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= James Newland =
James Ernest Newland , VC ( 22 August 1881 – 19 March 1949 ) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest decoration for gallantry " in the face of the enemy " that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces . Newland was awarded the Victoria Cross following three separate actions in April 1917 , during attacks against German forces retreating to the Hindenburg Line . While in command of a company , Newland successfully led his men in several assaults on German positions and repulsed subsequent counter @-@ attacks .
Born in the Victorian town of Highton , Newland joined the Australian military in 1899 and saw active service during the Second Boer War . He continued to serve in the Australian Army 's permanent forces on his return to Australia , and completed several years service in the artillery . Transferring to the militia in 1907 , Newland became a police officer in Tasmania before re @-@ joining the permanent forces in 1910 . Following the outbreak of the First World War , he was appointed to the Australian Imperial Force and was among the first wave of men to land at Gallipoli . In the days following the landing , Newland was wounded and evacuated to Egypt where he was commissioned as a second lieutenant .
Transferring to the Western Front in 1916 , Newland was Mentioned in Despatches for his leadership while commanding a company during an attack at Mouquet Farm . He was wounded twice more during the war and medically discharged in March 1918 ; he returned to service with the permanent army . Newland held various appointments between the two world wars , and retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel in 1941 . He died of heart failure in 1949 .
= = Early life = =
Newland was born in the Geelong suburb of Highton , Victoria , on 22 August 1881 to William Newland , a labourer , and his wife Louisa Jane ( née Wall ) . In 1899 , he enlisted in the Commonwealth Military Forces and was assigned to the 4th Battalion , Australian Commonwealth Horse , as a private . The unit later embarked for South Africa , where Newland saw active service in Cape Town during the Second Boer War .
Returning to Australia in 1902 , Newland re @-@ settled in Victoria and joined the Royal Australian Artillery in July the following year . He served in the artillery for over four years , before transferring to the militia in September 1907 . In 1909 , he became a police officer in the Tasmanian Police Force , where he remained until August 1910 , when he re @-@ enlisted in the permanent army . He was posted to the Australian Instructional Corps ; he served with this unit until the outbreak of the First World War . In a ceremony at Sheffield , Tasmania on 27 December 1913 , Newland married Florence May Mitchell .
= = First World War = =
On 17 August 1914 , Newland transferred to the newly raised Australian Imperial Force following the British Empire 's declaration of war on Germany and her allies . Assigned to the 12th Battalion , he was made its Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant and embarked from Hobart aboard HMAT Geelong on 20 October , bound for Egypt . Following a brief stop in Western Australia , the troopship arrived at its destination seven weeks later . The 12th Battalion spent the following four months training in the Egyptian desert .
At the commencement of the Gallipoli Campaign , the 3rd Australian Brigade — of which the 12th Battalion was part — was designated as the covering force for the ANZAC landing , and as such was the first unit ashore on 25 April 1915 , at approximately 04 : 30 . Newland was wounded in the days following the landing , suffering a gunshot wound to his arm , and was evacuated to the 1st General Hospital . While at the hospital , he was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 22 May , before returning to the 12th Battalion four days later .
Newland was engaged in operations on the Gallipoli Peninsula until 9 June , when he was withdrawn from the area and placed in command of the 12th Battalion 's transport elements stationed in Egypt . Promoted to lieutenant on 15 October , he was hospitalised for ten days in November due to dengue fever . Following the Allied evacuation of Gallipoli in December , the 12th Battalion returned to Egypt where Newland continued as transport officer . Promoted to captain on 1 March 1916 , he was made adjutant of the 12th Battalion fifteen days later . It embarked for France and the Western Front later that month .
Disembarking at Marseilles , the 12th Battalion was initially posted to the Fleurbaix sector of France . After involvement in minor operations , it transferred to the Somme in July , where it participated in the Battle of Pozières , its first major French action . Newland was posted to command A Company from 8 August , and was subsequently moved to Sausage Valley along with the rest of the 12th Battalion in preparation for an attack on Mouquet Farm .
Mouquet Farm was a ruined complex connected to several German strongpoints , and formed part of the Thiepval defences . On 21 August , Newland led his company in an assault on a series of trenches slightly north east of the farm . By 18 : 30 , the company had captured its objectives and several of Newland 's men rushed off in pursuit of the retreating Germans . Newland immediately stopped them and organised the company into a defensive position ; the trench was consolidated by 05 : 00 the next morning . Praised for his " ... great coolness and courage under heavy fire " during the attack , he was recommended for the Military Cross . The award , however , was downgraded to a Mention in Despatches , the announcement of which was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 4 January 1917 .
Following its involvement at Pozières and Mouquet Farm , the 12th Battalion was briefly transferred to the Ypres sector in Belgium in September , before returning to Bernafay Wood on the Somme late the following month . Newland was admitted to the 38th Casualty Clearing Station with pyrexia on 4 December . He was moved to the 2nd General Hospital at Le Havre , and returned to the 12th Battalion two weeks later following recuperation . On the same day , he was attached to the headquarters of the 2nd Australian Brigade for duty as a staff officer . He was granted leave on 21 January 1917 on completion of this stint .
Re @-@ joining the 12th Battalion , Newland once again assumed command of A Company . On 26 February 1917 , he was tasked with leading it during the 12th Battalion 's attack on the village of La Barque during the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line . At Bark Trench , a position on the north side of the centre of La Barque , the company encountered a German strongpoint and Newland received a gunshot wound to the face . He was admitted to the 1st Australian Field Ambulance , and returned to the 12th Battalion on 25 March after a period of hospitalisation at the 7th Stationary Hospital in Boulogne .
= = = Victoria Cross = = =
By early April 1917 , there remained three German @-@ held outpost villages — Boursies , Demicourt and Hermies — between the area to the south of the I Anzac Corps position and the Hindenburg Line . An attack by the 1st Australian Division to capture them was planned for 9 April , the same day the British offensive opened at Arras . For his actions on three separate occasions during the assault , Newland was awarded the Victoria Cross .
On the night of 7 / 8 April , the 12th Battalion was tasked with the capture of Boursies , on the Bapaume – Cambrai road . The attack was a feint to mislead the German forces on the direction from which Hermies was to be assaulted . Leading A Company as well as an attached platoon from B Company , Newland began his advance on the village at 03 : 00 . The company was soon subject to heavy rifle and machine gun fire from a derelict mill approximately 400 metres ( 440 yd ) short of the village , and began to suffer heavy casualties . Rallying his men , Newland charged the position and bombed the Germans with grenades . The attack dislodged the Germans , and the company secured the area and continued its advance .
Throughout 8 April , the Australians were subjected to heavy shellfire from German forces . At approximately 22 : 00 , the Germans launched a fierce counter @-@ attack under the cover of a barrage of bombs and trench mortars against A Company 's position at the mill . They had some initial success and entered the forward posts of the mill , which were occupied by a platoon of Newland 's men under the command of Sergeant John Whittle . Newland , bringing up a platoon from the battalion 's reserve company , charged the attackers and re @-@ established the lost ground with Whittle 's assistance . The 12th Battalion was relieved by the 11th Battalion on 10 April , having succeeded in capturing Boursies at the cost of 240 casualties , of which 70 were killed or missing .
After a four @-@ day reprieve from the frontline , the 12th Battalion relieved the 9th Battalion at Lagnicourt on 14 April . Around dawn the next day , the Germans launched a severe counter @-@ attack against the 1st Australian Division 's line . Breaking through , they forced back the 12th Battalion 's D Company , which was to the right of Newland 's A Company . Soon surrounded and under attack on three sides , Newland withdrew the company to a sunken road which had been held by Captain Percy Cherry during the capture of the village three weeks earlier , and lined the depleted company out in a defensive position on each bank .
The German forces attacked Newland 's company several times during the battle , but were repulsed each time . During one of the assaults , Newland observed that the German attack was weakening and gathered a party of twenty men . Leading the group , he charged the Germans and seized forty as prisoners . As reinforcements from the 9th Battalion began to arrive , a combined counter @-@ attack was launched and the line recaptured by approximately 11 : 00 . During the engagement , the 12th Battalion suffered 125 casualties , including 66 killed or missing . Newland and Whittle were both awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions at Boursies and Lagnicourt ; they were the only two permanent members of the Australian military to receive the decoration during the war . At 35 years and 7 months old , Newland was also the oldest Australian Victoria Cross recipient of the First World War .
The full citation for Newland 's Victoria Cross appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette on 8 June 1917 :
War Office , 8th June , 1917 .
His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the award of the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned Officers , Non @-@ commissioned Officers and Men : —
Capt. James Ernest Newlands , [ sic ] Inf . Bn . , Aus . Imp . Force .
For most conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty , in the face of heavy odds , on three separate occasions .
On the first occasion he organised the attack by his company on a most important objective , and led personally , under heavy fire , a bombing attack . He then rallied his company , which had suffered heavy casualties , and he was one of the first to reach the objective .
On the following night his company , holding the captured position , was heavily counter @-@ attacked . By personal exertion , utter disregard of fire , and judicious use of reserves , he succeeded in dispersing the enemy and regaining the position .
On a subsequent occasion , when the company on his left was overpowered and his own company attacked from the rear , he drove off a combined attack which had developed from these directions .
These attacks were renewed three or four times , and it was Capt. Newland 's tenacity and disregard for his own safety that encouraged the men to hold out .
The stand made by this officer was of the greatest importance , and produced far @-@ reaching results .
= = = Later war service = = =
In early May 1917 , the 12th Battalion was involved in the British and Australian attempt to capture the village of Bullecourt . While engaged in this operation on 6 May , Newland was wounded for the third and final time of the war by a gunshot to his left armpit . Initially admitted to the 5th Field Ambulance , he was transferred to No 1 Red Cross Hospital , Le Touquet , the next day . The injury necessitated treatment in England , and Newland was shipped to a British hospital eight days later .
On recovering from his wounds , Newland attended an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 21 July , where he was decorated with his Victoria Cross by King George V. Later the same day , Newland boarded a ship to Australia . It arrived in Melbourne on 18 September , and Newland travelled to Tasmania . He was discharged from the Australian Imperial Force as medically unfit on 2 March 1918 .
= = Later life = =
Following his discharge , Newland retained the rank of captain and returned to service with the permanent military forces . Between the two world wars , he held various appointments in the army , including adjutant and quartermaster of the 8th , 49th , 52nd , 38th and 12th Battalions , as well as area officer and recruiting officer . In 1924 , Newland 's wife Florence died of tuberculosis . On 30 April 1925 , he married Heather Vivienne Broughton in a ceremony at St Paul 's Anglican Church , Bendigo ; the couple would later have a daughter . Promoted to major on 1 May 1930 , Newland was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal in 1935 .
Following the outbreak of the Second World War , Newland was seconded for duties as quartermaster instructor at the 4th Division headquarters . On 10 May 1940 , he assumed his final army appointment as quartermaster , A Branch , at Army Headquarters in Melbourne . He served in this position until August 1941 , when he was placed on the retired list with the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel .
In retirement , Newland served as Assistant Commissioner of the Australian Red Cross Society in the Northern Territory during the later months of 1941 . He joined the inspection staff at Ammunition Factory , Footscray on 2 January 1942 . At his home in Caulfield , Victoria on 19 March 1949 , he died suddenly of heart failure at the age of 67 . He was accorded a funeral with full military honours , and was buried at Brighton Cemetery . In 1984 , Newland 's daughter , Dawn , donated her father 's medals to the Australian War Memorial in Canberra , where they currently reside .
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= Japanese battleship Yamashiro =
Yamashiro ( 山城 , " Mountain castle " , named for Yamashiro Province ) was the second of two Fusō @-@ class dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy . Launched in 1915 and commissioned in 1917 , she initially patrolled off the coast of China , playing no part in World War I. In 1923 , she assisted survivors of the Great Kantō earthquake .
Yamashiro was modernized between 1930 and 1935 , with improvements to her armor and machinery and a rebuilt superstructure in the pagoda mast style . Nevertheless , with only 14 @-@ inch guns , she was outclassed by other Japanese battleships at the beginning of World War II , and played auxiliary roles for most of the war .
By 1944 , though , she was forced into front @-@ line duty , serving as the flagship of Vice @-@ Admiral Shōji Nishimura 's Southern Force at the Battle of Surigao Strait , the southernmost action of the Battle of Leyte Gulf . During fierce night fighting in the early hours of 25 October against a superior American force , Yamashiro was sunk by torpedoes and naval gunfire . Nishimura went down with his ship , and only 10 crewmembers survived .
= = Description = =
The ship had a length of 192 @.@ 024 meters ( 630 @.@ 00 ft ) between perpendiculars and 202 @.@ 7 meters ( 665 ft ) overall . She had a beam of 28 @.@ 7 meters ( 94 ft 2 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 7 meters ( 29 ft ) . Yamashiro displaced 29 @,@ 326 long tons ( 29 @,@ 797 t ) at standard load and 35 @,@ 900 long tons ( 36 @,@ 500 t ) at full load . Her crew consisted of 1 @,@ 198 officers and enlisted men in 1915 and about 1 @,@ 400 in 1935 .
During the ship 's modernization during 1930 – 35 , her forward superstructure was enlarged with multiple platforms added to her tripod foremast . Her rear superstructure was rebuilt to accommodate mounts for 127 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns and additional fire @-@ control directors . Yamashiro was also given torpedo bulges to improve her underwater protection and to compensate for the weight of the additional armor . In addition , her stern was lengthened by 7 @.@ 62 meters ( 25 @.@ 0 ft ) . These changes increased her overall length to 212 @.@ 75 m ( 698 @.@ 0 ft ) , her beam to 33 @.@ 1 m ( 108 ft 7 in ) and her draft to 9 @.@ 69 meters ( 31 ft 9 in ) . Her displacement increased nearly 4 @,@ 000 long tons ( 4 @,@ 100 t ) to 39 @,@ 154 long tons ( 39 @,@ 782 t ) at deep load .
= = = Propulsion = = =
The ship had two sets of Brown @-@ Curtis direct @-@ drive steam turbines , each of which drove two propeller shafts . The turbines were designed to produce a total of 40 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 30 @,@ 000 kW ) , using steam provided by 24 Miyahara @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers , each of which consumed a mixture of coal and oil . Yamashiro had a stowage capacity of 4 @,@ 000 long tons ( 4 @,@ 100 t ) of coal and 1 @,@ 000 long tons ( 1 @,@ 000 t ) of fuel oil , giving her a range of 8 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 15 @,@ 000 km ; 9 @,@ 200 mi ) at a speed of 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) . The ship exceeded her designed speed of 22 @.@ 5 knots ( 41 @.@ 7 km / h ; 25 @.@ 9 mph ) during her sea trials , reaching 23 @.@ 3 knots ( 43 @.@ 2 km / h ; 26 @.@ 8 mph ) at 47 @,@ 730 shp ( 35 @,@ 590 kW ) .
During her modernization , the Miyahara boilers were replaced by six new Kanpon oil @-@ fired boilers fitted in the former aft boiler room , and the forward funnel was removed . The Brown @-@ Curtis turbines were replaced by four geared Kanpon turbines with a designed output of 75 @,@ 000 shp ( 56 @,@ 000 kW ) . On her trials , Yamashiro 's sister ship Fusō reached a top speed of 24 @.@ 7 knots ( 45 @.@ 7 km / h ; 28 @.@ 4 mph ) from 76 @,@ 889 shp ( 57 @,@ 336 kW ) . The fuel storage of the ship was increased to a total of 5 @,@ 100 long tons ( 5 @,@ 200 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 11 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 21 @,@ 900 km ; 13 @,@ 600 mi ) at a speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) .
= = = Armament = = =
The twelve 45 @-@ calibre 14 @-@ inch guns of Yamashiro were mounted in six twin @-@ gun turrets , numbered one through six from front to rear , each with an elevation range of − 5 to + 30 degrees . The turrets were arranged in an unorthodox 2 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 @-@ 2 style with superfiring pairs of turrets fore and aft ; the middle turrets were not superfiring , and had a funnel between them . The main guns and their turrets were modernized during the ship 's 1930 reconstruction ; the maximum elevation of the main guns was increased to + 43 degrees , increasing their maximum range from 25 @,@ 420 to 32 @,@ 420 metres ( 27 @,@ 800 to 35 @,@ 450 yd ) . Initially , the guns could fire at a rate of 1 @.@ 5 rounds per minute , and this was also improved during her first modernization .
Originally , Yamashiro was fitted with a secondary armament of sixteen 50 @-@ caliber 6 @-@ inch guns mounted in casemates on the upper sides of the hull . Each gun could fire a high @-@ explosive projectile to a maximum range of 22 @,@ 970 yards ( 21 @,@ 000 m ) at up to six shots per minute . She was later fitted with six high @-@ angle 40 @-@ caliber three @-@ inch AA guns , in single mounts on both sides of the forward superstructure and both sides of the second funnel , as well as on both sides of the aft superstructure . These guns had a maximum elevation of + 75 degrees , and could fire a 5 @.@ 99 @-@ kilogram ( 13 @.@ 2 lb ) shell at a rate of 13 to 20 rounds per minute to a maximum height of 7 @,@ 200 meters ( 23 @,@ 600 ft ) . The ship was also fitted with six submerged 533 @-@ millimeter ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes , three on each broadside .
During Yamashiro 's modernization in the early 1930s , all six three @-@ inch guns were removed and replaced with eight 40 @-@ caliber 127 @-@ millimeter dual @-@ purpose guns , fitted on both sides of the fore and aft superstructures in four twin @-@ gun mounts . When firing at surface targets , the guns had a range of 14 @,@ 700 meters ( 16 @,@ 100 yd ) ; they had a maximum ceiling of 9 @,@ 440 meters ( 30 @,@ 970 ft ) at their maximum elevation of + 90 degrees . Their maximum rate of fire was 14 rounds a minute , but their sustained rate of fire was around eight rounds per minute .
The improvements made during the reconstruction increased Yamashiro 's draft by 1 meter ( 3 ft 3 in ) ; the two foremost six @-@ inch guns were removed , as the same guns on her sister ship Fusō had gotten soaked in high seas after that ship 's reconstruction . The ship 's light @-@ AA armament was augmented by eight 25 mm Type 96 light AA guns in twin @-@ gun mounts . Four of these mounts were fitted on the forward superstructure , one on each side of the funnel and two on the rear superstructure . This was the standard Japanese light @-@ AA gun during World War II , but it suffered from severe design shortcomings that rendered it a largely ineffective weapon . According to historian Mark Stille , the twin and triple mounts " lacked sufficient speed in train or elevation ; the gun sights were unable to handle fast targets ; the gun exhibited excessive vibration ; the magazine was too small , and , finally , the gun produced excessive muzzle blast " . The configuration of the AA guns varied significantly over time ; in 1943 , 17 single and two twin @-@ mounts were added for a total of 37 . In July 1944 , the ship was fitted with another 24 single , nine twin and eight triple @-@ mounts , for a total of 92 anti @-@ aircraft guns in her final configuration . The 25 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) gun had an effective range of 1 @,@ 500 – 3 @,@ 000 meters ( 1 @,@ 600 – 3 @,@ 300 yd ) , and an effective ceiling of 5 @,@ 500 meters ( 18 @,@ 000 ft ) at an elevation of 85 degrees . The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute because of the frequent need to change the fifteen @-@ round magazines .
Also in July 1944 , the ship was provided with three twin @-@ gun and 10 single mounts for the license @-@ built 13 @.@ 2 mm Hotchkiss machine gun . The maximum range of these guns was 6 @,@ 500 meters ( 7 @,@ 100 yd ) , but the effective range against aircraft was only 1 @,@ 000 meters ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) . The cyclic rate was adjustable between 425 and 475 rounds per minute , but the need to change 30 @-@ round magazines reduced the effective rate to 250 rounds per minute .
= = = Armor = = =
The ship 's waterline armor belt was 229 to 305 millimeters ( 9 to 12 in ) thick ; below it was a strake of 102 mm ( 4 in ) armor . The deck armor ranged in thickness from 32 to 51 mm ( 1 @.@ 3 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) . The turrets were protected with an armor thickness of 279 @.@ 4 mm ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) on the face , 228 @.@ 6 mm ( 9 @.@ 0 in ) on the sides , and 114 @.@ 5 mm ( 4 @.@ 51 in ) on the roof . The barbettes of the turrets were protected by armor 305 mm thick , while the casemates of the 152 mm guns were protected by 152 mm armor plates . The sides of the conning tower were 351 millimeters ( 13 @.@ 8 in ) thick . Additionally , the vessel contained 737 watertight compartments ( 574 underneath the armor deck , 163 above ) to preserve buoyancy in the event of battle damage .
During her first reconstruction Yamashiro 's armor was substantially upgraded . The deck armor was increased to a maximum thickness of 114 mm ( 4 @.@ 5 in ) . A longitudinal bulkhead of 76 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) of high @-@ tensile steel was added to improve the underwater protection .
= = = Aircraft = = =
Yamashiro was briefly fitted with an aircraft flying @-@ off platform on Turret No. 2 in 1922 . She successfully launched Gloster Sparrowhawk and Sopwith Camel fighters from it , the first Japanese ship to do so . During her modernization in the 1930s , a catapult and a collapsible crane were fitted on the stern , and the ship was equipped to operate three floatplanes , although no hangar was provided . The initial Nakajima E4N2 biplanes were replaced by Nakajima E8N2 biplanes in 1938 and then by Mitsubishi F1M biplanes , from 1942 on .
= = = Fire control and sensors = = =
The ship was originally fitted with two 3 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 11 ft 6 in ) and two 1 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 4 ft 11 in ) rangefinders in her forward superstructure , a 4 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 14 ft 9 in ) rangefinder on the roof of Turret No. 2 , and 4 @.@ 5 @-@ meter rangefinders in Turrets 3 , 4 , and 5 .
While in drydock in July 1943 , a Type 21 air search radar was installed on the roof of the 10 @-@ meter rangefinder at the top of the pagoda mast . In August 1944 , two Type 22 surface search radar units were installed on the pagoda mast and two Type 13 early warning radar units were fitted on her mainmast .
= = Construction and service = =
Yamashiro , named for Yamashiro Province , the former province of Kyoto , was laid down at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 20 November 1913 and launched on 3 November 1915 . She was completed on 31 March 1917 with Captain Suketomo Nakajima in command , and was assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Fleet in 1917 – 18 . She did not take part in any combat during World War I , as there were no longer any forces of the Central Powers in East Asia by the time she was completed , but she did patrol off the coast of China briefly during the war . On 29 March 1922 , a Gloster Sparrowhawk fighter successfully took off from the ship . She aided survivors of the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake , in September 1923 . Little detailed information is available about Yamashiro 's activities during the 1920s , although she did make a port visit to Ryojun Guard District , in Manchuria , on 5 April 1925 and also conducted training off the coast of China .
The ship 's reconstruction began on 18 December 1930 at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal where her machinery was replaced , her armor was reinforced , and torpedo bulges were fitted . Yamashiro 's armament was also upgraded and her torpedo tubes were removed . Captain Chuichi Nagumo assumed command of the ship on 15 November 1934 , her modernization was completed on 30 March 1935 , and she became flagship of the Combined Fleet . Captain Masakichi Okuma relieved Nagumo on 15 November and he , in turn , was replaced by Captain Masami Kobayashi on 1 December 1936 . Yamashiro began a lengthy refit on 27 June 1937 and Captain Kasuke Abe assumed command on 20 October . Her refit was completed on 31 March 1938 and Captain Kakuji Kakuta relieved Abe on 15 November . In early 1941 , the ship experimentally launched radio @-@ controlled Kawanishi E7K2 floatplanes . Captain Chozaemon Obata assumed command on 24 May 1941 and Yamashiro was assigned to the 1st Fleet 's 2nd Division , consisting of the two Fusō @-@ class and the two Ise @-@ class battleships .
= = = World War II = = =
Yamashiro and her sister ship Fusō spent most of the war around Japan , mostly at the anchorage at Hashirajima in Hiroshima Bay . When the war started for Japan on 8 December , the division , reinforced by the battleships Nagato and Mutsu and the light carrier Hōshō , sortied from Hashirajima to the Bonin Islands as distant support for the 1st Air Fleet attacking Pearl Harbor , and returned six days later . On 18 April 1942 , Yamashiro chased the Doolittle Raider force that had just launched an air raid on Tokyo , but returned four days later without having made contact . On 28 May , she set sail , commanded by Captain Gunji Kogure , with the rest of the 2nd Battleship Division and the Aleutian Support Group at the same time that most of the Imperial Fleet began an attack on Midway Island ( Operation MI ) . Commanded by Vice @-@ Admiral Shirō Takasu , the division was composed of Japan 's four oldest battleships , including Yamashiro , accompanied by two light cruisers , 12 destroyers , and two oilers . Official records do not show the squadron as part of the larger Midway operation , known as Operation AL ; they were to accompany the fleet under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto , but were only to provide support to the Aleutian task force if needed . They were not needed , and Yamashiro returned to home waters where she was employed mostly for training duties , in the Inland Sea till 1 February 1943 and at Yokosuka until September , when she became a training ship for midshipmen .
In an effort to replace the aircraft carriers lost at the Battle of Midway , the Navy made plans to convert the two Fusō @-@ class ships to hybrid battleship / carriers , but the two Ise @-@ class battleships were chosen instead . In July 1943 , Yamashiro was at the Yokosuka drydock for fitting of a radar and additional 25 mm AA guns . The ship was briefly assigned as a training ship on 15 September before loading troops on 13 October bound for Truk Naval Base , arriving with the battleship Ise on the 20th . The two battleships sailed for Japan , accompanied by the carriers Jun 'yō and Unyō , on 31 October . On 8 November , the submarine USS Halibut fired torpedoes at Jun 'yo that missed , but hit Yamashiro with a torpedo that failed to detonate . Yamashiro resumed her training duties in Japan , and Captain Yoshioki Tawara assumed command . He was promoted to Rear Admiral on 1 May , but died of natural causes four days later , and Captain Katsukiyo Shinoda was appointed to replace him .
During the US invasion of Saipan in June 1944 , Japanese troop ships attempting to reinforce the defenses were sunk by submarines . Shigenori Kami , chief of operations of the Navy Staff , volunteered to command Yamashiro to carry troops and equipment to Saipan . If the ship actually reached the island , he intended to deliberately beach the ship before it could be sunk and to use its artillery to defend the island . After Ryūnosuke Kusaka , Chief of Staff of the Combined Fleet , also volunteered to go , Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō approved the plan , known as Operation Y @-@ GO , but the operation was cancelled after the decisive defeat in the Battle of the Philippine Sea on 19 and 20 June .
The ship was refitted in July at Yokosuka , where additional radar systems and light AA guns were fitted . Yamashiro and her sister ship were transferred to Battleship Division 2 of the 2nd Fleet on 10 September . The ship briefly became the division 's flagship under Vice Admiral Shōji Nishimura until 23 September when he transferred his flag to Fusō . They departed Kure on 23 September for Lingga Island , carrying the Army 's 25th Independent Mixed Regiment , and escaped an attack by the submarine Plaice the next day . They arrived on 4 October , where Nishimura transferred his flag back to Yamashiro . The ships then transferred to Brunei to offload their toops and refuel in preparation for Operation Shō @-@ Gō , the attempt to destroy the American fleet conducting the invasion of Luzon .
= = = = Battle of Surigao Strait = = = =
As flagship of Nishimura 's Southern Force , Yamashiro left Brunei at 15 : 30 on 22 October 1944 , heading east into the Sulu Sea and then to the northeast into the Mindanao Sea . Intending to join Vice @-@ Admiral Takeo Kurita 's force in Leyte Gulf , they passed west of Mindanao Island into Surigao Strait , where they met a large force of battleships and cruisers lying in wait . The Battle of Surigao Strait would become the southernmost action in the Battle of Leyte Gulf .
At 09 : 08 on 24 October , Yamashiro , Fusō and the heavy cruiser Mogami spotted a group of 27 planes , including Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers and Curtiss SB2C Helldiver dive bombers escorted by Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters , coming from the carrier Enterprise . Around 20 sailors on Yamashiro were killed by strafing and rocket attacks , and the ship listed by almost 15 degrees after a bomb 's near miss damaged the hull and flooded the starboard bilge , until counter @-@ flooding in the port bilge righted the ship .
Nishimura issued a telegram to Admiral Soemu Toyoda at 20 : 13 : " It is my plan to charge into Leyte Gulf to [ reach ] a point off Dulag at 04 : 00 hours on the 25th . " At 22 : 52 , his force opened fire , damaging PT 130 and PT 152 and forcing them to retreat before they could launch their torpedoes . Three American destroyers launched torpedoes at 03 : 00 that morning , hitting Fusō at 03 : 08 and forcing her to fall out of formation . Yamashiro opened fire with her secondary battery seven minutes later . Around 03 : 11 , the destroyers Monssen and Killen fired their torpedoes , one or two of which hit Yamashiro amidships . The resulting damage temporarily slowed the ship down , gave her a list to port and forced the flooding of the magazines for the two aft turrets . Yamashiro may have been hit a third time near the bow at 03 : 40 .
At 03 : 52 , the battleship was attacked by a large formation to the north commanded by Rear Admiral Jesse Oldendorf . First came 6- and 8 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) shells from three heavy cruisers , Louisville , Portland , and Minneapolis , and four light cruisers , Denver , Columbia , Phoenix and Boise . Six battleships formed a battle line ; the Pearl Harbor veteran West Virginia was the first to open fire a minute later , scoring at least one hit with 16 @-@ inch ( 410 mm ) shells in the first 20 @,@ 800 @-@ meter ( 22 @,@ 700 yd ) salvo , followed by Tennessee and California . Hampered by older radar equipment , Maryland joined the fight late , Pennsylvania never fired , and Mississippi managed to fire exactly one salvo — the last of the engagement . The Australian heavy cruiser HMAS Shropshire also had radar problems and did not begin firing until 03 : 56 .
The main bombardment lasted 18 minutes , and Yamashiro was the only target for seven of them . The first rounds hit the forecastle and pagoda mast , and soon the entire battleship appeared to be ablaze . Yamashiro 's two forward turrets targeted her assailants , and the secondary armament targeted the American destroyers plaguing Mogami and the destroyer Asagumo . The ship continued firing in all directions , but was not able to target the battleships with the other four operable 14 @-@ inch guns of her amidships turrets until almost 04 : 00 , after turning west . There was a big explosion at 04 : 04 , possibly from one of the middle turrets . Yamashiro increased her firing rate between 04 : 03 and 04 : 09 , despite the widespread fires and damage , and was hit during this time near the starboard engine room by a torpedo . By 04 : 09 , her speed was back up to 12 knots , and Nishimura wired to Kurita : " We proceed till totally annihilated . I have definitely accomplished my mission as pre @-@ arranged . Please rest assured . " At the same time , Oldendorf issued a brief cease @-@ fire order to the entire formation after hearing that the destroyer Albert W. Grant was taking friendly fire , and the Japanese ships also ceased fire .
Yamashiro increased speed to 15 knots in an attempt to escape the trap , but she had already been hit by two to four torpedoes , and after two more torpedo hits near the starboard engine room , she was listing 45 degrees to port . Shinoda gave the command to abandon ship , but neither he nor Nishimura made any attempt to leave the conning tower as the ship capsized within five minutes and quickly sank , stern first , vanishing from radar between 04 : 19 and 04 : 21 . Only 10 crewmembers of the estimated 1 @,@ 636 officers and crew on board survived .
John Bennett claimed to have discovered Yamashiro 's wreck in April 2001 , but confirmation of the wreck 's identity has not been made as of 2013 .
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= Stuyvesant High School =
Stuyvesant High School / ˈstaɪvəsənt / , commonly referred to as Stuy / ˈstaɪ / or Stuyvesant , is one of nine specialized high schools in New York City , United States . Operated by the New York City Department of Education , these schools offer tuition @-@ free accelerated academics to city residents . Stuyvesant is a college preparatory science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ( STEM ) focused liberal arts high school .
Admission to Stuyvesant involves passing the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test . Each November , about 27 @,@ 000 eighth and ninth graders take the 2 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ hour exam , and roughly 950 students , or 3 @.@ 5 % of applicants , are accepted to Stuyvesant each year .
= = History = =
= = = Original building = = =
Stuyvesant High School is named after Peter Stuyvesant , the last Dutch governor of New Netherland before the colony was transferred to England in 1664 . The school was established in 1904 as a manual training school for boys , hosting 155 students and 12 teachers . In 1907 , it moved from its original location at 225 East 23rd Street to a building designed by C. B. J. Snyder at 345 East 15th Street . The building , built in 1905 for $ 1 @.@ 5 million , housed the Stuyvesant campus for the next 85 years . The school became renowned for excellence in math and science , and enrollment continued to grow so that by 1919 , admission began to be restricted based on scholastic achievement . Stuyvesant went on a double session plan in 1919 to accommodate the rising number of students , with some students attending in the morning and others in the afternoon and early evening . All students studied a full set of courses . These double sessions ran until 1956 .
The school implemented a system of entrance examinations starting in 1934 . The examination program was later expanded to include the newly founded Bronx High School of Science , and was developed with the assistance of Columbia University . During the 1950s , the building underwent a $ 2 million renovation to update its classrooms , shops , libraries and cafeterias . In 1956 , a team of six students designed and began construction of a cyclotron , and a low @-@ power test of the device succeeded six years later . A later attempt at full @-@ power operation , however , knocked out the power to the school and surrounding buildings .
Prior to 1969 , Stuyvesant did not accept female students . That year , 14 girls were admitted to Stuyvesant and 12 enrolled at the start of September , marking the school 's first co @-@ educational year . By 2002 , female enrollment had grown to 42 % .
New York State Legislature passed the Hecht @-@ Calandra act in 1972 , designating Brooklyn Tech , Bronx Science , Stuyvesant , and The High School of Music & Art ( now Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts ) as specialized high schools of New York City . The act called for a uniform exam to be administered for admission to Brooklyn Tech , Bronx Science and Stuyvesant High School . The exam , named the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test ( SHSAT ) , tested students in math and verbal abilities for students entering all of New York City 's specialized high schools , except for students applying for entry to LaGuardia High School , who are accepted by audition rather than examination .
The school building , meanwhile , deteriorated over the years . Although Stuyvesant was a top @-@ notch school even through the 1970s and 1980s , when New York City public schools in general were marked by violence and low grades among their students , Stuyvesant 's school building was in a broken @-@ down state . A New York Times report stated that the building had " held out into old age with minimal maintenance and benign neglect until its peeling paint , creaking floorboards and antiquated laboratories became an embarrassment . " The five @-@ story building could not cater adequately to the several thousand students , leading the New York City Board of Education to secure an agreement with the Battery Park City Authority for a new building to be built in Battery Park City , near lower Manhattan 's Financial District .
The 15th Street building remains in use as of 2012 , as " Old Stuyvesant Campus " , and houses three schools : the Institute for Collaborative Education , the High School for Health Professions and Human Services , and P.S. 226 . During the 2003 – 4 school year , Stuyvesant celebrated the 100th anniversary of its founding with a full year of activities . Events included a procession from the 15th Street building to the Chambers Street one ; a meeting of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics , Science and Technology ; an all @-@ class reunion ; and visits and speeches from notable alumni . In recent years , keynote graduation speakers have included Attorney General Eric Holder ( 2001 ) , former President Bill Clinton ( 2002 ) , United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan ( 2004 ) , Late Night comedian Conan O 'Brien ( 2006 ) , and the founder of Humans of New York , Brandon Stanton ( 2015 ) .
= = = New building = = =
Construction on the new ten @-@ floor , $ 150 million building located in Lower Manhattan began in 1989 . The new building was designed by Cooper , Robertson & Partners . When it opened in 1992 , the building was New York City 's first new high school building in ten years and , at the time , was the costliest high school building ever built in the city .
= = = = Aftermath of September 11 , 2001 = = = =
The new building is 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) from the site of the World Trade Center , which was destroyed on September 11 , 2001 . The school was evacuated during the attack . Although the smoke cloud coming from the World Trade Center engulfed the building at one point , there was no structural damage to the building , and there were no reports of physical injuries . Less than an hour after the collapse of the second WTC tower , concern over a bomb threat at the school prompted an evacuation of the surrounding area , as reported live by NBC news reporter Pat Dawson on the Today show . When classes resumed on September 21 , 2001 , students were moved to Brooklyn Technical High School while the Stuyvesant building served as a base of operations for rescue and recovery workers . This caused serious congestion at Brooklyn Tech , and required the students to attend in two shifts , with the Stuyvesant students attending the evening shift . Normal classes resumed three weeks later on October 9 .
Because Stuyvesant was so close to the World Trade Center site , there were concerns of asbestos exposure . The US EPA indicated at that time that Stuyvesant was safe from asbestos , and conducted a thorough cleaning of the Stuyvesant building , but the Stuyvesant High School Parents ' Association has contested the accuracy of the assessment . Some problems , including former teacher Mark Bodenheimer 's respiratory problems , have been reported — he accepted a transfer to The Bronx High School of Science after having difficulty continuing his work at Stuyvesant . Other isolated cases include Stuyvesant 's 2002 Class President Amit Friedlander , who received local press coverage in September 2006 after he was diagnosed with cancer . While there have been other cases linked to the same dust cloud that emanated from Ground Zero , a spot precariously close to Stuyvesant , there is no definitive evidence that such cases have directly affected the Stuyvesant community . Stuyvesant students did spend a full year in the building before the theater and air systems were cleaned , however , and a group of Stuyvesant alumni is currently lobbying for health insurance as a result .
Nine alumni were killed in the World Trade Center attack . Another alumnus , Richard Ben @-@ Veniste ' 60 , was on the 9 / 11 Commission . On October 2 , 2001 , the school paper , The Spectator , under Editor in Chief Jeff Orlowski and Faculty Advisor Holly Ojalvo , created a special 24 @-@ page full @-@ color 9 / 11 insert containing student photos , reflections and stories . On November 20 , 2001 , the magazine was distributed for free in 830 @,@ 000 copies of The New York Times to the entire New York Greater Metropolitan Area . In the months after the attacks , Annie Thoms ( 1993 ) , an English teacher at Stuyvesant and the theater adviser at the time , suggested that the students take accounts of staff and students ' reactions during and after September 11 , 2001 and turn them into a series of monologues . Thoms then published these monologues as With Their Eyes : September 11 — The View from a High School at Ground Zero .
= = = Enrollment = = =
Stuyvesant has a total enrollment of over 3 @,@ 000 students , and is open to residents of New York City entering either ninth or tenth grade . Enrollment is based solely on performance on the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test ( SHSAT ) . The list of schools using the SHSAT has since grown to include all of New York 's specialized high schools except LaGuardia High School , where entry is by audition rather than examination . The test score necessary for admission to Stuyvesant has consistently been higher than that needed for admission to the other schools using the test . Admission is currently based on an individual 's score on the examination and his or her pre @-@ submitted ranking of Stuyvesant among the other specialized schools . Each year , about 26 @,@ 000 of New York City 's eighth @-@ graders sit for the test . Ninth and rising tenth graders are also eligible to take the test for enrollment , though far fewer students are admitted this way . The test covers math ( word problems and computation ) and verbal ( reading comprehension , logical reasoning , unscrambling paragraphs ) skills .
According to Article 12 of New York education law , " Admissions to the Bronx High School of Science , Stuyvesant High School , and Brooklyn Technical High School shall be solely and exclusively by taking a competitive , objective , and scholastic achievement examination , which shall be open to each and every child in the city of New York . " The current admission policy is available from the NYC Department of Education . According to the Department of Education , Stuyvesant accepts students solely based on their performance on the SHSAT , although former Mayor John Lindsay and community activist group ACORN have argued that the exam may be biased against African and Hispanic Americans . A major cheating scandal on another standardized test , which eventually implicated seventy students , emerged in late June 2012 . According to the Department of Education , a student used a smartphone to send text messages to other students during a state Regents examination . Some students involved were suspended as a result . The ring leader , Nayeem Ahsan , was said to be the source of the cheating . This scandal would lead to the retirement of the Principal Stanley Teitel .
= = = = Accusations of bias in admission tests = = = =
The paucity of Black and Hispanic students at Stuyvesant has often been an issue for some city administrators . As of the 2014 @-@ 15 school year , Asian students made up 73 % of the school 's population ; White students , 20 % ; Latinos , 3 % ; Blacks , 1 % ; and unknown / other , 7 % .
In 1971 , Mayor John Lindsay argued that the test was culturally biased against black and Hispanic students and sought to implement an affirmative action progr " am . However , protests by parents forced the plan to be scrapped and led to the passage of the Hecht @-@ Calandra Act , which preserved admissions by examination only . A small number of students judged to be economically disadvantaged and who come within a few points of the cut @-@ off score were given an extra chance to pass the test .
Community activist group Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now ( ACORN ) published two reports in 1996 , titled Secret Apartheid and Secret Apartheid II . In these reports , ACORN called the SHSAT " permanently suspect " and a " product of an institutional racism " , and claimed that black and Hispanic students did not have access to proper test preparation materials . Along with Schools Chancellor Rudy Crew , they began an initiative for more diversity in the city 's gifted and specialized schools , in particular demanding that since only a few districts send the majority of Stuyvesant 's and Bronx Science 's students , that the SHSAT be suspended altogether " until the Board of Education can show that the students of each middle school in the system have had access to curricula and instruction that would prepare them for this test regardless of their color or economic status . " Jesse Shapiro , Stuyvesant valedictorian , and Alan Van Dyke and Micah C. Lasher , then sophomores , published several editorials in response , and change was averted .
A number of students take preparatory courses offered by private companies such as The Princeton Review and Kaplan , in order to perform better on the SHSAT , often leaving those unable to afford such classes at a disadvantage . To bridge this gap and boost minority admissions , the Board of Education started the Math Science Institute in 1995 , a free program to prepare students for the admissions test . Students attend preparatory classes through the program , now known as the Specialized High School Institute , at several schools around the city from the summer after 6th grade until the 8th grade exam . Despite these free programs , the black and Hispanic enrollment continue to decline .
= = School building = =
The new 10 @-@ story building opened in 1992 . It housed 2 @,@ 700 students and 103 faculty members initially . With five gymnasiums , an enormous swimming pool , modern computers , 12 science labs , multiple escalators , spacious studios , and Hudson River views , the school building was considered a paragon at the time of its opening .
In 1997 , the eastern end of the mathematics floor was dedicated to Dr. Richard Rothenberg , the math @-@ department chairman who had died from a sudden heart attack earlier that year . Sculptor Madeleine Segall @-@ Marx was commissioned to create the Rothenberg Memorial in his honor . She created a mathematics wall entitled " Celebration " , consisting of 50 wooden boxes — one for each year of his life — behind a glass wall , featuring mathematical concepts and reflections on Rothenberg .
In 2006 , Robert Ira Lewy ' 60 made a gift worth $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 to found the Dr. Robert Ira Lewy M.D. Multimedia Center. and donated his personal library in 2007 . The school 's library has a capacity of 40 @,@ 000 volumes and overlooks Battery Park City . In late 2010 , the school library merged with the New York Public Library ( NYPL ) network in a four @-@ year pilot program , in which all students of the school received a student library card that can check books out of the school library or any other public library in the NYPL system .
In early 2011 , Stuyvesant conducted a pilot program in conjunction with Amazon.com , IBM , the City University of New York , and the New York City Department of Education . One hundred freshmen from the class of 2014 , as well as three teachers , were given electronic textbooks on Kindle DXs instead of traditional paper textbooks . The students received textbooks for Geometry , Biology , and World History and shared the same teachers for each of those subjects . While many universities have experimented with ebooks , Stuyvesant was the first high school to do so . Stanley Teitel , the principal at the time , told the Spectator he hoped to expand the program school @-@ wide if the pilot program proved successful , but the program was discontinued at the end of the 2011 spring term after a focus group was conducted five months after the start of the program . The group revealed that many students found the Kindles difficult to study from because of the small screen and the lag while flipping pages ; the teachers also complained saying the textbooks provided were below Stuyvesant 's level of study .
The New York City Department of Education reports that public per student spending at Stuyvesant is slightly lower than the city average . Stuyvesant also receives private contributions . Shortly after the new building was completed , the $ 10 million Tribeca Bridge was built to allow students to enter the building without having to cross the busy West Street . The new school building was designed to be fully compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act , and is listed as such by the New York City Department of Education . As a result , the building is one of the 5 additional sites of P721M , a school for older ( aged 15 – 21 ) students with multiple disabilities .
= = = Mnemonics = = =
During construction , the Battery Park City Authority ( in conjunction with the Percent for Art Program of the City of New York , the Department of Cultural Affairs and the New York City Board of Education ) commissioned Mnemonics , an artwork by public artists Kristin Jones and Andrew Ginzel . Four hundred hollow glass blocks were dispersed randomly from the basement to the tenth floor of the new Stuyvesant High School building . Each block contains relics providing evidence of geographical , natural , cultural and social worlds , from antiquity to the present time .
The blocks are set into the hallway walls and scattered throughout the building . Each block is inscribed with a brief description of its contents or context . The items displayed include a section of the Great Wall of China , fragments of the Mayan pyramids , leaves from the sacred Bo tree , water from the Nile and Ganges Rivers , a Revolutionary War button , pieces of the 15th Street Stuyvesant building , a report card of a student who studied in the old building , and fragments of monuments from around the world , various chemical compounds , and memorabilia from each of the 88 years ' history of the 15th Street building . As an ongoing work , empty blocks were installed , to be filled with items chosen by the 88 graduating classes following its installation , up through 2080 . The installation received the Award for Excellence in Design from the Art Commission of the City of New York .
= = Academics = =
Stuyvesant students undertake a college preparatory curriculum that includes four years of English , history , and laboratory @-@ based sciences , of which biology , chemistry , and physics are required . In addition , students take four years of mathematics , changed from three beginning with the class of 2015 . Students also take three years of a single foreign language ; a semester each of introductory art , music , health , and technical drawing ; two semesters of computer science ( changed from one for the class of 2015 ) ; and two lab @-@ based technology courses . Several exemptions from technology education exist for seniors . Stuyvesant offers students a broad selection of elective courses . Some of the more unusual offerings include robotics , astronomy , New York City history , Women 's Voices , and the mathematics of financial markets . Most students complete the New York City Regents courses by junior year and take calculus during their senior year . However , the school offers math courses through differential equations for the more advanced students . A year of technical drawing used to be required ; students learned how to draft by hand in its first semester and how to draft using a computer ( CAD ) in the second . Now , students take a one @-@ semester technical drawing class ( a compacted version of the former drafting course ) , and a semester of introductory computer science , which introduces NetLogo and Racket . For the class of 2015 , the one @-@ semester computer science course was replaced with a two @-@ semester course .
Students can choose from 55 Advanced Placement courses to earn college credits ; a few are thus able to start college as sophomores . Such courses include an AP English course focusing on literature and media in the realm of physics and mechanics . Computer science enthusiasts can take three additional computer programming courses after the completion of Advanced Placement computer science : systems level programming , computer graphics , and software development . There is also a one @-@ year computer networking class which can earn students Cisco Certified Network Associate ( CCNA ) certification .
Stuyvesant 's foreign language offerings include Mandarin Chinese , French , German , Hebrew , Italian , Latin , Japanese , and Spanish . The school 's Muslim Student Association raised funds to support courses in Arabic , which began in 2005 . Stuyvesant 's Biology and Geo @-@ science department offers courses in molecular biology ( a course sequence composed of a molecular science class in the Fall and a molecular genetics class in the Spring ) , human physiology , medical ethics , medical and veterinary diagnosis , human disease , anthropology and sociobiology , vertebrate zoology , laboratory techniques , medical human genetics , botany , the molecular basis of cancer , nutrition science , and psychology . The Chemistry and Physics department offers organic chemistry , physical chemistry , astronomy , engineering mechanics , and electronics .
Although Stuyvesant is primarily known for its math and science focus , the school also has a comprehensive humanities program , offering students courses in British and classical literature , Shakespearean literature , science fiction , philosophy , existentialism , debate , acting , journalism , creative writing , and poetry . The history core requires two years of global history ( or one year of global followed by one year of European history ) , one year of American history , as well as a semester each of economics and government . Humanities electives include American foreign policy , civil and criminal law , prejudice and persecution , race , ethnicity and gender issues , small business management , and Wall Street .
Stuyvesant entered into an agreement with City College of New York in 2004 , in which the college funds advanced after @-@ school courses that are taken for college credit but taught by Stuyvesant teachers . Some of these courses include physical chemistry , linear algebra , advanced Euclidean geometry , and women 's history . Before the 2005 revision of the SAT , Stuyvesant graduates had an average score of 1408 out of 1600 ( 685 verbal , 723 math ) . In 2010 , the average score on the SAT for Stuyvesant students was 2087 out of 2400 , or 674 , 735 , and 678 on the Reading , Math and Writing sections , respectively . The class of 2013 had an average SAT score of 2096 . Stuyvesant also was the high school with the highest number of Advanced Placement exams taken , and also the highest number of students reaching the mastery level .
= = Public recognition = =
Stuyvesant is noted for its academic programs , having produced many notable alumni including four Nobel laureates . U.S. News & World Report ranked it as one of the best high schools nationwide in their 2012 list of America 's best " Gold @-@ Medal " public high schools and fifth best in its 2012 list of STEM schools .
According to a September 2002 high school ranking by Worth magazine , 3 @.@ 67 % of Stuyvesant students went on to attend Harvard , Princeton , and Yale Universities , ranking it as the 9th top public high school in the United States and 120th among all schools , public or private . In December 2007 , The Wall Street Journal studied the freshman classes at eight selective colleges ( Harvard , Princeton , MIT , Williams College , Pomona College , Swarthmore College , U. Chicago , and Johns Hopkins ) , and reported that Stuyvesant sent 67 , or 9 @.@ 9 % of its 674 seniors , to them .
Stuyvesant , along with other similar schools , has regularly been excluded from Newsweek 's annual list of the Top 100 Public High Schools . The May 8 , 2008 issue states the reason as being , " because so many of their students score well above average on the SAT and ACT . " U.S. News & World Report , however , included Stuyvesant on its list of " Best High Schools " published in December 2009 , ranking 31st . In its 2010 progress report , the New York City Department of Education assigned it the highest possible grade of " A " .
= = Extracurricular activities = =
= = = Sports = = =
Stuyvesant fields 32 varsity teams , including a swimming team , as well as golf , bowling , volleyball , soccer , basketball , gymnastics , wrestling , fencing , baseball / softball , handball , tennis , track / cross country , cricket , football , and starting in Spring 2008 , lacrosse teams . In addition , Stuyvesant club teams include boys ' varsity and junior varsity , and girls ' varsity Ultimate teams . The boys ' Ultimate team , the Stuyvesant Sticky Fingers , won the UPA New York State Championships in 2002 , 2009 , 2010 , 2014 , and 2015 . The girls ' Ultimate team , Sticky Fingers , won the UPA Junior National tournament in 1998 . In 2016 , both the boys and girls Ping Pong teams won the city championship .
In September 2007 the Stuyvesant football team was given a home field at Pier 40 , located north of the school at Houston Street and West Street . In 2008 , the baseball team was granted use of the pier after construction and delivery of an artificial turf pitching mound that met PSAL specifications . Stuyvesant does not , however , have its own track or tennis court , although the new building does have a pool . Unlike most American high schools , most sports teams at Stuyvesant are individually known by different names . Only the football , cheerleading , badminton , girls ping pong , baseball , girls handball , girls bowling , and boys ' lacrosse teams retain the traditional Pegleg moniker ; other teams have their own unique names , such as the Runnin ' Rebels ( boys ' basketball ) , Vixens ( girls ' volleyball ) , Lemurs ( boys ' gymnastics ) , Phoenix ( girls ' basketball ) , Renegades ( girls ' softball ) , Felines ( girls ' gymnastics ) , Birdies ( girls ' golf ) , Eagles ( boys ' golf ) , Hookers ( boys ' bowling ) , Huskies ( girls ' lacrosse ) , Penguins ( girls ' swimming ) , Pirates ( boys ' swimming ) , Centaurs ( boys ' soccer ) , Mimbas ( girls ' soccer ) , Dragons ( boys ' handball ) , Smokin ' Aces ( boys ' tennis ) , Sticky Fingers ( boys ' and girls ' Ultimate ) , Lobsters ( girls ' tennis ) , Vipers ( girls ' fencing ) , Flying Dutchmen ( hockey ) , Greyducks ( track ) , Tigers ( cricket ) and Spartans ( wrestling and roller hockey ) .
= = = ARISTA = = =
The Stuyvesant chapter of ARISTA , the National Honor Society , was founded in 1910 . It is an organization dedicated to upholding the four pillars of Character , Scholarship , Leadership , and Service . ARISTA is highly selective . Once selected , ARISTA 's members are asked to complete a service requirement of 10 credits per month and to uphold all the pillars for which this organization stands . The ARISTA Executive Council consists of the President , Vice President , Vice President of Events and Services , Vice President of Tutoring , and Vice President of Communications . The ARISTA office is located in the Student Government Room , behind the Senior Bar . ARISTA provides a number of important and useful programs to the community , the school , and the student body .
ARISTA 's Tutoring Service includes many programs both inside and outside of school and online . First of these programs is the Peer Tutoring Service , sponsored by the Tutoring Committee and directed by the Vice President of Tutoring . Peer tutoring allows any student who is having trouble in any subject to get help . Also , The Tutoring Committee sponsors numerous Peer Study Workshops throughout the year . New this year is tutoring online .
ARISTA 's Events and Service Committee , headed by the Vice President of Events and Services , offer many volunteer opportunities both in school and out of school . Their activities include but are not limited to : monitoring for department offices , ushering for school theater productions , volunteering at parent teacher conferences , working at Soup Kitchens , tutoring at local elementary schools , participating in various walks ( such as the MS Walk and the AIDS Walk ) , and volunteering at Stuyvesant 's Open House Events .
= = = Student government = = =
The student body of Stuyvesant is represented by the Stuyvesant Student Union , a group of elected and appointed students who serve the student body in two important areas : improving student life by promoting and managing extracurricular activities ( clubs and publications ) , and by organizing out @-@ of @-@ school activity such as city excursions or fund @-@ raisers ; and providing a voice to the student body in all discussion of school policy with the administration .
= = = Clubs and publications = = =
Stuyvesant offers clubs , publications , teams and other opportunities under a system similar to that of many colleges . It hosts over 200 clubs ranging from The Thinkers ( philosophy ) club , to the Photography Club . The sheer number of clubs at the school is due to Stuyvesant 's relatively free policy of " student rule " . Most clubs are entirely student run , requiring only a Faculty Advisor to maintain their existence . One example of this policy is the Stuyvesant Model UN club , which is one of the largest clubs in the school . The club attends as many as 6 Model UN Conferences each year , held at various colleges across the Northeast . The club also hosts StuyMUNC , an annual conference organized and run almost entirely by the students . Stuyvesant also has a Junior State of America program ( a political debate club ) . The Stuyvesant Theater Community puts on three student @-@ run productions a year ( a fall musical , a winter drama , and a spring comedy ) as well as a one @-@ act festival and several smaller studio productions . Key Club International 's branch at Stuyvesant was founded in 1990 . With over 350 members , it is one of the largest clubs in the school .
= = = = The Spectator = = = =
The Spectator is Stuyvesant 's official in @-@ school newspaper , which is published biweekly and is independent from the school . It contains twelve sections : news , features , op @-@ ed , arts & entertainment , sports , photography , art , layout , copy , business , humor , and web . There are over 250 total staff members who help with publication . At the beginning of the fall and spring terms , there are recruitments , but interested students may join at any time .
The Spectator , founded in 1915 , is one of Stuyvesant 's oldest publications . It has a long @-@ standing connection with its older namesake , Columbia University 's Columbia Daily Spectator , and has been recognized by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism 's Columbia Scholastic Press Association .
= = = = The Voice = = = =
The Voice was founded in the 1973 – 4 academic year as an independent publication only loosely sanctioned by school officials . It had the appearance of a magazine and gained a large readership . The Voice attracted a considerable amount of controversy and a First Amendment lawsuit , after which the administration forced it to go off @-@ campus and to turn commercial in 1975 – 6 .
In the beginning of the 1975 – 6 academic year , The Voice decided to publish the results of a confidential random survey measuring the " sexual attitudes , preferences , knowledge and experience " of the students . The administration refused to permit The Voice to distribute the questionnaire , and the Board of Education refused to intervene , believing that " irreparable psychological damage " would be occasioned on some of the students receiving it .
The editor @-@ in @-@ chief of The Voice , Jeff Trachtman , brought a First Amendment challenge to this decision in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in front of Judge Constance Baker Motley . Judge Motley , relying on the relatively recent Supreme Court precedent Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( holding that " undifferentiated fear or apprehension of disturbance is not enough to overcome the right to freedom of expression " ) , ordered the Board of Education to come up with an arrangement permitting the distribution of the survey to the juniors and seniors .
However , Judge Motley 's ruling was overturned on appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . Judge J. Edward Lumbard , joined by Judge Murray Gurfein and over an impassioned dissent by Judge Walter R. Mansfield , held that the distribution of the questionnaires was properly disallowed by the administration as there was " a substantial basis for defendants ' belief that distribution of the questionnaire would result in significant emotional harm to a number of students throughout the Stuyvesant population . " The Supreme Court denied certiorari review .
= = = Academic teams = = =
Stuyvesant 's academic teams include its nationally recognized Speech and Debate team , Science Olympiad , Quiz Bowl , chess , and math , which regularly compete successfully at major regional ( New York State Mathematics League ) , national ( American Regions Mathematics League ) , and international ( International Mathematical Olympiad ) tournaments , and whose members fill up a considerable percentage of the New York City Math Team . A FIRST Robotics team , StuyPulse , first competed in 2001 , and has since grown and won many regional competitions , most recently the New York Regional in 2016 , as well as winning the Curie Division at the 2016 FIRST Robotics Championship in St. Louis . Stuyvesant also has a Model United Nations team , a Junior State of America chapter , and a Model Congress team which competes at regional colleges . The Model United Nations team hosts StuyMUNC , an annual conference which takes place at Stuyvesant .
= = = SING ! = = =
The annual theater competition known as SING ! pits seniors , juniors , and " soph @-@ frosh " ( freshmen and sophomores working together ) against each other in a contest to put on the best performance . Started in 1947 at Midwood High School in Brooklyn , SING ! is a tradition at many New York City high schools . At Stuyvesant , SING ! started as a small event in 1973 and has grown to a huge school @-@ wide event — in 2005 , nearly 1 @,@ 000 students participated . The entire production is written , directed , produced , and funded by students . Their involvement ranges from being members of the production 's casts , choruses , or costume and tech crews to Irish dance , Step , Bollywood , Hip @-@ Hop , Swing , Ballet , Jazz or Latin dance groups . SING ! begins in late January to February and culminates in final performances on three nights in March / April . Scoring is done on each night 's performances and the winner is determined by the overall total .
= = Student body = =
Stuyvesant has contributed to the education of several Nobel laureates , winners of the Fields Medal and the Wolf Prize , and other accomplished alumni . In recent years , it has had the second highest number of National Merit Scholarship semi @-@ finalists , behind Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Alexandria , Virginia . Over the past nine years ( 2002 – 2010 ) , Stuyvesant has produced 103 semi @-@ finalists and 13 finalists on the Intel Science Talent Search , the second most of any secondary school in the United States .
For most of the 20th century , the student body at Stuyvesant was heavily Jewish . A significant influx of Asian students began in the 1970s . For the 2013 academic year , the student body was 72 @.@ 31 % Asian and 21 @.@ 44 % Caucasian , 1 @.@ 03 % African American , 2 @.@ 34 % Hispanic and 3 % unknown / other .
= = Notable people = =
Notable scientists among Stuyvesant alumni include mathematician Paul Cohen ( 1950 ) , string theorist Brian Greene ( 1980 ) , physicist Lisa Randall ( 1980 ) , and genomic researcher Eric Lander ( 1974 ) . Other prominent alumni include civil rights leader Robert Parris Moses , entertainers such as Thelonious Monk ( 1935 ) , and actors Lucy Liu ( 1986 ) , Tim Robbins ( 1976 ) , and James Cagney ( 1918 ) , comedian Paul Reiser ( 1973 ) and NBA basketball player and game fixer and bookmaker Jack Molinas ( 1949 ) . In business , government and politics , former United States Attorney General Eric Holder ( 1969 ) is a Stuyvesant alumnus , as are Senior Advisor to President Obama David Axelrod ( 1972 ) , former adviser to President Clinton Dick Morris ( 1964 ) , and founder of 5W Public Relations Ronn Torossian ( 1992 ) . Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning author Frank McCourt taught English at Stuyvesant before the publication of his memoirs Angela 's Ashes , ' Tis , and Teacher Man . Teacher Man 's third section , titled Coming Alive in Room 205 , concerns McCourt 's time at Stuyvesant , and mentions a number of students and faculty . New York City Council member Eva Moskowitz ( 1982 ) graduated from the school , as did the creator of the BitTorrent protocol , Bram Cohen ( 1993 ) .
Four Nobel laureates are also alumni of Stuyvesant :
Joshua Lederberg ( 1941 ) – Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , 1958
Robert Fogel ( 1944 ) – Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , 1993
Roald Hoffmann ( 1954 ) – Nobel Prize in Chemistry , 1981
Richard Axel ( 1963 ) – Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , 2004
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= George S. Armstrong =
George Seale Armstrong ( May 16 , 1867 – June 9 , 1947 ) was a Canadian businessman and politician . He served on the Edmonton City Council from 1907 to 1910 and as Mayor of Edmonton from 1910 to 1912 .
Armstrong was born in what would soon become the province of Ontario in 1867 . After briefly teaching school , he entered the business industry , as a druggist . After initially gaining experience in politics on the council of Eastnor Township , he relocated west to the city of Edmonton , Alberta . In Edmonton , he established his pharmaceutical business once again and worked briefly with his brother on real estate and construction projects . In 1907 , he ran for election to the Edmonton City Council and was elected to a two @-@ year term . In 1910 , he decided to run for the mayoralty in the municipal election ; uncontested as the only nominated candidate on election day , Armstrong was acclaimed to the mayor 's chair for the upcoming year . During his term , several issues were brought up to attention , including the city 's need of a new civic building and the possibility of two new gas plants for the city .
His first term as mayor also saw the issue of possible amalgamation of the " twin cities " of Edmonton and Strathcona , an issue that had been spoken of as a possibility in the previous few years . Approved by councils of both cities , a successful plebiscite was held , and bylaws permitting the merge were passed and Edmonton 's annex of Strathcona came into effect in February 1912 . Armstrong put his name up once again in the mayoral election mandated by the agreement and defeated his rival candidate , and thus became the first post @-@ amalgamation mayor of the city of Edmonton . During his term , he introduced a new hospital , improvements to the street rail system , and commissioning a report on the expansion of the city . Another election was held later that December , and he did not stand for re @-@ election .
Armstrong later gained employment with the Edmonton post office after leaving the office of mayor , in which he would later rise to the position of postmaster , which he served in for 14 years . Armstrong also operated his drug store once again . He remained at the post office until his retirement in 1937 , and died ten years later in Edmonton at the age of 80 .
= = Early life and career = =
Armstrong was born in 1867 at Hopeville , Canada West , to William and Sarah ( née Seale ) Armstrong . After attending schools in Mount Forest , Ontario , Armstrong briefly became a schoolteacher before moving to Lion 's Head , Ontario where entered the pharmacy business . Armstrong would also spend some time at Eastnor Township , Ontario , where he served on the town council and as treasurer , from 1903 to 1905 . He then moved west and settle at the city of Edmonton , Alberta , in 1906 . That same year he opened up the Armstrong Drug Store , on Namayo Avenue and Boyle Street ( presently 97 Street and 103 Avenue ) . In his early years in Edmonton he also involved himself in several real estate ventures and construction projects along with his brother , Gordon .
= = Early political career = =
In 1906 , at a citizen 's meeting at a local store , Armstrong 's name was speculated as a possible candidate for alderman for the upcoming 1906 election . Armstrong , despite being a newcomer to the city , was open to the fact of running in the election , but ultimately did not run . Armstrong would however decide to run for council as an alderman in the 1907 election , on a platform based on assuring the availabilities of utilities to the people of Edmonton , as well as ensuring a sense of openness as a council to the people . During the time leading up to the election , he also voiced his opposition to the city 's arbitrary divisions into sections . He was elected to council for a two @-@ year term , receiving 774 votes , finishing second in a field of 12 candidates . Despite being a preferred candidate for the mayoralty in 1909 , he opted to run for council instead and was re @-@ elected for another two @-@ year term in the 1909 election . In 1910 , his name was once again speculated to run for the mayoralty of the city in the upcoming election , with many citizens approaching him to run . He later decided in favour of running , publishing an acceptance letter in the Edmonton Bulletin stating :
To the Electors of the City of Edmonton ,
Ladies and Gentleman — At the request of a large number of ratepayers I have consented to be a candidate for Mayor at the coming municipal election . My platform and address to the elctorate will appear in the press in a few days .
Respectfully yours , .
His platform would consist of the main points of leading the city out of debt , assuring the completion of city projects that were in progress before introducing news ones , and again , ensuring that utilities were available to everyone and were of high quality . He had also expressed desire to amalgamate the existing city of Edmonton with the city of Strathcona , which was divided from Edmonton by the North Saskatchewan River , situated on the south . Though former councillor William Harold Clark was urged to run by a group of citizens , Armstrong would be the only nominated mayoral candidate when nomination deadline day came , and thus he was acclaimed mayor ; the first occurrence since Kenneth W. MacKenzie was acclaimed in 1900 . Amongst his supporters for his candidacy were outgoing mayor Robert Lee and former mayor Charles May .
= = First mayoral term , 1911 = =
During his first term as mayor , Armstrong oversaw many issues that concerned the city . In March 1911 , he expressed his support for a new city hall building to be built , expressing his dissatisfaction with the existing building that housed the council and civic employees , mentioning the ever @-@ expanding number of staff . Later in that year , a committee would be formed concerning the issue , and a new structure would be planned with a planned cost of one million dollars . In July of that same year , he would sign a bylaw that would allow an American entrepreneur to establish a gas plant in the city , an issue that had been presented to council for debate several months prior . Later that year , the prospect of a municipal gas plant would also be supplied to city council . In July 1911 , when , along with the city council , he dismissed a pair of city commissioners after months of debate . The firing triggered a by @-@ election when alderman James H. McKinley would resign in protest to the action . In 1911 , he also served as a vice president of the Union of Alberta Municipalities . Involved in national and provincial affairs , he voiced his support for a canal to be constructed in the Georgian Bay of Lake Huron , stating that the presence of such canal would improve the trading relations of Canada with the United States by allowing an easier route between the two countries . He also was in favour of a hydroelectric project in the Athabasca River . Additionally , during this first term as mayor , Armstrong also oversaw the city 's festivities on George V 's coronation and moved to form a municipal purchasing department .
= = = Amalgamation of Edmonton = = =
Another issue presented to council during his first term in office was that of potential amalgamation with the city south of the North Saskatchewan River , Strathcona . Regarding the issue , Armstrong would gauge public interest as in favour of it , stating he was " satisfied that [ it ] would carry " . The particular issue had been in works as early as 1909 , when draft versions of a bylaw permitting the two cities to join where presented to each respective city council , but serious talks had not begun until this particular year . Plans for the action were set out by negotiations of a committee of both cities , reaching an agreement with conditions including an election to be held after the amalgamation law takes place , a new bridge to be constructed over the river separating the two cities , and the expansion of the street rail system to cover the land of the unified cities . It was also hoped at the time that being a larger city would lower taxes . A plebiscite was held in both Edmonton and Strathcona on September 26 , 1911 , with results at both municipalities overwhelmingly in favour of the joining of the two " twin cities " . With the law passed by council on December 19 , 1911 and approved by the Legislative Assembly of Alberta , the amalgamation was set for February 1 , 1912 , with the first combined election to take place on February 16 . The population of the new combined city would rise to over 40 @,@ 000 people .
= = Second term in office , 1912 = =
Armstrong would later declare his candidacy for that particular election ( the Edmonton municipal election , February 1912 ) , for the position of what was referred to as the first mayor of " Greater Edmonton " Stating that in his belief , 1911 was one of the most successful years in the history of the city , he ran on the premise that he had unfinished work from his first term , stating , " I ask for a continuance of your confidence , support and influence to allow me an opportunity to complete those undertakings which are in the best interests of Greater Edmonton " . His opponent , Bryce J. Saunders charged that the city had long lacked efficiency in its utilities , particular the water supply , which he believed in the public ownership of . Armstrong would later go on to defeat Saunders in the general election , 1791 votes to Saunders ' 1072 , a margin of just over 700 , with a voter turnout of around 30 percent .
During his brief second term as mayor in 1912 , Armstrong and council approved a plan to construct 110 miles of electric railway lines in the city , considered legislation permitting band concerts on Sundays , oversaw the opening of the Royal Alexandra Hospital , advocated for the availability of housing accommodations for all Edmontonians in the face of an influx of new settlers , and welcomed a visit from Governor General of Canada Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn to the city , planning a grand celebration . It was also in 1912 that the Hudson 's Bay Company put its Edmonton land holdings on the market , the first bridge across the North Saskatchewan River in the city 's east end opened , and that Armstrong commissioned a master plan for the newly amalgamated city , from an American firm based out of Minneapolis named Morell and Nichols . Among the suggestions in the report was the recommendation for a civic square to be built , which was opened 53 years later as Sir Winston Churchill Square . In his final week as mayor , the retiring Armstrong delivered the city 's annual report at an annual meeting , thanked the people of Edmonton for entrusting him as mayor , and advised his successor to be fiscally responsible ; stating , " If a reckless administration gets in next year , Edmonton will become a city like I was in recently , where they could not borrow enough money to clean their streets . " In the election held later that week , he would be succeeded by former mayor from 1901 – 04 , William Short , whom he supported and campaigned for . Armstrong was later honoured with an informal gathering in the city council chamber where he was presented with a gift of silverware ; with the city fire chief proclaiming that " Mayor Armstrong is bound to become a historical character " .
= = Post mayoral career = =
The year after he left office as mayor , Armstrong began work with the Edmonton post office . After being recommended for the position by city notables , he was named postmaster of the city on November 12 , 1913 . In the same year he oversaw the construction of a new building on Namayo Avenue , the Fairbairn Block , mainly for use by his business but with additional space for offices and housing in the upper levels . In 1920 , Armstrong was involved in a legal case involving his office as postmaster when he was accused in the 1919 disappearance of a sum of $ 50 @,@ 000 from the post office . Although exonerated in 1920 , he would again be arrested in 1923 and charged with theft . During the trial , it was testified that a witness had seen Armstrong on the day of the robbery , with only a paper in his hand as if he were heading out . Armstrong , who had proclaimed his innocence , and provided evidence for the trial was eventually acquitted and found not guilty of the charges in a decision made on May 29 , which was followed by an eruption of applause . Later in 1923 , Armstrong was appointed postmaster of the Strathcona ( south side ) Post Office . He remained with the post office until he retired in January 1937 . At the time of his retirement he was serving as postmaster of the south post office . In his years with the post office , he served a total of 14 years as postmaster . The Armstrong Drug Store would later go through multiple owners until its closing on December 10 , 1993 .
= = Personal life = =
Armstrong married Margaret Irene McFarlane in 1893 at Greenock ( Bruce County ) , Ontario . They had one daughter , Helen Laverne Armstrong . After Margaret died , George remarried to Jessie Mathieson at Elora , Ontario in 1897 . With her he had a son and daughter , William Sloan Seale Armstrong and Jessie Eileen Armstrong Watson . He was a member of a hospital board , the Edmonton Exhibition Board and the Masonic Order . He was affiliated with the Presbyterian Church and later the United Church of Canada , attending Robertson United Church in Edmonton , where he served as an elder . Politically , he aligned himself with the Conservative Party of Canada . In his free time he enjoyed the sports of baseball and football . He died at a hospital in Edmonton on June 9 , 1947 at the age of 80 , after an illness of two weeks . He was survived by his wife and children as well as a brother . He was later interred at the Edmonton Cemetery after his funeral held at Robertson United Church . His wife Jessie died in 1952 and was interred next to him . The Edmonton Historical Board states that Armstrong was remembered as " hardworking , fair and honest person who served our city well during a time of rapid change and growth " .
Armstrong Industrial , an Edmonton industrial park located in the northwestern part of the city near the Yellowhead Trail , is named in his honour . His former residence , located at 10050 117 Street in Edmonton was designated as a Heritage Building by the Edmonton Historical Board .
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= Arizona State Route 85 =
State Route 85 ( SR 85 ) is a 128 @.@ 86 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 207 @.@ 38 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Arizona . The highway runs from the United States @-@ Mexico border near Lukeville to the north ending at Interstate 10 ( I @-@ 10 ) in Buckeye . The highway also intersects I @-@ 8 in Gila Bend and serves as a connector between I @-@ 8 and I @-@ 10 and for travelers between Phoenix and Yuma as well as San Diego . SR 85 between I @-@ 10 and I @-@ 8 , as well as I @-@ 8 between SR 85 and I @-@ 10 in Casa Grande , is touted as a bypass of the Phoenix area for long @-@ distance travelers on I @-@ 10 .
SR 85 was established in 1936 as a route between Gila Bend and Ajo . It was extended southward to the US @-@ Mexico border in 1955 , and extended northward to Phoenix when it replaced U.S. Route 80 ( US 80 ) in 1977 . The northern end of the highway was realigned in 1994 onto the connecting highway between I @-@ 10 and Buckeye . The remaining portion of the highway between Buckeye and Phoenix was gradually turned over to the cities and county along the route during the 1990s with the final portion turned over in 2001 .
= = Route description = =
The southern terminus of SR 85 is located at the United States @-@ Mexico border near Lukeville in Pima County . The road continues across the border into Mexico to the town of Sonoita as Mexican Federal Highway 8 . SR 85 heads north from the border as a two @-@ lane road , passing through the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument . The highway leaves the monument boundary and heads to a junction with SR 86 in Why . SR 86 heads east from this junction towards Tucson and southeastern Arizona . SR 85 heads northwest from this junction to the town of Ajo . From Ajo , the highway heads north and enters the Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range . While within the range , the highway enters Maricopa County . After the highway passes through the range , it continues towards the north to a junction with I @-@ 8 in Gila Bend . After passing I @-@ 8 , the highway intersects the business loop of I @-@ 8 and turns towards the east to run concurrently with business loop along Pima Street in Gila Bend . The two highways split , with the business loop heading towards the southeast and SR 85 heading northeast providing access to Gila Bend Municipal Airport
SR 85 continues north from Gila Bend towards the Phoenix Metropolitan Area . This stretch of highway north of Gila Bend is a part of the National Highway System . The highway passes near the western edge of the Sonoran Desert National Monument and also provides access to the Buckeye Hills Recreational Area . SR 85 continues northward to a crossing of the Gila River as it nears Buckeye . The highway intersects Buckeye Road which is where the original routing of US 80 and later SR 85 followed into Phoenix before being rerouted onto its current alignment . The highway continues towards the north , crossing over the Buckeye Canal before reaching its northern terminus at exit 112 on I @-@ 10 .
= = History = =
The first numbered highway along the SR 85 corridor was established in 1927 between Gila Bend and Phoenix as US 80 . At the time , it was only paved from Phoenix to Hassayampa . Although not paved between Hassayampa and Gila Bend , it was an improved road . This original routing of US 80 still exists as Old US 80 west of the SR 85 alignment . A dirt road between Gila Bend and Ajo did exist at this time , but it was not a part of the state highway system . By 1935 , the entire route of US 80 between Gila Bend and Phoenix had been paved . The road south of Gila Bend had also been improved to a gravel road .
In 1936 , SR 85 was established , but it only extended as far north as Gila Bend and as far south as Ajo . By 1938 , SR 85 had been paved as well as the portion between Ajo and Why that would eventually become part of SR 85 . The portion between Why and the border with Mexico began showing up on maps at this time as a gravel road . In 1943 , the portion of the highway between Ajo and Why was added to the state highway system , but as SR 86 , when it was extended west from Tucson to Ajo . In 1955 , the highway was extended to Lukeville at the United States @-@ Mexico border with an overlap with SR 86 between Ajo and Why when a county road was added to SR 85 .
In 1973 , the connector between I @-@ 10 and Baseline Road was established , and was redesignated in 1978 as a spur route of SR 85 . As the old , indirect US 80 was removed from Arizona , SR 85 was extended north in 1977 over the old alignment of US 80 to Buckeye and extended east to Phoenix . Portions of the route in Buckeye and Phoenix were turned over to their respective cities for maintenance in 1990 . The following year , a portion of the highway between Avondale and Phoenix was turned over to Maricopa County for maintenance . Also in 1991 , the overlap between SR 85 and SR 86 was eliminated and the western terminus of SR 86 was changed to its junction with Route 85 in Why . In 1994 , the northern end of SR 85 was moved onto the SR 85 Spur that connected to I @-@ 10 and the remaining portions along the old alignment to the east were redesignated as a temporary route of SR 85 . In 1999 , the portion of the old route in Avondale was turned over to the city for maintenance . The portion of the old route around the state capitol complex , the last remaining section of the old route between Phoenix and Buckeye , was turned over to the city of Phoenix in 2001 .
= = Future = =
The segment of SR 85 between Buckeye and Gila Bend is a connector between I @-@ 8 and I @-@ 10 , and serves both as a connector from I @-@ 8 from San Diego , California to Phoenix . This segment is being upgraded to a divided highway , and is planned to become a freeway . Most of the four @-@ lane road upgrades have already been completed .
In 2010 an environmental study into building a freeway to freeway interchange in Gila Bend from SR 85 to I @-@ 8 was completed by ADOT and the Federal Highway Administration . The study found no significant impact on the local environment and outlined a finalized full freeway standard design , bypassing the I @-@ 8 Business / Maricopa Road intersection SR 85 currently traverses through . A diamond interchange Exit 121 is planned at Maricopa Road / I @-@ 8 Business along with a second diamond interchange slightly northeast of the proposed Exit 121 .
= = Major intersections = =
The mileposts north of Gila Bend reflect the mileage of old US 80 in proximity to the California state line .
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= Rugby union at the Summer Olympics =
Rugby union has been a men 's medal sport at the modern Summer Olympic Games , being played at four of the first seven competitions . The sport debuted at the 1900 Paris games where the gold medal was won by the host nation . It was subsequently featured at the London games in 1908 , the Antwerp games in 1920 and the Paris games in 1924 . The United States is the most successful nation in Olympic rugby tournaments , having won the gold medal in both 1920 and 1924 ; France has the most medals , one gold ( in 1900 ) and two silvers ( in 1920 and 1924 ) .
Shortly after the 1924 games , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) dropped rugby union as an Olympic sport . Since then there have been numerous attempts to bring the sport back to the Olympic programme . In October 2009 the IOC voted at its session in Copenhagen to include the sevens version of the sport in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . The event made its debut in an Olympic programme at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics .
= = Inclusion = =
The sport was introduced by Pierre de Coubertin , who is famous for reviving the modern Olympics . He also helped to establish rugby in France , refereeing the first domestic French club championship in 1892 and France 's first international , on New Year ’ s Day , 1906 , at Parc des Princes . Coubertin formed the IOC in 1894 , but rugby union was not featured until the II Olympiad .
= = = 1900 = = =
Three National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) , France , Germany and Great Britain , entered teams at the 1900 games . The German and British teams were not national teams in the current sense of the word : Moseley Wanderers RFC represented Great Britain and the Frankfurt Club represented Germany . Rules were also different from today 's ; 3 points , not 5 , were awarded for tries and 4 , not 3 , were given for a drop goal . Also , 4 points were awarded for a goal from mark , which would be reduced to 3 points in 1905 and eliminated completely in 1977 . Points for penalties and conversions , 3 and 2 respectively , were the same as in the modern game .
France won the gold , beating Great Britain 27 points to 8 and defeating Germany 27 points to 17 . Other sources list the German team as second , because of the points difference , but no such determination was made in 1900 . 6 @,@ 000 people watched the game between France and Great Britain , which was the largest crowd at the games . Constantin Henriquez , a player on the French team , is the first known coloured athlete to compete in the Olympic Games .
= = = 1908 = = =
Rugby union was not played at the 1904 games in St. Louis , nor at the 1906 Intercalated Games , but was included in 1908 , when the Olympics were held in the sport 's native country . The Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) was involved in the organization of the sport at this edition of the Olympics . Like the 1900 games , three teams entered : Australasia ( representing Australia and New Zealand ) , France , and hosts Great Britain ( which included the whole of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ) . France pulled out prior to the commencement of the tournament , being unable to field a representative team . Australasia was represented by the Wallabies , who were already on tour in Britain . As the best English and Welsh players were on tour in New Zealand at the time , Great Britain was represented by the Cornwall county team , who were chosen by the RFU as an appropriate side after they defeated Durham in the 1907 English county championship . The choice of Cornwall was controversial , as only three of their players had ever represented England and the Wallabies had defeated them 18 points to five .
As expected , Australasia defeated Great Britain , claiming the gold medal , the score being 32 points to three . The match at the White City Stadium was played under poor conditions , in fog and on a slippery field . Two of the Australian team members would later win another Olympic gold medal . Danny Carroll would win another rugby gold with the United States in 1920 , while Sydney Middleton would win a gold medal in rowing at the 1912 Games , where rugby was not on the programme . The sport also failed to appear on the provisional schedule of the 1916 Summer Olympics , which were cancelled due to World War I.
= = = 1920 = = =
A campaign to send an American side to the 1920 games in Antwerp started in California after a Berkeley rugby union touring party returned from British Columbia undefeated in 1920 . The United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) granted permission for entry . A pool of players from Stanford , Berkeley , and Santa Clara made up the squad . 1908 champion Danny Carroll , a player @-@ coach at Stanford at the time , was the team 's most prominent member . When the U.S. arrived in Antwerp , the Czechoslovakian and Romanian teams had withdrawn , leaving only France and the United States . The English RFU had decided not to enter a team , so as not to interfere with the start of the English domestic season .
The only match was played in rain in front of around 20 @,@ 000 spectators . The U.S. , featuring many players new to the sport of rugby , caused a shock by winning the only match eight points to zero , all points being scored in the second half . One of the U.S. team members , Morris Kirksey , took home two more medals from Antwerp , finishing second to Charles Paddock in the 100 meters dash , and anchoring the winning 4 × 100 meters relay team .
= = = 1924 = = =
The sport was again included in the subsequent 1924 games in Paris . The USOC decided to send a team in order to defend their gold medal . Along with the U.S. and the host nation , Romania entered . The American team was again made up of mainly Californian players , seven of whom were members of the 1920 team . The U.S. squad departed on a seven @-@ day voyage to England on an ocean liner from New York City .
The U.S. defeated Romania 37 to 0 in front of a crowd of 6 @,@ 000 . France then defeated Romania 61 to 3 and entered the final game as favorites . The gold medal game was played on 18 May in front of 21 @,@ 000 spectators at the Colombes venue , which had a large wire fence built around the field for the game . The U.S. defeated France 17 to 3 , becoming the only team to win gold twice in the sport . At the final whistle the pitch was invaded and the French team , aided by the police , did their best to protect their opponents . The medal ceremony took place with police protection – gold for the U.S. , silver for France , and bronze for Romania .
Rare vintage footage of the 1924 Gold Medal match was included in the rugby documentary , A Giant Awakens : the Rise of American Rugby . 6 + +
= = Exclusion = =
The pitch invasion at the 1924 Paris Olympics had given rugby a poor image and this , together with the problems of attracting sufficient teams to make it a viable sport and the desire to include more individual and women 's events , spelled the death knell for rugby at the Olympics .
Baron Pierre De Coubertin stepped down as head of the Olympic Movement after 1925 and with his departure the sport lost one of its major advocates . In 1928 the IOC turned down a request to stage rugby at the Amsterdam games . An exhibition tournament was held at the 1936 Berlin Games , with France , Germany , Italy and Romania competing . In what was , to date , the last rugby match played at the Olympics , France beat Germany in the final 19 to 14 .
In 1976 , 22 African countries and Guyana boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , after their demand to have New Zealand excluded was not met . A New Zealand rugby team had toured South Africa , which had been banned from the Olympics since 1964 because of its apartheid politics . Rugby union not being an Olympic sport , the IOC declined to exclude New Zealand .
= = Efforts for re @-@ inclusion = =
Italy in 1960 , the Soviet Union in 1980 , and South Korea in 1988 made requests to have rugby union brought back . The 1980 request did not pass , and the 1988 games came close but failed to see the sport 's admission , which was backed by the International Rugby Football Board ( now , World Rugby ( WR ) ) .
