
Previewing a chapter | This chapter presents the empirical findings of our study on context effects in letter perception using an interactive activation model. | Despite previous research suggesting that context can facilitate letter identification, some studies have reported negative context effects under certain conditions. |
Describing questionnaire design | The study employed a survey questionnaire designed to collect data from a sample of European transition economies on various factors influencing foreign direct investment, including institutional quality, political stability, and market size. | The study reveals that the presence of a stable political environment and market reforms significantly positively influence the level of foreign direct investment in European transition economies. |
Establising the importance of the topic as a problem to be addressed | Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) testing is a critical aspect of personalized treatment strategies in breast cancer. | The response rate to the ASCO/CAP guideline survey was 75.3% among the 1,132 eligible respondents. |
Surveys and interviews: Introducing excerpts from interview data | The results from oral glucose tolerance testing and euglycemic insulin clamp showed significant differences in insulin sensitivity indices. | Although insulin sensitivity indices derived from oral glucose tolerance testing and euglycemic insulin clamp provide valuable information on insulin sensitivity, they contrast in their assessment methods and interpretations. |
Referring to another writer’s idea(s) or position | Despite the growing body of evidence supporting the implementation of MET systems in emergency medicine (Bickell et al., 2004; Myburgh et al., 2006), some critics argue that these teams may not be cost-effective (Grover et al., 2012) or may even worsen patient outcomes (Bergqvist et al., 2010). | The implementation of the MET system in emergency departments resulted in a significant reduction in response times and improved patient outcomes. |
Suggesting general hypotheses | The results suggest that cultural background significantly influences the self-concept, leading to hypotheses about potential differences in cognitive processing and motivational structures between individuals from collectivistic and individualistic cultures. | Previous research in cognitive psychology has demonstrated that cultural background can significantly influence various aspects of cognitive processing, including attention, memory, and problem-solving. |
Surveys and interviews: Reporting response rates | In our study, response rates ranged from 70% to 95% for the surveys and 60% to 85% for the interviews conducted at the product, process, and system levels in the field of sustainable manufacturing. | Despite the growing interest in sustainable manufacturing, some researchers (e.g., Lee et al., 2018) argue that the current modeling and optimization techniques may not be sufficient to address the complex challenges at the product, process, and system levels. |
Establishing the importance of the topic for the world or society | Global precipitation patterns play a crucial role in sustaining agricultural productivity, water resources, and ecosystem health, making it a vital topic of research in the field of climatology. | The analysis combines monthly precipitation estimates from gauge observations, satellite data, and numerical model outputs, with each data source weighted based on its reliability and accuracy. |
Outlining the structure of a short paper | In the AGIS study, the relationship between intraocular pressure control and visual field deterioration was evaluated in patients with advanced glaucoma. | Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of combining multiple glaucoma interventions on visual field deterioration and the optimal IOP target for individual patients in the advanced stages of glaucoma. |
Transition: moving to the next result | In the context of visual servo control, the gain matrix is adjusted in real-time based on the error between the desired and actual image features, ensuring effective control of the robot's end-effector position. | In this study, we propose a visual servo control algorithm based on the gradient descent method, which adjusts the end-effector position in real-time to maintain a desired visual error between the current image and a reference image |
Establishing the importance of the topic for the world or society: time frame given | This paper was among the first to systematically analyze the role of human capital, particularly education, in economic growth and development, providing a solid foundation for labour economics research in the second half of the 20th century. | This study aims to provide a theoretical and empirical analysis of human capital, with a particular focus on the role of education in labor markets. |
Acknowledging limitation(s) whilst stating a finding or contribution | Despite the high temporal resolution of functional magnetic resonance imaging in detecting intrinsic signal changes during sensory stimulation in the Nuclear magnetic resonance study, the spatial resolution remains a limitation. | Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies using the blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast have revealed intrinsic signal changes in response to sensory stimulation in various cortical areas, providing valuable information for functional brain mapping in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance. |
Stating the purpose of the thesis, dissertation, or research article (note use of present tense) | This paper bridges the gap between atomistic and mesoscopic simulation in the field of statistical physics using the Dissipative Particle Dynamics model. | The study presents a novel approach to simulating dissipative systems at the mesoscopic scale, which bridges the gap between atomistic and mesoscopic simulations in statistical physics. |
Advising cautious interpretation of the findings | It is essential for researchers in management science to exercise caution when interpreting the findings of their studies, as uncontrolled variables and potential sources of error can significantly impact the results. | Given the exploratory nature of this research and the need to understand the complexities of the subjective experiences of the participants, an interpretive approach using thematic analysis was chosen. |
Indicating methodological problems or limitations | Despite the use of a validated instrument to measure health utility, the study's generalizability is limited due to the small sample size and recruitment from a single center. | This study aims to investigate the willingness of individuals to pay for an additional year of life with improved quality, using a discrete choice experiment approach. |
Identifying a controversy within the field of study | Despite the consensus on the importance of urban hazard mitigation, there is ongoing controversy regarding the most effective strategies for creating resilient cities, particularly in balancing the trade-offs between economic development and risk reduction. | The urban hazard mitigation process involves identifying and assessing potential hazards, developing mitigation strategies, and implementing and monitoring those strategies to reduce the risk of harm to people and property. |
Previewing a chapter | This critical review examines the measurement properties of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, a widely-used tool in physical medicine and rehabilitation for evaluating motor recovery after stroke. | Despite its widespread use in clinical practice and research, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment has been criticized for its limited sensitivity to detect small changes in motor function over time. |
Surveys and interviews: Reporting themes | The study found that in a Gaussian Vector Autoregressive model, the Johansen test was used to estimate the number of cointegrating vectors, with 5 out of the 10 possible vectors being identified as cointegrating in the sample. | The authors of a previous study (Engle and Granger, 1982) introduced the concept of cointegration and developed methods for estimating cointegration vectors in vector error correction models. |
Establishing the importance of the topic for the discipline | Thermoelectrics, a branch of engineering physics, has gained significant attention due to its potential to convert waste heat into electrical energy, making it a crucial area of research for enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability. | Thermoelectric materials exhibit unique properties, allowing the direct conversion of temperature gradients into electrical energy, making them essential in the field of engineering physics. |