Apart from supporting the individual host cities ' requests , the IRB did not focus its own efforts on returning the sport to the Olympics until the early 1990s , when efforts began to reunite the two movements with a series of informal meetings between the then IRB Secretary , Keith Rowlands , and the British Olympic Association Secretary , Dick Palmer . In 1994 , when Vernon Pugh QC of Wales was elected Chairman of the IRB , the march towards Olympic recognition began in earnest . Pugh convinced the IRB Council that Olympic membership – initially as a non @-@ participation sport – would be beneficial to rugby and offer the IRB member unions membership of their National Olympic Committees . Many European Federations , such as France , Italy and Romania , had been members of their National Olympic Committees for decades . The demand to get rugby back in the Olympics mounted as more rugby nations from Africa , Asia , Oceania and the Americas joined the IRB , because it was a sport seen as providing a realistic medal opportunity for a number of smaller nations .
A significant step in the process of acceptance back into the Olympic Movement was achieved at a ceremony held in Cardiff in November 1994 , when the IRB was officially confirmed as a Recognised International Federation of the IOC . At that ceremony , International Olympic Committee President , Juan Antonio Samaranch , pointed out that rugby 's history and values were very much in tune with the Olympic philosophy and traditions . This historic meeting in Cardiff led to IRB representation at annual IOC meetings and consideration for inclusion in the programme of future Olympic Games . In 2002 , a plan was presented to induct rugby sevens , golf and the Chinese martial art of wushu .
Sevens was one of five sports that submitted a proposal to the IOC at a meeting in Singapore for inclusion in the 2012 games . The IOC stated that no sport would be added unless others were dropped . The IRB was confident that the sport would finally be included in the official Olympic programme . However , the selection of two sports out of the five nominees as potential 2012 sports went to squash and karate , as determined by a voting procedure .
Most recently , rugby sevens competed with golf for two available spaces in the 2016 Olympics . The final decision was made at the IOC Session in Copenhagen in October 2009 . The IRB used a number of high @-@ profile people and events to influence the IOC to include sevens at the 2016 games . In March 2009 , two senior delegates from the IOC attended the Rugby World Cup Sevens in Dubai at the invitation of the IRB . The event attracted 78 @,@ 000 fans over the three days and saw Wales crowned Men ’ s World Champions and Australia won the first ever Women 's World Cup .
Along with the World Cup , the IRB enlisted some of rugby ’ s biggest names to assist in the bid . In March 2009 , Jonah Lomu and Lawrence Dallaglio were announced as ambassadors for the bid and in April 2009 Waisale Serevi was unveiled as an ambassador to coincide with the Oceania National Olympic Committees ' general assembly . May 2009 saw the IRB announce that they would drop the Rugby World Cup Sevens in order to improve the chances of the sport being included . The benefit of this move would be to make the Olympics the premier event in international rugby sevens .
As well as rugby sevens , baseball and softball , which were dropped from the Olympic programme in 2005 , karate , squash , golf and roller sports ( inline speed skating ) were all seeking to be included in the 2016 games and leaders of the seven sports made formal presentations to the IOC executive board in June 2009 . A new system was in place at this session in which a sport now needs only a simple majority rather than the two @-@ thirds majority that was required before .
On 13 August 2009 it was announced that the IOC executive board was recommending rugby sevens for inclusion in the 2016 Olympic Games and on 9 October 2009 the full IOC , at its 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , voted to include Rugby Sevens in the 2016 games .
Separate competitions for men and women will be held , using a similar format to the existing IRB Sevens World Series . The IRB had originally proposed including 12 teams of each sex , the same number as other team ball sports events . During the IRB 's presentation at the IOC Session , two IOC members asked why only 12 teams were included . IRB Chief Executive Mike Miller responded , " We followed the guidance of the Executive Members of the IOC , but if the IOC feels we should have more teams , we will add more . "
= = Results = =
= = = Games = = =
= = = Cumulative = = =
= = Nations = =
Only players who participated in at least one match are counted .
= = Notable rugby players involved in the Olympics = =
A number in other fields have also been notable rugby players , these include :
Pierre de Coubertin , founder of the modern Olympics , was a rugby fan and referee of the first ever French championship rugby union final on 20 March 1892 between Racing Club de France and Stade Français .
Jean Bouin , France and track events .
Stan Harris
Eric Liddell , Scotland and track events .
Chris MacKintosh
Heather Moyse , Canada and gold in Olympic bobsleigh .
James Cecil Parke , Ireland and track events ( also represented Ireland in cricket and golf , and as well as competing at Wimbledon and in the Davis Cup )
Noel Purcell , Ireland and gold in Olympic water polo – the first Olympic internationalist to represent two countries , Great Britain and the Irish Free State .
David Robertson ( golfer )
Jacques Rogge , Belgium international and former IOC president .
Constantin Henriquez , Haitian rugby player who won gold for France .
Attie van Heerden
Danny Crates , who has carried the torch twice at the Olympics , and is a notable Paralympian , also plays competitive rugby .
Kevin O 'Flanagan , Ireland international . Represented Ireland on the International Olympic Committee
Victor Costello , who competed for Ireland in the shot put at the 1992 Games in Barcelona before winning 39 caps for the Ireland rugby union team .
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= United States Senate election in New York , 2000 =
The United States Senate election in New York in 2000 was held on November 7 , 2000 . First Lady of the United States Hillary Rodham Clinton , the first First Lady to run for political office , defeated Congressman Rick Lazio . The general election coincided with the presidential election .
The race began in November 1998 when four @-@ term incumbent New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan announced his retirement . Both the Democratic Party and Republican Party sought high @-@ profile candidates to compete for the open seat . By early 1999 Clinton and Mayor of New York City Rudolph Giuliani were the likely respective nominees . Clinton and her husband , President Bill Clinton , purchased a house in Chappaqua , New York , in September 1999 ; she thereby became eligible for the election , although she faced characterizations of carpetbagging since she had never resided in the state before . The lead in statewide polls swung from Clinton to Giuliani and back to Clinton as the campaigns featured both successful strategies and mistakes as well as dealing with current events . In late April and May 2000 , Giuliani 's medical , romantic , marital , and political lives all collided in a tumultuous four @-@ week period , culminating in his withdrawing from the race on May 19 .
The Republicans chose lesser @-@ known Congressman Rick Lazio to replace him . The election included a record $ 90 million in campaign expenditures between Clinton , Lazio , and Giuliani and national visibility . Clinton showed strength in normally Republican upstate areas and a debate blunder by Lazio solidified Clinton 's previously shaky support among women . Clinton won the election in November 2000 with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio 's 43 percent .
= = An open seat draws high @-@ profile candidates = =
When four @-@ term New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan announced his retirement in November 1998 , his previously safe Senate seat became open in the 2000 U.S. Senate election . Both parties tried to find high @-@ profile candidates to run for it .
New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani , who was prevented by term limits from running for mayoral reelection in 2001 , immediately indicated interest . Due to his high profile and visibility , Giuliani was supported by the state Republican Party , even though he had irritated many by endorsing incumbent Democratic Governor Mario Cuomo over Republican George Pataki in 1994 . Giuliani became the presumptive Republican nominee , and by April 1999 had formed a formal exploratory committee for a Senate run . There were still possible Republican primary opponents . Rick Lazio , a Congressman representing Suffolk County on Long Island , was raising money and had a candidacy announcement scheduled for August 16 ; he had openly discussed a primary against Giuliani , believing his more conservative record would be appealing to Republican primary voters . In early August , under pressure from state and national Republican figures , Pataki endorsed Giuliani . Pataki prevailed upon Lazio to forgo his candidacy , which Lazio agreed to despite frustration that Giuliani had still not officially announced that he was running ; Lazio said , " If the mayor wants to be a candidate , I think he needs to get into this race . It 's time to put the soap opera aside and step up to the plate . " Nassau County Congressman Pete King also considered running and had raised some funds .
New York Congresswoman Nita Lowey was the candidate first expected to be the Democratic nominee , while other mentioned possible candidates included Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Andrew Cuomo , New York State Comptroller Carl McCall , and New York Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney . State Democratic figures were concerned that neither Lowey nor the others had the star power to rival Giuliani , and that the seat would be lost . Late in 1998 , prominent Democratic politicians and advisors , including New York Representative Charles Rangel , urged First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton to run for the New York Senate seat . An unprecedented action if she did it , Clinton spent considerable time mulling over the idea while Lowey waited in the wings . Her political advisors told her the race would be difficult and some of them told her she would lose . She waited for the impeachment proceedings of Bill Clinton to conclude , which it did with his acquittal on February 12 , 1999 .
= = Clinton 's early campaign = =
On February 16 , 1999 , the First Lady 's office announced that she was considering running for the Senate position . Once it was clear Clinton was going to run , Lowey stepped aside , although she would be disappointed at the lost opportunity . On July 7 , 1999 , Clinton formally announced an exploratory committee for the Senate run ; the setting was Moynihan 's farm in Pindars Corners , in rural Delaware County . Bill Clinton was less than enthusiastic about her candidacy . The staging of the event was brokered by the Clintons ' political consultant Mandy Grunwald . Hillary Clinton embarked upon a " listening tour " of all parts of New York after her entrance into the race . She planned to visit all 62 counties in New York , talking to New Yorkers in small @-@ group settings according to the principles of retail politics . During the race , she spent considerable time campaigning in traditionally Republican upstate regions . Clinton faced charges of carpetbagging , since she had never resided in the State of New York nor directly participated in state politics prior to her Senate race .
Meanwhile , in September 1999 , the Clintons purchased a $ 1 @.@ 7 million , 11 @-@ room , Dutch Colonial style home in Chappaqua , New York , north of New York City . Even the commonplace activity of house hunting leading up to this was the subject of considerable media attention ; coverage of personal lives would be the norm in this contest of two " electrifying and polarizing figures " ( as one reporter put it ) . In November 1999 , Hillary Clinton announced that she would set aside most of her official duties as First Lady in order to take up residency in New York and pursue her campaign . Her move @-@ in took place in January 2000 , with the house furnished with many of the couple 's possessions from their Arkansas days . It became the first time since Woodrow Wilson 's first wife died in 1914 that a president lived in the White House without a spouse .
The early stages of her campaign were not without mistakes , and as she later wrote , " Mistakes in New York politics aren 't easily brushed aside . " In a much @-@ publicized move , Clinton donned a New York Yankees baseball cap at a June 1999 event when she had been a lifelong fan of the Chicago Cubs . This brought her much criticism , and Thomas Kuiper would later write an anti @-@ Clinton book titled : I 've Always Been a Yankees Fan : Hillary Clinton in Her Own Words . Clinton said she had to develop an American League rooting interest , since fans of the Cubs were not expected to root for the American League Chicago White Sox . In her 2003 autobiography , she said that putting on the hat had been a " bad move " , but reiterated what had been reported in the press prior to the incident , that she had been " a die @-@ hard Mickey Mantle fan ; " the book included a photograph of her with a Yankees cap on from 1992 .
More seriously , on November 11 , 1999 , at the dedication of a U.S.-funded health program in the West Bank , she exchanged kisses with Suha Arafat , wife of Palestinian President Yasser Arafat , after Suha Arafat had delivered a speech claiming that Israel had deliberately poisoned Palestinians through environmental degradation and the use of " poisonous gas " . Some Israeli supporters said that Clinton never should have kissed the wife of the Palestinian leader , especially after such inflammatory remarks . The following day , Clinton denounced Suha Arafat 's allegations , and said that Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat had told her Suha Arafat had been referring to ' tear gas ' and not ' poison gas ' . The kiss became a campaign issue , especially with Jewish voters . Clinton said it as a formality akin to a handshake , saying that to not have done so would have caused a diplomatic incident . Clinton later wrote that the live Arabic @-@ to @-@ English translation had failed to convey the accurate nature of her remarks : " Had I been aware of her hateful words , I would have denounced them on the spot . "
Somewhat surprisingly , Clinton faced an erosion of support from women voters during her campaign , with her numbers declining throughout 1999 . This was partly a typical pattern seen with women candidates where they have an early surge of female support , which then wears off , and it was partly due to her early campaign stumbles . But it also reflected the particular set of mixed feelings that women had towards Clinton 's marriage and the ambition and the power she derived from it . The problem was especially acute among some female demographics ; one of her longtime advisers later said , " Women in the educated professional class ? They fucking couldn 't stand her . We could never figure out why . We had psychologists come in . "
Clinton 's campaign to all counties , carried by a Ford conversion van , helped to defuse the carpetbagger issue , with many New York residents saying that Clinton " seems like one of us . " She discussed local issues such as price supports for the dairy industry , fares for air travel , college tuition levels , and the brain drain in parts of the state . Her political positions were well matched to the different constituencies in the state that she targeted . In a January 2000 appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman , she established a rapport with the host that would continue throughout her Senate years and into her 2008 presidential campaign . Clinton formally announced her official candidacy in Purchase , New York in February 2000 , adopting the simple name " Hillary " for her campaign literature .
Distrustful of the press since her husband 's 1992 presidential campaign and her early days as First Lady , she imposed limits on her availability to the press van following her . Associated Press reporter Beth Harpaz later recounted a typical day from this time : " But we 'd been told there 'd be no ' avail ' today , and we 'd accepted it . That didn 't prevent me from feeling slightly humiliated . I was so worn down and so exasperated by the lack of access and the lack of news in this campaign that I 'd given up fighting . "
= = Early campaign of Giuliani = =
An early January 1999 Marist Institute of Public Opinion poll showed Giuliani trailing Clinton by 10 points . By January 2000 , the Marist poll showed Giuliani up by 9 points . Giuliani 's tactics involved intentionally baiting the Clinton campaign with deliberate overstatements , keeping them off balance and behind in the response cycle . Giuliani emphasized his depiction of Clinton as a carpetbagger . He made a one @-@ day visit to Little Rock , Arkansas , where he announced he would fly the Arkansas state flag over New York 's City Hall . When Hillary Clinton visited New York from Washington , he said , “ I hope she knows the way . I hope she doesn ’ t get lost on one of the side streets . ” Giuliani 's campaign prepared a 315 @-@ page opposition research dossier that went back to her time at Wellesley College ; it included eleven pages of what they termed " Stupid Actions and Remarks " . The Giuliani campaign had no problems raising money , getting over 40 percent of its funds from out @-@ of @-@ state and outraising Clinton overall two @-@ to @-@ one .
The Giuliani campaign showed some structural weaknesses . So closely identified with New York City , he had somewhat limited appeal to naturally Republican voters in Upstate New York . The Farmersville Garbage Scandal was indicative of his lower levels of support upstate . By late December 1999 , Clinton adapted to Giuliani 's psychological warfare , saying in response to one such gambit , " I can ’ t be responding every time the mayor gets angry . Because that ’ s all I would do . " A February 2000 attempt by Giuliani to capitalize on a Clinton campaign event 's accidental playing of Billy Joel 's suburban drug tale " Captain Jack " led to more ridicule for him than for her .
On March 11 , 2000 , Giuliani and Clinton met face @-@ to @-@ face for the first time since the campaigning began , at the New York Inner Circle press dinner , an annual event in which New York politicians and the press corps stage skits , roast each other and make fun of themselves , with proceeds going to charity . Giuliani was on stage in male disco garb spoofing John Travolta in Saturday Night Fever , but also appeared in drag in taped video clips that reworked the " Rudy / Rudia " theme of a past Inner Circle dinner , as well as in an exchange with Joan Rivers that sought to make fun of Clinton . Other performers ' skits made fun of Clinton 's Yankees claim and the infidelity of her husband .
The New York Police Department 's fatal shooting of Patrick Dorismond on March 15 , 2000 inflamed Giuliani 's already strained relations with the city 's minority communities , and Clinton seized on it as a major campaign issue . By April , reports showed Clinton gaining upstate and generally outworking Giuliani , who stated that his duties as mayor prevented him from campaigning more . He gave priority to city duties over campaign activities . Some Giuliani aides and national Republican figures concluded that his interest in the campaign was flagging , as although he was desirous of winning in political combat against a Clinton , he was by nature an executive personality and the prospect of serving as one of a hundred legislators was unappealing to him .
By this time , Clinton was 8 to 10 points ahead of Giuliani in the polls . In retrospect , The New York Times would write that the battle so far between the two had comprised " a blistering year of mental gamesmanship , piercing attacks , contrasts in personalities and positions , and blunders , played out by two outsize political figures in a super @-@ heated atmosphere . "
= = A tumultuous four weeks = =
Giuliani 's marriage to his wife , broadcast journalist and actress Donna Hanover , had been distant since 1996 , and the two were rarely seen in public together . There had been no formal announcement of any change in their relationship , although Hanover had indicated that she and their children would not move to Washington if Giuliani won the race . Beginning in October 1999 , a new woman was being spotted at mayoral functions . By March 2000 , Giuliani had stopped wearing his wedding ring and was being seen more in the company of this other woman , including at the Inner Circle press dinner , the St. Patrick 's Day parade , and town hall meetings , but it was not yet fully clear whether the relationship was personal or professional . While this woman had become a frequent subject of insider talk among the New York political circle , she had not been mentioned in the press .
On April 20 Hanover announced that she would soon be taking over the lead role in Eve Ensler 's controversial play The Vagina Monologues . Political observers speculated that Hanover was partly engaging in a political act against her husband , as Ensler was a friend and supporter of Hillary Clinton and the role would not go over well with social conservatives within the Republican Party . Giuliani declined to say whether he would attend one of her performances . On April 22 , the New York Post obtained photographs of Giuliani openly strolling on a Manhattan street with the other woman after they left a restaurant , but did not have more than a first name for her ; the Post sat on the story , but it was clear the relationship was a personal one .
On April 26 , television channel NY1 reported that Giuliani had undergone a second round of tests for prostate cancer at Mount Sinai Medical Center ; the same disease had led to the death of his father . On April 28 , Giuliani held a news conference to announce that he did in fact have prostate cancer , but it was in an early stage . He was unsure of which of several types of treatment he might undergo , and that decision would impact whether he could stay in the senate race or not . Hanover was not present at the conference , but issued a note saying she would support him in his decision process .
As Giuliani mulled over his medical options , on May 1 Hanover announced that she was postponing her appearance in The Vagina Monologues due to " personal family circumstances . " On May 2 the New York Daily News published a brief item about Giuliani 's other woman , without name or description . On May 3 the New York Post finally published its photographs of Giuliani and the woman , now identified as Judith Nathan , leaving a restaurant together , under the front page headline " Rudy 's Mystery Brunch Pal is Upper East Side Divorcée " . ( Some observers felt that Giuliani , known for his ability to manipulate the New York media , had been eager for news of the relationship to come out . ) Later that day , Giuliani responded to a barrage of questions on the subject at a news conference by acknowledging Judith Nathan publicly for the first time , calling her " a very good friend " and expressing his annoyance that her privacy was being invaded . The next days were filled with New York media coverage on Nathan 's background and on the relationship . On May 6 Hanover held an unusually @-@ located news conference at the back of St. Patrick 's Cathedral before the funeral of Cardinal John O 'Connor ; visibly trembling , she said , " I will be supportive of Rudy in his fight against his illness , as this marriage and this man have been very precious to me . " The following day half the press tried to stake out Nathan 's known locations while the rest pestered Nathan 's hometown relatives in Hazleton , Pennsylvania ; Giuliani looked weak in a public appearance .
On May 10 , Giuliani held what The New York Times described as an " extraordinary , emotional news conference " in Bryant Park to announce that he was seeking a separation from Hanover , saying , " This is very , very painful . For quite some time it 's probably been apparent that Donna and I lead in many ways independent and separate lives . " Regarding Nathan , Giuliani said " I 'm going to need her now more than maybe I did before , " making reference to his battle with cancer and her background in nursing . Regarding the senate race , he again did not commit to a decision , saying , " I don 't really care about politics right now . I 'm thinking about my family , the people that I love and what can be done that 's honest and truthful and that protects them the best . I 'm not thinking about politics . Politics comes at least second , maybe third , maybe fourth , somewhere else . It 'll all work itself out some way politically . " Giuliani had , however , neglected to inform Hanover in advance of his announcement ; her reaction was described as distraught . Three hours later , she held her own news conference at Gracie Mansion , where she said , " Today 's turn of events brings me great sadness . I had hoped to keep this marriage together . For several years , it was difficult to participate in Rudy 's public life because of his relationship with one staff member . " In this , she was making reference to Cristyne Lategano , the former communications director for Giuliani ; Vanity Fair had reported in 1997 that Lategano and Giuliani were having an affair , which both of them had denied . Hanover continued , " Beginning last May , I made a major effort to bring us back together . Rudy and I re @-@ established some of our personal intimacy through the fall . At that point , he chose another path . "
State Republican leaders , who until now had avoided talk of replacements for Giuliani should he not run , now gave more attention to the matter , with the state party convention coming up on May 30 . Former possible contenders Rick Lazio and Pete King immediately indicated they were available ; other names mentioned included Wall Street financier Theodore J. Forstmann and Governor Pataki , although the latter indicated no interest . Giuliani continued to ponder his senate race decision ; when he had dinner with Nathan on May 12 , they were trailed by a flock of photographers . Giuliani canceled campaigning and fundraising trips to upstate New York and California on May 13 , suggesting he would not run , but then resumed fundraising and suggested he was inclined towards running on May 15 . Two Republican county chairmen became upset at the indecision , saying , " Like Waiting for Godot , we have Waiting for Rudy , " and , " We need a decision . Like tomorrow would be nice . Because this is getting ridiculous . " A top state Republican said , " He seem [ s ] to like the attention . He seems to be going through some sort of catharsis in public . And we 're like psychiatrists watching it . I can 't quite figure it out . I don 't think anybody can . " Clinton , meanwhile , said as little as possible about the situation , preferring to let Giuliani 's drama play out on its own ; on May 17 , as he huddled with his doctors over whether to choose surgery or radiation as his treatment while facing conflicting political advice from his aides , she won the unanimous approval of delegates to the Democratic Party state convention at the Pepsi Arena in Albany , New York , giving a constrained acceptance speech because she did not know her general election opponent .
Finally , on May 19 , Giuliani held what The New York Times again described as " an emotional , riveting news conference " that " reached a new level of introspection " to announce that he was dropping out of the senate race : " This is not the right time for me to run for office . If it were six months ago or it were a year from now or the timing were a little different , maybe it would be different . But it isn 't different and that 's the way life is . " He added that , " I used to think the core of me was in politics , probably . It isn 't . When you feel your mortality and your humanity you realize that , that the core of you is first of all being able to take care of your health . " He said that he would instead devote the remainder of his mayoralty trying to overcome the hostile relations he had with many of the city 's minority groups .
= = A change of Republicans : Lazio = =
While previous Republican nominee candidates and fellow Long Island Congressmen Rick Lazio and Pete King had both indicated an interest in replacing Giuliani , upon Giuliani 's withdrawal the state party quickly rallied around Lazio , who had more campaign funds and who was viewed as a potentially strong candidate . In particular , Governor Pataki — who never cared much for Giuliani to begin with — was strongly in favor of Lazio , and praised him as " fresh , unencumbered challenger " to Clinton . This also caused a shuffle in New York 's unique third @-@ party ballot @-@ line alignments : the Liberal Party of New York , which was previously set to run Giuliani ( whom they had supported in all three of his mayoral races ) , now switched to Clinton , while the Conservative Party of New York , which had previously been loath to endorse the socially liberal Giuliani ( and was set to nominate former Westchester Congressman Joe DioGuardi ) lined up behind Lazio . Lazio accepted the unanimous approval of delegates to the Republican Party state convention at a hotel ballroom in Buffalo on May 30 .
Clinton now faced a lesser @-@ known candidate in Lazio . While a relative moderate among House Republicans , Lazio had frequently supported former House Speaker Newt Gingrich , a largely despised figure among many New Yorkers . Lazio did bring to the table an ethnic suburban background familiar to many New Yorkers , and had a reputation as an energetic campaigner .
One formality left were New York 's late @-@ in @-@ the @-@ season primary elections on September 12 , which in this case merely served to ratify the state party conventions ' choices . Lazio won unopposed , while Clinton won 82 percent of the vote in easily defeating unknown Manhattan doctor Mark McMahon , who ran on the grounds that " the Clintons have tried to hijack the Democratic Party . " For her part , Clinton said that she was " surprised , in a way [ to see her name in the voting booth ] . I stood there for a minute , staring at my name . " In any case , the general election was already well underway .
= = Democratic primary results = =
= = Republican primary = =
= = = Polling = = =
= = General election = =
= = = Polling = = =
= = General election campaign = =
The contest drew considerable national attention and both candidates were well @-@ funded . By the end of the race , Democrat Clinton and Republicans Lazio and Giuliani had spent a combined $ 90 million , the most of any U.S. Senate race in history . Lazio outspent Clinton $ 40 million to $ 29 million , with Clinton also getting several million dollars in soft money from Democratic organizations . Among Clinton antagonists circles , direct mail @-@ based fundraising groups such as the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprung up , sending out solicitations regarding the " carpetbagging " issue : just as one Clinton leaves office , another one runs .
Clinton secured a broad base of support , including endorsements from conservation groups and organized labor , but notably not the New York City police union which endorsed Lazio while firefighters supported Hillary . While Clinton had a solid base of support in New York City , candidates and observers expected the race to be decided in upstate New York where 45 percent of the state 's voters live . During the campaign , Clinton vowed to improve the economic picture in upstate New York , promising that her plan would deliver 200 @,@ 000 New York jobs over six years . Her plan included specific tax credits with the purpose of rewarding job creation and encouraging business investment , especially in the high @-@ tech sector . She called for targeted personal tax cuts for college tuition and long @-@ term care . Lazio faced a unique tactical problem campaigning upstate . The major issue there was the persistently weak local economy , which Lazio hoped to link to his opponent 's husband 's tenure in office . Attacks on the state of the upstate economy were frequently interpreted as criticism of incumbent Republican governor George Pataki , however , limiting the effect of this line of attack .
Opponents continued to make the carpetbagging issue a focal point throughout the race and during debates . Talk radio hammered on this , with New York @-@ based Sean Hannity issuing a daily mantra , " Name me three things Hillary Clinton has ever done for the people of New York ! " Clinton 's supporters pointed out that the state was receptive to national leaders , such as Robert F. Kennedy who was elected to the Senate in 1964 despite similar accusations . In the end , according to exit polls conducted in the race , a majority of the voters dismissed the carpetbagging issue as unimportant .
During the campaign , Independent Counsel Robert Ray filed his final reports regarding the long @-@ running Whitewater , " Travelgate " , and " Filegate " investigations of the White House , each of which included specific investigations of Hillary Clinton actions . The reports exonerated her on the files matter , said there was insufficient evidence regarding her role in Whitewater , and said that she had made factually false statements regarding the Travel Office firings but there was insufficient evidence to prosecute her . Although The New York Times editorialized that the release of the reports seemed possibly timed to coincide with the Senate election , in practice the findings were not seen as likely to sway many voters ' opinions .
A September 13 , 2000 debate between Lazio and Clinton proved important . Lazio was on the warpath against soft money and the amounts of it coming from the Democratic National Committee into Clinton 's campaign , and challenged Clinton to agree to ban soft money from both campaigns . He left his podium and waved his proposed paper agreement in Clinton 's face ; many debate viewers thought he had invaded her personal space and as a result Clinton 's support among women voters solidified .
Late in the campaign Lazio criticised Clinton for accepting campaign donations from various Arab groups in the wake of the USS Cole attack . This issue caused former New York Mayor Ed Koch to take out ads telling Lazio to " stop with the sleaze already , " and did not change the dynamic of the race .
= = Results = =
Per New York State law , Clinton and Lazio totals include their minor party line votes : Liberal Party of New York and Working Families Party for Clinton , Conservative Party for Lazio .
= = = Analysis = = =
Clinton won the election on November 7 with 55 % of the vote to Lazio 's 43 % , a difference larger than most observers had expected . Clinton won the traditionally Democratic base of New York City by large margins , and carried suburban Westchester County , but lost heavily populated Long Island , part of which Lazio represented in Congress . She won surprising victories in Upstate counties , such as Cayuga , Rensselaer , and Niagara , to which her win has been attributed .
In comparison with other results , this 12 % margin was smaller than Gore 's 25 % margin over Bush in the state Presidential contest , was slightly larger than the 10 % margin by which fellow New York senator Charles Schumer defeated incumbent Republican Al D 'Amato in the hotly contested 1998 race , but was considerably smaller than the 47 % margin by which Senator Schumer won reelection in 2004 against little @-@ known Republican challenger Howard Mills . The victory of a Democrat in the Senate election was not assured , because in recent decades the Republicans had won about half the elections for governor and senator .
Lazio 's bid was handicapped by the weak performance of George W. Bush in New York in the 2000 election , but it is also clear Hillary Clinton had made substantial inroads in upstate New York prior to Lazio 's entry into the race . Exit polls also showed a large gender gap with Clinton running stronger than expected among moderate women and unaffiliated women .
= = Post @-@ election charges = =
= = = Hasidic pardons = = =
In January 2001 , two months after Hillary Clinton 's election to the Senate , President Clinton pardoned four residents of the New Square Hasidic enclave in Rockland County , New York , who had been convicted of defrauding the federal government of $ 30 million by establishing a fictitious religious school . New Square had voted almost unanimously for Hillary Clinton in the New York Senate race . A lawyer following the matter stated that even if Hillary Clinton had promised to lobby her husband for clemency in exchange for the town 's votes — a claim for which there was no proof — it would be difficult to establish a crime had taken place : " Politicians make promises all the time . That 's nothing new — or illegal . " Hillary Clinton acknowledged sitting in on a post @-@ election meeting discussing possible clemency for the four , but said she had played no part in her husband 's decision .
A federal investigation launched to investigate various Clinton pardons , closed its investigation of the New Square matter in June 2002 by taking no action against Bill Clinton , Hillary Clinton , or any residents of New Square .
= = = Hollywood fundraiser = = =
Hillary Clinton 's former finance director , David Rosen , was indicted on January 7 , 2005 on campaign finance charges related to a fund @-@ raising event produced by Peter F. Paul . Paul , a convicted drug dealer who would soon after be convicted on stock fraud charges after being extradited from Brazil , stated that he spent $ 1 @.@ 2 million to produce the August 12 , 2000 Hollywood Gala Salute to President William Jefferson Clinton event , which was both a tribute to honor President Clinton and a fundraiser for the First Lady 's 2000 Senate campaign . The Justice Department indictment charged Rosen with filing false reports with the Federal Election Commission by reporting only $ 400 @,@ 000 in contributions . On May 27 , 2005 , the jury acquitted Rosen on all counts . On January 5 , 2006 it was reported that Clinton 's campaign group agreed to pay a $ 35 @,@ 000 fine related to the underreporting of the fundraiser 's expenses .
Peter Paul has also filed a civil suit in this matter , Paul v. Clinton . On April 10 , 2006 , the judge in charge of the case removed Hillary Clinton as a defendant , citing a lack of evidence . However , she may still be called to testify as a witness in the case . The removal was upheld by the California Second District Court of Appeal on October 16 , 2007 .
Meanwhile , by the time of Hillary Clinton 's 2008 presidential campaign , a 13 @-@ minute video produced by Paul and describing his various allegations against Hillary Clinton had become quite popular on the Internet , gaining 1 @.@ 4 million hits on Google Video and about 350 @,@ 000 on YouTube in a single week in October 2007 .
= = Legacy = =
Clinton 's victory would establish her as an effective campaigner and an electoral force on her own , able to capture Republican and independent votes and overcome her polarizing image . She would easily win re @-@ election in 2006 , and in 2007 began her presidential campaign for 2008 .
Lazio gave up his House seat to run for Senate . Following his defeat , which set a record for the most money spent in a losing Senate effort , he took positions in the corporate world and avoided electoral politics until becoming a candidate in New York 's 2010 gubernatorial election . However , he was defeated by a wide margin in the Republican primary .
Giuliani would undergo treatment for his cancer and eventually recover ; he would also divorce Donna Hanover and eventually marry Judith Nathan . After his campaign withdrawal , his political future looked uncertain at best . But less than a year after the senate general election , the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks took place , with Giuliani still mayor . Giuliani 's performance in the aftermath of September 11 earned him many accolades and resurrected his political prospects . After a successful stint in the private sector , in 2007 he also began his presidential campaign for 2008 .
Throughout much of 2007 , Clinton and Giuliani led in national polls for their parties ' respective nominations , and media reports often looked back to the 2000 " race that wasn 't " as a preview of what might lie in wait for the entire nation in 2008 . Such extrapolating ended with the Giuliani campaign 's precipitous decline and January 2008 withdrawal . Clinton as well failed to gain the 2008 nomination and , in June 2008 , she finished in a close second place to Illinois Senator Barack Obama .
In December 2008 , Lowey would have another chance at the Senate seat , when Clinton was nominated for U.S. Secretary of State by President @-@ elect Obama and Lowey was considered a front @-@ runner to be named as her appointed replacement . But Lowey withdrew from consideration , as in the intervening years she had gained enough seniority to become one of the powerful " cardinals " on the House Appropriations Committee and did not want to relinquish that position . When Caroline Kennedy announced her interest in the vacancy , comparisons were drawn to Clinton in 2000 , with both being famous people seeking to hold elective office for the first time . Others pointed out that Clinton had won election to the office while Kennedy would first be appointed . In any case , Kennedy 's effort soon faltered , in part due to not having the same desire or willingness to work for the seat as Clinton had had , and she soon withdrew as abruptly as she had entered .
Kirsten Gillibrand received the appointment , and attention then turned to who would run against her in the 2010 Senate special election . By November 2009 , Giuliani was seriously considering a run for his old would @-@ have @-@ been Senate seat , but the following month he announced he was not running for it or anything else in 2010 , possibly signalling an end to his political career .
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= The Boat Race 1981 =
The 127th Boat Race took place on 4 April 1981 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Umpired by former Oxford rower Ronnie Howard , it was won by Oxford who passed the finishing post eight lengths ahead of Cambridge , their largest margin of victory since 1898 . The race saw Oxford coxed by Sue Brown , the first female cox in the history of the event .
In the reserve race , Isis beat Goldie by four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths , and in the Women 's Boat Race , Oxford were victorious .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 miles ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by a canvas in the previous year 's race . However Cambridge held the overall lead , with 68 victories to Oxford 's 57 . The race was sponsored for fifth time by Ladbrokes .
The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race .
Christopher Dodd writing in The Guardian noted Oxford 's aggressiveness during the preparations for the race , suggesting that they were " set to humiliate their opponents if they possibly can . " Dodd went on to predict that Oxford would win by their greatest margin since the 1898 race . Meanwhile , Cambridge had reorganised their seating order the week before the race . Oxford 's boat was named after Russell Crockford who had rowed in Oxford 's successful 1978 and 1979 races . He was killed in a car accident the previous year on his way to a regatta in Australia .
Umpire Ronnie Howard modified the starting arrangements , making the boats commence the race closer together to dissuade the coxes steering into one another from the start . He warned both coxes that should they foul , he would disqualify them .
= = Crews = =
Sue Brown was selected to cox the Oxford boat , and became the first female competitor in the history of the Boat Race . Although she had learned to cox at Wadham , she had already been selected to represent Great Britain in the Women 's coxed fours at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . She had impressed Oxford coach Dan Topolski who chose her for the Dark Blues . Her selection caused a furore ; according to Dodd , " Sue Brown must have passed before more shutters than anyone except for Lady Diana Spencer " . She was advised by Colin Moynihan who had coxed Oxford to their largest victory of the century in the 1977 race . Boris Rankov was making his fourth appearance , but this time as a junior fellow of St Hugh 's , rather than as an undergraduate at Corpus Christi . In doing so , he became the first representative of a women 's college in the men 's Boat Race .
The Oxford crew weighed an average of 13 st 8 lb ( 86 @.@ 0 kg ) , 1 @.@ 5 pounds ( 0 @.@ 68 kg ) more per rower than their opponents . The race saw the return of no fewer than twelve former Blues , six in each crew . Only Richard Yonge , Richard Emerton and Brown for Oxford and R. Stephens , M. Clark and Mike Cowie for Cambridge were new to the race . Graeme Hall was the Cambridge finishing coach , while Oxford 's Dan Topolski took over that role from Steve Royle two weeks prior to the race .
= = Race = =
Oxford were strong pre @-@ race favourites ; Ladbrokes themselves quoted Oxford at odds of five @-@ to @-@ one on to win . Cambridge won the toss for the first time in seven years and elected to start on the Surrey station . The race started at 1 pm under umpire Howard 's guidance . Both crews rating equally off the start , Oxford took an early lead and lead by nine seconds by the Mile Post , allowing her to move the Dark Blue boat in front of Cambridge . Pushing her crew to outrate Cambridge , Oxford extended their lead to 10 seconds by Hammersmith Bridge , 14 seconds by Chiswick Steps , 18 seconds by Barnes Bridge and 23 seconds by the finishing post . Oxford won their sixth consecutive victory by eight lengths in a time of 18 minutes 11 seconds , the largest margin of victory since the Cambridge won the 1973 race by thirteen lengths , and the largest margin of victory in the 20th century for the Dark Blues .
In the reserve race , Isis beat Goldie by five lengths , their second consecutive victory . In the 36th running of the Women 's Boat Race , Oxford triumphed , their second consecutive victory .
= = Reaction = =
Oxford cox Brown avoided the traditional soaking in the Thames . She later commented : " I steered extremely badly , but we still won . " Her coach Topolski said " She did a brilliant job . " Dodd , writing in The Guardian , described Oxford 's victory as " crushing " following their " undramatic and calculated performance " . Jim Railton of The Times was impressed : " Without a doubt it is one of the finest crews Oxford have ever produced , arguably the best . "
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= Launch Party =
" Launch Party " is the fifth and sixth episode of the fourth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's fifty @-@ eighth and fifty @-@ ninth episode overall . The episode was written by Jennifer Celotta and directed by Ken Whittingham . It first aired in the United States on October 11 , 2007 on NBC .
In this episode , Dunder Mifflin prepares for the launch of their new website . Dwight tries to outsell the website , Andy makes a move for Angela , and Michael kidnaps a pizza delivery boy ( Kevin McHale ) .
= = Plot = =
In the opening scene , Michael has arranged a meeting to discuss making the Quarterly Report more exciting , unaware that the office workers are all more interested in the DVD screensaver , and believes their disappointment whenever the bouncing box on the screensaver doesn 't make it into a corner are reactions to his statements . Eventually , the box does make it into a corner , and the cheering employees all leave , to his confusion .
Dunder Mifflin is preparing a party for the launch of their new website " Dunder Mifflin Infinity " . Since Jan Levenson ( Melora Hardin ) doesn 't want to go to the launch party , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) invites Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , who makes Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) take her place . Only after they reach New Jersey does Jim realize that Michael received an " invitation " to a chat room , not the actual party . Jim also reveals that he turned down the Corporate job that Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) accepted . Michael returns to Scranton dejected and attempts to plan a better party . This irritates party planner Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) , who has already been in an exceptionally irritable mood . She viciously and patronizingly takes out her frustrations on fellow Party Planning Committee member Phyllis , who quits the committee in frustration .
Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) decides to compete against the website to see who can make more sales . Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) keeps a running tally of reams sold , blowing an airhorn each time Dwight makes a sale . Irritated by the distraction , Jim and Pam plot a prank . They send Dwight instant messages pretending to be the company 's computer system , taunting Dwight to believe it has achieved self @-@ awareness . Dwight wins the challenge , but when he gloats to Angela about his victory , she rejects him outright and makes it clear that they are broken up for good . She also asks Pam to set her up with a single friend of hers . Pam , feeling sorry for Dwight , sends another message as the computer acknowledging him as a superior being . Andy later sets up a conference call with some of his old Cornell friends to serenade Angela with Take a Chance on Me ; she doesn 't agree to date him , but appears to be somewhat charmed by the spectacle .
Michael finally realizes that Ryan doesn 't respect him , and once he gets online for the party 's chat room he snaps that Dwight single @-@ handedly outsold DMI and curses at Ryan . But his emotional reactions haven 't stopped for the night : he is angered after everyone complains that he confused the office 's favorite pizza place ( Alfredo 's Pizza Cafe , which is a real restaurant in Scranton ) with a terrible pizza place ( Pizza by Alfredo , which is fictional ) . When his coupon is then refused , he takes a stand for justice and holds the teenaged delivery driver ( Kevin McHale ) hostage , with both he and Dwight acting out their frustrations about Ryan and Angela , respectively . After some time , Michael realizes he is breaking the law and lets the kid go , and then heads up to crash the party in NYC and get some sushi , with Dwight joining him . They get to enjoy a little leftover food , but Michael 's most cheered when one of the younger Corporate workers says they liked his rant against Ryan and " It was funny to see Ryan embarrassed by all that " , and heads home in good spirits .
= = Production = =
" Launch Party " was the sixth episode of the series directed by Ken Whittingham . Whittingham had previously directed " Health Care " , " Michael 's Birthday " , " The Convention " , " The Merger " , and " Phyllis ' Wedding " . " Launch Party " was written by Jennifer Celotta , making it the sixth episode written by her .
According to Jennifer Celotta , the idea for the first scene of the episode where the office workers are watching a logo bounce around a television screen , came when the writers were in a room watching the DVD logo bounce around the television screen , and were arguing about whether it would ever hit the corner .
= = Reception = =
" Launch Party " received a 5 @.@ 2 Nielsen Rating and an 8 % Share . The episode was watched by 8 @.@ 91 million viewers and achieved a 4 @.@ 7 / 11 in the key adults 18 – 49 demographic .
" Launch Party " received mixed reviews from critics . TV Squad 's Jay Black wondered why the writers " feel the need to veer off into increasingly more ridiculous places " , especially because The Office is " hailed by critics and adored by fans for its ability to find humor in the smallest pieces of real @-@ life human interaction " . Black did say that except for the kidnapping , he " thought tonight 's episode was the best of the season . " Travis Fickett of IGN wrote that " Launch Party " was " a very entertaining episode with some terrific moments . " Fickett did say that with all the hour @-@ long episodes " things start to feel stretched and some scenes take on a sense of redundancy and certain storylines seem to peter out before they even get going . "
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= French battleship Courbet ( 1911 ) =
Courbet was the lead ship of her class , the first dreadnoughts built for the French Navy . She was completed before World War I and named in honour of Admiral Amédée Courbet . She spent the war in the Mediterranean , helping to sink the Austro @-@ Hungarian protected cruiser Zenta in August 1914 . She spent the rest of the war providing cover for the Otranto Barrage that blockaded the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy in the Adriatic Sea . Although upgraded several times before World War II , she was not deemed to be a first @-@ class battleship and spent most of the interwar period as a gunnery training ship .
Upon the German invasion of France , beginning on 10 May 1940 , Courbet was hastily rearmed . She supported Allied troops in the defence of Cherbourg during June , later that month taking refuge in England . As part of Operation Catapult , she was seized in Portsmouth by British forces on 3 July and was turned over to the Free French a week later . She was used as a patrol vessel depot ship and an anti @-@ aircraft ship there until 31 March 1941 when she was disarmed and hulked . Her engines and boilers were removed in 1944 to prepare her for use as a breakwater during the Normandy landings in June 1944 . She was scrapped where she lay after the war .
= = Description = =
Courbet was 166 metres ( 544 ft 7 in ) long overall . She had a beam of 27 metres ( 88 ft 7 in ) and at full load a draft of 9 @.@ 04 metres ( 29 ft 8 in ) at the bow . She displaced 23 @,@ 475 tonnes ( 23 @,@ 100 long tons ) at standard load and 25 @,@ 579 tonnes ( 25 @,@ 180 long tons ) at full load . She proved to be rather wet in service as she was bow @-@ heavy because of the superimposed turrets forward .
Courbet had four propeller shafts powered by four Parsons direct @-@ drive steam turbines , rated at 28 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 20 @,@ 880 kW ) . Twenty @-@ four Niclausse boilers provided steam for her turbines . These boilers were coal @-@ burning with auxiliary oil sprayers . She had a designed speed of 21 knots ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) , although she reached 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) during trials . She carried up to 2 @,@ 700 long tons ( 2 @,@ 700 t ) of coal and 906 long tons ( 921 t ) of oil and could steam for 4 @,@ 200 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 800 km ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 12 mph ; 19 km / h ) .
Courbet 's main armament consisted of twelve 305 @-@ millimetre ( 12 in ) Mle 1910 45 @-@ calibre guns mounted in six twin gun turrets , with two turrets superimposed fore and aft , and one on each flank of the ship . For anti @-@ torpedo boat defence she carried twenty @-@ two 138 @-@ millimetre ( 5 @.@ 4 in ) Mle 1910 guns , which were mounted in casemates . Four 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Modèle 1902 Hotchkiss guns were fitted , two on each beam . She was also armed with four 450 @-@ millimetre ( 18 in ) submerged Modèle 1909 torpedo tubes with twelve torpedoes .
Courbet 's waterline armoured belt extended well below the waterline as the French were concerned about protection from underwater hits . Her main armour was also thinner than that of her British or German counterparts , but covered more area . It was 270 mm ( 11 in ) thick between the fore and aft turrets and tapered to 180 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) towards the bow and stern . It extended 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 ft 10 in ) below the normal waterline . Above the main belt was another belt , 180 mm thick , that covered the sides , and the secondary armament , up to the forecastle deck , 4 @.@ 5 m ( 15 ft ) deep , between the fore and aft turrets . The conning tower had armour 300 mm ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) thick . The main gun turrets had 290 mm ( 11 @.@ 4 in ) of armour on their faces , 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) on their sides and roofs 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick . Their barbettes had 280 mm ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) of armour . There was no anti @-@ torpedo bulkhead although there was a longitudinal bulkhead abreast the machinery spaces that was used either as a coal bunker or left as a void .
= = Career = =
Courbet was built by the Arsenal de Lorient , at Lorient . Her keel was laid down on 1 September 1910 and she was launched on 23 September 1911 . She was completed on 19 November 1913 and finished her trials before World War I began the following year .
= = = World War I = = =
Courbet joined the 1st Division of the 1st Squadron of the French Mediterranean Fleet , at Toulon , upon commissioning in 1913 . She became the flagship of Vice @-@ Amiral Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère , commander of the 1st Squadron , after the beginning of the war until 12 April 1915 . Lapeyrère decided immediately on a sweep into the Adriatic to surprise the Austrian vessels enforcing a blockade of Montenegro and the Anglo @-@ French force , which included her sister ship Jean Bart , succeeded in cutting off and sinking the Austro @-@ Hungarian protected cruiser Zenta in an engagement off Antivari on 16 August 1914 , although her accompanying destroyer managed to escape . She spent most of the rest of 1914 providing gunfire support for the Montenegrin Army until U @-@ 12 hit Jean Bart on 21 December with a torpedo . This forced the battleships to fall back to either Malta or Bizerte to cover the Otranto Barrage . After the French occupied the neutral Greek island of Corfu in 1916 she moved forward to Corfu and Argostoli , but her activities were very limited as much of her crew was used to man anti @-@ submarine ships . Before the end of the war she was fitted with seven 75 @-@ millimetre ( 3 in ) Mle 1918 anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns in single mounts . These guns were adaptations of the famous French Mle 97 75 @-@ mm field gun .
= = = Interwar years = = =
Courbet served as Vice @-@ Amiral Charlier 's flagship between 6 June 1919 and 20 October 1920 . The following year she became a gunnery training ship at Toulon , but she suffered a serious boiler fire in June 1923 that required repairs , so she was given the first of her upgrades between 9 July 1923 and 16 April 1924 , at La Seyne @-@ sur @-@ Mer . This included replacing one set of boilers with oil @-@ fired boilers , trunking together her two forward funnels , increasing the maximum elevation of the main armament from 12 ° to 23 ° , removal of her bow armour to make her more seaworthy , the installation of a fire @-@ control director , with a 4 @.@ 57 metres ( 15 ft 0 in ) rangefinder , atop the new tripod foremast as well as the installation of an experimental 7 @.@ 6 metres ( 24 ft 11 in ) rangefinder on top of her conning tower . She had another boiler fire in August 1924 and remained under repair for the rest of the year , but resumed her duties as a gunnery training ship upon her return from the dockyard .
She was refitted again between 15 January 1927 and 12 January 1931 . This was much more extensive than her earlier refit as another set of boilers was converted to oil @-@ firing , her high and medium pressure direct @-@ drive turbines were replaced by geared turbines and her fire @-@ control systems were comprehensively upgraded . A large cruiser @-@ type fire @-@ control director was added atop the foremast with a 4 @.@ 57 @-@ m coincidence rangefinder and a 3 @-@ metre ( 9 ft 10 in ) stereo rangefinder . The rangefinder above the conning tower was replaced by a duplex unit carrying two 4 @.@ 57 @-@ m rangefinders and another 4 @.@ 57 @-@ m rangefinder was added in an armoured hood next to the main mast . Two directors for the secondary guns were added on the navigation bridge , each with a 2 @-@ metre ( 6 ft 7 in ) coincidence rangefinder . A 8 @.@ 2 metres ( 26 ft 11 in ) rangefinder was added to the roof of ' B ' turret , the second one from the bow . Her Mle 1918 AA guns were exchanged for Mle 1922 guns and they were provided with three 1 @.@ 5 @-@ metre ( 4 ft 11 in ) rangefinders , one on top of the duplex unit on the conning tower , one on ' B ' turret and one in the aft superstructure . The 75 @-@ mm guns had a maximum depression of 10 ° and a maximum elevation of 90 ° . They fired a 5 @.@ 93 @-@ kilogram ( 13 @.@ 1 lb ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 850 m / s ( 2 @,@ 800 ft / s ) at a rate of fire of 8 – 18 rounds per minute and had a maximum effective ceiling of 8 @,@ 000 metres ( 26 @,@ 000 ft ) .
She was transferred from the gunnery school to the navigation school in 1937 , before her final refit between 1 April 1937 and 19 September 1938 that removed her torpedo tubes and overhauled her boilers . By 1939 she reverted to her role as a gunnery training ship , but she was ordered to Brest and Quiberon with her sister Paris upon the outbreak of World War II .
= = = World War II = = =
Courbet and her sister Paris formed a Fifth Squadron at the beginning of the war . They were transferred to the Atlantic to continue their training duties without interference . Both ships were ordered restored to operational status on 21 May 1940 by Amiral Mord and they were given six Hotchkiss 13 @.@ 2 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 52 in ) twin machine gun mounts and two single 13 @.@ 2 @-@ mm Browning machine guns at Cherbourg . Courbet was ordered to provide gunfire support to the defenders of Cherbourg against the advancing 7th Panzer Division and covered the evacuation of the town by the Allies , although the lack of spotting aircraft meant that she was not particularly effective in that role .
Courbet sailed for Portsmouth on 20 June . She was seized there , as part of Operation Catapult , by British forces on 3 July and a week later was turned over to the Free French , who used her as a depot and an anti @-@ aircraft ship in Portsmouth until 31 March 1941 when she was disarmed . Up to April 1944 she was deployed as a target ship in Scotland . At Loch Striven she was initially used as a target vessel for the " Highball " trials . " Highball " was a smaller version of " Upkeep " used in the Dambuster Raid . She remained in use as a depot and target ship until she was earmarked for use as a " Gooseberry " breakwater at Sword Beach during the Battle of Normandy . She had to be towed from Weymouth on 7 June by the British tugboats HMRT Growler and HMRT Samsonia as her engines and boilers had been removed earlier and replaced with concrete . She was scuttled on 9 June and was hit by Neger manned torpedoes during the nights of 15 – 16 and 16 – 17 August . She was scrapped in place after the war .
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= I 'm That Chick =
" I 'm That Chick " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her eleventh studio album , E = MC ² ( 2008 ) . A disco track with influences of R & B , it was written by Carey , Johntá Austin and production duo Stargate ( Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor E. Hermansen ) . It contains elements of a song called " Off the Wall " originally performed by Michael Jackson . Rod Temperton , the songs composer , received a songwriting for " I 'm That Chick " as result . The track was positively received amongst most music critics , many of whom called it the best song on the album and praised is disco composition . Carey performed " I 'm That Chick " on The Hills season premiere party , the 2008 Fashion Rocks , Canadian Idol , and included it on the set @-@ list of her eighth concert tour , The Elusive Chanteuse Show ( 2014 ) . It peaked at number 82 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart .
= = Recording and composition = =
" I 'm That Chick " was written by Mariah Carey , Johntá Austin and production duo Stargate ( Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor E. Hermansen ) for Carey 's eleventh studio album , E = MC ² ( 2008 ) . It was produced by Carey for Maroon Entertainment and by Stargate on behalf of Delirious Blacksmith Management Ltd . Copyright is held by Rye Songs which is administered by Songs of Universal ( BMI ) / Zomba Songs / Sony ATV Publishing Ltd . / EMI Music Publishing / Naked Under My Clothes / Chrysalis Music ( ASCAP ) . The song contains elements of " Off the Wall " , written by Rod Temperton in 1980 and originally performed by Michael Jackson . Temperton received as songwriting credit as a result . " Off the Wall " is published by RodSongs and administered by Almo Music Corp ( ASCAP ) . The track was recorded by Eriksen and Brian Garten at Roc the Mic Studios in New York City and Honeysouth Studios in Miami , and mixed by Phil Tan for Riotproof Productions Ltd. at Soapbox Studios in Atlanta . Tan was assisted Josh Houghkirk , All instrumentation was provided for and performed by Eriksen and Hermansen . Carey performed background vocals along with Johnson and MaryAnn Tatum .
It is a disco song with R & B influences The Guardian 's Alex Macpherson noted that the R & B element borrowed from 2008 trend in the genre of using a time signature of 44 . He thought that the disco style of the song was reminiscent of some of Carey 's compositions in the beginning of her career , and believed that it was not a coincidence that Carey 's album shares its name with one released by Giorgio Moroder , a disco and EDM DJ and producer , 1979 . Carey employs a " gritty " but " effortless " " feathery vocal approach " on the track , similar to that of Jackson 's on " Off the Wall " .
= = Reception = =
Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe declared " I 'm That Chick " as the best track on the album . PopMatters writer Evan Sawdey wrote " the few times that she is handed a truly effortless stunner on E = MC2 , she absolutely knocks it out of the park " with regard to " I 'm That Chick " and " Side Effects " . He continued to write that the former " could very well be the disc ’ s highlight " , but felt that Carey sounded like an unknown popstar . However , Jayanthi Daniels of The New York Sun was critical of " I 'm That Chick " as well as " Side Effects " , describing them as " throwaway pop tracks " on a hip @-@ hop album . The Advocate 's Sara Levy called described the track as " irresistible " and a " coy surprise " , while Nick Levine of Digital Spy similarly wrote that it is " irresistible disco candy . " Joey Guerra from the Houston Chronicle felt that the " Off the Wall " sample " breathed life " into the track , writing that the only things which are missing are " roller skates and short @-@ shorts " . Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine gave a detailed evaluation of the song 's composition , comparing it to Carey 's 2001 soundtrack album Glitter and to Janet Jackson 's 2008 song " Feeback " :
'I 'm That Chick ' is a retro treatsicle in the best , most Glitter @-@ iest sense . It 's pinker than Pepto @-@ Bismol and just as soothing , and for whatever reason , Mariah 's fudged enunciation on the chorus turns ' I 'm that chick you like ' into ' I 'll have chicken , lite . ' The triumph of the song is that , when all of our dance @-@ floor divas these days seem to throw one disco @-@ descendant banger on their otherwise hip @-@ hop @-@ hybrid LPs almost out of obligation , ' I 'm That Chick ' doesn 't feel even as tokenistic as Janet 's ' Feedback ' ( which I like more , but only out of context ) .
= = Live performances = =
On March 25 , 2008 , Carey was featured as the special guest performer at The Hills season premiere party , an event marking the start of a span of ten episodes airing in between season three and four . Carey performed " Touch My Body " , " I 'm That Chick " and " We Belong Together " . After the performance , Carey received strong praise from the program 's cast members , with Lauren Conrad saying " I 've always been a huge Mariah fan , and she 's just so beautiful and talented ' , while Whitney Port and Audrina Patridge referred to Carey as " an amazing singer " , while claiming to have listened to her music from a young age . On July 22 , 2008 , Carey was announced as one of the performers at the 2008 Fashion Rocks ceremony . At the event on September 6 , 2008 , the event opened with a live performance of " Just Stand Up " , a charity single in which Carey partook alongside other female artists including Carrie Underwood . Carey later performed " I 'm That Chick " alongside several male dancers , opening the song with a spontaneous a cappella of the track 's chorus to positive critical response . A writer from Marie Claire complimented the performance , describing the rendition as " true glamtastic Mariah style " . A few days later , Carey reprised her performance of " I 'm That Chick " on Canadian Idol , along with " We Belong Together " . The track was included on the set @-@ list Carey 's eighth concert tour The Elusive Chanteuse Show in 2014 .
= = Charts = =
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= Expo 67 =
The 1967 International and Universal Exposition or Expo 67 , as it was commonly known , was a general exhibition , Category One World 's Fair held in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , from April 27 to October 29 , 1967 . It is considered to be the most successful World 's Fair of the 20th century with the most attendees to that date and 62 nations participating . It also set the single @-@ day attendance record for a world 's fair , with 569 @,@ 500 visitors on its third day .
Expo 67 was Canada 's main celebration during its centennial year . The fair had been intended to be held in Moscow , to help the Soviet Union celebrate the Russian Revolution 's 50th anniversary ; however , for various reasons , the Soviets decided to cancel , and Canada was awarded it in late 1962 .
The project was not well supported in Canada at first . It took the determination of Montreal 's mayor , Jean Drapeau , and a new team of managers to guide it past political , physical and temporal hurdles . Defying a computer analysis that said it could not be done , the fair opened on time .
After Expo 67 ended in October 1967 , the site and most of the pavilions continued on as an exhibition called Man and His World , open during the summer months from 1968 until 1984 . By that time , most of the buildings — which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition — had deteriorated and were dismantled . Today , the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use , with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1956 , but it was in 1958 that Conservative Senator Mark Drouin suggested during his speech at the Brussels Exhibition that Canada should host a World Exhibition to celebrate its centennial . The exposition was offered first to Toronto but politicians there rejected the idea . However , Montreal 's mayor , Sarto Fournier , backed the proposal , allowing Canada to make a bid to the Bureau International des Expositions ( BIE ) . At the BIE 's May 5 , 1960 meeting in Paris , Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria 's and then Canada 's bids . In April 1962 , the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair because of financial constraints and security concerns . Montreal 's new mayor , Jean Drapeau , lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair , which they did . On November 13 , 1962 , the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada , and Expo 67 went on to become the fourth @-@ best attended BIE @-@ sanctioned world expositions , after Shanghai , Osaka , and Paris .
Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds . One location that was considered was Mount Royal Park , to the north of the downtown core . But it was Drapeau 's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river , and to enlarge the existing Saint Helen 's Island . The choice overcame opposition from Montreal 's surrounding municipalities , and also prevented land speculation .
= = = Key people = = =
Expo did not get off to a smooth start ; in 1963 , many top organizing committee officials resigned . The main reason for the resignations was Mayor Drapeau 's choice of the site on new islands to be created around the existing St. Helen 's Island and also that a computer program predicted that the event could not possibly be constructed in time . Another more likely reason for the mass resignations was that on April 22 , 1963 , the federal Liberal government of Prime Minister Lester Pearson took power . This meant that former Prime Minister John Diefenbaker 's Progressive Conservative government appointees to the board of directors of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition were likely forced to resign .
Canadian diplomat Pierre Dupuy was named Commissioner General , after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963 . One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo . Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries , spending more time abroad than in Canada . Dupuy 's ' right @-@ hand ' man was Robert Fletcher Shaw , the deputy commissioner general and vice @-@ president of the corporation . He also replaced a Diefenbaker appointee , C.F. Carsley , Deputy Commissioner General . Shaw was a professional engineer and builder , and is widely credited for the total building of the Exhibition . Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager . The management group became known as Les Durs - the tough guys - and they were in charge of creating , building and managing Expo . Les Durs consisted of : Jean @-@ Claude Delorme , Legal Counsel and Secretary of the Corporation ; Dale Rediker , Director of Finances ; Colonel Edward Churchill , Director of Installations ; Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien , Director of Operations , dubbed " The Mayor of Expo " ; Pierre de Bellefeuille , Director of Exhibitors ; and Yves Jasmin , Director of Information , Advertising and Public Relations . To this group the chief architect Édouard Fiset was added . All ten were honoured by the Canadian government as recipients of the Order of Canada , Companions for Dupuy and Shaw , Officers for the others .
Jasmin wrote a book , in French , La petite histoire d 'Expo 67 , about his 45 @-@ month experience at Expo and created the Expo 67 Foundation ( available on the web site under that name ) to commemorate the event for future generations .
As historian Pierre Berton put it , the cooperation between Canada 's French- and English @-@ speaking communities " was the secret of Expo 's success — ' the Québécois flair , the English @-@ Canadian pragmatism . ' " However , Berton also points out that this is an over @-@ simplification of national stereotypes . Arguably Expo did , for a short period anyway , bridge the ' Two Solitudes.'
= = = Montebello conference produces theme = = =
In May 1963 , a group of prominent Canadian thinkers — including Alan Jarvis , director of the National Gallery of Canada ; novelists Hugh MacLennan and Gabrielle Roy ; J. Tuzo Wilson , geophysicist ; and Claude Robillard , town planner — met for three days at the Seigneury Club in Montebello , Quebec . The theme , " Man and His World " , was based on the 1939 book entitled Terre des Hommes ( translated as Wind , Sand and Stars ) by Antoine de Saint @-@ Exupéry . In Roy 's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation 's book , entitled Terre des Hommes / Man and His World , she elucidates the theme :
In Terre des Hommes , his haunting book , so filled with dreams and hopes for the future , Antoine de Saint @-@ Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when , flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina , he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain . They " twinkled here and there , alone like stars .... " In truth , being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others . It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress . Without this inevitable solitude , would there be any fusion at all , any tenderness between human beings . Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity , Saint @-@ Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning ; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67 , a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form .
The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World :
Du Pont Auditorium of Canada : The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall .
Habitat 67
Labyrinth
Man and his Health
Man in the Community
Man the Explorer : Man , his Planet and Space ; Man and Life ; Man and the Oceans ; Man and the Polar Regions
Man the Creator : The Gallery of Fine Arts ; Contemporary Sculpture ; Industrial Design ; Photography .
Man the Producer : Resources for Man ; Man in Control ; Progress .
Man the Provider
= = = Construction begins = = =
Construction started on August 13 , 1963 , with an elaborate ceremony hosted by Mayor Drapeau on barges anchored in the St. Lawrence River . Ceremonially , construction began when Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson pulled a lever that signalled a front @-@ end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge Saint Helen 's Island , and Quebec premier Jean Lesage spread the fill with a bulldozer . The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the Montreal Metro 's excavations , a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal . Expo 's initial construction period mainly centred on enlarging Saint Helen 's Island , creating the artificial island of Notre Dame Island and lengthening and enlarging the Mackay Pier which became the Cité du Havre . While construction continued , the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet . After the final mounds of earth completed the islands , the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20 , 1964 . This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day . To get Expo built in time , Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the critical path method ( CPM ) . On April 28 , 1967 , opening day , everything was ready , with one exception : Habitat 67 , which was then displayed as a work in progress .
Building and enlarging the islands , along with the new Concorde Bridge built to connect them with the site @-@ specific mass transit system known as the Montreal Expo Express , plus a boat pier , cost more than the Saint Lawrence Seaway project did only five years earlier : this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed . With the initial phase of construction completed , it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected . In the fall of 1963 , Expo 's general manager , Andrew Kniewasser , presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $ 167 million for construction : it would balloon to over $ 439 million by 1967 . The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson 's federal cabinet , passing by one vote , and then it was officially submitted on December 23 , 1963 .
= = = Logo = = =
The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert . The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man . Two of the symbols ( pictograms of " man " ) are linked as to represent friendship . The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent " friendship around the world " . The logotype is lower @-@ case Optima font . It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians , as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the Canadian House of Commons .
= = = Theme songs = = =
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by Stéphane Venne and was titled : " Hey Friend , Say Friend / Un Jour , Un Jour " . Complaints were made about the suitability of the song , as its lyrics mentioned neither Montreal nor Expo 67 . The song was selected from an international competition with over 2 @,@ 200 entries from 35 countries .
However , the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by Bobby Gimby , a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune " Ca @-@ na @-@ da " . Gimby earned the name the " Pied Piper of Canada " .
The theme song " Something to Sing About " , used for the Canadian pavilion , had been written for a 1963 television special . The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song : " A Place to Stand , A Place to Grow " , which has evolved to become an unofficial theme song for the province .
= = = Expo opens = = =
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon , April 27 , 1967 . The ceremonies were an invitation @-@ only event , held at Place des Nations . Canada 's Governor General , Roland Michener , proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson . On hand were over 7 @,@ 000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state . Over 1 @,@ 000 reporters covered the event , broadcast in NTSC Colour , live via satellite , to a worldwide audience of over 700 million viewers and listeners .
Expo 67 opened to the public on the morning of Friday , April 28 , 1967 , with a space age @-@ style countdown . A capacity crowd at Place d 'Accueil participated in the atomic clock @-@ controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9 : 30 a.m. EST . An estimated crowd of between 310 @,@ 000 and 335 @,@ 000 visitors showed up for opening day , as opposed to the expected crowd of 200 @,@ 000 . The first person through the Expo gates at Place d 'Accueil was Al Carter , a 41 @-@ year @-@ old jazz drummer from Chicago , who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67 's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien . Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat .
On opening day , there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion . The dresses had been designed to the then @-@ new miniskirt style , popularized a year earlier by Mary Quant .
In conjunction with the opening of Expo 67 , the Canadian Post Office Department issued a 5 ¢ stamp commemorating the fair , designed by Harvey Thomas Prosser .
= = = Entertainment , Ed Sullivan Show , and VIPs = = =
The World Festival of Art and Entertainment at Expo 67 featured art galleries , opera , ballet and theatre companies , orchestras , jazz groups , famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions . Many pavilions had music and performance stages , where visitors could find free concerts and shows . Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues : Place des Arts , Expo Theatre , Place des Nations , La Ronde , and Automotive Stadium .
The La Ronde amusement park was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair . Most of its rides and booths were permanent . When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly , at around 10 : 00 p.m. , visitors could still visit La Ronde , which closed at 2 : 30 a.m.
In addition , The Ed Sullivan Show was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67 . Stars on the shows included America 's The Supremes , Britain 's Petula Clark and Australia 's The Seekers .
Another attraction was the Canadian Armed Forces Tattoo 1967 at the Autostad in Montreal .
The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day , including Canada 's monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , Lyndon B. Johnson , Princess Grace of Monaco , Jacqueline Kennedy , Robert F. Kennedy , Ethiopia 's emperor Haile Selassie , Charles de Gaulle , Bing Crosby , Harry Belafonte , Maurice Chevalier , Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and Marlene Dietrich . Musicians like Thelonious Monk , Grateful Dead , Tiny Tim , The Tokens and Jefferson Airplane entertained the crowds .
= = = Problems = = =
Despite its successes , there were problems : Front de libération du Québec militants had threatened to disrupt the exhibition , but were inactive during this period . Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day , April 28 . American President Lyndon B. Johnson 's visit became a focus of war protesters . Threats that the Cuba pavilion would be destroyed by anti @-@ Castro forces were not carried out . In June , the Arab @-@ Israeli conflict in the Middle East flared up again in the Six Day War , which resulted in Kuwait pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war . The president of France , Charles De Gaulle , caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words " Vive Montréal ... Vive le Québec ... Vive le Québec Libre ! "
In September , the most serious problem turned out to be a 30 @-@ day transit strike . By the end of July , estimates predicted that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors , but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures , just as the fair was cruising to its conclusion . Another major problem , beyond the control of Expo 's management , was guest accommodation and lodging . Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area , which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with , rather than traditional hotels or motels . The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests . Unfortunately for some visitors , they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade . Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority . Still , Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments . But overall , a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain .
= = = Expo ends = = =
Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon , October 29 , 1967 . The fair had been scheduled to close two days earlier , however a two @-@ day extension granted by the International Exhibitions Bureau allowed it to continue over the weekend . On the final day 221 @,@ 554 visitors added to the more than 50 million ( 50 @,@ 306 @,@ 648 ) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada 's population was only 20 million , setting a per @-@ capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands . Starting at 2 : 00 p.m. , Expo Commissioner General Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony , in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions , and over the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised , with Canada 's flag lowered first and Nigeria 's lowered last . After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame , Governor General Michener closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell : " It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end . " All rides and the minirail were shut down by 3 : 50 p.m. , and the Expo grounds closed at 4 : 00 p.m. , with the last Expo Express train leaving for Place d 'Accueil at that time . A fireworks display , that went on for an hour , was Expo 's concluding event .
Expo performed better financially than expected . Expo was intended to have a deficit , shared between the federal , provincial and municipal levels of government . Significantly better @-@ than @-@ expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates . The final financial statistics , in 1967 Canadian dollars , were : revenues of $ 221 @,@ 239 @,@ 872 , costs of $ 431 @,@ 904 @,@ 683 , and a deficit of $ 210 @,@ 664 @,@ 811 .
= = Pavilions = =
Expo 67 featured 90 pavilions representing Man and His World themes , nations , corporations , and industries including the U.S. pavilion , a geodesic dome designed by Buckminster Fuller . Expo 67 also featured the Habitat 67 modular housing complex designed by architect Moshe Safdie , which was later purchased by private individuals and is still occupied .
The most popular pavilion was the Soviet Union 's exhibit . It attracted about 13 million visitors . Rounding out the top five pavilions , in terms of attendance were : the Canadian Pavilion ( 11 million visitors ) , the United States ( 9 million ) , France ( 8 @.@ 5 million ) , and Czechoslovakia ( 8 million ) .
The participating countries were
Countries conspicuously absent were Spain , South Africa , the People 's Republic of China , and many South American countries .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Man and His World ( 1968 @-@ 1984 ) = = =
After 1967 , the exposition struggled for several summer seasons as a standing collection of international pavilions known as " Man and His World " . However , as attendance declined , the physical condition of the site deteriorated , and less and less of it was open to the public . After the 1971 season , the entire Notre Dame Island site closed and three years later completely rebuilt around the new rowing and canoe sprint ( then flatwater canoeing ) basin for Montreal 's 1976 Summer Olympics . Space for the basin , the boathouses , the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals .
In 1976 , a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of Buckminster Fuller 's dome , and the previous year the Ontario pavilion was gutted by a major fire . With the site falling into disrepair , and several pavilions left abandoned and vandalized , it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city .
In 1980 the Notre Dame Island site was reopened ( primarily for the Floralies ) making both islands simultaneously accessible again , albeit only for a brief time . Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion ( and continued even several years beyond ) . After the 1981 season , the Saint Helen 's Island site permanently closed , shutting out the majority of attractions . Man and His World was able to continue in a limited fashion with the small number of pavilions left standing on Notre Dame Island . However , the few remaining original exhibits closed permanently in 1984 .
= = = Park and surviving relics = = =
After the Man and His World summer exhibitions were discontinued , with most pavilions and remnants demolished between 1985 and 1986 , the former site for Expo 67 on Saint Helen 's Island and Notre Dame Island was incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal . In 2000 , the park was renamed from Parc des Îles to Parc Jean @-@ Drapeau , after Mayor Jean Drapeau , who had brought the exhibition to Montreal . In 2006 , the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the Société du parc des Îles to the Société du parc Jean @-@ Drapeau . Two prominent buildings remain in use on the former Expo grounds : the American pavilion 's metal @-@ lattice skeleton from its Buckminster Fuller dome , now enclosing an environmental sciences museum called the Montreal Biosphère ; and Habitat 67 , now a condominium residence . Also , the French and Quebec pavilions now form the Montreal Casino . La Toundra Hall is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion . It is now a special events hall with dining facilities available , while another part of the pavilion serves as the administration building of Parc Jean @-@ Drapeau ( Katimavik 's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s ) .
Place des Nations , where the opening and closing ceremonies were held , remains however in an abandoned and deteriorating state . The Jamaican , Tunisian and Korean pavilion ( roof only ) and the CIBC banking centre also survive . In Cite du Havre the Expo Theatre , Administration and Fine Arts buildings remain . Other remaining structures include sculptures , lampposts and landscaping . The Montreal Metro subway station Berri Uqam still has a " Man and His World " logo and welcome sign above the pedestrian tunnel entrance to the yellow line . La Ronde survives , and since 2001 it has been leased to the New York amusement park company Six Flags . The Alcan Aquarium built for the Expo remained in operation for a number of decades until its closure in 1991 . The Expo 67 parking lot was converted into Victoria STOLport , an experimental short @-@ take off airport for a brief time in the 1970s .
Another attraction on today 's Notre Dame Island site is the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve race track that is used for the Canadian Grand Prix . The Olympic basin is used by many local rowing clubs . A beach was built on the shores of the remaining artificial lake . There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Saint Helen 's Island and the western tip of Notre Dame Island . The site has been used for a number of events such as a BIE @-@ sponsored international botanical festival , Les floralies . The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature . The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also .
= = = Expo 's lasting effects = = =
In a political and cultural context , Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history . In 1968 , as a salute to the cultural impact the exhibition had on the city , Montreal 's Major League baseball team , the Expos ( now the Washington Nationals ) , was named after the event . 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest Charles De Gaulle , on July 24 , addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words : " Vive Montréal ... Vive le Québec ... Vive le Québec Libre ! " ( See Vive le Québec libre speech ) . De Gaulle was rebutted in Ottawa by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson : " Canadians do not need to be liberated , Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity . " In the years that followed , the tensions between the English- and French @-@ speaking communities would continue . As an early 21st @-@ century homage to the fair , satirists Bowser and Blue wrote a full @-@ length musical set at Expo 67 called The Paris of America , which ran for six sold @-@ out weeks at Centaur Theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003 .
Expo 67 was one of the most successful World Exhibitions , and is still regarded fondly by Canadians . In Montreal , 1967 is often referred to as " the last good year " before economic decline , Quebec sovereignism ( seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint ) , deteriorating infrastructure and political apathy became common . In this way , it has much in common with the 1964 @-@ 65 New York World 's Fair . In 2007 , a new group , Expo 17 , was looking to bring a smaller @-@ scale — BIE sanctioned — exposition to Montreal for Expo 67 's 50th anniversary and Canada 's sesquicentennial in 2017 . Expo 17 hoped a new world 's fair would regenerate the spirit of Canada 's landmark centennial project .
= = In popular culture = =
• An episode of the 1970s television series Battlestar Galactica , " Greetings from Earth Part 2 " , was filmed at the Expo site in 1979 . The Expo structures were used to represent a city on an alien world where the people had all been killed by a long @-@ ago war .
• The 1979 film Quintet , was shot entirely on the site of Expo during winter months , using abandoned pavilions and other ruins to portray a post @-@ apocalyptic landscape .
= = = Multimedia = = =
CBC Archives A look at the transit labour strike ( audio )
CBC Digital Archives - Expo 67 : Montreal Welcomes the World
Expo 67 - A Virtual Experience , from the website of Library and Archives Canada
Historica Minutes TV Commercial Canadian Heritage
Impressions of Expo 67 , National Film Board of Canada
= = = Other websites = = =
The Expo 67 Foundation
Expo 67 in Montreal 's extensive photo collection about the fair
Photos of 140 pavilions at Expo 67
Architecture at Expo 67
Everything you want to know about the Expo 67
The Films of Expo 67 , from Time magazine
Canadian Film Encyclopedia : Films at Expo 67
Expo 67 at ExpoMuseum
Australia at Expo 67 Montreal
Expo 67 in Montreal photo collection and links
The Expo 67 miscellany collection at Hagley Museum and Library includes a variety of publications and ephemera associated with the 1967 International and Universal Exposition .
Expo ' 67 records , 1967 , held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division , New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
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= British Aerospace Sea Harrier =
The British Aerospace Sea Harrier is a naval short take @-@ off and vertical landing / vertical take @-@ off and landing jet fighter , reconnaissance and attack aircraft ; the second member of the Harrier Jump Jet family developed . It first entered service with the Royal Navy in April 1980 as the Sea Harrier FRS1 and became informally known as the " Shar " . Unusual in an era in which most naval and land @-@ based air superiority fighters were large and supersonic , the principal role of the subsonic Sea Harrier was to provide air defence of Royal Navy aircraft carriers .
The Sea Harrier served in the Falklands War , both of the Gulf Wars , and the Balkans conflicts ; on all occasions it mainly operated from aircraft carriers positioned within the conflict zone . Its usage in the Falklands War was its most high profile and important success , where it was the only fixed @-@ wing fighter available to protect the British Task Force . The Sea Harriers shot down 20 enemy aircraft during the conflict with one lost to enemy ground fire . They were also used to launch ground attacks in the same manner as the Harriers operated by the Royal Air Force .
The Sea Harrier was marketed for sales abroad , but by 1983 India was the only operator other than Britain after sales to Argentina and Australia were unsuccessful . A second , updated version for the Royal Navy was made in 1993 as the Sea Harrier FA2 , improving its air @-@ to @-@ air abilities and weapons compatibilities , along with a more powerful engine ; this version continued manufacture until 1998 . The aircraft was withdrawn from service early by the Royal Navy in 2006 . The Sea Harrier remained in service for another decade with the Indian Navy until its retirement in 2016 thus ending the career of the historic British jet .
= = Development = =
In the post @-@ war era , the Royal Navy began contracting in parallel with the break @-@ up of the British Empire overseas and the emergence of the Commonwealth of Nations , reducing the need for a larger navy . By 1960 , the last battleship , HMS Vanguard , was retired from the Navy , having been in service for less than fifteen years . Perhaps the biggest sign of the new trend towards naval austerity came in 1966 , when the planned CVA @-@ 01 class of large aircraft carriers destined for the Royal Navy was cancelled . During this time , requirements within the Royal Navy began to form for a vertical and / or short take @-@ off and landing ( V / STOL ) carrier @-@ based interceptor to replace the de Havilland Sea Vixen . Afterward , the first V / STOL tests on a ship began with a Hawker Siddeley P.1127 landing on HMS Ark Royal in 1963 .
A second concept for the future of naval aviation emerged in the early 1970s as the first of a new class of " through deck cruisers " was planned . These were very carefully and politically designated as cruisers to deliberately avoid the term " aircraft carrier " , in order to increase the chances of funding from a hostile political climate against expensive capital ships , they were considerably smaller than the previously sought CVA @-@ 01 . These ships were ordered as the Invincible class in 1973 , and are now popularly recognised as aircraft carriers . Almost immediately upon their construction , a ski @-@ jump was added to the end of the 170 @-@ metre deck , enabling the carriers to effectively operate a small number of V / STOL jets . The Royal Air Force 's Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR1s had entered service in April 1969 . A navalised variant of the Harrier was developed by Hawker Siddeley to serve on the upcoming ships , this became the Sea Harrier . In 1975 , the Royal Navy ordered 24 Sea Harrier FRS.1 ( standing for ' Fighter , Reconnaissance , Strike ' ) aircraft , the first of which entered service in 1978 . During this time Hawker Siddeley became part of British Aerospace through nationalisation in 1977 . By the time the prototype Sea Harrier was flown at Dunsfold on 20 August 1978 the order had been increased to 34 . The Sea Harrier was declared operational in 1981 on board the first Invincible class ship HMS Invincible , and further aircraft joined the ageing HMS Hermes aircraft carrier later that year .
Following their key role in the 1982 Falklands War , several lessons were learned from the aircraft 's performance , which led to approval for an upgrade of the fleet to FRS.2 ( later known as FA2 ) standard to be given in 1984 . The first flight of the prototype took place in September 1988 and a contract was signed for 29 upgraded aircraft in December that year . In 1990 , the Navy ordered 18 new @-@ build FA2s , at a unit cost of around £ 12 million , four further upgraded aircraft were ordered in 1994 . The first aircraft was delivered on 2 April 1993 .
= = Design = =
The Sea Harrier is a subsonic aircraft designed to fill strike , reconnaissance and fighter roles . It features a single Rolls @-@ Royce Pegasus turbofan engine with two intakes and four vectorable nozzles . It has two landing gear on the fuselage and two outrigger landing gear on the wings . The Sea Harrier is equipped with four wing and three fuselage pylons for carrying weapons and external fuel tanks . Use of the ski jump allowed the aircraft to take off from a short flight deck with a heavier loadout than otherwise possible , although it can also take off like a conventional loaded fighter without thrust vectoring from a normal airport runway .
The Sea Harrier was largely based on the Harrier GR3 , but was modified to have a raised cockpit with a " bubble " canopy for greater visibility , and an extended forward fuselage to accommodate the Ferranti Blue Fox radar . Parts were changed to use corrosion resistant alloys or coatings were added to protect against the marine environment . After the Falklands War , the Sea Harrier was fitted with the new anti @-@ ship Sea Eagle missile .
The Sea Harrier FA2 featured the Blue Vixen radar , which was described as one of the most advanced pulse doppler radar systems in the world ; the Blue Fox radar was seen by some critics as having comparatively low performance for what was available at the time of procurement . The Blue Vixen formed the basis for development of the Eurofighter Typhoon 's CAPTOR radar . The Sea Harrier FA2 also carried the AIM @-@ 120 AMRAAM missile , the first UK aircraft to be provided with this capability . An upgraded model of the Pegasus engine , the Pegasus Mk 106 , was used in the Sea Harrier FA2 ; in response to the threat of radar @-@ based anti aircraft weapons electronic countermeasures were added . Other improvements included an increase to the air @-@ to @-@ air weapons load , look @-@ down radar , increased range , and improved cockpit displays .
The cockpit in the Sea Harrier includes a conventional centre stick arrangement and left @-@ hand throttle . In addition to normal flight controls , the Harrier has a lever for controlling the direction of the four vectorable nozzles . The nozzles point rearward with the lever in the forward position for horizontal flight . With the lever back , the nozzles point downward for vertical takeoff or landing . The usefulness of the vertical landing capability of the Sea Harrier was demonstrated in an incident on 6 June 1983 , when Sub Lieutenant Ian Watson lost contact with the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious and had to land Sea Harrier ZA176 on the foredeck of the Spanish cargo ship Alraigo .
In 2005 , although already timetabled to be retired , a Sea Harrier was modified with an ' Autoland ' system to allow the fighter to perform a safe vertical landing without any pilot interaction . Despite the pitching of a ship posing a natural problem , the system was designed to be aware of such data , and successfully performed a landing at sea in May 2005 .
= = Operational history = =
= = = Royal Navy = = =
= = = = Entry into service = = = =
The first three Sea Harriers were a development batch and were used for clearance trials . The first production aircraft was delivered to RNAS Yeovilton in 1979 to form an Intensive Flying Trials Unit ( also known as 700A Naval Air Squadron ) . In March 1980 the Intensive Flying Trials Unit became 899 Naval Air Squadron and would act as the landborne headquarters unit for the type . The first operational squadron 800 Naval Air Squadron was also formed in March 1980 initially to operate from HMS Invincible before it transferred to HMS Hermes . In January 1981 , a second operation squadron 801 Naval Air Squadron was formed to operate from HMS Invincible .
= = = = Falklands War = = = =
Sea Harriers took part in the Falklands War of 1982 , flying from the aircraft carriers HMS Invincible and HMS Hermes . The Sea Harriers performed the primary air defence role with a secondary role of ground attack ; the RAF Harrier GR3 provided the main ground attack force . A total of 28 Sea Harriers and 14 Harrier GR3s were deployed in the theatre . The Sea Harrier squadrons shot down 20 Argentine aircraft in air @-@ to @-@ air combat with no air @-@ to @-@ air losses , although two Sea Harriers were lost to ground fire and four to accidents . Out of the total Argentine air losses , 28 % were shot down by Harriers .
A number of factors contributed to the failure of the Argentinian fighters to shoot down a Sea Harrier . Although the Mirage III and Dagger jets were faster , the Sea Harrier was considerably more manoeuvrable . Moreover , the Harrier employed the latest AIM @-@ 9L Sidewinder missiles and the Blue Fox radar . Contrary to contemporary reports that " viffing " proved decisive in dogfights , the maneuver was not used by RN pilots in the Falklands as it was only used in emergencies against enemies unfamiliar with the aircraft . The British pilots had superior air @-@ combat training , one manifestation of which was that they thought they noticed Argentinian pilots occasionally releasing weapons outside of their operating parameters . This is now thought to have been Mirages releasing external fuel tanks rather than weapons , and turning away from conflict with the Sea Harrier . This later reduced their capability to fight an effective campaign against the Sea Harrier due to reduced range and lack of external fuel tanks .
British aircraft received fighter control from warships in San Carlos Water , although its effectiveness was limited by their being stationed close to the islands , which severely limited the effectiveness of their radar . The differences in tactics and training between 800 Squadron and 801 Squadron has been a point of criticism , suggesting that the losses of several ships were preventable had Sea Harriers from Hermes been used more effectively .
Both sides ' aircraft were operating in adverse conditions . Argentine aircraft were forced to operate from the mainland because airfields on the Falklands were only suited for propellor @-@ driven transports . In addition , fears partly aroused by the bombing of Port Stanley airport by a British Vulcan bomber added to the Argentinians ' decision to operate them from afar . As most Argentine aircraft lacked in @-@ flight refuelling capability , they were forced to operate at the limit of their range . The Sea Harriers also had limited fuel reserves due to the tactical decision to station the British carriers out of Exocet missile range and the dispersal of the fleet . The result was that an Argentine aircraft could only allow five minutes over the islands to search and attack an objective , while a Sea Harrier could stay near to 30 minutes waiting in the Argentine approach corridors and provide Combat Air Patrol coverage for up to an hour .
The Sea Harriers were outnumbered by the available Argentinian aircraft , and were on occasion decoyed away by the activities of the Escuadrón Fénix or civilian jet aircraft used by the Argentine Air Force . They had to operate without a fleet early warning system such as AWACS that would have been available to a full NATO fleet in which the Royal Navy had expected to operate , which was a significant weakness in the operational environment . However , it is now known that Chile did provide early radar warning to the Task Force . The result was that the Sea Harriers could not establish complete air superiority and prevent Argentine attacks during day or night , nor could they completely stop the daily C @-@ 130 Hercules transports ' night flights to the islands . A total of six Sea Harriers were lost during the war to either enemy fire , accidents or mechanical failure . The total aggregate loss rate for both the Harriers and Sea Harriers on strike operations was 2 @.@ 3 % .
= = = = Operations in the 1990s = = = =
The Sea Harrier saw action in war again when it was deployed in the 1992 – 1995 conflict in Bosnia , part of the Yugoslav Wars . It launched raids on Serb forces and provided air @-@ support for the international taskforce units conducting Operations Deny Flight and Deliberate Force against the Army of Republika Srpska . On 16 April 1994 , a Sea Harrier of the 801 Naval Air Squadron , operating from the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal , was brought down by a Igla @-@ 1 surface @-@ to @-@ air missile fired by the Army of Republika Srpska while attempting to bomb two Bosnian Serb tanks . The pilot , Lieutenant Nick Richardson , ejected and landed in territory controlled by friendly Bosnian Muslims .
It was used again in the 1999 NATO campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in Operation Allied Force , Sea Harriers which operated from HMS Invincible frequently patrolled the airspace to keep Yugoslavian MiGs on the ground . They were also deployed to Sierra Leone on board HMS Illustrious in 2000 , which was itself part of a Royal Navy convoy to supply and reinforce British intervention forces in the region .
= = = = Retirement = = = =
The Sea Harrier was withdrawn from service in 2006 and the last remaining aircraft from 801 Naval Air Squadron were decommissioned on 29 March 2006 . The plans for retirement were announced in 2002 by the Ministry of Defence . The aircraft 's replacement , the F @-@ 35 Lightning II , was originally due in 2012 , the MoD arguing that significant expenditure would be required to upgrade the fleet for only six years of service . By March 2010 , the F @-@ 35 's introduction had been pushed back to 2016 at the earliest , with the price doubled . The decision to retire the Sea Harrier early has been criticised by some officers within the military .
Both versions of Harrier experienced reduced engine performance ( Pegasus Mk 106 in FA2 – Mk 105 in GR7 ) in the higher ambient temperatures of the Middle East , which restricted the weight of payload that the Harrier could return to the carrier in ' vertical ' recoveries . This was due to the safety factors associated with aircraft " land @-@ on " weights . The option to install higher @-@ rated Pegasus engines would not have been as straightforward as on the Harrier GR7 upgrade and would have likely been an expensive and slow process . Furthermore , the Sea Harriers were subject to a generally more hostile environment than land @-@ based Harriers , with corrosive salt spray a particular problem . A number of aircraft were retained by the School of Flight Deck Operations at RNAS Culdrose .
The Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm would continue to share the other component of Joint Force Harrier . Harrier GR7 and the upgraded Harrier GR9 were transferred to Royal Navy squadrons in 2006 , but were retired prematurely a few years later due to budget cuts . The UK plans to purchase the STOVL F @-@ 35B to be operated from the Royal Navy 's Future Queen Elizabeth @-@ class aircraft carrier . Although withdrawn from active Royal Navy service , Sea Harriers are used to train naval aircraft handlers at the Royal Navy School of Flight Deck Operations .
= = = Indian Navy = = =
In 1977 , the Indian government approved of plans to acquire the Sea Harrier for the Indian Navy ; prior to this , rumours reportedly were circulating of a potential Indian purchase of the Soviet V / STOL @-@ capable Yak @-@ 36 . The BAE Sea Hawk was phased out from the Indian Navy in 1978 , in preparation for the purchase of Sea Harriers . In November 1979 , India placed its first order for six Sea Harrier FRS Mk 51 fighters and two T Mk 60 Trainers ; the first three Sea Harriers arrived at Dabolim Airport on 16 December 1983 , and were inducted the same year . Ten more Sea Harriers were purchased in November 1985 ; eventually a total of 30 Harriers were procured , 25 for operational use and the remainder as dual @-@ seat trainer aircraft . Until the 1990s , significant portions of pilot training was carried out in Britain due to limited aircraft availability .
The introduction of the Sea Harrier allowed for the retirement of India 's previous carrier fighter aircraft , the Hawker Sea Hawk , as well as for the Navy 's aircraft carrier , INS Vikrant ( ex @-@ HMS Hercules ) , to be extensively modernised between 1987 and 1989 . India has operated Sea Harriers from both the aircraft carriers INS Vikrant and INS Viraat ( ex @-@ HMS Hermes ) . The Sea Harrier allowed several modern missiles to be introduced into naval operations , such as the British anti @-@ ship Sea Eagle missile , and the French Matra Magic missile for air @-@ to @-@ air combat . Other ordnance has included 68 mm rockets , runway @-@ denial bombs , cluster bombs , and podded 30 mm cannons .
There have been a significant number of accidents involving the Sea Harrier ; this accident rate has caused approximately half the fleet to be lost with only 11 fighters remaining in service . Following a crash in August 2009 , all Sea Harriers were temporarily grounded for inspection . Since the beginning of operational service in the Indian Navy , seven pilots have died in 17 crashes involving the Sea Harrier , usually during routine sorties .
In 2006 , the Indian Navy expressed interest in acquiring up to eight of the Royal Navy 's recently retired Sea Harrier FA2s in order to maintain their operational Sea Harrier fleet , Neither the Sea Harrier FA2 's Blue Vixen radar , the radar warning receiver or AMRAAM capability was proposed to be included ; certain US software would be also be uninstalled prior to shipment . By October 2006 , reports emerged that the deal had not materialised due to the cost of airframe refurbishment .
In 2006 , the Indian Navy was in the process of upgrading up to 15 Sea Harriers in collaboration with Israel by installing the Elta EL / M @-@ 2032 radar and the Rafael ' Derby ' medium @-@ range air @-@ to @-@ air BVR missile . This will enable the Sea Harrier to remain in Indian service until beyond 2012 , and also see limited service off the new carriers it will acquire by that time frame . By 2009 , crashes had reduced India 's fleet to 12 ( from original 30 ) . India plans to introduce larger aircraft carriers that can operate Russian MiG @-@ 29K carrier fighters from their flight decks to replace the Sea Harrier .
The Sea Harriers operated from INS Viraat for the last time on 6 March 2016 . On 11 May 2016 , a ceremony was held at INS Hansa , Dabolim , Goa to commemorate the phasing out of Sea Harriers from INAS 300 ( " White Tigers " ) . Sea Harriers and MiG 29Ks performed an air display at the ceremony , marking the final flight of the Sea Harriers in the Indian Navy . INAS 300 subsequently inducted MiG 29K / Kub fighters to replace the retired Sea Harrier fleet .
= = Variants = =
Sea Harrier FRS.1
57 FRS1s were delivered between 1978 and 1988 ; most survivors converted to Sea Harrier FA2 specifications from 1988 .
Sea Harrier FRS.51
Single @-@ seat fighter , reconnaissance and attack aircraft made for the Indian Navy , similar to the British FRS1 . Unlike the FRS1 Sea Harrier , it is fitted with Matra R550 Magic air @-@ to @-@ air missiles . These aircraft were later upgraded with the Elta EL / M @-@ 2032 radar and the Rafael Derby BVRAAM missiles .
Sea Harrier F ( A ) .2
Upgrade of FRS1 fleet in 1988 , featuring the Blue Vixen Pulse @-@ Doppler radar and the AIM @-@ 120 AMRAAM missile .
= = Operators = =
India
Indian Navy
Indian Naval Air Arm ( 1983 @-@ 2016 )
United Kingdom
Royal Navy
Fleet Air Arm ( 1978 – 2006 )
= = Survivors = =
A number of surviving Sea Harrier airframes are held by museums and private owners , and some others are at the Royal Navy School of Flight Deck Operations at RNAS Culdrose . The following is an incomplete list of some of the surviving aircraft .
India
One BAe Sea Harrier FRS 51 ( IN @-@ 621 ) preserved at the Naval Aviation Museum ( India ) in Goa , India .
United Kingdom
Nine Sea Harrier FA2s - XZ440 , ZD579 , ZE690 , ZE692 , ZH797 , ZH798 , ZH802 , ZH803 , ZH813 - are still used by the School of Flight Deck Operations at RNAS Culdrose , as of November 2012
Four Sea Harriers ZD611 , ZH804 and ZH811 are stored at RNAS Culdrose , as of 2012 .
Sea Harrier FA2 ZE694 is exhibited at the Midland Air Museum , Coventry .
Two Sea Harriers , an FRS1 XZ493 / 001 / N and an FA2 ( XZ499 ) are also on public display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton .
Sea Harrier FA2 ZH796 moved to Cosford DSAE in April 2014
Sea Harrier FRS1 / FA2 ZA176 is preserved at the Newark Air Museum
Sea Harrier FRS1 / FA2 XZ457 is restored and on public display at Boscombe Down Aviation Collection
Sea Harrier FA2 ZA195 is displayed at the Tangmere Military Aviation Museum
Sea Harrier FA2 XZ459 is preserved by a private owner near Shoreham Airport .
Sea Harrier T.8 ZD992 was written off in an accident at Yeovilton on 16 November 2000 but was later restored to non @-@ airworthy condition by Everett Aero in Suffolk and is now believed to be privately owned in the Manchester area .
United States
Sea Harrier FA2 serial number XZ439 , Hawker @-@ Siddeley build number 912002 Nalls Aviation St Mary 's County , Maryland . The former Royal Navy Sea Harrier FA2 was purchased in 2006 by Art Nalls , who spent the next two years restoring it to flying condition . In December 2007 , it was damaged in a hard landing , while undergoing testing at Naval Air Station Patuxent River and had to be repaired . The aircraft made its first public appearance at an air show in Culpeper , Virginia in October 2008 . The aircraft is the only privately owned , civilian @-@ flown Harrier in the world . Nalls recently purchased Sea Harrier T.8 ZD993 .
= = Specifications ( Sea Harrier FA2 ) = =
Data from Wilson , Bull , Donald Spick
General characteristics
Crew : 1
Length : 46 ft 6 in ( 14 @.@ 2 m )
Wingspan : 25 ft 3 in ( 7 @.@ 6 m )
Height : 12 ft 2 in ( 3 @.@ 71 m )
Wing area : 201 @.@ 1 ft ² ( 18 @.@ 68 m ² )
Empty weight : 14 @,@ 052 lb ( 6 @,@ 374 kg )
Max. takeoff weight : 26 @,@ 200 lb ( 11 @,@ 900 kg )
Powerplant : 1 × Rolls @-@ Royce Pegasus turbofan , 21 @,@ 500 lbf ( 95 @.@ 64 kN )
Performance
Maximum speed : 635 knots ( 735 mph , 1 @,@ 182 km / h )
Combat radius : 540 nmi ( 620 mi , 1 @,@ 000 km )
Ferry range : 1 @,@ 740 nmi ( 2 @,@ 000 mi , 3 @,@ 600 km )
Service ceiling : 51 @,@ 000 ft ( 16 @,@ 000 m )
Rate of climb : 50 @,@ 000 ft / min ( 250 m / s )
Armament
Guns : 2 × 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 18 in ) ADEN cannon pods under the fuselage , with 130 rounds each
Hardpoints : 4 × under @-@ wing pylon stations , and 1 fuselage pylon on centerline plus 2 attach points for gun pods with a total capability of 8 @,@ 000 lb ( 3 @,@ 630 kg ) of payload .
Rockets : 4 × Matra rocket pods with 18 SNEB 68 mm rockets each
Missiles : Air @-@ to @-@ air missiles :
AIM @-@ 9 Sidewinder
AIM @-@ 120 AMRAAM
R550 Magic ( Sea Harrier FRS51 )
Air @-@ to @-@ surface missile :
ALARM anti @-@ radiation missile ( ARM )
Martel missile ARM
Anti @-@ ship missiles :
Sea Eagle
Bombs : A variety of unguided iron bombs ( including 3 kg and 14 kg practice bombs ) .
Others :
reconnaissance pods or
2 × auxiliary drop tanks for ferry flight or extended range / loitering time
Avionics
Ferranti Blue Vixen all @-@ weather airborne radar
BAE Systems AD2770 Tactical Air Navigation System
Thales MADGE Microwave Airborne Digital Guidance Equipment
Allied Signal AN / APX @-@ 100 mk12 IFF
= = Notable appearances in media = =
The Harrier 's unique characteristics have led to it being featured a number of films and video games .
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= Pied currawong =
The pied currawong ( Strepera graculina ) is a medium @-@ sized black passerine bird native to eastern Australia and Lord Howe Island . One of three currawong species in the genus Strepera , it is closely related to the butcherbirds and Australian magpie of the family Artamidae . Six subspecies are recognised . It is a robust crowlike bird averaging around 48 cm ( 19 in ) in length , black or sooty grey @-@ black in plumage with white undertail and wing patches , yellow irises , and a heavy bill . The male and female are similar in appearance . Known for its melodious calls , the species ' name currawong is believed to be of indigenous origin .
Within its range , the pied currawong is generally sedentary , although populations at higher altitudes relocate to lower areas during the cooler months . It is omnivorous , with a diet that includes a wide variety of berries and seeds , invertebrates , bird eggs and juvenile birds . It is a predator which has adapted well to urbanization and can be found in parks and gardens as well as rural woodland . The habitat includes all kinds of forested areas , although mature forests are preferred for breeding . Roosting , nesting and the bulk of foraging take place in trees , in contrast with the ground @-@ foraging behaviour of its relative , the Australian magpie .
= = Taxonomy = =
The pied currawong was first described by English ornithologist George Shaw in 1790 as Coracias strepera , although Strepera was adopted as a generic name . Its binomial names were derived from the Latin strepera , meaning " noisy " , and graculina for resembling a jackdaw . Pied crow @-@ shrike is an old vernacular name from colonial days , and the term " pied " refers to two or more colors in blotches . Other common names include pied chillawong , currawang , charawack , kurrawack , tallawong , tullawong , mutton @-@ bird , Otway forester , and pied afternoon @-@ tea bird . The onomatopoeic term currawong itself is derived from the bird 's call . However , the exact origin of the term is unclear ; the most likely antecedent is the word garrawaŋ from the indigenous Jagera language from the Brisbane region , although the Darug word gurawaruŋ from the Sydney basin is a possibility . Yungang as well as Kurrawang and Kurrawah are names from the Tharawal people of the Illawarra region .
Its closest relative is the black currawong ( S. fuliginosa ) of Tasmania , which has sometimes been considered a subspecies . Together with the larger grey currawong ( S. versicolor ) , they form the genus Strepera . Although crow @-@ like in appearance and habits , currawongs are only distantly related to true crows , and instead belong to the family Artamidae , together with the closely related Australian magpie and the butcherbirds . The affinities of all three genera were recognised early on and they were placed in the family Cracticidae in 1914 by ornithologist John Albert Leach after he had studied their musculature . Ornithologists Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist recognised the close relationship between woodswallows and butcherbirds in 1985 , and combined them into a Cracticini clade , which became the family Artamidae .
= = = Subspecies = = =
Six subspecies are currently recognised , characterised principally by differences in size and plumage . There is a steady change to the birds ' morphology and size the further south they are encountered , with lighter and more greyish plumage , larger body size , and a shorter bill . Southerly populations also show more white plumage in the tail , with less whiteness on the wing .
S. g. graculina is the nominate form , found from the Sydney region north to the Burdekin River in northern Queensland .
S. g. ashbyi , ( critically endangered ) , the western Victorian pied currawong , was described by Australian amateur ornithologist Gregory Mathews in 1913 . It is threatened by hybridization with the neighbouring subspecies nebulosa whose range is expanding westwards . A 2000 estimate placed the number of breeding birds at around 250 . It resembles subspecies nebulosa , with sooty plumage , a long tail and a short bill . There is some doubt over whether ashbyi , which is little known , is a distinct subspecies or a colour morph of nebulosa . It is thought to have evolved after the two populations became separated by basalt plains in western Victoria , with the return of trees after the abandonment of regular Aboriginal burning in the late 18th century contributing to the remixing of populations . Hybrid forms have been identified in the Grampians and Yarra Valley .
S. g. crissalis , ( vulnerable ) the Lord Howe currawong was described by English naturalist Richard Bowdler Sharpe in 1877 . It appears to have adapted well to human habitation on Lord Howe Island , though the population is small overall , somewhere around 70 – 80 birds . Although regarded as a subspecies , it has yet to be studied with molecular DNA techniques , which may lead to it being reclassified as a separate species .
S. g. magnirostris is found on the Cape York Peninsula to the Normanby River in northern Queensland . First described by Henry Lake White in 1923 , it has a longer and heavier bill and shorter tail than the nominate subspecies . It has been little studied to date .
S. g. robinsoni is found on the Atherton Tableland in northeastern Queensland . First described by Gregory Mathews in 1912 , it is combined with magnirostris by some authors . Little researched , it appears to be smaller than other subspecies .
S. g. nebulosa , found in southeastern New South Wales , the Australian Capital Territory and central Victoria , is very similar to the nominate subspecies but has a shorter bill , longer tail and larger wing . Its upperparts are sooty black , a little paler than the nominate subspecies , and underparts sooty black to slate @-@ grey . The white patch on the primary flight feathers is also smaller . It was first defined in 1999 by ornithologists and bird taxonomists Richard Schodde and Ian Mason . There is a hybrid zone with subspecies graculina in southern and central New South Wales , from Eden north to the Illawarra region and stretching northwest to the Blue Mountains .
= = Description = =
The pied currawong is generally a black bird with white in the wing , undertail coverts , the base of the tail and most visibly , the tip of the tail . It has yellow eyes . Adult birds are 44 – 50 cm ( 17 – 20 in ) in length , with an average of around 48 cm ( 19 in ) ; the wingspan varies from 56 to 77 cm ( 22 to 30 in ) , averaging around 69 cm ( 27 in ) . Adult males average around 320 g ( 11 oz ) , females 280 g ( 10 oz ) . The wings are long and broad . The long and heavy bill is about one and a half times as long as the head and is hooked at the end . Juvenile birds have similar markings to adults but have softer and brownish plumage overall , although the white band on the tail is narrower . The upperparts are darker brown with scallops and streaks over the head and neck , and the underparts lighter brown . The eyes are dark brown and the bill dark with a yellow tip . The gape is a prominent yellow . Older birds grow darker until adult plumage is achieved , but juvenile tail markings only change to adult late in development . Birds appear to moult once a year in late summer after breeding . The pied currawong can live for over 20 years in the wild .
= = = Voice = = =
Pied currawongs are vocal birds , calling when in flight and at all times of the day . They are more noisy early in the morning and in the evening before roosting , as well as before rain . The loud distinctive call has been translated as Kadow @-@ Kadang or Curra @-@ wong . Birds also have a loud , high @-@ pitched whistle , transcribed as Wheeo . The endemic Lord Howe Island subspecies has a distinct , more melodious call .
= = = Similar species = = =
The smaller white @-@ winged chough has similar plumage but has red eyes and is found mainly on the ground . Australian crow and raven species have white eyes and lack the white rump , and the similar @-@ sized Australian magpie has red eyes and prominent black and white plumage . The larger grey currawong is readily distinguished by its lighter grey overall plumage and lack of white feathers at the base of the tail . In northwestern Victoria , the black @-@ winged currawong ( subspecies melanoptera of the grey ) does have a darker plumage than other grey subspecies , but its wings lack the white primaries of the pied currawong .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The pied currawong is common in both wet and dry sclerophyll forests , rural and semi @-@ urban environments throughout eastern Australia , from Cape York Peninsula to western Victoria and Lord Howe Island , where it occurs as an endemic subspecies . In general , the pied currawong is sedentary , although some populations from higher altitudes move to areas of lower elevation in winter . However , evidence for the extent of migration is conflicting , and the species ' movements have been little studied to date . It has adapted well to European presence , and has become more common in many areas of eastern Australia , with surveys in Nanango , Queensland , Barham , New South Wales , Geelong , Victoria , as well as the Northern Tablelands and South West Slopes regions in New South Wales , all showing an increase in population . This increase has been most marked , however , in Sydney and Canberra since the 1940s and 1960s respectively . In both cities , the species had previously been a winter resident only , but now remains year @-@ round and breeds there . They are a dominant species and common inhabitant of Sydney gardens . More recently still , a survey of the population of pied currawongs in southeastern Queensland between 1980 and 2000 had found the species had become more numerous there , including suburban Brisbane . One 1992 survey reported the total number of pied currawongs in Australia had doubled from 3 million birds in the 1960s to 6 million in the early 1990s .
The pied currawong is able to cross bodies of water of some size , as it has been recorded from Rodondo Island , which lies 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) off the coast of Wilsons Promontory in Victoria , as well as some offshore islands in Queensland . It has disappeared from Tryon , North West , Masthead and Heron Islands in the Capricorn Group on the Great Barrier Reef . The presence of the Lord Howe subspecies is possibly the result of a chance landing there .
The pied currawong 's impact on smaller birds that are vulnerable to nest predation is controversial : several studies have suggested that the species has become a serious problem , but the truth of this widely held perception was queried in a 2001 review of the published literature on their foraging habits by Bayly and Blumstein of Macquarie University , who observed that common introduced birds were more affected than native birds . However , predation by pied currawongs has been a factor in the decline of Gould 's petrel at a colony on Cabbage Tree Island , near Port Stephens in New South Wales ; currawongs have been reported preying on adult seabirds . Their removal from the islands halted a decline of the threatened petrels . Furthermore , a University of New England study published in 2006 reported that the breeding success rates for the eastern yellow robin ( Eopsaltria australis ) and scarlet robin ( Petroica boodang ) on the New England Tablelands were improved after nests were protected and currawongs culled , and some yellow robins even re @-@ colonised an area where they had become locally extinct . The presence of pied currawongs in Sydney gardens is negatively correlated with the presence of silvereyes ( Zosterops lateralis ) .
The species has been implicated in the spread of weeds by consuming and dispersing fruit and seed . In the first half of the twentieth century , pied currawongs were shot as they were considered pests of corn and strawberry crops , as well as assisting in the spread of the prickly pear . They were also shot on Lord Howe Island for attacking chickens . However , they are seen as beneficial in forestry as they consume phasmids , and also in agriculture for eating cocoons of the codling moth .
= = Behaviour = =
Pied currawongs are generally tree @-@ dwelling , hunting and foraging some metres above the ground , and thus able to share territory with the ground @-@ foraging Australian magpie . Birds roost in forested areas or large trees at night , disperse to forage in the early morning and return in the late afternoon . Although often solitary or encountered in small groups , the species may form larger flocks of fifty or more birds in autumn and winter . On the ground , a pied currawong hops or struts .
During the breeding season , pied currawongs will pair up and become territorial , defending both nesting and feeding areas . A 1994 study in Sydney 's leafy northern suburbs measured an average distance of 250 m ( 820 ft ) between nests , while another in Canberra in 1990 had three pairs in a 400 m ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) segment of pine @-@ tree lined street . Territories have been measured around 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 7 ha in Sydney and Wollongong , although these were restricted to nesting areas and did not include a larger feeding territory , and 7 @.@ 9 ha in Canberra . Pied currawongs vigorously drive off threats such as ravens , and engage in bill @-@ snapping , dive @-@ bombing and aerial pursuit . They adopt a specific threat display against other currawongs by lowering the head so the head and body are parallel to the ground and pointing the beak out forward , often directly at the intruder . The male predominates in threat displays and territorial defence , and guards the female closely as she builds the nest .
Flocks of birds appear to engage in play ; one routine involves a bird perching atop a tall tree , pole or spire , and others swooping , tumbling or diving and attempting to dislodge it . A successful challenger is then challenged in its turn by other birds in the flock .
The pied currawong bathes by wading into water up to 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) deep , squatting down , ducking its head under , and shaking its wings . It preens its plumage afterwards , sometimes applying mud or soil first . The species has also been observed anting .
= = = Feeding = = =
The pied currawong is an omnivorous and opportunistic feeder , eating fruit and berries as well as preying on many invertebrates , and smaller vertebrates , mostly juvenile birds and bird eggs . Currawongs will hunt in trees , snatching birds and eggs from nests , as well as insects and berries from trees . They also hunt in the air and on the ground . Insects predominate in the diet during summer months , and fruit during the winter . They will often scavenge , eating scraps and rubbish and can be quite bold when seeking food from people , lingering around picnic areas and bird @-@ feeding trays . Beetles and ants are the most common types of insects consumed . Pied currawongs have been recorded taking mice , as well as chickens and turkeys from farms . The pied currawong consumes fruit , including a wide variety of figs , such as the Moreton Bay ( Ficus macrophylla ) , Port Jackson ( F. rubiginosa ) , Banyan ( F. virens ) and Strangler fig ( F. watkinsiana ) , as well as lillypillies ( Syzygium species ) , white cedar ( Melia azedarach ) , plum pine ( Podocarpus elatus ) , and geebungs ( Persoonia species ) . Other fruit is also sought after , and currawongs have been known to raid orchards , eating apples , pears , strawberries , grapes , stone fruit , citrus , and corn . Pied currawongs have been responsible for the spread of the invasive ornamental Asparagus aethiopicus ( often called A. densiflorus ) in the Sydney area , the weedy privet species Ligustrum lucidum and L. sinense , and firethorn species Pyracantha angustifolia and P. rogersiana around Armidale .
Birds forage singly or in pairs in summer , and more often in larger flocks in autumn and winter , during which time they are more likely to loiter around people and urban areas . They occasionally associate with Australian magpies ( Cracticus tibicen ) or common starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ) when foraging . Birds have also been encountered with grey currawongs ( S. versicolor ) and satin bowerbirds ( Ptilinorhynchus violaceus ) . The species has been reported stealing food from other birds such as the Australian hobby ( Falco longipennis ) , collared sparrowhawk ( Accipiter cirrocephalus ) , and sulphur @-@ crested cockatoo ( Cacatua galerita ) . Pied currawongs will also harass each other . A 2007 study conducted by researchers from the Australian National University showed that white @-@ browed scrubwren ( Sericornis frontalis ) nestlings became silent when they heard the recorded sound of a pied currawong walking through leaf litter .
= = = Breeding = = =
Although found in many types of woodland , the pied currawong prefers to breed in mature forests . It builds a nest of thin sticks lined with grass and bark high in trees in spring ; generally eucalypts are chosen and never isolated ones . It produces a clutch of three eggs ; they are a light pinkish @-@ brown colour ( likened by one author to that of silly putty ) with splotches of darker pink @-@ brown and lavender . Tapered oval in shape , they measure about 30 mm × 42 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in × 1 @.@ 7 in ) . The female broods alone . The incubation period is not well known , due to the difficulty of observing nests , but observations indicate around 30 days from laying to hatching . Like all passerines , the chicks are born naked , and blind ( altricial ) , and remain in the nest for an extended period ( nidicolous ) They quickly grow a layer of ashy @-@ grey down . Both parents feed the young , although the male does not begin to feed them directly until a few days after birth .
The channel @-@ billed cuckoo ( Scythrops novaehollandiae ) parasitizes pied currawong nests , laying eggs which are then raised by the unsuspecting foster parents . The eggs closely resemble those of the currawong hosts . Pied currawongs have been known to desert nests once cuckoos have visited , abandoning the existing currawong young , which die , and a channel @-@ billed cuckoo has been recorded decapitating a currawong nestling . The brown goshawk ( Accipiter fasciatus ) and lace monitor ( Varanus varius ) have also been recorded taking nestlings .
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= Love in This Club =
" Love in This Club " is a song by American R & B singer Usher . Featuring rapper Young Jeezy , it was released on February 22 , 2008 as the lead single from Usher 's fifth studio album , Here I Stand . The song was written by Usher , Polow da Don , Young Jeezy , Darnell Dalton , Ryon Lovett , Lamar Taylor and Keith Thomas , and produced by da Don with a Las Vegas @-@ inspired synth @-@ driven beat . Its lyrics refer to seducing someone in a nightclub . The song was originally leaked by da Don prior to its release .
" Love in This Club " received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the song 's production , but criticized it for its slow tempo and lack of originality . The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 as well as the New Zealand Singles Chart , while appearing on multiple other record charts . The accompanying music video , which received a nomination at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards , features cameo appearances from several musicians . In the video , R & B singer Keri Hilson plays Usher 's love interest in a club . Usher performed the song at the 2008 BET Awards , as well as on several television programs . A remix of the song , titled " Love in This Club Part II " , features Beyoncé and Lil Wayne .
= = Background = =
Atlanta @-@ based music producer Polow da Don was inspired to create a beat during his weekend stay in Las Vegas for the MTV Video Music Awards . He said of the song , " If you listen to the beat , the synths and everything has a [ Las ] Vegas feel to it . Making love in the club , people in [ Las ] Vegas are kinda wild . " He also noted its Euro influences . When he finished working on the material , da Don felt it fit for Usher , hoping that it would keep female listeners interested in Usher 's music , as his popularity had declined among women since his marriage to stylist Tameka Foster in July 2007 . Da Don and Usher wrote the track with rapper Young Jeezy , Darnell Dalton , Ryon Lovett , Lamar Taylor and Keith Thomas , and it was recorded at Zac Recording , Atlanta and Hitland Studios , Alpharetta .
It was not originally planned for Young Jeezy to appear on the track . After hearing " Love in This Club " , he wanted to contribute to it . Da Don was skeptical , but recorded Young Jeezy 's verse . He played the new version to Usher who , enjoying the new version , allowed the verse to stay . Usher has since called Young Jeezy " one of the greatest rappers of our generation " . According to Alabama rapper Gucci Mane , it was initially intended that he feature on the track , rather than Young Jeezy .
= = Composition = =
" Love in This Club " is a mid @-@ tempo R & B slow jam , with a brass bassline , and shuddering synth @-@ driven beats that have been called " space age " and " sex @-@ drenched " by critics . It contains hip @-@ hop influences . Rap @-@ Up likened the song to Lil Jon 's song , " Lovers and Friends " , on which Usher appeared , while Fraser McAlpine of BBC Radio 1 wrote that it features vague similarities to " No Woman , No Cry " by Bob Marley . According to the sheet music published by Hal Leonard Corporation at Musicnotes.com , the song is written in common time with a tempo of 70 beats per minute and follows the chord progression of C major – E minor – A minor – F major .
About.com 's Mark Edward Nero wrote that " on the song , Usher talks about a lust so immediate , so powerful , that it makes him want to get down [ and have sex ] right then and there " . The song 's chorus consists of the hook , " I wanna make love in this club " . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly called the lyrics of the song " libidinous " .
= = Release and critical reception = =
Early in 2008 , several songs for Usher 's fifth studio album leaked into the Internet , including " Love in This Club " . Usher called the incident an " internal conspiracy " because it was unofficially released beyond his awareness . This also happened to the lead single " Yeah ! " off his 2004 album Confessions , which was intentionally leaked by its producer , Lil Jon , in 2003 . Polow da Don later told that he had leaked " Love in This Club " , echoing Lil John 's actions . He felt the song would be a hit , but that " it was so much back @-@ and @-@ forth between Usher and his record label " and he was tired of waiting on " label politics " . The song was released for sale on February 22 , 2008 .
The production of " Love in This Club " was praised by the Los Angeles Times , as was Usher 's vocal effort . Andy Kellman of Allmusic and Jonathan Tjarks of Austin360.com noted the song as a standout from Here I Stand . Blender rated the song two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five stars , calling it too safe and lethargic . Digital Spy 's Nick Levine enjoyed the song , but noted its lack of originality . Jim Farber from Daily News was not impressed , writing " ' Love in This Club ' doesn 't sound like a club anthem at all . It 's too slow and quiet , and ... its smeary synth hook sounds like a planed @-@ down version of a Justin Timberlake hit . "
Young Jeezy 's addition received clashing responses from reviewers . Billboard 's Sophie Baratta was not impressed with the verse , but called the song " a catchy tune " . Bill Lamb of About.com praised the rapper 's effort , but expected better from Usher after a four @-@ year break since Confessions , writing that he is " retread [ ing ] territory familiar to fans of Akon and T @-@ Pain " , awarding the song two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five stars . BBC Radio 1 's Fraser McAlpine rated the song four stars out of five , but called Young Jeezy 's rap " growling " and " wheezy " .
This single ranked at number one on the " 10 Best Singles of 2008 " list by American magazine Entertainment Weekly , while Time 's Josh Tyrangiel placed it at number eight on its 2008 " Songs of Summer " list . MTV News listed the song as the fifth @-@ best R & B tune of the year , and it won the Ozone Award for Best Rap / R & B Collaboration . On " The 50 Sexiest Songs of All Time " , compiled by Billboard in 2010 , " Love in Thus Club " placed at number twenty @-@ seven .
= = Chart performance = =
" Love in This Club " debuted at number eighty @-@ three on the Billboard Hot 100 , on the issue dated March 1 , 2008 . The next week it moved to number fifty @-@ one , due to high airplay . The song continued to receive many spins , and in its third week it reached the top of the Hot 100 , gaining the ' Airplay Gainer ' honor the same week . Replacing " Low " by Flo Rida and T @-@ Pain , " Love in This Club " also sold 198 @,@ 000 downloads in that week . On April 5 , 2008 , the song was again named the ' Airplay Gainer ' , however it was shifted from the number @-@ one spot by Leona Lewis ' " Bleeding Love " , having spent three weeks atop the chart . It fell off on June 7 , having spent twelve weeks on the chart . On the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , the song first appeared on February 23 , 2008 at number fifty @-@ one making it the highest debut of the week . On April 12 it replaced Keyshia Cole 's " I Remember " at number one . After four weeks " Love in This Club " was moved from the top spot by Lil Wayne 's " Lollipop " . The song also reached number four on the Pop 100 , and has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . On the year @-@ end charts for 2008 , it was ranked number eight on the Hot 100 , number fifteen on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs and number thirteen on the Pop 100 . It was also ranked number eighty @-@ five on the 2000s ' Hot 100 list , and number ninety @-@ nine on the decade @-@ end Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs . As of August 1 , 2010 , " Love in This Club " has sold 2 @,@ 453 @,@ 000 units , according to Nielsen Soundscan .
Internationally , the song reached the top ten of numerous singles charts . It reached number six on the Canadian Hot 100 , number four on the UK Singles Chart , number eight on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart , number three on the Irish Singles Chart , and number five on the Japan Hot 100 , and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) and gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Having been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand , it also topped the New Zealand Singles Chart , replacing " No Air " by Jordin Sparks and Chris Brown on May 5 , 2008 . After one week it was removed by Brown 's " Forever " , and was certified platinum on June 1 , 2008 . The single also found chart success in Europe , reaching number three on the European Hot 100 Singles . In individual countries , " Love in This Club " attained top @-@ ten places in Flanders , France , Germany , Norway , Slovakia , Sweden and Switzerland . It also appeared on the singles charts of Austria , Wallonia , Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , Hungary , and the Netherlands . In 2008 , " Love in This Club " sold 5 @.@ 6 million digital downloads worldwide .
= = Music video = =
In February 2008 Usher said that the song 's music video would be shot " very soon " . Directed by the Brothers Strause , it features cameo appearances from Keri Hilson , Kanye West , Diddy , Nelly , Rick Ross and Robin Thicke . Hilson plays Usher 's love interest in the video . Usher 's then @-@ wife , Tameka Foster , worked as the stylist on the video set . It was alleged that Foster was upset with Hilson playing the love interest in the video , and , according to a person on the set , " Tameka dressed Keri very badly – she looked like an extra . " However , Usher 's manager , Benny Medina , reported that " Keri could not have been happier with Tameka 's choices in the styling " .
The music video starts with Usher waking up inside an empty nightclub . He calls out to see if anyone is there and sees Hilson , whom he follows into a room full of people dancing as a disc jockey starts playing music . Usher chases Hilson around the club , who at times mysteriously vanishes . The two dance intimately throughout the video at the club 's bar , dance floor and lounge . Its choreography was likened to Janet Jackson 's " Rhythm Nation " routine . The video concludes with the club burning down and Usher waking up in a valley . The storyline is continued in the " Moving Mountains " clip . During the video Usher is shown using a Sony Ericsson W350i Walkman , as part of Usher 's endorsement of the company .
The music video premiered on MTV on April 7 , 2008 , and was the fourteenth @-@ most streamed video on MTV.com in 2008 , and was nominated as the Best Male Video at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards . However , it lost to Chris Brown 's " With You " video .
= = Live performances = =
Usher sang " Love in This Club " with Young Jeezy at reality television show The Hills ' third season finale on May 12 , and again , by himself , at the finale of the sixth season of Dancing with the Stars on May 20 , 2008 . On June 23 , 2008 , at the opening of the 2008 BET Awards , Usher performed the song . Usher also appeared on television shows The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and Good Morning America , where he performed the song .
= = Remix = =
A remix , " Love in This Club Part II " , was released as the second single from Here I Stand in April 2008 . Featuring vocals from R & B singer Beyoncé and rapper Lil Wayne , the sequel samples The Stylistics ' " You Are Everything " , and has a slower tempo than the original . It appeared on the Billboard Hot 100 , the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , the Canadian Hot 100 and the ARIA Singles Chart .
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits = =
Source :
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Cover versions = =
The track was covered live by Welsh band The Automatic and was released on the 2008 compilation Radio 1 's Live Lounge – Volume 3 .
German group The Baseballs covered the song for their debut album Strike ! in 2009 .
The track was also covered by American pop punk band , The Summer Set , on their second EP , Meet Me on the Left Coast . It was released in 2008 and titled ' L.I.T.C ' .
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= Banagher =
Banagher ( Beannchar na Sionna in Irish ) is a town in Republic of Ireland , located in the midlands on the western edge of County Offaly in the province of Leinster , on the banks of the River Shannon . The name Banagher comes from its Irish name , which translates to English as " the place of the pointed rocks on the Shannon " . Banagher was a town of 3 @,@ 000 people at the height of its economic growth in the mid @-@ 19th century . The current population is just over half of that figure , at about 1 @,@ 600 . Banagher has an important strategic position on the River Shannon , and was long one of the few crossing points between the provinces of Leinster and Connacht . It thus became a natural focus for many great historical buildings , including a 19th @-@ century Martello Tower and a number of important castles around the town , which were built in the 14th and 15th centuries .
The town used to be the focus of thriving river business and was an important stop on the Dublin to Limerick navigation . It supported a number of large industries , most notably a maltings and distillery , which are now defunct . Tourism has supplanted this to a certain extent with a modern marina providing support for river cruisers and watersports facilities and the town is an important angling centre , with particular attraction for pike anglers . Banagher is the centre of the Shannon Callows , grassy meadows which flood in winter and provide living space for myriads of waterfowl .
A number of notable literary figures have stayed at Banagher , including Anthony Trollope , who used the town as an inspiration for his first novel The Macdermots of Ballycloran and Charlotte Brontë who married a curate who was raised in Banagher . The town is the source of the well @-@ known phrase : " Well , that beats Banagher ! "
= = Governance and administrative units = =
Banagher lies in the local council area of Offaly County Council . Local authorities have responsibility for such matters as planning , local roads , sanitation , and libraries . The Council is an elected body of 21 members with councillors elected from four electoral areas in the county . Banagher lies in the Birr electoral area , which can return 5 members to the council .
The town lies in the Barony of Garrycastle ( Garraí an Chaisleáin ) and was in the poor law union of Birr . Divided by the road to Birr from Eyrecourt , its eastern part lies in the townland of Curraghavarna and Portavrolla and its western part in the townland of Banagher or Kylebeg .
Banagher is in the Roman Catholic parish of Gallen and Rynagh ( Reynagh ) which lies in the diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise . The diocese is in the Archdiocese of Armagh in the ecclesiastical province of Armagh . It is in the Church of Ireland parish group of Clonfert Cathedral which is in the Diocese of Limerick and Killaloe , part of the ecclesiastical province of Dublin .
= = History = =
It is thought that St. Rynagh ( also Reynagh , Rinagh ) , who founded Banagher and after whom the parish is named , was a sister of St. Finnian of Clonard . According to research , they came from a place near New Ross in County Wexford . It is known that contact was maintained between Rynagh 's Wexford home and her foundation at Banagher ; and her mother came to live there . It is recorded that Reynagh 's mother , Talech , or Talacia , became Abbess of the Banagher convent . The death of St. Finnian is assigned to 563 , but there does not seem to be any authoritative statement as to the date of St. Rynagh 's death , although according to St. Rynagh 's Parish Church in Banagher , St. Rynagh died about 610 . The place of her burial is uncertain but it is likely to have been in either Banagher or Kilmacduagh near Gort , the monastery founded by her son , St. Colman .
= = = Origins = = =
The settlement that grew to become Banagher , originated at a ford on the east bank of the River Shannon . The river banks and surrounding countryside were flood @-@ free all year round . Travellers intending to cross the Shannon converged on this point along tracks which were the forerunners of the modern roads , and a community grew at this crossing point .
Many of the early travellers were pilgrims . North @-@ west of Banagher , on the Connacht side of the river , was the monastic establishment of Clonfert , with the more famous Clonmacnoise a short distance further north . Not far to the south @-@ west on the same side was another monastic foundation , at Meelick . At Meelick , the three provinces , Leinster , Munster and Connacht meet and just south of Banagher in the direction of Birr , the four dioceses of Clonmacnoise , Meath , Killaloe and Clonfert meet .
= = = Military history = = =
At Banagher , there are ridges on both sides of the river and roads were built along these many centuries ago . The first bridge was built over the Shannon at that point as early as 1049 . It was a place of great strategic importance because the Shannon and its lowlands provided a natural barrier between Connacht and Leinster . An army that wanted to cross the river had few choices ; apart from Banagher , the only other suitable places were Athlone , Shannonbridge and Portumna .
The importance of Banagher as a military position on the Shannon and on the highway from Leinster and Munster to Connacht was early appreciated by the English , whose forces seized it about the middle of the 16th century , coming up the river to do so . They constructed some fortifications which they called Fort Frankford ( later Fort Falkland ) and held the place in spite of the fact that the part of Offaly for some miles around Banagher was in the hands of the MacCoghlan clan . The MacCoghlans , aided by boundaries of bog and river , held their territories against all comers for about 500 years , even maintaining a footing by open defiance well into the 17th century . Garry Castle , Clonony Castle , and Moystown Castle are remains of MacCoghlan strongholds . Sometime after 1554 , when Queen Mary married Philip II of Spain , Offaly County was named King 's County in honour of Philip , but it is doubtful if the royal jurisdiction extended to any of the MacCoghlan areas except Banagher . Ultimately , the MacCoghlans were overthrown and their lands were planted by order of James I issued in 1621 .
The town was incorporated by charter of Charles I on 16 September 1628 . The corporation was allowed to elect two members to Parliament and hold two fairs per year , amongst other wide @-@ ranging powers .
In 1628 , a permanent military garrison was established which continued with slight interruptions until 1863 . The defences were further strengthened and it was officially named Fort Falkland , after Henry Cary , 1st Viscount Falkland who was Lord Deputy of Ireland from 1622 – 29 . The forces of the Confederate Catholics took Banagher in 1642 , but it was retaken by the Cromwellian Army in 1650 , under the command of Henry Ireton , Cromwell 's son @-@ in @-@ law . By 1652 the Cromwellian conquest was completed and the transplantation of the Catholic land holders to Connacht began in 1654 . The lands from which they were expelled were divided among the adventurers and the soldiers of Cromwell 's army .
During the Williamite Wars of 1690 – 1691 , the garrison espoused the cause of James II in contrast with that of Birr , which took the side of William . A stone bridge across the Shannon was erected in 1685 , and a Williamite army advancing from Birr in 1690 attempted to break it down but abandoned the attempt as too risky in consequence of the presence of Sarsfield 's Army on the Connacht side . A broken arch of this bridge is still to be seen on that side a few yards below the present bridge of seven arches , which was erected by the Commissioners for the Improvement of Navigation of the Shannon in 1841 – 1843 . The square tower on the lower side of the bridge at the Galway end was erected to protect the old bridge , as was the Salt Battery , with emplacements for four cannons facing west and north , a few hundred yards from town along the Crank Road .
The Irish garrison remained in Banagher without further molestation until the Battle of Aughrim , after which Banagher was evacuated . The English re @-@ occupied the town , where they remained until the middle of the 19th century , when Banagher ceased to be a garrison town .
= = = Economic growth = = =
In the 17th century , Banagher was the centre of a flourishing woollen trade . In 1699 , the impost placed on the export of woollen goods to England practically killed the woollen trade . At the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 , an embargo placed on the export of foodstuffs to the American Colonies dealt another blow to the trade of Banagher . In 1780 , the British Parliament withdrew all these restrictions and Banagher 's economy began to improve rapidly .
From 1800 to 1847 , Banagher enjoyed a period of prosperity unequalled in its history . Corn growing had long been one of the chief agricultural activities of the district and the opening of the Grand Canal at the end of the 18th century gave easy access to Dublin and Limerick and brought cheap and efficient water transport to the district . Banagher became the outlet for the grain raised in a wide area round the town , and the Banagher corn market on Fridays was one of the largest of its kind in Ireland .
The canal arrived at Shannon Harbour in 1804 , and the water transport facilities stimulated the growth of existing industries and encouraged the establishment of new ones . Neat two and three @-@ storey houses were built on each side of the road in Banagher to provide shops and dwellings for the merchants and other people who came to live there for the canal business . In 1834 , there was a distillery , a brewery , two tanyards , a malthouse and corn mills in full operation in the town . Several craftsmen carried on industries in smaller workshops and in their homes . With the increase in trade and manufactures went a corresponding increase in population . In 1800 , the population was estimated at 1500 ; in 1841 , it was 2836 , and in 1846 , it was estimated at 3000 .
= = = Decline = = =
Contrasted with the flourishing state of trade in the first half of the 19th century is the rapid and sustained decline during the second half . In the period of 40 years from 1841 to 1881 , the population fell from 2836 to 1192 , a loss of over 57 % . By the end of the century , all that remained of the major industries of the town was the malthouse of F.A. Waller & Co . , while all smaller industries had vanished completely .
Various causes contributed to this decline . The abolition of the Corn Laws in 1846 allowed the free importation of grain into these islands . Unable to compete with foreigners , the Irish farmer turned his land to pasture and grew only sufficient grain for his own use . The Banagher corn trade rapidly declined , and would have completely vanished were it not that barley growing was kept alive by Waller 's malthouse . The clearances in East Galway in the years immediately succeeding the Great Irish Famine adversely affected the trade of the town while the smaller industries were unable to compete against the highly organised industries of Britain .
The opening of Banagher Railway station in 1884 , as the terminus of the 29 km ( 18 mi ) Clara to Banagher branch of the Great Southern & Western Railway Company , brought some improvement , with a number of passenger and goods trains every day . However , the fuel crisis of 1947 caused passenger services to be withdrawn from the line and it closed altogether in 1963 . Although the site of the station is now covered by the marina , the trackway can still be seen , minus the track , at the gateway at the eastern corner of the marina .
= = Geography = =
Banagher is situated in north @-@ west County Offaly on the east bank of the River Shannon . It is 106 km ( 66 mi ) south west of Dublin , 14 km ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) south east of Ballinasloe , 27 km ( 17 mi ) south of Athlone and 85 km ( 53 mi ) north east of Limerick . It provides a crossing point between Offaly in Leinster and Galway in Connacht . Although Banagher is located in the flood @-@ plain of the River Shannon , the town itself was developed on high ground and remains virtually flood @-@ free all year round . North of Lough Derg , the River Shannon has a very shallow gradient and regularly floods parts of the surrounding countryside . The resultant wet grassland area , known as the Shannon Callows , is an internationally recognised wild bird and wildlife habitat and is classified as a Special Area of Conservation .
The country on either side of the Shannon in the Offaly @-@ Galway area has been described as " reminiscent of the Fens , cut off and intersected by waterways , by the wide meandering Shannon itself , by its tributaries , the Suck , the Brosna and the Little Brosna and by the Grand Canal ; traversed by a maze of narrow roads . "
The travel writer and biographer , James Pope @-@ Hennessy , described the River Shannon at Banagher in September in his biography of Anthony Trollope : " The month of September in Banagher , and all along the Shannon banks , is visually a glorious one , with golden autumn mornings , the low sun making long shadows of the houses in the street . At dusk the whole river reflects the varied sunsets as the days draw in – effects of palest pink , for instance , striped by cloudy lines of green , or an horizon aflame with scarlet and orange light . "
The Slieve Bloom Mountains lie to the south of Banagher and the town is surrounded by the great bogs of the midlands , particularly to the east and west . The River Brosna is a major tributary of the River Shannon and meets the Shannon at Shannon Harbour , three kilometres north of Banagher .
= = = Climate = = =
Banagher has a temperate climate . Average daily high temperatures are 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) in July and 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) in January . Precipitation , at an average of 804 mm per annum , is similar to that in much of the midlands and east of Ireland , and is significantly less than the precipitation on the west coast , which averages between 1000 mm and 1250 mm per annum .
= = = Wildlife = = =
In autumn and winter , the extensive flood plain of the Shannon Callows supports a large number of waders , swans , wildfowl and other bird life . The most obvious of all Shannon birds is the mute swan . Also seen are the coot , moorhen and little grebe ( or dabchick ) . The kingfisher is widespread as are the meadow pipit and pied wagtail . The area has one of the largest concentrations of breeding waders in Ireland including lapwing , redshank , sandpiper and godwit .
The corncrake can be seen at the bridge of Banagher in the summer . Once a common summer visitor to Ireland , corncrakes have suffered drastic population declines over the last few decades and are threatened with global extinction . Conservation efforts have focused on changing harvesting times to avoid the nesting season , May to August . The hay meadows of the callows support large numbers of these birds – one of the few places in the world where this globally threatened species is still common .
In winter , the resident bird population is increased by visitors from north @-@ east Europe , in particular the widgeon and Greenland white @-@ fronted goose . Riverside mammals are seen frequently and otters , mink and fox are common . Trout and salmon are less common in the Shannon than they once were , however pike is still plentiful and attracts many anglers .
= = Demographics = =
Banagher was extensively planted by the English , particularly during the periods 1621 – 1642 and 1650 – 1690 . The plantations had a profound impact on Ireland in several ways . The first was the destruction of the native ruling classes and their replacement with the Protestant Ascendancy , of British @-@ origin ( mostly English ) Protestant landowners . Their position was buttressed by the Penal Laws , which denied political and land @-@ owning rights to Roman Catholics . The dominance of this class in Irish life persisted until the late 18th century , and it voted for the Act of Union with Britain in 1800 . As a result , by the early 20th century , Banagher had a mix of Irish of native descent and Irish of English descent and supported two churches , one Catholic and one Protestant , both of which still exist .
During the late 1960s to the early 1980s , a number of German , Dutch and Swiss settlers were attracted to Banagher , mainly because of its proximity to the River Shannon and associated lifestyle . A number of these are still resident in Banagher . As with the majority of towns and cities in Ireland , Banagher has seen an influx of foreign nationals , mostly of Eastern European origin , in recent years and these now make up just over 10 % of the population .
According to the 2011 Census , Banagher has a population of 1 @,@ 653 with 801 male and 852 female residents . This marks a 1 @.@ 0 % increase in population on the 2006 Census .
= = Economy = =
The demise of the once thriving canal and maltings businesses brought about a serious decline in Banagher 's fortunes , including a significant population decrease . However , a number of businesses kept many people in the locality employed during lean times . The most notable of these was Bord na Móna , a semi @-@ state company founded in 1946 to manage the harvesting of peat from Ireland 's bogs , the most extensive of which are located in the midlands . However , the advancement of mechanised harvesting , the exhaustion of the bogs and the closure of a number of peat @-@ fired power stations , means that this is no longer a significant employer in the region . Green Isle Foods had a facility just outside Banagher and provided good employment during the 1970s and 1980s . It was taken out of production some years ago and is now used as a storage facility only . The largest industry in Banagher these days is Banagher Precast Concrete Limited , a company specialising in precast concrete structures . The company employs approximately 50 people and was one of the largest concrete firms in the country , employing over 400 people at its peak in 2008 . It has supplied components for many major projects , including the Aviva Stadium , Croke Park , Channel Tunnel , the Dublin Port Tunnel , Thomond Park and the Limerick Tunnel . Other notable employers include Banagher Sawmills and the cruise liner businesses located at the marina .
= = Transportation = =
Banagher is an important crossing point on the River Shannon and consequently experiences a large volume of through traffic . Two regional roads meet in Banagher ; the R356 , which links the N62 and N65 national primary roads and is known as Harbour Street in Banagher and the R439 which links Birr with Banagher and is known as Main Street in Banagher . Harbour Street leads to the road to Shannon Harbour and Main Street begins at the hill at the southern entrance to the town and leads down to the bridge crossing the Shannon .
A railway station opened in Banagher in 1884 as the terminus for the Clara to Banagher line of the Great Southern & Western Railway Company . It operated both a passenger and goods service until 1947 , when the passenger service was withdrawn . The station closed completely in 1963 .
Banagher was once a main centre for river transportation on the Shannon system . River transportation fell into decline with the advent of rail and road transportation improvements . Banagher is still a major centre for river cruisers , with a number of hire companies operating from an extensive and modern marina .
= = Culture = =
= = = Banagher Fair = = =
As part of the charter of incorporation of 1628 , the corporation was given powers to : " hold two fairs , one on the Feast of St. Philip and Jacob , the other on the Feast of St. Simon and Jude , each to continue for two days . " These feast days equated to 1 May and 28 October . However , a fair was already in existence in Banagher since 1612 and was held in September . These three fairs were certainly still in existence in the mid @-@ 1830s , as they were described in a government @-@ commissioned report in 1835 .
The fairs established by the first corporation continued to gain in size and importance during the 18th century and the early part of the 19th century . In 1826 , the enormous number of 43 @,@ 000 sheep was offered for sale at the September fair , with three @-@ quarters of that number being sold . Pigot 's Directory of 1824 described the workings of the fair : " ... and there are three fairs ; the principal one commences on the 15 September and continues for four days , the first for sheep , the second for horned cattle , the third for horses , and the last day is the country fair for linen , woollens and other merchandise . "
It seems that the fair held in September was the main fair and is the one that has survived to the present . Pope Hennessy described the granting of the charter by Charles I which " empowered them to hold the famous Banagher Great Fair , at which everything from cattle and sheep to boots and basket chairs was on sale . This Fair , the greatest in all the Irish Midlands , began on September 15 and lasted four days . The line of horses tethered on each side of Banagher Main Street stretched from the Shannon river bridge to the crossroads two and a half miles outside the town known as Tailor 's Cross . "
The fair had achieved an international reputation by the early 20th century and a local newspaper report of 1909 states " The Banagher Great Fair was a huge success and among those present were Senor Gelline of Milan to make purchase on behalf of the Italian Government , while Mr. Rodzanko bought for the Russian Government . " The report also stated that " Eighty @-@ nine wagons of horses were entrained at Banagher Railway Station ... this representing in round numbers about 500 horses . "
= = = Architecture , buildings and structures = = =
= = = = Banagher Bridge = = = =
The first bridge that is known to have been built at this point was erected as a " spacious stone bridge of 18 arches " by Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair ( Anglicised Roderic O 'Connor ) , the King of Connacht , around 1049 . However , medieval sources tell of a " bridge of 27 arches of divers ( e ) architectural form , each different from its fellow " , which stood here for over 500 years . A stone bridge of 17 arches was certainly constructed in 1685 and this was detailed in profile drawings by Thomas Rhodes in 1833 . The bridge of 1685 featured prominently in the Williamite War in Ireland of the 17th century and was used by Patrick Sarsfield to retreat to Connacht after his ambush of a Williamite convoy at Ballyneety in Co . Limerick during the Siege of Limerick . Because of its affording Sarsfield and his army a method of advance and retreat , the old bridge was often referred to as Sarsfield 's Bridge . This bridge was blown up in 1843 by gunpowder by a section of the Corps of Royal Engineers . The abutment of this bridge can still be seen adjacent to Cromwell 's Castle on the Connacht side of the river .
The present bridge of seven arches was erected by the Commissioners for the Improvement of Navigation of the Shannon in 1841 – 1843 . The engineer was Thomas Rhodes , one of the commissioners of the Shannon Navigation , whose name can be seen on many of the bridges over the Shannon and on surviving lock mechanisms , notably at Victoria and Athlone locks . This bridge was reconstructed and widened jointly by Offaly County Council and Galway County Council in 1971 . Their work included replacing massive stone parapets on either side of the bridge with aluminium railings , and the removal of a swivel arch which had allowed passage for masted boats .
A heritage review of the bridges of County Offaly in 2005 described Banagher Bridge as of national heritage significance , of high architectural merit and demonstrative of mid @-@ 19th century construction work by a government body . It states " This is the only six @-@ arch masonry span in the county . It is an interesting contrast with the 1750s bridge at Shannonbridge . Although both are approximately the same length , Banagher Bridge achieves the crossing with fewer spans ( six as opposed to 16 ) . It also has the longest masonry arch spans of all the county 's bridges , averaging 17 @.@ 88 m " .
All of the castellations around and near the bridge were built to protect it , including Cromwell 's Castle , The Salt Battery ( Fort Eliza ) , Fort Falkland and the Martello Tower . However , the guns mounted on these forts could be used to destroy the bridge if necessary , as well as to bombard attacking forces on the river .
A narrow quay passes under the old swivel section of the bridge from Waller 's Quay to the marina . A well @-@ worn handrail offers the pedestrian some protection against a slip into the river . This rail has been known as the Duke 's Rail since in 1897 the then Duke of York , later to become George V , paid a state visit to Ireland . The royal party travelled up @-@ river from Portumna on the steamship Countess of Mayo . Disembarking at Waller 's Quay , the Duke was received by Lord Rosse , the Lord Lieutenant of King 's County . The party had to traverse the narrow quay under the bridge to get to Banagher Railway Station , and undoubtedly made good use of the Duke 's Rail . The stretch of the Shannon from Portumna to Banagher was known for some time after as the Duke of York 's Route .
= = = = Barracks = = = =
This former constabulary barracks was built around 1800 . Irregular in plan and now in ruins , it comprises a partially roughcast rendered rubble limestone enclosing wall with a cut stone segmental @-@ headed entrance to the east and is situated to the south of the River Shannon , adjacent to the bridge . Remains of structures within the enclosure include a barrel @-@ vaulted powder magazine built around 1806 , with a gun platform above . These walls are thought to be the perimeter walls of Fort Falkland from 1642 . According to Pigot 's Directory of 1824 , the barracks housed two companies of foot , had apartments for three officers , a bomb and waterproof magazine and an artillery battery mounting three 12 @-@ pound guns . The Directory also states that the barracks was formerly a nunnery ( possibly that of Saint Rynagh , which would have been founded around 580 ) and communicated with Saint Rynagh 's Old Abbey by a subterranean passage of some 400 yards . Although the British garrison had left the town in 1863 , the barracks was looted and burned shortly after the signing of the Anglo @-@ Irish Treaty of 1921 – 22 .
= = = = Bow @-@ fronted Georgian houses = = = =
Banagher has two bow @-@ fronted Georgian buildings dating from the mid @-@ to @-@ late 18th century and both are listed as protected structures . One is a detached seven @-@ bay , two @-@ storey building , called Crank House , due to its location on the corner of Main Street and Crank Road . It was restored in the early 1990s by the Offaly West Enterprise Co @-@ operative Society and opened in 1992 . It now houses an exhibition hall , tourist office , retail and enterprise units and a hostel . It was formerly used as the headquarters for Crann , an NGO dedicated to planting native trees and protecting Ireland 's woodlands . It is now used by the West Offaly Partnership as a Community Enterprise Centre .
The second of these buildings is a terraced , three @-@ bay , three @-@ storey house with an adjoining four @-@ bay , two @-@ storey coach house , which still has its original limestone carriage arch . It has been used as a hotel since the early 19th century and was home to Anthony Trollope during his stay in Banagher in the 1840s . It has a prominent location next to the marina and close to the bridge . Long called The Shannon Hotel , the name was changed to The Royal Shannon in the 1990s . It has ceased to trade as a hotel and is now falling into neglect .
= = = = Charlotte 's Way = = = =
Charlotte 's Way , formerly known as Hill House , is located in a prominent setting close to Saint Paul 's Church of Ireland church . This house was once the home of Charlotte Brontë 's husband , Mr. Nicholls , who returned to Banagher after Charlotte 's death . Nicholls remarried and lived at Hill House until his death in 1906 . The house was sold to a Major Bell in 1919 . He died in 1944 and his wife inherited the property . Florence Bell died in 1959 . This connection to Brontë , one of the most renowned writers of the 19th century , is revealed in its present name , giving the house cultural interest . It is a detached three @-@ bay two @-@ storey house , built in 1753 , with a gabled central bay to the façade with modern porch and single @-@ bay two @-@ storey wing to the south and two @-@ bay two @-@ storey wing to the north . It is now used as a bed and breakfast and visitors can enjoy its restored appearance and sense the history of a place connected in a curious way with the Brontë family .
= = = = Cromwell 's Castle = = = =
The structure that stands on what is known locally as the Canal Bank , called Cromwell 's Castle , primarily derives its current form from the Napoleonic Wars . Similar to the Martello Tower that stands opposite it , on the same bank of the river , Cromwell 's Castle was largely reconstructed as a defensive position to repel any invading fleet coming upstream towards Banagher . The English had established a number of forts on the Leinster bank of the river , including Fort Frankford and , later , Fort Falkland ( see Military History ) . The garrison at Fort Falkland was overrun by the forces of the Confederate Catholics in 1642 but was recaptured by Cromwell 's army in 1650 . The Cromwellians established a new fortification on the Connacht bank of the river leading up to the plantation of Connacht in 1654 . The castle was modified in 1817 to enable it to mount artillery with a platform for a 24 @-@ pound traversing gun constructed on its roof . Its interior became a powder magazine and housed a garrison of 20 soldiers .
Having fallen somewhat into disrepair , the structure came under the care of the Banagher Branch of the Offaly Historical Society in the 1980s and considerable restoration work has been undertaken since then . The Canal Bank on which it stands , is the property of the people of Banagher and is held in trust as a public amenity . Considerable works around the castle have also taken place and the castle , park and riverside walk are open to the public .
= = = = Cuba Court = = = =
Cuba Court , also known as Cuba House , was a house dating from the 1730s and may have been constructed by one George Frazer , a former Governor of Cuba and perhaps to a design of Sir Edward Lovett Pearce , who designed the Irish Houses of Parliament in Dublin . It is certainly known to have been constructed with money from the sugar plantations in Cuba . In his biography of Anthony Trollope , James Pope @-@ Hennessy describes Cuba Court as " a fine example of an Irish country @-@ house of the mid @-@ eighteenth century in the manner of the Dublin architect , Pierce ( sic ) . The building contained ... two circular rooms ... and an avenue of lime trees led to the front door . " The Belfast writer , Maurice Craig , in his 1976 book Classic Irish Houses of the Middle Size , describes Cuba Court as " perhaps the most splendidly masculine house in the whole country . " Towards the end of the 18th century , Cuba Court was the home of Denis Bowes Daly , who was a prominent member of the local ascendancy . Prior to his death in 1821 he had leased Cuba Court to the Army Medical Board on a 61 @-@ year lease . The building was little used as a hospital and the Medical Board was quite happy to give it up to the Commissioners of Education for the purpose of the Royal School , which had eventually been established as a result of the Royal Charter of 1621 .
Charlotte Brontë spent her honeymoon at Cuba Court in 1854 following her marriage to Arthur Bell Nicholls ( See Charlotte Brontë ) . She noted of Cuba Court : " It is very large and looks externally like a gentleman 's country seat – within most of the rooms are lofty and spacious , and some – the drawing room and dining room are handsomely and commodiously furnished . The passages look desolate and bare – our bedroom , a great room of the ground floor , would have looked gloomy when we were shown into it but for the turf fire that was burning in the wide old chimney . "
During the 1820s , the Royal School at Cuba Court was attended by Sir William Wilde , who later married the poet Jane Francesca Agnes Elgee . The couple had two sons : Willie and Oscar Wilde , and a daughter , Isola Francesca , who died in childhood . Another pupil at the school was William Bulfin , the journalist and writer associated with Argentina through his work Tales of the Pampas , who attended in the 1870s . His son , Eamon Bulfin was one of the main participants in the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin and was sentenced to death , but this was commuted to deportation to Argentina where he had been born .
Due to the Irish policy on rates at the time , the house was unroofed in 1946 and this hastened its demise . Pope Hennessy described Cuba Court in 1971 : " Like so many of Ireland 's great houses , Cuba Court is now being slowly but deliberately demolished . The lime trees have long since been hacked down . " In spite of this , it was described as " a superb ruin that could tell the history of Ascendancy Ireland " , as late as 1979 . It was eventually acquired by a local businessman and demolished in the 1980s . Craig describes the loss of Cuba Court as " particularly to be lamented " . A development of four houses was built on the site at Cuba Avenue in 2003 . An archaeological survey revealed nothing of significance .
= = = = Fort Eliza = = = =
Fort Eliza , also known as The Salt Battery , is a freestanding five @-@ sided four @-@ gun battery , constructed around 1812 , and standing on the east side of the River Shannon . Three sides face the river and were formed of broad parapets . The other two sides meet at the rear salient angle at a guardhouse , which is now ruined . The battery is surrounded by a dry moat , with the entrance originally across a drawbridge close to the guardhouse . At the centre of the enclosure was the brick @-@ vaulted powder magazine . This fort , combined with Cromwell 's Castle , the Martello tower and Fort Falkland would have protected both the town and the river crossing from all angles .
= = = = Martello Tower = = = =
Martello towers ( or simply Martellos ) are small defensive forts built in several countries of the British Empire during the 19th century , from the time of the Napoleonic Wars onwards . They stand up to 40 feet ( 12 m ) high ( with two floors ) and typically had a garrison of one officer and 15 – 25 men . Their round structure and thick walls of solid masonry made them resistant to cannon fire , while their height made them an ideal platform for a single heavy artillery piece , mounted on the flat roof and able to traverse a 360 ° arc . Fear of an invasion by Napoleon Bonaparte reached panic proportions amongst the authorities in Ireland and England in 1804 and the first towers were built in Ireland that year .
In case an invasion fleet tried to sail up the River Shannon , two towers were built on the middle reaches of the river to defend its crossing points . One of these was located at Meelick and the other at Banagher . The tower at Banagher is located on the west ( Galway ) bank of the river and measures 36 feet ( 11 m ) in diameter and height . The tower was described in 1970 as having " ... no corbels , a ridge around the top , much vegetation growing around it , and its general condition is fair . "
= = = = Memorials and sculptures = = = =
A memorial in the form of a stone Celtic Cross is situated at the eastern side of the town . It is known as the Barnes & McCormack Memorial and dedicated to two local men who were executed in Birmingham in 1940 for their involvement in the Coventry Explosion of 1939 in which five people died . The executions caused a public outcry in Britain and internationally as the men had admitted to constructing the bomb , which was intended to be used to destroy a power station , but claimed not to be involved in planting it . The cross was erected in 1963 by The Barnes & McCormack Memorial Committee in association with The National Graves Committee and bears an inscription in both Irish and English : " In commemoration of Staff Captain James McCormack and Company Captain Peter Barnes , Irish Republican Army , who for love of country , were executed by the British Government at Winson Green Prison , Birmingham on the 7th February 1940 . " The monument was sculpted by Desmond Broe of Dublin and features images of the two men , a female head representing Ireland and symbols of the four provinces .
In December 2011 the Zimbabwean artist , Parazai Havatitye , a sculptor who specialises in wood carving , created a sculpture from a tree stump , entitled The Musician , which is dedicated to the musician Johnny McEvoy , who was born in Banagher in 1945 . The sculpture is located on the main road , at the gate of the marina .
= = = Places of worship = = =
Arising from its history as a plantation garrison town , Banagher has active Catholic and Church of Ireland communities . The lane between Market Square and Pucka Lane ( formerly Queen Street ) is called Church Lane and it is here that the first church in Banagher was sited . The 6th @-@ century abbey of St. Rynagh is now in ruins . This church later became the Church of the Blessed Mary in the 16th century , and was also known as the Church of Banagher . According to tradition , the Cross of Banagher once stood next to a crystal spring in the Market Square . The surviving sandstone shaft of the cross was found in the churchyard by a Birr antiquarian named Thomas Cooke in the 1840s and was in reasonable condition then as he described it in great detail in an article in the Transactions of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society in 1853 . The stone that he found appears to have been part of a sepulchral or commemorative cross , set up at Banagher well to record the death of Bishop William O 'Duffy , who was killed by a fall from his horse in 1297 . Cooke had become so perturbed by the deterioration of the stone by 1852 that he had it removed to his residence in Birr . It is now housed in the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin .
The Church of Ireland community had worshipped at the old church , which was in a ruinous state by 1829 when the new St. Paul 's Church was built at the top of the hill , overlooking the town . The new Catholic church of St. Rynagh 's had been constructed some three years earlier and on land given by the Armstrongs , the most influential and wealthiest Protestant family in the area , who consistently and energetically advocated Catholic Emancipation and repeal of the Penal Laws . This situation demonstrated the friendly relations that existed between the two communities in Banagher during those difficult times for Catholics in Ireland .
St. Rynagh 's Church houses a work by the well @-@ known German sculptor , Imogen Stuart , called The Madonna and Child , a mandorla carved in 1974 . The most outstanding feature of St. Paul 's Church is the Window of the Resurrection , a stained @-@ glass window commemorating the Bell family that was originally intended for Westminister Abbey in London .
= = = Literature and the arts = = =
Banagher has a thriving poetry scene and an annual poetry festival called Readings from the Pallet takes place in local bars . The town was one of the settings for the series Pure Mule , as featured on RTÉ television . The mini @-@ series was an RTÉ production and shot in 2005 in Banagher , Birr and Tullamore . The series was favourably received by the critics , although some locals maintain that it portrays Midlanders in a bad light . The series won four IFTA awards in 2005 .
Johnny McEvoy is a well known singer and songwriter of the country and Irish genre who was born in Banagher in 1945 . He has had a number of chart hits since the 1960s and has toured extensively , both in Ireland and abroad .
The internationally renowned folk @-@ singer Roger Whittaker took up residence in Banagher for about 10 years until 2006 . During the time he purchased and renovated Lairakeen House .
Mark Boylan is a singer / songwriter from Banagher . He was born in 1997 and first came to prominence when he wrote the theme song for the 2011 Cheltenham horse racing festival in England . The song is entitled The Festival and it received over 40 @,@ 000 views on YouTube . Boylan went on to write a song for one of the biggest horse races in the world , The Breeders ' Cup . He performed the song at the event which took place at Churchill Downs in Louisville , Kentucky on 4 November 2011 . The proceeds of the song went to the Permanently Disabled Jockeys Fund ( PDJF ) and the song was made available through the iTunes medium .
In the past Banagher was noted for a number of crafts , including pottery and a popular pottery company , called Crannóg Pottery , was established at the West End by Valerie Landon in the early 1950s . It closed down in the 1980s . The town has also had a number of well @-@ known writers staying for varying periods of time .
= = = = Anthony Trollope = = = =
Banagher 's greatest literary association is probably with Anthony Trollope , who became one of the most successful , prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era . Trollope had been employed by the General Post Office in 1835 and was sent to Ireland in September 1841 at the age of 26 . Trollope had had an unhappy life up to that point and remarked in his autobiography : " This was the first good fortune of my life . " After landing in Dublin on 15 September , he travelled by canal @-@ boat to Shannon Harbour and then on to Banagher , arriving on 16 September , which coincided with the second day of the annual Great Fair . Although very much smaller than the town of Birr , which is only eight miles away , Banagher had been chosen as the base of a Postal Surveyorship , probably because its position on the Shannon offered easy access by can boat to Dublin and Limerick .
Trollope established himself at The Shannon Hotel , a long bow @-@ fronted Georgian building , which was over 100 years old at that time . The hotel , which still exists , is located at the bottom of the town , a mere one hundred yards from the river . The post office where Trollope worked was at the top of the town , which is only a matter of minutes on foot . Next to the post office was a two @-@ roomed bungalow which was used by the Postal Surveyor and his new deputy as their working headquarters . This building is often erroneously considered to have been the residence of Trollope himself .
Although Trollope 's initial knowledge of Ireland was limited , he soon discovered that the Irish were good @-@ humoured and clever – " ... the working classes very much more intelligent than those in England . They were not , as they were reputed to be , spendthrifts , but were economical , hospitable and kind . " Their chief defects , he judged , were that they could switch to being very perverse and very irrational , and that they were " but little bound by the love of truth . "
Trollope remained stationed at Banagher until late 1844 when he was transferred to Clonmel . It was while in Banagher that Trollope began to write his first novel , The Macdermots of Ballycloran . He had begun to contemplate this novel whilst walking outside Drumsna in County Leitrim where the ruins of Ballycloran House stood into the 1840s and were still there in the 1970s . Trollope had been up in Leitrim inspecting the accounts of an errant postmaster . He thought the ruins of Ballycloran " one of the most melancholy spots I had ever visited " and he later described it in the first chapter of his novel . Although , his first novel was initially unsuccessful , Trollope was undeterred and in all , went on to write forty @-@ seven novels , as well as dozens of short stories and a few books on travel . He returned to England in 1856 and by the mid @-@ 1860s had reached a fairly senior position within the Post Office hierarchy . Postal history credits him with introducing the pillar box ( the ubiquitous bright red mail @-@ box ) to Britain . Anthony Trollope died in London in 1882 and is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery .
= = = = Charlotte Brontë = = = =
Charlotte Brontë had a brief association with Banagher in the mid @-@ 1850s when she married one Arthur Bell Nicholls , her father 's curate . Nicholls was born of Scottish parents in County Antrim in 1818 . He was orphaned early and subsequently brought up by his uncle , Alan Bell , in Banagher . Alan Bell was headmaster at the Royal School at Cuba Court at that time . The couple honeymooned in Ireland and stayed at Cuba Court for a period in June 1854 . According to Pope Hennessy , Mrs. Nicholls disliked both Banagher and its inhabitants , although she greatly admired the surrounding countryside .
If Bell Nicholls was a poor unknown curate in England – in Banagher he was a member of a respectable family . In a letter quoted by Elizabeth Gaskell in her book The Life of Charlotte Brontë , Charlotte wrote : " My dear husband , too , appears in a new light in his own country . More than once I have had deep pleasure in hearing his praises on all sides . Some of the old servants and followers of the family tell me I am a most fortunate person ; for that I have got one of the best gentlemen in the country .... I trust I feel thankful to God for having enabled me to make what seems a right choice ; and I pray to be enabled to repay as I ought the affectionate devotion of a truthful , honourable man . "
In January 1855 , Brontë discovered she was pregnant . It was accompanied by severe illness and she died on 31 March 1855 , officially from tuberculosis . Mr. Nicholls remained with Brontë 's father for a further six years before returning to Banagher in 1861 , taking with him his wife 's portrait , her wedding dress ( of which a copy has been made ) , some of Charlotte 's letters and other mementoes . Forty years later , when the critic Clement Shorter prepared to write Charlotte Brontë and Her Circle , he found at Banagher among other relics , two diaries of Emily and Anne , in a tin box , and some of Charlotte 's minute childhood writings wrapped in newspaper at the bottom of a drawer .
= = = = James Pope Hennessy = = = =
James Pope @-@ Hennessy came to Banagher in 1970 to write his biography of Anthony Trollope . Pope Hennessy had published his first book , London Fabric in 1939 , for which he was awarded the Hawthornden Prize and was a well @-@ established biographer and travel writer by the time he arrived in Banagher . Among his more notable works were a biography of Queen Mary for which he was rewarded by being created a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1960 , Verandah ( 1964 ) a biography of his grandfather , the Irish colonial governor John Pope Hennessy and Sins of the Fathers ( 1967 ) , an account of the Atlantic slave traffickers .
Like Trollope before him , Pope Hennessy took rooms at The Shannon Hotel , near the river and set about trying to capture the essence of the town which had inspired Trollope 's first novel , The Macdermots of Ballycloran . He proved to be a very popular figure in the town , evidenced by the fact that he was asked to adjudicate at a local beauty pageant and the horse fair . Pope Hennessy gives particular mention to the Corcoran family , the proprietors of The Shannon Hotel in the 1960s and 1970s , for their help in the production of his work . They sold the hotel in 1977 .
Pope Hennessy stayed in Banagher from March 1970 to April 1971 and largely completed his study of Trollope during this time . The finished biography , Anthony Trollope , won the Whitbread Award for Biography in 1972 and is largely regarded as Pope Hennessy 's finest work since Queen Mary . Pope Hennessy grew very fond of Banagher and returned to stay at The Shannon Hotel a number of times before his premature death in 1974 . This is illustrated by his description of Banagher in Anthony Trollope : " ... in Trollope 's words , Banagher then seemed ' little more than a village ' . It retains a quality of friendly village life to this day and can have changed little since Trollope 's time , save that its population has declined to eleven hundred . "
= = = = Sir Jonah Barrington = = = =
Sir Jonah Barrington was born in 1760 near Abbeyleix in the Queen 's County ( Co . Laois ) . He was first elected to Parliament as a member for Tuam in 1790 . He lost this seat in 1798 and was elected as a member for Banagher in 1799 . He voted against the Act of Union in 1801 and as a result he was deprived of his £ 1 @,@ 000 a year sinecure in the Customs House and this also stopped his further advancement . In 1809 he published , in five parts , the first volume of the Historic Memoirs of Ireland . It is thought that he was induced to delay the second volume – the English government shrinking from the exposure of their conduct in carrying the Act of Union , and it was understood that to purchase his silence he was permitted to reside in France from about 1815 .
In 1827 , he published two volumes of Personal Sketches of His Own Times . In 1830 , by an address from both Houses of Parliament , he was removed from the Bench , in consequence of well @-@ proven misappropriation of public moneys . The third volume of Personal Sketches appeared in 1833 as did the delayed volume of his Historic Memoirs . This book was subsequently reproduced in a cheaper form as The Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation . His works are interesting , racy , and valuable – although his statements of fact cannot always be depended on – containing much of personal incident , related in a fascinating style . He died at Versailles on 8 April 1834 .
= = In popular culture = =
The town of Banagher is most likely the source of a phrase that is widely known in many English speaking countries in the world . " That beats Banagher ! " is a common reaction to something extraordinary or to describe something that surpasses everything . The most commonly proposed explanation is that Banagher was entitled to send two members to Parliament following its charter of incorporation in 1628 . It was known as an infamous pocket borough where the members were representative of the landed class , or indeed nominated by the local lord , without a vote taking place at all . When a member of the house spoke of a family ( or rotten ) borough , it was not unusual for someone to reply " Well , that beats Banagher ! "
An alternative explanation is suggested , whereby there was an Irish minstrel called Bannagher , who was famous for telling wonderful stories ; and a line from W.B. Yeats gives this theory some credence : " ' Well ' , says he , ' to gratify them I will . So just a morsel . But Jack , this beats Bannagher . ' " There is also an entry in Captain Francis Grose 's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue of 1785 which says : " He beats Banaghan ; an Irish saying of one who tells wonderful stories . Perhaps Banaghan was a minstrel famous for dealing in the marvellous " .
There are numerous uses of the phrase in literature , including Trollope 's The Kelly 's and the O 'Kellys ( 1848 ) , p . 221 ; James Joyce 's Finnegan 's Wake ( 1939 ) , p . 87 @.@ 31 ; James Plunkett 's Farewell Companions ( 1977 ) , p . 293 and Edna O 'Brien 's Down by the River ( 1996 ) , p . 1 .
The phrase has a riposte : " And Banagher beats the Devil ! " . The origins of this are more difficult to trace but it does feature in a work by the Irish writer Brian Oswald Donn @-@ Byrne , Messer Marco Polo ( 1925 ) , p . 25 , and it is in common usage in Ireland . Trollope asserted on his arrival in Ireland , " I was to live at a place called Banagher on the Shannon which I had heard of because of its having once been conquered , though it had heretofore conquered everything , including the Devil " . Interestingly , a John O 'Donovan , in an Ordnance Survey letter for King 's County in 1838 , attempts to trace the origins of the name Banagher . He states : " Of all the words which enter into Irish nomenclature Beannchair seems the most difficult of explanation " and goes on to say " This name ' beats the Devil . ' " M.F. Kenny in his 2003 book Marathon Marriage uses a story of the devil losing a game of cards to a blacksmith named Banagher at the Black Stile at Garry Castle on the road between Banagher and Birr , as an explanation for the phrase .
= = Education = =
St. Rynagh 's National School ( NS ) caters for children between the ages of 4 and 12 and accommodates approximately 200 students . Secondary education is provided by Banagher College ( Coláiste na Sionna ) , a multi denominational school under the responsibility of Laois and Offaly Education and Training Board . Banagher College is an amalgamation of La Sainte Union Secondary School and St. Rynagh 's Community College . La Sainte Union is a voluntary Catholic School run by the Sisters of La Sainte @-@ Union des Sacrés @-@ Coeurs , a congregation founded in France in 1826 by Abbé Jean @-@ Baptiste Debrabant to promote Christian education . The school was their first in Ireland and opened its doors in 1863 in a house on Main Street when the Abbé arrived with Mother Anatolie Badger and three sisters of the order .
St Rynagh 's CC , originally known as Banagher Vocational School , opened in 1953 with 40 students enrolling under the guidance of the first principal , Ms. Elsie Naughton . Amalgamation discussions began in 1999 and by November 2005 it was agreed that a new school be constructed on the La Sainte Union site . The school accommodates approximately 500 students .
= = Sport = =
Banagher is most associated with the game of hurling and is home to St. Rynagh 's GAA Club . The club was founded in 1961 and represents the parishes of Banagher and Cloghan , with hurling played at Banagher and football at Cloghan . St. Rynagh 's has won 16 Offaly Senior Hurling Championships ( Sean Robins Cup ) and dominated senior hurling in the county from the mid @-@ 1960s to the early 1990s . Outside of the county , St. Rynagh 's were the inaugural winners of the Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship , in 1971 and have won the title on a further three occasions , 1973 , 1983 and 1994 . The club also contested the first All @-@ Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship final in 1971 , losing to Roscrea from County Tipperary . Three St. Rynagh 's players have captained the Offaly hurling team to All @-@ Ireland success , Padraig Horan in 1981 , Martin Hanamy in 1994 and Hubert Rigney in 1998 . A number of St. Rynagh 's players have also won All Stars – Martin Hanamy ( 3 ) , Aidan Fogarty ( 2 ) , Damien Martin , Padraig Horan , Hubert Rigney and Michael Duignan . Damien Martin was the goalkeeper on the first All Stars team in 1971 , effectively making him the first ever GAA All Star .
Banagher schools have won the All @-@ Ireland Vocational Schools Championship on seven occasions . Banagher College were the most recent winners of the senior championship in 2010 , with Banagher having won on three previous occasions , in 1985 , 1986 and 1989 . Banagher also won a junior championship in 1984 and St. Rynagh 's Banagher won a junior championship in 2004 .
In 1910 , Banagher won the Offaly Senior Football Championship title , playing as Banagher .
Soccer is popular in Banagher and the Banagher United club fields teams in the Midlands Senior and Junior Leagues .
A Billiards and Snooker Hall is located between The Shannon Hotel and the Marina and has an active membership . There is a Pitch & Putt course located adjacent to Cromwell 's Castle on the Canal Bank and part of the river on this bank has been enclosed to form a swimming pool . There is also an active Sub Aqua Club in the town .
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= Guitar Hero : Van Halen =
Guitar Hero : Van Halen is the third and final band @-@ specific music rhythm game in the Guitar Hero series . As with the previous games Guitar Hero : Aerosmith and Guitar Hero : Metallica , the game features 25 songs from Van Halen along with 19 additional songs from selected artists that have been inspired by the group . The game was released in retail for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Wii systems on December 22 , 2009 , in North America , and in February 2010 for PAL regions . However , as part of a promotion with Guitar Hero 5 , the game was shipped to Guitar Hero 5 purchasers in North America prior to its retail release . The game was developed by Neversoft with Underground Development assisting Neversoft on developing the Xbox 360 port and published by Activision .
The game has received mostly negative reviews from critics , most of which consider the game 's quality to be greatly inferior to its predecessor , Guitar Hero : Metallica and other games of the series . The reviewers criticized the lack of former Van Halen members , Sammy Hagar , Michael Anthony and Gary Cherone , the limited tracks selected from Van Halen 's discography , the selection of other tracks included in the game , and the general lack of features introduced in the previous band @-@ centric games and Guitar Hero 5 .
= = Gameplay = =
Guitar Hero : Van Halen is similar to the preceding band @-@ centric game , Guitar Hero : Metallica , featuring support for four players in a single band on lead and bass guitar , drums , and vocals . The game is based off the engine originating from Guitar Hero World Tour , and thus does not feature the additions that are present in Guitar Hero 5 , such as drop @-@ in / drop @-@ out play .
Only the current members of the band — Eddie Van Halen , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen and Wolfgang Van Halen — are playable avatars in the game for the Van Halen songs ; former band members Sammy Hagar , Gary Cherone and Michael Anthony are not included . The band appear as they did in 2009 but , by completing challenges in the game , players can unlock their older appearances from the " spandex era [ … ] with the big hair and tight pants " . Despite not being alive during this period of the band 's history , Wolfgang Van Halen 's avatar has a retro outfit copied from the dice @-@ shirt @-@ and @-@ patchwork @-@ jeans getup worn by his father in the video for " Panama " .
A demo of the game was released to Xbox Live on December 9 , 2009 , featuring two Van Halen songs , " Eruption " and " Panama " , along with Weezer 's " Dope Nose " and Killswitch Engage 's " The End of Heartache " .
= = Development = =
While the game was formally announced by Activision on May 7 , 2009 , several sources reported a month earlier that Van Halen was in development . USK , the German software ratings board , posted a content rating for a Van Halen @-@ based game in the series . GameStop temporarily listed the game for pre @-@ order during the month of April . A list of Xbox 360 Achievements was posted to the Internet in early May .
Throughout September 2009 , people who purchased or preordered Guitar Hero 5 in the US were given a code which they could redeem to receive a free copy of Guitar Hero : Van Halen prior to its retail release . These copies began arriving to customers in early October for PlayStation 2 , Xbox 360 , and Wii players , while the PlayStation 3 version was delayed due to a printing error . The game came in a cardboard sleeve with cover art indicating that it was for promotional use .
= = Soundtrack = =
Like the other band @-@ centric Guitar Hero games , Guitar Hero : Van Halen includes 25 songs from the band Van Halen , including 3 guitar solos by Eddie Van Halen , in addition to 19 guest acts . The Van Halen songs in the game are taken during the time when David Lee Roth was in the band , and do not include any works during the period that Sammy Hagar and Gary Cherone were band members ; Activision 's head of music licensing , Tim Riley , notes that the lack of such material was not due to any demands or requests made by David Lee Roth . Riley also stated that most of the guest acts were selected by Wolfgang Van Halen , at the suggestion of Roth . The following songs are included in the game :
^ + Song contains both a single and double bass drums chart . ^ a Song is a guitar solo by Eddie Van Halen .
= = Reception = =
Early reviews of the promotional version of the game received by redeeming a code that came with Guitar Hero 5 were critical of the game . IGN 's Erik Brudvig rated the game 4 @.@ 9 / 10 , citing problems with the lack of relevance of Van Halen relative to the culture of the 2000s , including having their avatars based on their current appearances rather than that of their 80s heyday , the lack of songs from Sammy Hagar 's period in the band , and the lack of features since introduced with Guitar Hero 5 . Brudvig ultimately stated that those who got the game free through the Guitar Hero 5 promotion " got what they paid for " . Robert Workman of Game Daily was less critical of the title , but still noted that the game lacked features , including some mention of Hagar and Gary Cherone and songs from their period with the band , and felt that the title was below the quality of Guitar Hero : Metallica . Both Brudvig and Workman commented positively on the sound recordings and the note tracking of the Van Halen songs .
Guitar Hero : Van Halen reviews following its release were similarly negative . Ben Kuchera of Ars Technica considered the game 's limited coverage of the band 's history to be " a sadly revisionist and dishonest take " , and felt that the non @-@ Van Halen songs clashed with the band 's own material . Kuchera further pointed to Activision 's distribution strategy for the game , stating that he felt that giving the game away free with Guitar Hero 5 showed that Activision did not have confidence in the game . Philip Horton of The Telegraph was critical of the game 's song selection , the band 's modern appearance , and the lack of any additional extras compared with either the previous band @-@ centric games or Guitar Hero 5 , and described it as " the weakest offering in the series to date " . Kate Carter of The Guardian commented that the game is " neither one thing or the other " , as it neither succeeds at bringing anything new to the Guitar Hero series nor fully pays tribute to Van Halen . Computer and Video Games ' review complained about the " shoddy character models " and described it as " the laziest Guitar Hero yet " , and Nathan Meunier of GamePro said that while the Van Halen songs were good and challenging , the remaining tracks did not fit the theme of the game , and that " the lackluster presentation makes the game feel more like a glorified track pack than a true homage " .
Guitar Hero : Van Halen sold fewer than 75 @,@ 000 units across all platforms in North America from December 22 to 31 , 2009 , according to NPD Group . As of April 2010 , the game has sold fewer than 250 @,@ 000 copies worldwide , with only 95 @,@ 000 units sold in North America . These numbers do not include copies of the game distributed in conjunction with Guitar Hero 5 .
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= Nancy Mitford =
Nancy Freeman @-@ Mitford CBE ( 28 November 1904 – 30 June 1973 ) , known as Nancy Mitford , was an English novelist , biographer and journalist . One of the renowned Mitford sisters and one of the " Bright Young People " on the London social scene in the inter @-@ war years , she is best remembered for her novels about upper @-@ class life in England and France and for her sharp and often provocative wit . She also established a reputation for herself as a writer of popular historical biographies .
Mitford enjoyed a privileged childhood as the eldest daughter of the Hon. David Freeman @-@ Mitford , later 2nd Baron Redesdale . Educated privately , she had no training as a writer before publishing her first novel in 1931 . This early effort and the three that followed it created little stir ; it was her two semi @-@ autobiographical postwar novels , The Pursuit of Love ( 1945 ) and Love in a Cold Climate ( 1949 ) , that established her reputation . Mitford 's marriage to Peter Rodd in 1933 proved unsatisfactory to both ( they divorced in 1957 after a lengthy separation ) , and during the Second World War she formed a liaison with a Free French officer , Gaston Palewski . He became the love of her life , although the pair were never a formal couple . After the war Mitford settled in France and lived there until her death , maintaining social contact with her many English friends through letters and regular visits .
During the 1950s Mitford was identified with the concept of " U " ( upper ) and " non @-@ U " language , whereby social origins and standing were identified by words used in everyday speech . She had intended this as a joke , but many took it seriously , and Mitford was considered an authority on manners and breeding — possibly her most recognised legacy . Her later years were bitter @-@ sweet , the success of her biographical studies of Madame de Pompadour , Voltaire and King Louis XIV contrasting with the ultimate failure of her relationship with Palewski . From the late 1960s her health deteriorated , and she endured several years of painful illness before her death in 1973 .
= = Life = =
= = = Family background and connections = = =
The Mitford family dates from the Norman era , when Sir John de Mitford held the Castle of Mitford in Northumberland . A later Sir John held several important public offices during the late 14th and early 15th centuries , and the family maintained a tradition of public service for many generations . In the 18th century William Mitford was a leading classical historian , responsible for the definitive history of ancient Greece . His great @-@ grandson Algernon Bertram Mitford , born in 1837 and known as " Bertie " , was a diplomat and traveller who held minor office in Disraeli 's second ministry , from 1874 to 1880 . In 1874 he married Clementina , the second daughter of David Ogilvy , 10th Earl of Airlie , a union that linked the Mitfords to some of Britain 's most prominent aristocratic families . Blanche Ogilvy , Clementina 's elder sister , became the wife of Sir Henry Montague Hozier , a soldier turned businessman . Their four children included daughters Clementine ( " Clemmie " ) , who in 1908 married the future British prime minister Winston Churchill , and Nellie who married Bertram Romilly . Both Hozier and Blanche were promiscuous , and it is generally accepted by historians and family members that Hozier was not Clemmie 's father , although he was registered as such . Blanche told her friend Lady Londonderry , shortly before Clemmie 's birth , that the father of the expected child was her own brother @-@ in @-@ law , Bertie Mitford ; most historians believe that other candidates for the paternity are more likely .
Bertie Mitford 's marriage produced five sons and four daughters . His career in government service ended in 1886 , when after the death of a cousin he inherited a considerable fortune . A condition of the inheritance was that he adopt the surname " Freeman @-@ Mitford " . He rebuilt Batsford House , the family 's country seat , served briefly as a Unionist MP in the 1890s , and otherwise devoted himself to books , writings and travel . In 1902 he was raised to the peerage as 1st Baron Redesdale , a re @-@ creation of a title that had previously been held in the family but had lapsed in 1886 .
= = = Ancestry = = =
= = = = Selective Mitford family tree = = = =
= = = Childhood = = =
= = = = Parentage = = = =
Nancy Mitford 's father , David Bertram Ogilvy Freeman @-@ Mitford , was Bertie Mitford 's second son , born on 13 March 1878 . After several years as a tea planter in Ceylon he fought in the Boer War of 1899 – 1902 and was severely wounded . In 1903 he became engaged to Sydney Bowles , the elder daughter of Thomas Gibson Bowles , known as " Tap " , a journalist , editor and magazine proprietor whose publications included Vanity Fair and The Lady . The couple were married on 16 February 1904 , after which they rented a house in Graham Street in West London . Bowles provided his son @-@ in @-@ law with a job , as business manager of The Lady magazine . David had little interest in reading and knew nothing of business ; thus , according to Nancy Mitford 's biographer Selena Hastings , " a less congenial post ... could hardly have been imagined " . He remained in this position for ten years . The couple 's first child , a daughter , was born on 28 November 1904 ; they had intended to call her Ruby , but after she was born they changed their minds and named her Nancy .
= = = = First years = = = =
Responsibility for Nancy 's day @-@ to @-@ day upbringing was delegated to her nanny and nursemaid , within the framework of Sydney 's short @-@ lived belief that children should never be corrected or be spoken to in anger . Before this experiment was discontinued , Nancy had become self @-@ centred and uncontrollable ; Hastings writes that her first years were " characterised by roaring , red @-@ faced rages " . Just before her third birthday , a sister , Pamela , was born ; the nanny 's apparent change of loyalty in favour of the new arrival was a further source of outrage to Nancy , and throughout their childhood and into young adulthood she continued to vent her displeasure on her sister .
In January 1909 a brother , Tom was born , and in June 1910 another sister , Diana , followed . That summer , to relieve the pressure on what was becoming an overcrowded nursery , Nancy attended the nearby Francis Holland School . The few months she spent there represented almost the whole of her formal schooling ; in the autumn the family moved to a larger house in Victoria Road , Kensington , after which Nancy was educated at home by successive governesses . Summers were spent at the family 's cottage near High Wycombe , in Buckinghamshire , or with the children 's Redesdale grandparents at Batsford Park . In the winter of 1913 – 14 David and Sydney visited Canada , prospecting for gold on a claim that David had purchased in Swastika , Ontario . It was here that their fifth child was conceived , a daughter born in London on 8 August 1914 and christened Unity .
= = = = War , Batsford Park and Asthall Manor = = = =
On the outbreak of the First World War on 4 August 1914 , David rejoined his regiment and was soon in France . In May 1915 , Clement , David 's older brother , was killed while serving with the 10th Royal Hussars , which made David heir to the Redesdale title and lands . On 17 August 1916 Bertie Mitford died ; David , still serving at the front , became the 2nd Baron Redesdale . Sydney quickly took possession of Batsford House , much of which had been shut up for many years , and occupied the portion of it that she could afford to heat . The children had the run of the house and grounds , and were taught together in the schoolroom . This was a source of frustration for Nancy , whose lively intelligence required greater stimulus . She spent many hours reading in the Batsford House library where , according to Hastings , the foundations of her intellectual life were laid .
The Redesdale estates were extensive , but uneconomical . At the end of the war Redesdale decided to sell Batsford Park and move his increasing family ( a fifth daughter , Jessica , had been born in September 1917 ) to less extravagant accommodation . The house was sold early in 1919 , together with many of its contents — including , to Nancy 's great dismay , much of its library . The new family home was Asthall Manor , a Jacobean mansion near Swinbrook in Oxfordshire . This was intended as a short @-@ term measure while a new house was built on land nearby . The family stayed in Asthall Manor for seven years , and it became the basis of many of the family scenes which Nancy was later to portray in her semi @-@ autobiographical novels .
Growing up proved a difficult process for Nancy . Unable to form a relationship with Pamela , the sister nearest to her in age , she was bored and irritated by her younger siblings , and vented her feelings by teasing and tormenting them . Although there was undoubtedly cruelty in her taunting — the other children , led by Tom , formed a " Leag ( sic ) against Nancy " — her teasing was also , according to the later reflections of her nephew Alexander Mosley : " a highly @-@ honed weapon to keep a lot of highly competitive , bright , energetic sisters in order . She used it ... as a form of self protection " . Not all her interactions with her siblings were hostile ; for their amusement she edited and produced a magazine , The Boiler , to which she contributed entertainingly gruesome murder stories .
In 1921 , after years of pleading for proper schooling , Nancy was allowed a year 's boarding at Hatherop Castle , an informal private establishment for young ladies of good family . Laura Thompson , in her biography of Nancy , describes Hatherop as not so much a school , " more a chaste foretaste of debutante life " . Here Nancy learned French and other subjects , played organised games and joined a Girl Guide troop . It was her first extended experience of life away from home , and she enjoyed it . The following year she was allowed to accompany four other girls on a cultural trip to Paris , Florence and Venice ; her letters home are full of expressions of wonder at the sights and treasures : " I had no idea I was so fond of pictures ... if only I had a room of my own I would make it a regular picture gallery " .
= = = Debutante and socialite = = =
Nancy 's eighteenth birthday in November 1922 was the occasion for a grand " coming @-@ out " ball , marking the beginning of her entry into Society . This was followed in June 1923 by her presentation at Court — a formal introduction to King George V at Buckingham Palace — after which she was officially " out " and could attend the balls and parties that constituted the London Season . She spent much of the next few years in a round of social events , making new friends and mixing with the " Bright Young People " of 1920s London . Nancy declared that " we hardly saw the light of day , except at dawn " . In 1926 Asthall Manor was finally sold . While the new house at Swinbrook was made ready , the female members of the family were sent for three months to Paris , a period which , says Hastings , began Nancy 's " lifelong love affair " with France .
Among Nancy 's new London friends was Evelyn Gardner who , Nancy informed her brother Tom , was engaged " to a man called Evelyn Waugh who writes , I believe , very well " . She and Waugh later developed a lasting friendship . Although she was now of age , her father maintained an aggressive hostility towards most of her male friends , particularly since , as Hastings remarks , these tended towards the frivolous , the aesthetic and the effeminate . Among them was Hamish St Clair Erskine , the second son of the 5th Earl of Rosslyn , an Oxford undergraduate four years Nancy 's junior . He was , according to Hastings , the least suitable partner of all , " the most shimmering and narcissistic of all the beautiful butterflies " — and the one most likely to offend Lord Redesdale . The pair met in 1928 and became unofficially engaged , despite his homosexuality ( of which Nancy may not have been aware ) . Against a backdrop of negativity from family and friends — Waugh advised her to " dress better and catch a better man " — the affair endured sporadically for several years .
= = = Incipient writer = = =
As a means of augmenting the meagre allowance provided by her father , Mitford began writing , encouraged by Waugh . Her first efforts , anonymous contributions to gossip columns in society magazines , led to occasional signed articles , and in 1930 The Lady engaged her to write a regular column . That winter , she embarked on a full @-@ length novel , Highland Fling , in which various characters — mostly identifiable among her friends , acquaintances and family — attend a Scottish house @-@ party which develops chaotically . The book made little impact when it was published in March 1931 , and she immediately began work on another , Christmas Pudding . Like the earlier novel , the plot centres on a clash between the " Bright Young People " and the older generation . Hamish Erskine is clearly identifiable in the character of " Bobby Bobbin " , and John Betjeman is the basis for the supporting role of Bobby 's tutor . The thinly disguised caricatures pervading the book shocked Lady Redesdale , who thought it could not possibly be published under Mitford 's own name .
The affair between Erskine and Mitford continued intermittently . While she often despaired of the relationship , she refused other offers of marriage , saying that she would " never marry anyone except Hamish . " In 1932 her plight was overshadowed by a family scandal involving her younger sister Diana , who had married Bryan Guinness in 1928 and was the mother of two young sons . In 1932 Diana deserted her husband to become the mistress of Sir Oswald Mosley , the leader of the British Union of Fascists , himself married with three children . Almost alone of her family , Mitford offered her sister support , regularly visiting her and keeping her up to date with family news and social gossip . Her own love affair with Erskine came to an abrupt end when , in June 1933 , he informed her that he intended to marry the daughter of a London banker . In a final letter after their parting , Mitford wrote to him : " I thought in your soul you loved me & that in the end we should have children & look back on life together when we are old " .
= = = Marriage , writing , politics = = =
Within a month of Erskine 's departure , Mitford announced her engagement to Peter Rodd , the second son of Sir Rennell Rodd , a diplomat and politician who was ennobled that year as Baron Rennell . According to Mitford 's friend Harold Acton , Rodd was " a young man of boundless promise ... he had abundant qualifications for success in any profession he deigned to choose " . Other biographers describe him as irresponsible , unfaithful , a bore and unable to hold down a regular job , and as the model for Waugh 's unscrupulous , amoral character Basil Seal from Black Mischief . They were married on 4 December 1933 , after which they settled into a cottage at Strand @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Green on the western edges of London . Mitford 's initial delight in the marriage was soon tempered by money worries , Rodd 's fecklessness and her dislike of his family .
In 1934 Mitford began her third novel , Wigs on the Green , a satire on Mosley 's fascist " Blackshirt " movement . Mitford herself had briefly flirted with this cause , although her enthusiasm was short @-@ lived and she soon became a vociferous opponent of fascism . When the novel was published in 1935 it made little critical impact , while seriously offending members of her own family , particularly her sisters Diana and Unity , both of whom were supporters of Mosley 's movement and devotees of the German dictator Adolf Hitler . Diana eventually forgave her , but the rift with Unity , who was outraged by her depiction in the book as the ridiculous " Eugenia Malmains " , was never fully healed .
By 1936 Mitford 's marriage was largely a sham . Rodd was engaged in an affair with the wife of a friend , a situation that continued into the new year , when the Mitford family was further shaken by the 19 @-@ year @-@ old Jessica 's elopement with her cousin Esmond Romilly . A rebellious ex @-@ Wellington schoolboy and avowed Communist , Romilly had been invalided home after fighting on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War . The young couple were traced to Bilbao ; Mitford was despatched to bring them home , but failed to persuade them , and they were married in May .
Through the winter of 1937 – 38 Mitford 's main literary task was editing the letters of her cousins the Stanleys of Alderley , with whom she was connected through her great @-@ grandmother Blanche Airlie . Her preoccupation with this project — nine or ten hours a day , she informed her friend Robert Byron — further damaged her relationship with Rodd , who resented the time thus spent . Nevertheless , in the summer of 1938 she discovered she was pregnant . She hoped for a girl : " 2 Peter Rodds in 1 house is unthinkable " , but in September she miscarried . Early in 1939 Rodd left for the South of France , to work with the relief organisations assisting the thousands of Spanish refugees who had fled from General Franco 's armies in the final stages of the civil war . In May Mitford joined him , and spent several weeks there as a relief worker . She was much affected by what she saw : " I have never cried so much in all my life " . The experience hardened her anti @-@ fascism to the extent that she wrote : " I would join hands with the devil himself to stop any further extension of the disease " .
Having rejected the political extremes within her family , Mitford affected a stance of moderate socialism , though as Hastings points out , without much depth or conviction . Many of her writings — for example , her introductions to the Stanley letter collections , and her " U – non @-@ U " essay of 1955 — are staunch defences of aristocratic traditions and values .
= = = Second World War = = =
The outbreak of war in September 1939 divided the Mitford family . Nancy and Rodd supported the war ; the Romillys had by this time departed for America , while the others either hoped for an Anglo @-@ German détente or , as with Unity , were openly pro @-@ Nazi . Unity was in Munich when war was declared ; in despair she attempted suicide by shooting herself in the head . She survived , and was sent home through neutral Switzerland . Mosley and Diana , who had married secretly in 1936 , were detained under Defence Regulation 18B . Nancy , in full anti @-@ fascist mode , had described her sister to the British Intelligence agency MI5 as " a ruthless and shrewd egotist , a devoted fascist and admirer of Hitler [ who ] sincerely desires the downfall of England and democracy in general . " During the " phoney war " of 1939 – 40 , Nancy was briefly an Air Raid Precautions ( ARP ) driver , and later worked shifts at a first @-@ aid post in Paddington . She drew on these experiences in her fourth novel , Pigeon Pie , a comedy about spying . It was published by Hamish Hamilton in May 1940 , at a time when there was little public appetite for lighthearted war satire , and the book was a commercial failure .
In April 1940 Mitford suffered her second miscarriage . Shortly afterwards Rodd , who had been commissioned into the Welsh Guards , departed overseas . Alone in London , Mitford moved to the family 's Rutland Gate house where she remained during the London blitz . The main house had been requisitioned to provide a refuge for Jewish families evacuated from the bombed areas of the East End . Mitford spent much of her time looking after these families , " so hard @-@ working , clean and grateful " . A brief affair with a Free French officer , André Roy , resulted in a third pregnancy . Mitford again miscarried , with complications that led , in November 1941 , to a hysterectomy . After convalescence , at a loose end , she began working as an assistant at the Heywood Hill bookshop in Curzon Street . The shop became the centre of Mitford 's daily activities , and was a favoured meeting place for London 's literati . In September 1942 she met Gaston Palewski , a French colonel attached to General Charles de Gaulle 's London staff . She found him fascinating , and he became the love of her life — though her feelings were never fully reciprocated — and an inspiration for much of her future writing . For the sake of Mitford 's reputation the affair was pursued with discretion , before Palewski left for Algeria in May 1943 . Thereafter the relationship was conducted mainly by letters and occasional phone calls , since Palewski was only intermittently in England before the end of the war .
Pigeon Pie 's failure had cooled Mitford 's desire to write , but in 1944 , with Waugh 's encouragement , she began planning a new novel . In March 1945 she was given three months ' leave from the shop to write it . The Pursuit of Love is a heavily autobiographical romantic comedy in which many of her family and acquaintances appear in thin disguises . Despite the distraction of learning that her brother Tom had died fighting in Burma , she finished the book and , in September , went to Paris . Ostensibly this was to establish a French branch of Heywood Hill but in reality she wished to be close to Palewski , who was now a member of de Gaulle 's postwar provisional government . She was back in London in December 1945 for the publication of The Pursuit of Love which was , Hastings records , " an instant and phenomenal success ... the perfect antidote to the long war years of hardship and austerity , providing the undernourished public with its favourite ingredients : love , childhood and the English upper classes " . The book sold 200 @,@ 000 copies within a year of publication , and firmly established Mitford as a best @-@ selling author .
= = = Move to Paris = = =
At the end of the war Rodd returned home , but the marriage was essentially over ; although remaining on friendly terms , the couple led separate lives . Mitford 's visit to France in late 1945 had revived her longing to be there , and in April 1946 , having given up working in the shop the previous month , she left London to make her permanent home in Paris ; she never lived in England again . She was a prolific letter writer , and kept contact with her large cohort of friends by a voluminous correspondence . According to Hastings , she developed many of her friendships far further on paper than she could have done through normal social intercourse .
= = = = Rue Monsieur = = = =
During her first 18 months in Paris Mitford lived in several short @-@ term lodgings while enjoying a hectic social life , the hub of which was the British Embassy under the regime of the ambassador , Duff Cooper , and his socialite wife Lady Diana Cooper . Eventually Mitford found a comfortable apartment , with a maid , at No. 7 rue Monsieur on the Left Bank , close to Palewski 's residence . Settled there in comfort , she established a pattern to her life that she mostly followed for the next 20 years , her precise timetable determined by Palewski 's varying availability . Her socialising , entertaining and working were interspersed with regular short visits to family and friends in England and summers generally spent in Venice .
In 1948 Mitford completed a new novel , a sequel to The Pursuit of Love she called Love in a Cold Climate , with the same country house ambience as the earlier book and many of the same characters . The novel 's reception was even warmer than that of its predecessor ; Waugh was one of the few critics to qualify his praise — he thought the descriptions were good but the conversations poor . In 1950 she translated and adapted André Roussin 's play La petite hutte ( " The Little Hut " ) , in preparation for its successful West End début in August , The Times 's critic noted the " habit of speech at once colloquial and unexpected which instantly declares itself the creation of Miss Mitford . " The play ran for 1 @,@ 261 performances , and provided Mitford with a steady £ 300 per month in royalties . The same year The Sunday Times asked her to contribute a regular column , which she did for four years . This busy period in her writing life continued in 1951 with her third postwar novel , The Blessing , another semi @-@ autobiographical romance this time set in Paris , in which an aristocratic young Englishwoman is married to a libidinous French marquis . Harold Acton deems it her most accomplished novel , " permeated with her joyous love of France " . This time Waugh ( to whom the book was dedicated ) had no criticism ; he found the book " admirable , deliciously funny , consistent and complete , by far the best of your writings " .
Mitford then began her first serious non @-@ fiction work , a biography of Madame de Pompadour . The general view of the critics , when the book was published in March 1954 , was that it was " marvellous entertainment , if hardly to be taken as history " . The historian A.J.P. Taylor likened Mitford 's evocation of 18th @-@ century Versailles to " Alconleigh " , the fictitious country house that formed the background to her recent best @-@ selling novels , a comparison that she found offensive .
= = = = Noblesse Oblige = = = =
In 1954 Alan Ross , a University of Birmingham professor of linguistics , devised the terms " U " and " Non @-@ U " to differentiate the speech patterns of the social classes in England . " U " indicated upper @-@ class usage , and " Non @-@ U " the conventions of the lower strata of society . His article , in a learned Finnish journal and with an illustrative glossary , used The Pursuit of Love to exemplify upper @-@ class speech patterns . In a spirit of mischief , Mitford incorporated the U and Non @-@ U thesis into an article she was writing for Encounter on the English aristocracy . Although this aspect formed only a small section of Mitford 's article , when it was published in September 1955 it caused a major stir . Few recognised the tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek aspect ; Mitford received hundreds of letters from worried readers desperate to know if they were snobs or merely " common " . The level of anxious or amused interest was sustained to such an extent that in 1956 Hamish Hamilton reproduced the article in a short book , entitled Noblesse Oblige . The book also included an abbreviated version of Ross 's original article , and contributions from Waugh , Betjeman , Peter Fleming and Christopher Sykes , It was a tremendous success ; as Lovell records , " ' U and Non @-@ U ' was the buzz phrase of the day ... Nancy 's comments made her the arbiter of good manners for several generations " . Thompson notes the irony that the U and Non @-@ U labels , perhaps Mitford 's best @-@ known legacy , were not her own but were borrowed for the purpose of a " tease " .
= = = = Later career = = = =
In October 1957 Palewski was appointed as France 's ambassador to Italy . Mitford 's meetings with him , which had become increasingly rare because of his many political and social commitments , were now reduced to a single visit a year , supplemented with occasional letters . Mitford mainly concealed her true feelings on this separation , although one acquaintance noted her increasingly " savage " teasing of friends , which was perhaps a safety valve : " If she would only tell one she is unhappy one would do what one could to comfort her " . In March 1958 Mitford 's father , Lord Redesdale , died . After the cremation , she informed her sister Jessica , " the ashes were done up in the sort of parcel he used to bring back from London , rich thick brown paper & incredibly neat knots " .
Meanwhile Mitford had completed her latest book , Voltaire in Love , an account of the love affair between Voltaire and the Marquise du Châtelet . She considered it her first truly grown @-@ up work , and her best . Published in 1957 , it sold well , was taken seriously by the critics and was warmly praised by Mitford 's friends . Its writing had been hampered by painful headaches arising from her apparently failing eyesight and worries that she might be going blind . The problem was resolved after a visit to the opthalmic surgeon Patrick Trevor @-@ Roper , who gave her new spectacles : " It is heavenly to be able to read for a long time on end & now I see how handicapped I was when doing Voltaire " . She then returned to writing fiction , with Don 't Tell Alfred , in which she revived Fanny Wincham , the narrator of The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate , and placed her in a Paris setting as wife of the British ambassador . Several characters familiar from the earlier novels appear in minor roles . The book , published in October 1960 , was popular with the public , but received indifferent reviews . Some of Mitford 's friends disliked it , and she decided she would write no more fiction .
In August 1962 Palewski was appointed a minister in Georges Pompidou 's government , and returned to Paris . This did not mean more regular or frequent meetings , and the affair with Mitford continued at arm 's length . In April 1963 Mitford was in England for the wedding of her cousin Angus Ogilvy to Princess Alexandra . A month later she was back for the funeral of her mother , Lady Redesdale , who died on 25 May . Mitford 's friends were dying , too , " in middle age " , she informed her long @-@ time friend Violet Hammersley . The premature deaths included that of Evelyn Waugh , who died on 10 April 1966 . Mitford saw the kindness and humour concealed behind his hostile public image , and said after his death : " What nobody ever remembers about Evelyn is everything with him was jokes . Everything " . Thompson calls their relationship " one of the great literary friendships of the twentieth century " .
Amidst these personal upheavals Mitford continued writing . In 1964 she began work on The Sun King , a biography of King Louis XIV . Her publishers decided to issue it as a lavishly illustrated " coffee table " book . When it was published in August 1966 , among the many tributes to the book was that of President de Gaulle , who recommended it to every member of his cabinet . By this time , Mitford 's relationship with Palewski had become dormant , and she recognised that the best days would never return . Under pressure from her landlords to leave her rue Monsieur apartment — they had raised her rent " exorbitantly " — she decided to leave Paris and buy herself a house in Versailles .
= = = Final years = = =
Mitford moved to No. 4 rue d 'Artois , Versailles , in January 1967 . The modest house had a half @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 2 hectare ) garden , which soon became one of her chief delights . In 1968 she began work on her final book , a biography of Frederick the Great . While confined at home in March 1969 after a series of illnesses she learned from a newspaper announcement that Palewski had married the Duchesse de Sagan , a rich divorcée . Mitford had long accepted that Palewski would never marry her . Nevertheless , she was deeply hurt by the news , although she affected a typical nonchalance . Shortly after , she entered hospital for the removal of a tumour . After the operation she continued to suffer pain , although she was able to continue working on her book . In October 1969 she undertook a tour of East Germany , to visit former royal palaces and battlefields . She finished the book , but in April 1970 was back in hospital for further tests , which did not lead to either a diagnosis or effective treatment .
Frederick the Great was published later in 1970 to a muted reception . Mitford 's remaining years were dominated by her illness , although for a time she enjoyed visits from her sisters and friends , and working in her garden . In April 1972 the French government made her a Chevalier of the Légion d 'Honneur , and later that year the British government appointed her a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) . She was delighted by the former honour , and amused by the latter — which she remembered Waugh had called an " insult " and turned down . At the end of 1972 she entered the Nuffield Clinic in London , where she was diagnosed with Hodgkin 's lymphoma , a cancer of the blood . She lived for another six months , unable to look after herself and in almost constant pain , struggling to keep her spirits up . She wrote to her friend James Lees @-@ Milne : " It 's very curious , dying , and would have many a drôle amusing & charming side were it not for the pain " . She died on 30 June 1973 at her home in the rue d 'Artois and was cremated in Versailles , after which her ashes were taken to Swinbrook for burial alongside her sister Unity .
= = Writings = =
= = = Fiction = = =
Mitford had no training as a writer or journalist ; her style , particularly in the pre @-@ war novels , is chatty and informal , much as in her letters . She may have inherited some of her natural wit and sharpness of expression from her maternal grandfather Thomas Bowles , who in his youth during the Franco @-@ Prussian War had provided dispatches which Acton describes as " extremely graphic and amusing " . Mitford 's fiction , based on upper @-@ class family life and mores , belongs to the genre of the comedy of manners . Her protagonists — typically , intelligent women surrounded by eccentric characters determined to find life amusing — are broadly autobiographical . It is unsurprising , says Thompson , that Mitford should first attempt to write a novel in the early 1930s , since many of her friends were doing the same thing . What is surprising , Thompson adds , is the ease with which she found a publisher for this first book . Perhaps , says Thompson , her publishers Thornton Butterworth " liked the idea of this pretty , well @-@ connected girl who wrote in the style du jour " . Mitford was later embarrassed by her prewar novels ; Rachel Cooke , writing on their reissue in 2011 , believes she had no reason to be : " There is a special kind of energy here , and its engine is the admirable and irresistible commitment of a writer who would rather die than be boring " .
Critics generally place the postwar novels in a different league from the earlier efforts ; Cooke describes The Pursuit of Love as " an immaculate novel that soars many miles above what came before " . In Acton 's view it and its companion volume Love in a Cold Climate present an entirely authentic picture of country house life in England between the wars , and will long be consulted by historians of the period . In these later novels Zoë Heller of the Daily Telegraph hears in the prose , behind a new level of care and artfulness . " the unmistakeable Mitford trill , in whose light , bright cadences an entire hard @-@ to @-@ shock and easy @-@ to @-@ bore view of life is made manifest " . At times a more serious undertone , contrasting with the " bright , brittle , essentially ephemeral " nature of her early works , becomes evident ; Olivia Laing in the Guardian , discerns " a faint and beguiling pessimism about love 's pursuit and its consequences " beneath the light superficiality .
The Blessing has provoked a more divided response . Waugh 's judgement was that those who criticised the book were " lazy brutes ... [ who ] ... can 't bear to see a writer grow up " . More recently , Philip Hensher and others have argued that although the novel is immensely enjoyable and that Mitford 's " marvellous voice " is undiminished , she is on less sure ground with her " Frenchness " than with the English country house ambience , and her picture of France as the embodiment of everything civilised is less than convincing . Similar mixed comments greeted Mitford 's final novel , Don 't Tell Alfred , Waugh again hailing it as her best , " clamouring for a sequel " . In this judgement he was largely alone ; other critics perceived in the anecdotal framework of the book an uncertainty as to what it was about . An American reviewer wondered what parts were to be taken seriously : " What exactly goes on ? ... Can you always tell an Etonian , even when he goes beat ? Is all modern architecture a fraud ? Do U @-@ people really talk this way ? " Similar questions were raised in the Times Literary Supplement 's review , in relation to Mitford 's fictional output as a whole : " Would she have been a better novelist if she had ' tried harder ' , gone in further , dropped the pose of amateurishness , cut the charm , looked beyond the worlds that she knew and , more importantly , loved ? "
= = = Biographical works = = =
The gift for vivid characterisation , which Mitford developed in her fiction , was used to full effect in her four biographical works . In the first of these , Madame de Pompadour , she followed Waugh 's advice not to write for experts but to fashion " a popular life like Strachey 's Queen Victoria " , with " plenty of period prettiness " . This remained her yardstick in her subsequent biographical writings . Her own description of Voltaire in Love is " a Kinsey report of his romps with Mme de Châtelet and her romps with Saint @-@ Lambert and his romps with Mme de Boufflers ... I could go on for pages " . Acton thought The Sun King the most entertaining introduction to the subject in the English language . Mitford 's informal style was remarked on by the literary critic Cyril Connolly , who wrote that her facility for transforming unpromising source material into readable form was a skill that any professional historian might envy . The historian Antonia Fraser considered Mitford an important contributor to the " remorseless process by which historical and biographical sales have soared since 1950 " .
= = = Journalism , letters and other works = = =
Mitford did not regard herself as a journalist : nevertheless , her articles were popular , particularly those she contributed on Paris life to The Sunday Times . Thomson describes this series as " a more sophisticated version of A Year in Provence , bringing France to the English in just the way that they most like it " . Thompson adds that although Mitford was always a competent writer , it is in her letters , with their freedom of expression and flights of fancy , that her true character emerges . Many have been published within collections ; they are , according to The Independent 's reviewer : " a delight , full of the sparks of an abrasive and entertaining wit , refreshingly free from politeness " .
= = List of works = =
( Publisher details are for first publication only )
= = = Novels = = =
Highland Fling . London : Thornton Butterworth . 1931 . OCLC 12145781 .
Christmas Pudding . London : Thornton Butterworth . 1932 . OCLC 639867174 .
Wigs on the Green . London : Thornton Butterworth . 1935 . OCLC 5728619 .
Pigeon Pie . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1940 . OCLC 709966771 .
The Pursuit of Love . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1945 . OCLC 857990796 .
Love in a Cold Climate . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1949 . OCLC 563596524 .
The Blessing . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1951 . OCLC 752807050 .
Don 't Tell Alfred . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1960 . OCLC 757838847 .
= = = Biographical = = =
Madame de Pompadour . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1954 . OCLC 432649137 .
Voltaire in Love . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1957 . OCLC 459588409 .
The Sun King . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1966 . OCLC 229419330 .
Frederick the Great . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1970 . ISBN 0 @-@ 241 @-@ 01922 @-@ 2 .
= = = Drama = = =
The Little Hut . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1951 . OCLC 317377443 . ( Play , translated and adapted from André Roussin 's La petite hutte )
= = = As editor = = =
The Ladies of Alderley : Letters 1841 – 1850 . London : Chapman & Hall . 1938 . OCLC 408486 .
The Stanleys of Alderley : Letters 1851 – 1865 . London : Chapman & Hall . 1939 . OCLC 796961504 .
Noblesse oblige : An inquiry into the identifiable characteristics of the English aristocracy . London : Hamish Hamilton . 1956 . OCLC 219758991 . The book includes Mitford 's essay " The English Aristocracy " , first published in Encounter , September 1955
= = = Collections of letters = = =
Mosley , Charlotte ( ed . ) ( 1993 ) . Love from Nancy : The Letters of Nancy Mitford . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 340 @-@ 53784 @-@ 8 .
Mosley , Charlotte ( ed . ) ( 1996 ) . The Letters of Nancy Mitford and Evelyn Waugh . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 0 @-@ 340 @-@ 63804 @-@ 4 .
Smith , John Saumarez ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . The Bookshop at 10 Curzon Street : Letters between Nancy Mitford and Heywood Hill 1952 – 73 . London : Frances Lincoln . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7112 @-@ 2452 @-@ 0 .
Mosley , Charlotte ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . The Mitfords : Letters Between Six Sisters . London : Fourth Estate . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 84115 @-@ 790 @-@ 0 .
= = = Other works = = =
Mitford was a prolific writer of articles , reviews , essays and prefaces , some of which were published in two collections : The Water Beetle ( Hamish Hamilton , 1962 ) and A Talent to Annoy ( Hamish Hamilton , 1986 ) . Her translation of Madame Lafayette 's romantic novel La Princess de Clèves was published in America in 1950 , but was heavily criticised .
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= Amphicoelias =
Amphicoelias ( / ˌæmfᵻˈsiːliəs / , meaning " biconcave " , from the Greek αμφι , amphi : " on both sides " , and κοιλος , koilos : " hollow , concave " ) is a genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaur that is probably synonymous with the genus Diplodocus . It includes what has sometimes been estimated to be the largest dinosaur specimen ever discovered , originally named " A. fragillimus " . Based on surviving descriptions of a single fossil bone , scientists had over the years estimated A. fragillimus to have been the longest known animal at 58 metres ( 190 ft ) in length , with potentially a mass of up to 122 @.@ 4 tonnes ( 135 short tons ) . However , because the only fossil remains were lost at some point after being studied and described in the 1870s , evidence survived only in drawings and field notes . More recent analysis of the surviving evidence , and the biological plausibility of such a large land animal , has suggested that the enormous size of this animal were over @-@ estimates due partly to typographical errors in the original 1878 description .
= = Description = =
The type species of Amphicoelias , A. altus , was named by paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in December 1877 ( though not published until 1878 ) for an incomplete skeleton consisting of two vertebrae , a pubis ( hip bone ) , and a femur ( upper leg bone ) . Cope also named a second species , A. fragillimus , in the same paper . However , all subsequent researchers have considered A. fragillimus to be a synonym of A. altus . Even by 1881 however , it was recognized that A. altus could not be distinguished from other genera , as the features described by Cope were misinterpreted and are widespread . In 1921 , Osborn and Mook assigned additional bones to A. altus — a scapula ( shoulder blade ) , a coracoid ( shoulder bone ) , an ulna ( lower arm bone ) , and a tooth . Henry Fairfield Osborn and Charles Craig Mook noted the overall close similarity between Amphicoelias and Diplodocus , as well as a few key differences , such as proportionally longer forelimbs in Amphicoelias than in Diplodocus . The dentition of Amphicoelias is homodont . Its teeth are shaped like long slender cylindrical rods , are spaced apart and project forward towards the front of the mouth . The femur of Amphicoelias is unusually long , slender , and round in cross section ; while this roundness was once thought to be another distinguishing characteristic of Amphicoelias , it has since been found in some specimens of Diplodocus as well . A. altus was also similar in size to Diplodocus , estimated to be about 25 m ( 82 ft ) long . While most scientists have used these details to distinguish Amphicoelias and Diplodocus as separate genera , at least one has suggested that Amphicoelias is probably the senior synonym of Diplodocus .
= = History = =
Amphicoelias fragillimus was collected by Oramel Lucas , a fossil collector employed by E. D. Cope , shortly after he was hired by Cope in 1877 . Lucas discovered a partial vertebra ( the neural arch and spine ) of the new sauropod species in Garden Park , north of Cañon City , Colorado , close to the quarry that yielded Camarasaurus . The vertebra was in poor condition , but astonishingly large , measuring 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) up to 2 @.@ 7 metres ( 8 @.@ 9 ft ) in height . Lucas shipped the specimen to Cope in the spring or early summer of 1878 , and Cope published it as the holotype specimen ( catalogue number AMNH 5777 ) of a new species , A. fragillimus , that August . The name derives from the Latin fragillimus ( " very fragile " ) , referring to the delicateness of the bone produced by very thin laminae ( vertebral walls ) . As revealed in Cope 's notebooks , which he recorded based on Lucas ' report on excavation site locations in 1879 , the specimen came from a hill south of the Camarasaurus quarry now known as " Cope 's Nipple . " While Cope originally wrote that the site belonged to the Dakota Formation ( mid @-@ Cretaceous in age ) , the presence of dinosaurs such as Camarasaurus in the same rocks indicates that they probably belong to the Morrison Formation , which places the age of the site at 150 million years ago in the late Jurassic period , specifically the Tithonian age .
The gigantic bones attributed to A. fragillimus have often been ignored in summaries of the largest dinosaurs partly because , according to various subsequent reports , the whereabouts of both the vertebra and the femur are unknown , and all attempts to locate them have failed . Carpenter , in 2006 , presented a possible scenario for the disappearance of the A. fragillimus specimens . As Cope noted in his description , the neural arch bone material was very fragile , and techniques to harden and preserve fossil bone had not yet been invented ( Cope 's rival , paleontologist O.C. Marsh , was the first to use such chemicals , in the early 1880s ) . Carpenter observed that the fossil bones known from the A. fragillimus quarry would have been preserved in deeply weathered mudstone , which tends to crumble easily and fragment into small , irregular cubes . Therefore , the bone may have crumbled badly and been discarded by someone at the American Museum of Natural History ( possibly even by Cope himself ) soon after he illustrated it in rear view for his paper . Carpenter suggested that this may explain why Cope drew the vertebra in only one view , rather than from multiple angles as he did for his other discoveries .
In 1994 , an attempt was made to relocate the original quarry where A. fragillimus and other species had been found , using ground @-@ penetrating radar in an attempt to image bones still buried in the ground . This attempt failed because the fossilized mudstone bones were the same density as the surrounding rock , making it impossible to differentiate the two . A study of the local topography also showed that the fossil @-@ bearing rock strata was severely eroded , and probably was so at the time Lucas made his discovery of A. fragillimus , indicating that a majority of the skeleton was gone by the time the vertebra and femur were recovered .
Cope 's description of A. fragillimus has been met with skepticism , with some researchers noting that there were typographical errors in his measurements . For example , the measurement units are given in ( obviously incorrect ) centimeters rather than millimeters . Carpenter argued that there is every reason to take Cope at his word , noting that the paleontologist 's reputation was at stake . The discovery took place during the Bone Wars , and Cope 's rival Marsh , who was " ever ready to humiliate " Cope , never called the claims into question . Marsh was known to have employed spies to monitor Cope 's discoveries , and may have even had confirmation of the enormous size of the Amphicoelias fragillimus bones . Paleontologists Henry Fairfield Osborn and C.C. Mook in 1921 , as well as John S. McIntosh in 1998 , also accepted Cope 's data without question in published reviews . In 2015 , Woodruff and Foster published an analysis of the evidence and circumstances surrounding the publication and interpretation of A. fragillimus .
= = Size = =
Producing an estimate of the complete size of A. fragillimus requires scaling the bones of better @-@ known species of diplodocid ( a family of extremely long and slender sauropods ) in the assumption that their relative proportions were similar . In his original paper , Cope did this by speculating on the size of a hypothetical A. fragillimus femur ( upper leg bone ) . Cope noticed that in other sauropod dinosaurs , specifically A. altus and Camarasaurus supremus , the femora were always twice as tall as the tallest dorsal vertebra , and estimated the size of an A. fragillimus femur to be 12 ft ( 3 @.@ 6 m ) tall .
In 1994 , using the related Diplodocus as a reference , Gregory S. Paul estimated a femur length of 3 @.@ 1 to 4 metres ( 10 to 13 ft ) for A. fragillimus . The 2006 re @-@ evaluation of A. fragillimus by Ken Carpenter also used Diplodocus as a scale guide , finding a femur height of 4 @.@ 3 to 4 @.@ 6 metres ( 14 to 15 ft ) . Carpenter went on to estimate the complete size of A. fragillimus , though he cautioned that relative proportions in diplodocids could vary from species to species . Assuming the same proportions as the well @-@ known Diplodocus , Carpenter presented an estimated total length of 58 m ( 190 ft ) , which he noted fell within the range presented by Paul in 1994 ( 40 to 60 metres ( 130 to 200 ft ) ) . Carpenter pointed out that even the lowest length estimates for A. fragillimus were higher than those for other giant sauropods , such as the diplodocid Supersaurus ( 32 @.@ 5 metres ( 107 ft ) ) , the brachiosaurid Sauroposeidon ( 34 metres ( 112 ft ) ) , and the titanosaur Argentinosaurus ( 30 metres ( 98 ft ) ) . Carpenter presented more speculative , specific proportions for A. fragillimus ( again , based on a scaled @-@ up Diplodocus ) , including a neck length of 16 @.@ 75 metres ( 55 @.@ 0 ft ) , a body length of 9 @.@ 25 metres ( 30 @.@ 3 ft ) , and a tail length of 32 metres ( 105 ft ) . He estimated the total forelimb height at 5 @.@ 75 metres ( 18 @.@ 9 ft ) and hind limb height at 7 @.@ 5 metres ( 25 ft ) , and the overall height ( at the highest point on the back ) at 9 @.@ 25 metres ( 30 @.@ 3 ft ) . By comparison the blue whale , which is on average the longest living creature , reaches 30 metres ( 98 ft ) in length .
While A. fragillimus was relatively thin , its enormous size still made it very massive . Weight is much more difficult to determine than length in sauropods , as the more complex equations needed are prone to greater margins of error based on smaller variations in the overall proportions of the animal . Carpenter used Paul 's 1994 estimate of the mass of Diplodocus carnegii ( 11 @.@ 5 metric tons ( 11 @.@ 3 long tons ; 12 @.@ 7 short tons ) ) to speculate that A. fragillimus could have weighed up to 122 @.@ 4 metric tons ( 120 @.@ 5 long tons ; 134 @.@ 9 short tons ) . The heaviest blue whale on record weighed about 190 metric tons ( 190 long tons ; 210 short tons ) , and the heaviest dinosaur known from reasonably good remains , Argentinosaurus , weighed 80 to 100 metric tons ( 79 to 98 long tons ; 88 to 110 short tons ) , although if the size estimates can be validated , it could still be lighter than Bruhathkayosaurus , which has been estimated to have weighed 126 metric tons ( 124 long tons ; 139 short tons ) , but is also known from highly fragmentary remains .
Other unpublished estimates have appeared online . A paleoartist on DeviantArt estimated the length of A. fragillimus to be around 73 m ( 240 ft ) , based on a linear scaling of a 26 @.@ 25 meter long , 11 @.@ 5 tonne Diplodocus , assuming that A fragillimus was 2 @.@ 79 times larger in linear dimension . In 2010 , Mike Taylor addressed the issue of A. fragillimus 's size on the blog SV @-@ POW ( Sauropod Vertebrae Picture of the Week ) . Based on comparisons to A. altus and to Diplodocus , he estimated that it may have been around 49 m ( 161 ft ) long and 78 @.@ 5 tonnes . However , he concluded with the disclaimer that it is impossible to determine with any degree of certainty at all how large A. fragillimus was in reality because of the lack of accurate information .
= = Classification and species = =
Edward Drinker Cope described his finds in two 1878 issues of the American Naturalist , and assigned them to the new genus Amphicoelias . He placed it in a unique family , Amphicoeliidae , though this is now considered a nomen oblitum ( forgotten name ) . The genus is usually assigned to the family Diplodocidae , though some modern analyses have found it at the base of the larger group Diplodocoidea or as a diplodocid incertae sedis ( uncertain placement ) . The first named species in the genus , Amphicoelias altus ( holotype specimen AMHD 5764 ) , was discovered by Cope in 1877 . But while it is only represented by a partial skeleton , there are enough diagnostic characteristics to provisionally define the genus . A. altus is known from better remains , but is smaller than A. fragillimus . Cope also named a second species in 1878 : Amphicoelias latus .
The third named Amphicoelias species , A. fragillimus , was known only from a single , incomplete 1 @.@ 5 m tall neural arch ( the part of a vertebra with spines and processes ) , either last or second to last in the series of back vertebrae , D ( dorsal ) 10 or D9 . Based only on an illustration published in 1878 , this vertebra would have measured 2 @.@ 7 metres ( 8 @.@ 9 ft ) tall in life . However , it has been argued that the scale bar in the published description contained a typographical error , and the fossil vertebra was in fact only 1 @.@ 38 metres ( 4 @.@ 5 ft ) tall . In addition to this vertebra , Cope 's field notes contain an entry for an " [ i ] mmense distal end of femur ” , located only a few tens of meters away from the giant vertebra . It is likely that this undescribed leg bone belonged to the same individual animal as the neural spine .
In 2010 , a monograph was made available , but not formally published , by Henry Galiano and Raimund Albersdorfer in which they referred a fourth species to Amphicoelias , as " A. brontodiplodocus " based on several complete specimens found in the Dana Quarry of Big Horn Basin , Wyoming and held in a private collection . The specific name referred to their hypothesis based on these specimens that nearly all Morrison diplodocid species are either growth stages or represent sexual dimorphism among members of the genus Amphicoelias , but this analysis has been met with skepticism and the publication itself has been disclaimed by its lead author , explaining that it is " obviously a drafted manuscript complete with typos , etc . , and not a final paper . In fact , no printing or distribution has been attempted " .
Osborn and Mook , in 1921 , provisionally synonymized the three species , sinking A. latus into Camarasaurus supremus , and suggesting also that A. fragillimus is just a very large individual of A. altus , a position which most subsequent studies , including McIntosh 1998 , Foster ( 2007 ) , and Woodruff and Foster ( 2015 ) have agreed with . Carpenter ( 2006 ) disagreed about the synonymy of A. altus and A. fragillimus , however , citing numerous differences in the construction of the vertebra also noted by Cope , and suggested these differences are enough to warrant a separate species or even a separate genus for A. fragillimus . However , he went on to caution that the validity of A. fragillimus as a separate species is nearly impossible to determine without the original specimen to study . Although Amphicoelias latus is clearly not Amphicoelias , it is probably synonymous with Camarasaurus grandis rather than C. supremus because it was found lower in the Morrison Formation and the deeply concave articular faces on the caudal vertebrae are more consistent with C. grandis .
In 2007 , John Foster suggested that the differences usually cited to differentiate Amphicoelias altus from the more well known Diplodocus are not significant and may be due to individual variation . Foster argued that Amphicoelias is probably the senior synonym of Diplodocus , and that if further research bears this out , the familiar name Diplodocus would need to be abandoned in favor of Amphicoelias , as was the case with Brontosaurus and its senior synonym Apatosaurus . In 2015 , Woodruff and Foster reiterated this conclusion , stating that there is only one species of Amphicoelias and that it could be referred to Diplodocus as Diplodocus altus . They considered the name Amphicoelias to be a nomen oblitum . It has also been hypothesized that Amphicoelias should be considered an apatosaurine , and therefore should be placed in the subfamily Apatosaurinae .
The following cladogram of the Diplodocidae after Tschopp , Mateus , and Benson ( 2015 ) instead shows A. altus outside Diplodocinae .
= = Paleobiology = =
In his 2006 re @-@ evaluation , Carpenter examined the paleobiology of giant sauropods , including Amphicoelias , and addresses the question of why this group attained such a huge size . He pointed out that gigantic sizes were reached early in sauropod evolution , with very large sized species present as early as the late Triassic Period , and concluded that whatever evolutionary pressure caused large size was present from the early origins of the group . Carpenter cited several studies of giant mammalian herbivores , such as elephants and rhinoceros , which showed that larger size in plant @-@ eating animals leads to greater efficiency in digesting food . Since larger animals have longer digestive systems , food is kept in digestion for significantly longer periods of time , allowing large animals to survive on lower @-@ quality food sources . This is especially true of animals with a large number of ' fermentation chambers ' along the intestine which allow microbes to accumulate and ferment plant material , aiding digestion . Throughout their evolutionary history , sauropod dinosaurs were found primarily in semi @-@ arid , seasonally dry environments , with a corresponding seasonal drop in the quality of food during the dry season . The environment of Amphicoelias was essentially a savanna , similar to the arid environments in which modern giant herbivores are found , supporting the idea that poor @-@ quality food in an arid environment promotes the evolution of giant herbivores . Carpenter argued that other benefits of large size , such as relative immunity from predators , lower energy expenditure , and longer life span , are probably secondary advantages .
The Morrison Formation environment in which Amphicoelias lived would have resembled a modern savanna , though since grass did not appear until the Late Cretaceous , ferns were probably the dominant plant and main food source for Amphicoelias . Though Engelmann et al . ( 2004 ) dismissed ferns as a sauropod food source due to their relatively low caloric content , Carpenter argued that the sauropod digestive system , well adapted to handle low @-@ quality food , allows for the consumption of ferns as a large part of the sauropod diet . Carpenter also noted that the occasional presence of large petrified logs indicate the presence of 20 – 30 m ( 66 – 98 ft ) tall trees , which would seem to conflict with the savanna comparison . However , the trees are rare , and since tall trees require more water than the savanna environment could generally provide , they probably existed in narrow tracts or " gallery forests " along rivers and gulleys where water could accumulate . Carpenter speculated that giant herbivores like Amphicoelias may have used the shade of the gallery forests to stay cool during the day , and done most of their feeding on the open savanna at night .
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= Kesha =
Kesha Rose Sebert ( born March 1 , 1987 ) ( formerly stylized as Ke $ ha ) is an American singer , songwriter , and rapper . In 2005 , at age 18 , Kesha was signed to producer Dr. Luke 's label Kemosabe Records . Her breakthrough came in early 2009 after appearing on American rapper Flo Rida 's number @-@ one single " Right Round " . Her debut album , Animal , and her first extended play , Cannibal , were released in 2010 . Kesha 's music and image propelled her to immediate commercial success , with Animal debuting as the number @-@ one album in the United States . She also achieved two number @-@ one singles , " Tik Tok " and " We R Who We R " , and a string of top @-@ ten singles from the album and its re @-@ release . At the same time , she continued to write songs for other artists , including " Till the World Ends " for Britney Spears . Warrior , her second studio album , was released in December 2012 , spawning Kesha 's eighth top @-@ ten single with " Die Young " , and her ninth and tenth Top 40 hits with " C 'Mon " and " Crazy Kids " . " Tik Tok " is among the best @-@ selling digital singles in history , selling over 14 million units internationally .
Influenced by various genres and artists , Kesha primarily draws inspiration from music of the 1980s ; Madonna , Queen , and Beck have been cited as instrumental to her music . After experimenting with country , pop rock , and electronic music , Kesha stuck with the latter . Thematically , her music generally revolves around escapism , partying , individuality , supernatural moments , rebellion , and grief . Kesha has been involved with animal rights and LGBT activism . She has received several awards and nominations , including her win for MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act in 2010 . As of November 2013 , she has reportedly sold over 33 million records ( albums , tracks , and ringtones ) in the United States and 60 million records worldwide .
= = Early life = =
Kesha was born in Los Angeles , California . Her mother , Patricia Rose " Pebe " Sebert , is a singer @-@ songwriter who co @-@ wrote the 1978 single " Old Flames Can 't Hold a Candle to You " with Hugh Moffatt for Joe Sun , made popular by country music artist Dolly Parton on her 1980 album Dolly , Dolly , Dolly . Pebe , a single mother , struggled financially while supporting herself , Kesha , and Kesha 's older brother Lagan ; they relied on welfare payments and food stamps to get by . When Kesha was an infant , Pebe would often have to look after her onstage while performing . Kesha says she has no knowledge of her father 's identity . However , a man named Bob Chamberlain who called himself her father approached Star magazine in 2011 with pictures and letters , claiming them as proof that they had been in regular contact as father and daughter before she turned 19 . Her mother is of German and Hungarian ( from Szentes ) descent . One of Kesha 's great @-@ grandfathers was Polish .
Pebe moved the family to Nashville , Tennessee , in 1991 after securing a new publishing deal for her songwriting . Pebe frequently brought Kesha and her brothers along to recording studios and encouraged Kesha to sing when she noticed Kesha 's vocal talent . Kesha attended Franklin High School and Brentwood High School , but claimed that she did not fit in , explaining that her unconventional style ( e.g. , homemade purple velvet pants and purple hair ) did not endear her to other students . She played the trumpet and later the saxophone in the marching band in school , and described herself in an interview with NPR as being a diligent student . After attaining a near @-@ perfect score on her SATs , she was offered a full scholarship at Barnard College , but instead chose to drop out before graduation to pursue her music career .
In addition to taking songwriting classes , Kesha was also taught how to write songs by Pebe , and they would often write together when she returned home from high school . Kesha began recording demos which Pebe would give to people she knew . Kesha was also in a band with Lagan . Kesha and Pebe co @-@ wrote the song " Stephen " together when Kesha was 16 , Kesha then tracked down David Gamson , a producer that she admired , from Scritti Politti who agreed to produce the song . She dropped out of school at 17 , after being convinced by Dr. Luke and Max Martin to return to Los Angeles to pursue a music career , and earned her GED after . Around this time , Pebe answered an ad by reality series The Simple Life , looking for an " eccentric " family to host Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie . The episode aired in 2005 . Luke and Martin had received one of Kesha 's demos from Samantha Cox , senior director of writer / publisher relations at Broadcast Music Incorporated , and were impressed . Two of the demos were described in a cover story for Billboard , the first " a gorgeously sung , self @-@ penned country ballad " and the second " a gobsmackingly awful trip @-@ hop track " where Kesha raps ad lib for a minute when she runs out of lyrics near the end . Dr. Luke stated in an interview for the story that it was the latter track that caught his attention , saying " when you 're listening to 100 CDs , that kind of bravado and chutzpah stand out . "
= = Life and career = =
= = = 2005 – 09 : Career beginnings = = =
In 2005 , at 18 , Kesha was signed to Dr. Luke 's label , Kemosabe Entertainment , and his music publishing company , Prescription Songs . Kemosabe Records is owned by Sony Music Entertainment and is located in Los Angeles , California . Sony Music Entertainment partnered with Dr. Luke to create Kemosabe Records . Some artists that have signed with Kemosabe Records are Juicy J , Rock City , Zara Larsson , Lil Bibby and many others . Kesha later sang background vocals for Paris Hilton 's single , " Nothing in This World " . Dr. Luke became preoccupied with other incoming projects , having enjoyed success writing and producing for pop star Kelly Clarkson 's album , Breakaway . Kesha then signed with David Sonenberg 's management company , DAS Communications Inc . , in 2006 , hardly interacting with Dr. Luke after that . DAS was tasked with obtaining a major label record deal for Kesha in a year 's time in exchange for 20 percent of her music income , with her having the option of ending the relationship if they failed . She worked with several writers and producers while at the company and ended up co @-@ writing Australian pop group The Veronicas ' single , " This Love " with producer Toby Gad . While furthering her career in studio , Kesha earned her living as a waitress . While struggling to get by , she began stylizing her name as Ke $ ha , explaining the dollar sign as an ironic gesture .
Kesha appeared in the video for her friend Katy Perry 's single " I Kissed a Girl " , and sang background vocals for the Dr. Luke @-@ produced song , " Lace and Leather " by Britney Spears in 2008 . DAS soon attracted the attention of songwriter and A & R Kara DioGuardi , who wanted to sign Kesha to Warner Bros. Records . The deal fell through due to her existing contract with Dr. Luke 's label . In September , she terminated her contract with DAS , reuniting with Dr. Luke . Kesha gained exposure in the mainstream media in early 2009 after appearing on rapper Flo Rida 's number one single , " Right Round " . The collaboration happened by accident ; she had walked into a recording session for the song with Flo Rida and Dr. Luke . Flo Rida wanted a female voice for the song ; Dr. Luke then suggested Kesha for the part . Flo Rida liked the end result so much that they did two more tracks . However , she is not credited for her feature on the United States release of " Right Round " and did not collect any money for the part . She also refused to appear in the video , explaining to men 's magazine Esquire that she wanted to make a name for herself on her own terms .
= = = 2009 – 11 : Breakthrough and Animal = = =
After failing to negotiate with Lava Records and Atlantic Records in 2009 , Kesha signed a multi @-@ album deal with RCA Records through Dr. Luke 's imprint . Having spent the previous six years working on material for her debut album , she began putting finishing touches to the album with Luke and Max Martin . For the album , she wrote 200 songs . The album was executive produced by Luke , who produced the majority of the songs with Martin , and producers Benny Blanco and Ammo . The album is primarily of the electropop genre with beats and synths , marking a shift in sound for Luke from then on from his signature pop @-@ rock productions . Animal debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 when it was released in January 2010 . It was certified platinum in the United States and had sold two million albums worldwide by September . The lead single of the album , " Tik Tok " , broke the record in the United States for the highest single week sales , selling 610 @,@ 000 digital downloads , the highest ever by a female artist since tracking began in 2003 . It spent nine weeks at number one and became the longest running number one by a female artist on her debut single since Debby Boone and " You Light Up My Life " in 1977 . As of 2015 , " Tik Tok " has sold about 15 million copies , becoming the second best @-@ selling single in the digital history – being the most sold single in history by a female solo artist . Subsequent singles from the album , " Blah Blah Blah " , " Your Love Is My Drug " and " Take It Off " achieved similar commercial success each reaching the top ten in Australia , Canada , and the United States . Kesha was also featured on two top ten singles by musician Taio Cruz and electro @-@ pop duo 3OH ! 3 .
Kesha 's deliberately unpolished aesthetic and juvenile stage persona , which she described as her own personality " times ten " , quickly made her a deeply polarizing figure . Some of her critics found her output to be unsophisticated , while others felt that she was manufactured and lacked credibility . Kesha 's former managers from DAS Communications Inc. filed a lawsuit later that month , seeking $ 14 million from Kesha and $ 12 million from Luke for commissions on her RCA Records deal , alleging that she had extended the deadline for them to get her a major record label contract and squeezed them out of her career under pressure from Dr. Luke . Kesha launched her own lawsuit in October , citing the California @-@ exclusive Talent Agencies Act and asking the California Labor Commissioner to declare her contract with DAS void because it had acted as an unlicensed talent agent while procuring work for her in California , where only licensed agents can do so . The case was settled in 2012 before the release of her second album . Kesha held a benefit concert on June 16 , 2010 where all proceeds went to aid victims of the May 2010 Tennessee floods from her hometown Nashville . She raised close to $ 70 @,@ 000 from the event . She was a supporting act on the summer North American leg of Rihanna 's Last Girl on Earth Tour and was awarded Best New Act at the 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards . In November 2010 , Animal was re @-@ released with a companion extended play , Cannibal . The lead single taken from Cannibal , " We R Who We R " debuted at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 . With two number ones and four top ten hits , Kesha was named Hot 100 Artist of 2010 by Billboard , with " Tik Tok " topping the year @-@ end chart . The follow @-@ up single from Cannibal , " Blow " charted in the top ten on the Hot 100 . As of June 2011 , she has accumulated almost 21 million digital single downloads in the United States alone . In February 2011 , Kesha embarked on her first headlining world tour , Get Sleazy . The tour was expanded with a summer leg due to the first leg selling out and spanned three continents . Kesha also co @-@ wrote the song " Till the World Ends " for American popstar Britney Spears and she was featured on the remix of the song along with rapper Nicki Minaj . After meeting Kesha at the 2010 Grammy Awards and guesting at a number of her concerts , rock singer Alice Cooper asked her to write lyrics for and vocally perform as a devil character for their duet track , " What Baby Wants " , on Cooper 's album , Welcome 2 My Nightmare .
Kesha was named rights group Humane Society of the United States 's first global ambassador for animal rights , for which she is expected to bring attention to such practices as cosmetics testing on animals and shark finning . Kesha received the Wyler Award presented by The Humane Society as a celebrity or public figure who increases awareness of animal issues via the media . She received the award March 23 , 2013 at The 2013 Genesis Awards Benefit Gala . She also appeared alongside rock singer Iggy Pop in a campaign for PETA , protesting the clubbing of baby seals in Canada and later wrote on behalf of the organization to fast food chain McDonald 's over the conditions of their slaughterhouses .
= = = 2012 – 13 : Warrior and hiatus = = =
Kesha 's second studio album , Warrior was released on November 30 , 2012 . She began writing for the album while on her own headlining tour in 2011 . The album featured productions from her main collaborators Dr. Luke and Max Martin , as well as a song by Wayne Coyne , the lead singer of the alternative band The Flaming Lips . Coyne had reached out to Kesha for a collaboration after hearing that she was a fan of the band . Besides working on Kesha 's album , they recorded the song " 2012 ( You Must Be Upgraded ) " for the band 's album , The Flaming Lips and Heady Fwends . To coincide with the release of the album , Kesha released an illustrated autobiography , My Crazy Beautiful Life through Touchstone Books in November 2012 . The first single taken from Warrior was " Die Young " . The song debuted at number thirteen on Billboard Hot 100 and eventually peaked at number 2 . The song also charted across Europe and the Anglosphere and reached the top ten in Australia , Canada , and Belgium . " C 'Mon " , the album 's second single , underperformed commercially ; only peaking at 27 on Billboard Hot 100 and ending her string of top ten hits on the chart . Despite this , " C 'Mon " continued Kesha 's streak of top ten hits ( with nine ) on the Mainstream Top 40 Pop Songs chart graphed by Billboard . In March 2013 , Kesha announced the Warrior Tour , which will support the album . The North American leg was co @-@ headlined with rapper Pitbull . Kesha 's third single from Warrior , " Crazy Kids " , was released in April 2013 and also under @-@ performed , peaking at number 40 on the Hot 100 , number 19 on Mainstream Top 40 , yet did achieve massive success in South Korea and Belgium peaking at numbers 2 , and 5 in those countries respectively . A TV series documentary , Kesha : My Crazy Beautiful Life began airing on MTV in April 2013 .
In July 2013 , The Flaming Lips announced that they hoped to release a full @-@ length collaborative album with Kesha , called Lipsha , although it was eventually cancelled in the winter of the same year . Kesha sent a message to a fan expressing how it was out of her control and that she wanted to release the material , even for free , saying that she did not care about the money . On October 7 , 2013 , Kesha and Pitbull released a collaboration , " Timber " , produced by Luke , which was an international commercial success and became Kesha 's third number @-@ one and her eleventh top 10 single on the Hot 100 chart .
= = = 2014 – present : Personal struggles and lawsuit = = =
In January 2014 , Kesha checked into rehab , following this she chose to use her birth name in favor of her previous moniker , using a normal " s " instead of the symbol " $ " . In June 2014 , Kesha claimed a seat as an Expert in ABC 's Rising Star alongside Brad Paisley and Ludacris .
In October 2014 , Kesha sued producer Dr. Luke for alleged sexual assault and battery , sexual harassment , gender violence , emotional abuse , and violation of California business practices which had occurred over 10 years working together . The lawsuit went on for about a year before Kesha sought a preliminary injunction to release her from Kemosabe Records . On February 19 , 2016 , New York Supreme Court Justice Shirley Kornreich ruled against Kesha 's request . On April 6 , 2016 , Judge Shirley Kornreich rejected all of Kesha 's claims against Dr Luke .
On June 13 , 2015 , Kesha headlined LA ! Pride 2015 Presented by Christopher Street West in West Hollywood , California . On August 4 , 2015 , Kesha signed with SESAC Inc . Kesha guest starred in the second season of the U.S. television series Jane the Virgin , which aired on October 12 , 2015 . The singer played Annabelle , Jane 's hostile neighbor . As of August 2015 , Kesha has released little information about her upcoming third studio album . In her August 2014 Teen Vogue cover interview , Kesha revealed she had recorded 14 new songs while in rehab . On November 2 , 2014 , a new song written by Kesha titled " Lover " , reportedly from Kesha 's upcoming third studio album , was uploaded to Schpilkas ' SoundCloud , who produced the track alongside Spookey Ruben . The track was later included on Ruben 's album " Welsh Rarebits " . On June 10 , 2015 , Kesha posted a photo to Instagram that supposedly teased the title of her upcoming single " Child of the Moon " , but the photo has since been removed . Kesha also spoke about the song in her Teen Vogue interview , saying that it had a " Stevie Nicks @-@ witchy vibe " . In December 2015 , Kesha revealed that she had formed a country music and classic rock @-@ influenced band called Yeast Infection and performed a live show with the band in Nashville on December 23 .
Kesha appeared during Zedd 's slot at the 2016 Coachella festival to perform " True Colors " , a track from Zedd 's second studio album . The cameo marked her first high profile public performance since her ongoing legal battle with Dr. Luke . A studio version of the collaboration was released as a single on April 29 , 2016 . Kesha covered Bob Dylan 's song " It Ain 't Me Babe " at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards .
= = Artistry = =
= = = Musical style and image = = =
Kesha wrote or co @-@ wrote every song on her first two albums and considers herself a songwriter primarily , writing for artists including Britney Spears and Miley Cyrus . She possesses a " strong , sneering vibrato " , with a distinct yodel @-@ like quality to her voice ; she employs actual yodeling on the songs , " Tik Tok " and " Cannibal " . Having previously done country , pop rock , and electro , she had a clear idea of the synthpop sound that she wanted for her debut album . The genre was popular at the time , with many of her peers releasing similar output as well . Both of her albums are of the genre with catchy hooks and synthesized productions often compared to pop singer Dev by music critics , creating misunderstandings among the fans of the two . " Party at a Rich Dude 's House " and " C U Next Tuesday " have 1980s derived backing , while " Stephen " begins with " Kansas @-@ style vocal harmonies " . With the lyrics , " Oh my Nicolas Cage , you 're so old / you 're prehistoric / you 're like a dinosaur / D @-@ I @-@ N @-@ O @-@ S @-@ A @-@ you are a dinosaur " , " Dinosaur " follows a verse @-@ chorus formula , reminiscent of " Girlfriend " ( 2007 ) by Avril Lavigne and " Hollaback Girl " ( 2005 ) by Gwen Stefani ; the song uses the overt symbolism of dinosaurs , carnivory , and other primitive motifs to tell the story of an older man who preys on younger women . According to Kesha , the song is based on true events . While her vocals on Animal were heavily processed with auto @-@ tune , often to produce rapid stuttering or over @-@ pitch corrected vocal effects , leading to questions on vocal talent , she expressed confidence in her abilities , showing some of her vocal talent in the ballads " Animal " and " Hungover " on the album .
Kesha 's second studio album Warrior used considerably less autotune , although it still showed in a number of songs . The album 's piano and guitar @-@ driven ballads such as " Love Into The Light " , " Wonderland " and " Past Lives " display Kesha 's vocal ability . Kesha also uses a trademark talky " white @-@ girl " rapping style with exaggerated discordant phrasing and enunciation . Her vocal technique has led her to be credited as a rapper , a topic she disagreed with until fellow rappers André 3000 , Wiz Khalifa , and Snoop Dogg endorsed her . On the subject , she said : " The first time someone called me a rapper , I started laughing . I was shocked , and thought it was hilarious . It 's crazy and funny to me . " The New York Times said Kesha " threatens to become the most influential female rapper of the day , or at least the most popular . Pretending Kesha isn 't a rapper is no longer feasible . " " Crazy Kids " and " C 'Mon " took greater shifts into " party rap " . Most of her lyrics chronicle her relationships and partying ; the lighthearted subject matter of the latter and her unfiltered language saw many critics criticizing her for releasing frivolous and crass music . Jonah Weiner of Slate , however , stated that her jarring lyrics allowed her songs to become more memorable . In " Blah Blah Blah " and " Boots & Boys " , she objectifies men to poke fun at how male fronted rock bands and rappers can get away with objectifying women and not vice versa . The title track to her debut , " Animal " , is more aspirational and is intended to inspire people to embrace their individuality . Much more experimental than Animal , her second album , Warrior , contains dubstep elements and explores erotic experiences Kesha encountered with ghosts on the song , " Supernatural " . Overall , Kesha said the theme of Warrior is magic .
Critics praised Warrior for its rock music influences , despite the album being deeply rooted in technopop . Applauding the album 's rock sound , Rolling Stone called the album Kesha 's rock manifesto . Rock icons The Flaming Lips , Iggy Pop , and Alice Cooper have collaborated with Kesha , endorsing her as a rock singer . Cooper told Billboard , " I immediately looked at her and went , ' This girl is not a pop diva . She 's a rock singer . ' She would much rather be the female Robert Plant than the next Britney Spears . " The A.V. Club noted that Warrior proved Kesha a capable vocalist and songwriter . The Washington Post said that the album the is " pure fun " , acknowledging her proneness for finding good hooks despite her sometimes vapid lyricism .
= = = Influences = = =
Kesha 's musical influences consist of hip hop , punk rock , crunkcore , glam rock , 1980s pop , dance music and classic country . Her country influences of Dolly Parton and Johnny Cash come from her mother 's country songwriting , while her older brother exposed her to hip @-@ hop and punk bands , Fugazi , Dinosaur Jr. and the Beastie Boys . She has additionally cited Beck , Queen , David Bowie , Led Zeppelin , Madonna , Elton John , Aaron Neville , Britney Spears , Bob Dylan , The Damned , The Velvet Underground , Blondie and graffiti artist Banksy as influences . She credits her straightforward story @-@ based lyrics to her love for the honest storytelling style of country music , while the title track from her debut album was created with music from alternative rock bands The Flaming Lips and Arcade Fire in mind . She singled out the Beastie Boys as a major influence , telling Newsweek that she had always wanted to be like them and aspired to make " youthful , irreverent anthems " as well . She called her debut album , Animal , an homage to the Beastie Boys ' Licensed to Ill and credited the creation of the rap driven " Tik Tok " to her love for the Beastie Boys ' rap music . For her first headlining tour , Kesha wanted to emulate the stage theatrics of Iggy Pop 's performances . She listed Pop 's The Idiot as well as Led Zeppelin and AC / DC as inspirations for her second studio album , Warrior , intended to feature 1970s rock inspired music . Warrior , to this effect , includes a collaboration with Pop himself .
She draws inspiration from classic films as well . Her stage makeup is characterized by dramatic glitter makeup at her right eye , inspired by A Clockwork Orange . The video for " Your Love is My Drug " features animated sequences inspired by the The Beatles ' film , Yellow Submarine , while the Get Sleazy tour was described as having a " post @-@ apocalyptic Mad Max vibe . "
= = Personal life = =
Kesha is a vegetarian and an ordained minister , having been ordained online . She also has performed legal commitment ceremonies for both gay and heterosexual couples . She talked about her sexual orientation with Seventeen magazine in 2013 , " I don 't love just men . I love people . It 's not about a gender . " She made a similar statement to Out magazine in 2010 , when she confessed to simply " liking people " : " I wouldn ’ t say I ’ m gay or straight . I don ’ t like labeling things anyway . "
On January 3 , 2014 , Kesha checked into Timberline Knolls Residential Treatment Center , the rehab facility in Lemont , Illinois , for eating disorder treatment . Kesha 's mother Pebe Sebert confirmed that the eating disorder Kesha was suffering with is bulimia nervosa and that she had been struggling with it since she was signed . She also alleged that Dr. Luke was partly the cause of Kesha 's eating disorder , saying that Luke had allegedly told her to lose weight after he signed her , comparing the shape of her body to a refrigerator . Sebert asserted that this had caused Kesha 's disorder to worsen . Kesha had completed her treatment on March 6 , 2014 , after spending two months in rehab .
= = Discography = =
Animal ( 2010 )
Warrior ( 2012 )
= = Tours = =
Headlining
Get Sleazy Tour ( 2011 )
North American Tour 2013 ( with Pitbull ) ( 2013 )
Warrior Tour ( 2013 – 15 )
Mad Decent Block Party ( 2016 )
Residency shows
Kesha Live at Intrigue ( 2016 )
Opening act
Last Girl on Earth Tour ( 2010 )
= = Filmography = =
Bravo Supershow ( 2007 )
Walt Disney 's Princess Ke $ ha ( 2011 )
Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 )
Jem and the Holograms ( 2015 )
Bad Moms ( 2016 )
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= The Devil Wears Nada =
" The Devil Wears Nada " is the fifth episode of the twenty @-@ first season of The Simpsons . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 15 , 2009 . In the episode , Marge and a group called the " Charity Chicks " pose for a history @-@ oriented calendar in hopes of raising money for charity , but Marge becomes the talk of the town due to the erotic poses she made after a few drinks of red wine . Meanwhile , Carl is chosen as the newest supervisor at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant , and hires Homer to be his personal assistant .
The episode was written by Tim Long and directed by Nancy Kruse . It was broadcast soon after the character Marge had appeared on the cover of Playboy , though there was no connection between the episode and the cover ; the idea for the episode was conceived first , and Marge 's appearance was due to an unrelated offer from Playboy . Since airing , " The Devil Wears Nada " has received mixed reviews from television critics . It was watched by approximately 9 @.@ 04 million viewers during its original broadcast . Clips showing the satirical appearances of French president Nicolas Sarkozy and his wife Carla Bruni in the episode became Internet hits in France , with hundreds of thousands of views on Dailymotion and YouTube .
= = Plot = =
The episode opens at a retirement party for the current Sector 7G supervisor at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant . Just as Homer , Lenny , and Carl are celebrating their freedom from supervision , plant owner Mr. Burns arrives and chooses Carl as the new supervisor , after quickly deducing that he is the only semi @-@ competent employee of the three . Meanwhile , in an effort to raise money , Marge and her " Charity Chicks " philanthropic group decide to follow the Springfield Police Department 's lead and pose for a history @-@ themed " sexy " calendar . At the photo studio , however , Marge does not want to show any skin . The photographer loosens her up with red wine , and she ends up revealing more than she planned . Marge and her erotic poses are soon the hottest talk in town .
Back at the plant , Carl makes Homer his new executive assistant . That evening , Marge 's libido pumped up by the male population 's positive feedback on her calendar is running high , but Homer is too overworked and exhausted to satisfy her . This becomes an unhappy trend , and Marge feels ignored . Homer tries to make up for it by taking Marge out to a hotel . During their attempt to have a romantic night together , Homer receives a phone call from Carl who tells him they are going to Paris on a business trip . When Homer leaves the Simpsons ' house the next morning , a frustrated Marge throws a mallet after his retreating taxicab , and she accidentally knocks out neighbor Ned Flanders instead and invites him and his children over for a family dinner by way of apology .
In Paris , Carl is having a great time flirting with a beautiful woman , and he reveals to Homer that he plans to extend their stay indefinitely . Homer is devastated , and walks forlornly through the streets where everything reminds him of Marge . Back in Springfield , Bart and Lisa bail on Marge 's dinner , and Ned shows up alone because Rod and Todd have been grounded . The innocent dinner soon turns romantic , and Marge and Ned nearly kiss , until Marge catches sight of her wedding photo in Ned 's glasses and realizes that it would be wrong . Homer , meanwhile , has forced Carl to give him his old job back by revealing that the woman Carl has been flirting with is actually Carla Bruni , the wife of Nicolas Sarkozy , the President of France . Homer arrives home just as Marge is bidding Ned goodnight , and Homer and Marge make love , undisturbed at last .
= = Production = =
" The Devil Wears Nada " was written by Tim Long and directed by Nancy Kruse . It is partly based on the film The Devil Wears Prada , especially the scenes that feature an overworked and over @-@ utilized Homer . The episode aired soon after the character Marge had appeared on the cover of the real @-@ life adult magazine Playboy . Executive producer Al Jean told the Toronto Sun that this episode was " a little bit of a reference to Marge 's recent encounter with Playboy " . Jean explained , though , that the writers came up with the storyline for " The Devil Wears Nada " over a year before the episode aired and they did not know back then that Marge would become a Playboy cover girl . Jean said that was " an independent offer from Playboy . But we thought , to be smart , we should probably have the episode and Marge 's cover come out around the same time . " In regards to Marge 's explicit plotline in the episode , Jean commented that the Simpsons staff is " always a bit nervous when we push the boundaries or do something unusual and I usually think that 's where we do our best stuff , and this episode is definitely one of those cases . "
= = Reception = =
During the episode 's original broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on November 15 , 2009 , it was watched by approximately 9 @.@ 04 million viewers . In the demographic for adults aged 18 – 49 , the episode received a 4 @.@ 2 rating ( up 2 % from the previous episode ) and a 10 % share . It was the second @-@ highest rated television series in the 8 : 00 p.m. timeslot , following Football Night in America , which received a 5 @.@ 3 rating and 15 @.@ 1 million viewers .
Since airing , " The Devil Wears Nada " has received mixed reviews from television critics . AOL TV 's Jason Hughes was positive about it , commenting that " everything about the episode worked , from Marge 's sexy calendar to Ned Flanders ' role in the final moments . " He added that he thought the episode featured " the heart I felt was missing all season . The love between Homer and Marge dominated this episode , coming in equal strength from both sides . " Hughes concluded that " The Devil Wears Nada " featured " good moments for humor " and that it was " perfectly balanced , written and executed " .
Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club was less positive , giving the episode a C + rating . He commented that because there have already been so many episodes about Homer and Marge 's marital troubles , it becomes more difficult every time to make the episodes emotional . VanDerWerff added that " while the flip side of the usual husband / wife sexual dynamics had a few promising jokes in it and while there were the usual funny sight gags and one @-@ liners , the entirety of the episode felt stale . [ ... ] There 's no way Homer or Marge will ever cheat on each other , and that makes a story like this essentially boring . " IGN 's Robert Canning gave the episode a rating of 6 @.@ 2 out of 10 , calling it disappointing . He commented that he enjoyed the first act of the episode because it had a lot of potential storylines , but it went downhill from there and became boring . Canning added : " This was another case of the series returning to familiar storylines . It 's tough to get away from this one — trouble in the bedroom — as they are a married couple and this is , essentially , a sitcom . Unfortunately , ' The Devil Wears Nada ' doesn 't give the story anything new . " Similarly to VanDerWerff , Canning did not find the episode enjoying because it was obvious that Marge and Ned would not have " a night of passion " since " Marge is too loving a wife and Ned is too good a Christian " .
= = = Reaction in France = = =
" The Devil Wears Nada " features the satirical appearances of French president Nicolas Sarkozy and his wife Carla Bruni . In the episode , Carl is approached by Bruni at a reception at Élysée Palace , the official residence of the president , where she tells him that she wants " to make love , right now . " Homer later reveals to Carl that the woman he has been seeing is Bruni , and threatens to tell Sarkozy if he does not get his old job back . Carl does not believe Homer will tell , so Homer calls Sarkozy ( who is seen eating cheese and drinking red wine in his office with Bruni ) . Sarkozy answers the phone saying " You 're getting cosy with Sarkozy . " At this point , Carl gives in , and Homer hangs up the phone .
Unlike other high @-@ ranking politicians such as Tony Blair , who have guest starred on The Simpsons , the couple did not actually lend their voices to the show and the appearances were made without their permission . Agence France @-@ Presse wrote that as a result , it was a " harsher " parody in comparison to the parodies on the show of people that have provided their own voices . The Daily Mail described Bruni 's portrayal in the episode as a " sex @-@ mad femme fatale " and " chain @-@ smoking man @-@ eater " , and the French newspaper Le Figaro said she was characterized as " a nymphomaniac with an exaggerated French accent " . Bruni had previously attracted media attention in the United States because of her many reported partners and lovers . A reporter for The Times in Paris , Charles Bremner , wrote that her " sulphurous former image as the girlfriend of rock stars and celebrities was mocked by [ the episode ] . "
Clips on YouTube and Dailymotion showing Sarkozy 's and Bruni 's appearances were viewed hundreds of thousands of times in France , becoming Internet hits . According to Agence France @-@ Presse , the cameos " passed largely unnoticed in France until Friday [ November 22 ] , when news websites started linking to pirated clips of the episode , creating a buzz which saw more than 117 @,@ 000 fans linking to the DailyMotion site alone . " As of Saturday November 23 , the Dailymotion clip had received 440 @,@ 000 hits . Reactions to the clips were mixed from the French viewers . The Daily Mail wrote that a spokesman working for the Élysée Palace said in November 2009 that " they had no comment to make on the latest mockery of their first couple " . Bruni 's spokeswoman did not respond to requests for comment either , but Bremner reported that Bruni " laughed when asked about the programme " .
The French news website Rue 89 commented that the episode provided the writers with a good opportunity to mock all the French clichés , including the accent , the cheese , the cheek kissing between men , and the supposed nymphomania . This was not the first time that France had been made fun of on The Simpsons . For example , the writers had previously come up with the derogatory phrase " cheese @-@ eating surrender monkeys " as a description of the French people , and had made fun of the French in the first season episode The Crepes of Wrath .
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= Ocean Rain =
Ocean Rain is the fourth studio album by the English post @-@ punk band Echo & the Bunnymen . It was released on 4 May 1984 and reached number four on the UK Albums Chart , number 87 on the United States Billboard 200 , number 41 on the Canadian RPM 100 Albums and number 22 on the Swedish chart . Since 1984 the album has been certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry . Ocean Rain includes the singles " The Killing Moon " , " Silver " and " Seven Seas " .
The band wrote the songs for the new album in 1983 . In early 1984 they recorded most of the album in Paris using a 35 @-@ piece orchestra , with other sessions taking place in Bath and Liverpool . Receiving mixed reviews the album was originally released as an LP and a cassette in May 1984 before it was reissued on CD in August . The album was reissued on CD in 2003 , along with the other four of the band 's first five studio albums , having been remastered and expanded before again being reissued in 2008 with a live bonus disc . The artwork for the album was designed by Martyn Atkins and the photography was by Brian Griffin . Echo & the Bunnymen played a number of concerts in 2008 where they performed Ocean Rain in full and with the backing of an orchestra .
= = Background = =
Following the poor reception of Echo & the Bunnymen 's third album , 1983 's Porcupine , the band recorded the single " Never Stop " . The title track of the single was produced by Hugh Jones , who had produced the band 's second album , 1981 's Heaven Up Here . The single introduced a new sound for the band with an expanded arrangement including congas , marimbas , violins and cellos . After " Never Stop " was released on 8 July 1983 the band toured the Outer Hebrides in Scotland before two successful concerts at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 18 and 19 July . Also that month , the band was filmed by RPM Productions for the Channel 4 documentary series Play at Home . Filmed in a café used by the band they recorded acoustic versions of two old songs , " Stars Are Stars " and " Villiers Terrace " , as well as two new songs , " The Killing Moon " and " Silver " , for their episode of Play at Home titled Life at Brian 's .
After spending some time in Liverpool writing new songs for the album , the band recorded their sixth session for John Peel 's radio show on BBC Radio 1 on 6 September 1983 . The songs recorded were " Nocturnal Me " , " Ocean Rain " , " My Kingdom " and " Watch Out Below " , which would all later appear on the band 's fourth album Ocean Rain – " Watch Out Below " was later renamed " The Yo Yo Man " . When the band 's John Peel session was broadcast on 10 October 1983 , the punk zine Jamming said , " [ The songs ] hint at a readjustment and a period of new positive recovery . "
Echo & the Bunnymen were booked to headline a two @-@ week youth festival at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon on the evening of 23 October 1983 . Due to a high demand for tickets a matinee performance was added . The matinee concert at Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon saw the live debut of " The Killing Moon " , " Seven Seas " and " Silver " . With representatives from the band 's record company and lead singer Ian McCulloch 's mother in the audience , the performance was nervous and uncertain ; although the evening performance , without the record company representatives and McCulloch 's mother , was much improved .
At the end of 1983 Echo & the Bunnymen recorded a live special called A Crystal Day for the Channel 4 programme The Tube . Ignoring their old material , the band played " The Killing Moon " , " Nocturnal Me " , " Ocean Rain " – which had now developed into a ballad – and an early version of " Thorn of Crowns " called " Cucumber " .
= = Recording and music = =
The band recorded and self @-@ produced " The Killing Moon " – which was released on 20 January 1984 – at Crescent Studio in Bath , Somerset . After catching a cold , McCulloch completed the recording of the vocals for the song at Amazon Studio in Liverpool , where de Freitas also completed the drumming . The band then went to Paris where they were booked into Les Studios des Dames and Studio Davout . Henri Loustau , the engineer at des Dames , assisted on the string passages and Adam Peters provided the string arrangements and played cello and piano . McCulloch , not happy with the lead vocals he had recorded in Paris , re @-@ recorded most of the vocals at Amazon Studio in Liverpool .
Continuing the band 's prominent use of strings – which began with the 1982 single " The Back of Love " – they recorded Ocean Rain using a 35 @-@ piece orchestra . Lead guitarist Will Sergeant said , " We wanted to make something conceptual with lush orchestration ; not Mantovani , something with a twist . It 's all pretty dark . ' Thorn of Crowns ' is based on an eastern scale . The whole mood is very windswept : European pirates , a bit Ben Gunn ; dark and stormy , battering rain ; all of that . " During recording De Freitas used xylophones and glockenspiels in addition to his usual percussion , bass player Les Pattinson used an old reverb machine at des Dames and Sergeant 's solo on " My Kingdom " was played using a Washburn acoustic guitar which he distorted through a valve radio .
= = Cover = =
As with their previous albums , the album cover was designed by Martyn Atkins and the photography was by Brian Griffin . With the band wanting to continue the elemental theme of the previous three albums , the photograph used on the front cover of the album is a picture of the band in a rowing boat which was taken inside Carnglaze Caverns , Liskeard , Cornwall . In his 2002 book Turquoise Days : The Weird World of Echo & the Bunnymen , author Chris Adams describes the cover as " a perfect visual representation of arguably the Bunnymen 's finest album " .
The picture on the front cover of the original album was kept for the 2003 reissue . However , the design was altered slightly by graphic designer Rachel Gutek of the design company guppyart . This release contains an expanded booklet written by music journalist Max Bell giving the background to the album . The booklet contains a number of photographs which are credited to Sergeant and Pattinson .
= = Releases = =
Ocean Rain was first released on 4 May 1984 as an LP and on cassette by Korova in Europe . It was subsequently released by Sire Records in the United States on 14 May and on CD in Europe and the United States on 24 August 1984 . The album was marketed as " the greatest album ever made " and McCulloch later said it was because they believed it was . Although he also said it was meant as a joke when he said , " That wasn 't my idea ! I was on the phone to [ Rob Dickins , managing director of Warner Bros. ] , just joshing and I said ' Oh , it 's the greatest album ever made . ' And he used it on the poster . " In a 2005 interview for Record Collector magazine , Sergeant asked , " Why not ? " . After wondering " what all the fuss was about " , he went on to ask , " Doesn 't every band think that way when they 've got a new record out ? "
Along with the other four of the band 's first five albums , Ocean Rain was remastered and reissued on CD in 2003 – these releases were marketed as 25th anniversary editions . Eight bonus tracks were added to the album : " Angels and Devils " , which had been recorded at The Automatt in San Francisco , was the B @-@ side to the single " Silver " and was produced by The Bunnymen and Alan Perman ; five Life at Brian 's – Lean and Hungry tracks ( " All You Need Is Love " , " The Killing Moon " , " Stars Are Stars " , " Villiers Terrace " and " Silver " ) which had been recorded for the Channel 4 programme Play at Home ; and two live tracks ( " My Kingdom " and " Ocean Rain " ) which were recorded for A Crystal Day , a Channel 4 special for The Tube . The Life at Brian 's – Lean and Hungry track , " Silver " , and the two A Crystal Day tracks had previously been unreleased .
The reissued album in 2003 was produced by Andy Zax and Bill Inglot . A collector 's edition was released in October 2008 which , while still including " Angels and Devils " , replaced the bonus tracks of the 25th anniversary edition with the extended 12 @-@ inch single versions of " Silver " and " The Killing Moon " . The collector 's edition also includes a bonus disc containing a recording of the band 's 1983 Royal Albert Hall concert .
There were three tracks from the original Ocean Rain album which have been released as singles . The first of these was " The Killing Moon " which was released on 20 January 1984 . The second single was " Silver " which was released on 13 April 1984 . The final single to be released from the original album was " Seven Seas " which was released on 6 July 1984 . This was the first time Echo & the Bunnymen have released more than two singles from one album .
= = Reception = =
The album was released to mixed reviews . Describing Echo & the Bunnymen 's change from the more rock sound of their previous albums to the lighter sound of Ocean Rain , music journalist Max Bell said in his 1984 review for The Times newspaper , " This time vocalist Ian McCulloch has tempered his metaphysical songs with a romantic sweetness and the band 's melodies are more to the fore . Acoustic guitars , brushes and sparingly used keyboards all add to the album 's optimistic warmth and there is a consistency of atmosphere in songs like ' Seven Seas ' and ' Silver ' , the current single , which justifies the departure . "
However , Rolling Stone described the album as " too often a monochromatic dirge of banal existential imagery cloaked around the mere skeleton of a musical idea " . Saying that the album had some nifty choruses and nice atmospheres , the review went on to say it " evinces too little melodic development and too much tortured soul @-@ gazing " . In his 1984 review for NME , Biba Kopf said , " ... Ocean Rain has been designed to buttress the notion of the group 's importance . Not unnaturally the results have the opposite effect . " He went on to criticise McCulloch 's lyrics , which he described as " tired juxtapositions of mysterious buzzwords , nonsense , and banality " , and the music , " mellotron @-@ style wash of strings and bleating wood winds " .
Ocean Rain reached number four on the UK Albums Chart in its first week of release and stayed on the chart for 26 weeks . In the United States it entered the Billboard 200 at number 172 on 9 June 1984 and stayed on the chart for 11 weeks , reaching a peak of number 87 . It entered the Canadian RPM 100 Albums chart at number 89 before it reached a peak of number 41 . Staying on the Swedish chart for three weeks the album reached a peak of number 22 . As of 1984 , Ocean Rain has been certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for having sold more than 100 @,@ 000 copies .
Of the singles from the album ; " The Killing Moon " , which was released on 20 January 1984 , reached number nine on the UK Singles Chart and number seven on the Irish Singles Chart ; " Silver " , released on 13 April 1984 , reached number 30 on the UK Singles Chart and number 14 on the Irish Singles Chart ; and " Seven Seas " , released on 6 July 1984 , reached number 16 on the UK Singles Chart and number 10 on the Irish Singles Chart .
= = Legacy = =
The album still attracts mixed critical commentary . In a highly positive retrospective review on AllMusic , Jason Ankeny gave the album a 5 @-@ star rating . He described the album as " dramatic and majestic " , praising the " sweeping string arrangements and hauntingly evocative production . " He felt that in comparison to the band 's album Porcupine , the " conventional and simple structural parameters " of Ocean Rain made it Echo & the Bunnymen 's " most beautiful and memorable effort " and he asserted that " The Killing Moon " was the band 's " unrivalled pinnacle " .
When reissued in 2003 , Andrew Harrison in Blender described the album as " a portrait of splendid derangement with spectacular orchestrations " . Mojo said the album had " effervescent songs , sympathetically orchestrated " .
In his 2005 book Rip It Up and Start Again : Post Punk 1978 – 1984 , British music journalist Simon Reynolds describes the album as " lush , orchestrated and [ ... ] overtly erotic " . Mark Blacklock , in Robert Dimery 's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die , wrote that the album 's confidence , lush strings , romance , warmth and poetry , means that " it stands the test of time better than any other Bunnymen album " .
Among less positive commentaries , Pitchfork described the album as being " stuffed with queasy midtempo tracks and bizarre orchestration " although they did say that the album was not impenetrable , ultimately giving it an 8 @.@ 6 / 10 . Reviewing the collector 's edition for the BBC , Chris Jones described the album as " the point where the cracks began to show , but were masked with such beauty as to hardly matter " . Jones went on to say how the 35 @-@ piece orchestra helped on tracks such as " Nocturnal Me " but made others , such as " The Yo @-@ Yo Man " , " flounder under the weight of intrusive arrangements " .
= = Ocean Rain tour = =
On 16 September 2008 , Echo & the Bunnymen played a concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London playing the album with the backing of a 16 @-@ piece orchestra . Two similar concerts subsequently took place at Radio City in New York City on 1 October 2008 and at the Liverpool Echo Arena on 27 November 2008 . These concerts were played with a 10 @-@ piece orchestra which was conducted by Rupert Christie . The posters used to advertise the concerts have the image of the band from the cover of the album overlaying an image of the venue . Further concerts took place in Europe and North America during 2009 .
The concerts were received well . Simon O 'Hagan , reviewing the London concert in The Independent , described it as " a moving , memorable evening " and went on to describe McCulloch 's voice as " torn silk " and " magnificent " . Giving the London concert five out of five stars , Angus Batey , writing in The Guardian , described " The Killing Moon " as a " dizzying high " which was " topped by ' Ocean Rain ' itself , where the strings are held back until the end of the second verse so that they hit with a euphoric punch of almost physical intensity , sunny melodic optimism piercing the lyrics ' chiaroscuro of storm clouds and ' blackest thoughts ' . " However , Adam Sweeting , for The Daily Telegraph , said the orchestra " often didn 't add much beyond a vague sonic sludge " .
Reviewing the New York concert for Rolling Stone , Jim Allen described Radio City as an " appropriately dramatic , grandiose setting " , and added that McCulloch " was in fine voice , growling and sneering wondrously " . Reviewing the Liverpool concert , Jade Wright wrote in the Liverpool Echo that McCulloch " was on form – one part Lou Reed , one part Oliver Reed , with a bit of Jim Morrison thrown in for good measure . "
= = Track listing = =
All tracks written by Will Sergeant , Ian McCulloch , Les Pattinson and Pete de Freitas except where noted .
= = Personnel = =
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= Washington State Route 161 =
State Route 161 ( SR 161 ) is a 36 @.@ 25 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 58 @.@ 34 km ) state highway serving Pierce and King counties in the U.S. state of Washington . The highway begins at SR 7 southwest of Eatonville and travels north as Meridian Avenue to Puyallup , becoming concurrent with SR 512 and SR 167 . SR 161 continues northwest as the Enchanted Parkway to end at an intersection with SR 18 in Federal Way , west of Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) . The highway serves the communities of Graham and South Hill before reaching Puyallup and the communities of Edgewood , Milton , and Lakeland South before reaching Federal Way .
SR 161 was established during the 1964 highway renumbering , replacing three Secondary State Highways ( SSHs ) : Secondary State Highway 5D ( SSH 5D ) and SSH 5G , both established in 1937 , and SSH 5N , established in 1955 . SSH 5D served as a connector between Federal Way and Puyallup and SSH 5G served as a connector between Puyallup and South Hill . SSH 5N connected Eatonville to South Hill and was extended south towards La Grande in 1967 . SR 161 was moved onto a bypass of Puyallup in the 1980s and formed concurrencies with SR 167 and SR 512 as a result . As of 2013 , projects to expand the highway in Edgewood and Milton and adding new offramps at the I @-@ 5 and SR 18 interchange are in progress .
= = Route description = =
SR 161 begins southwest of Eatonville and north of La Grande in rural Pierce County at an intersection with SR 7 . The highway travels northeast to pass the Charles Lathrop Pack Experimental and Demonstration Forest and cross the Little Mashel River into Eatonville . The roadway crosses the Mashel River into Downtown Eatonville , turning north onto Mashell Avenue and later Washington Avenue . SR 161 turns west onto Meridian Avenue north of Eatonville High School and leaves the city on a two @-@ lane highway . Meridian Avenue continues north through rural Pierce County , passing Clear Lake and Tanwax Lake , before entering the community of Graham and crossing a Tacoma Rail line near Graham @-@ Kapowsin High School . SR 161 travels north and passes South Hill and Pierce County Airport ( Thun Field ) before entering Puyallup . The highway turns northwest at the South Hill Mall onto 31st Avenue and intersects the SR 512 freeway in a partial cloverleaf interchange , beginning a 3 @.@ 41 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 5 @.@ 49 km ) concurrency .
SR 161 and SR 512 travel north on a freeway in Puyallup , intersecting Meridian Street at the Puyallup Fairgrounds and Pioneer Avenue at a partial cloverleaf interchange . After the intersection with Pioneer Avenue , the freeway travels over a BNSF rail line that serves Puyallup Station and crosses the Puyallup River before a trumpet interchange with SR 167 . At the interchange , SR 512 ends and SR 161 northbound turns west on a 1 @.@ 83 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 2 @.@ 95 km ) wrong @-@ way concurrency with SR 167 , designated as traveling southbound . SR 161 turns north onto Meridian Avenue at Fort Malone as SR 167 travels south into Downtown Puyallup , and the highway continues north and crosses a Union Pacific rail line . Meridian Avenue continues north into to form the boundary between Edgewood and Milton , where the highway intersects Milton Way , the former route of SR 514 . SR 161 turns northwest into King County as the Enchanted Parkway , passing through Lakeland South and Wild Waves Theme Park before crossing over I @-@ 5 . The Enchanted Parkway turns north into Federal Way and ends at an intersection with SR 18 , located between SR 99 and I @-@ 5 .
Every year , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that between 340 and 99 @,@ 000 vehicles per day used the highway , mostly in the Puyallup area .
= = History = =
SR 161 was formed during the 1964 highway renumbering as the successor to SSH 5N from Primary State Highway 5 ( PSH 5 ) north of La Grande to South Hill , SSH 5G from South Hill to U.S. Route 410 ( US 410 ) in Puyallup , and SSH 5D from US 410 north of Puyallup to US 99 Federal Way . The highway was also concurrent with US 410 , signed in 1926 , between the eastern end of SSH 5G in Downtown Puyallup and the southern end of SSH 5D . SSH 5D and SSH 5G were established during the creation of the Primary and secondary state highways in 1937 , and SSH 5N was established in 1955 to Eatonville and extended south to PSH 5 near La Grande in 1967 after SR 161 was created . SR 161 , including the concurrency with US 410 , was signed into law in 1970 as a highway extending from SR 7 near Eatonville to US 99 . US 410 was replaced with an extension of SR 167 in the Tacoma area and US 12 east of the Cascade Mountains in 1967 and the highway was shortened from US 99 to SR 18 in 1971 .
SR 161 was moved east onto a bypass of Puyallup , creating concurrences with SR 512 and SR 167 , in the late 1980s , and designated , within King County , as the Enchanted Parkway in 1987 as the last major revision to the highway . A freeway extension to SR 167 between Tacoma and Puyallup has been proposed since the 1990s and would create a new interchange with SR 161 north of the Puyallup River , but as of 2013 the freeway has not been built . The eastbound ramps at end of the concurrency between SR 161 and SR 167 was realigned in late 2008 to reduce congestion and started recent improvements to the highway . WSDOT is widening the Enchanted Parkway through the Edgewood and Milton area from 2 lanes to 4 lanes with wider shoulders and sidewalks to be completed by 2027 . The interchange between I @-@ 5 and SR 18 is being reconstructed in Federal Way , with a new flyover ramp from westbound SR 18 to SR 161 being completed in September 2012 . Another ramp , from southbound I @-@ 5 to SR 161 , is under construction .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Glutinoglossum glutinosum =
Glutinoglossum glutinosum , commonly known as the viscid black earth tongue or the glutinous earthtongue , is a species of fungus in the family Geoglossaceae ( the earth tongues ) . Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere , it has been found in northern Africa , Asia , Europe , and North America . Although previously thought to exist in Australasia , collections made from these locations have since been referred to new species . G. glutinosum is a saprophytic species that grows on soil in moss or in grassy areas . The smooth , nearly black , club @-@ shaped fruitbodies grow to heights ranging from 1 @.@ 5 to 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) . The head is up to 0 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 in ) long , and the stipes are sticky . Several other black earth tongue species are quite similar in external appearance , and many can be reliably distinguished only by examining differences in microscopic characteristics , such as spores , asci , and paraphyses . First described in 1796 as a species of Geoglossum , the fungus has gone through several changes of genera in its taxonomic history . It was placed in its current genus , Glutinoglossum , in 2013 .
= = Taxonomy = =
The fungus was first officially described in 1796 as Geoglossum glutinosum by Dutch mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon , who proposed several defining characteristics , including the black color ; the smooth , compressed , club @-@ shaped head ( clavula ) with grooves ; and the somewhat curved and glutinous stipe . In 1908 , Elias Judah Durand transferred it to Gloeoglossum , a genus he circumscribed to contain species with paraphyses ( filamentous , sterile cells interspersed between the asci ) present as a continuous gelatinous layer on the stipe ; Gloeoglossum has since been reduced to synonymy with Geoglossum . In 1942 Japanese mycologist Sanshi Imai thought the species should be in Cibalocoryne , a genus name used earlier by Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky , and so published Cibalocoryne glutinosa . Later authors thought Cibalocoryne to be ambiguous , and the name was synonymized with Geoglossum . Persoon also described the species Geoglossum viscosum ( 1801 ) and the variety Geoglossum glutinosum var. lubricum ( 1822 ) , but both of these taxa were placed into synonymy with G. glutinosum by Elias Judah Durand in 1908 .
The species was transferred by Vincent Hustad and colleagues to the newly created genus Glutinoglossum in 2013 when molecular analysis revealed that it and the species G. heptaseptatum formed a well @-@ defined clade in the Geoglossaceae . In 2015 , Hustad and Andrew Miller published an emended description of G. glutinosum with a narrower range of spore dimensions , suggesting that material collected in Australia and New Zealand represent unique species , which they referred to G. australasicum and G. exiguum . These species , along with G. americanum and G. methvenii , were added to Glutinoglossum in 2015 . Hustad and Miller noted their new spore size range for G. glutinosum were more closely aligned with those given by Durand in his measurements of Persoon 's type specimen .
The specific epithet glutinosum is derived from the Latin word gluten , meaning " glue " . The species is commonly known as the " viscid black earth tongue " or the " glutinous earthtongue " .
= = Description = =
The club @-@ shaped fruitbodies , which have a distinct blackish head and a more lightly colored stipe ( dark brown ) , grow to heights ranging from 1 @.@ 5 to 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) . The head is up to 0 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 in ) tall and ranges in shape from fuse @-@ shaped to narrowly ellipsoidal to nearly cylindrical , and is somewhat compressed on the sides . The nearly black , somewhat waxy head has a vertical groove down the middle . The stipe has a glutinous , dark grey @-@ brown surface .
The spores are smooth and cylindrical , sometimes with a slight swelling in the middle , and sometimes slightly curved ; they measure 59 – 65 by 4 – 5 µm . G. glutinosum spores have between two and seven septa , although three is most typical in mature specimens . The thin @-@ walled asci ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are cylindrical to narrowly club @-@ shaped , eight @-@ spored , and typically measure 200 – 265 µm long by 12 – 16 µm wide . Ascospores occupy about the upper two @-@ thirds to three @-@ quarters of the ascus , leaving a hyaline ( transparent ) base . The paraphyses , hyaline at the base and brown in the upper regions , are 4 – 11 µm wide , and longer than the asci . Cells at the end of the paraphyses are pear @-@ shaped ( piriform ) or spherical , brownish , and measure 8 – 10 µm wide . The sticky material on the stipe is a gelatinous matrix made of a layer of paraphyses .
Although black earth tongue species are generally not worth eating , Charles McIlvaine opined in his 1902 work One Thousand American Fungi that , if stewed , G. glutinosum is " delicious . "
= = = Similar species = = =
Geoglossum nigritum is similar in appearance to Glutinoglossum glutinosum , but lacks a slimy stipe . Trichoglossum species , such as the common T. hirsutum , have a velvety surface texture acquired from thick @-@ walled bristles called setae . Several other earth tongue species are roughly similar in external appearance to G. glutinosum , and can be difficult to distinguish from that species without considering distribution and microscopic characteristics such as the size and shape of the asci , ascospores , and paraphyses . Geoglossum peckianum and G. uliginosum can develop a glutinous stipe ; the former has spores measuring 90 – 120 by 6 – 7 µm with 14 septa , while the latter has spores that are 60 – 80 by 4 @.@ 5 – 6 µm with 7 septa . The Australasian species Glutinoglossum methvenii is distinguished from G. glutinosum by its short , stout ascospores ( mostly measuring 70 – 80 by 5 – 6 µm ) and the presence of curved to hooked paraphyses tips . G. australasicum , the most abundant Glutinoglossum species in Australasia , has asci measuring 205 – 270 by 17 – 20 µm , while those of G. exiguum are 165 – 260 by 13 @.@ 5 – 17 µm . The latter species tends to have smaller fruitbodies , up to 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) tall .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Glutinoglossum glutinosum is a saprophytic species . Its fruitbodies grow scattered on soil in moss beds or in grassy areas . North American collections are typically associated with hardwoods , while European collections are often made in pasture and dune slacks . The fungus has been used as an indicator of medium @-@ quality grassland in the UK . In India , it has been encountered on the soil of oak forests , and among mosses on stony slopes at an elevation of 2 @,@ 000 m ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) .
A widely distributed species , Glutinoglossum glutinosum has been recorded from northern Africa ( Macaronesia and Morocco ) , Asia ( Bhutan , China , India , Japan , and the Philippines ) and Europe . It is listed as vulnerable in Switzerland . In Bulgaria , where it is considered critically endangered , threats to G. glutinosum include " habitat changes as result of agriculture activities ( crops , livestock ) , atmospheric and land pollution , drought , global warming . " In a preliminary Regional Red List of Dutch macrofungi , G. glutinosum was considered threatened , and it was noted that before 1970 , the fungus was " rather common " , compared to " rather rare " after that year . The North American distribution includes Canada , the United States , and Mexico .
Although G. glutinosum was previously thought to have occurred in Australia and New Zealand , later examination and genetic analysis of collections from these locations showed the material to belong to what have since been described as the new species G. australasicum or G. exiguum .
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= Phil Nevin =
Phillip Joseph Nevin ( born January 19 , 1971 ) is an American professional baseball manager for the Reno Aces , the Arizona Diamondbacks ' Triple @-@ A affiliate in the Pacific Coast League . He spent twelve seasons as a player in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from 1995 through 2006 , playing for the Houston Astros , Detroit Tigers , Anaheim Angels , San Diego Padres , Texas Rangers , Chicago Cubs , and Minnesota Twins .
Nevin attended California State University , Fullerton where he played college baseball for the Cal State Fullerton Titans team . He led the Titans to the championship game in the 1992 College World Series ( CWS ) , after which he was named the CWS Most Outstanding Player and won the Golden Spikes Award . Chosen with the first @-@ overall pick in the 1992 Major League Baseball draft , Nevin went on to play in MLB for seven teams across 12 seasons . He was selected to appear in the 2001 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game .
After retiring , Nevin stayed involved in baseball . He briefly went into broadcasting , then managed the unaffiliated Orange County Flyers for a season . He managed the Class AA Erie SeaWolves and the Class AAA Toledo Mud Hens in the Tigers organization before joining the Diamondbacks organization in 2014 , managing the Aces .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Amateur career = = =
Nevin attended El Dorado High School in Placentia , California . After graduating , he was selected by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the third round of the 1989 Major League Baseball draft with the 82nd overall selection . He decided to attend California State University , Fullerton after turning down an offer that included a signing bonus of $ 100 @,@ 000 .
A two @-@ sport star , Nevin played American football and baseball for the Cal State Fullerton Titans , competing in the Big West Conference of NCAA Division I. He was a punter and placekicker on the Cal State Fullerton Titans football team . He was named an All @-@ American placekicker his freshman year for the Titans as he connected successfully on his first nine field goal attempts and finished the year with a 15 @-@ for @-@ 21 field goal percentage . His longest field goal of the season was 54 yards ( 49 m ) . In his junior year , he averaged 40 @.@ 9 yards ( 37 @.@ 4 m ) per punt .
For the Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball team , Nevin batted .358 with 56 runs batted in ( RBI ) as a freshman . The Titans won the conference championship and reached the 1990 College World Series ( CWS ) that year . The Titans lost two games in the 1990 CWS , however , and were eliminated . Nevin batted .335 in his sophomore season . As a junior , he batted .391 with 20 home runs and 71 RBI , winning the Big West Conference Triple Crown . Collegiate Baseball and Baseball America named Nevin the College Player of the Year . He credited his past CWS experience with allowing him to remain calm .
In three seasons at Cal State Fullerton , Nevin had a .364 average with 39 home runs and 184 RBI . He led the Titans to the finals of the 1992 CWS , where the Titans lost to the Pepperdine Waves baseball team , which represented the West Coast Conference . Despite the loss , Nevin was voted the CWS Most Outstanding Player after he batted 10 @-@ for @-@ 19 with two home runs and 11 RBI . He also won the Golden Spikes Award , given to the best amateur player in the nation .
= = = Draft = = =
The Houston Astros chose Nevin with the first overall pick in the 1992 Major League Baseball draft . Hal Newhouser , a scout for the Astros , had evaluated Derek Jeter extensively prior to the draft . Convinced that Jeter would anchor a winning team , Newhouser lobbied team management to select Jeter , and quit in protest over the Astros ' decision to take Nevin instead . The Astros believed that Jeter would insist on a salary bonus of at least $ 1 million to forgo his college scholarship for a professional contract . Signing bonuses given to the best player in the draft were increasing rapidly . Todd Van Poppel , regarded by many at the time the first pick of the 1990 MLB draft , signed for $ 1 @.@ 2 million , while the 1991 MLB draft 's first pick , Brien Taylor , signed for $ 1 @.@ 55 million after insisting he would otherwise enroll in college . Meanwhile , the Astros were unable to sign their first @-@ round draft pick in 1991 , John Burke , who insisted on a bonus of $ 500 @,@ 000 as the sixth overall selection . Consequently , the Astros passed on Jeter in the draft .
Bill Wood , the Astros ' general manager , said the team believed Nevin was close to a major @-@ league level and would require little development in minor league baseball . As evidence for this , the Astros pointed to Nevin 's training with the wooden bats used in professional baseball in an effort to prepare himself for the transition from metal bats . The Astros believed he would be a solid power hitter and have a strong work ethic . Nevin also did not intend to seek a signing bonus approaching those received by Van Poppel and Taylor . The Astros decided to employ Nevin as a third baseman . Not wanting to draw out his contract negotiations , Nevin signed with Houston in June , receiving a $ 700 @,@ 000 bonus .
= = = International career = = =
Nevin tried out for the United States national baseball team in the summer of 1990 to play in that year 's Goodwill Games and World University Baseball Championship ( WUBC ) . To prepare for those tournaments , the team played a series against Japan and a game in Cuba . Nevin played second and third base for Team USA in 13 of its 22 games , batting .229 . The team released him before the Goodwill Games and WUBC as it cut players to meet the roster maximum . Nevin was also considered for the 1991 Pan American Games .
Nevin tried out for Team USA again before the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . The team embarked on a 30 @-@ game tour and 38 @-@ city exhibition @-@ game schedule in the United States before leaving for Spain . He made the team and served as its starting third baseman throughout the tournament . Olympic coach Ron Fraser called Nevin an excellent player and student of the game . The United States finished fourth out of eight teams in the Olympics .
= = = Professional career = = =
= = = = Prospect years ( 1992 – 1997 ) = = = =
Nevin traveled with the Astros at the end of their 1992 season but was not on the team 's roster . The Astros sent Nevin to the instructional Arizona Fall League during the off @-@ season . Before the 1993 season , Baseball America ranked Nevin as the 30th @-@ best prospect in baseball .
The Astros considered sending Nevin to the Jackson Generals of the Class AA Texas League to start his professional career . The team also considered promoting him directly to the major leagues , skipping the minor leagues entirely . At the Astros ' spring training in 1993 , Nevin batted .350 and showed good power hitting . The Astros weighed bringing Nevin to Houston for Opening Day as they sought to add a right @-@ handed batter to complement the left @-@ handed power of Luis Gonzalez , Steve Finley and Eric Anthony and make the team less vulnerable to left @-@ handed pitching . But with Ken Caminiti in the first year of a three @-@ year contract to play as the starting third baseman , Nevin had nowhere to play defensively . The Astros assigned him to the Class AAA Tucson Toros of the Pacific Coast League , one level below the major leagues , where he made his professional debut .
While Nevin was with the Toros , the Astros asked Toros manager Rick Sweet to play Nevin as a left fielder , which would allow the Astros to promote Nevin sooner , as he and Caminiti could play different positions . Veteran first baseman Jim Lindeman served as Nevin 's mentor , helping him keep his composure under significant attention and pressure to perform . Nevin started the 1993 season with a .247 batting average , but batted .309 with baserunners in scoring position and had 49 RBI . By July , he had made ten starts in left field , without committing an error . The Astros , however , were concerned that Nevin did not apply the level of intensity he had in " clutch " situations to cases where there were no baserunners and the score was not close .
Nevin 's intensity almost got the best of him during a June 1993 game with Tucson . He was taunted by a man seated in the front row , and nearly attempted to jump into the stands to confront the fan before he was restrained by teammates . The fan was arrested .
Nevin played third base and left field in 1993 . He batted .286 that season , with 10 home runs and 91 RBI . He had a .359 on @-@ base percentage ( OBP ) and .413 slugging percentage ( SLG ) . Baseball America rated him the 24th best prospect before the 1994 season . He returned to Tucson that year , posting a .263 batting average with 12 home runs and 71 RBI . He had a .343 OBP , and .393 SLG . Nevin also played first base . His major @-@ league debut , however , was delayed both by his defense ( 61 errors in his first two seasons ) and the MLB 1994 – 95 work stoppage .
The Astros traded Caminiti to the San Diego Padres before the 1995 season . With Caminiti no longer blocking his path to the major leagues , Nevin hoped he would be named the Astros ' starting third baseman . But the Astros did not invite him to spring training . Nevin attributed the snub to his refusal to work out with replacement players during the work stoppage . Not wanting to be seen as " scabs " by the Major League Baseball Players Association , minor league players who felt they would play in MLB after the resolution of the strike felt pressure to avoid playing with replacement players , while career minor @-@ leaguers were happy to get a taste of the major leagues . When prospects including Nevin and Billy Wagner refused to play with the replacement players , Astros ' general manager Bob Watson issued an ultimatum , saying anyone who refused to play in the team 's first exhibition game would be sent out of camp until further notice and be held in breach of contract . The Astros sent Nevin back to Tucson to start the 1995 season , while Dave Magadan started at third base on Opening Day . The Astros also planned to use Shipley and Chris Donnels at third base .
With the Toros in 1995 , Nevin 's batting average improved to .291 . He also posted a .367 OBP , and .463 SLG , while contributing seven home runs and 41 RBI . The Astros promoted him on June 10 , 1995 , and he made his major @-@ league debut a day later . Nevin played 18 games for the Astros during the 1995 season . He struggled with the Astros , however , batting .117 with no home runs , one RBI , a .221 OBP , and .133 SLG in 60 at @-@ bats . When he learned of his demotion to Tucson on July 5 in Colorado , Nevin cursed at Watson and Astros manager Terry Collins . After Watson called for an apology , Nevin said he would use the incident as a learning experience in controlling his temper .
The Astros acquired pitcher Mike Henneman from the Detroit Tigers for a player to be named later on August 10 ; Nevin was identified as the player five days later . In 1996 , Nevin played in Class AA for the Tigers with the Jacksonville Suns of the Southern League , where he was converted into a catcher .
= = = = Recovering from earlier struggles ( 1998 – 2001 ) = = = =
After the 1997 season , the Tigers traded Nevin and catcher Matt Walbeck to the Anaheim Angels , where Collins was manager , for minor league player Nick Skuse . After an injury to starting catcher Todd Greene , Collins gave Nevin the opportunity to compete for the starting job with Walbeck . Nevin , by then well known for his volatile temper , tore off his jersey while arguing balls and strike calls with the home plate umpire in a 1998 game .
Before the 1999 season , the Angels traded Nevin and minor league player Keith Volkman to the San Diego Padres . Nevin made a late @-@ career break with the Padres , appearing in 100 games for the first time during the 1999 season . He then had the best offensive years of his career : he hit 31 home runs with a .916 on @-@ base plus slugging ( OPS ) during the 2000 season . He was named to the National League All @-@ Star team in 2001 , when he hit 41 home runs with 126 RBI and had a .976 OPS . He also led major @-@ league third basemen in errors , however , with 27 , and had the lowest fielding percentage of all major league third basemen ( .930 ) .
= = = = Injuries and final seasons ( 2002 – 2006 ) = = = =
Nevin in 2002 played first base , which was considered his strongest defensive position . But injuries shortened his 2002 and 2003 seasons . In 2002 , he missed time with a strained left elbow . Three games after returning from the elbow injury , he broke his arm diving for a ground ball , causing him to miss another six weeks . After being heckled by a fan during a September 2002 game , Nevin gave the fan the finger , for which he apologized .
Nevin suffered a dislocated shoulder in spring training in 2003 while making a diving catch . He had surgery on his left shoulder and returned to the Padres in June . The Padres acquired Rondell White to replace Nevin , and White went on to have an All @-@ Star season in left field . Ryan Klesko filled in at first base and rookie Sean Burroughs played well at third base , Nevin 's favorite position . Nevin offered to be used in a utility role , alternating with White , Klesko , and Burroughs , as well as Xavier Nady in right field . In 2004 , Nevin had more than 100 RBI for the third time in his career , but underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair torn cartilage in his right knee in July .
Nevin was often frustrated with the dimensions of Petco Park . He hit a double during a 2004 game that he believed would have been a home run in other stadiums ; when he reached second base , he pointed toward Padres ' general manager Kevin Towers ' suite and threw down his helmet , resulting in a postgame argument . Towers said the two had a " love @-@ hate " relationship .
Two nights after San Diego Padres management informed Nevin that Xavier Nady would replace him as the starting first baseman , Nevin rejected a trade to the Baltimore Orioles for Sidney Ponson on July 25 , 2005 . Nevin exercised a clause in his contract that gave him the right to block transactions that would send him to any of eight franchises , one of which was the Orioles . He was instead traded on July 30 , a day before the non @-@ waiver trade deadline , to the Texas Rangers for Chan Ho Park , whose salary the Rangers wanted to dump . In his first thirteen games with the Rangers , the team posted a 1 – 12 record as Nevin batted 5 @-@ for @-@ 44 . That put his season batting average under .200 , known as the " Mendoza Line " . The Rangers benched Nevin in September , giving his starts to prospect first baseman Adrian Gonzalez after the team was eliminated from playoff contention . In his first game back in the lineup on September 24 , his average dropped to .182 . He refuted opinions that he was losing bat speed .
Nevin had one year remaining on a contract worth $ 9 million . Manager Buck Showalter said that despite Nevin 's benching at the end of the 2005 season , he was his starting designated hitter for the 2006 season . Despite hopes that help from renowned hitting coach Rudy Jaramillo and the hitter @-@ friendly Ameriquest Field would increase Nevin 's offensive production in 2006 , he continued to struggle . He batted .216 with nine home runs and 31 RBI in 46 games . The Rangers promoted rookie Jason Botts on May 23 , and Botts began to receive Nevin 's playing time .
Nevin had only two hits in his last 32 at @-@ bats with the Rangers , though both of them were home runs . The Chicago Cubs sought a slugging first baseman to replace the injured Derrek Lee , and the Rangers traded Nevin to Chicago on May 31 , 2006 . The Rangers received second baseman and outfielder Jerry Hairston , Jr. in return . The Rangers also agreed to pay the difference in the two players ' salaries . On August 31 , the deadline for trades of players who had cleared waivers , the Cubs traded Nevin to the Twins for cash and a player to be named later . To make room for Nevin , Twins ' outfielder Shannon Stewart was placed on the 60 @-@ day disabled list .
With the Twins , Nevin stopped worrying about his statistics and enjoyed playing in a pennant race . Nevin appeared in the MLB postseason for the first time in his career with the Twins in 2006 . The Twins were swept by the Oakland Athletics in three games ; Nevin appeared in one of the three games , batting 0 @-@ for @-@ 3 .
= = Post @-@ playing career = =
Unsigned at the beginning of the following season , Nevin announced his retirement on May 12 , 2007 . During his twelve @-@ season career , Nevin had a .270 batting average with 208 home runs and 743 RBI in 1 @,@ 217 games . After retiring , Nevin joined the Padres ' pre @-@ game radio show . He also joined ESPN as an analyst for the college baseball regionals during the College World Series .
Two seasons removed from his playing career , Nevin decided to return to baseball as a manager in 2008 . That December , he was named the manager of the Orange County Flyers in the independent Golden Baseball League ( GBL ) . The Flyers finished with a 37 – 39 record in 2009 , fourth in the five @-@ team GBL . Nevin planned to return to the Flyers in 2010 , but a chance meeting at baseball 's winter meetings led to Nevin 's hiring as manager of the Erie SeaWolves , the Class @-@ AA minor @-@ league affiliate of the Detroit Tigers . He replaced the previous manager , Tom Brookens after Brookens was promoted to the Tigers ' major @-@ league first @-@ base coach .
Nevin managed the SeaWolves for one season . On November 11 , 2010 , Nevin was named manager of the Toledo Mud Hens , the Tigers ' Class AAA minor league affiliate . He is considered a potential future MLB manager . Catcher Omir Santos described his managing the Mud Hens as " like having a big league manager in [ Class AAA ] . " On August 31 , 2013 , Nevin was fired after the team 's final home game of the season . Nevin 's record as manager was 192 – 238 ; the team never finished higher than third in the International League 's West division .
The Arizona Diamondbacks named Nevin as manager of the Reno Aces , their Class AAA affiliate , for the 2014 season . In his first season with Reno , he guided the Aces to a Pacific Coast League @-@ best 81 @-@ 63 record and an eventual Pacific Coast League Championship Series berth . After the season , the Astros interviewed Nevin for their open managerial position . However Nevin remained the manager of the Reno Aces for the 2015 season and returned as manager in 2016 .
= = Personal life = =
Nevin 's first daughter , Koral , was born during his freshman year at Cal State Fullerton ; he is no longer in a relationship with Koral 's mother . He met his wife , Kristin , at Cal State Fullerton . The couple have two children together ; though they were separated during the late 1990s , the couple reconciled . His son , Tyler Nevin , was drafted by the Colorado Rockies as the 38th pick in the 2015 MLB draft .
Nevin lives in the Heritage Estates neighborhood of Poway , California , along with San Diego sporting figures including Bruce Bochy and LaDainian Tomlinson . The neighborhood suffered significant damage in the October 2007 California wildfires .
Nevin hosted a baseball camp for children aged six through 16 in 2010 .
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= Body Language ( Kylie Minogue album ) =
Body Language is the ninth studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue , released on 10 November 2003 by Parlophone . Following the massive commercial success of her eighth studio album Fever ( 2001 ) , Minogue enlisted a diverse group of writers and producers to aid in creating a new album , including Cathy Dennis , Dan Carey , Emiliana Torrini , Johnny Douglas and Mantronix among others . Influenced by the musical works of the 1980s and artists like Prince and Scritti Politti , Body Language musically differs from Minogue 's previous albums , which mainly featured disco @-@ oriented dance @-@ pop tracks , and instead explores genres like synthpop , electroclash , R & B , and hip hop . Many tracks in Body Language contain references to songs from the 1980s and lyrically , the album touches upon themes of enjoyment , flirting , and sex .
Three singles were released from Body Language . " Slow " was released as the lead single in November 2003 and was a commercial success , peaking at number one on the singles charts of Australia , Denmark , Spain and the United Kingdom . " Red Blooded Woman " was released as the second single in March 2004 and reached the top five in Australia and the United Kingdom . " Chocolate " was released as the final single in June 2004 and peaked inside the top 10 in the United Kingdom . Minogue performed at a one @-@ off concert show held at entertainment venue Hammersmith Apollo , London , on 15 November 2003 to mark the release of the album . No tickets were publicly made available for sale and only fans with invitations were allowed to attend the show , which was entitled " Money Can 't Buy " .
Upon its release , Body Language received generally favourable to mixed reviews from music critics , many of whom complimented Minogue for experimenting with new genres and the overall production of the album . Some critics , however , opined that many songs lacked catchy material and were not suitable for dancing . Commercially , Body Language performed well , although it was not as successful as Fever . It peaked at number two on the albums chart of Australia and was certified double @-@ platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . In the United Kingdom , Body Language peaked at number six and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Elsewhere , the album performed well in Austria and Switzerland . Body Language became notable for displaying another change in Minogue 's persona and is cited as an example of her numerous " reinventions " .
= = Background and development = =
In October 2001 , Minogue released her eighth studio album Fever . The disco and Europop @-@ influenced dance @-@ pop album became an international commercial success , debuting at number one on the record charts of Minogue 's native Australia and the United Kingdom . It was Minogue 's first album to be released in the United States since her second studio album Enjoy Yourself ( 1989 ) , and became her biggest commercial success in the region after peaking at number three on the Billboard 200 chart . Fever was certified seven @-@ times platinum in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , five @-@ times platinum in the United Kingdom by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , and platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . With worldwide sales over six million copies , Fever became Minogue 's highest selling album to date . The success of the album , particularly in the US , was credited to the commercial impact of its lead single " Can 't Get You Out of My Head " , which reached number one in 40 countries , including every European country except Finland , and Australia and New Zealand . " Can 't Get You Out of My Head " sold over five million copies worldwide , becoming Minogue 's highest selling single to date and also one of the best @-@ selling singles of all time .
Soon , Minogue began work on her ninth studio album Body Language . Aiming to create a dance @-@ pop album inspired by electronic music from the 1980s , Minogue enlisted collaborators such as Cathy Dennis , Dan Carey , Emiliana Torrini , Johnny Douglas and Mantronix . In an interview with VH1 , Minogue explained how 1980s music , had influenced her , saying :
" I first got into pop music in ' 81 , I 'd say . It was all about Prince , Adam [ and ] the Ants , that whole New Romantic period . Prior to that , it was the Jackson 5 , Donna Summer , and my dad 's records – the [ Rolling ] Stones and Beatles . The influence we used on Body Language was more mid- ' 80s , specifically Scritti Politti "
Talking further about Scritti Politti , a British post @-@ punk band , Minogue reminisced about her collaboration with the band 's frontman Green Gartside , who provides vocals on the track " Someday " , saying , " To this day I haven 't met him ! I left a message on his answering machine , saying , " Hi , it 's Kylie ! I just wanted to say thanks so much ! You sound brilliant ! " " After Dark " was co @-@ written by Dennis , who had previously co @-@ written " Can 't Get You Out of My Head " for Minogue . Torrini , who co @-@ wrote " Slow " , revealed how she was approached for writing the song , saying " It was like I had just accidentally walked into the line of fire with , " Hey ! You There ! It was all quite surreal . I still think Kylie 's people were trying to call Jamelia , and they just got the wrong number . It 'd be much more funny if that is how it actually happened " . The recording of Body Language took place during the summer of 2003 , in locations such as London , Ireland , and Spain .
= = Musical styles and lyrical content = =
Inspired by music from the 1980s , Body Language deviates from Minogue 's usual disco @-@ influenced dance @-@ pop style , evident on albums like Light Years ( 2000 ) and Fever , and instead explores genres like synthpop , electroclash , club and R & B. In comparison to her previous work , Body Language is a " slower @-@ burning record " and begins with the song " Slow " , a " minimal " and simple track which serves as a primary example of the synthpop @-@ styled production of the album . Adrien Begrand from PopMatters compared it to " More More More " , the opening track of Fever , saying " In contrast to the pulsating , hi @-@ hat driven dance beat of Fever 's " More More More " , Body Language gets off to a more understated start " . Other synthpop songs on the album include " Still Standing " and " Promises " , which make use of " buzzing , low synth lines driving the beats , and chord flourishes that sound straight out of 1984 " . The former track also displays influences of nu @-@ disco and club music . Many songs on Body Language are influenced by R & B and hip hop music , two genres Minogue newly experimented with on the album . " Red Blooded Woman " " blends the 1980s sound with an almost garage @-@ like beat " and contains a " Boy ! Boy ! " hook and " la la la " bridge . Critics felt its production was similar to that by American hip hop and R & B producer Timbaland . Elements of funk are also present and are notably clear on tracks like " Sweet Music " and " I Feel For You " . " Secret ( Take You Home ) " received considerable coverage as it features a " coquettish " rap section delivered by Minogue . Body Language also contains ballads such as the quiet storm @-@ influenced " Chocolate " and " Obsession " . Minogue 's vocal delivery on the album is mostly seductive and breathy in tone , such as in songs like " Slow " and " Chocolate " , although the track " Obsession " features raspy vocals .
Critics noted references and similarities to 1980s pop music throughout the album . Adrien Begrand from PopMatters found the hook of " Sweet Music " similar to those in songs by Prince and INXS . " Still Standing " was described by Helen Pidd from The Guardian as " a magnificent blend of Prince 's " Kiss " and Peter Gabriel 's " Sledgehammer " " . " Red Blooded Woman " contains a reference to British band Dead or Alive 's 1985 song " You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) " , in the line " You got me spinning round , round , round , round like a record " . The title of " I Feel For You " is the same as the 1979 / 1984 song by Prince and Chaka Khan , although it is not a cover of the song . " Secret ( Take You Home ) " directly refers to urban contemporary band Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam 's 1984 song " I Wonder If I Take You Home " , both in its title and refrain . The line of the song in which Minogue sings " don 't confuse emotions with the pleasure principle " also refers to American recording artist Janet Jackson 's 1987 song " The Pleasure Principle " .
Lyrically , Body Language touches upon themes like enjoyment , flirting , sex , and " partying like it 's 1987 all over again " . In an interview with VH1 , Minogue was asked why the lyrics on the album " sound more personal than they might have been a few years ago " , and she responded by saying " Some of that could be just chance ! I wrote lyrics that were intensely personal to me on an album a few years ago . Maybe people know me better now , and therefore , if a songwriter pitches me a song , they might tailor it [ to fit me ] . I get the lyrics of a tune and interpret them my way " . Although the lyrics of " Slow " seem like an invitation to the dance floor , Minogue revealed that " it 's about how time and space have a different meaning when you meet someone [ you really like ] " . In " Sweet Music " , Minogue sings about the " magic of the modern singer / producer partnership " in lines like " I think we 're on to something / Your taste it mirrors mine / So hot and in the moment " and " Let 's make this demo right " . The song also makes use of double entendre in some lines . Similarly , " Chocolate " is " packed with saccharine innuendo " . " Secret ( Take You Home ) " contains various metaphors that compare flirting and sex to car racing . Ballads like " Obsession " deal with issues of loss and the ending of a relationship .
= = Release = =
Body Language was released on 14 November 2003 in Australia , while in the United Kingdom it was released three days later . In the United States , Body Language was released on 10 February 2004 . The cover art of the album , as well as other promotion shoots , show Minogue striking a pose in a black and white striped crop top , which reveals her midriff , and low @-@ cut pants . Her appearance is similar to that of French actress and singer Brigitte Bardot , who was regarded as the " first foreign @-@ language star ever to attain a level of international success comparable to America 's most popular homegrown talents " and one of the best known sex symbols of the 1950s and 1960s , frequently cited as the " archetypal sex kitten " and " sex goddess " . Minogue described the promotion shoots as " the perfect mix of coquette , kitten and rock ' n ' roll " , and revealed that " We shot it on location in the South of France , so it was [ easy to ] channel the spirit of [ Brigitte ] Bardot . She 's a great iconic reference , particularly that period where she was working with Serge Gainsbourg " . The title of the album was taken from a line from the song " Slow " in which Minogue sings " Read my body language " .
= = = Singles = = =
" Slow " was released on 3 November 2003 as the lead single from Body Language . The song garnered critical acclaim , with Minogue 's breathy and seductive vocal delivery receiving particular praise . Commercially , the single was a success . It debuted at number one on both the Australian Singles Chart and UK Singles Chart . In the latter region , it became Minogue 's seventh number one single and made her a record @-@ holding female artist for spending the longest duration as a UK chart topper . Elsewhere , it reached number one in Denmark , Spain , and on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart . In Australia , " Slow " was certified platinum by the ARIA for shipments of 70 @,@ 000 units . The accompanying music video for " Slow " was directed by Baillie Walsh and was shot in Barcelona , Spain . It features Minogue and a number of beach models performing synchronised choreography to the song while sunbathing next to the Piscina Municipal de Montjuïc swimming pool .
" Red Blooded Woman " was released as the second single on 10 March 2004 . Critics praised its radio @-@ friendly sound and lyrical content . The song performed well on charts , peaking at numbers four and five in Australia and the United Kingdom , respectively . An accompanying music video for the song was directed in Los Angeles by Jake Nava , and features Minogue performing dance routines in various locations .
" Chocolate " was released as the third and final single on 28 June 2004 . It received mixed reviews from critics , some of whom praised its sensual nature but criticised Minogue 's vocals for being over @-@ processed . The song was a moderate commercial success , peaking at number six in the United Kingdom but narrowly missing the top 10 in Australia . It became Minogue 's 27th single to peak inside the top 10 in the UK . Dawn Shadforth , who had previously directed the video for " Can 't Get You Out of My Head " , collaborated on the music video for " Chocolate " which sees Minogue and a number of backup dancers performing a ballet @-@ like dance routines as a tribute to Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer musicals .
= = = Promotion = = =
A one @-@ off concert show was held at entertainment venue Hammersmith Apollo , London , on 15 November 2003 to mark the release of Body Language . The show was entitled " Money Can 't Buy " as no tickets were publicly made available for sale and only fans with invitations were allowed to attend the concert . The 75 @-@ minute long concert cost one million pounds to set up and display manufacturer Barco was hired to provide LED displays as backdrops to Minogue 's performances . The singer wore five different costumes during the show which were designed by fashion houses like Chanel , Balenciaga , and Helmut Lang . 4000 seats were made available for viewing the show and while most were reserved for invited guests , some tickets were auctioned at a charity ball for the " Full Stop " campaign by the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ( NSPCC ) . The show was directed by Minogue 's stylist and friend William Baker , with musical arrangement and choreography being handled by Steve Anderson and Michael Rooney , respectively . The setlist of the concert show was composed primarily of songs from Body Language ; other songs were taken from Impossible Princess ( 1997 ) , Light Years , and Fever . The show was split in four acts : " Paris By Night , " " Bardello " , " Electro " and " On Yer Bike " . " Still Standing " and " Red Blooded Woman " were performed in the first act , " After Dark " and " Chocolate " in the second , " Slow " and " Obsession " in the third , and " Secret ( Take You Home ) " in the last . The performances were recorded for inclusion in the DVD recording of the event , which was released as Body Language Live on 12 July 2004 . The DVD was certified platinum and gold in Australia and the United Kingdom , respectively .
= = Critical reception = =
Body Language received generally positive to mixed reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , Body Language received an average score of 62 based on 17 reviews which indicates that the album received " generally favourable reviews " . Chris True from AllMusic complimented Minogue for expanding her " horizons " and felt that the album was consistent and worked as a " piece " , calling it " stylish without being smarmy , retro without being ironic " . He favoured the overall production of the album and praised Minogue for displaying a " sense of class " , which he felt was lacking in the work of female artists like Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , and Madonna ; he concluded by labelling Body Language a " near perfect pop record " and " what may well be the best album of her [ Minogue 's ] career " . Keith Caulfield from Billboard was also positive in his review and complimented Minogue for selecting a talented creative team , saying " The sexy , solid set is glued together by danceable beats and Minogue 's knack for picking great songs and producers . " The The Irish Times review of the song called the album a " worthy successor to 2001 's smash hit Fever , a supremely danceable collection of electro @-@ pop songs that 's clearly in thrall to the 80s " and complimented Minogue 's versatile vocal delivery . Ethan Brown from New York was greatly impressed by opening track " Slow " , and commented that most of the songs on the album " mimic its sound , none of the other songs on Body Language comes close to the achievement of " Slow " " . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine felt Body Language was a better album than Fever , calling it " less immediate and more experimental , a midway point between the alternative / electronica of 1997 's Impossible Princess and Minogue 's more mainstream post @-@ millennium work " , and praised it for being cohesive . He also complimented Minogue 's " willingness to try something new – even if it 's within the confines of dance @-@ pop – is what 's made her an international sensation 15 years running " . Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone favoured the sensual nature of the album , calling it " fantastic " and that " At thirty @-@ five , she 's ten times hotter than she was ten years ago – on Body Language , Kylie Minogue definitely sounds like she has a few more tricks stored on her hard drive than Britney [ Spears ] or Christina [ Aguilera ] " .
Chris Willman from Entertainment Weekly called it Minogue 's " Madonna @-@ meets @-@ Mirwais move " and felt that her exploration of new genres is " ludicrously enjoyable " , although he opined that the album was " synthetic " and " all Body [ sic ] no soul " . Helen Pidd from The Guardian favoured the blend of 1980s musical styles on the album , but felt that it lacked danceable songs , saying " Problem is , as with the majority of other tracks – including , most disappointingly , the Dennis @-@ penned " After Dark " – you would be hard pushed to dance to it , which could well be Body Language 's downfall " . John Robinson from NME gave Body Language an overall positive review and called it " an extremely tastefully done , soulful modern r 'n'b record " , but felt that it " fails to live up to its predecessor [ Fever ] " . Likewise , Adrien Begnard from PopMatters felt that Body Language lacked the " undeniably catchy " material which was present in Fever , but praised the overall production and the first half of the album ; he concluded that " Even though Body Language is a bit of a misstep for Minogue , there 's a sense of class to it " and that " Britney [ Spears ] could learn a thing or two " . The Spin review of the album commented that Minogue " wears the ' 80s well " and praised the dance @-@ oriented songs on the tracklist , although they criticised the ballads and pointed out that " [ at times ] Minogue 's vocals are so over @-@ processed that they barely seem to exist at all " . On the other hand , Andy Battaglia from The A.V. Club opined that the ballads " work " and concluded that " Body Language shows Minogue as a surprisingly impressive presence in spurts , but she sounds better with her pleasure engine revving at full purr " .
= = Commercial performance = =
Although Body Language was not as much of a commercial success as Fever , it performed well nonetheless . In Minogue 's native Australia , Body Language entered and peaked at number two on the albums chart and spent a total of 18 weeks on the chart . The Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) certified the album double @-@ platinum for shipping 140 @,@ 000 units in the country . In the United Kingdom , the album entered and peaked at number six on the UK Albums Chart . It remained inside the top 10 for one week , and for two weeks in the top 20 . In total , it stayed on the chart for a total of 30 weeks . Body Language was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipments of 300 @,@ 000 units .
Elsewhere , Body Language peaked at number 23 on the Austrian Albums Chart and was certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) for selling 7 @,@ 500 units . In the Dutch @-@ speaking Flanders region of Belgium , it peaked at number 10 on the Ultratop chart and spent a total of 17 weeks on the chart . It became Minogue 's first album to reach the top 10 in the region . Body Language entered and peaked at number eight on the Swiss Albums Chart , and spent a total of 17 weeks on the chart . In this region , the IFPI certified it gold for selling 20 @,@ 000 units . In the United States , Body Language debuted at number 42 on the Billboard 200 chart with " meagre " first @-@ week sales of 43 @,@ 000 units . According to Nielson SoundScan , Body Language had sold 177 @,@ 000 units in the US as of March 2011 .
= = Legacy = =
Following its release , Body Language was considered to be an example of Minogue 's constant " reinventions " . During this period , Minogue was often referred to as " Bardot Kylie " due to the Brigitte Bardot @-@ inspired look she sported on the cover , and Body Language was seen as a step forward from the " slick , minimalist and postmodern " image she had adopted during the release of Fever . Chris True from AllMusic regarded the album as " another successful attempt [ by Minogue ] at broadening her sound ( with electro and hip @-@ hop for instance ) and winning more fans " . Later in his review of Minogue 's tenth studio album X ( 2007 ) , he remarked that " By the time of 2004 's Body Language , Kylie Minogue was seemingly unassailable , with three hit albums , a number of hit singles , and a recharged career that only a few years before had seemed precarious at best " . In 2006 , Larissa Dubecki from The Age commented that " Kylie has beaten her early detractors by inhabiting almost a dozen identities , from the " singing budgie " who emerged from Neighbours to score her first hit single with a cover of the Little Eva classic " Locomotion " in 1987 , to the 1960s ingenue of her most recent album , 2003 's Body Language " . She used the title " Eurotrash princess " to describe Minogue during this period .
In 2004 , Minogue was nominated for " Best Female Artist " at the 18th Annual Australian Recording Industry Association Music Awards and Body Language was nominated for " Best Pop Release " . At the 2004 Brit Awards , the singer received her third @-@ consecutive nomination for " Best International Female Solo Artist " . At the 47th Grammy Awards ceremony held in the year 2005 , lead single " Slow " was nominated for " Best Dance Recording " , and in 2012 , Minogue picked the song as her all @-@ time favourite song from her 25 years in music .
= = Track listing = =
Notes
^ a signifies a vocal and additional producer
= = Personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Body Language .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= Heather Mills =
Heather Anne Mills ( born 12 January 1968 ) is an English media personality .
Mills came to public attention in 1993 , when a collision with a police motorcycle in London resulted in the amputation of her left leg below the knee . She continued to model using a prosthetic limb and sold her story to a tabloid newspaper .
Her relationship with Sir Paul McCartney brought further public attention in the year 2000 . They married in June 2002 and Mills gave birth to Beatrice Milly McCartney on 28 October 2003 . The couple separated in 2006 and finalised their divorce in 2008 .
After her marriage to McCartney , Mills became involved in animal rights advocacy and as of 2012 is a patron of Viva ! ( Vegetarians ' International Voice for Animals ) and the Vegetarian and Vegan Foundation . She is also vice @-@ president of the Limbless Association and skied in the British disabled ski team 's development squad in 2013
= = Early life = =
Heather Mills was born in Aldershot , Hampshire , to John " Mark " Francis Mills , a former British paratrooper , and his wife , Beatrice Mary Mills , née Finlay , who was the daughter of a colonel in the British Army . Her father was adopted at age seven and grew up in Brighton , where his foster parents had a grocery shop , although his foster @-@ father also worked as a mechanic for a Grand Prix racing team . Her mother was born in India , during World War II , but was educated at English boarding schools . They met at Newcastle University , and were married against the wishes of Finlay 's father , who did not attend the wedding and only saw his daughter once more before he died .
Beatrice spoke several languages and played the piano , and Mark played banjo and guitar , liked photography ( winning an Evening Standard award ) , and took part in numerous sports . He was very fond of animals ( working for the RSPCA for a time ) , and Mills remembered her family always having a dog and a cat , as well as once having a pet goose and a white nanny goat that was allowed to roam the house owned by Mark 's parents in Libanus , near Brecon .
The Mills family spent their holidays in Libanus and also lived there for a time . When Mills was six years old , the family moved north to Alnwick , in Northumberland , but moved shortly after to a block of flats in Washington , Tyne and Wear , and then on to Cockshott Farm , in Rothbury , Northumberland . She attended Usworth Grange Primary school , and then Usworth Comprehensive school in Washington . She visited Usworth Comprehensive in 2003 , as guest of honour at a prize @-@ giving event and to support the school against plans for its closure .
Mills later wrote that she was kidnapped and sexually assaulted by a swimming pool attendant when she was eight years old , but her next @-@ door neighbour , Margaret Ambler , who was sexually abused by the swimming pool attendant , alleged that Mills ' story was " nothing what she made it out to be " , that Mills was never a victim , and the pool attendant did not commit suicide , as Mills had written . Although having received a letter from Mills offering £ 10 @,@ 000 to stop a court case , Ambler complained that the story had caused her deep discomfort by bringing the incident to national attention , so she sued for breach of privacy , accepting an out @-@ of @-@ court settlement of £ 5 @,@ 000 in compensation , and £ 54 @,@ 000 legal costs .
Beatrice left home when Mills was nine years old , which left her , her older brother Shane , and her younger sister , Fiona , in the care of their father . Mills said that her father once threw her brother against a window for making a mess on the carpet with crayons . The window broke and her brother had to be taken to hospital , where their father explained that the boy had fallen on some glass in the garden . Fiona said : " Our family were always short of money and our father demanded that we find food and clothes so we turned to shoplifting , learnt to hide from the bailiffs and became experts at domestic duties . I ’ m not ashamed to say that we were forced to steal because when you are a young child , you ’ d rather do that than face a beating from your father " . ( Their father disputed his daughters ' allegations that he was violent towards them , later releasing home movies of family holidays in Wales , showing Mills playing happily ) .
= = London and modelling = =
When her father was jailed for 18 months after being convicted of fraud , she left home with her sister to live with her mother and partner ( Crossroads actor Charles Stapley ) , in Clapham , London , although her brother went to Brighton to live with his paternal grandparents . She later wrote that at the age of 15 she ran away to join a funfair , and then lived in a cardboard box under Waterloo Station for four months , although Stapley denied this by saying that she occasionally left home at weekends to travel with a young man who worked for a funfair in London . During her stated period of homelessness , her school records indicate that she and her sister were both enrolled at Usworth comprehensive in Tyne and Wear until April 1983 , and then at Hydeburn Comprehensive , in Balham , on 6 June 1983 , where they both stayed until 2 July 1984 . She remembered that a teacher at the Hydeburn once said , " there 's no hope for her at all " , and that she left school with no academic qualifications . In the same year , her father had another daughter , Claire Mills , with a new partner . Mills worked for a croissant shop , but was sacked , and vowed " never to work for anyone else again " . She later wrote that the owner of a jewellery shop in Clapham gave her a job on Saturdays , but Jim Guy , the owner of Penrose Jewellers , later stated : " Everything she wrote about me was lies , I never gave her a job ; she just hung around and made tea . She told me her father was dead . The only thing that was true was she nicked stuff from the shop " , which Guy said was worth £ 20 @,@ 000 . She admitted that she had stolen some gold chains and sold them to buy a moped , and when Guy reported the theft , she was put on probation .
Alfie Karmal ( the son of a Palestinian father and Greek mother ) was ten years older than Mills when they met in 1986 . Karmal bought her new clothes and Cartier jewellery , and paid for cosmetic surgery when she complained that her breasts were sagging . She later said that she had had a breast reduction operation , reducing her bra size from a 34E to a 34C. so Karmal , who had moved into the computer industry , set up a model agency for her , ExSell Management , although it was not successful . In 1987 , Mills went to live in Paris , telling Karmal that a cosmetics company had given her a modelling contract , but became the mistress of millionaire Lebanese businessman George Kazan for two years and took part in a photo session for a stills @-@ only German sex education manual called Die Freuden der Liebe ( The Joys of Love ) . She also modelled for full @-@ frontal nude photographs .
After returning to London , Mills asked Karmal to marry her . Karmal said yes , but on one condition : " I told her I couldn 't marry her until she did something about her compulsive lying , and she agreed to see a psychiatrist for eight weeks . She admitted she had a problem and said it was because she 'd been forced to lie as a child by her father " . Although Mills proposed to Karmal , she later said that every man she has been out with " has asked me to marry him within a week " . While married to Karmal , she suffered two ectopic pregnancies , so Karmal paid for her to go on holiday to Croatia with his children and ex @-@ wife ( with whom Mills had become friends ) in 1990 , but Mills ended up living with her ski instructor , Miloš Pogačar , shortly before the Croatian War began . Mills then set up a refugee crisis centre in London , helping over 20 people to escape the war . She drove by herself to deliver donations to Croatia , taking modelling assignments in Austria on the way to pay for the trip , later saying that she " worked on the front line in a war zone in the former Yugoslavia for two years where there were mines everywhere that weren 't marked " . Karmal and Mills were divorced and Mills was later engaged to Raffaele Mincione ( a bond dealer for the Industrial Bank of Japan ) in 1993 .
= = Accident and amputees = =
On 8 August 1993 , Mills and Mincione walked to the corner of De Vere Gardens and Kensington Road , London , but while crossing Kensington Road , Mills was knocked down by a police motorcycle ( the last in a convoy of three ) , which was responding to an emergency call . Mills suffered crushed ribs , a punctured lung , and the loss of her left leg 6 inches below the knee ; a metal plate was later attached to her pelvis . In October 1993 , she had another operation which further shortened her leg . Mills was awarded £ 200 @,@ 000 by the police authority as recompense for her injuries , even though the police motorcyclist , PC Osbourne , was later cleared by magistrates of driving without due care and attention . After the accident , Mills sold her story to the News of the World , and gave other interviews , saying she earned £ 180 @,@ 000 . She used the money to set up the Heather Mills Health Trust ( existed 2000 – 2004 ) which delivered prosthetic limbs to people , particularly children , who had lost limbs after stepping on landmines . Mills often shows people her prosthetic leg , once taking it off during an interview on the American talk show Larry King Live , in 2002 .
Mills booked herself into the Hippocrates Health Institute in Florida , which put her on a raw food vegan diet , using wheat grass and garlic poultices to heal her wound . After an operation , Mills discovered that she had been previously identified as having an O rhesus negative blood type , when in fact she was A rhesus negative , which had interfered with her attempts to follow the so @-@ called blood type diet . As her prosthetic leg had to be replaced on a regular basis ( because the size of the amputated stump kept changing as it healed ) , she had the idea to collect thousands of discarded prosthetic limbs for amputees in Croatia . Mills persuaded the Brixton prison governor to get inmates to dismantle and pack the prosthetic limbs before being transported , which resulted in 22 @,@ 000 amputees obtaining limbs in addition to the Croatian citizens who were already supplied with prosthetic limbs by the Croatian Institute for Health Insurance , which paid for the fitting of limbs and rehabilitation of patients . The first convoy of limbs arrived in Zagreb in October 1994 and Mills travelled with the convoy to film interviews with some of the recipients for the Good Morning with Anne and Nick daytime TV show . She received an award in 2001 from Croatia 's prime minister for the money she raised to help clear that country of landmines .
With the help of ghostwriter Pamela Cockerill , Mills wrote a book about her experience titled Out on a Limb ( 1995 ) , which was republished in the United States as A Single Step ( 2002 ) . Extracts from Out on a Limb were serialised in The Daily Mail in March 2000 . Mills handed all the proceeds from the book to Adopt @-@ A @-@ Minefield , and stated that it was one of " the few charities that 100 % of their donations goes to clear minefields and survivor assistance " . In 1995 , Mills got engaged to British media executive Marcus Stapleton , after being together for only 16 days , and was then engaged to respected documentary filmmaker Chris Terrill in 1999 , after only 12 days in Cambodia , where they were making a film about landmines . Mills ended their relationship five days before their planned wedding day , later telling friends in the media that she had called the wedding off because Terrill was gay , an MI6 agent , and that his mission was to sabotage her anti @-@ landmine work . Terrill had once told Mills that he had been interviewed by the intelligence services when he was thinking of a career with the Foreign Office , but later said , " I soon realised that Heather [ Mills ] had a somewhat elastic relationship with the truth , which she was able to stretch impressively sometimes " . Terrill also claims that although Mills said she was a vegetarian at the time , she often cooked her speciality dish , Lancashire hotpot , which contains lamb , for him ; and her ex sister @-@ in @-@ law , Dianna Karmal , claims that Mills only became a vegetarian after meeting McCartney .
In 2003 , the Open University awarded her an honorary doctorate for her philanthropic work on behalf of amputees . She continues to campaign , in addition to promoting the distribution of prostheses around the world and has been involved with the development of the Heather Mills McCartney Cosmesis , which gives amputees in America the chance to wear a Dorset Orthopaedic cosmesis , without having to travel to the UK . Mills is also vice @-@ president of the Limbless Association . In 2004 , she received a " Children in Need " award from the annual International Charity Gala in Düsseldorf and in the same year , the University of California , Irvine , gave her their 2004 Human Security Award and created the Heather Mills McCartney Fellowship in Human Security to support graduate students conducting research on pressing human security issues . She is a former Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations Association Adopt @-@ A @-@ Minefield programme .
= = Relationship with Paul McCartney = =
Mills met McCartney at the Dorchester Hotel , during the Pride of Britain Awards event in April 1999 , which McCartney had attended to present an award to an animal rights activist . Mills presented the Outstanding Bravery Award to Helen Smith ; also making an appeal on behalf of the Heather Mills Health Trust . McCartney also presented an award dedicated to his late wife , Linda McCartney . McCartney talked to Mills about donating to her charity – later giving her £ 150 @,@ 000 . In the autumn of 1999 , Mills and her sister recorded " VO ! CE " ; a song they wrote to raise funds for Mills ' charity , with McCartney agreeing to sing backing vocals . After recording the song in Greece ( where Mills ' sister lived , running the independent label Coda Records ) , the sisters stayed overnight at McCartney 's estate in Peasmarsh , Sussex , in early November , where McCartney added vocals to the song . Having sparked the interest of the tabloids about his appearances with Mills at events , McCartney appeared publicly beside her at a party in January 2000 to celebrate her 32nd birthday .
While on holiday in the Lake District , McCartney proposed to Mills on 23 July 2001 , giving her a £ 15 @,@ 000 diamond and sapphire ring he had purchased in Jaipur , India , while they were both there on holiday .
= = = Marriage = = =
Mills and McCartney were married on 11 June 2002 , four years after McCartney 's first wife had died of breast cancer . The McCartney – Mills wedding was an elaborate ceremony at Castle Leslie ( once the home of Shane Leslie ) , in the village of Glaslough in County Monaghan , Ireland . A song specially composed by McCartney , called " Heather " , was played , which had been included on the 2001 album , Driving Rain .
Mills said that she liked to cook traditional ( but meat @-@ free ) Christmas dinners for McCartney and as many of his family as possible , and that McCartney had encouraged her to give up her self @-@ confessed addiction to chocolate and Snickers bars . When asked by chat @-@ show host Larry King ( in 2003 ) , how life was with McCartney , Mills replied " Great , really great , " but also said that she was surprised at how tidy McCartney was : " He always cleans up before the cleaner comes . So I said for a while that 's crazy , but what 's good is if I cook the dinner , he 'll clean everything up . "
In 2003 , McCartney played a concert in Red Square , Russia . Vladimir Putin gave the couple a tour of the Kremlin . McCartney later said that Mills ' contribution was giving him an acrylic fingernail to protect a finger on his left hand that often bled after playing guitar . McCartney admitted that Mills inspired him , as " Being in love with her makes me want to write songs " , such as " Too Much Rain " on Chaos and Creation in the Backyard , and " See Your Sunshine " ( " She makes me feel glad / I want her so bad " ) from Memory Almost Full . Another composition inspired by Mills was used as the bridal march at their wedding .
During a Parkinson chat show on 22 February 2003 , host Michael Parkinson asked if it was because of McCartney that Mills did not give any interviews , and she replied that she wanted to protect McCartney , his children , and their privacy . On the same show she said that her previous ectopic pregnancies had damaged her fertility , and that her chances of getting pregnant were small , although the couple announced that they were expecting their first child in May 2003 . Mills gave birth to Beatrice Milly McCartney on 28 October 2003 , who was named after Mills ' mother , and McCartney 's aunt . It was later revealed that Mills had suffered a miscarriage in the first year of marriage to McCartney . Mills was invited by Larry King to interview Paul Newman , which was broadcast by CNN on 17 April 2004 . McCartney had arranged for Newman to be interviewed by Mills , but critical reactions to the show were mixed . Mills appeared on other TV programmes , such as BBC1 's Question Time and GMTV , and persuaded McCartney to join her on ITV 's Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ?
= = = = Split = = = =
After some time apart , Mills and McCartney separated on 17 May 2006 . In November 2007 , Mills gave a number of interviews , saying that the breakdown of the marriage was caused by her husband 's daughter , Stella , whom she described as " jealous " and " evil " . Mills had previously talked with New York magazine , saying Stella had once issued a press release confirming how much she liked her new stepmother , although Stella 's publicist denied that such a statement had ever been issued .
After dismissing Anthony Julius , a Mishcon de Reya lawyer , Mills stated she would represent herself in the upcoming divorce hearing , with help from her sister Fiona , David Rosen ( a solicitor @-@ advocate ) , and Michael Shilub , an American attorney . In leaked documents , Mills complained that McCartney was often drunk , smoked cannabis , stabbed her with a broken wine glass , pushed her over a table , and pushed her into a bathtub when she was pregnant . Referring to her part in the marriage , Mills said that she had been a full @-@ time wife , mother , lover , confidante , business partner and psychologist to McCartney . McCartney 's lawyers studied Mills ' book : Life Balance : The Essential Keys to a Lifetime of Wellbeing ( published on 25 May 2006 ) , as it contradicted many of her claims , such as when she praised McCartney for " Bringing me breakfast in bed every morning , no matter how he feels , and I do the dinner , so we ’ ve got that agreement . It ’ s thoughtfulness " . Mills ' father reconciled with his daughter after meeting her and McCartney , when they introduced him to his granddaughter , Beatrice . After their separation , he said that it " took guts to represent yourself at the High Court " , and that he was proud of his daughter , even though he thought she would be " torn to shreds " by McCartney 's lawyers .
= = = Divorce = = =
The case was heard in court 34 at the Royal Courts of Justice in London . At the start of the proceedings Mills asked for £ 125 million , but McCartney offered £ 15 @.@ 8 million . Before the court case , Mills had employed the accountancy firm Lee and Allen to examine McCartney 's publishing company , business assets and properties , saying that she had a tape recording of McCartney admitting his true worth , but the presiding judge , Mr Justice Bennett , turned down numerous requests for information by Lee and Allen .
The hearing took six days , finishing on 18 February 2008 , with the judgment being made public on 17 March 2008 . Mills was eventually awarded a lump sum of £ 16.5m , together with assets of £ 7.8m , which included the properties she owned at the time . The total was £ 24 @.@ 3 million , plus payments of £ 35 @,@ 000 per annum , for a nanny and school costs for their daughter . In his judgment , Justice Bennett stated : " The husband 's evidence was , in my judgment , balanced . He expressed himself moderately though at times with justifiable irritation , if not anger . He was consistent , accurate and honest . But I regret to have to say I cannot say the same about the wife 's evidence . Having watched and listened to her give evidence , having studied the documents , and having given in her favour every allowance for the enormous strain she must have been under ( and in conducting her own case ) I am driven to the conclusion that much of her evidence , both written and oral , was not just inconsistent and inaccurate but also less than candid . Overall she was a less than impressive witness . " The divorce was granted on 12 May 2008 , and the preliminary divorce decree was finalised six weeks later . She later considered trying to have the injunction lifted that stopped her talking publicly about the case , as the sections released were against her wishes , saying that it would " perhaps be better for the public to see everything " .
Long before the decision , Mills talked about McCartney : " I will never get over it . I will always love Paul . He is the father of my child , but I just have to move on and deal with it and there is nothing I can do ... I have never spoken badly about my husband . I never will , he is the father of my child " . After the judgement was issued , however , she said to the press , " I can 't say if Paul is cruel . For the sake of my daughter , I can 't say that but my sister thinks he is . " This statement to the press was accompanied by her sister , Fiona Mills , saying " I just think he didn 't need to put her through this . I just think it is really sad . Why can 't he look after the mother of his child ? " She continued , " He wants to make himself look good , " she said . " To him the most important person is him . It has been a nightmare and I am not exaggerating . "
During their marriage she was known as Heather Mills McCartney , but after her divorce she reverted to Heather Mills , although she should still be correctly referred to as Lady McCartney ; as the former wife of a knight , she technically retains that title . She was addressed as such by Lord Justice Leveson , during the Leveson Inquiry .
= = Media image and criticism = =
Mills ' relationship with McCartney triggered considerable media interest , but after her divorce , the attitude of the British media was hostile . Mills frequently accuses the press of misquoting her , and of using material out of context to give a negative impression of her , telling the Evening Standard that the claims that she had married McCartney for his money were more hurtful than losing her leg .
Mills has been accused by several newspapers of having embellished her life story . A journalist with the same name , Heather Mills , then at The Observer , accused Mills of impersonating her for over a year in the late 1990s , showing people cuttings of articles the journalist had written , which helped Mills secure a job presenting The General , a BBC TV programme about Southampton General Hospital . There were also doubts about Mills ' claim that she had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize ( because the Heather Mills Health Trust had given away thousands of prosthetic limbs to landmine victims ) , but the nomination cannot yet be proven because the identities of all nominees remain secret for 50 years .
Stapely ( Mills ' stepfather ) disputed Mills ' statement that her mother had nearly lost a leg in a car crash , after Mills said , " her leg was only hanging on by a tiny flap of skin and flesh ... miraculously the surgeons managed to insert a metal plate and reattach it " . Stapely said that Mills ' mother had suffered a leg injury after a car crash , but recovered and was " a keen tennis player " and that Mills , " is simply a very confused woman for whom reality and fantasy have become blurred " .
Mills said that she had once been asked to stand for parliament by the three main political parties , and had been offered a peerage in 2001 ( to become Baroness Mills ) by the then British Prime Minister , Tony Blair , and a certain " Lord Macdonald " . An ITV documentary ( McCartney vs McCartney : The Ex Files ) interviewed three Lord Macdonalds , but not one of them could remember ever meeting Mills . British journalist Jasper Gerard , to whom Mills made the claims , also says she told him that she had cancelled a meeting with Bill Clinton in case her endorsement affected a US election outcome . Mills stated that she was once awarded the Outstanding Young Person of the Year award by the British Chambers of Commerce , but did not challenge newspapers after they discovered there was no such award .
In October 2006 , Mills announced her intention to sue The Daily Mail , The Sun and the Evening Standard . All the newspapers said that their stories " were obtained by proper methods and in accordance with good journalistic practice " . The Sun , which regularly refers to Mills as " Mucca " – a play on McCartney 's nickname " Macca " – responded by asking her to " tick the boxes " on a series of allegations the newspaper had made , stating , " It is not clear what exactly she plans to sue us about " . Underneath the questions , The Sun listed six allegations about her , with a blank box beside each one . The words beside the boxes read : " Hooker , Liar , Porn Star , Fantasist , Trouble Maker , Shoplifter " .
In December 2006 , Mills told the BBC that she had received death threats , and on 17 December 2006 , police stated that a " non @-@ specific threat " had been made to her safety . This led to more criticism that she was calling out the emergency services too often . In March 2007 , Kevin Moore , Chief Superintendent of Sussex Police , said that Mills was running " the risk of being treated as the little boy who cried wolf " , and added , " We do have to respond to a disproportionate high volume of calls from Heather Mills McCartney because of the situations she finds herself in , and this is regrettable as it takes officers away from other policing matters " . Mills responded that the police had told her to contact them whenever she was being harassed .
During a 5 @-@ day trial in July 2007 , it was revealed that Mills had been physically assaulted by Jay Kaycappa in Brighton . Kaycappa was a notorious paparazzo trying to photograph Mills while on shifts for a national newspaper and a regional press agency . Kaycappa , who had 132 previous criminal convictions , including perverting the course of justice , obtaining property by deception , driving offences and using ten aliases , was found guilty and sentenced to a 140 @-@ hour community order and ordered to pay Mills £ 100 , plus £ 1 @,@ 000 court costs .
During several interviews in October 2007 , Mills accused the media of giving her " worse press than a paedophile or a murderer " . She also criticised the media over the treatment of Diana , Princess of Wales – who , according to Mills , was " chased and killed " by paparazzi – and of Kate McCann . Immediately before giving these interviews , her PR adviser , Phil Hall ( the ex @-@ Editor of the News of the World ) , quit . In 2008 , a survey commissioned by Marketing magazine showed Mills as one of the top five most hated celebrity women , along with Amy Winehouse , Victoria Beckham and Kerry Katona .
In December 2008 , the Channel 4 television comedy series Star Stories broadcast a satirical mockumentary of Mills ' life story from her point of view . In 2009 , after petitioning the Press Complaints Commission in the UK about being lied about in the press , five British tabloids ( The Sun , The Daily Express , News of the World , Sunday Mirror and Daily Mirror ) publicly apologised to Mills about printing false , hurtful or defamatory stories about her . Another tabloid ( the Daily Mail ) , sent a private letter of apology . Mills has complained that over 4 @,@ 400 abusive articles about her have been published .
= = = Criticism of press coverage = = =
In 2002 , Mills accepted damages of £ 50 @,@ 000 plus costs from the Sunday Mirror , after a false report that the Charity Commission had investigated her about the money she raised for the Indian earthquake victims appeal in 2001 . The extent and nature of the British press coverage of Mills has been criticised , as in May 2003 , when Guardian columnist Matt Seaton wrote a piece declaring " There is little that is edifying in the symbolic lynching of Heather . The poisonous judgmentalism that drives it is in the worst tradition of small town gossip . It is prurient , spiteful , hypocritical , and we should cry ' shame ' on it " . Publicist Mark Borkowski wrote in the Independent on Sunday , on 23 March 2008 : " Not since the cult of Myra Hindley have we encountered so much vitriol aimed at one woman " . Feminist writer Natasha Walter has compared the coverage to that of Britney Spears . Terence Blacker wrote that public figures who are young , female , pretty and fair @-@ haired , are often subjected to public bullying which is explained as " intense media interest " , such as Diana , Princess of Wales , Paula Yates , Ulrika Jonsson and Mills .
Kira Cochrane , in The Guardian , said that " every misogynist epithet available " has been used against Mills . " She has somehow become the vessel through which it is acceptable for both pundits and the public to express their very worst feelings about women " . Joan Smith , writing in The Independent , said that newspaper " Bullies love a weakling " ; quoting the Daily Mirror 's front page headline : " Lady Liar " and The Sun newspaper writing " Pornocchio " over Mills ' face ( in reference to Pinocchio 's nose getting longer when he lied and her past photographs ) . Smith went on to say that Mills had " dreamt of becoming the wife of a famous man but did not realise that he had fantasies of his own , marrying an attractive younger woman when he hadn 't got over the loss of his first wife . Mills behaved foolishly when the marriage failed but she does not deserve the treatment she has had in the mass @-@ market press . It is merciless bullying of an unstable , vulnerable woman " . In 2009 , Mills reported a bogus charity had been set up to extract information about her marriage . News Corp , owned by Rupert Murdoch , is alleged to have set up the sting . The British tabloid newspaper the Daily Mirror ran the headline " Macca marriage to Heather was mistake of the decade " following an interview McCartney gave to Q magazine . McCartney immediately moved to deny this statement and then went on to publicly print the original transcript on his official website to prove the Daily Mirror article was false .
Celia Larkin , writing on 12 February 2012 in the Irish Sunday Independent , said " There was something very satisfying about Heather Mills finally having her voice heard above the roar of the Red Tops . If you actually take the time to listen to Mills , I mean listen , not just read what 's written about her , you 'll see she is a strong , sincere , independent woman . She didn 't lie down under the weight of McCartney 's fame and wealth , she continued to plough her own furrow , campaigning for her charities , maintaining a strong individuality . And that , it seems , is the greatest sin of all . Is it any wonder she was reduced to tears in the October 2007 GMTV interview ? Did we feel sympathy for her then ? No . ' Heather Mills has Melt Down ' screamed the headlines , so now she had lost her marbles to boot . And if that wasn 't enough , Carole Malone of the Sunday Mirror , one of the papers that was relentless in its attacks on Mills , accused her of staging an act on live TV in order to further her cause in the upcoming divorce hearing . How cruel can you get ? "
= = = Phone hacking and Leveson Inquiry = = =
On 5 May 2011 , The Guardian reported that Mills had met with officers from the London Metropolitan Police who showed her evidence , seized from private investigator Glenn Mulcaire , which could form the basis of a claim against the News of the World for breach of privacy over alleged phone hacking . Mills ' name and private mobile phone number were listed in Mulcaire 's notes along with those of her friends and associates . Mills later alleged that a journalist working for the Mirror Group had admitted to her in 2001 that he had hacked her phone .
Appearing as a witness at the Leveson Inquiry on 9 February 2012 , Mills was asked under oath if she had ever made a recording of Paul McCartney 's phone calls or answer phone messages and had ever played it to Piers Morgan or " anybody else " , she replied , " Never , ever . " Giving evidence in December 2011 , Morgan , who bragged in a newspaper column for the Daily Mail in 2006 about hearing the message , refused to say who had played him the recorded message of the call , saying he was protecting a source . Mills told the inquiry that Morgan was " a man that has written nothing but awful things about me for years and would have relished telling the inquiry if I had played a personal voicemail message to him . " In the official findings of his Inquiry , Lord Justice Leveson said Morgan 's testimony under oath on phone hacking was " utterly unpersuasive . This was not , in any sense at all , a convincing answer " and " What it does , however , clearly prove is that he was aware that it was taking place in the press as a whole and that he was sufficiently unembarrassed by what was criminal behaviour that he was prepared to joke about it . " ( see the testimony : [ 1 ] )
= = Activism = =
In 2005 , Mills became a patron of the British animal rights organisation Viva ! , and the Vegetarian and Vegan Foundation , which are both run by Juliet Gellatley . In 2006 , Mills and Gellatley attended a debate on fur at the Oxford Union , where she presented a video depicting the skinning of a dog . She posed with her own dog in an anti @-@ fur advertisement for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , which read : " If you wouldn 't wear your dog , please don 't wear fur " .
In March 2006 , Mills and McCartney travelled to Canada to bring attention to the country 's annual seal hunt . Sponsored by the Humane Society of the United States , they complained that the hunt was inhumane , and called on the Canadian government to put an end to it . Their arrival on the floes sparked much attention in Newfoundland and Labrador , where 90 per cent of the sealers live . Mills and McCartney protested against seals being clubbed to death , pierced with boat hooks and sometimes skinned alive . Newfoundland and Labrador 's Premier , Danny Williams , debated the issue with them on Larry King Live , the issue being that seals are no longer hunted that way , and have not been for a while . Mills joined a Viva ! film team at a pig farm in Somerset , in February 2007 , to publicise the use of restrictive farrowing crates , which are used for sows who are suckling piglets . A video of the investigation was made available on the Internet .
Mills 's relationship with PETA ended in 2007 , when McCartney 's daughter , Mary , said she would not continue to take photographs for the organisation if Mills was involved with them . A PETA representative told the New York Post : " Heather 's exposé of the Chinese fur industry remains one of the most popular videos on our site , but we don 't have any imminent campaigns planned with her " .
Mills spoke in Hyde Park , London , on 19 November 2007 . Mills said : " Eighty per cent of global warming comes from livestock and deforestation . I 'm not telling people to go vegan overnight . But if they stop drinking their cows ' milk lattes , maybe this sort of thing won 't have to happen " .
In 2008 , an old video surfaced of Mills wearing a mink coat she had owned in 1989 , but explained to reporters that she had bought it years before becoming involved in animal rights organisations or vegetarianism . Although she had separated from McCartney , Mills said : " It 's only since I met Paul [ McCartney ] that I really got to understand how vegetarianism not only benefits your health massively but also makes a huge difference to the planet , to animals , and to feeding the world . " In August 2008 , she was honoured by the organisation Farm Animal Rights Movement ( FARM ) , with the Celebrity Animal Activist Award , presented at the Animal Rights National Conference . On 28 August 2009 , at the Celebrity Catwalk event in Hollywood , Mills showed off her new " recycled clothes from charity shops " range , called Be @ one . After her divorce , Mills pledged to give a " large portion " of her £ 24 @.@ 3 million divorce settlement to Adopt @-@ A @-@ Minefield , but the charity has not received any to date . In June 2008 , Mills was asked to talk at a New York party about the cruelty of puppy farms and to promote her book about animals , but was angry about the guests speaking over her speech , saying : " Listen up at the back . I haven ’ t been up for 24 hours and flew here from London to be ignored " . Mills 's publicist of four years , Michele Elyzabeth , stopped representing her on 25 July 2008 .
= = Commercial interests = =
On 4 July 2009 , Mills opened a vegan restaurant called VBites at Hove Lagoon , Hove , Sussex . Mills is quoted as saying that she intends it to be the first in a worldwide chain of vegan restaurants . Whilst promoting the restaurant , Mills gave an interview to the BBC , stating that she 'd been very proactive in the building stages and now that it was open , would give as much time to it as she could – working it around her charity work . In May 2013 she sold the restaurant premises to local record producer Fatboy Slim and opened a new , enlarged VBites in East Street in Brighton .
In 2009 , Mills bought the vegan food company VBites Foods ( then known as Redwood Foods ) . The company in Corby , Northamptonshire , sells 50 meat @-@ free products under the brand names Cheatin ' , VegiDeli and Cheezly . In 2014 products sold under the brand " Wot no Dairy " were recalled , because it was revealed that they contained traces of dairy and were dangerous for those with dairy intolerance .
Mills was one of the celebrity performers competing on the US television series Dancing with the Stars in 2007 , with dancing partner Jonathan Roberts . On 21 December 2009 , she was revealed as one of the contestants on the fifth series of Dancing on Ice , being paired with Matt Evers .
= = Artistic recognition = =
Mills was part of a series of body cast sculptures by the contemporary British sculptor , Louise Giblin in 2012 .
= = British Paralympic ski team = =
In May 2011 , Hello ! magazine ran an article about her ambitions for the 2014 Paralympic Games as well as her efforts to stay fit and healthy with her vegan lifestyle following the accident .
On 17 December 2013 , it was announced that Mills would miss the 2014 Olympics in Sochi , Russia . She was asked to leave due to a fall out and complaints about her behaviour towards officials .
= = Present life = =
On 4 June 2010 , a claim for compensation alleging sexual and maternity discrimination and unfair dismissal was brought by Sara Trumble , who had been employed as a nanny for Mills ' daughter since April 2004 . The case was dismissed at Ashford Employment Tribunal Centre , Kent , with the tribunal concluding that all of Trumble 's claims were unfounded . Employment judge Steven Vowles said that " Mills ' kindness towards Miss Trumble showed that she genuinely cared about her as both an employee and a friend " .
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= Harry Bassett =
Harry Bassett ( 1868 – 1878 ) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse , winner of the 1871 Belmont Stakes and an outstanding racehorse of the 19th century . He also won a number of other stakes races , and was named the Champion male of his age group in 1870 , 1871 and 1872 . He was retired to stud duties in New Jersey when his five @-@ year racing career ended , having recorded 23 wins from 36 starts . Harry Bassett died in New Jersey in 1878 and was inducted into the United States Racing Hall of Fame in 2010 .
= = Breeding and early life = =
Harry Bassett was a chestnut stallion , foaled on 27 April 1868 , that was sired by Lexington and out of the mare Canary Bird . Canary Bird was by the imported stallion Albion and out of the mare Panola , who was sired by the imported stallion Ainderby . Canary Bird 's second dam , or maternal grandmother , was the imported mare Sweetbriar by Recovery . Harry Basset was bred either by R. A. Alexander or by A. J. Alexander , both of the Woodburn Stud of Woodburn , Kentucky , and was the second of Canary Bird 's foals . He was sold at the 1869 S. D. Bruce yearling sale to trainer David McDaniel for $ 315 .
= = Racing career = =
Harry Bassett was trained by his owner David McDaniel ; his jockey was W. Miller . As a two @-@ year @-@ old he won the 1870 Nursery Stakes at Pimlico Race Course , the Central Stakes , the Kentucky Stakes , and the Saratoga Stakes . He made a total of four starts as a two @-@ year @-@ old of which he won three , placing third in the other .
Harry Bassett won the fifth running of the Belmont Stakes in 1871 at Jerome Park Racetrack in a time of 2 minutes 56 seconds . He carried 110 pounds ( 50 kilograms ) pounds in the race , and won $ 5 @,@ 400 ( approximately $ 107 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) for his owner . The race was run on June 10 over a distance of 1 5 ⁄ 8 miles ( 13 furlongs / 2 @,@ 600 meters ) on a fast track . Harry Bassett won by three lengths from the second placed finisher Stockwood ; the third place went to August Belmont 's By The Sea . This was the first of three consecutive wins of the Belmont Stakes by David McDaniel as both owner and trainer , as he went on to win the 1872 race with Joe Daniels and the 1873 race with Springbok .
As a three @-@ year @-@ old , Harry Bassett also won the Jerome Handicap , the Travers Stakes , the Reunion Stakes , the Kenner Stakes , the Champion Stakes and the Jersey Derby . He was undefeated in nine starts at age three .
During his three @-@ year @-@ old year Harry Bassett started 11 times and won eight , finishing second in the remaining three . At four he increased his win record to 14 , with wins in the Westchester Cup and a victory in a 2 miles ( 3 @,@ 200 m ) heat , before he was beaten in the Monmouth Cup by Longfellow . He then won the 2 1 ⁄ 4 mile Saratoga Cup , in which he defeated Longfellow . His jockey in that race was James Rowe , Sr. , who went on to become a leading trainer for James R. Keene . At age five , Harry Bassett started eight times , winning two , placing second in two , and third once . At six , he started four times , winning once and placing third once .
Harry Bassett 's racing career spanned five years and ended with 23 wins from 36 starts ; he finished second five times and third three times . His total earnings on the racetrack were $ 55 @,@ 920 ( approximately $ 1 @,@ 046 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) . He was awarded the title of Champion Two @-@ Year @-@ Old Male in 1870 , the title of Champion Three @-@ Year @-@ Old Male in 1871 , and the Champion Older Horse title in 1872 .
= = Stud record = =
When his racing career ended Harry Bassett was retired to McDaniel ’ s stud farm in Trenton , New Jersey , where he sired stakes winners such as Bowstring and Lettina out of the imported mare Letty by imported Australian . Lettina won the Young America Stakes , the Jackson Stakes and the Ladies Stakes in 1881 , when she was two years old .
Harry Bassett died on October 27 , 1878 at McDaniel 's farm in New Jersey . He was inducted into the United States ' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2010 .
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= SM UB @-@ 13 =
SM UB @-@ 13 was a German Type UB I submarine or U @-@ boat in the German Imperial Navy ( German : Kaiserliche Marine ) during World War I. The submarine was probably sunk by a British mine net in April 1916 .
UB @-@ 13 was ordered in October 1914 and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in November . UB @-@ 13 was a little under 28 metres ( 92 ft ) in length and displaced between 127 and 141 tonnes ( 125 and 139 long tons ) , depending on whether surfaced or submerged . She carried two torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and was also armed with a deck @-@ mounted machine gun . UB @-@ 13 was broken into sections and shipped by rail to Antwerp for reassembly . She was launched in March 1915 and commissioned as SM UB @-@ 13 in April .
UB @-@ 13 spent her entire career in the Flanders Flotilla and sank 11 merchant ships , about half of them British fishing vessels . In March 1916 , UB @-@ 13 was responsible for sinking the Dutch ocean liner Tubantia , raising the ire of the Dutch public . Tubantia was the largest neutral vessel sunk during the war and among the 30 largest ships sunk by U @-@ boats . On 24 April 1916 , UB @-@ 13 was sunk with all hands .
= = Design and construction = =
After the German Army 's rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I , the German Imperial Navy found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow seas off Flanders . Project 34 , a design effort begun in mid @-@ August 1914 , produced the Type UB I design : a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled . Constrained by railroad size limitations , the UB I design called for a boat about 28 metres ( 92 ft ) long and displacing about 125 tonnes ( 123 long tons ) with two torpedo tubes .
UB @-@ 13 was part of the initial allotment of seven submarines — numbered UB @-@ 9 to UB @-@ 15 — ordered on 15 October from AG Weser of Bremen , just shy of two months after planning for the class began . UB @-@ 13 was laid down by Weser in Bremen on 7 November . As built , UB @-@ 13 was 27 @.@ 88 metres ( 91 ft 6 in ) long , 3 @.@ 15 metres ( 10 ft 4 in ) abeam , and had a draft of 3 @.@ 03 metres ( 9 ft 11 in ) . She had a single 59 @-@ brake @-@ horsepower ( 44 kW ) Körting 4 @-@ cylinder diesel engine for surface travel , and a single 119 @-@ shaft @-@ horsepower ( 89 kW ) Siemens @-@ Schuckert electric motor for underwater travel , both attached to a single propeller shaft . Her top speeds were 7 @.@ 45 knots ( 13 @.@ 80 km / h ; 8 @.@ 57 mph ) , surfaced , and 6 @.@ 24 knots ( 11 @.@ 56 km / h ; 7 @.@ 18 mph ) , submerged . At more moderate speeds , she could sail up to 1 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 800 km ; 1 @,@ 700 mi ) on the surface before refueling , and up to 45 nautical miles ( 83 km ; 52 mi ) submerged before recharging her batteries . Like all boats of the class , UB @-@ 13 was rated to a diving depth of 50 metres ( 160 ft ) , and could completely submerge in 33 seconds .
UB @-@ 13 was armed with two 45 @-@ centimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedoes in two bow torpedo tubes . She was also outfitted for a single 8 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) machine gun on deck . UB @-@ 13 's standard complement consisted of one officer and thirteen enlisted men .
After work on UB @-@ 13 was complete at the Weser yard , she was readied for rail shipment . The process of shipping a UB I boat involved breaking the submarine down into what was essentially a knock down kit . Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded on to eight railway flatcars . In February 1915 , the sections of UB @-@ 13 were shipped to Antwerp for assembly in what was typically a two- to three @-@ week process . After UB @-@ 13 was assembled and launched on 8 March , she was loaded on a barge and taken through canals to Bruges where she underwent trials .
= = Early career = =
The submarine was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy as SM UB @-@ 13 on 6 April 1915 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Walter Gustav Becker , a 29 @-@ year @-@ old first @-@ time U @-@ boat commander . On 26 April , UB @-@ 13 joined the Flanders Flotilla ( German : U @-@ boote des Marinekorps U @-@ Flotille Flandern ) , which had been organized on 29 March . When UB @-@ 13 joined the flotilla , Germany was in the midst of its first submarine offensive , begun in February . During this campaign , enemy vessels in the German @-@ defined war zone ( German : Kriegsgebiet ) , which encompassed all waters around the United Kingdom , were to be sunk . Vessels of neutral countries were not to be attacked unless they definitively could be identified as enemy vessels operating under a false flag .
Submarines of the Flanders Flotilla sank over 14 @,@ 000 tons of merchant vessels in June 1915 , and UB @-@ 13 's first ship sunk , Dulcie , contributed almost one @-@ seventh of that total . The British steamer Dulcie , listed at 2 @,@ 033 gross register tons ( GRT ) , was headed from Dunston for Le Havre with a load of coal when Becker torpedoed her 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ; 6 @.@ 9 mi ) east of Aldeburgh . One man on Dulcie lost his life in the attack . Dulcie was the only ship sunk by UB @-@ 13 in June .
On 27 and 28 July , Becker and UB @-@ 13 sank three British fishing vessels while patrolling between 15 and 30 nautical miles ( 28 and 56 km ; 17 and 35 mi ) off Lowestoft . All three of the sunken ships were smacks — sailing vessels traditionally rigged with red ochre sails — which were stopped , boarded by crewmen from UB @-@ 16 , and sunk with explosives .
In response to American demands after German submarines had sunk the Cunard Line steamer Lusitania in May 1915 and other high profile sinkings in August and September , the chief of the Admiralstab , Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff , issued orders suspending the first offensive on 18 September . His directive ordered all U @-@ boats out of the English Channel and the South @-@ Western Approaches and required that all submarine activity in the North Sea be conducted strictly along prize regulations . On 20 February 1916 , under the command of Kapitänleutnant Karl Neumann , who replaced Becker in December 1915 , UB @-@ 13 captured a Belgian ship named Z10 David Marie and retained her as a prize . There are no further details about where Z10 David Marie was taken or her final disposition , but other ships captured as prizes by Flanders boats were sailed into Zeebrugge by prize crews .
= = Second submarine offensive = =
By early 1916 , the British blockade of Germany was beginning to have an effect on Germany and her imports . The Royal Navy had stopped and seized more cargo destined for Germany than the quantity of cargo sunk by German U @-@ boats in the first submarine offensive . As a result , the German Imperial Navy began a second offensive against merchant shipping on 29 February . The final ground rules agreed upon by the German Admiralstab were that all enemy vessels in Germany 's self @-@ proclaimed war zone would be destroyed without warning , that enemy vessels outside the war zone would be destroyed only if armed , and — to avoid antagonizing the United States — that enemy passenger steamers were not to be attacked , regardless of whether in the war zone or not . The day after the beginning of the second offensive , Neumann and UB @-@ 13 sank four more fishing smacks northeast of Lowestoft . All four ships were boarded and sunk in the same manner as the three sunk the previous July . Shortly after , Neumann was transferred to command UB @-@ 2 in early March , and was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See Arthur Metz , who had been in command of UB @-@ 17 for the preceding month .
= = = SS Tubantia = = =
Shortly after 02 : 30 on 16 March , a torpedo from UB @-@ 13 struck the starboard side of the neutral Dutch ocean liner Tubantia , which was at anchor near the North Hinder Lightship , about 50 nautical miles ( 93 km ; 58 mi ) off the Dutch coast . The Royal Holland Lloyd ( Dutch : Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd ) ship had been fully illuminated , with her name spelled out in electric lights between the twin funnels . Distress calls from Tubantia were heeded and all 80 passengers and 294 crew were rescued by three nearby ships before the ship foundered . Tubantia was the largest neutral ship sunk during the war , and among the 30 largest ships sunk by U @-@ boats .
Germany initially tried to implicate British mines or torpedoes , but relented when confronted with evidence that it was one of their own torpedoes — which had been assigned to UB @-@ 13 — that had sunk Tubantia . The Germans , however , presented a forged log from UB @-@ 13 that showed her nowhere near Tubantia at the time of the attack . Further , they reported , UB @-@ 13 had fired that specific torpedo at a British warship on 6 March — ten days before Tubantia was sunk — which would have been under her previous commander , Kapitänleutnant Neumann . The U.S. Minister to the Netherlands , Henry van Dyke , writing in Fighting for Peace in 1917 , called this explanation " amazing " and derided it :
This certain U @-@ boat had fired this particular torpedo at a British war @-@ vessel somewhere in the North Sea ten days before the Tubantia was sunk . The shot missed its mark . But the naughty undisciplined little torpedo went cruising around in the sea on its own hook for ten days waiting for a chance to kill somebody . Then the Tubantia came along and the wandering @-@ Willy torpedo promptly , obstinately , ran into the ship and sank her . This was the explanation . Germany was not to blame .
The Dutch public was furious at what they believed a hostile German act , which caused German diplomats to spread rumors of an impending British invasion of the Netherlands to divert the unwanted attention .
Amidst all of the denials and diplomatic wrangling over Tubantia 's sinking , UB @-@ 13 continued to sink ships . On 31 March , off Lowestoft , Metz and UB @-@ 13 sank the Norwegian steamer Memento . The 1 @,@ 076 GRT ship was carrying a load of coke destined for Porsgrunn when she went down with one crewman . Twelve days later , in the Kentish Knock area , UB @-@ 13 sank the Danish ship Proeven . The 276 @-@ ton sailing vessel was the last ship sunk by UB @-@ 13 .
= = Sinking = =
On the evening of 23 April 1916 , UB @-@ 13 departed Zeebrugge for a patrol off the mouth of the Thames and was never heard from again . Author Dwight Messimer , in his book Verschollen : World War I U @-@ boat Losses , reports that the British had deployed a new explosive anti @-@ submarine net at position 51 ° 33 ′ N 2 ° 45 ′ E in the early morning hours of 24 April . He suggests that it was possible UB @-@ 13 had set off some of the contact mines on the net , or possible that the submarine had struck a mine in one of the many British minefields off the Flemish coast . However , according to authors R. H. Gibson and Maurice Prendergast , in their book The German Submarine War , 1914 – 1918 , UB @-@ 13 fouled the anchor cable of the British naval drifter Gleaner of the Sea on 24 April , and was depth charged by E.E.S .. Then for good measure , the British destroyer Afridi deployed explosive sweeps against the submarine . Whatever the specific cause of her demise , all seventeen crewmen on board the submarine were killed .
= = Summary of raiding history = =
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= I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas =
I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas is a live CD / DVD by American R & B recording artist , Beyoncé . It was filmed at the Encore Theater , Las Vegas by Ed Burke , on August 2 , 2009 , during a stint of Beyoncé 's worldwide I Am ... Tour ( 2009 – 2010 ) . It features performances of over 30 songs , including her solo material , her recordings with the girl group Destiny 's Child as well as behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage . The album was made available in DVD and 2 CD / DVD deluxe format on November 23 , 2009 , and in Blu @-@ ray format on December 15 , 2009 . It was directed by Nick Wickham and produced by Emer Patten .
Footage from the DVD titled Beyoncé – I Am ... Yours , aired on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on November 26 , 2009 . The special featured behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage of Beyoncé 's I Am ... Tour and it was watched by over 5 @.@ 2 million viewers . The album was also promoted by being broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK and re @-@ released in the form of a live instrumentals album . Upon its release , I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas received positive reviews from music critics , who generally praised the acoustic live performances of the songs . Beyoncé 's vocals , the intimate performances , and the narrating story of the album were also complimented . The live version of " Halo " ( 2009 ) , which is featured on the album , was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards .
The album stayed at the top of the US Billboard Top Music Video chart for eight weeks , and was certified double @-@ platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipment of 200 @,@ 000 copies . It became Beyoncé 's second number one DVD in the US and it has spent fifty two weeks on the Top Music Video chart . The album was also successful on the DVD and albums charts across the world and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for selling over 15 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Background and synopsis = =
On August 2 , 2009 , Beyoncé had a revue titled I Am ... Yours at the Encore Theater , in Wynn Las Vegas during a stint on her worldwide I Am ... Tour ( 2009 – 2010 ) . Her performance was backed by her all @-@ female band , Suga Mama , and an orchestra . The show was choreographed by Beyoncé and Frank Gatson Jr . Regarding her I Am ... Yours revue , Beyoncé said , " I 've always wanted to perform in Las Vegas , I 've always wanted to do my own show there , because a lot of the icons that I look up to had amazing shows in Las Vegas . I thought if I 'm going to have my own Las Vegas show , it has to be right and it has to have heart and soul and it has to be something memorable ... My whole objective here is for people to see what they don 't get to see . Just give me my band , give me a stage , some cool smoke and lights and you see the sweat , you see the pain , you see the love , you see the soul and it 's about music . "
The show begins with a narrator introducing Beyoncé to the audience . She appears from the back of the theater performing " Hello " . She greets the audience and makes her way towards the stage as she continues to perform . At the stage , Beyoncé sings " Halo " . Next , she performs " Irreplaceable " and interacts with the audience . She later moves into an acoustic medley , performing a down @-@ tempo version of " Sweet Dreams " , " Dangerously in Love 2 " and " Sweet Love " ( originally recorded by Anita Baker ) . The medley leads into " If I Were a Boy " ( which contains excerpts from " You Oughta Know " ) and " Scared of Lonely " . The show continues with a performance of " That 's Why You 're Beautiful " , intertwined with excerpts from " The Beautiful Ones " ( originally recorded by Prince ) , " Satellites " , and " Resentment " . The first act concludes with Beyoncé performing a jazz @-@ fused " Déjà Vu " . Before the next act begins , three dancers appear and perform a tap sequence called " Bebop " .
Beyoncé begins the second act by telling the story of her career , starting from when she was nine years old to her then @-@ latest album I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . Beyoncé highlights one of the very first songs she remembers learning was Michael Jackson 's " I Wanna Be Where You Are " . She continues with a medley of Destiny 's Child 's hits songs , including " No No No " , " Bug a Boo " , " Bills , Bills , Bills " , and " Say My Name " whilst in between the songs , she talks about the story behind them . The medley leads into " Work It Out " and " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde , as she begins to talk about the start her solo career . As the set continues , Beyoncé explains how her record company felt her debut album did not have " one " hit song . She sarcastically remarks , " I guess they were kinda right ... I had five . " Beyoncé goes on to perform " Crazy in Love " ( reminiscent of " Proud Mary " by Tina Turner ) , " Naughty Girl " and " Get Me Bodied " . As the show draws to a close , Beyoncé performs " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " ; she then exits the stage after thanking the audience for their presence .
= = Development = =
After Beyoncé finished her I Am ... Yours revue , several publications reported that a live album containing the performance of the revue would be released . In early November 2009 , it was announced that she would be releasing a concert performance DVD and live CD titled I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas . The DVD features performances from the I Am ... Yours revue containing performances of over 30 songs , including Beyoncé 's solo material as well as her recordings with the girl group Destiny 's Child . Exclusive behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage was also placed on the album ; part of which was later added on Beyoncé 's 2011 video album Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 . According to Music World Entertainment president and CEO , Mathew Knowles , the decision to release I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas was prompted by the way the music was presented in the digital world and because " the live experience is becoming more important " . He added that the live performances show the ability of the artists to entertain live , something that , according to him , " Beyoncé has proven [ ... ] time after time " . The album was directed by Nick Wickham and produced by Emer Patten . It was filmed by Ed Burke and executively produced by Beyoncé , Mathew Knowles and Sheira Rees @-@ Davies .
= = Release and promotion = =
The album was available in DVD and a 2 CD / DVD deluxe edition on November 23 , 2009 , and in Blu @-@ ray format on December 15 , 2009 . The DVD and Blu @-@ ray editions feature the entire concert ( split into three parts ) , as well as over 23 minutes of behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage , while the two CDs include only the audio from the main performances . On November 26 , 2009 , ABC Network aired a one @-@ hour television special called Beyoncé – I Am ... Yours at 9 : 00 PM / EST . A one @-@ minute trailer of the special was posted online on November 12 , 2009 ; it showed Beyoncé during her I Am ... Tour , behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage including rehearsals , as well as personal videos . According to USA Today , the special was watched by 5 @.@ 2 million viewers . Entertainment Weekly 's Brad Wete commented that she " danced her tail off " during the special . John Griffiths of Us Weekly reviewed the special positively , calling it " shimmery ... mostly culled from her lavish concert " . He added that she further " dishes about her career , shows off her childhood home videos , belts out her hits and more . " The show was broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK on December 25 , 2009 . A live instrumentals album of the songs performed on the revue was released at Amazon.com and the iTunes Store on September 28 , 2010 . Several videos of the live performances of " Halo " , " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " and " Scared of Lonely " were released in MTV Latin America . These videos were used to promote the album in Latin America as well as the television special titled " MTV World Stage : Beyoncé Live from Las Vegas " .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Tanya Remekie of Rap @-@ Up felt that the album contains a " show @-@ stopping event as Sasha Fierce and Bey [ oncé ] come out to play " . She finished her review by writing that the " Broadway @-@ fashioned narration of her life story , told through song and dance .. shares her magical story . " During a review of the album , the writers of People magazine rated it with three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of four stars and wrote that it " offers nicely subdued versions of her hits " , further describing the show as a " magic " . Another writer of the same publication praised the album , writing that " You 'll get to know Beyoncé like never before " . Similarly , a writer of Eye Weekly called the album " extraordinary " , before adding that it is " the chance to experience her ( Beyoncé ) up close and personal " . A writer of Us Weekly said that to see Beyoncé 's " fiereceness " , people should listen to her album I Am ... Sasha Fierce or buy the DVD I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas to see the live experience . Allmusic 's Andy Kellman awarded I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas a rating of four out of five stars , describing it as a " theatrical production worthy of Vegas , with Beyoncé and her large backing band energetically rolling [ through Beyoncé 's songs ] " . He noted that " what makes I Am ... Yours stand apart from a typical live @-@ album cash @-@ in is the mostly unexpected covers that are weaved into the set . " Kellman finished his review by writing , " As live albums go , this is not quite destined to be one of those all @-@ time classics ; a couple missing songs and a little too much talk aside , however , the fans couldn ’ t ask for more . "
Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic praised the intimacy of the concert and the acoustic versions of the songs . A writer of The Boston Globe also gave I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas a positive review , comparing it with Sin City . He commended the jazz interlude , the acoustic rearrangements of the songs , and the " charming B [ eyoncé ] telling her life story in [ the ] song [ s ] " . Darryl Sterdan of the website Jam ! also compared the album with Sin City and commented : " Only Beyoncé would think an ' intimate ' theatre gig should include her massive all @-@ girl band , an orchestra , lasers , dancers , costume changes and a wind machine to keep her hair blowing majestically . And only Beyoncé could pull it all together as superbly as she does in this 98 @-@ minute ... show " . Grading I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas with an A- and calling it the " best live concert film of the year " , David Burger of The Salt Lake Tribune concluded , " Instead of a traditional retread of her hits , she narrates and emotionally sings her way through a souful musical journey that takes her from her first audition song to the mega @-@ hits she unleashed this past year ... This is a thrilling tour de force . "
Likewise , Mike Diver of BBC Online reviewed the album positively , praising the narrating story of the performances , calling it " polished , [ and ] professional " . Diver further noted that Beyoncé 's vocals " peak and dip , tremble and roar , mercifully without ever hitting Mariah Carey levels of skull @-@ rattling intensity " . He added that the album would look predictable because it was an " entirely second @-@ guessable affair with each movement telegraphed and every realigned arrangement ( bombast turned down , jazz and funk switched up ) meeting the listener 's expectations head on " . The Huffington Post 's Mike Ragogna compared Beyoncé with Diana Ross during the concert , adding , " Beyoncé 's I Am ... Yours is a satisfying decade @-@ and @-@ then @-@ some retrospective that reveals the artist 's interesting back story with a personal warmth " . Nate Chinen of The New York Times noted that the album documents a smaller show than the other ones Beyoncé usually makes . He further stated , " But the stagecraft — wind machines , lasers , arena lighting — keeps a viewer at a worshipful remove ... Of course Beyoncé has always fared better with declaration than with disclosure , framing her sentiments as actions . Still , the old @-@ fashioned extravagance of this production ... feels like some kind of honesty : it 's a sincere gesture from a show @-@ business savant . "
= = = Recognition = = =
Before the release of I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas , Rap @-@ Up listed it as one of the " most notable releases " for the fall of 2009 . Likewise , MTV News placed the album on its list of " Holiday Album Preview " . USA Today 's Mike Snider also mentioned it on his list of " Music @-@ video DVDs that make worthy gifts this season " comparing its acoustic style to the VH1 Storytellers series . Jay Lustig of New Jersey On @-@ Line listed I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas in two of his lists of most notable albums in the fourth quarter of 2009 . Mark Edward Nero of the website About.com put it in his list of " 2009 Holiday Gift Guide for R & B Fans " . The live performance of " Halo " ( 2009 ) , which is featured on the album , was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards . The live recording charted at number fifty @-@ eight on the Canadian Hot 100 chart . On The Village Voice 's 2009 Pazz & Jop albums list , the DVD was ranked at number 1 @,@ 643 .
= = Chart performance = =
I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas debuted at number one on the US Billboard Top Music Video chart , becoming Beyoncé 's second number @-@ one DVD in that country . The following week , it fell to number two , but later rebounded to the top where it stayed for the next seven consecutive weeks . It spent ten weeks inside the top five – eight of them at the top . In 2009 , the album sold 99 @,@ 000 copies in the US , making it the sixth best @-@ selling music DVD of the year . As of December 29 , 2010 it had sold 162 @,@ 000 units in the US , and ranked at number fifteen on the DVD year @-@ end chart of 2010 . It additionally became the best @-@ selling music video of 2010 in the US . It was certified double @-@ platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipping over 200 @,@ 000 copies . I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas spent a total of fifty two weeks on the chart .
Outside the US , I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas peaked at number eleven on the Australian DVD Chart and on the Australian Urban Albums Chart . It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting sales of over 15 @,@ 000 copies . It became the forty @-@ fourth best @-@ selling DVD of 2010 in Australia . On the New Zealand Music DVD Chart , the album peaked at number six . I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas debuted at number twenty four on the UK R & B Albums Chart on December 19 , 2009 . The next week it fell at number thirty one , and it was last seen in the top forty of the chart on January 2 , 2010 , at number thirty three .
= = Track listing = =
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits and personnel adapted from Allmusic and album 's liner notes .
= = Release history = =
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= 2012 ( film ) =
2012 is a 2009 American science fiction disaster film directed by Roland Emmerich . It stars John Cusack , Chiwetel Ejiofor , Amanda Peet , Oliver Platt , Thandie Newton , Danny Glover , and Woody Harrelson . The film was produced by Centropolis Entertainment and distributed by Columbia Pictures . Filming began in August 2008 in Vancouver , although it was originally planned to be filmed in Los Angeles . The plot follows novelist Jackson Curtis as he attempts to bring his family to refuge , amidst the events of a geological and meteorological super @-@ disaster . The film includes references to Mayanism , the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar , and the 2012 phenomenon in its portrayal of cataclysmic events unfolding in the year 2012 .
After a prolonged marketing campaign comprising the creation of a website from the point of view of the main character , and a viral marketing website on which filmgoers could register for a lottery number to save them from the ensuing disaster , the film was released internationally on November 13 , 2009 . Critics gave 2012 mostly mixed reviews , praising its special effects and dark tone compared to Emmerich 's other work , but criticizing its screenplay and 158 @-@ minute length . However , it was a huge commercial success , and one of the highest @-@ grossing films of 2009 .
= = Plot = =
In 2009 , American geologist Adrian Helmsley visits astrophysicist Satnam Tsurutani in India and learns that neutrinos from a massive solar flare are heating the Earth 's core . In Washington , D.C , Helmsley presents his information to White House Chief of Staff Carl Anheuser , who takes him to meet the President .
In 2010 , U.S. President Thomas Wilson and other international leaders begin a secret project to ensure humanity 's survival . The G8 nations , plus China , start building nine enormous arks , capable of carrying 100 @,@ 000 people each , near Cho Ming , Tibet , in the Himalayas . A Buddhist monk named Nima is evacuated while his brother Tenzin joins the Ark project . Funding is raised by selling tickets for € 1 billion per person . By 2011 , valuable items are moved to the arks with the help of art expert and First Daughter Dr. Laura Wilson .
In 2012 , struggling science fiction writer Jackson Curtis is a chauffeur in Los Angeles for Russian billionaire Yuri Karpov . Jackson 's former wife Kate , and their children Noah and Lilly , live with Kate 's boyfriend , plastic surgeon Gordon Silberman . Jackson takes Noah and Lilly camping in Yellowstone National Park . When they find an area fenced off by the U.S. Army , Jackson takes his kids over the fence . They are caught and taken to see Adrian , who recognizes Jackson from his works , all of which he has read . Released from military custody , they meet Charlie Frost , who hosts a radio show from the park .
That night , after the military evacuates from Yellowstone , Jackson watches Charlie 's video of Charles Hapgood 's theory that polar shifts and the Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar predict that the 2012 phenomenon will occur . Charlie tells Jackson that anyone who plotted to inform the public was killed . Shortly after Jackson and the kids return home , earthquakes begin devastating California ; Jackson heeds Charlie 's warning and rents a private plane . He rescues his family as the Earth crust displacement begins and escape Los Angeles with the plane as the entire state of California sinks into the Pacific Ocean .
The group flies to Yellowstone to retrieve a map from Charlie displaying the location of the arks . They escape as the Yellowstone Caldera erupts spectacularly ; Charlie stays behind to broadcast the eruption and is killed . The group later lands in Las Vegas to find a larger plane ; they meet Yuri , his twin sons , Alec and Oleg , girlfriend Tamara and pilot Sasha . Sasha and Gordon fly them out in an available Antonov An @-@ 500 aircraft as the Yellowstone ash cloud destroys Las Vegas .
Helmsley , Anheuser and Laura Wilson are flying to the Arks aboard Air Force One . Knowing that his daughter would survive , President Wilson martyrs himself by remaining in the capital to address the nation one last time as billions being killed by devastating earthquakes and megatsunamis worldwide . With the entire presidential line of succession gone , Anheuser assumes the post of acting commander @-@ in @-@ chief , despite not being a part of it .
When the group reaches China , the plane runs out of fuel . Sasha continues flying the plane as the others escape using a Bentley Continental Flying Spur stored in the cargo hold . Sasha is killed when the plane crashes ; the others are spotted by helicopters from the Chinese army . Yuri and his sons , possessing tickets , are taken to the Arks , leaving the Curtis family , Tamara and Gordon behind . The remaining group are picked up by Nima and taken to the Arks with his grandparents . With the help of Tenzin , they stow away on Ark 4 , where the United States contingent is aboard . As a megatsunami topples over the Himalayas and approaches the site , an impact driver becomes lodged in the gears of the Ark 's doors , preventing a boarding gate from closing , which in turn prevents the ship from starting its engines . In the ensuing chaos , Yuri , Tamara and Gordon are killed . Tenzin is injured while Ark 4 begins filling with water and is set adrift . Jackson and Noah dislodge the impact driver , and the crew regains control of the Ark before it smashes into Mount Everest . Jackson reunites with his family , and he and Kate reconcile .
Twenty @-@ seven days later as waters recede ; the three arks approach the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa where the Drakensberg mountain range has emerged , now the " Tallest Mountain Range on Earth " . Adrian starts a relationship with Laura while Jackson and Kate rekindle their relationship .
= = = Alternate ending = = =
An alternate ending is featured on the DVD release of the film . After Captain Michaels , the captain of Ark 4 , announces that they are heading to the Cape of Good Hope , he tells Adrian that he has a phone call waiting for him . Adrian discovers that his father Harry is still alive . Harry tells his son that he , Tony ( whose arm is in a sling ) , and some of the passengers and crew survived the megatsunami that struck the Genesis . Captain Michaels states that they should have a visual on the ocean @-@ liner shortly . After Kate thanks Laura for taking care of Lily , Laura tells Jackson that she liked his book . Jackson then gives Noah his cell phone back which he recovered during Ark 4 's flooding . Lily then announces that she sees an island . The Arks arrive at the shipwrecked Genesis and the survivors on the beach .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
The credits cite the bestselling book Fingerprints of the Gods by author Graham Hancock as inspiration for the film , and in an interview with the London magazine Time Out , Emmerich states : " I always wanted to do a biblical flood movie , but I never felt I had the hook . I first read about the Earth 's Crust Displacement Theory in Graham Hancock 's Fingerprints of the Gods . "
Director Emmerich and composer @-@ producer Harald Kloser had an extremely close relationship and also co @-@ wrote a spec script entitled 2012 , which was marketed to major studios in February 2008 . Nearly all studios met with Emmerich and his representatives to hear the director 's budget projection and story plans , a process that the director had previously gone through with the films Independence Day ( 1996 ) and The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) . Later that month , Sony Pictures Entertainment won the rights for the spec script , planning to distribute it under Columbia Pictures and was produced for less than budgeted . According to Emmerich , the film was eventually produced for about $ 200 million .
Filming was originally scheduled to begin in Los Angeles , California , in July 2008 but instead commenced in Kamloops , Savona , Cache Creek and Ashcroft in British Columbia , Canada . Due to the possible 2008 Screen Actors Guild strike , filmmakers set up a contingency plan for salvaging the film . Uncharted Territory , Digital Domain , Double Negative , Scanline , Sony Pictures Imageworks and others were hired to create computer animated visual effects for 2012 .
Although the film depicts the destruction of several major cultural and historical icons around the world , Emmerich stated that the Kaaba was also considered for selection . Kloser opposed the idea out of fear that a fatwā might be issued against him .
= = = Marketing = = =
The film was promoted in a marketing campaign by a fictional organization , the " Institute for Human Continuity " ; this entailed a fictitious book written by Jackson Curtis entitled Farewell Atlantis , and streaming media , blog updates and radio broadcasts from the apocalyptic zealot Charlie Frost on his website This Is The End .
On November 12 , 2008 , the new studio released the first teaser trailer for 2012 that showed a tsunami surging over the Himalayas and interlaced a purportedly scientific message suggesting that the world would end in 2012 , and that the world 's governments were not preparing its population for the event . The trailer ended with a message to viewers to " find out the truth " by searching " 2012 " on search engines . The Guardian criticized the marketing effectiveness as " deeply flawed " and associated it with " websites that make even more spurious claims about 2012 " .
The studio also launched a viral marketing website operated by the fictional Institute for Human Continuity , where filmgoers could register for a lottery number to be part of a small population that would be rescued from the global destruction . David Morrison of NASA received over 1000 inquiries from people who thought the website was genuine , and condemned it . " I 've even had cases of teenagers writing to me saying they are contemplating suicide because they don 't want to see the world end , " he said . " I think when you lie on the internet and scare children to make a buck , that is ethically wrong . " Another viral marketing website promotes Farewell Atlantis , a fictional suspense novel about the events of 2012 .
Comcast had also organized a " roadblock campaign " to promote the film , where a two @-@ minute scene from the film was broadcast across 450 American commercial television networks , local English @-@ language and Spanish @-@ language stations , and 89 cable outlets within a ten @-@ minute window between 10 : 50 PM EDT / PDT and 11 : 00 PM EDT / PDT on October 1 , 2015 . The scene featured the destruction of Los Angeles and ended with a cliffhanger , with the entire 5 @-@ minute @-@ 38 @-@ second clip made available on Comcast 's Fancast web site . The trade newspaper Variety estimated that , " The stunt will put the footage in front of 90 % of all households watching ad @-@ supported TV , or nearly 110 million viewers . When combined with online and mobile streams , that could increase to more than 140 million " .
= = Soundtrack = =
The original score for the film was composed by Harald Kloser and Thomas Wander . Singer Adam Lambert contributed a song for the film titled " Time for Miracles " and expressed his gratitude for the opportunity in an interview with MTV .
The film 's soundtrack consists of 24 tracks , and it includes the songs " Fades Like a Photograph " by Filter and " It Ain 't the End of the World " , performed by George Segal and Blu Mankuma , which were featured in the film . The trailer music was Master of Shadows by Two Steps From Hell .
= = Release = =
2012 was released on November 13 , 2009 .
According to the studio , the film could have been completed for the summer release date , but the date change would give more time to the production . The film was released on November 13 , 2009 in Sweden , Canada , Denmark , Mexico , India and the United States , and was released on November 13 , 2009 in Japan .
The DVD and Blu @-@ ray for 2012 was released on March 2 , 2010 . The 2 @-@ Disc Blu @-@ ray Edition includes over 90 minutes of special features , including Adam Lambert 's music video " Time for Miracles " , and a Digital Copy for PSP , PC , Mac & iPod . The European release date of 2012 on DVD was March 2 , 2010 ; it includes the same special features as the North American version .
A limited 3D version was re @-@ released exclusively in select Cinemex theaters in Mexico in February 2010 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
2012 earned $ 166 @,@ 112 @,@ 167 in North America and $ 603 @,@ 567 @,@ 306 in other territories for a worldwide total of $ 769 @,@ 679 @,@ 473 . Worldwide , it is the fifth highest @-@ grossing 2009 film and the fifth highest @-@ grossing film distributed by Sony / Columbia , behind Sam Raimi 's Spider @-@ Man trilogy and Skyfall . It is also the second highest @-@ grossing film directed by Roland Emmerich , behind Independence Day ( 1996 ) . On its worldwide opening weekend , it made $ 230 @.@ 5 million , marking the fourth @-@ largest opening both of 2009 and for Sony / Columbia .
In North America , it grossed $ 65 @,@ 237 @,@ 614 on its first weekend , ranking number one . Its opening is the fourth largest for a disaster film . The film grossed $ 166 @,@ 112 @,@ 167 in total .
Outside North America , it is the 28th highest @-@ grossing film , the fourth highest @-@ grossing 2015 film , and the second highest @-@ grossing film distributed by Sony / Columbia , after Skyfall . It earned $ 165 @.@ 2 million on its opening weekend , which ranks as the 14th largest opening . Its largest opening was recorded in France and the Maghreb region ( $ 18 @.@ 0 million ) . In total earnings , its three highest @-@ grossing territories after North America are France and the Maghreb region ( $ 44 @.@ 0 million ) , Japan ( $ 42 @.@ 6 million ) , and Germany ( $ 37 @.@ 7 million ) .
= = = Critical response = = =
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes shows that only 39 % of 238 critics gave the film a positive review , with a rating average of 5 out of 10 . The site 's consensus is that " Roland Emmerich 's 2012 provides plenty of visual thrills , but lacks a strong enough script to support its massive scope and inflated length . " Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 1 – 100 reviews from film critics , gave the film a 49 rating score based on 34 reviews .
Roger Ebert was enthusiastic about the film , giving it 3 ½ stars out of 4 , saying it " delivers what it promises , and since no sentient being will buy a ticket expecting anything else , it will be , for its audiences , one of the most satisfactory films of the year " . Both Ebert and Claudia Puig of USA Today called the film the " mother of all disaster movies " . In contrast , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a negative review and compared it to Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen : " Beware 2012 , which works the dubious miracle of almost matching Transformers 2 for sheer , cynical , mind @-@ numbing , time @-@ wasting , money @-@ draining , soul @-@ sucking stupidity . "
= = = Accolades = = =
= = = North Korean ban = = =
North Korea had reportedly banned possession or viewing of the film . The year 2012 was the 100th anniversary of the birth of the nation 's founder , Kim Il @-@ sung , and has been designated by the North Korean government as " the year for opening the grand gates to becoming a rising superpower " . Thus a movie depicting the year in a negative light was found to be offensive by the North Korean government . Several people in North Korea had reportedly been arrested for possessing or viewing imported copies of the movie and charged with " grave provocation against the development of the state . "
= = Canceled television spin @-@ off = =
In 2010 , Entertainment Weekly announced that there had been a plan for a spin @-@ off television series entitled 2013 that would have served as a follow @-@ up to the film . Executive producer of 2012 Mark Gordon told EW that " ABC will have an opening in their disaster @-@ related programming after Lost ends , so people would be interested in this topic on a weekly basis . There 's hope for the world despite the magnitude of the 2012 disaster as seen in the film . After the movie , there are some people who survive , and the question is how will these survivors build a new world and what will it look like . That might make an interesting TV series . " However , plans were later scrapped due to future budget concerns . This would have been Emmerich 's third film to get a spinoff , the first being Stargate ( with its TV series Stargate SG @-@ 1 , Stargate Infinity , Stargate Atlantis , Stargate Universe ) , and the second being Godzilla ( with its cartoon sequel Godzilla : The Series ) .
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= New York State Route 306 =
New York State Route 306 ( NY 306 ) is a north – south state highway in western Rockland County , New York , in the United States . NY 306 runs from NY 59 in the hamlet of Monsey to U.S. Route 202 ( US 202 ) in Ladentown , on the western boundary of the village of Pomona . The road is currently 5 @.@ 33 miles ( 8 @.@ 58 km ) long ; however , it originally extended south to the New Jersey state line and north to Willow Grove Road ( former NY 210 ) when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York .
= = Route description = =
NY 306 begins at NY 59 in the Ramapo hamlet of Monsey and proceeds north as Main Street through part of the business district of Monsey . After passing Maple Avenue in the Jewish village of Kaser , NY 306 becomes Monsey – Ladentown Road for the rest of its run . NY 306 quickly leaves the small village and reenters the town of Ramapo .
Roughly 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of Kaser , NY 306 intersects County Route 74 ( CR 74 ) . Ramapo High School is located just east of NY 306 on CR 74 . NY 306 then passes a fairly large cemetery called Church of the West Hempstead Cemetery . NY 306 continues north past CR 80 , and enters the village of Wesley Hills . There it passes a small shopping center , and proceeds into residential areas . Finally , NY 306 enters Pomona at CR 86 . The route ends shortly afterward at US 202 .
= = History = =
When NY 306 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , it extended from the New Jersey state line in the south to Willow Grove Road ( then part of NY 210 ) in the north via East Saddle River Road , Monsey – Ladentown Road , and Call Hollow Road . NY 306 was truncated to its current northern terminus at US 202 in Ramapo ( now part of the village of Pomona ) c . 1939 and to its modern southern end at NY 59 in Monsey c . 1962 . The former extensions of NY 306 are now largely maintained by Rockland County as CR 73 ( East Saddle River Road ) and CR 75 ( Call Hollow Road north of the Ramapo town line ) . The current southern terminus of NY 306 in Monsey was the proposed southwestern terminus of the Spring Valley Bypass , a bypass of NY 45 and NY 59 that was never built .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Rockland County .
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= Coming Home ( Diddy – Dirty Money song ) =
" Coming Home " is a song by American rapper and producer Diddy and his band Dirty Money , from their debut album Last Train to Paris ( 2010 ) . It was released on November 21 , 2010 , as the album 's fourth single . The contemporary hip @-@ hop pop song was written by Jermaine Cole , Diddy , Jay @-@ Z , Alex da Kid and Skylar Grey . Kid and Jay @-@ Z produced the song while Grey featured vocals on the song 's chorus . Jay @-@ Z and Kid gifted the song to Diddy for Last Train to Paris . Autobiographically written , " Coming Home " is inspired by moments in Diddy 's life , the loss of his close friend , The Notorious B.I.G and references to classic songs by Dionne Warwick , McFadden & Whitehead and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles .
Critics praised the redemptive ballad for the personal themes and lyrics which were a snapshot of Diddy 's life . Praise was also given for Grey 's soft vocals which complemented the warmth of the song . An accompanying music video , directed by Rich Lee , follows the trio wandering through the desert in search of home only to find burned belongings and the shell of a home . Singled out as one of the album 's highlights , " Coming Home " was promoted with live TV performances including at the American Music Awards on November 21 , 2010 , the WWE Tribute to the Troops concert , and the March 10 , 2011 episode of American Idol which marked the first live performance of the song featuring Skylar Grey .
To date , " Coming Home " is Diddy @-@ Dirty Money 's most successful single and the highest charting single from Last Train to Paris . Aside from amassing one million digital sales , it peaked at number eleven on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number nine in Canada . Internationally , the single topped both Belgium Ultratip charts and the Swiss Singles Chart , as well as reaching top five in the UK . This comes in addition to breaking onto the A @-@ playlists on British urban music radio and mainstream radio , and topping the UK R & B Singles chart for three consecutive weeks .
= = Inspiration and composition = =
" Coming Home " is a downtempo hip @-@ hop and pop song , that opens with a " simple piano intro " and a " delicate vocal verse from Skylar Grey " . It was written by Diddy , Skylar Grey , Jay @-@ Z , J.Cole , and Alex " da Kid " Grant , and produced by Jay @-@ Z and Grant . When speaking to Kid about what he wanted , Diddy said , " I want a beat that makes me feel like a white man in a basement in Atlanta " . Diddy later called " Coming Home " a gift from Jay @-@ Z and Kid . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , by EMI Music Publishing , the song was written in the key of D major with a time signature of common time and a tempo of 69 beats per minute . It follows the basic chord progression of G – D – Bm – F ♯ m . Jayson Rodriguez of MTV noted that the concept and theme of the song were similar to events in Diddy 's life , " referencing mistakes he has made in the past and that he wants to put behind him . " Rodriguez also noted the song 's tribute to The Notorious B.I.G , in the line " I miss you , B.I.G. " The chorus features vocals from the group 's female members , Kalenna Harper and Dawn Richards , as well as background vocals from fellow Bad Boy Records recording artist Cassie . The trio use a vocal range of A3 – A4 . Grey also sings some of the vocals , predominately during the song 's opening chorus .
Rap @-@ Up magazine reflected on the lyrics of the song , calling them a personal reflection of Diddy 's life and career thanks to lines like " What am I ‘ posed to do when the club lights come on / It ’ s easy to be Puff , but it ’ s harder to be Sean / What if my twins ask why I ain ’ t married their mom ? " Scott Schetler from AOL Radio Blog noted how Diddy referenced a different popular song in each verse . Lamb particularly noted the strong autobiographical lyrics , and the references to the 1979 hit song " Ain 't No Stoppin ' Us Now " by McFadden & Whitehead . Other songs referenced include Dionne Warwick 's " A House Is Not a Home " ( 1964 ) and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles ' " The Tears of a Clown " ( 1970 ) . Rodriguez said " Diddy do [ es ] some soul @-@ searching in his rhymes as the chorus echoes his need for salvation . "
Lamb compared the song to Diddy 's early releases , saying that " ' Coming Home ' [ welcomes ] Diddy back to the upper ranks of pop @-@ oriented hip hop artists " . Additionally , Diddy told MTV that although the track had autobiographical elements , it was part of the album 's " conceptual love story narrated by his character " . When asked by Live Lounge 's Trevor Nelson what " Coming Home " was based on , Diddy said :
" Coming Home " goes to everybody out there who 's going through a struggle or obstacle . I 've been lost in life , I 'm still lost in life in these sense of trying to find your way back to that person who your grandmother or father wanted you to be . Sometimes you get lost through drug addiction or you break up with up your partner or remission from cancer etc. you struggle to find your way back to yourself . That 's what " Coming Home " is about .
= = Critical reception = =
Upon release , " Coming Home " was generally met with a positive reception from music critics , who praised the autobiographical lyrics and composition of Skylar Grey 's vocals with the Alex da Kid and Jay @-@ Z production . Becky Bain of Idolator wrote , " We have to give some credit to Diddy ( or Jay @-@ Z , if he did indeed write [ the lyrics ] ) for dropping some truly introspective lyrics instead of the usual not @-@ so @-@ subtle Cîroc vodka promotions . Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson from Entertainment Weekly agreed , and noted " Coming Home " as one of Last Train to Paris ' highlights , saying it was a " must download " as the album 's only " redemptive ballad " . Jim Farber of the New York Daily News also noted the song 's redemptive themes . He said ' Coming Home ' is the " only song which breaks the flow " of Last Train to Paris , " Diddy confesses to everything from bad parenting to fear of commitment . It 's an interesting moment but an unnecessary one . " Meanwhile , About.com 's Bill Lamb awarded the song four out of five stars , calling it the first " pop hit single " in a long time " [ which ] matches the size of his public persona " . He praised the " beautifully sung chorus by Skylar Grey " and Diddy 's deep " autobiographical lyrics " . Lamb noted that the song " didn 't have the same intensity of emotional impact " other Alex da Kid productions ( Eminem 's " Love the Way You Lie " ) but it did " deliver a warmth and sense of hope that is a good match with the current holiday season . " A reviewer from Sound Savvy said " The latest single ' Coming Home ' is another example of some of the great work found on the album . ... it ’ s a heartfelt anthem of triumph and survival – somber but not depressing . "
= = Chart performance = =
" Coming Home " premiered on October 31 , 2010 , just prior to the fourth game of the Baseball World Series . It made its U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart debut at number sixty @-@ one on December 11 , 2010 , three weeks after its release . In its third week on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , the single experienced a 92 % increase in sales , which amounted to 65 @,@ 000 copies . As a result , the song vaulted from number forty @-@ four to number seventeen on the Digital Songs chart causing the single to move from number fifty @-@ one to twenty @-@ four on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart , number nine on the U.S. Pop Songs , number seven on the Canadian Hot 100 chart , and number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also peaked at number fifteen on the Radio Songs . Consequently , " Coming Home " outperformed all of the group 's previous singles on the Hot 100 and Digital Songs charts . Additionally , " Coming Home " also peaked higher than two of the three songs mentioned in the lyrics . " Ain 't No Stoppin ' Us Now " by McFadden & Whitehead reached number thirteen , while Dionne Warwick 's " A House Is Not a Home " only reached number seventy @-@ nine . The song experience some crossover success , including on the Rap Songs chart where it reached number twenty @-@ one . By the end of January 2011 , " Coming Home " had sold one million digital copies in the United States . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on April 19 and 2 × platinum on May 17 , 2011 .
Internationally , the single got off to a strong start in Belgium , debuting on both the Flanders Tip and Wallonia Tip charts at number twenty @-@ six . " Coming Home " would later top both Tip charts , before impacting on the main Ultratop charts . On the Flanders Ultratop Singles chart , the song peaked at number seventeen , while on the Wallonia chart it peaked at number twenty @-@ seven . " Coming Home " debuted in Switzerland at number forty @-@ eight , and dropped seven places to number fifty @-@ five in its second week . In its third week , the single rose fifteen places to number forty , and then continued to rise , eventually reaching number one on the Swiss Singles Chart . As a result of reaching number one , " Coming Home " is Diddy 's highest charting single in Switzerland in fourteen years ; his last number one in Switzerland was " I 'll Be Missing You " with Faith Evans and 112 in 1997 . " Coming Home " made its Australian Singles Chart debut at number forty @-@ nine and is thus the first single from Diddy @-@ Dirty Money to chart within the top @-@ fifty . It is since peaked at number four , and number two on the Australian Urban Singles Chart . The single had equal success in Germany , peaking at number four for two weeks .
" Coming Home " was also successful in other territories too , also peaking in the top @-@ ten in Austria , France , Ireland , New Zealand and Poland . On December 15 , 2010 the single was added to the playlists on British mainstream radio and a week later to the playlists on British urban music radio . Following its release , " Coming Home " debuted at number four on the UK Singles Chart , becoming Diddy 's most successful single in that country since 2006 's " Come to Me " with Nicole Scherzinger . Additionally the single topped the UK R & B Chart and as a consequence , " Coming Home " is Diddy @-@ Dirty Money 's most successful single in the United Kingdom . In its second week , the single held on to its position of number four on the singles chart , which came in addition to maintaining its position at the top of the UK R & B Singles chart for three consecutive weeks . According to a press release by Interscope Records , as of March 25 , 2011 , " Coming Home " has sold 1 @.@ 8 million digital downloads worldwide .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
The accompanying music video made its worldwide premiere through E ! Online on November 29 , 2010 . It was filmed entirely in the Mojave Desert , just outside Palm Springs , CA . The video was the first of three released in the three weeks counting down to the album 's release . Album cuts " Somebody to Love Me " and " Ass on the Floor " ( featuring Swizz Beatz ) received video releases on December 10 and December 13 , respectively . " Coming Home " was directed by Rich Lee and according to Steven Gottlieb , of Video Static , the theme drew comparisons to some of Diddy 's earliest work . " ' Coming Home ' has Diddy choppering onto a dry lake bed which is dotted by the charred remains of a luxurious lifestyle . "
= = = Synopsis = = =
" Coming Home " starts with scenes of a black helicopter flying over the desert . In some of the shots , Diddy can be seen looking out on to the horizon . As the song progresses into its main verses , the camera follows Diddy walking through the desert . In the background and foreground , the fire @-@ damaged remnants of a home such as a TV set , fur coats and a stereo system are scattered across the landscape . During the chorus Dawn Richard and Kalenna Harper take place in front of the camera , walking behind Diddy miming Grey 's words . Later in the clip , during the second verse , Diddy sits in a burned out building singing to himself . Outside , a burned out vehicle is parked . Then during the song 's bridge , red smoke surrounds Diddy as the helicopter , from the opening scene , comes to land . However , this time Richard and Harper are seated inside waiting for Diddy . As the song fades , the helicopter flies over the desert toward the horizon .
= = = Reception = = =
Staff from E ! Online seemed impressed with the video 's concept and choice of background scenery . They said " what better place for some introspection than the desert , right ? No sexy bikini @-@ clad ladies or blue @-@ haired Nicki Minajs to distract you , and when you 're done , just call up the helicopter to pick you up ( Pro tip : Hang your leg outside of the chopper for extra cool points . ) " . Stephen Gottlieb from Video Static said " It 's a nice bookend with Diddy 's – then Puff Daddy – first solo video , " Can 't Nobody Hold Me Down , " which featured him and Mase introducing an era of big budget hip @-@ hop while driving a Rolls convertible across the desert . " While Ed Easton Jr. from 92 @.@ 3 Now FM drew comparisons to Diddy 's earlier video for his 1997 hit single " Been Around the World " , thus awarding the video six out of ten . However Easton was annoyed with the number of videos being released and said that fans were waiting for the actual album to be released .
= = Live performances and usage in media = =
Diddy @-@ Dirty Money performed the song live for the first time at the 2010 American Music Awards on November 21 , 2010 . For the performance the group were joined on stage by a full orchestra , with Diddy dressed in all @-@ black but the other half of the group dressed in white gowns . The group reprised this performance on the December 4 , 2010 airing of Saturday Night Live along with the debut performance of the next scheduled single " Ass On the Floor " . On December 14 , 2010 the group performed " Coming Home " on two separate occasions . First Diddy appeared on daytime chatshow , The View , for an interview and was then joined by Richard and Harper to perform " Coming Home " then later the trio performed on the Late Show with David Letterman . Four days later , the group performed the ballad at the WWE Tribute to the Troops concert . On January 20 , 2011 , The group performed the song live in the United Kingdom , on the Radio 1 Live Lounge . Diddy @-@ Dirty Money then returned to the United States , where they performed " Coming Home " for the first time with Skylar Grey , on season ten of American Idol , on March 10 , 2011 . The song was used as entrance music by UFC Light Heavyweight champion Jon Bones Jones before his successful title defense against Quinton Rampage Jackson . Also , during the pre @-@ game introductions for the New York Knicks ' 2010 @-@ 11 NBA game against the Milwaukee Bucks on February 23 , 2011 ( and home debut of newly acquired Syracuse Orange alumnus Carmelo Anthony ) , the song was used in a pre @-@ game video , welcoming Melo " home " ( he started his NBA career with the Denver Nuggets after leaving the Orange ) to New York . There is also a kid / teen @-@ friendly version of the song performed by the cast of Nickelodeon 's popular TV show iCarly , which can be heard on the show 's second soundtrack , entitled iSoundtrack II . It was the official theme song to WWE 's WrestleMania 29 , and at the event , Sean Combs and Skylar Grey performed it live in front of a sold out venue of 80 @,@ 676 in MetLife Stadium . Though not used as the official theme song , " Coming Home " has been used in almost every advertisement for the ABC drama series Resurrection . On December 4 , 2013 , The Fast and the Furious team released a tribute video to Paul Walker after the actor 's untimely death , which contained excerpts from Coming Home . On December 30 , 2014 newly hired Michigan Wolverines head football coach Jim Harbaugh was introduced to the public during a brief halftime ceremony with the song playing as he walked onto center court . On October 28 , 2014 , an instrumental was a part of the Cleveland Cavaliers pre @-@ game introductions as it was the first game back in Cleveland for LeBron James since 2010 . As Dwyane Wade returned to his hometown of Chicago in 2016 , a video using the song was created to mark the occasion .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
" Coming Home " was recorded at Chalice Recording Studios and End of Era Studios in Los Angeles , California .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Radio and release history = =
= = = Radio adds = = =
= = = Purchasable release = = =
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= Cardiff Blues vs Leicester Tigers ( 2008 – 09 Heineken Cup ) =
The second semi @-@ final of the 2008 – 09 Heineken Cup , the premier European club rugby union competition , saw Cardiff Blues take on Leicester Tigers at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 3 May 2009 . The scores were level after regular time and neither team was able to score during extra time , resulting in the first ever penalty shoot @-@ out in a professional rugby match . Both teams missed one of their first five kicks , taking the shoot @-@ out to sudden death . Both teams were successful with their kicks in the first two rounds of sudden death , before Martyn Williams missed Cardiff 's eighth kick allowing Jordan Crane to hit the winner .
In regular time , Cardiff took an early lead with a penalty before Leicester 's Scott Hamilton scored a converted try and they kicked another penalty . Cardiff scored three further penalties to put them back into the lead , before another successful penalty by Leicester gave them a one @-@ point lead going into half @-@ time . Early in the second half , Geordan Murphy scored another try for Leicester , which again was converted and kicked two more penalties to extend their lead to 26 – 12 with 20 minutes remaining . Leicester then had two players sent to the sin bin , and Cardiff scored two tries in the last 10 minutes of regular time , first by Jamie Roberts and then Tom James , with both conversions successful to bring the scores level at 26 – 26 and take the game into extra time .
Following the match , there was criticism of the format used for the penalty shoot @-@ out , specifically the way that the game was decided by kicks at goal attempted by players who wouldn 't ordinarily kick the ball during a rugby match . One journalist commented that was a " ludicrous " way of deciding a game , while another believed it had turned the semi @-@ final into a " pantomime " and was an " unnecessarily demeaning way " of deciding a winner . A review was promised by tournament organisers , and changes were made to the format ahead of the following season 's tournament , though no other Heineken Cup match ever needed to be decided by a penalty shoot @-@ out .
= = Background = =
Cardiff Blues had been the only team to finish the pool stage of the Heineken Cup unbeaten during the 2008 – 09 season , which saw them given top seeding for the quarter @-@ finals . This meant that they would have a home quarter @-@ final against the second @-@ best runners @-@ up from the pool stage , Toulouse . Cardiff won the quarter @-@ final 9 – 6 .
Leicester lost two games during the pool stage , but amassed sufficient points to finish as the top side in the pool and to be seeded fourth , which meant they were given the last of the home draws against the fifth @-@ seeded side , Bath . Leicester beat Bath 20 – 15 to reach the semi @-@ final .
In a draw made prior to the quarter @-@ finals , it was determined that the winner of the match between Cardiff and Toulouse would have home country advantage , meaning that they could choose any venue in their own country for the semi @-@ finals , provided it was not their designated home ground . The winner of the match between Leicester and Bath was drawn against them as the away team . Cardiff elected to stage the game at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , which is located adjacent to their usual Cardiff Arms Park ground and has a much larger capacity of 74 @,@ 500 , compared to the 12 @,@ 500 capacity of the Arms Park . Cardiff had already moved their quarter @-@ final game against Toulouse to the Millennium Stadium , despite being able to use their own ground at that stage of the competition , to take advantage of the increased capacity .
= = Regular time = =
Cardiff suffered an early setback when their captain , Paul Tito , was injured after nine minutes and had to be replaced . Ben Blair gave Cardiff the lead with a penalty kick before the 15 @-@ minute mark , but Leicester were then awarded three penalties in quick succession due to infringements by Cardiff . For each , Julien Dupuy elected to attempt a kick at goal , but was unsuccessful with all three attempts . Leicester 's first score came in the form of a try from Scott Hamilton after 21 minutes , following a line break by Toby Flood , who then drew two defenders towards him before passing the ball to Hamilton . The try was converted by Dupuy , and a successful Dupuy penalty kick on 24 minutes made the score 10 – 3 to Leicester . Cardiff hit back with three successful penalty kicks of their own , one from Blair and two from Leigh Halfpenny , before Dupuy successfully kicked another penalty just before half @-@ time to give Leicester a 13 – 12 lead at the break .
After half @-@ time , Leicester increased their lead with a converted try from Geordan Murphy after 45 minutes and two more penalties from Dupuy extended Leicester 's lead further to 26 – 12 going into the last 20 minutes . Flood left the field due to an injury and was replaced by Aaron Mauger . Leicester then had two players sent to the sin bin in quick succession . First , Craig Newby was shown a yellow card on 62 minutes for killing the ball during a Cardiff attack , and then Geordan Murphy was shown a yellow card on 68 minutes for what was adjudged to be a deliberate knock @-@ on during another Cardiff attack . Leicester did not concede during Newby 's absence , but shortly after his return and with Murphy still off the pitch in the sin bin , Cardiff 's Jamie Roberts scored a try with Ben Blair successfully kicking the conversion from within five metres of the touchline . At the restart , Cardiff gathered the ball and Roberts made a break from within 22 metres of Cardiff 's own goal line before passing to Tom James , who ran 60 metres to score a try in almost exactly the same place as Roberts . Blair again kicked the conversion from the touchline to tie the scores at 26 – 26 with three minutes remaining . With no further scores , the match went into extra time .
= = Extra time = =
This was the second occasion a Heineken Cup semi @-@ final match had gone to extra time – it had only previously been required in the match between Toulouse and Brive in 1998 . Extra time consisted of two halves of 10 minutes each . A winner would be decided only if one team 's score was higher than the other at the end of extra time , not by the " first to score " system used in some other sports . The rules also provided a tiebreaker if the scores were level after extra time ; the team that had scored the most tries in the match would be the winner . In the event , neither team made any score during extra time , and both had scored the same number of tries during the match , which meant that the match would be decided by a penalty shoot @-@ out , the first time such an occurrence had happened in a professional rugby match .
In the final minute of extra time , Leicester medical staff indicated they needed to make a blood injury replacement for Dan Hipkiss , and elected to bring Julien Dupuy , who had been substituted in the last 10 minutes of regular time , back onto the field as the replacement . The match officials requested the Leicester physiotherapist demonstrate an open wound by wiping the blood from the cut , and satisfied the injury was legitimate , allowed the replacement . With the penalty shoot @-@ out approaching , Cardiff decided to use a substitution to bring Ceri Sweeney , an experienced goal @-@ kicker , onto the field in place of Jamie Roberts .
= = Penalty shoot @-@ out = =
The rarity of a penalty shoot @-@ out in rugby meant that no standard format existed and tournament organisers were left to devise their own rules on the format a shoot @-@ out would take in the event it was required , such as the positions the kicks would be taken from , the type of kick used and the number and order of players who would participate . In the case of the Heineken Cup , the rules set by organisers European Rugby Cup ( ERC ) prescribed a format closely resembling that used in soccer matches . Each team would alternately take five place kicks , each from the same position on the 22 @-@ metre line , directly in front of the posts . Each kick had to be taken by a different player from the 15 players that were present on the pitch at the end of extra time . In the event the scores were level after the five kicks , " sudden death " would take place , with each team alternately taking a kick until a round occurred where one team was successful with their kick and the other team missed . Again , each kick was required to be taken by a different player , starting with players that had yet to take a kick in the first part of the shoot @-@ out . If no winner had been decided after all 15 players had attempted a kick , the process would continue with each player eligible to take a kick again until all 15 players had made another attempt .
Cardiff won the coin toss and elected to kick first . Ben Blair and Julien Dupuy , the goal @-@ kickers used during the match were the first to attempt kicks for their respective sides , were both successful . The teams then nominated other players on their team who had experience at goal @-@ kicking , both teams being successful with their second and third kicks . Cardiff 's fourth player Ceri Sweeney , was also an experienced goal @-@ kicker and was successful ; however , Leicester selected Johne Murphy , who was not a regular kicker , and he missed to make the score 4 – 3 after four of the five rounds . This meant if Cardiff were successful with their next kick , they would have an unassailable lead and would win the match . With no more experienced goal kickers to choose from , winger Tom James stepped up to take the kick , but missed , allowing Leicester the chance to draw level . Scott Hamilton scored with his kick to bring the scores to 4 – 4 after five kicks and take the shoot @-@ out to sudden death . The teams were both successful with their next two kicks , including Craig Newby for Leicester who was the first forward to take a kick in the shoot @-@ out . With all seven backs having already attempted a kick , Cardiff were required to select a forward player for their eighth kick , and chose flanker Martyn Williams . He missed , giving Leicester the chance to win the match if they were successful with their eighth kick . Number 8 Jordan Crane was selected for the attempt and was successful , resulting in Leicester winning the shoot @-@ out 7 – 6 and advancing to the 2009 Heineken Cup Final .
= = Match details = =
= = Post @-@ match reaction = =
Martyn Williams remained in the dressing room for 90 minutes after the game , and when he emerged opted not to speak to the media . He later did give his reaction , expressing his opinion that the format was a bit of a lottery and observed " somebody was going to miss – I 've just got to live with the fact that it was me . " He also credited several of the victorious Leicester players who had commiserated with him after the game and others who had sent messages of support to him . Jordan Crane said after the match that he had felt calm prior to taking his kick , as Williams ' miss meant that in the event Crane also missed , the scores would remain level and sudden death would continue . Tom James who had missed a kick earlier in the shoot @-@ out which would have won the match for Cardiff said that " gutted is the only word that properly describes how I am feeling " .
A number of outlets expressed disappointment at the penalty shoot @-@ out , in particular the way that Martin Williams , who as a flanker who would not ordinarily take a kick at goal , had been to " blame " for Cardiff 's loss . The Guardian 's Paul Rees expressed the opinion that asking forwards to take kicks at goal " is demanding something not only unnatural but untried and it turned a rousing semi @-@ final into a pantomime , an unnecessarily demeaning way of settling the issue . " Brendan Gallagher writing in The Daily Telegraph noted that only three or four players on a rugby team would kick the ball during a match in a meaningful way , and said it was " ludicrous that a game should be decided by emphasising that particular skill " . He also questioned what would have happened in the event the shoot @-@ out continued and the game been decided between props Martin Castrogiovanni and Gethin Jenkins , both considered amongst the finest players in their position but never ordinarily being required to kick the ball at goal . Chris Hewett expressed similar views in The Independent , observing that Martyn Williams " lost the game by failing to perform a task outside the skill @-@ set of the majority of players " and commenting that " short of asking a cat to bark , it is hard to imagine anything more preposterous . "
In light of the criticism , tournament organisers ERC agreed to review the penalty shoot @-@ out system , although they confirmed that they had already considered and dismissed some other possible ways of deciding matches , including replaying the game , having a ' next try wins ' rule in extra time , reducing the number of players on the pitch periodically in extra time to create more space and deciding the game on a coin toss . The format for the penalty shoot @-@ out was changed prior to the following season 's tournament , removing the requirement for all players on the field ( including forwards ) to participate , however for the remainder of its existence , the Heineken Cup retained the penalty shoot @-@ out as the final system for deciding a winner if required . No other Heineken Cup match needed to use it .
In August 2009 , Martin Offiah , who was working as a pundit for broadcaster Sky Sports during the match , spoke to the News of the World , stating that he believed the blood replacement in the final minute of extra time where Julien Dupuy returned to the field " looked very suspicious and , in light of what happened in the previous round with Harlequins , I think Hipkiss and Leicester should be called to question . " Leicester coach Richard Cockerill responded that the replacement was within the laws of the game and that the club had done nothing illegal . ERC confirmed that the match commissioner had spoken to the referee regarding the incident and on the basis that the referee was satisfied , no further action was required . Cardiff also confirmed that they were satisfied that no wrongdoing had taken place and would not seek any further action .
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= Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore =
MINDS ( Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore ) is a voluntary welfare organisation based in Singapore , that provides services for the intellectually disabled . They run four special schools and a centre called MINDSville @ Napiri which offers therapy and residential care . Other MINDS services include sheltered workshops , social enterprises , weekly activities , and trust fund management . Founded in 1962 , MINDS is among the largest charities in Singapore , with a staff of 420 helping 2400 beneficiaries . MINDS generates yearly expenses of 21 million Singapore dollars , as of 2005 . Two other organisations , the Association for Persons with Special Needs ( formerly the Association for the Educationally Subnormal ) and Special Olympics Singapore , originated as MINDS projects .
= = History = =
In 1960 , the Singapore Children 's Society initiated several educational and training programmes for intellectually disabled children , leading to the formation of the Singapore Association for Retarded Children ( SARC ) in 1962 . Beginning with only two teachers and 26 students in a single classroom in Towner Road , the new association rapidly expanded over the 1960s , building special schools at Margaret Drive and Jurong , a sheltered workshop at Geylang , a residential home at Tampines as well as their main administration centre , Lee Kong Chian Centre . SARC started a subcommittee for services for those with less severe intellectual disabilities in 1971 and a youth volunteering group the year after ; the subcommittee was split into an independent organisation , the Association for the Educationally Subnormal ( AESN ) , in 1976 . In 1983 SARC launched the first early intervention programme in Singapore , prompting other organisations to follow suit and set up an adjunct subcommittee that became Special Olympics Singapore .
Since the term " retarded " had acquired negative connotations and the organisation had started services for adults , SARC changed their name to the Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore ( MINDS ) in 1985 . In 1987 , the organisation benefitted by being primarily funded from The Community Chest of Singapore , and in 1993 MINDS became the largest voluntary welfare organisation in Singapore , with AESN in second place . Relocation of the MINDS special schools , from premises of closed @-@ down primary schools to new buildings with customised facilities , began in 1998 . The association started their first social enterprise , a car washing service along Pasir Panjang Road , in 2001 . Their residential homes and training centres were merged into the MINDSville @ Napiri centre , which opened in 2007 , and the relocation programme was completed two years later .
= = Activities = =
MINDS runs four special schools for intellectually disabled students aged 4 to 18 , who are taught various life skills , such as personal grooming and money management . They are also taken on outings to learn how to handle common tasks , such as buying groceries and taking public transport . Students undergo physiotherapy , pre @-@ vocational training , as well as basic instruction in some mainstream academic subjects , including languages , mathematics , art , and science . To help the intellectually disabled gain employment , MINDS trains them for simple sorting and packing jobs at sheltered workshops , then negotiates contracts with potential employers : for example , some were hired by Singapore Airlines to recycle headsets . The organisation also manages several social enterprises , including a thrift shop , a car washing service , a food catering company , and a performing arts troupe , that increase employment opportunities for the intellectually disabled .
Under the MINDS Trusteeship Scheme , parents of the intellectually disabled can deposit their savings into a trust account , safeguarded by the public trustee , and after they die , MINDS ensures the money is used to fund caregiving of the beneficiary . Other MINDS services , including counselling , behaviour therapy and rehabilitation , are concentrated at their integrated service centre called MINDSville @ Napiri . The centre contains a nursing home for adults with high support needs , another home for intellectually disabled children from broken families , and a hostel , which provides flexible accommodation options for clients who need less @-@ intensive care . In addition , volunteers from the MINDS Youth Group conduct weekly educational , social , and recreational activities , such as swimming classes and singing sessions , for around 170 intellectually disabled people .
= = Management = =
MINDS is one of the oldest and largest voluntary welfare organisations in Singapore , with 420 staff , 2400 beneficiaries , and yearly expenses of S $ 21 million Singapore dollars . Their primary source of funding is the Community Chest of Singapore , with programme fees , their social enterprises , corporate sponsorships and public donations making up their secondary sources . The organisation is headed by President Conrad Campos and CEO Keh Eng Song , who lead a 15 @-@ member executive committee with four subcommittees that meet monthly to discuss problems and plan new programmes . MINDS has won several awards , including the 2001 President 's Social Service Award from the National Council of Social Service and the 2010 Singapore Health Award ( Gold ) by the Health Promotion Board .
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= Yankee Hotel Foxtrot =
Yankee Hotel Foxtrot is the fourth album by Chicago @-@ based rock band Wilco . The album was completed in 2001 , but Reprise Records , a Warner Music Group label , refused to release it . Wilco acquired the rights to the album when they subsequently left the label . In September 2001 , Wilco streamed the entire album for free on their website . Wilco signed with Nonesuch Records ( another Warner label ) in November of that year , and the album was officially released on April 23 , 2002 .
Yankee Hotel Foxtrot was a critical and commercial success , and is their best selling album , with over 500 @,@ 000 copies sold in the U.S. and topping the Pazz and Jop critics ' poll for 2002 . The album reached number 13 on the Billboard top 200 chart . Critical success ensued , and the album was widely listed among the greatest albums of the 2000s in many popular publications , including 3rd place in Rolling Stone 's 100 Best Albums of the 2000s . It was Wilco 's first album with drummer Glenn Kotche , and the last with multi @-@ instrumentalist and songwriter Jay Bennett .
In 2012 , Rolling Stone ranked the album at number 493 on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time .
= = Context = =
Wilco was touring to promote Mermaid Avenue Vol . II in May 2000 when Jeff Tweedy was invited to play at the Noise Pop festival in Chicago . The festival promoter offered to pair Tweedy with a collaborator of his choosing , and Tweedy decided to perform with Jim O 'Rourke . Tweedy frequently played O 'Rourke 's album Bad Timing in his car while he traveled during the previous winter . O 'Rourke was an accomplished producer as well as a musician , and had produced over 200 albums by the time that Tweedy requested the collaboration . O 'Rourke offered the services of drummer Glenn Kotche , and the trio performed at Double Door for the festival on May 14 , 2000 . Tweedy enjoyed the performance so much that he suggested that the trio record an album together . They chose the name Loose Fur , and recorded six songs during the following summer .
By the end of the year , Wilco had recorded enough demo tracks to release a fourth studio album ( the working title was Here Comes Everybody ) , but the band was unhappy with some of the takes of the songs . This was attributed to the inflexibility of Ken Coomer 's drumming . According to American Songwriter Magazine , " Virtually every attempt the singer made to steer Coomer toward the percussive sound he had envisioned for the record sparked a fight . " The band decided to bring Glenn Kotche into the studio to record with the band . Wilco officially replaced Coomer with Kotche in January 2001 , a decision originally proposed by Tweedy and almost immediately approved by the rest of the band .
Wilco guitarist Jay Bennett recorded the entire album with Chris Brickley , and agreed with Tweedy that O 'Rourke would be a good choice to mix the album , after a failed attempt by Bennett and Brickley to mix a few of the songs at CRC and after hearing O 'Rourke 's " audition mix " . One of the conflicts , exhibited in the film I Am Trying to Break Your Heart : A Film About Wilco , was over the ten @-@ second transition between " Ashes of American Flags " and " Heavy Metal Drummer " . Bennett attempted to explain to Tweedy that there were several slightly different ways to approach the transition , each of which would yield slightly different results , but Tweedy explained that he just wanted the problem fixed , and was not concerned with understanding the different approaches . Bennett focused on the individual songs , while Tweedy focused on larger conceptual and thematic issues — a tried and true division of labor that had worked well on the four releases on which they co @-@ wrote the material . In order to achieve the band 's musical goals , Tweedy invited Jim O 'Rourke into the studio to mix " I Am Trying to Break Your Heart " ( sample ) , and the results impressed the band members . O 'Rourke was then asked to mix the rest of the album .
The cover of the album is a picture of Marina City in the band 's adopted hometown of Chicago . The album was named after a series of letters in the phonetic alphabet that Tweedy had heard on the Irdial box set The Conet Project : Recordings of Shortwave Numbers Stations . On the fourth track of the album Phonetic Alphabet - Nato , a woman repeats the words " Yankee Hotel Foxtrot " numerous times ; a clip from this Numbers Station transmission was placed in the Yankee Hotel Foxtrot song " Poor Places " . Irdial sued Wilco for copyright infringement , and a settlement was reached out of court .
After the album 's completion , Tweedy decided to remove Bennett from the band . The album was completed in 2001 , and Tweedy believed it to be ready for release .
= = = I Am Trying to Break Your Heart = = =
Los Angeles photographer Sam Jones contacted Wilco in 2000 about producing a documentary film about the creation of Yankee Hotel Foxtrot . Jones shot over 80 hours of footage for I Am Trying to Break Your Heart ( named after the opening song of Yankee Hotel Foxtrot ) beginning on the day that Coomer was dismissed from the band . The footage was edited down to 92 minutes , and the film was released to theaters in 2002 . The documentary has received generally positive reviews .
= = Dismissal from Reprise Records = =
In 2001 , AOL merged with Time Warner to form AOL Time Warner . Time Warner 's market share of the music industry had dropped by almost five percent from the mid @-@ 1990s , and the new executives ordered the termination of 600 jobs . One of those jobs was Reprise Records president Howie Klein , who had been a big supporter of Wilco on the label . Klein 's dismissal placed head A & R representative David Kahne in charge of the decision whether to release Yankee Hotel Foxtrot .
Josh Grier , Wilco 's lawyer , was able to negotiate a buy @-@ out of the band from Reprise . The band would keep the rights to the album if they paid Reprise $ 50 @,@ 000 . Before Wilco could accept the deal , Reprise called the band and changed their offer to give the band the rights to Yankee Hotel Foxtrot for free . Despite Reprise 's efforts to accommodate Wilco 's departure , the process marred public relations after an article in the Chicago Tribune described what had happened .
Wilco had planned on releasing Yankee Hotel Foxtrot on September 11 , 2001 , but Tweedy did not want a change in record labels to significantly delay the release of the album . Within weeks of being released from the label and Jay Bennett leaving the band , MP3s of all tracks from the album began to appear on file sharing networks . In a decision aimed at discouraging the downloading of lower quality unlicensed MP3s and having some control over how the album was distributed , on September 18 , 2001 , Wilco began streaming the entirety of the album on their official website . The wilcoworld.net website registered over 50 @,@ 000 hits that day , eight times as much as typical daily traffic . Traffic to the website quadrupled the normal traffic over the next few months . The following tour was a success financially , and members of Wilco observed that fans sang along with unreleased songs from the album .
= = Release on Nonesuch Records = =
Both independent and major record labels bid for the right to release Yankee Hotel Foxtrot , including Artemis Records and Nonesuch Records . Tweedy denied the bids of record labels that did not have a roster of signed artists that matched his liking . He also decided to ignore small independent companies because he wanted to be able to put the album out for a large audience and felt that they would be unable to produce more than 100 @,@ 000 records . Wilco decided to sign with AOL Time Warner subsidiary Nonesuch Records in November 2001 , basing the decision on the label 's small size and artist @-@ friendly atmosphere . In the end , Wilco recorded and produced Yankee Hotel Foxtrot with Reprise , received the rights to the album for free , and then sold it back to a different AOL Time Warner affiliate .
Yankee Hotel Foxtrot was commercially released by Nonesuch Records on April 23 , 2002 . The album sold 55 @,@ 573 copies during its first week of release , peaking on the Billboard 200 album chart at number 13 . The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and has sold over 590 @,@ 000 units .
The More Like the Moon EP ( also called Bridge and Australian EP ) was originally released as a bonus disc to the Australian version of Yankee Hotel Foxtrot . The EP comprised six songs that were recorded but not released during the Yankee Hotel Foxtrot sessions including a re @-@ working of " Kamera " . On the one @-@ year anniversary of the release of Yankee Hotel Foxtrot , Wilco uploaded the EP onto their official website , and offered it for free to anyone who purchased the album . The band would later allow anyone to download the EP for free off the website , regardless of whether they had purchased the full @-@ length album .
= = Reception = =
The album received widespread acclaim upon release , including positive reviews from media outlets such as Rolling Stone and BBC Music . Yankee Hotel Foxtrot was voted as the best album of the year in The Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics poll . Brent Sirota of Pitchfork Media gave the album a perfect 10 rating , noting that the album was " simply a masterpiece . " David Fricke of Rolling Stone praised its resemblance to psychedelia while Allmusic writer Zac Johnson lauded its musical complexity .
There are more favorable reviews : E ! Online gave the album an A and said that its " rich , exotic flavor gets more intense the longer you chew on it . " Stylus Magazine called it " a great album , and an outstanding place for prospective new Wilco fans to start . " Neumu.net gave it nine stars out of ten and called it " a fierce record " . Almost Cool gave it a score of 8 @.@ 75 out of ten and said , " I 'm not sure if it 's the work by O 'Rourke or the progression of the group ( or a little of both ) , but this disc is so multi @-@ layered that it 's easy to hear new things many many times after the first listen . " Billboard gave it a favorable review and called it " a more adventurous and rewarding release " . The Austin Chronicle gave it four stars out of five and said that " After a while -- a familiarity period if you will -- it becomes clear that these songs are not only fully realized , they 're damn near brilliant . " Playlouder gave it four stars out of five and called it " The most worth @-@ the @-@ wait long @-@ awaited album in the world ... ever ? Could be ... " Uncut also gave the album four stars out of five and said , " The most common description of this much @-@ discussed album over the past few months is that YHF is Americana 's Kid A. In truth , it 's more successful than that . " Blender likewise gave it four stars out of five and stated : " Tweedy whittles down the arrangements and drops in enough experimental nuances to make the whole thing sound refreshingly lo @-@ fi . " Q likewise gave it four stars and called it " battered , bonkers and bewitching in equal parts " and that it " at last finds Wilco 's ' interesting ' phase become downright fascinating . " Yahoo ! Music UK gave it eight stars out of ten and said , " Tweedy takes conventional songforms birthed on his acoustic guitar and scrambles them completely , reassembled into fractured , dissonant epics with the help of the reliably brilliant Jim O 'Rourke . "
Shortly after its online release , Peter Buck of R.E.M. acclaimed the album as " their best yet . "
Trouser Press was one of the few major media outlets that did not give the album a good review , instead giving it an average review and stating that " more time spent in the songwriting lab might have yielded material more suitable to the evident studio effort invested and brought Wilco closer to making a truly great album . " Robert Christgau gave the album a one @-@ star honorable mention rating , describing the music as " purty " but stating that he found the lyrics and vocals in general to be boring .
Though Yankee Hotel Foxtrot was recorded before the September 11 , 2001 attacks , critics perceived references in the album to the attacks . For example , Jeff Gordinier of Entertainment Weekly compared the two towers of Marina City to the World Trade Center towers . Also containing similar themes are the songs " War on War " and " Ashes of American Flags " which contains the line " I would like to salute the ashes of American flags . " The song " Jesus , Etc . " also contains these lyrics : " Tall buildings shake , Voices escape singing sad sad songs ... Voices whine , Skyscrapers are scraping together , your voice is smoking . "
The album was voted as the 100th " Greatest Album Ever " in a 2006 Q Magazine poll . In 2008 , Rolling Stone critic Tom Moon listed Yankee Hotel Foxtrot among the 1 @,@ 000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die . The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die .
Yankee Hotel Foxtrot found a place on many lists of the greatest albums of the 2000s . Rolling Stone ranked the album at number three on its list of the 100 Best Albums of the Decade . Pitchfork Media put the album at number four on the Top 200 Albums of the 2000s . The alternative music website also named " Poor Places " and " Jesus , Etc . " as the 147th and 61st best songs of the decade , respectively . Paste named the album the second @-@ best album of the decade .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Jeff Tweedy , all music composed by Jeff Tweedy and Jay Bennett except where noted .
= = Personnel = =
Credits according to liner notes .
= = = Wilco = = =
Jeff Tweedy - vocals , guitar , programming , harmonica
Jay Bennett – programming , guitar , piano , keyboards , synthesizers , organ , bass , drums , percussion , lap steel , glockenspiel , vibraphone , bells , vocals
John Stirratt – bass , vocals
Leroy Bach - piano , guitar , organ , glockenspiel , vibraphone , bass , percussion , horns
Glenn Kotche - drums , percussion , hammered dulcimer , siren , chimes
Horns and strings arranged by Jeff Tweedy and John Stirratt
= = = Additional personnel = = =
Ken Coomer - additional drums and percussion
Fred Lonberg @-@ Holm – cello
Craig Christiansen - programming , keyboards , synthesizers , percussion , autoharp , harmonium
Jessy Greene - violin , viola
Steve Rooke – mastering
Chris Brickley – engineering , mixing
Jim O 'Rourke – acoustic guitar , electric guitar , piano , keyboards , toy piano , stylophone , engineering , mixing
Wilco – producer
Sam Jones – photography
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= 1948 Summer Olympics torch relay =
The 1948 Summer Olympics torch relay was run 17 – 29 July 1948 , prior to the 1948 Summer Olympics , held in London , United Kingdom . The relay was nicknamed the " relay of peace " . It was only the second occasion that a torch relay was held for the Olympics ; the first was at the 1936 Summer Olympics .
There were three types of torches designed for use on the relay : a standard solid fuel powered torch made of aluminium , a special butane gas torch used onboard HMS Whitesand Bay , and a final torch used to enter Empire Stadium that was made of stainless steel and powered by a magnesium candle .
The route itself was initially designed to be a direct one from Olympia to Wembley , taking in Italy , Switzerland and France . Belgium and Luxembourg were added to the route after those countries requested it . It was expected that the Greek part of the relay would be 750 kilometres ( 470 mi ) , but was reduced to 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) due to concerns over security . After the 12 @-@ day journey , the torch arrived at the Empire Stadium only thirty seconds later than expected .
= = Background = =
Despite hosting the 1908 Summer Olympics , the 1948 Games was the first London @-@ based games to have a torch relay after it was introduced at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin . Former British athlete David Cecil , 6th Marquess of Exeter , and the rest of the organising committee for the 1948 Games agreed to continue the tradition begun by the previous games , and run a torch relay for a second time .
= = Relay elements = =
= = = Torch = = =
Each of the torches contained a solid fuel tablet made of hexamine and 6 % naphthalene ( following torch running tests in May 1947 ) that fuelled the flame itself . The solid fuel increased the distance each runner could run to 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) over flat terrain , decreasing the number of torches needed to be produced , which in turn reduced the cost of the relay . There were eight tablets loaded into each torch , with the bottom tablets pushed up by the use of a spring . The design increased the burning time of each torch up to around fifteen minutes , an increase from the four @-@ minute torches of the 1936 Olympics . The torch itself was designed by Ralph Lavers , with the brief that it should be " inexpensive and easy to make , of pleasing appearance and a good example of British craftmanship " . The torches were made from aluminium , with a long shaft holding a cup that contained the burner . " With thanks to the bearer " was written on the cup of the torch itself , along with the Olympic rings . The torches for the Greek leg of the relay were shipped to the Mediterranean aboard HMS Liverpool , along with a purpose built torch for the leg aboard a Royal Navy vessel from Corfu to Italy .
A differently designed torch was used for the final leg . It was made of stainless steel and was fueled by magnesium in order to ensure that the flame showed up properly during the opening ceremony . It was also designed by Ralph Lavers , with the frame for the torch created by EMI , and the magnesium candle supplied by Wessex Aircraft Engineering . Neither the suppliers nor designer charged a fee for the final torch .
= = = Planned torch route = = =
Key
* As planned
Source : The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad
= = = Torch route = = =
While the general negotiation with other countries and the specific route were handled by the Organising Committee for the Games , the detailed organisation was delegated to a subgroup led by F.W. Collins . Due to cost implications , the extensive route conducted by the 1936 Games was ruled out . Instead , the simplest route from Olympia to London was to be used , going by sea to Italy and then run through Switzerland and France . The route was modified only when Luxembourg and Belgium both requested that the torch travel their territories . A longer Greek route was planned , but reduced from an expected 750 kilometres ( 470 mi ) down to 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) due to concerns over instability in the country and a lack of security .
The torch lighting ceremony took place on 17 July 1948 in Olympia , Greece . As with the 1936 Summer Olympic relay , the torch relay was begun by focusing the sun 's rays onto kindling using a parabolic reflector , which then lit the first torch . The kindling was conducted by a Girl Guide leader from Pyrgos , Elis . She was only chosen the previous evening due to the unsettled state of the country ; the Athenian girl who was trained for the ceremony was unable to travel to Olympia . In a symbolic gesture , the first runner , Corporal Dimitrelis of the Greek Army , laid down his arms and removed his military uniform before taking his torch in hand . The kindling material for the first torch was handed over as a gift from the Chairman of the Greek Olympic Committee to Collins , for Princess Elizabeth . It was then run to the Greek coast at Katakolo , where at 7 pm it boarded the Greek destroyer Hastings bound for the island of Corfu . It stayed overnight in the city of Corfu , and boarded HMS Whitesand Bay at 1 : 30 pm the following day where the flame was switched to a specially equipped butane gas torch in order to ensure that there was a 48 @-@ hour lifespan available for the flame , despite the crossing only being expected to take 22 hours .
The ship dropped the torch off in Bari at 12 : 30 pm on 19 July . It was run north through several Italian cities before crossing the Simplon Pass into Brig , Switzerland on 23 July . From there it was run west until leaving the country at Perly @-@ Certoux , and entering France at Saint @-@ Julien @-@ en @-@ Genevois . The route then detours from the direct route to take in Luxembourg and into Belgium before re @-@ entering France at Lille on 28 July , finally departing the country at Calais . HMS Bicester carried the torch across the English Channel to Dover , arriving at 8 : 25 pm on 28 July . It travelled through several towns in the South East of England until it arrived at Wembley , where it arrived only thirty seconds late after the entire journey . That delay may have only been in the final few hundred yards of the relay down Olympic Way outside of Empire Stadium as the pressure of the crowds on the torch carrier and their escorts reduced the pace to walking speed . Special celebrations were held at each border crossing , and at Pierre de Coubertin 's tomb in Lausanne , Switzerland .
It was agreed for a secondary Olympic Flame to be lit in Torquay during the games , and a secondary torch relay was conducted to take the flame from Wembley south to the coast to Torquay . The arrangements were the same as from Dover to Wembley but in reverse .
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= 2011 – 12 Washington Capitals season =
The 2011 – 12 Washington Capitals season was the franchise 's 38th season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Washington finished the year as the seventh place team in the Eastern Conference . In the opening round of the playoffs , they matched up with the defending Stanley Cup champion Boston Bruins . Due to injuries , the Capitals were forced to play rookie goaltender Braden Holtby . Washington 's defeat of the Bruins marked the first time in NHL history in which all seven games of a series were decided by one goal . Facing the East 's top seed in the Conference Semifinals , Washington was defeated in seven games by the New York Rangers . Holtby was lauded for his playoff performance , where he recorded a .935 save percentage and was credited with putting Washington in a position to win each game .
Washington won their first seven games , setting a franchise record for consecutive victories to start a season . Shortly after , however , an early season slump prompted the benching of offensive star players Alexander Ovechkin and Alexander Semin in separate games . The moves failed to produce results , and Head Coach Bruce Boudreau was eventually replaced by Dale Hunter . Boudreau 's firing came seven days after he won his 200th game as an NHL head coach , achieving the feat faster anyone in NHL history . Under Hunter , the Capitals battled the Florida Panthers for the Southeast Division title , ultimately losing out on their fifth @-@ straight division title on the final day of the season . Two days after Washington 's playoff elimination , Hunter stepped down as head coach ; Adam Oates was hired as his replacement .
Individually , Alexander Ovechkin and Dennis Wideman were named to the All @-@ Star Game . Due to a suspension for a reckless hit , however , Ovechkin elected not to attend the game to avoid being a distraction . Four Capitals were named one of the NHL 's weekly three stars – a total of five times throughout the season . Three players made their NHL debut , while Mike Knuble played in his 1,000th game .
= = Off @-@ season = =
During the off @-@ season , the Capitals made several player changes . One of the players that was not retained by the team , Matt Bradley , started a controversy with his comments from a radio interview in Ottawa . In the interview , Bradley said his former team was " a little bit too nonchalant and guys weren ’ t disciplined the way they should have been , " which he claimed were the two biggest reasons why the team was not able to advance past the second round of the Stanley Cup playoffs . He later stated that Head Coach Bruce Boudreau did not give the most ice time to players who were playing well , but went with his star players . He further noted that Boudreau was a " great coach " who had been put in a tough position . When asked to point out examples , Bradley stated that Alexander Semin " could easily be the best player in the league , " but he " just doesn ’ t care , " further noting , " When you 've got a guy like that , you need him to be your best player , or one of your best players , and when he doesn 't show up , you almost get the sense that he wants to be back in Russia . " Semin 's agent came to his client 's defense , stating he " always cares . " Teammate Mike Knuble noted that because Semin speaks limited English , the language barrier affects the way that he is perceived , further noting that the interview comments were something Bradley regretted . When asked about the comments , former Capitals forward David Steckel stated that , " It 's not like he went out and told lies . " Bradley later apologized for his comments in an interview with the Sun Sentinel .
Including Bradley , the Capitals lost six players who played for them in the playoffs , as well as back @-@ up goaltender Semyon Varlamov . [ note 1 ] To replace some of the departed players , Washington traded its 2011 first round draft pick to the Chicago Blackhawks for veteran winger Troy Brouwer , who was a member of the Blackhawks ' Stanley Cup championship team in 2010 . They then signed Joel Ward as a free agent , adding grit and the hopes that he could duplicate his 2011 playoff success . Ward scored seven goals and 13 points in 12 playoff games with the Nashville Predators , after scoring 10 goals and 29 points in 80 regular season games . In net , they added veteran Tomas Vokoun , who was considered to be one of the top goaltenders in the 2011 free agent class . He signed a one @-@ year , $ 1 @.@ 5 million contract , well below his believed market value , to have a chance at winning the Stanley Cup . After making these and other off @-@ season moves , the Capitals were over the NHL salary cap . The expectation was that defenseman Tom Poti would not be able to play due to injury and Washington would be forced to place him on long @-@ term injured reserve , where his $ 2 @.@ 9 million salary would not count against the cap total . Unexpectedly , Poti told the Capitals that he would be ready to play by training camp . Poti , however , failed his medical exam prior to training camp and was placed on long @-@ term injured reserve .
= = Regular season = =
= = = October – November = = =
In the season opener against the Carolina Hurricanes , Boudreau made a " surprise " decision to start goaltender Michal Neuvirth . Boudreau stated that the reason behind his decision was a reward for Neuvirth 's hard work in training camp . Prior to the Capitals ' second game , Neuvirth sustained a bruised foot and was unable to play . In his Capitals debut , Vokoun struggled , allowing five goals on 28 shots , but nevertheless Washington won the game 6 – 5 in a shootout . In the post @-@ game interview , Vokoun blamed himself for the high number of goals and thanked his teammates for getting him the win in a game he should have lost . Vokoun rebounded in his second game , making 39 saves in a 3 – 2 win over the Pittsburgh Penguins . He continued his strong play and was named the NHL 's third star of the week ending October 23 and helped the Capitals to a franchise @-@ record seven game winning streak to start a season .
After losing two straight games , Washington was down 4 – 3 to the Anaheim Ducks in the final minutes of the game . With the goaltender pulled , Boudreau decided to play the third line of Joel Ward , Brooks Laich and Jason Chimera with Nicklas Backstrom as the extra attacker . Boudreau stated that he was " playing a hunch " by leaving star forward Alexander Ovechkin on the bench . The move paid off , however , as Backstrom scored to force overtime . He also scored the game winner in overtime assisted by Ovechkin . When asked about being left on the bench in a post @-@ game interview , Ovechkin stated that Laich 's line deserved to be on the ice – though the video showed Ovechkin visibly upset about being left on the bench . The following day , Ovechkin stated that he was upset about not being on the ice in the final minutes , but that he understood Boudreau 's decision . The Hockey News ' Ken Campbell applauded the benching of Ovechkin stating that in the past Boudreau had shown a willingness to continually put his star players out on the ice despite how they were playing and accepted the consequences . Campbell noted the move was Boudreau " addressing his most glaring problem as a coach " .
Following the benching incident , the Capitals went 2 – 5 – 0 leading up to their November 21 game against the Phoenix Coyotes . [ note 2 ] For the game , Boudreau again made headlines for not playing one of his star players , this time making Alexander Semin a healthy scratch ( a non @-@ dressing player ) . Semin led the team in penalties @-@ in @-@ minutes ( PIMs ) , as well as being tied for second in the NHL with 14 minor penalties . Boudreau previously benched Semin for the second half of a game against the New Jersey Devils after the winger had taken two minor penalties and was deemed not focused . Washington defeated Phoenix in the game 4 – 3 . NBC 's Mike Halford echoed Campbell 's statement when discussing the benching of Semin , commenting that it was a " bold move " and the latest in a series of messages sent by Boudreau . Halford further questioned if the new stance would eventually cost Boudreau his job .
The benchings did not produce the desired results , however , as the Capitals lost six of eight games , with Ovechkin scoring only one goal during the same stretch . As a result , Washington fired Boudreau on November 28 and replaced him with former Capitals captain Dale Hunter . Hunter was the head coach of the Ontario Hockey League 's ( OHL ) London Knights when he was hired . During his time with London , he set an OHL record for fastest coach to 300 and 400 career wins . The Capitals lost Hunter 's coaching debut 2 – 1 to the St. Louis Blues . The following day , Boudreau spoke to the media about being fired , stating that General Manager George McPhee made the " right decision at the time " and that despite speculation , he did not feel that Ovechkin was a problem , stating that he " worked as hard and tried as hard as he could . "
= = = December – January = = =
The Capitals did not give Hunter his first NHL win until his third game , a 3 – 2 win over the Ottawa Senators that broke a four @-@ game losing streak . Brooks Laich scored the game @-@ winning goal just 12 seconds into the overtime period . The goal would prove to be the fastest overtime goal scored during the 2011 – 12 NHL regular season . In the rematch four days later , Ovechkin appeared to spear Senators forward Chris Neil . Following a Neil hit on Ovechkin , the pair skated up the ice , whereupon Neil fell to the ice following the alleged spear . Neil was given an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty for diving . A spearing penalty , if called , would have resulted in a five @-@ minute major penalty and a game misconduct . Later in the game , Ovechkin scored the eventual game @-@ winning goal , his first goal in six games . When asked about the incident after the game , Neil described it as a " pitchfork in the gut , " while Ovechkin stated he was " not the type of guy who spears players . " The following day , a league spokesman stated that Ovechkin would not be suspended or fined for the incident .
The December 28 game against the New York Rangers marked the return of fourth line forward Jay Beagle , who previously missed 31 games with a concussion suffered in a fight against the Pittsburgh Penguins ' Arron Asham . The fight itself had generated a minor controversy , as Asham , an experienced fighter , made celebratory gestures after knocking out Beagle , who was in his first career NHL fight . Several Capitals expressed their displeasure with Asham after the game , while Asham himself later called his actions " classless . " Beagle 's work ethic in his return was called contagious by teammate Matt Hendricks , and he helped the Capitals to a 4 – 1 victory .
In late December , Ovechkin went on a seven @-@ game point streak that featured the two @-@ point games in the final four games of the streak . In conjunction with the point streak , he scored eight goals in nine games . [ note 3 ] Washington went 5 – 1 – 1 during the streak , which was eventually snapped in a 5 – 2 loss to the San Jose Sharks on January 7 . In the game prior to the streak being snapped , Capitals ' defenseman Mike Green returned from a groin injury that had kept him out of the lineup for 23 games . Washington defeated the Calgary Flames 3 – 1 in the contest , which moved their record to 9 – 0 – 0 with Green in the line @-@ up . However , the news coming out of the game was not all good . During the game , the Capitals ' leading scorer , Nicklas Backstrom , was elbowed in the head by the Flames ' Rene Bourque . Backstrom underwent concussion testing , which proved inconclusive ; he suffered from what was described as " concussion @-@ like symptoms " and was eventually placed on the injured reserve . For his actions , Bourque was suspended five games for delivering the elbow . Compounding the Capitals ' injury problem was the loss of Mike Green in just his second game back ; he re @-@ injured his groin during the contest and was placed on the long @-@ term injured reserve . During a game against the Pittsburgh Penguins , Ovechkin delivered a hit to Pittsburgh defenseman Zbynek Michalek . On the hit , Ovechkin launched himself into Michalek 's shoulder , where the force of the hit caused Ovechkin to make contact with Michalek 's head . Later in the game , Michalek delivered an elbow to the back of Matt Hendricks ' head , driving it into the glass . The following day , it was announced that Ovechkin was suspended for three games for the reckless hit despite not receiving a penalty on the play during the game . Vice President of Player Safety Brendan Shanahan stated the length of the suspension took into account that Ovechkin was a repeat offender , having been suspended twice before and fined twice as well . It also took into consideration that Michalek was not injured on the play . Despite his own actions , Michalek avoided a fine or suspension . Without Ovechkin , Backstrom or Green , Washington nonetheless defeated defending Stanley Cup champion Boston Bruins in the final game before the All @-@ Star break to move into first place in the Southeast Division .
Washington had two players named to the NHL All @-@ Star Game . Despite having a poor season by his standards , Alexander Ovechkin was named to the Game . However , due to his suspension , Ovechkin announced that he did not want to be a distraction at the game ; he was " not comfortable " going , and declined to attend the All @-@ Star weekend . Dennis Wideman was the Capitals ' other All @-@ Star representative . He recorded 34 points heading into the break while averaging over 24 minutes of ice time per game .
= = = February – April = = =
Washington started the second half of the season with a 2 – 2 – 1 record . In their next game , against the Winnipeg Jets , the Capitals lost a two @-@ goal lead late in the game , eventually losing in a shootout . The loss knocked the Capitals out of first place in their division and they dropped from third to ninth in the conference . Washington lost their next two games before defeating the Southeast Division @-@ leading Florida Panthers 2 – 1 . The game marked goaltender Tomas Vokoun 's first game in Florida after leaving the team as a free agent in the off @-@ season . With the win , Washington moved two points behind the Panthers . Despite being close , however , Washington could not build any momentum , later losing their next three games before closing out the month of February on a three @-@ game win streak .
Washington continued its inconsistent play into the month of March , losing three games before going on a four @-@ game winning streak leading up to another game against the Winnipeg Jets . During the loss to the Jets , Vokoun re @-@ aggravated a reoccurring groin injury ; he had been dealing with the injury since late February , and it forced him out of the lineup . Braden Holtby was recalled to serve as the team 's back @-@ up . During Vokoun 's absence , Ovechkin began a goal @-@ scoring streak , notching nine goals in seven games , culminating in a two @-@ goal performance during a 3 – 0 victory over the Minnesota Wild . The scoring steak helped Ovechkin to be named NHL 's third star of the week . The win moved the Capitals into the eighth and final playoff spot . They did not remain there long , however , as their next game was a lost 5 – 1 to the Buffalo Sabres , who passed Washington for eighth place . The following game , against the Boston Bruins , Vokoun returned to action , but played only 18 : 25 before the same injury forced him from the game . Although the Capitals won the game , it was Vokoun 's final game of the season as well as his last as a Capital , with Vokoun later describing the injury as a " pretty severe [ groin ] tear . " Washington 's final game of March marked the return of Nicklas Backstrom , who had missed 40 games with a concussion . The Capitals won the game 3 – 2 in a shootout , moving them back into eighth place .
Entering April , the Capitals had a chance to clinch a playoff spot against the Tampa Bay Lightning . The game was tied 2 – 2 with 1 : 03 remaining when Steven Stamkos scored , leading Tampa to the eventual 4 – 2 victory . Facing the Division @-@ leading Panthers in their next game , Washington succeeded in clinching a playoff spot with a 4 – 2 win of their own . The victory also gave the Capitals a chance at winning their Division in their final game . During the game , Neuvirth was hurt when former Capital Marco Sturm fell on top of him while he was making a save . Neuvirth left after the incident and did not return . Neuvirth suffered a lower body injury and was not ready to return for the final game or the start of the playoffs . Washington won its final game of the year behind a 35 @-@ save performance from Holtby , clinching at least the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference pending the outcome of Florida ’ s game . A win by the Panthers in their final game , however , prevented Washington from winning their fifth @-@ straight Division title and moving into the third playoff seed .
= = Playoffs = =
Finishing the regular season as the seventh seed , Washington was matched up with the defending champion Boston Bruins . As Tomas Vokoun and Michal Neuvirth were still injured , the Capitals were forced to start Braden Holtby in Game 1 . Through the first two periods , Boston was in control of the game , out @-@ shooting Washington 26 – 7 . Despite the disparity in shots , the game remained tied 0 – 0 after regulation . Washington lost the game shortly into overtime . They rebounded to tie the series when Nicklas Backstrom scored in double overtime of game two . Through the first two games of the series , Holtby stopped 72 of 74 Bruins ' shots . In Game 3 , the two teams again looked to be heading to overtime tied 3 – 3 late in the third when Backstrom took a penalty . Zdeno Chara scored on the man advantage with under two minutes remaining , giving Boston the win . After the game ended , Backstrom was given a match penalty for intent to injure following a cross @-@ check to Rich Peverley . Backstrom received a one @-@ game suspension for his actions . Without Backstrom in Game 4 , the Capitals evened the series with a 2 – 1 victory that featured a 44 @-@ save performance from Holtby . The Capitals took their first lead in the series thanks to a Troy Brouwer power @-@ play goal with 1 : 27 left in regulation of game five . Facing elimination , Boston did not trail throughout Game 6 and was in position to win late in the third . However , an Alexander Ovechkin goal led to overtime , were Tyler Seguin scored to force a seventh and deciding game . Game 7 went to overtime , where a dump @-@ in attempt was blocked by Mike Knuble , giving him a breakaway . He took a backhand that was stopped by Boston 's Tim Thomas . Joel Ward followed the play and scored the game @-@ winning goal on the rebound . With Washington 's victory in the series , Holtby became just the third rookie goaltender in NHL history to defeat the reigning Stanley Cup champions . It was also the first playoff series in NHL history which all seven games were decided by one goal .
In the second round , Washington was matched up with the top @-@ seeded New York Rangers . After losing Game 1 by giving up two goals in a 1 : 30 span , Washington took a 2 – 0 lead in Game 2 , only to have the Rangers come back and tie the score in the third period . The Capitals , however , won the game on an Ovechkin power @-@ play goal late in the third . Game 3 was a triple @-@ overtime contest that ended when Marian Gaborik scored to give New York a 2 – 1 win . The 114 : 41 game was the 20th longest game in NHL history , and Washington 's third @-@ longest game in franchise history . Washington evened the series in Game 4 with a one @-@ goal win . In the win , Ovechkin was benched for the majority of the third period , where after the tilt , he noted that the most important thing was that the Capitals won the game . Washington looked to be heading for their first series lead as Game 5 was coming to an end . The Capitals were leading 2 – 1 with 21 @.@ 3 seconds remaining when Joel Ward took a double minor penalty for high @-@ sticking . On the ensuing power play , Brad Richards scored with 6 @.@ 6 seconds left in regulation to tie the game . The Rangers remained on the power play to start the overtime period , with Ward serving the second half of his double minor when Marc Staal scored to give New York the win . Facing elimination in Game 6 , Washington took the lead 1 : 28 into the game on an Ovechkin power play tally . They did not trail in the game and won 2 – 1 to force Game 7 . Ovechkin 's goal was the 30th of his post @-@ season career , which tied him for the Capitals all @-@ time franchise record with Peter Bondra . In the deciding game , Brad Richards scored 1 : 32 into the first period helping New York to the eventual 2 – 1 victory and the series win . Holtby finished the playoffs with a 1 @.@ 95 goals against average , a .935 save percentage and was praised for his " breakout " performance while being credited with giving the Capitals a " chance to win every game . "
= = Post @-@ season = =
Two days after the loss , Head Coach Dale Hunter stepped down for personal reasons . General Manager George McPhee announced that he would take his time considering candidates to replace Hunter . The search lasted a month @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half before the team hired former NHL and Capitals star , Adam Oates . The intention was to have a coach that combined the up @-@ tempo style implored by Bruce Boudreau and the " defense first " system of Hunter . McPhee said of the hiring " you try to get the smartest guy in the room " and he believed Oates was that person . Ovechkin noted that he was excited to play under a coach he believed would bring more offense back to Washington 's system . Oates ' hiring came on the same day that he was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame as a player .
= = Standings = =
= = = Divisional standings = = =
= = = Conference standings = = =
Divisions : AT – Atlantic , NE – Northeast , SE – Southeast
x – Qualified for playoffs , y – Clinched division , z – Clinched conference ( and division )
= = Schedule and results = =
= = = Pre @-@ season = = =
= = = Regular season = = =
= = = Playoffs = = =
Key : Win Loss Clinch Playoff Series Eliminated from playoffs
= = Player statistics = =
= = = Skaters = = =
Note : GP |
= Games played ; G =
Goals ; A |
= Assists ; Pts =
Points ; + / − |
= Plus / Minus ; PIM =
Penalty Minutes
= = = Goaltenders = = =
Note : GP |
= Games Played ; Min =
Time On Ice ( minutes ) ; W |
= Wins ; L =
Losses ; OT |
= Overtime Losses ; GA =
Goals Against ; GAA = Goals Against Average ; SA = Shots Against ; SV |
= Saves ; Sv % =
Save Percentage ; SO = Shutouts
= = Awards and records = =
Entering the season , Boudreau had amassed 189 wins in 309 NHL games . The win total put him on track to surpass Don Cherry as the fastest head coach to reach 200 NHL victories . After reaching 199 wins , Washington went on a four @-@ game losing streak before finally earning Boudreau the milestone win . Despite the losing streak , Boudreau registered his 200th win in 326 games , eclipsing Cherry 's previous mark of 341 games . While Boudreau set the record , he had the advantage of overtime and shootout victories , which did not exist during Cherry 's coaching career . Boudreau was fired seven days after setting the record .
Besides Ovechkin 's March and Vokoun 's third star award , Washington had players named NHL weekly stars three other times . Backstrom was named a third star after recording four points in two games . John Carlson earned third star honors with back @-@ to @-@ back three @-@ point games and finishing the week with seven points . Ovechkin received the first of his two star awards by scoring eight points in six games in January .
= = = Awards = = =
= = = Record = = =
= = = Milestones = = =
= = Transactions = =
Going into the off @-@ season , there was concern over the future of goaltender Semyon Varlamov . Washington had given the restricted free agent a qualifying offer , giving the Capitals the right to match any other NHL offers or receive draft pick compensation if they did not match . Though Washington had control of his negotiating rights , Varlamov indicated that he would leave the NHL to play in the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . He stated that while he wanted to play in the NHL , he did not want to be a back @-@ up . If Varlamov left the League , Washington would not receive any compensation but would retain his NHL rights . In the KHL , a war for Varlamov 's services was developing . Lokomotiv Yaroslav claimed to retain Varlamov 's KHL rights and wanted to sign him to a contract around $ 2 million a season . Alternatively , SKA Saint Petersburg filed a complaint with the KHL , stating his rights were not owned because his original contract with Yaroslav predated the formation of the KHL and was therefore invalid . Before the situation could be resolved , the Capitals traded Varlamov 's rights to the Colorado Avalanche for a first round pick in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft , along with a conditional second @-@ round selection 2012 or 2013 . Following the trade , team owner Ted Leonsis noted that Varlamov " wanted assurances that we couldn ’ t make to him . " He was disappointed , but wished Varlamov well with Colorado . The Avalanche then signed the goaltender to a three @-@ year , $ 8 @.@ 5 million contract , thus keeping him in the NHL .
= = = Trades = = =
= = 2011 draft picks = =
The 2011 NHL Entry Draft was held in St. Paul , Minnesota , on June 24 and 25 . Heading into the draft , the Capitals had only five picks due to a variety of trades , which was tied for the fewest in franchise history . Believing that they had prospect depth in their organization and not seeing an available player who could help immediately , Washington traded their first round pick for Troy Brouwer . With just late round selections remaining , the Capitals decided to take players that required time to develop . Three of their four picks were in , or set to attend , college . Fourth @-@ round pick Steffen Soberg , the lone player not attending college , played in the GET @-@ ligaen , Norway 's highest level of competition . At the 2011 IIHF World U18 Championships , he posted the second @-@ highest save percentage in the tournament and was considered one of Norway 's top three players , though no Norwegian goaltender has ever played an NHL game .
source :
Draft notes
The Capitals ' first @-@ round pick in the draft was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Troy Brouwer .
The Capitals ' second @-@ round pick in the draft , along with Brian Pothier and Oskar Osala , was traded to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for Joe Corvo in 2010 .
The Capitals ' third @-@ round pick in the draft , along with Jake Hauswirth , was traded to the Florida Panthers in exchange for Dennis Wideman .
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= Cris and Cru Kahui homicides =
The deaths of brothers Christopher Arepa and Cru Omeka Kahui ( 20 March 2006 – 18 June 2006 ) , two New Zealand infants from a Māori family who died in Auckland 's Starship Children 's Hospital after being admitted with serious head injuries , highlighted the fact that Māori children are more than twice as likely to die as a result of abuse than non @-@ Māori and that New Zealand ranks fifth highest among OECD nations for child deaths due to maltreatment according to a 2003 UNICEF report .
Their family initially refused to cooperate with police in the homicide investigation into the children 's deaths . The father , 21 @-@ year @-@ old , Christopher Sonny Kahui was charged with their murder . His defence was that the mother was responsible for the deaths . After a six @-@ week trial , the jury took just one minute to acquit him .
A coroner 's report released in July 2012 concluded that the children 's injuries occurred " whilst they were in the sole custody , care and control of their father " .
= = Before deaths = =
Chris and Cru Kahui were the two survivors of triplets born prematurely at 29 weeks on 20 March 2006 at the National Women 's Hospital in Grafton , New Zealand . They spent six weeks at the Kidz First neonatal intensive care unit at Middlemore Hospital . During this time , nurses and social workers at the facility had informally raised concerns with a Department of Child , Youth and Family Services worker , as the parents , Chris Kahui and Macsyna King , did not spend a lot of time with the babies . According to the hospital , parents not visiting is not considered child abuse , but was a " cause for concern " .
Because the infants were still technically patients of Middlemore Hospital , hospital workers regularly visited the family home . During their last visit to the hospital , Chris and Cru were reported to be healthy and well @-@ fed . However , an autopsy showed that the infants had suffered fractured ribs in an incident prior to the fatal injuries .
= = Deaths = =
On 13 June , the infants ' mother , Macsyna King , returned to the house after being away overnight . She found that the boys suffered extensive bruises , and that their grandfather , William " Banjo " Kahui , had performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation on them . Police said the grandfather was not the only person in the house at the time . According to former MP John Tamihere , a member of the Kahui extended family had said " a young relative " was caring for the babies the day they were fatally injured . King and her husband took their children to the family G.P. , who ordered immediate hospitalisation for the infants . The Coroner made a finding that Chris Kahui refused to take the children to hospital , running away from the family car and leaving a distraught Macsyna King carrying two babies in their carriers into the hospital on her own . Doctors immediately discovered that the infants had serious brain injuries . After the infants were transferred to Starship Hospital , hospital workers notified the police . The Kahui infants were ultimately taken off life support , with Cru being the first to die at 5 a.m. on 18 June . Chris died at 6 : 45 p.m. later in the day . The deaths resulted in an initial serious assault investigation by the New Zealand Police before charges were upgraded to homicide .
Both infants had suffered skull fractures from blunt force trauma and Chris Kahui had a broken femur . An orthopaedic specialist told The Sunday Star @-@ Times that in order to break the femur of a baby , the bone would have to bend at a 90 degree angle , ruling out an accidental cause of the injury .
The bodies were released to the family on 21 June and taken to the Manurewa marae for a tangihanga ( funeral rites ) . They were buried at the Manukau City cemetery on 24 June .
While the infants were in hospital , Child , Youth and Family removed a 12 @-@ month @-@ old brother Shane and their female cousin Cayenne , aged six months from two rented Housing New Zealand homes — one in Clendon , the other in Mangere — where the Kahui babies had lived . Police said they were treated in hospital for injuries resulting from " neglect " . They had been found to be malnourished and " dirty " . According to the Herald on Sunday newspaper , the two children were to be returned to the family in September 2006 . But neither the parents or so @-@ called " Tight 12 " of family members who initially refused to cooperate with police , would be their caregivers .
= = Homicide investigation = =
The police believe that , while the infants were in hospital prior to their deaths , the family was uncooperative with any investigation . Pita Sharples , the co @-@ leader of the Māori Party , said the family had agreed to talk to police on 26 June , but this did not happen . Following the deaths , Sharples said he was disgusted by the Kahui family 's behaviour . He claimed some members of the family were more interested in going " to the pub and have a drink " than coming forward to police . Prime Minister Helen Clark said it was " absolutely shocking " for the family to hide behind the funeral while everyone in the country was " shocked and revolted " by the injuries . There were even reports that gang members were threatening the Kahui family in utu ( or revenge ) over their refusal to speak .
After refusing to speak to police in the week after the death , police went to family homes on 27 June . At least four family members , including the children 's mother and aunt , were escorted to police stations . By 4 July , at least 20 extended family members were questioned , as well as 90 medical practitioners and staff who were in contact with the babies . Forensic scientists removed items such as clothing from the Kahui homes . By September , police said that the family was no longer " stone @-@ walling " their inquiries , but a prima facie case had yet to be established . Sunday News reported on 17 September that the list of suspects was down to three and an arrest was imminent . This was followed by a police statement nine days later stating that they now knew who was responsible for the deaths . However , other family members could still be charged with related crimes .
Two half @-@ sisters of the infants ' mother Macsyna King , appeared on TVNZ 's Sunday 23 July episode . They claimed that Macsyna and her brother , Robert King , had told them the name of the killer . TVNZ censored the name when one of the women said it , but the gender was revealed to be male . The infants ' paternal grandmother , who appeared the next day on TV3 's Campbell Live , contradicted this information , stating that the killer was female .
The homes where the babies lived were also home to at least nine adult occupants , eight of whom were on some form of social welfare . They may have been receiving payments totalling between $ 845 and $ 1395 a week , depending on their age and circumstances . Work and Income New Zealand launched an investigation to see whether all the payments were legitimate . Two instances of substantiated benefit fraud were found for one individual . The Clendon house had been occupied for two to three months , but neighbours had not noticed that babies were living there . According to the neighbours , Tuesday and Thursday nights were " party nights , " as this was when benefit payments were received . Loud music and fighting were often heard . One neighbour said that a sixteen @-@ year @-@ old female appeared on their doorstep at 3 : 30 a.m. one morning after she said an older man at the Clendon house attempted to sexually assault her .
= = = Murder arrest = = =
The 1 October edition of the Sunday Star @-@ Times newspaper published an interview with the infants ' father , Chris Kahui . Kahui said that he did not kill his sons , but if Police could not find anyone else , " I go down for something I didn 't do " . Investigators called Kahui 's interview with the police on 3 October a " major development " .
On 26 October , a " carload of detectives " had gone to several addresses looking for Chris Kahui , who was brought in for questioning . At 10 p.m. , it was announced in a press conference that a 21 @-@ year @-@ old man had been arrested and charged with the murder of the infants , and would appear in the Manukau District Court the next day . No other family members faced charges with relation to the deaths .
Contrary to this , the Sunday News reported on 31 December 2006 that , according to an unnamed source , a second arrest was expected . Neither the exact charges that would be laid nor the relationship of the person to the infants were revealed . Three weeks later the same newspaper said four people involved in the investigation had been summoned to the appear at the Manukau district court on 24 January . Sources told the newspaper that the new charges relate to dead infants and a pre @-@ school child . One of those to be charged was Macsyna King , the mother of Chris and Cru . None of these charges eventuated .
According to the Herald on Sunday , the Microsoft Word file containing the press release announcing the arrest of Kahui had actually been created five days earlier , and the last edit was the day before the arrest . In the same article , the Herald reported the Police were questioning whether Kahui was actually the biological father of the infants . DNA tests later confirmed that he was the father .
= = = Court appearances = = =
Kahui appeared in the Number One court of the Manukau District Court on 27 October for a two @-@ minute hearing , where he was formally charged with murder . He was asked not to plead ; however , outside the court , Kahui 's lawyer , Lorraine Smith , said her client would " fight the charges " . He was remanded in police custody until 10 November when he was freed on bail . A pre @-@ depositions hearing was held 17 January .
A second pre @-@ depositions hearing was intended to take place on 21 March . This was so his lawyer could read 60 files of evidence collected by police , and for a medical expert from Australia to become available . This second hearing was delayed because the defence was still waiting for the medical report from Australia . The depositions hearing was finally set for 18 June , with a brief court appearance on 18 April . This date was later changed to sometime on 13 August .
Kahui was found not guilty on Thursday 22 May 2008 , after only one minute of deliberation by the jury . The officer who led the police investigations into the murders , Detective Inspector John Tims , said he was " disappointed " at the verdict , finding " no evidence to support a charge against any other person and that includes the mother , Macsyna King " . He acknowledged the prosecutor , who had " said in his opening and closing address that there is no new evidence to support a charge being laid against the mother , Macsyna King " . No charges were laid against Macsyna King .
Kahui 's lawyer has threatened to lodge a complaint with the Police Complaints Authority over Police handling of the prosecution of her client for the murder of Chris and Cru Kahui .
= = Coroner 's report = =
Coroner Gary Evans released a report into the deaths of the children in July 2012 . He found that the twins had suffered the brain injuries which led to their deaths during the afternoon or early evening of 12 June 2006 , at a time " whilst they were in the sole custody , care and control of their father " , Chris Kahui . He said there was no evidence or fact to support that injuries being caused by the children 's mother , Macsyna King . Chris Kahui , who gave evidence to the coroner 's inquest , attempted to prevent the publication of the report .
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= Frank Underwood ( House of Cards ) =
Francis J. " Frank " Underwood is a fictional character and the protagonist of the American version of House of Cards . He is portrayed by Kevin Spacey . He is a variation of Francis Urquhart , the protagonist of the British novel and television series House of Cards , from which the American Netflix series is adapted . He is married to Claire Underwood ( Robin Wright ) , but also had a sexual relationship with Zoe Barnes ( Kate Mara ) in season 1 . He made his first appearance in the series ' pilot episode , " Chapter 1 " .
Underwood is from Gaffney , South Carolina . He graduated from The Sentinel , a fictionalized version of The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina , and Harvard Law School . Some of Underwood 's dialogue throughout the series is presented in a direct address to the audience , a narrative technique that breaks the fourth wall . The character speaks with a Southern accent . During season 1 , he is the Democratic Majority Whip in the United States House of Representatives . In season 2 , he is the newly appointed Vice President of the United States , before becoming President of the United States in the season finale .
Frank is described as manipulative , conniving , Machiavellian , sociopathic , and even evil . Throughout the series , he manipulates and destroys several people for his own ends , and commits murder twice .
Spacey has received positive reviews for his portrayal of Frank Underwood , but the character itself has been criticized for it 's repetitive nature and one dimensionality . Spacey shared the distinction of being among the first three leading web @-@ television roles to be nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards . Spacey has also been nominated for two Golden Globe Awards , winning one , and five Screen Actors Guild Awards , including two cast nominations and including two wins , for his performance .
= = Background and description = =
= = = Early life = = =
Francis J. Underwood was born on November 5 , 1959 to Catherine and Calvin T. Underwood in Gaffney , South Carolina . He is an only child . He was raised in impoverished circumstances , with the threat of bank foreclosure on their farm they lived on . He entered the The Sentinel , a military school in Charleston , South Carolina , loosely based on The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina , in 1976 of which he was nearly expelled from due to suffering grades after he volunteered for a U.S. Senate campaign in 1980 , however , he graduated soon after and was accepted into Harvard Law School that fall . Despite poor grades at The Sentinel , he was able to graduate from law school in 1984 . He had a homosexual relationship with his friend from military school , Tim Corbet , during his first year of law school . Underwood was raised Christian , but privately holds God in complete contempt .
= = = Family = = =
Underwood 's great @-@ great @-@ great @-@ grandfather , Corporal Augustus Elijah Underwood , was a Confederate soldier who served in the 12th South Carolina Infantry Regiment of McGowan 's Brigade at the Battle of Spotsylvania . He served at the Bloody Angle on May 12 , 1864 , during the Civil War and was killed by a bludgeon to the back of the head from his own regiment during the middle of the night . Underwood is fascinated by his ancestry . When Underwood fell in a coma following an assassination attempt , Augustus appears in several of his hallucinations . However , he dismisses the Confederacy as weak and calls their cause of preserving the institution of slavery " asinine " . His great @-@ great grandfather was two when Augustus was killed .
His father , Calvin T. Underwood , was a peach farmer in his home town of Gaffney who died at the age of 43 of a heart attack . The Underwoods lived in poverty , and nearly lost the farm when Frank was a child ; to get a bank loan and avoid foreclosure , his father attended a meeting of the Ku Klux Klan , of which the bank manager was a member . Underwood speaks fondly of his father in public , but this is a political ploy ; in his asides to the audience , Underwood describes his father as a weak man who accomplished nothing with his life . He even urinates on his father 's grave in season 3 . Despite disliking his father , however , Underwood was influenced by him . Calvin was an abusive alcoholic , and caused his wife and son years of misery . Underwood has said that when he was 13 , he walked in on his father putting a shotgun in his mouth . Calvin asked him to pull the trigger , which he refused to do . He has stated that his biggest regret is not killing his father when he had the chance .
= = = Political career = = =
= = = = South Carolina Legislature = = = =
Underwood was elected at the age of 25 to the South Carolina State Senate as one of the youngest members in the state 's legislative history after graduating from Harvard in 1984 . He was re @-@ elected to the state senate at 29 in 1988 for his second , and last , term as a State Senator .
= = = = Representative Election = = = =
Underwood was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1990 as a Democratic representative for the 5th Congressional District of South Carolina , being sworn in around January 1991 . He won another 11 consecutive elections , winning his final term in 2012 . He was elected Whip for the Democratic Party in 2005 , serving as House Majority Whip between 2005 and 2013 .
Often , Underwood 's thoughts throughout the series are presented in a direct address to the audience , a narrative technique known as breaking the fourth wall . Immediately prior to starring in House of Cards , Spacey had starred in a production of William Shakespeare 's Richard III as Richard III of England , a character that serves as a partial basis for both Urquhart and Underwood . His last name is derived from Oscar Underwood , who served as the first Democratic House Minority Whip from about 1900 to 1901 . Among his few vices are smoking cigarettes . He has a hobby of playing video games ; when the Secret Service cuts off his online gaming service after he becomes Vice President , he takes up creating model figurines .
Spacey viewed portraying Underwood for a second season as a continuing learning process . " There is so much I don ’ t know about Francis , so much that I 'm learning ... I 've always thought that the profession closest to that of an actor is being a detective ... We are given clues by writers ... Then you lay them all out and try to make them come alive as a character who ’ s complex and surprising , maybe even to yourself . "
Underwood 's sexuality is ambiguous throughout much of the first two seasons ; he has sexual liaisons with both men and women , but he is never explicitly identified by any sexual label . Before Season 2 , various sources speculated about his homosexuality . It is revealed in " Chapter 8 " he had an experience with homosexuality in college . Underwood and Claire are never depicted having sex in season 1 . Slate journalist Hanna Rosin noted : if Frank and Claire Underwood were a real @-@ life Washington couple and they were found each to be having an affair , he would be accused of being " secretly gay , turned on by women only when he can use them for a pure power play " . Other sources make no definite stance on Underwood 's sexuality , but hypothesize that he is not sexually attracted to Claire . In season 2 , Underwood is involved in a threesome with Claire and Secret Service agent Edward Meechum ( Nathan Darrow ) , while in season 3 , there is a moment of sexual tension between Underwood and his biographer , Tom Yates ( Paul Sparks ) . The same season , however , also features the only scene in the series in which Underwood and Claire have sex exclusively with each other .
According to Time television critic James Poniewozik , by the end of the first episode , it becomes clear that Underwood both literally and figuratively uses meat as his metaphor of choice . He may begin a day with a celebratory rack of ribs , because " I 'm feelin ' hungry today ! " , and he depicts his life with meat metaphors . For example , he describes the White House Chief of Staff with grudging admiration : " She ’ s as tough as a two @-@ dollar steak " and plans to destroy an enemy the way " you devour a whale . One bite at a time " . He also endures a tedious weekly meeting with House leaders , as he tells the audience , by " [ imagining ] their lightly salted faces frying in a skillet . "
Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter notes that , in Season 2 , with Underwood 's new position as Vice President , " He 's got more power now and that means he instills more fear in his enemies " . At one point during the season , he states " The road to power is paved with hypocrisy and casualties . I need to prove what the vice president is capable of . " Underwood and Claire " continue their ruthless rise to power as threats mount on all fronts . "
= = = Underwood vs. Urquhart = = =
Underwood is an Americanized version of the original BBC series lead character Francis Urquhart , a Machiavellian post @-@ Margaret Thatcher Chief Whip of the Conservative Party . Urquhart employs deceit , cunning , murder , and blackmail to influence and pursue the office of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . According to series producer Beau Willimon , the change in last name stemmed from the " Dickensian " feeling and " more legitimately American " sounding resonance of the name ' Underwood ' . Whereas Urquhart is an aristocrat by birth , Underwood is a self @-@ made man . Urquhart was one of television 's first antiheroes , whereas Underwood follows the more recent rash of antiheroes that includes Tony Soprano of The Sopranos , Walter White of Breaking Bad , and Dexter Morgan of Dexter . However , unlike most other antiheroes , Underwood is not forced into immorality either by circumstance ( White ) , birth ( Soprano ) or upbringing ( Morgan ) . In his review of Season 2 , Slant Magazine 's Alan Jones writes that Underwood is evil by choice . Although the character is based on the BBC show 's lead character , in interviews during the writing and filming of season 2 , creator and showrunner Willimon said that he used Lyndon B. Johnson as a source of themes and issues addressed in House of Cards . Unlike the right @-@ wing Urquhart , who leads the Conservative Party , the center @-@ left Underwood is a member of the Democratic Party , but cares little for ideology in favor of " ruthless pragmatism " in furthering his own political influence and power .
= = = Relationship with Claire Underwood = = =
Stelter described Frank and Claire Underwood as a " scheming " couple . Michael Dobbs , the author of the trilogy of novels upon which the British miniseries is based , compares the compelling nature of their relationship favorably to the characters in the original miniseries , and likens them to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth . Underwood has strong feelings for Claire , and frequently plots with her at night . He says , " I love that woman . I love her more than sharks love blood . " While Underwood is Machiavellian , Claire , like Lady Macbeth , encourages her husband to do whatever is necessary to seize power . Hank Stuever of The Washington Post describes her as an ice @-@ queen wife . She encourages his vices while noting her disapproval of his weakness , saying , " My husband doesn ’ t apologize ... even to me . " Her overt encouragement gives a credibility to their symbiosis . Smith says " The Underwoods have proven themselves almost robotic in their pursuit of power . " Upon viewing a four @-@ episode preview of season 2 , Goodman says the series " ... sells husband and wife power @-@ at @-@ all @-@ costs couple ... as a little too oily and reptilian for anyone 's good . " Willimon notes that " What 's extraordinary about Frank and Claire is there is deep love and mutual respect , but the way they achieve this is by operating on a completely different set of rules than the rest of us typically do . " Los Angeles Times critic Mary McNamara makes the case that House of Cards is a love story on many levels , but most importantly between Underwood and Claire . It is a story about a man who will commit almost any crime imaginable while in pursuit of power and a political wife who gives him the encouragement to pursue that power .
Underwood and Claire engage in a threesome with their Secret Service bodyguard Edward Meechum at one point in season 2 , but have otherwise largely given up intramarital and extramarital sex in favor of their pursuit of power . International Business Times critic Ellen Killoran notes that this may relate back to Underwood 's quotation of Oscar Wilde to Zoe Barnes in Season 1 : " A great man once said , ' everything is about sex except sex . Sex is about power . ' " Avoiding sex may retain the balance of power in their relationship . His relationship with Claire is the epicenter of season 2 .
= = = Relationship with Zoe Barnes = = =
Underwood develops an intimate relationship with Washington Herald and Slugline reporter Zoe Barnes ( Kate Mara ) , with Claire 's knowledge . As the show begins , Barnes is desperate to rise from covering the Fairfax County Council beat to covering what 's going on behind the veil of power in the Capitol hallways . " By the end of the first episode , Barnes is among the cadre of Underwood 's accomplices . They begin a relationship , with Barnes promising to earn his trust and not " ask any questions " in return for his supplying her with sensitive political information . Toward the end of Season 1 , she ends their personal relationship and begins investigating his connection to Congressman Peter Russo 's apparent suicide ( Underwood had in fact killed him by locking him in his car in a closed garage ) . Underwood ultimately kills Barnes in the season 2 premiere , by pushing her in front of an oncoming Washington Metro train after she begins to follow clues related to the murder .
= = = Relationship with Edward Meechum = = =
Underwood is fond of the head of his Secret Service detail , Edward Meechum ( Nathan Darrow ) , and it is hinted several times that they harbor unacknowledged sexual feelings for each other . When Meechum stumbles upon Underwood watching pornography , Underwood and Claire joke about there being sexual chemistry between the two men . Shortly after Underwood becomes vice president , he , Claire and Meechum have a threesome .
Meechum remains Underwood 's bodyguard once he becomes the president , and there does not appear to be any continuing sexual relationship . Meechum remains fiercely loyal , however ; he warns Underwood 's biographer Tom Yates ( Paul Sparks ) not to write anything that would damage Underwood 's reputation . In season 4 , Underwood traces Meechum 's hand with a marker on one of the walls of the White House when he wants to replace a confederate painting ; Meechum suggests he put up something he likes instead .
When Lucas Goodwin shoots Underwood during a campaign event , Meechum trades fire with the assassin , and both are killed instantly . Meechum 's death is one of the tragedies Claire mentions in a press briefing for a gun control bill she is sponsoring , and Underwood has him buried in Arlington National Cemetery , a rare privilege for a Secret Service agent . When Underwood recovers and finds that Meechum 's hand tracing has been painted over , he expresses grief and regret at the loss to Claire , who says that Meechum was one of the few people who truly understood them .
= = = Breaking the fourth wall = = =
Spacey summed up Underwood 's relationship with the viewer - i.e. whenever he breaks the fourth wall - as being like that of a " best friend " and " the person [ he trusts ] more than anyone . " Because of this , his asides to the viewer serves as an indication of Underwood 's true feelings and intentions - typically when he is feigning politeness and courtesy to people whom he despises . In the season 2 premiere , after having gone the whole episode without doing so , Underwood addresses the viewer directly , saying , " Did you think I had forgotten you ? Perhaps you hoped I had . " In addition , in season 3 , after an argument with Claire that ends with her storming out on him , he looks directly at the viewer and snaps , " What 're you lookin ' at ? ! " For the first four seasons , Underwood was the only character to break the fourth wall until the very end of the fourth season , during which his wife Claire - though silent - addresses the camera directly with Frank .
= = Biography = =
= = = Season 1 = = =
At the start of the show , Underwood is a Democratic Majority Whip in the House of Representatives , where he has represented South Carolina 's 5th congressional district since 1990 .
Underwood is passed over for an appointment as United States Secretary of State even though he had been promised the position after ensuring the election of Colorado Governor Garrett Walker ( Michel Gill ) as President . Walker 's Chief of Staff Linda Vasquez ( Sakina Jaffrey ) gives him this news prior to the January 2013 United States presidential inauguration . With the aid of Claire , and his fiercely loyal Chief of Staff Doug Stamper ( Michael Kelly ) , Underwood uses his position as House Whip to seek retribution . He quickly allies with Washington Herald reporter Zoe Barnes ( Kate Mara ) , whom he uses to undermine his rivals via the press . The viciousness of Underwood 's manipulations escalates over the course of the season . He befriends Pennsylvania Rep. Peter Russo ( Corey Stoll ) , encouraging him to quit drinking and run for Governor of Pennsylvania ; then his underlings create enough pressure in the race to push Russo into publicly falling off the wagon and ruining his career , and finally murders him and makes it look like suicide . He then persuades Vice President Jim Matthews ( Dan Ziskie ) to resign so he can run for the office he previously held , Governor of Pennsylvania , the race being wide open following Russo 's death . In the season finale , " Chapter 13 " , Underwood is appointed Vice President to replace Matthews .
= = = Season 2 = = =
Underwood assumes the position of Vice President of the United States . Over the course of the season , he " faces challenges from similarly ambitious businessmen , the Chinese government and Congress itself " as he continues to pursue his political aspirations . His plotline revolves around battles with billionaire Raymond Tusk ( Gerald McRaney ) , involving Chinese money laundering . Over the course of the season his biggest challenges are the institutional power of the Office of the President and Tusk 's power as a billionaire industrialist .
He finds new rivals in Tusk , who seeks to maintain his position as Walker 's right @-@ hand adviser against Underwood 's intrusion , and his former communications director , Remy Danton ( Mahershala Ali ) , who is now a lobbyist working with Tusk .
At the beginning of the season , Underwood is trying to erase all links to Russo 's death . Thus , he kills Barnes by shoving her in front of an oncoming Washington Metro train , and frames her colleague and lover Lucas Goodwin ( Sebastian Arcelus ) for cyberterrorism . Another early task for newly promoted Underwood is finding his own replacement as House Majority Whip . He supports Jacqueline Sharp ( Molly Parker ) , a military veteran and third @-@ term Representative from California , although he refrains from offering public backing .
Toward the end of the season , Underwood orchestrates Walker 's downfall . He secretly leaks the details of the money laundering , for which Walker is blamed . While publicly supporting Walker , Underwood works behind the scenes to have him impeached , with Sharp 's help . In the season finale , " Chapter 26 " , Walker resigns , and Underwood succeeds him as President of the United States .
= = = Season 3 = = =
Season 3 begins with Underwood 's presidency off to a rocky start : six months into his term , he is unpopular with the public , and Congress is blocking his attempts to move legislation forward . He plans to secure his legacy with an ambitious jobs bill , America Works , but the Democratic Congressional leadership refuses to support it ; they also tell him that they will not support him if he seeks the presidential nomination in the next election . To make matters worse , Claire 's nomination for United States Ambassador to the United Nations is defeated after she makes a gaffe during a Senate nomination hearing .
Underwood announces that he will not run for reelection , and advocates for America Works , which he intends to pay for by stripping entitlement programs . He fails to get the jobs bill through Congress and uses that as a reason to renege on his promise to not run in 2016 . Solicitor General Heather Dunbar ( Elizabeth Marvel ) announces that she will seek the presidential nomination , and actually gives Underwood a battle . Underwood convinces Sharp to get married so she can announce her candidacy , for the sole reason of sapping women ’ s votes from Dunbar , at which point she will withdraw and accept the nomination for VP . After the presidential debate , where Underwood attacks Dunbar and Sharp , she announces her withdrawal from the race , and gives her support to Dunbar . Ultimately , however , Underwood wins the Iowa caucuses .
Meanwhile , the Underwoods ' marriage is faltering . Underwood gives Claire the ambassador job in a recess appointment , but she is forced to resign in order to solve a diplomatic crisis . Claire begins to question whether she still loves her husband , and they get into an ugly fight in which he tells her that she is nothing without him . Season 3 ends with Claire leaving Underwood as he prepares for the New Hampshire primary .
= = = Season 4 = = =
Underwood trails Dunbar in the polls , eventually losing the New Hampshire primary . Realizing that he needs Claire to win , he persuades her to come back by promising to support her run for a Senate seat in Texas . However , he sandbags her prospective candidacy by endorsing a political ally 's daughter , in order to keep Claire focused on his campaign . On the day of the South Carolina primary , Claire retaliates by arranging for two compromising photos to be leaked : one of Underwood 's father with a Klansman , and one of Underwood posing with a Confederate Civil War re @-@ enactor , putting his campaign in jeopardy . Underwood deduces that Claire was behind the leaks , and confronts her . Claire calmly admits what she did , and puts forth a proposition : that she run as his vice president . He angrily rejects the idea .
Lucas Goodwin is released from prison and , seeking revenge for Barnes ' death , shoots Underwood at a campaign rally , hitting him in the liver . He also mortally wounds Meechum , who manages to kill him before succumbing to his wounds . Underwood is rushed to the hospital for immediate surgery , rendering him in a coma . It is soon discovered that he needs a liver transplant . Stamper manages to bump him to the top of the transplant list , and he survives . Once he recovers , he agrees to let Claire run as his vice president .
After Dunbar drops out of the race due to the discovery of a meeting she 'd had with Goodwin a few days before the attempt on Underwood 's life , Underwood begins planning to maneuver Claire into the VP spot and to use the NSA to illegally obtain voter information and spy on the Republican nominee , Will Conway ( Joel Kinnaman ) . This happens while Underwood and Claire advocate for a controversial gun control bill for the sole purpose of creating an atmosphere divisive enough to weed out potential running mates . During the resulting open convention , Underwood intimidates the front @-@ runner , Secretary of State Catherine Durant ( Jayne Atkinson ) , into surrendering her delegates , and uses the public sympathy from Claire 's mother 's death to ensure that he and Claire are nominated .
When American extremists loyal to the terrorist group Islamic Caliphate Organization ( ICO ) kidnaps a suburban family , Underwood allows Conway to negotiate with them , making his opponent look like a hero - and then releases NSA data that proves Conway illegally influenced Congress . Soon afterward , however , Underwood is hit with two crises at once : ICO 's leader orders his followers to kill one of the hostages , while journalist Tom Hammerschmidt ( Boris McGiver ) exposes Underwood 's crimes in the Washington Herald . Facing disgrace and possible impeachment , Underwood decides to declare war on ICO and allow the public to see the hostage die in order to distract from the scandal and create an atmosphere of widespread fear that he and Claire can exploit in the weeks before the election .
= = Critical response = =
= = = Season 1 = = =
The New York Times ' David Itzkoff called Underwood a " scheming politician " who does " some of the most evil and underhanded things imaginable " . Brian Stelter of The New York Times said Underwood " … is on a quest for power that ’ s just as suspenseful as anything on television . " New York Daily News critic Don Kaplan says " … conniving Congressman Frank Underwood , is easily one of the most complex antiheroes on TV — except he ’ s not on TV " . David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle describes the character as one who " all but salivates over the chance to use his considerable power to gain more power , especially if it involves pulling the rug out from under some colleagues and the wool over the eyes of others . "
Andrew Davies , the producer of the original UK TV series , feels that Underwood lacks the " charm " of the original character , Francis Urquhart .
The Independent praised Spacey 's portrayal as a more " menacing " character , " hiding his rage behind Southern charm and old @-@ fashioned courtesy , " while The New Republic noted that " When Urquhart addressed the audience , it was partly in the spirit of conspiratorial fun . His asides sparked with wit . He wasn 't just ruthlessly striving , he was amusing himself , mocking the ridiculousness of his milieu . There is no impishness about Spacey ’ s Frank Underwood , just numb , machine @-@ like ambition . Even his affection for his wife is a calculation . "
Poniewozik praises Underwood 's accent , saying " Spacey gives Underwood a silky Southern accent you could pour over crushed ice and sip with a sprig of mint on Derby Day . " Nancy deWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal describes the accent as a " mild but sometimes missing Carolina accent " . Time listed Frank Underwood among the 11 most influential fictional characters in 2013 .
= = = Season 2 = = =
According The Kansas City Star 's Smith , " Frank hasn ’ t changed , and neither has his brand of Machiavellian political theater " and " Spacey has lost none of his smarmy magnetism as the cartoonish villain " . According to Variety 's Brian Lowry , " Kevin Spacey ’ s showy performance as an unscrupulous politician " is foremost among the show 's strengths , but the show 's weakness is the " failure to present its scheming protagonist with equally matched foes " . Lowry feels that as conniving as Underwood is , it is unfathomable that " nobody else in a town built on power seems particularly adept at recognizing this or combating him " . Goodman says " Spacey is nothing if not constantly magnetic " . The delayed use of the fourth wall is perceived as clever . Alison Willmore of Indiewire says that " Unlike Walter White or Tony Soprano , Frank feels at peace with his ruthless pragmatism and what he does in pursuit of power , and reminds us of the fact in his asides to the camera ... he may be a ruthless sociopath , but there 's something to admire there " . However Willmore noted that Frank became lighter in season 2 noting that the season was " ... delivered with more of a wink by Frank than before . "
Poniewozik notes that " It also remains a delight to watch Spacey pump the humid breath of life into House of Cards ’ arid Capitol chill . If only his character weren ’ t so dominant of his surroundings as well . One reason the series ’ movements can feel so mechanical is that , so far , no one seems nearly in Underwood ’ s league : not the adversaries he battles directly , nor the sad sacks that he gulls without their even knowing it . " Chuck Barney of the San Jose Mercury News notes that the preview episodes show that " Frank 's " Survivor " -like back @-@ stabbing is beginning to feel a bit repetitive . " and that his lack of an adversarial foil has become an issue : " ... things always seem to fall neatly into place for him . Even his showdowns with the president ( Michel Gill ) come off as one @-@ sided ... " Verne Gay of Newsday notes that " Frank Underwood has no remorse , no superannuated sense of Washington tradition or decorum , and certainly no second thoughts . He is TV 's perfect monster of the moment - a compleat malefactor , with a pleasing honey @-@ toned drawl . "
Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times says " By positing a Johnsonesque power broker and master schemer who wields cabalistic influence behind the scenes , House of Cards assigns order and purpose to what , in real life , is too often just an endless , baffling tick @-@ tack @-@ toe stalemate . " NPR 's Eric Deggans says that Underwood " blends velvety charm and mesmerizing menace like no other character on television " .
New York Observer critic Drew Grant notes that although the series aired during the golden age of dramatic antiheroes , Underwood 's villainy has become trite : " House of Cards is a good reminder , however , that there is a reason Iago wasn ’ t the center of Othello . Unrelenting , unexplained cruelty can be as pedantic as constant kindness . "
However , Hitfix reviewer , Alan Sepinwall was highly critical of Spacey 's performance and accused him of " hamming it up " and " phoning it in on a not very good show to begin with " .
= = = Season 3 = = =
Reviews for season 3 of House of Cards were mostly positive . However , a few critics found the Underwood character was becoming repetitive : the critical consensus on the review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes held that , " Season three introduces intriguing new political and personal elements to Frank Underwood 's character , even if it feels like more of the same for some . " Ed Power of The Daily Telegraph wrote , " Everyone in House of Cards has an agenda - a secret twitching in the attic . The thrill , and the horror , may lie in the degree to which we catch reflections of real life in its dark , cool contours . "
Some critics opined that the Underwood character is less interesting once he achieves his goal of becoming president and actually has to govern . " You could take the show seriously just as long as you didn ’ t have to take it seriously , as long as it only took place in the dream world of imaginary fantasy politics , " wrote Aaron Bady of The New Republic , who compared Underwood unfavorably with Josiah Bartlett of The West Wing . " But when a cartoon becomes president , it starts to look too fake to be real , but too real to be a cartoon . Frank plays the role of President Bartlett , a cartoon president doing things that would actually , in reality , be kind of great . But Bartlett was too good to be true , and the old Frank was too evil to be true . President Underwood is just too dull to be a fantasy , and so the props take center stage . "
Critics continued to praise Spacey 's performance , however . Don Kaplan of The New York Daily News wrote , " Underwood ’ s bottomless appetite for dark dealing keeps Spacey so deliciously detestable you can ’ t help but keep rooting for the bad guy to win . "
= = = Season 4 = = =
In season 4 , Jacob Solworthy wrote in his review of the first six episodes of season four : " Until now , ' House of Cards ' has centred on the character 's outward expression of power -- not to mention his hunger for it -- but the writers have shrewdly stripped that back , instead focusing on the character 's internal fears in a way not dissimilar from Tony 's dream sequences in ' The Sopranos ' , " he later added , " You 'll never root for Frank more than you do by the end of these six episodes . "
On the other hand , Daniel Fienberg from The Hollywood Reporter was critical of Spacey 's performance , writing : " Spacey 's performance , which at least had an appealingly theatrical extravagance when the series began , has grown less enjoyable . Having reached a pinnacle , there 's no way to root for Frank 's striving anymore , if you ever were , but House of Cards has yet to commit to urging us to root for Frank 's downfall . "
There was also considerable mention of the evolution of Underwood 's relationship with Claire . " [ T ] heir partnership has morphed into an entirely professional exercise , with a shared lust for power having supplanted more conventional matrimonial bonds , " wrote Brian Lowry of Variety . The Atlantic 's Spencer Kornhaber remarked , however , that the utter ruthlessness displayed by Underwoods in the season finale may have represented a " jump the shark " moment for the series : " The Underwoods have murdered a politician and a journalist , and some innocents have also been collateral damage to their activities . Now , though , they ’ ve set out to maintain their power at the cost of mass casualties . Netflix hasn ’ t said how many seasons are to come , but it ’ s hard to imagine the show being watchable for all that much longer now that this rubicon of despicability has been crossed . "
Some compared Underwood 's storyline in season 4 to the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Brian Moyland of The Guardian wrote , " ' House of Cards ' has never felt like the real presidency : Frank Underwood is evil incarnate , bumping off junior Congressmen and pushing journalists in front of trains . But now that , in real life , we 're in the throes of such a bizarre presidential race , his machinations are starting to look almost viable . There are several parallels between Underwood 's re @-@ election campaign and the 2016 campaigns of Donald Trump , Ted Cruz , Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders . "
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
At the 3rd Critics ' Choice Television Awards , Spacey was nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Underwood .
On July 18 , 2013 , Netflix earned the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for original online only web television for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards . Three of its web series , Arrested Development , Hemlock Grove , and House of Cards , earned nominations . For the first time , three Primetime Emmy nominations for lead roles were from web television series : Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series to Spacey for his portrayal of Frank Underwood , Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series to Robin Wright for her portrayal of Claire Underwood , and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series to Jason Bateman for his portrayal of Michael Bluth in Arrested Development . Spacey submitted " Chapter 1 " for consideration to earn his nomination . Spacey also earned a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama and a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series nominations .
In season 2 , Spacey won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , as well as nominations for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards and a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Outstanding by an Ensemble in a Drama Series .
In season 3 , Spacey was nominated for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards , his third nomination for the role . He also was nominated for both Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards .
The season 4 performance earned a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards .
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= Reflections on Having Left a Place of Retirement =
Reflections on Having Left a Place of Retirement is a poem written by English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1796 . Like his earlier poem The Eolian Harp , the poem discusses Coleridge 's understanding of nature and his married life , which was suffering from problems that developed after the previous poem . Overall , the poem focuses on humanity 's relationship with nature in its various aspects ranging from experiencing an Edenic state to having to abandon a unity with nature in order to fulfill a moral obligation to humanity . The discussion of man 's obligation to each other leads into a discussion on the difference between the life of a philosopher and the life of a poet . By the end of the poem , the narrator follows the philosophical path in a manner similar to what Coleridge sought to do . The response to the poem from critics was mostly positive with many of them emphasizing the religious aspects of the poem in their analysis .
= = Background = =
After marrying Sarah Fricker in autumn 1795 , Coleridge left their home at Clevedon and began to travel throughout England in order to meet with various philosophers and political theorists . In part , he was trying to meet with people so he could raise subscriptions for his various works . During this time , he would write home constantly to his pregnant wife and was concerned about her state of health . His feelings of guilt , along with a fever that he treated with laudanum , affected him greatly and caused him to express these feelings in a letter to Josiah Wade on 10 February 1796 : " My past life seems to me like a dream , a feverish dream ! all one gloomy huddle of strange actions , and dim @-@ discovered motives ! Friendships lost by indolence , and happiness murdered by mismanaged sensibilities . "
After the letter , Coleridge returned to his wife who was now living with her family at Redcliffe Hill , Bristol . As he wrote The Eolian Harp to commemorate coming to his home at Clevedon , Coleridge composed Reflections on Having Left a Place of Retirement on leaving it . The poem was not included in Coleridge 's 1796 collection of poems as it was probably still incomplete , but it was published in the October 1796 Monthly Magazine under the title Reflections on Entering into Active Life . A poem Which Affects Not to be Poetry . Reflections was included in Coleridge 's 28 October 1797 collection of poems and the collections that followed . Of his early poems , Coleridge believed that Reflections was his best .
= = Poem = =
The poem begins with an idealisation of a " Valley of Seclusion " :
In the open air
Our Myrtles blossom 'd ; and across the porch
Thick Jasmins twined : the little landscape round
Was green and woody , and refresh 'd the eye .
It was a spot which you might aptly call
The Valley of Seclusion ! ( lines 4 – 9 )
The poem continues with a goodbye to the valley and asks if his life of pleasure was appropriate :
I was constrain 'd to quit you . Was it right ,
While my unnumber 'd brethren toil 'd and bled ,
That I should dream away the entrusted hours
On rose @-@ leaf beds , pampering the coward heart
With feelings all too delicate for use ? ( lines 44 – 48 )
The narrator describes the reasons why he is leaving Clevedon along with the allowance of remembering his former life there after his work is done :
I therefore go , and join head , heart , and hand ,
Active and firm , to fight the bloodless fight
Of Science , Freedom , and the Truth in CHRIST .
Yet oft when after honourable toil
Rests the tir 'd mind , and waking loves to dream
My Spirit shall revisit thee , dear Cot ! ( lines 60 – 65 )
= = Themes = =
The themes of Reflections are connected to Coleridge 's The Eolian Harp as the scene for both is the same . The land of Clevedon is praised and seen full of life , and it serves as contrast to escaping from the real world into fantasy and pondering about the abstract . Both poems also describe Coleridge 's relationship with his wife and feelings of sexual desire . The imagination aspects of the poem represent an unwillingness to accept nature on its own and rejects the conclusion of The Eolian Harp . Although the land of Clevedon can bring one closer to God , one cannot just simply exist in such an area but must seek out truth .
Feeling the need to seek out truth creates a separation between the mind of a poet and the mind of a philosopher . The poem reconciles the two by allowing the pursuer of truth to reflect on his time of simply enjoying nature and God 's presence . However , the philosopher aspect is dominant and the individual must go out and try to help humanity . Nature can be soothing , but the narrator must reject the Edenic quality of nature because such a state is not yet appropriate . The Edenic imagery figures into many of Coleridge 's poems and is reinforced with the image of myrtle trees and takes on many forms within his poetry . In Reflections , to dwell in an Edenic state is a paradise in which the narrator leaves voluntarily because he cannot ignore the problems of the world like a coward . Instead , the individual is compelled to join with humanity and even the lowest form of benefiting humanity is superior to doing nothing at all .
The image of nature and other themes reappears in Fears in Solitude ( 1798 ) . The later poem recreates the " Valley of Seclusion " image in the form of a dell . Even the image of a passerby looking in on the cottage found in Reflection is repeated . Similarly , the compulsion to enter into the world and help humanity is included , but it is altered from being motivated by guilt to a warning message against a possible invasion from outside forces . As such , Fears in Solitude does not seek to leave the location to help humanity , but to stay as a protector over his family .
In Coleridge 's own life , he tried to follow the path of the philosopher , but the 10 July 1834 entry in Table Talk admits that he was unable to do so : " so I own I wish life and strength had been spared to me to complete my Philosophy . For , as God hears me , the originating , continuing , and sustaining wish and design in my heart were to exalt the glory of his name ; and , which is the same thing in other words , to promote the improvement of humanity . But visum aliter Deo , and his will be done . "
In terms of Coleridge 's marriage , Reflections differs from The Eolian Harp by saying that there were problems within the marriage , especially with it distracting Coleridge from nature and the world outside of the home that he shared with his wife . The poem expresses feelings of solitude and confinement , and there is a difference between the worlds inside and outside of the cottage in a similar manner to the focus found within Coleridge 's Kubla Khan . This is especially true with a focus from the private to the public spheres . Within the outside world , the poem 's narrator is separate from humanity , but his focus is ever on humanity and contains both a religious and political component . The image of " One Life " within the poem compels him to abandon the sensual pleasures of the cottage and to pursue a path of helping humanity .
= = Critical response = =
The Critical Review saw favor with " To the River Otter " and Reflections in their review of the 1797 collection of Coleridge 's poem . The July review claims that the poem " evince a feeling heart . The comparison between the weeping eyes of a humane friend and the unmoved face of another equally benevolent , and the contrast between the latter and those who merely affect sympathy , are well drawn . "
During the 20th century , Virginia Radley declares that Reflections " although not so striking in imagery as is the ' Eolian Harp , ' still has much to recommend it in this respect [ ... ] The impression left with the reader that the cottage and its surroundings are inestimably lovely , quiet , and peaceful is a paramount one , while the dead lines [ ... ] do not move the reader at all , except to make him wonder if the move from Clevedon for the cause of humanity was a necessary one . " Richard Haven argues that the poem 's image of the moral path is weak because " the returned traveller can only dismiss his ascent to another mode of being as a pleasant but useless memory " .
Anthony Harding believes " it is important to recognize that it steps outside the idyllic but circumscribed scene of ' The Eolian Harp ' , and admits the impossibility , in a fallen world , of human self @-@ sufficiency . " Oswald Doughty states that the " most important additions " to Coleridge 's 1797 edition of poems included Reflections . Richard Holmes points out that both Reflections and The Eolian Harp " mark a new stage in Coleridge 's exploration of the sacred relations between man and nature , which gradually become more serious and impassioned as they carry increasingly theological implications behind his Romanticism . "
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= HMS Pioneer ( R76 ) =
HMS Pioneer was a Colossus @-@ class aircraft carrier built for the Royal Navy during World War II . She was modified whilst under construction into an aircraft maintenance carrier . The ship arrived in Australia in mid @-@ 1945 to support operations by the British Pacific Fleet against Japanese forces . She supported the British attacks on the Japanese Home Islands from mid @-@ June until the end of the war in August from a base in the Admiralty Islands . The ship and her facilities were used to help repair Hong Kong 's infrastructure in late 1945 and she returned to the UK in early 1946 . Pioneer was immediately placed in reserve upon her arrival and she was sold in 1954 for scrap .
= = Design , description and construction = =
The Colossus @-@ class carriers were intended to meet a shortage of naval flight decks . Their design was based on that of the Illustrious @-@ class aircraft carriers , but modified to permit rapid construction in commercial yards . Pioneer was not completed to her original design ; the success of the maintenance aircraft carrier Unicorn prompted modification of the ship , whilst under construction , to an aircraft maintenance ship without aircraft catapults .
Pioneer had an overall length of 695 feet ( 211 @.@ 8 m ) , a beam of 80 feet 4 inches ( 24 @.@ 5 m ) , and a draught of 23 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) at deep load . She displaced 12 @,@ 000 long tons ( 12 @,@ 000 t ) at standard load . Each of the ship 's two sets of Parsons geared steam turbines drove one propeller shaft . Steam was supplied by four Admiralty three @-@ drum water @-@ tube boilers operating at a pressure of 400 psi ( 2 @,@ 758 kPa ; 28 kgf / cm2 ) . The turbines were designed for a total of 40 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 30 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave Pioneer a speed of 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) . The ship carried 3 @,@ 196 long tons ( 3 @,@ 247 t ) of fuel oil which gave her a range of 8 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 15 @,@ 700 km ; 9 @,@ 800 mi ) at 11 knots ( 20 km / h ; 13 mph ) .
In order to maximize space for workshops and stores , the ship 's arresting gear and catapult were not fitted ; two large deckhouses were added to port of the island and on the rear of the flight deck . The ship had a single hangar , 17 feet 6 inches ( 5 @.@ 33 m ) high . Aircraft were transported between the hangars and the flight deck by two aircraft lifts ( elevators ) ; each measured 34 by 45 feet ( 10 @.@ 4 m × 13 @.@ 7 m ) . Two large cranes were mounted on the flight deck to move aircraft and stores to and from the flight deck . The ship carried two small self @-@ propelled lighters to allow unflyable aircraft to be transferred between ships or to shore facilities . Bulk petrol storage consisted of 98 @,@ 600 imperial gallons ( 448 @,@ 000 l ; 118 @,@ 400 US gal ) . The ship 's crew totaled 854 , plus 222 in her aircraft repair department .
The ship was equipped with six quadruple mounts for the 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) QF 2 @-@ pounder Mk VIII gun ( " pom @-@ pom " ) . These gun mounts could depress to − 10 ° and elevate to a maximum of + 80 ° . The Mk VIII 2 @-@ pounder gun fired a 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) 0 @.@ 91 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 41 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 920 ft / s ( 590 m / s ) to a distance of 3 @,@ 800 yards ( 3 @,@ 500 m ) . The gun 's rate of fire was approximately 96 – 98 rounds per minute . She was also fitted with 19 Bofors 40 mm autocannon in single mounts . The Bofors fired a 0 @.@ 719 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 326 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 890 ft / s ( 880 m / s ) . It had a rate of fire of about 120 rounds per minute and a maximum range of 10 @,@ 750 yards ( 9 @,@ 830 m ) . All of the guns were mounted on the flight deck , not in sponsons on the side of the hull like her half @-@ sisters that were completed as aircraft carriers . Each " pom @-@ pom " mount was provided with a separate fire @-@ control director fitted with a Type 262 gunnery radar .
Pioneer was ordered on 7 August 1942 under the name Ethalion , but was renamed Mars later in 1942 . She was laid down at Vickers @-@ Armstrong in Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness on 2 December and was launched on 20 May 1944 The ship was renamed Pioneer in July 1944 after the decision had been made to convert her to an aircraft maintenance ship. and was completed on 8 February 1945 .
= = Service = =
After working up , Pioneer sailed for Australia on 30 March 1945 . She arrived in Sydney on 13 May and was transferred to Manus Island , in the Admiralty Islands , on 21 June to prepare for operations off Japan . She was still there when Japan surrendered on 15 August and had repaired 24 aircraft since her arrival . Pioneer arrived in Hong Kong in late September to help with the rebuilding of the colony 's infrastructure . Her sailors restored power , telephone service and repaired trains and buses . She made one trip back to Manus , but was back in Hong Kong in late November . The ship sailed for Sydney the following month and departed for the UK on 17 February 1946 . Upon her arrival , she was placed in reserve . Pioneer was sold to Thomas W. Ward Ltd for scrap in September 1954 and broken up in Inverkeithing .
|
= Pythagorean theorem =
In mathematics , the Pythagorean theorem , also known as Pythagoras ' theorem , is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle . It states that the square of the hypotenuse ( the side opposite the right angle ) is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides . The theorem can be written as an equation relating the lengths of the sides a , b and c , often called the " Pythagorean equation " :
<formula>
where c represents the length of the hypotenuse and a and b the lengths of the triangle 's other two sides .
Although it is often argued that knowledge of the theorem predates him , the theorem is named after the ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras ( c . 570 – c . 495 BC ) as it is he who , by tradition , is credited with its first recorded proof . There is some evidence that Babylonian mathematicians understood the formula , although little of it indicates an application within a mathematical framework . Mesopotamian , Indian and Chinese mathematicians all discovered the theorem independently and , in some cases , provided proofs for special cases .
The theorem has been given numerous proofs – possibly the most for any mathematical theorem . They are very diverse , including both geometric proofs and algebraic proofs , with some dating back thousands of years . The theorem can be generalized in various ways , including higher @-@ dimensional spaces , to spaces that are not Euclidean , to objects that are not right triangles , and indeed , to objects that are not triangles at all , but n @-@ dimensional solids . The Pythagorean theorem has attracted interest outside mathematics as a symbol of mathematical abstruseness , mystique , or intellectual power ; popular references in literature , plays , musicals , songs , stamps and cartoons abound .
= = Pythagorean proof = =
The Pythagorean Theorem was known long before Pythagoras , but he may well have been the first to prove it . In any event , the proof attributed to him is very simple , and is called a proof by rearrangement .
The two large squares shown in the figure each contain four identical triangles , and the only difference between the two large squares is that the triangles are arranged differently . Therefore , the white space within each of the two large squares must have equal area . Equating the area of the white space yields the Pythagorean Theorem , Q.E.D.
That Pythagoras originated this very simple proof is sometimes inferred from the writings of the later Greek philosopher and mathematician Proclus . Several other proofs of this theorem are described below , but this is known as the Pythagorean one .
= = Other forms of the theorem = =
As pointed out in the introduction , if c denotes the length of the hypotenuse and a and b denote the lengths of the other two sides , the Pythagorean theorem can be expressed as the Pythagorean equation :
<formula>
If the length of both a and b are known , then c can be calculated as
<formula>
If the length of the hypotenuse c and of one side ( a or b ) are known , then the length of the other side can be calculated as
<formula>
or
<formula>
The Pythagorean equation relates the sides of a right triangle in a simple way , so that if the lengths of any two sides are known the length of the third side can be found . Another corollary of the theorem is that in any right triangle , the hypotenuse is greater than any one of the other sides , but less than their sum .
A generalization of this theorem is the law of cosines , which allows the computation of the length of any side of any triangle , given the lengths of the other two sides and the angle between them . If the angle between the other sides is a right angle , the law of cosines reduces to the Pythagorean equation .
= = Other proofs of the theorem = =
This theorem may have more known proofs than any other ( the law of quadratic reciprocity being another contender for that distinction ) ; the book The Pythagorean Proposition contains 370 proofs .
= = = Proof using similar triangles = = =
This proof is based on the proportionality of the sides of two similar triangles , that is , upon the fact that the ratio of any two corresponding sides of similar triangles is the same regardless of the size of the triangles .
Let ABC represent a right triangle , with the right angle located at C , as shown on the figure . Draw the altitude from point C , and call H its intersection with the side AB . Point H divides the length of the hypotenuse c into parts d and e . The new triangle ACH is similar to triangle ABC , because they both have a right angle ( by definition of the altitude ) , and they share the angle at A , meaning that the third angle will be the same in both triangles as well , marked as θ in the figure . By a similar reasoning , the triangle CBH is also similar to ABC . The proof of similarity of the triangles requires the triangle postulate : the sum of the angles in a triangle is two right angles , and is equivalent to the parallel postulate . Similarity of the triangles leads to the equality of ratios of corresponding sides :
<formula>
The first result equates the cosines of the angles θ , whereas the second result equates their sines .
These ratios can be written as
<formula>
Summing these two equalities results in
<formula>
which , after simplification , expresses the Pythagorean theorem :
<formula>
The role of this proof in history is the subject of much speculation . The underlying question is why Euclid did not use this proof , but invented another . One conjecture is that the proof by similar triangles involved a theory of proportions , a topic not discussed until later in the Elements , and that the theory of proportions needed further development at that time .
= = = Euclid 's proof = = =
In outline , here is how the proof in Euclid 's Elements proceeds . The large square is divided into a left and right rectangle . A triangle is constructed that has half the area of the left rectangle . Then another triangle is constructed that has half the area of the square on the left @-@ most side . These two triangles are shown to be congruent , proving this square has the same area as the left rectangle . This argument is followed by a similar version for the right rectangle and the remaining square . Putting the two rectangles together to reform the square on the hypotenuse , its area is the same as the sum of the area of the other two squares . The details follow .
Let A , B , C be the vertices of a right triangle , with a right angle at A. Drop a perpendicular from A to the side opposite the hypotenuse in the square on the hypotenuse . That line divides the square on the hypotenuse into two rectangles , each having the same area as one of the two squares on the legs .
For the formal proof , we require four elementary lemmata :
If two triangles have two sides of the one equal to two sides of the other , each to each , and the angles included by those sides equal , then the triangles are congruent ( side @-@ angle @-@ side ) .
The area of a triangle is half the area of any parallelogram on the same base and having the same altitude .
The area of a rectangle is equal to the product of two adjacent sides .
The area of a square is equal to the product of two of its sides ( follows from 3 ) .
Next , each top square is related to a triangle congruent with another triangle related in turn to one of two rectangles making up the lower square .
The proof is as follows :
Let ACB be a right @-@ angled triangle with right angle CAB .
On each of the sides BC , AB , and CA , squares are drawn , CBDE , BAGF , and ACIH , in that order . The construction of squares requires the immediately preceding theorems in Euclid , and depends upon the parallel postulate .
From A , draw a line parallel to BD and CE . It will perpendicularly intersect BC and DE at K and L , respectively .
Join CF and AD , to form the triangles BCF and BDA .
Angles CAB and BAG are both right angles ; therefore C , A , and G are collinear . Similarly for B , A , and H.
Angles CBD and FBA are both right angles ; therefore angle ABD equals angle FBC , since both are the sum of a right angle and angle ABC .
Since AB is equal to FB and BD is equal to BC , triangle ABD must be congruent to triangle FBC .
Since A @-@ K @-@ L is a straight line , parallel to BD , then rectangle BDLK has twice the area of triangle ABD because they share the base BD and have the same altitude BK , i.e. , a line normal to their common base , connecting the parallel lines BD and AL . ( lemma 2 )
Since C is collinear with A and G , square BAGF must be twice in area to triangle FBC .
Therefore , rectangle BDLK must have the same area as square BAGF
= AB2 .
Similarly , it can be shown that rectangle CKLE must have the same area as square ACIH =
AC2 .
Adding these two results , AB2 + AC2
= BD × BK + KL × KC
Since BD =
KL , BD × BK + KL × KC |
= BD ( BK + KC ) =
BD × BC
Therefore , AB2 + AC2 = BC2 , since CBDE is a square .
This proof , which appears in Euclid 's Elements as that of Proposition 47 in Book 1 , demonstrates that the area of the square on the hypotenuse is the sum of the areas of the other two squares . This is quite distinct from the proof by similarity of triangles , which is conjectured to be the proof that Pythagoras used .
= = = Proofs by dissection and rearrangement = = =
We have already discussed the Pythagorean proof , which was a proof by rearrangement . The same idea is conveyed by the leftmost animation below , which consists of a large square , side a + b , containing four identical right triangles . The triangles are shown in two arrangements , the first of which leaves two squares a2 and b2 uncovered , the second of which leaves square c2 uncovered . The area encompassed by the outer square never changes , and the area of the four triangles is the same at the beginning and the end , so the black square areas must be equal , therefore a2 + b2 = c2 .
A second proof by rearrangement is given by the middle animation . A large square is formed with area c2 , from four identical right triangles with sides a , b and c , fitted around a small central square . Then two rectangles are formed with sides a and b by moving the triangles . Combining the smaller square with these rectangles produces two squares of areas a2 and b2 , which must have the same area as the initial large square .
The third , rightmost image also gives a proof . The upper two squares are divided as shown by the blue and green shading , into pieces that when rearranged can be made to fit in the lower square on the hypotenuse – or conversely the large square can be divided as shown into pieces that fill the other two . This way of cutting one figure into pieces and rearranging them to get another figure is called dissection . This shows the area of the large square equals that of the two smaller ones .
= = = Einstein 's proof by dissection without rearrangement = = =
Albert Einstein gave a proof by dissection in which the pieces need not get moved . Instead of using a square on the hypotenuse and two squares on the legs , one can use any other shape that includes the hypotenuse , and two similar shapes that each include one of two legs instead of the hypotenuse . In Einstein 's proof , the shape that includes the hypotenuse is the right triangle itself . The dissection consists of dropping a perpendicular from the vertex of the right angle of the triangle to the hypotenuse , thus splitting the whole triangle into two parts . Those two parts have the same shape as the original right triangle , and have the legs of the original triangle as their hypotenuses , and the sum of their areas is that of the original triangle . Because the ratio of the area of a right triangle to the square of its hypotenuse is the same for similar triangles , the relationship between the areas of the three triangles holds for the squares of the sides of the large triangle as well .
= = = Algebraic proofs = = =
The theorem can be proved algebraically using four copies of a right triangle with sides a , b and c , arranged inside a square with side c as in the top half of the diagram . The triangles are similar with area <formula> , while the small square has side b − a and area ( b − a ) 2 . The area of the large square is therefore
<formula>
But this is a square with side c and area c2 , so
<formula>
A similar proof uses four copies of the same triangle arranged symmetrically around a square with side c , as shown in the lower part of the diagram . This results in a larger square , with side a + b and area ( a + b ) 2 . The four triangles and the square side c must have the same area as the larger square ,
<formula>
giving
<formula>
A related proof was published by future U.S. President James A. Garfield ( then a U.S. Representative ) . Instead of a square it uses a trapezoid , which can be constructed from the square in the second of the above proofs by bisecting along a diagonal of the inner square , to give the trapezoid as shown in the diagram . The area of the trapezoid can be calculated to be half the area of the square , that is
<formula>
The inner square is similarly halved , and there are only two triangles so the proof proceeds as above except for a factor of <formula> , which is removed by multiplying by two to give the result .
= = = Proof using differentials = = =
One can arrive at the Pythagorean theorem by studying how changes in a side produce a change in the hypotenuse and employing calculus .
The triangle ABC is a right triangle , as shown in the upper part of the diagram , with BC the hypotenuse . At the same time the triangle lengths are measured as shown , with the hypotenuse of length y , the side AC of length x and the side AB of length a , as seen in the lower diagram part .
If x is increased by a small amount dx by extending the side AC slightly to D , then y also increases by dy . These form two sides of a triangle , CDE , which ( with E chosen so CE is perpendicular to the hypotenuse ) is a right triangle approximately similar to ABC . Therefore , the ratios of their sides must be the same , that is :
<formula>
This can be rewritten as <formula> , which is a differential equation that can be solved by direct integration :
<formula>
giving
<formula>
The constant can be deduced from x |
= 0 , y =
a to give the equation
<formula>
This is more of an intuitive proof than a formal one : it can be made more rigorous if proper limits are used in place of dx and dy .
= = Converse = =
The converse of the theorem is also true :
For any three positive numbers a , b , and c such that a2 + b2
= c2 , there exists a triangle with sides a , b and c , and every such triangle has a right angle between the sides of lengths a and b .
An alternative statement is :
For any triangle with sides a , b , c , if a2 + b2 =
c2 , then the angle between a and b measures 90 ° .
This converse also appears in Euclid 's Elements ( Book I , Proposition 48 ) :
" If in a triangle the square on one of the sides equals the sum of the squares on the remaining two sides of the triangle , then the angle contained by the remaining two sides of the triangle is right . "
It can be proven using the law of cosines or as follows :
Let ABC be a triangle with side lengths a , b , and c , with a2 + b2 |
= c2 . Construct a second triangle with sides of length a and b containing a right angle . By the Pythagorean theorem , it follows that the hypotenuse of this triangle has length c =
√ a2 + b2 , the same as the hypotenuse of the first triangle . Since both triangles ' sides are the same lengths a , b and c , the triangles are congruent and must have the same angles . Therefore , the angle between the side of lengths a and b in the original triangle is a right angle .
The above proof of the converse makes use of the Pythagorean Theorem itself . The converse can also be proven without assuming the Pythagorean Theorem .
A corollary of the Pythagorean theorem 's converse is a simple means of determining whether a triangle is right , obtuse , or acute , as follows . Let c be chosen to be the longest of the three sides and a + b > c ( otherwise there is no triangle according to the triangle inequality ) . The following statements apply :
If a2 + b2
= c2 , then the triangle is right .
If a2 + b2 > c2 , then the triangle is acute .
If a2 + b2 < c2 , then the triangle is obtuse .
Edsger Dijkstra has stated this proposition about acute , right , and obtuse triangles in this language :
sgn ( α + β − γ ) =
sgn ( a2 + b2 − c2 ) ,
where α is the angle opposite to side a , β is the angle opposite to side b , γ is the angle opposite to side c , and sgn is the sign function .
= = Consequences and uses of the theorem = =
= = = Pythagorean triples = = =
A Pythagorean triple has three positive integers a , b , and c , such that a2 + b2 = c2 . In other words , a Pythagorean triple represents the lengths of the sides of a right triangle where all three sides have integer lengths . Evidence from megalithic monuments in Northern Europe shows that such triples were known before the discovery of writing . Such a triple is commonly written ( a , b , c ) . Some well @-@ known examples are ( 3 , 4 , 5 ) and ( 5 , 12 , 13 ) .
A primitive Pythagorean triple is one in which a , b and c are coprime ( the greatest common divisor of a , b and c is 1 ) .
The following is a list of primitive Pythagorean triples with values less than 100 :
( 3 , 4 , 5 ) , ( 5 , 12 , 13 ) , ( 7 , 24 , 25 ) , ( 8 , 15 , 17 ) , ( 9 , 40 , 41 ) , ( 11 , 60 , 61 ) , ( 12 , 35 , 37 ) , ( 13 , 84 , 85 ) , ( 16 , 63 , 65 ) , ( 20 , 21 , 29 ) , ( 28 , 45 , 53 ) , ( 33 , 56 , 65 ) , ( 36 , 77 , 85 ) , ( 39 , 80 , 89 ) , ( 48 , 55 , 73 ) , ( 65 , 72 , 97 )
= = = Incommensurable lengths = = =
One of the consequences of the Pythagorean theorem is that line segments whose lengths are incommensurable ( so the ratio of which is not a rational number ) can be constructed using a straightedge and compass . Pythagoras 's theorem enables construction of incommensurable lengths because the hypotenuse of a triangle is related to the sides by the square root operation .
The figure on the right shows how to construct line segments whose lengths are in the ratio of the square root of any positive integer . Each triangle has a side ( labeled " 1 " ) that is the chosen unit for measurement . In each right triangle , Pythagoras 's theorem establishes the length of the hypotenuse in terms of this unit . If a hypotenuse is related to the unit by the square root of a positive integer that is not a perfect square , it is a realization of a length incommensurable with the unit , such as √ 2 , √ 3 , √ 5 . For more detail , see Quadratic irrational .
Incommensurable lengths conflicted with the Pythagorean school 's concept of numbers as only whole numbers . The Pythagorean school dealt with proportions by comparison of integer multiples of a common subunit . According to one legend , Hippasus of Metapontum ( ca . 470 B.C. ) was drowned at sea for making known the existence of the irrational or incommensurable .
= = = Complex numbers = = =
For any complex number
<formula>
the absolute value or modulus is given by
<formula>
So the three quantities , r , x and y are related by the Pythagorean equation ,
<formula>
Note that r is defined to be a positive number or zero but x and y can be negative as well as positive . Geometrically r is the distance of the z from zero or the origin O in the complex plane .
This can be generalised to find the distance between two points , z1 and z2 say . The required distance is given by
<formula>
so again they are related by a version of the Pythagorean equation ,
<formula>
= = = Euclidean distance in various coordinate systems = = =
The distance formula in Cartesian coordinates is derived from the Pythagorean theorem . If ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) are points in the plane , then the distance between them , also called the Euclidean distance , is given by
<formula>
More generally , in Euclidean n @-@ space , the Euclidean distance between two points , <formula> and <formula> , is defined , by generalization of the Pythagorean theorem , as :
<formula>
If Cartesian coordinates are not used , for example , if polar coordinates are used in two dimensions or , in more general terms , if curvilinear coordinates are used , the formulas expressing the Euclidean distance are more complicated than the Pythagorean theorem , but can be derived from it . A typical example where the straight @-@ line distance between two points is converted to curvilinear coordinates can be found in the applications of Legendre polynomials in physics . The formulas can be discovered by using Pythagoras 's theorem with the equations relating the curvilinear coordinates to Cartesian coordinates . For example , the polar coordinates ( r , θ ) can be introduced as :
<formula>
Then two points with locations ( r1 , θ1 ) and ( r2 , θ2 ) are separated by a distance s :
<formula>
Performing the squares and combining terms , the Pythagorean formula for distance in Cartesian coordinates produces the separation in polar coordinates as :
<formula>
using the trigonometric product @-@ to @-@ sum formulas . This formula is the law of cosines , sometimes called the Generalized Pythagorean Theorem . From this result , for the case where the radii to the two locations are at right angles , the enclosed angle Δθ = π / 2 , and the form corresponding to Pythagoras 's theorem is regained : <formula> The Pythagorean theorem , valid for right triangles , therefore is a special case of the more general law of cosines , valid for arbitrary triangles .
= = = Pythagorean trigonometric identity = = =
In a right triangle with sides a , b and hypotenuse c , trigonometry determines the sine and cosine of the angle θ between side a and the hypotenuse as :
<formula>
From that it follows :
<formula>
where the last step applies Pythagoras 's theorem . This relation between sine and cosine is sometimes called the fundamental Pythagorean trigonometric identity . In similar triangles , the ratios of the sides are the same regardless of the size of the triangles , and depend upon the angles . Consequently , in the figure , the triangle with hypotenuse of unit size has opposite side of size sin θ and adjacent side of size cos θ in units of the hypotenuse .
= = = Relation to the cross product = = =
The Pythagorean theorem relates the cross product and dot product in a similar way :
<formula>
This can be seen from the definitions of the cross product and dot product , as
<formula>
with n a unit vector normal to both a and b . The relationship follows from these definitions and the Pythagorean trigonometric identity .
This can also be used to define the cross product . By rearranging the following equation is obtained
<formula>
This can be considered as a condition on the cross product and so part of its definition , for example in seven dimensions .
= = Generalizations = =
= = = Similar figures on the three sides = = =
A generalization of the Pythagorean theorem extending beyond the areas of squares on the three sides to similar figures was known by Hippocrates of Chios in the 5th century BC , and was included by Euclid in his Elements :
If one erects similar figures ( see Euclidean geometry ) with corresponding sides on the sides of a right triangle , then the sum of the areas of the ones on the two smaller sides equals the area of the one on the larger side .
This extension assumes that the sides of the original triangle are the corresponding sides of the three congruent figures ( so the common ratios of sides between the similar figures are a : b : c ) . While Euclid 's proof only applied to convex polygons , the theorem also applies to concave polygons and even to similar figures that have curved boundaries ( but still with part of a figure 's boundary being the side of the original triangle ) .
The basic idea behind this generalization is that the area of a plane figure is proportional to the square of any linear dimension , and in particular is proportional to the square of the length of any side . Thus , if similar figures with areas A , B and C are erected on sides with corresponding lengths a , b and c then :
<formula>
<formula>
But , by the Pythagorean theorem , a2 + b2 |
= c2 , so A + B =
C.
Conversely , if we can prove that A + B |
= C for three similar figures without using the Pythagorean theorem , then we can work backwards to construct a proof of the theorem . For example , the starting center triangle can be replicated and used as a triangle C on its hypotenuse , and two similar right triangles ( A and B ) constructed on the other two sides , formed by dividing the central triangle by its altitude . The sum of the areas of the two smaller triangles therefore is that of the third , thus A + B =
C and reversing the above logic leads to the Pythagorean theorem a2 + b2 = c2 .
= = = Law of cosines = = =
The Pythagorean theorem is a special case of the more general theorem relating the lengths of sides in any triangle , the law of cosines :
<formula>
where θ is the angle between sides a and b .
When θ is 90 degrees ( π / 2 radians ) , then cosθ = 0 , and the formula reduces to the usual Pythagorean theorem .
= = = Arbitrary triangle = = =
At any selected angle of a general triangle of sides a , b , c , inscribe an isosceles triangle such that the equal angles at its base θ are the same as the selected angle . Suppose the selected angle θ is opposite the side labeled c . Inscribing the isosceles triangle forms triangle ABD with angle θ opposite side a and with side r along c . A second triangle is formed with angle θ opposite side b and a side with length s along c , as shown in the figure . Thābit ibn Qurra stated that the sides of the three triangles were related as :
<formula>
As the angle θ approaches π / 2 , the base of the isosceles triangle narrows , and lengths r and s overlap less and less . When θ |
= π / 2 , ADB becomes a right triangle , r + s =
c , and the original Pythagorean theorem is regained .
One proof observes that triangle ABC has the same angles as triangle ABD , but in opposite order . ( The two triangles share the angle at vertex B , both contain the angle θ , and so also have the same third angle by the triangle postulate . ) Consequently , ABC is similar to the reflection of ABD , the triangle DBA in the lower panel . Taking the ratio of sides opposite and adjacent to θ ,
<formula>
Likewise , for the reflection of the other triangle ,
<formula>
Clearing fractions and adding these two relations :
<formula>
the required result .
The theorem remains valid if the angle <formula> is obtuse so the lengths r and s are non @-@ overlapping .
= = = General triangles using parallelograms = = =
Pappus 's area theorem is a further generalization , that applies to triangles that are not right triangles , using parallelograms on the three sides in place of squares ( squares are a special case , of course ) . The upper figure shows that for a scalene triangle , the area of the parallelogram on the longest side is the sum of the areas of the parallelograms on the other two sides , provided the parallelogram on the long side is constructed as indicated ( the dimensions labeled with arrows are the same , and determine the sides of the bottom parallelogram ) . This replacement of squares with parallelograms bears a clear resemblance to the original Pythagoras 's theorem , and was considered a generalization by Pappus of Alexandria in 4 A.D.
The lower figure shows the elements of the proof . Focus on the left side of the figure . The left green parallelogram has the same area as the left , blue portion of the bottom parallelogram because both have the same base b and height h . However , the left green parallelogram also has the same area as the left green parallelogram of the upper figure , because they have the same base ( the upper left side of the triangle ) and the same height normal to that side of the triangle . Repeating the argument for the right side of the figure , the bottom parallelogram has the same area as the sum of the two green parallelograms .
= = = Solid geometry = = =
In terms of solid geometry , Pythagoras 's theorem can be applied to three dimensions as follows . Consider a rectangular solid as shown in the figure . The length of diagonal BD is found from Pythagoras 's theorem as :
<formula>
where these three sides form a right triangle . Using horizontal diagonal BD and the vertical edge AB , the length of diagonal AD then is found by a second application of Pythagoras 's theorem as :
<formula>
or , doing it all in one step :
<formula>
This result is the three @-@ dimensional expression for the magnitude of a vector v ( the diagonal AD ) in terms of its orthogonal components { vk } ( the three mutually perpendicular sides ) :
<formula>
This one @-@ step formulation may be viewed as a generalization of Pythagoras 's theorem to higher dimensions . However , this result is really just the repeated application of the original Pythagoras 's theorem to a succession of right triangles in a sequence of orthogonal planes .
A substantial generalization of the Pythagorean theorem to three dimensions is de Gua 's theorem , named for Jean Paul de Gua de Malves : If a tetrahedron has a right angle corner ( like a corner of a cube ) , then the square of the area of the face opposite the right angle corner is the sum of the squares of the areas of the other three faces . This result can be generalized as in the " n @-@ dimensional Pythagorean theorem " :
Let <formula> be orthogonal vectors in ℝn . Consider the n @-@ dimensional simplex S with vertices <formula> . ( Think of the ( n − 1 ) -dimensional simplex with vertices <formula> not including the origin as the " hypotenuse " of S and the remaining ( n − 1 ) -dimensional faces of S as its " legs " . ) Then the square of the volume of the hypotenuse of S is the sum of the squares of the volumes of the n legs .
This statement is illustrated in three dimensions by the tetrahedron in the figure . The " hypotenuse " is the base of the tetrahedron at the back of the figure , and the " legs " are the three sides emanating from the vertex in the foreground . As the depth of the base from the vertex increases , the area of the " legs " increases , while that of the base is fixed . The theorem suggests that when this depth is at the value creating a right vertex , the generalization of Pythagoras 's theorem applies . In a different wording :
Given an n @-@ rectangular n @-@ dimensional simplex , the square of the ( n − 1 ) -content of the facet opposing the right vertex will equal the sum of the squares of the ( n − 1 ) -contents of the remaining facets .
= = = Inner product spaces = = =
The Pythagorean theorem can be generalized to inner product spaces , which are generalizations of the familiar 2 @-@ dimensional and 3 @-@ dimensional Euclidean spaces . For example , a function may be considered as a vector with infinitely many components in an inner product space , as in functional analysis .
In an inner product space , the concept of perpendicularity is replaced by the concept of orthogonality : two vectors v and w are orthogonal if their inner product <formula> is zero . The inner product is a generalization of the dot product of vectors . The dot product is called the standard inner product or the Euclidean inner product . However , other inner products are possible .
The concept of length is replaced by the concept of the norm | | v | | of a vector v , defined as :
<formula>
In an inner @-@ product space , the Pythagorean theorem states that for any two orthogonal vectors v and w we have
<formula>
Here the vectors v and w are akin to the sides of a right triangle with hypotenuse given by the vector sum v + w . This form of the Pythagorean theorem is a consequence of the properties of the inner product :
<formula>
where the inner products of the cross terms are zero , because of orthogonality .
A further generalization of the Pythagorean theorem in an inner product space to non @-@ orthogonal vectors is the parallelogram law :
<formula>
which says that twice the sum of the squares of the lengths of the sides of a parallelogram is the sum of the squares of the lengths of the diagonals . Any norm that satisfies this equality is ipso facto a norm corresponding to an inner product .
The Pythagorean identity can be extended to sums of more than two orthogonal vectors . If v1 , v2 , ... , vn are pairwise @-@ orthogonal vectors in an inner @-@ product space , then application of the Pythagorean theorem to successive pairs of these vectors ( as described for 3 @-@ dimensions in the section on solid geometry ) results in the equation
<formula>
= = = Sets of m @-@ dimensional objects in n @-@ dimensional space = = =
The broadest generalization of the Pythagorean theorem , introduced by Donald R. Conant and William A. Beyer , applies to a wide range of objects and sets of objects in any number of dimensions . Specifically , the square of the measure of an m @-@ dimensional set of objects in one or more parallel m @-@ dimensional flats in n @-@ dimensional Euclidean space is equal to the sum of the squares of the measures of the orthogonal projections of the object ( s ) onto all m @-@ dimensional coordinate subspaces .
In mathematical terms :
<formula>
where :
<formula> is a measure in m @-@ dimensions ( a length in one dimension , an area in two dimensions , a volume in three dimensions , etc . ) .
<formula> is a set of one or more non @-@ overlapping m @-@ dimensional objects in one or more parallel m @-@ dimensional flats in n @-@ dimensional Euclidean space .
<formula> is the total measure ( sum ) of the set of m @-@ dimensional objects .
<formula> represents an m @-@ dimensional projection of the original set onto an orthogonal coordinate subspace .
<formula> is the measure of the m @-@ dimensional set projection onto m @-@ dimensional coordinate subspace <formula> . Because object projections can overlap on a coordinate subspace , the measure of each object projection in the set must be calculated individually , then measures of all projections added together to provide the total measure for the set of projections on the given coordinate subspace .
<formula> is the number of orthogonal , m @-@ dimensional coordinate subspaces in n @-@ dimensional space ( Rn ) onto which the m @-@ dimensional objects are projected ( m ≤ n ) :
<formula>
For example , for a set of one or more two @-@ dimensional parallel objects in three @-@ dimensional space , m |
= 2 and n =
3 . Therefore , the coordinate subspace calculation for this scenario is : x |
= 3 ! / 2 ! ( 3 @-@ 2 ) ! =
3 * 2 * 1 / 2 * 1 * 1 |
= 6 / 2 =
3
Thus , three coordinate planes ( xy @-@ plane , xz @-@ plane , and yz @-@ plane ) are required to capture the necessary projections for calculating the area of the set . If the set contained one @-@ dimensional parallel line segments instead , three coordinate axes ( x , y , and z ) , rather than planes , would be needed to capture the projections for calculating the length of the set .
= = = = Applied to sets containing a single object = = = =
This generalized formula can be applied in the simplest case to a single one @-@ dimensional object , a line segment , in two @-@ dimensional space . The animation illustrates this case with a line segment shown in blue and its projections onto the x- and y- axes shown in green . The lengths of the projections squared and added together are equal to the length of the original line segment squared . This produces the familiar Pythagorean theorem formula :
<formula>
where c is the length of the original line segment , a is the length of the segment projected onto the x @-@ axis , and b is the length of the segment projected onto the y @-@ axis . In the animation , a2 |
= 27 , b2 =
9 , and c2 = 36 . Bringing the line segment together with its coordinate projections forms the traditional right triangle .
Similarly , for any two @-@ dimensional object in three @-@ dimensional space , the formula can be stated as :
<formula>
where D is the area of a specified two @-@ dimensional object , A is the area of the object 's projection onto the xy @-@ coordinate plane , B is the area of the object 's projection onto the xz @-@ coordinate plane , and C is the area of the object 's projection onto the yz @-@ coordinate plane .
The animation showing a blue three @-@ by @-@ three square object in three dimensions of space illustrates this application of the generalization to an object of more than one dimension . As the orientation of the object changes , the proportions of the green coordinate plane projections adjust accordingly , so the squares of the areas of the projections always add up to the same value : the square of the area of the original object . In this case , the sum of the squares of the projection areas always add up to 81 .
= = = = Applied to sets containing multiple objects = = = =
The generalization applies equally to sets of multiple objects , as long as they are in the same plane or parallel planes . The measures of the objects in such a set can be added together and essentially treated as a single object . The multiple line @-@ segment animation illustrates the generalization applied to a set of three one @-@ dimensional objects in three dimensions of space . In this case , two sequential line segments exist in parallel to a third line segment . Because lines are one @-@ dimensional , the coordinate subspaces onto which they are projected must also be one @-@ dimensional . Thus , projections appear on the coordinate axes rather than on the coordinate planes . The lengths of the projected line segments on a given axis are summed , then squared , then added to the total lengths squared on the other axes . The result is the squared sum of the lengths of the original line segments . For the sake of simplicity , when projections are single points of zero length , they are not shown , since they do not affect the calculations .
The generalization applies to flat objects of any shape , regular or irregular . The multi @-@ object animation illustrates the use of the generalization on a set of several different objects in different planes – in this case , a triangle and a circle on one plane , and a flat cat on a parallel plane ( shown in blue ) . Projections of the set are shown in green on the coordinate plane subspaces . Objects shown initially upright in the yz @-@ plane are subsequently tilted in parallel . Again , regardless of set orientation , the result remains the same . On each coordinate plane subspace , the areas of object projections are calculated individually ( to avoid miscalculations due to projection overlap ) , then added together to produce the total projection area of the set on that plane . The projection set area is then squared for each coordinate plane . The sum of all projection set areas squared is always equal to the original set area squared .
= = = = Applied in any number of dimensions = = = =
This generalization holds regardless of the number of dimensions involved . The volume squared for a three @-@ dimensional object or set can be calculated by summing the squares of the volumes of the associated three @-@ dimensional projections onto three @-@ dimensional subspaces . Any number of dimensions is valid for the set as long as one uses the same number of dimensions for the coordinate subspaces and projections .
It is the built @-@ in symmetry of the Cartesian coordinate system where coordinates are orthogonal vectors of unit length in flat Euclidean space that allows this generalization to apply so broadly .
= = = Non @-@ Euclidean geometry = = =
The Pythagorean theorem is derived from the axioms of Euclidean geometry , and in fact , the Pythagorean theorem given above does not hold in a non @-@ Euclidean geometry . ( The Pythagorean theorem has been shown , in fact , to be equivalent to Euclid 's Parallel ( Fifth ) Postulate . ) In other words , in non @-@ Euclidean geometry , the relation between the sides of a triangle must necessarily take a non @-@ Pythagorean form . For example , in spherical geometry , all three sides of the right triangle ( say a , b , and c ) bounding an octant of the unit sphere have length equal to π / 2 , and all its angles are right angles , which violates the Pythagorean theorem because a2 + b2 ≠ c2 .
Here two cases of non @-@ Euclidean geometry are considered — spherical geometry and hyperbolic plane geometry ; in each case , as in the Euclidean case for non @-@ right triangles , the result replacing the Pythagorean theorem follows from the appropriate law of cosines .
However , the Pythagorean theorem remains true in hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry if the condition that the triangle be right is replaced with the condition that two of the angles sum to the third , say A + B = C. The sides are then related as follows : the sum of the areas of the circles with diameters a and b equals the area of the circle with diameter c .
= = = = Spherical geometry = = = =
For any right triangle on a sphere of radius R ( for example , if γ in the figure is a right angle ) , with sides a , b , c , the relation between the sides takes the form :
<formula>
This equation can be derived as a special case of the spherical law of cosines that applies to all spherical triangles :
<formula>
By expressing the Maclaurin series for the cosine function as an asymptotic expansion with the remainder term in big O notation ,
<formula>
it can be shown that as the radius R approaches infinity and the arguments a / R , b / R , and c / R tend to zero , the spherical relation between the sides of a right triangle approaches the Euclidean form of the Pythagorean theorem . Substituting the asymptotic expansion for each of the cosines into the spherical relation for a right triangle yields
<formula>
The constants a4 , b4 , and c4 have been absorbed into the big O remainder terms since they are independent of the radius R. This asymptotic relationship can be further simplified by multiplying out the bracketed quantities , cancelling the ones , multiplying through by − 2 , and collecting all the error terms together :
<formula>
After multiplying through by R2 , the Euclidean Pythagorean relationship c2 = a2 + b2 is recovered in the limit as the radius R approaches infinity ( since the remainder term tends to zero ) :
<formula>
For small right triangles ( a , b < < R ) , the cosines can be eliminated to avoid loss of significance , giving
<formula>
= = = = Hyperbolic geometry = = = =
In a hyperbolic space with uniform curvature − 1 / R2 , for a right triangle with legs a , b , and hypotenuse c , the relation between the sides takes the form :
<formula>
where cosh is the hyperbolic cosine . This formula is a special form of the hyperbolic law of cosines that applies to all hyperbolic triangles :
<formula>
with γ the angle at the vertex opposite the side c .
By using the Maclaurin series for the hyperbolic cosine , cosh x ≈ 1 + x2 / 2 , it can be shown that as a hyperbolic triangle becomes very small ( that is , as a , b , and c all approach zero ) , the hyperbolic relation for a right triangle approaches the form of Pythagoras 's theorem .
For small right triangles ( a , b < < R ) , the hyperbolic cosines can be eliminated to avoid loss of significance , giving
<formula>
= = = = Very small triangles = = = =
For any uniform curvature K ( positive , zero , or negative ) , in very small right triangles ( | K | a2 , | K | b2 < < 1 ) with hypotenuse c , it can be shown that
<formula>
= = = Differential geometry = = =
On an infinitesimal level , in three dimensional space , Pythagoras 's theorem describes the distance between two infinitesimally separated points as :
<formula>
with ds the element of distance and ( dx , dy , dz ) the components of the vector separating the two points . Such a space is called a Euclidean space . However , in Riemannian geometry , a generalization of this expression useful for general coordinates ( not just Cartesian ) and general spaces ( not just Euclidean ) takes the form :
<formula>
which is called the metric tensor . ( Sometimes , by abuse of language , the same term is applied to the set of coefficients gij . ) It may be a function of position , and often describes curved space . A simple example is Euclidean ( flat ) space expressed in curvilinear coordinates . For example , in polar coordinates :
<formula>
= = History = =
There is debate whether the Pythagorean theorem was discovered once , or many times in many places , and the date of first discovery is uncertain , as is the date of the first proof . According to Joran Friberg , a historian of mathematics , evidence indicates that the Pythagorean Theorem was well @-@ known to the mathematicians of the First Babylonian Dynasty ( 20th to 16th centuries BC ) , which would have been over a thousand years before Pythagoras was born . ( Yale 's Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage 's 3 @-@ D scan of a cuneiform tablet depicting the proof is one of their mostly widely used images . ) Other sources , such as a book by Leon Lederman and Dick Teresi , mention that Pythagoras discovered the theorem , although Teresi subsequently stated that the Babylonians developed the theorem " at least fifteen hundred years before Pythagoras was born . " The history of the theorem can be divided into four parts : knowledge of Pythagorean triples , knowledge of the relationship among the sides of a right triangle , knowledge of the relationships among adjacent angles , and proofs of the theorem within some deductive system .
Bartel Leendert van der Waerden ( 1903 – 1996 ) conjectured that Pythagorean triples were discovered algebraically by the Babylonians . Written between 2000 and 1786 BC , the Middle Kingdom Egyptian Berlin Papyrus 6619 includes a problem whose solution is the Pythagorean triple 6 : 8 : 10 , but the problem does not mention a triangle . The Mesopotamian tablet Plimpton 322 , written between 1790 and 1750 BC during the reign of Hammurabi the Great , contains many entries closely related to Pythagorean triples .
In India , the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra , the dates of which are given variously as between the 8th and 5th century BC , contains a list of Pythagorean triples discovered algebraically , a statement of the Pythagorean theorem , and a geometrical proof of the Pythagorean theorem for an isosceles right triangle . The Apastamba Sulba Sutra ( c . 600 BC ) contains a numerical proof of the general Pythagorean theorem , using an area computation . Van der Waerden believed that " it was certainly based on earlier traditions " . Carl Boyer states that the Pythagorean theorem in Śulba @-@ sũtram may have been influenced by ancient Mesopotamian math , but there is no conclusive evidence in favor or opposition of this possibility .
With contents known much earlier , but in surviving texts dating from roughly the 1st century BC , the Chinese text Zhou Bi Suan Jing ( 周髀算经 ) , ( The Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven ) gives a reasoning for the Pythagorean theorem for the ( 3 , 4 , 5 ) triangle — in China it is called the " Gougu Theorem " ( 勾股定理 ) . During the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC to 220 AD ) , Pythagorean triples appear in The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art , together with a mention of right triangles . Some believe the theorem arose first in China , where it is alternatively known as the " Shang Gao Theorem " ( 商高定理 ) , named after the Duke of Zhou 's astronomer and mathematician , whose reasoning composed most of what was in the Zhou Bi Suan Jing .
Pythagoras , whose dates are commonly given as 569 – 475 BC , used algebraic methods to construct Pythagorean triples , according to Proclus 's commentary on Euclid . Proclus , however , wrote between 410 and 485 AD . According to Thomas L. Heath ( 1861 – 1940 ) , no specific attribution of the theorem to Pythagoras exists in the surviving Greek literature from the five centuries after Pythagoras lived . However , when authors such as Plutarch and Cicero attributed the theorem to Pythagoras , they did so in a way which suggests that the attribution was widely known and undoubted . " Whether this formula is rightly attributed to Pythagoras personally , [ ... ] one can safely assume that it belongs to the very oldest period of Pythagorean mathematics . "
Around 400 BC , according to Proclus , Plato gave a method for finding Pythagorean triples that combined algebra and geometry . Around 300 BC , in Euclid 's Elements , the oldest extant axiomatic proof of the theorem is presented .
= = In popular culture = =
The Pythagorean theorem has arisen in popular culture in a variety of ways .
John Aubrey in his Brief Lives records of Thomas Hobbes that " He was forty years old before he looked on geometry ; which happened accidentally . Being in a gentleman 's library Euclid 's Elements lay open , and ' twas the forty @-@ seventh proposition * in the first book . He read the proposition . ' By G , ' said he , ' this is impossible ! ' So he reads the demonstration of it , which referred him back to such a proof ; which referred him back to another , which he also read . Et sic deinceps , that at last he was demonstratively convinced of that truth . This made him in love with geometry . "
Hans Christian Andersen wrote in 1831 a poem about the Pythagorean theorem : Formens Evige Magie ( Et poetisk Spilfægteri ) .
A verse of the Major @-@ General 's Song in the Gilbert and Sullivan comic opera The Pirates of Penzance , " About binomial theorem I 'm teeming with a lot o ' news , With many cheerful facts about the square of the hypotenuse " , makes an oblique reference to the theorem .
The Scarecrow in the film The Wizard of Oz makes a more specific reference to the theorem . Upon receiving his diploma from the Wizard , he immediately exhibits his " knowledge " by reciting a mangled and incorrect version of the theorem : " The sum of the square roots of any two sides of an isosceles triangle is equal to the square root of the remaining side . Oh , joy ! Oh , rapture ! I 've got a brain ! "
In 2000 , Uganda released a coin with the shape of an isosceles right triangle . The coin 's tail has an image of Pythagoras and the equation α2 + β2 = γ2 , accompanied with the mention " PYTHAGORAS MILLENNIUM " .
Greece , Japan , San Marino , Sierra Leone , and Suriname have issued postage stamps depicting Pythagoras and the Pythagorean theorem .
In Neal Stephenson 's speculative fiction Anathem , the Pythagorean theorem is referred to as ' the Adrakhonic theorem ' . A geometric proof of the theorem is displayed on the side of an alien ship to demonstrate the aliens ' understanding of mathematics .
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= Signs and Wonders ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Signs and Wonders " is the ninth episode of the seventh season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on January 23 , 2000 . It was written by Jeffrey Bell , directed by Kim Manners . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Signs and Wonders " earned a Nielsen household rating of 8 @.@ 5 , being watched by 13 @.@ 86 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mixed reviews from television critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate the Church of God with Signs and Wonders , a church where the Bible is read literally , and punishment is dealt deftly , after a small town church is the site of a number of ritualistic @-@ like murders . But soon the agents realize that the difference between the peaceful religious and the fanatics may not be very much at all .
Bell wished to write a " down @-@ and @-@ dirty " horror story about a snake @-@ handling church . Furthermore , Bell wanted the true antagonist of the episode to remain hidden until the very end . In order to do this , the script was written so that Mulder suspected the wrong individual . According to executive producer Frank Spotnitz , the theme of the episode was " intolerance can be good " , in some cases . The episode used live rattlesnakes ; at any one time , there were between six and fifty snakes on the set .
= = Plot = =
In Blessing , Tennessee , Jared Chirp , while attempting to flee his home , is attacked by rattlesnakes inside his car and killed . Federal agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) , after conferring with the completely ordinary Reverend Mackey , go to Reverend Enoch O 'Connor 's church , Church of God with Signs and Wonders , where Biblical literalism is stressed and snakes are used during his services . As such , O 'Connor becomes the prime suspect . Later , a woman named Iris , tells Reverend Mackey that she feels guilty because Jared called her on the night he died in order to talk to his girlfriend , Gracie . Iris , however , refused because Gracie was in bed . Later that night , Iris is bitten when her staple remover turns into a snake ; she promptly goes into the bathroom to clean up but is killed when snakes appear everywhere in the bathroom .
Gracie is questioned by Mulder and Scully about O 'Connor because she is a former member of his church . The two agents discover that she is , in fact , O 'Connor 's daughter and was kicked out of his congregation and home when she became pregnant . The agents go back to O 'Connor 's church and Scully is attacked by O 'Connor , who attempts to stick her head in a box of snakes . He is promptly arrested . Later , while in his cell , he is attacked by snakes in his cell , but is not killed . O 'Connor later wakes up in the hospital and is visited by Gracie . O 'Connor then takes Gracie and leaves the hospital . Reverend Mackey tells Mulder and Scully that Enoch O 'Connor is the father of Gracie 's child .
Meanwhile , O 'Connor takes Gracie back to his church and baptizes her . Suddenly , she goes into labor and gives birth to live snakes . O 'Connor goes to Mackey 's church and attempts to kill him , but Mulder intervenes and saves Mackey . In the ambulance , Gracie tells Scully that Mackey was the real murderer , and the father of Gracie 's baby . He killed everyone to keep the fact that he was the father a secret and in order to destroy O 'Connor . Back at the church , Mulder realizes O 'Connor was innocent all along , but Mackey summons snakes who promptly attack Mulder . Luckily , Scully is able to break down the door and save Mulder . Mackey , unfortunately , disappears to Connecticut , changes his name to Reverend Wells , and starts another church . The episode ends with a snake coming out of Mackey 's mouth and eating a mouse .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
" Signs and Wonders " was written by The X @-@ Files staff writer Jeffrey Bell . Bell had long desired to write a " down @-@ and @-@ dirty " horror story for the series . In addition , he had informally studied the practice of snake handling , concluding that " anything involving snakes would be scary and I saw the church stuff as something that would be really fascinating . " However , unlike most stories featuring the radical religious , the theme of the episode was that in certain circumstances , " intolerance can be good " , according to executive producer Frank Spotnitz .
Bell " wanted the snake church people to end up being the good guys . " However , the trick would be to disguise the real bad guys in plain sight . According to Bell , " The way the shows usually work out , Mulder is the one to figure out who the bad guys are . So I went into the story meeting with the idea of having Mulder being wrong . Because Mulder believes so strong it 's the other guy , it helped hide the true identity of the bad guy from the audience . "
During the snake handling scene at the Church of God with Signs and Wonders , the song being sung by the congregation is called " May Glory Protect Us " . The song was written by executive producer Paul Rabwin , who was heavily involved in the episode 's music production . Rabwin later noted , " I auditioned a bunch of gospel songs [ to episode director Kim Manners ] . I told him I could write one that was better and he told me to go for it . And I did . [ … ] Kim loved it . [ … ] It was a great tribute that he was able to ask me and accept my opinion on it . "
= = = Casting and filming = = =
The casting for " Signs & Wonders " was " rather unorthodox " . In order to prevent ophidiophobia from hitting the actors on the day of filming , live rattlesnakes were brought in during the casting sessions . Strangely enough , many of the actors were " thrilled " about holding the snakes , according to Kim Manners . He later noted that " the funny thing was that the actors couldn 't wait to hold the rattlesnakes [ … ] but we were still nervous . " In addition , Michael Childers , who portrayed Reverend O 'Connor , was actually the son of a real life snake preacher . Manners later noted that " he had gone to church as a child and handled snakes . "
A series of safety meetings were scheduled in order to prevent accidents on the set . One of the items on the agenda was finding the closest hospital to the set , according to make @-@ up effects coordinator John Vulich . Furthermore , several of the cast and crew members had a fear of snakes , including Manners , David Duchovny , and John Shiban . During one of the days that the show was being prepped , a snake wrangler brought several live rattlesnakes to the set , but one escaped . It was eventually found behind Manners ' desk . In order to prevent future accidents , the mouths of the snakes were sutured shut .
= = = Special effects = = =
At any one time , there were between six and fifty snakes on the set . During the scene where Mulder is attacked , fifteen live snakes were used . However , Duchovny was " not within blocks " of the shot and a stunt double was used . Several faux @-@ body parts were used to simulate snake bites . One of the fake arms , which was used for Mulder , was recycled from the sixth season episode " Dreamland " . A false stomach was created for Tracy Middendorf , who portrayed Gracie , to give the illusion that live snakes were wriggling inside of her .
At one point in the episode , Expulsion from the Garden of Eden , a famous painting by Italian Early Renaissance artist Masaccio appears in the background . Because the painting contains nudity , Fox 's network executives took issue with the scene , forcing the show to edit out the genitalia on the painting . Paul Rabwin later noted that " the network executive censors didn 't feel it was appropriate for us to show all the details [ ... ] course , they could see people giving birth to hundreds of snakes , but that 's OK . " On the seventh season DVD special features , the painting is erroneously attributed to the famed Michelangelo .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Signs and Wonders " first aired in the United States on January 23 , 2000 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 5 , with a 12 share , meaning that roughly 8 @.@ 5 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 12 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 13 @.@ 86 million viewers . The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on April 30 , 2000 and received 0 @.@ 61 million viewers , making it the eighth most watched episode that week .
The episode received mixed reviews from critics . Kenneth Silber from Space.com wrote a very positive review of the episode , writing , " ' Signs and Wonders ' is a clever episode whose serpentine plot twists will leave many viewers genuinely surprised . Although a bit overly reliant on the alleged shock value of snakes , the episode establishes , more firmly than any before it , the demonic nature of some of the powers at work in The X @-@ Files . " Rich Rosell from Digitally Obsessed awarded the episode 5 out of 5 stars and called the episode , " one of the scariest episodes of season 7 " before noting that the episode " really creeped me out . " However , other reviews were more mixed . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated it two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . The two noted that , despite several very " cool " images — such as Gracie birthing snakes and a man oozing reptile venom — the episode " doesn 't really seem to stand for anything . " Shearman and Pearson further criticized putting " religion in the crosshair " and concluded that the episode was " just your everyday sliver of supernatural hokum . "
Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four . Vitaris criticized the polarization of religion viewed in the episode , noting that " although ' Signs and Wonder 's purports to be an examination of different modes of faith , it offers a pessimistic — and distorted view of religion . " Tom Kessenich , in his book Examinations , gave the episode a mixed review , writing " I have always been the type of person who admires the creative attempt , even if the attempt isn 't a complete success . [ … ] This is precisely the mindset I 'm feeling after watching ' Signs and Wonders ' . I admire the attempt to spook me , to offer up conflicting views of religion and righteousness , even if I 'm not completely sure what the point of it all was . " Nevertheless , Kessenich praised the snake attack scenes and the episode 's occasional quips of humor . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " C + " . Despite writing that the snake attack scenes were " surprisingly horrifying " and that the episode contained " plenty [ of elements ] to recommend " , he was critical about the lack of explanation behind Mackey . Although he had a positive opinion of the first 30 minutes , he wrote that the " last 10 minutes just sink everything good the episode has going , and in a way that hurts everything that came before . "
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= Cody Hodgson =
Cody Douglas Hodgson ( born February 18 , 1990 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centreman currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played for the Milwaukee Admirals in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) while under contract to the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .
Hodgson played at the major junior level for four seasons with the Brampton Battalion of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) . After being selected tenth overall in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft by the Vancouver Canucks , Hodgson won the William Hanley Trophy ( OHL 's most sportsmanlike player ) , Red Tilson Trophy ( OHL player of the year ) and the CHL Player of the Year Award , as well as First Team All @-@ Star honours for the 2008 – 09 season . While training in the 2009 off @-@ season , Hodgson suffered a back injury that required a year for him to fully recover . In 2010 – 11 , he played his professional rookie season with the Canucks ' minor league affiliate , the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . The season also marked his debut at the NHL level with the Canucks and he went on to participate in the team 's run to the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals . During his rookie season the subsequent year , Hodgson was dealt to the Buffalo Sabres at the 2012 trade deadline .
Hodgson has represented Canada at two International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) – sanctioned events , winning gold and leading tournament scoring at both – the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships and 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships . In 2007 , he won a gold medal with Ontario at the Canada Games . He also represented Canada at the 2007 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament , finishing fourth .
= = Early life = =
Hodgson was born in Toronto , Ontario , to Marie and Chris Hodgson . His father is the president of the Ontario Mining Association and a former Ontario provincial Progressive Conservative cabinet minister in Premier Mike Harris 's government , while his mother is the executive director of a day care . He has an older brother , Clayton , and two younger sisters . His sister Charlotte attends the University of Western Ontario and Caroline attends Belmont University in Nashville , Tennessee . Both girls played organized hockey in Markham , Ontario . Hodgson grew up in Haliburton , Ontario , with his family until they moved to Markham , Ontario , in 1998 . The family would return in the summers to their cottage on Haliburton Lake .
Hodgson began playing organized hockey at age four in Haliburton . Playing for the Ontario Minor Hockey Association ( OMHA ) ' s Haliburton Huskies , he was teammates with Matt Duchene . The two were childhood friends and played together throughout their minor and junior careers , including with the Brampton Battalion and on Canada 's national under @-@ 18 and under @-@ 20 teams . His family was also friends with Jeff Skinner 's family growing up in Markham . Hodgson played bantam hockey with the Toronto Jr . Canadiens of the Greater Toronto Hockey League ( GTHL ) , captaining a team that included four other eventual 2008 NHL draftees – Alex Pietrangelo , Tyler Cuma , Josh Brittain and Stefan Della Rovere . His tenure with the team included a provincial championship . Hodgson then joined the OMHA 's Markham Waxers , competing with their bantam team in 2004 – 05 , then at the midget level in 2005 – 06 . He recorded a 511 @-@ point campaign over 31 games in his midget season , while also recording one assist over two games with the club 's Junior A side . During his tenure with the Waxers program , he played alongside future NHL players Steven Stamkos and Michael Del Zotto . Hodgson had also played alongside Stamkos on annual summer teams , starting at the age of 11 .
Hodgson attended Buttonville Public School and Unionville High School in Markham , the latter of which he helped win numerous hockey tournaments . Following his draft by the Vancouver Canucks , Hodgson was accepted into the business program at York University for the 2008 fall semester . However , due to missing classes from his commitments to the Canucks ' training camp and a subsequent university staff strike , he placed his academics on hiatus .
In December 2009 , Hodgson was chosen to be the city of Markham 's official torchbearer for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . The torch passed through Markham on its way to Vancouver on December 17 , 2009 , on day 49 of the cross @-@ country relay .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Brampton Battalion = = =
Hodgson was drafted 17th overall by the Brampton Battalion in the 2006 OHL Priority Selection . The following season , he joined the Battalion wearing number 19 in honour of his favourite hockey player growing up , Steve Yzerman of the Detroit Red Wings . He led the team in rookie scoring with 23 goals and 46 points . He added four points in four playoff games as the Battalion were eliminated by the Barrie Colts in the first round .
In his second season with Brampton , Hodgson improved to 85 points in 68 games , second in team @-@ scoring , behind centre John Hughes . He was chosen to the Eastern Conference squad in the 2008 OHL All @-@ Star Classic and scored one goal . Hodgson added five goals in five playoff games , as Brampton was eliminated in the opening round for the second @-@ straight season by Barrie .
Heading into the 2008 NHL Entry Draft , Hodgson was ranked ninth among North American skaters by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau . He went on to be chosen tenth overall by the Vancouver Canucks . Scouting reports and former coaches emphasized Hodgson 's hockey sense and character , while Canucks General Manager Mike Gillis cited his leadership as a strong factor in drafting him . After the 2007 – 08 season , OHL coaches had voted him the smartest player in the Eastern Conference . As his skating was considered a weakness , he spent the subsequent off @-@ season training to improve it .
Hodgson was expected to compete for a roster spot on the Canucks immediately after being drafted . He was then signed to a three @-@ year , entry @-@ level contract worth the rookie maximum of $ 2 @.@ 625 million on October 5 , 2008 . However , the next day , he was sent back to Brampton for the 2008 – 09 season .
Upon his return , Hodgson was named the ninth captain in Battalion team history . He succeeded forward Thomas Stajan , who served as captain for the start of the season while Hodgson competed in the NHL pre @-@ season . Stajan himself had just replaced defenceman John de Gray , who had turned professional .
Chosen to represent the OHL in the 2008 ADT Canada @-@ Russia Challenge in November , Hodgson recorded a hat @-@ trick and added an assist in the first of two games against Russia ; he was chosen as game MVP . He went on to complete the month of November with 27 points in 13 games to be named OHL Player of the Month . Hodgson had also been chosen as the OHL Player of the Week for the week ending on November 9 after scoring nine points in three games . After a second Player of the Week recognition , scoring seven points in three games for the week ending February 1 , 2009 , Hodgson participated in the 2009 OHL All @-@ Star Classic . Joined by teammates Matt Duchene , Evgeny Grachev and Thomas McCollum for the Eastern Conference , Hodgson received player of the game honours after a five @-@ point effort in an 11 – 6 win . He recorded a hat @-@ trick , along with Western Conference representative Justin DiBenedetto , to tie Scott Barney , who first scored three goals in 1999 , for the OHL All @-@ Star Game record . Hodgson 's five points also tied the All @-@ Star Game record for most points ( shared by five others ) . He recorded another record later in the month with a 23 @-@ game point @-@ scoring streak , registering 17 goals , 23 assists and 40 points in that span . The streak was both a Battalion club record and OHL season @-@ high .
Hodgson finished the season with 43 goals and 92 points in 53 games , fourth in League scoring . The annual OHL coaches poll distinguished Hodgson as the smartest player ( for the second consecutive season ) , the hardest worker , the best on faceoffs and the best penalty killer . In addition to OHL First All @-@ Star Team honours , he was awarded both the William Hanley Trophy as the League 's most sportsmanlike player and the Red Tilson Trophy as OHL player of the year . The media voted Hodgson ahead of forward John Tavares and goaltender Mike Murphy for the Tilson award . Hodgson was then distinguished over fellow major junior league MVP 's Brett Sonne of the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) and Nicola Riopel of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) as the CHL Player of the Year .
Early in the subsequent playoff season , Hodgson received his second OHL Player of the Month recognition for March ( 26 points in 11 games ) . He helped the Battalion advance to the OHL Finals , where they lost the J. Ross Robertson Cup to the Windsor Spitfires . He led his team with 31 points in the post @-@ season .
Following the Battalion 's playoff elimination , Hodgson was assigned to the Canucks ' American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Manitoba Moose , for their 2009 playoff run . Making his professional debut with the Moose in Game 1 of the semi @-@ finals against the Houston Aeros , he notched an assist on the game 's first goal for his first professional point . He followed up with his first professional goal the next night , a wrist shot against Aeros goaltender Nolan Schaefer , in a 5 – 2 victory . While Hodgson started on the fourth line for the Moose , he quickly moved his way up to the second line with fellow Canucks first @-@ round pick Michael Grabner . Advancing past the Aeros , Moose Head Coach Scott Arniel chose not to play Hodgson in Game 4 of the Calder Cup Finals against the Hershey Bears . Arniel explained the decision was attributed to fatigue on Hodgson 's part from a lengthy season in the juniors ( including the 2009 World Juniors and a lengthy OHL playoff run ) . He returned the next game to help the Moose stave off elimination with a goal in a 3 – 2 Game 5 victory . Manitoba went on to lose the Calder Cup in Game 6 by a 4 – 1 score . Hodgson 's assisted on the Moose 's lone tally by Mário Bližňák .
Preparing for the Canucks ' training camp for the 2009 – 10 season , Hodgson injured his back while working out in the summer . The injury , which was misdiagnosed as a bulging disc in his lower back , caused him to miss two months of summer training . After being cleared to play by Canucks team doctors on September 11 , 2009 , and a back specialist in Toronto , Hodgson was again expected to secure a roster spot during training camp . After struggling in six pre @-@ season games , he was returned to the Brampton Battalion on September 29 in the final round of team cuts .
Hodgson subsequently sought a third opinion regarding his back at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio . In response , then @-@ Canucks Head Coach Alain Vigneault publicly speculated whether Hodgson was simply having a hard time being cut and was trying to " roll the [ blame ] in another direction . " Despite having been cleared earlier to play in the pre @-@ season by two sets of doctors , the Cleveland Clinic judged him unfit to play for a month . Previously undetected nerve damage in one leg was also revealed . Due to Hodgson 's misdiagnosis , which was not corrected until a year later , subsequent treatment and rehabilitation was designed for a bulging disc , which further aggravated his real injury – a muscle strain .
After missing the first 50 games of the 2009 – 10 OHL season , Hodgson returned to the Battalion line @-@ up on February 4 , 2010 , recording two assists in a 4 – 2 win against the Erie Otters . Following his return , he declared he would no longer be training in the off @-@ season with Canucks Director of Player Development Dave Gagner , under whose supervision he suffered his back injury . Combined with the Canucks doctors ' initial misdiagnosis and Vigneault 's disparaging comments regarding Hodgson following the NHL pre @-@ season , there was speculation in the media of a possible conflict between Hodgson and the Canucks organization . General Manager Mike Gillis , however , dismissed such speculation .
Eight days after his OHL return , Hodgson suffered another injury , breaking a toe on his right foot while blocking a shot against the Sudbury Wolves . Initial X @-@ rays came up negative and he continued playing for nine more games before a second X @-@ ray revealed a hairline fracture in one his right metatarsal bones . Missing the Battalion 's final five regular season games , he finished the campaign with eight goals and 20 points over 13 contests . Despite missing the majority of the season , he was voted as the smartest player in the Eastern Conference for the third consecutive year in the OHL coaches poll .
Hodgson returned to the Brampton line @-@ up for the opening game of the 2010 playoffs , scoring the game @-@ winning goal against the Kingston Frontenacs . In Game 5 of the series , he scored his 20th career playoff goal in the OHL , surpassing Wojtek Wolski for the all @-@ time lead among Battalion players . The Battalion eliminated the Frontenacs in seven games before themselves being ousted in four games by Barrie in the second round . Hodgson completed the post @-@ season with ten points in 11 games , second in team @-@ scoring to Sean Jones . He admitted publicly after the playoffs that his health " was never 100 percent " during the 2009 – 10 season .
The Battalion 's playoff elimination marked the end of Hodgson 's four @-@ year OHL career . He left Brampton ranked second on the club 's all @-@ time scoring list behind Wojtek Wolski in regular season goals ( 114 ) , assists ( 129 ) , points ( 243 ) , powerplay goals ( 46 ) and shorthanded goals ( 7 ) , while ranking first in game @-@ winning goals ( 23 ) . In playoff games , he left as the all @-@ time leader in goals ( 20 ) , assists ( 30 ) and points ( 50 ) .
Following his 2009 – 10 OHL season , it was expected Hodgson would join the Manitoba Moose for a second consecutive AHL playoff season . However , after being assessed by Canucks team doctors , his broken toe was judged to have not yet fully healed and he was not cleared for AHL assignment . Hodgson additionally believed that he had re @-@ injured his back while colliding head @-@ first into the boards during Game 7 of the opening playoff round . He underwent an MRI in the off @-@ season , which uncovered the misdiagnosed bulging disc to be a muscle strain instead . With the Canucks ' consent , he trained in the off @-@ season with former NHL player Gary Roberts , who had himself overcome a back injury during his career .
= = = Vancouver Canucks = = =
After challenging for a Canucks roster spot once again during the team 's 2010 training camp , Hodgson was assigned to the Manitoba Moose . He scored his first regular season AHL goal against goaltender Peter Delmas of the Hamilton Bulldogs on October 22 , 2010 . With the score tied 3 – 3 after overtime , Hodgson added a shootout goal to help the Moose win the game . Later , in December 2010 , Hodgson suffered a broken orbital bone after he was high @-@ sticked by teammate Lee Sweatt during a Moose practice . Eight days after returning to Manitoba 's line @-@ up , Hodgson earned his first NHL call @-@ up to Vancouver .
Hodgson made his NHL debut on February 1 , 2011 , in a 4 – 1 win against the Dallas Stars . Centring the fourth line and playing on the second powerplay unit , he registered two shots in over nine minutes of ice time . The following day , he scored his first career NHL goal against Ilya Bryzgalov in a 6 – 0 win against the Phoenix Coyotes . In his third game , he recorded his first career NHL assist on a goal by Christian Ehrhoff against the Chicago Blackhawks ; Vancouver won 4 – 3 . After appearing in his first five NHL games , Hodgson was returned to the Moose on February 11 . Team management explained to the media his call @-@ up was a means to introduce him to NHL play and that they were more comfortable having him continue developing in the AHL with first @-@ line minutes and a bigger role with the Moose . However , with the team 's fourth @-@ line centre role unfilled ( Alain Vigneault had been using natural winger Tanner Glass in that position ) , he was called back to Vancouver within ten days . Hodgson played three more games for the Canucks before the team acquired fourth @-@ line centre Maxim Lapierre from the Anaheim Ducks at the trade deadline on February 28 . Hodgson was subsequently sent back down to Manitoba . He completed his professional rookie season with 30 points in 52 AHL games – ranking fifth in Moose scoring – and two points in eight NHL games .
At the end of the regular season , Hodgson was called up to the Canucks for the 2011 playoffs . He registered his first NHL playoff point in Game 2 of the opening round against the Chicago Blackhawks , assisting on a goal by defenceman Alexander Edler in a 4 – 3 win . Hodgson drew in and out of the line @-@ up throughout the post @-@ season , appearing in 12 of the Canucks ' 25 @-@ game playoff run , which ended in a Game 7 loss to the Boston Bruins in the Stanley Cup Finals .
During the off @-@ season , Canucks centre Ryan Kesler underwent hip surgery , sidelining him for the start of the 2011 – 12 campaign . With the centre position on the second line vacant , Hodgson competed with the newly @-@ acquired Andrew Ebbett to temporarily replace Kesler . After being cut in his previous three training camps with the team , Hodgson emerged with the second @-@ line position to start the season . After wearing 39 on his jersey the previous season as a rookie , Hodgson switched to 9 , a number historically associated in the NHL with high @-@ profile players . He had previously spoken to team trainers regarding the number , but decided having the number is " something you have to earn [ by ] mak [ ing ] the team first . " When Kesler returned to the team 's line @-@ up six games into the season , Hodgson was moved to the right wing to remain on the second line , before settling in as the team 's third @-@ line centre . On December 10 , 2011 , Hodgson left a game against the Ottawa Senators after a hit from opposing forward Nick Foligno left him unsteadily skating back to the bench . Hodgson was reportedly uninjured , as Vigneault told media he was kept out of the contest for precautionary measures .
Ranking fifth among NHL rookies in scoring by January 2012 , he was selected as one of 12 first @-@ year players to participate in the NHL All @-@ Star Game SuperSkills Competition in Ottawa , Ontario . He was designated to Team Chara during the All @-@ Star Draft and went on to participate in one SuperSkills event , the shooting accuracy segment . Hitting all four targets in 20 @.@ 929 seconds , he lost the rookie heat to Matt Read of the Philadelphia Flyers , who had a time of 14 @.@ 011 seconds . Hodgson 's time ranked fifth among the eight players who participated in the event . Canucks teammates Henrik Sedin , Daniel Sedin and Alexander Edler joined Hodgson in Ottawa as NHL All @-@ Stars , though they competed against him in the SuperSkills Competition as part of Team Alfredsson . Following the NHL All @-@ Star weekend , Hodgson was named the League 's Rookie of the Month for January after having recorded ten points ( six goals and four assists ) over 11 games , first among Canucks and NHL first @-@ year players .
Playing behind Henrik Sedin and Ryan Kesler on the Canucks ' depth chart at centre , Hodgson earned limited ice @-@ time with the Canucks . By mid @-@ season , his success as a rookie led many in the media to question the 10 – 12 minutes of ice time Alain Vigneault routinely allotted him per game .
= = = Buffalo Sabres = = =
Minutes before the NHL trade deadline on February 27 , 2012 , Hodgson was dealt , along with defenceman Alexander Sulzer , to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for fellow rookie forward Zack Kassian and defenceman Marc @-@ André Gragnani . Canucks General Manager Mike Gillis acknowledged the trade as an effort to balance his team out by trading Hodgson 's skill and finesse in return for Kassian 's size and toughness . Analysts from TSN and The Vancouver Sun also echoed the sentiment , commenting that while the Canucks gained elements in Kassian that were required to succeed in the playoffs , Hodgson 's skill set reflected the style of play that Vancouver 's success was based upon .
In a telephone interview with TSN shortly after the trade , Hodgson told reporters he was " in shock , " adding that " It 's tough to leave Vancouver . " There were , however , reports in the media that Hodgson had asked for a trade from the Canucks , an allegation that Mike Gillis neither confirmed nor denied . The reaction in the Vancouver media was largely of surprise that Gillis would trade away a well @-@ performing rookie . Vancouver Sun columnist Iain MacIntyre declared it " a stunner " and " one of the most unpopular trades in Vancouver in years . " Another Sun article likened the deal to a lopsided 1996 trade between the Canucks and Pittsburgh Penguins in which two first @-@ round prospects of opposite playing styles – the skilled Markus Näslund and the larger , more aggressive Alek Stojanov – were exchanged . Näslund went on to become the Canucks ' all @-@ time leading goal- and point @-@ scorer , while the latter had a short career in the minor leagues .
Hodgson made his Sabres debut two days after the trade , registering four shots on goal and 16 minutes of ice time in a 2 – 0 win against the Anaheim Ducks . After going pointless in his first ten games with Buffalo , Hodgson recorded two assists in a 7 – 3 win against the Tampa Bay Lightning on March 19 . Two nights later , he scored his first two goals as a Sabre in a game against the Montreal Canadiens . Leaving Vancouver gave Hodgson a larger on @-@ ice role , earning nearly five minutes more ice time per game as a Sabre . Completing his first NHL season with the Sabres , he finished with 41 points ( 19 goals and 22 assists ) over 83 games . He ranked fifth in League rookie scoring and first in power play goals ( 7 ) , despite earning less ice time than his first @-@ year peers ( his 13 minutes and 49 seconds per game averaged the least among the top 14 rookie scorers ) . As a team , the Sabres then failed to qualify for the 2012 playoffs , finishing ninth in the Eastern Conference . Hodgson was assigned to the AHL 's Rochester Americans immediately before the 2012 – 13 NHL lock @-@ out took effect .
Hodgson signed a six @-@ year , $ 25 @.@ 5 million extension with the Sabres on September 11 , 2013 .
In the second year of his contract extension with the Sabres in the 2014 – 15 season , Hodgson suffered the worst season in his professional career , contributing with just 6 goals and 13 points in 78 outings for the cellar @-@ dwelling Sabres . With the option to buy @-@ out his contract at a lower rate due to his age , on June 29 , 2015 , the Sabres , in the midst of a rebuild , placed Hodgson on unconditional waivers in order for a release to free agency .
= = = Nashville Predators = = =
On the opening day of free agency , Hodgson signed a one @-@ year contract with the Nashville Predators . Hodgson made the opening night roster of the Predators to begin the 2015 – 16 season . He was used primarily in a depth role , centering the fourth @-@ line . After posting 8 points in 39 games , Hodgson was placed on waivers by the Predators on January 13 , 2016 . Hodgson passed through waivers unclaimed and was subsequently assigned to AHL affiliate , the Milwaukee Admirals the following day . Hodgson was not offered a new contract by the club , and became an unrestricted free agent on July 1 .
= = International play = =
Hodgson first competed internationally for Canada at the 2007 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament in Hodonín , Czech Republic , and Piešťany , Slovakia . Although favoured to win the tournament , Canada finished in fourth place . He scored two goals in the 5 – 4 bronze medal game loss to Russia . In total , Hodgson contributed a team @-@ high five points in four games , tied with Steven Stamkos . Hodgson also represented Ontario later that year at the 2007 Canada Winter Games , winning gold over Manitoba 6 – 4 in the gold medal game .
Hodgson next represented Canada at the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships in Kazan , Russia . Playing in the quarter @-@ finals against Finland , Hodgson was named player of the game after scoring the game @-@ winning goal in a 2 – 1 victory . Hodgson finished with a tournament @-@ high 12 points in seven games , leading Canada as team captain to its second IIHF World U18 gold medal with an 8 – 0 victory over tournament host Russia . He was chosen as one of Canada 's three top players by tournament coaches , along with forward Jordan Eberle and goaltender Jake Allen .
In his third year of junior , Hodgson was selected to compete in the 2009 World Junior Championships with Team Canada in Ottawa . He was chosen as an alternate captain to defenceman Thomas Hickey . In the second round @-@ robin game against Kazakhstan , Hodgson accumulated six points ( two goals and four assists ) , coming within one point of the single @-@ game Canadian record held by Michael Cammalleri and Dave Andreychuk . In the following round @-@ robin game against the United States , he scored the game @-@ winning goal in a 7 – 4 win to lead Team Canada to first place in their pool and a bye to the semi @-@ finals . Facing Sweden in the final game , Hodgson scored two goals – one on the powerplay and an empty @-@ netter – and one assist to overtake John Tavares as the tournament leading scorer with five goals and 11 assists for 16 points in six games . Team Canada defeated Sweden 5 – 1 to capture the gold medal while Hodgson was named to the Tournament All @-@ Star Team . Returning from the tournament , Hodgson was asked to drop the ceremonial faceoff for a Toronto Maple Leafs game against the Florida Panthers on January 6 , 2009 .
Leading up to the 2010 World Junior Championships in Saskatchewan , Hodgson was named to Team Canada 's selection camp roster on December 2 , 2009 , despite not yet playing in an OHL game during the 2009 – 10 season due to a back injury . However , he notified Hockey Canada five days later that his back was not yet ready and that he would not participate in the selection camp .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= = Awards = =
= = Records = =
OHL All @-@ Star Classic record ; most goals , single @-@ game ( 3 ) in 2009 ( tied with Justin DiBenedetto , 2009 ; and Scott Barney , 1999 )
OHL All @-@ Star Classic record ; most points , single @-@ game ( 5 ) in 2009 ( tied with five others )
Brampton Battalion franchise record ; point @-@ scoring streak ( 23 games ) in 2008 – 09 ( 17 goals , 23 assists , 40 points )
Brampton Battalion franchise record ; most game @-@ winning goals , all @-@ time ( 23 )
Brampton Battalion franchise record ; most playoff goals , all @-@ time ( 20 )
Brampton Battalion franchise record ; most playoff assists , all @-@ time ( 30 )
Brampton Battalion franchise record ; most playoff points , all @-@ time ( 50 )
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= Simba =
Simba ( from the Swahili word for lion ) is a fictional character who appears in The Lion King franchise . Introduced in Walt Disney Animation 's 32nd animated feature film The Lion King ( 1994 ) , the character subsequently appears in its sequels The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) and The Lion King 1 ½ ( 2004 ) .
Simba was created by screenwriters Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts and Linda Woolverton . While Mark Henn served as Simba 's supervising animator as a cub , Ruben A. Aquino animated the character as he appears as an adult .
Although considered an original character , Simba was inspired by the character Bambi from Disney 's Bambi ( 1942 ) , as well as the stories of Moses and Joseph from the Bible . Additionally , several similarities have been drawn between Simba and Prince Hamlet from William Shakespeare 's tragedy of the same name . In 1997 , The Lion King was adapted into Broadway musical , with actors Scott Irby @-@ Ranniar and Jason Raize originating the roles of the cub and adult Simbas , respectively .
= = Development = =
= = = Conception = = =
The idea for The Lion King originated from Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg in 1989 and was originally conceived under the title King of the Jungle . The story , which has been compared to Bambi ( 1942 ) , was jokingly referred to as " Bambi in Africa " because of the similarities between the two films and their respective main characters . Co @-@ director Rob Minkoff said that both films are " more true @-@ life adventure than mythical epic . " Though considered an original coming @-@ of @-@ age story that follows the life of Simba as he grows up and " tak [ es ] on the responsibility of adulthood , " co @-@ directors Roger Allers and Minkoff drew inspiration from other sources . In particular , the biblical figures Moses and Joseph served as creative inspiration for the character . Producer Don Hahn said that , like them , Simba is " born into royalty , is then exiled , and has to return to claim [ his ] kingdom . "
Several film and entertainment critics have noted similarities and parallels between the stories of The Lion King and William Shakespeare 's tragedy Hamlet , and their protagonists . Allers said that these similarities were not initially intentional and came as a surprise to the filmmakers themselves ; they noticed the similarities only after the story was established and they eventually decided to pursue it . According to Hahn , " When we first pitched the revised outline of the movie ... someone in the room announced that its themes and relationships were similar to Hamlet . Everyone responded favorably to the idea that we were doing something Shakespearean , so we continued to look for ways to model our film on that all @-@ time classic . "
Screenwriter Jonathan Roberts said that , in a musical , songs are used to convey a character 's emotions and " I wants . " Composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice wrote the song " I Just Can 't Wait to Be King " in order to give Simba a medium through which he can express his desire to become King of the Pride Lands . Roberts said , " It 's a way for storytellers to move the story and deliver the direction of the character . "
= = = Voice = = =
Matthew Broderick provided the speaking voice of Adult Simba . The first actor to be assigned to The Lion King , Broderick learned of the role while he was on vacation in Ireland , where he received a telephone call from his agent informing him that the directors were interested in casting him as Simba . At the time , Broderick was well known for portraying the title character in Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) . The directors decided to cast him as Simba because they felt that he was " perfect " for the role ; according to producer Don Hahn , Broderick 's voice resembled " the kind of character who could be irresponsible and likeable , but you also felt that he could come back in a very heroic way . " Jonathan Taylor Thomas , who was starring as Randy Taylor on the television sitcom Home Improvement at the time , was cast as the speaking voice of Young Simba . His appearance and personality would later serve as creative inspiration for supervising animator Mark Henn .
Though Broderick is a trained Broadway singer , he was not up to the task , and neither was non @-@ singer Thomas , so Toto lead singer Joseph Williams and actor Jason Weaver were hired to dub their respective singing voices . Williams ' voice is heard on the song " Can You Feel the Love Tonight " . Impressed by Weaver 's performance as a young Michael Jackson in the miniseries The Jacksons : An American Dream , songwriters Elton John and Tim Rice recruited him to record " I Just Can 't Wait to Be King " and " Hakuna Matata " while the film was still in its early stages of production . As directors , Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff worked closely with the actors in order to ensure credible performances . As is frequently done in animated films , the filmmakers videotaped the actors while they recorded their dialogue , allowing the animators to incorporate their specific mannerisms into the designs of their characters .
= = = Characterization and animation = = =
When The Lion King was green @-@ lit , its concept and story were not well received by studio employees . To guarantee the release of at least one successful film , Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg divided the studio into two separate projects : The Lion King and Pocahontas ( 1995 ) , with Pocahontas expected to be the more successful of the two . Because of this assumption , the majority of the studio 's more seasoned animators gravitated towards Pocahontas because The Lion King was deemed a " risk " , while less experienced animators were assigned to work on The Lion King . Co @-@ director Rob Minkoff received this positively , saying that this decision " gave a lot of newer animators a chance to step up to leadership roles . "
The role of animating Simba was divided between Mark Henn and Ruben A. Aquino . While Henn served as the supervising animator of Simba as a cub , credited as Young Simba , Aquino was placed in charge of animating the character as he appears as an adult . The Lion King was Disney 's first animated feature film to feature a cast of quadrupeds since Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) . According to Aquino , animating four @-@ legged creatures is difficult because the artists are faced with the task of drawing " twice as many legs ... as you do with human characters " and must also attribute to them both human and animal @-@ like qualities . For assistance , Aquino drew influence from previous animated films that feature four @-@ legged creatures as their main characters , citing Bambi , Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) and The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) as his main sources of inspiration .
Before The Lion King , Henn 's experience as a supervising animator was limited to predominantly female characters ; he had just recently completed work on Ariel from The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Belle from Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) and Jasmine from Aladdin ( 1992 ) . When he became involved with The Lion King , Henn initially expressed interest in animating the film 's villain , Scar , because he wanted to do " something different . " However , producer Don Hahn felt that he was better suited for animating Simba . Henn approaches animating new characters by " put [ ting himself ] into the character ’ s situation . " Simba proved to be a challenge because Henn was faced with the task of creating an animated character who would both appear and behave like a real lion cub . To achieve this , Henn visited zoos , sketched and studied live lion cubs that were brought into the studio for research , and frequently consulted with wildlife experts .
When it came time to animate Simba during the " I Just Can 't Wait to Be King " musical sequence , Henn felt it essential that the character remain on all fours at all times , despite the fact that he is meant to be dancing . In terms of personality , Henn aimed to depict Simba as a " cocky , confident character " at the beginning of the film , who must eventually mature and learn to take responsibility . The animators would often observe and document the voice actors while they recorded their dialogue , using their movements and mannerisms as a visual aid . Actor Jonathan Taylor Thomas , who provided the voice of Young Simba , served as inspiration for the design and personality of Simba . Henn said , " I loved watching Jonathan Taylor Thomas when he was a boy on Home Improvement , and getting to meet him and observe him . " Although Aquino was responsible for animating the majority of Simba 's adult sequences , Henn animated the character 's first appearance as an adult that occurs near the end of the " Hakuna Matata " musical number .
= = Appearances = =
= = = The Lion King = = =
Released in theaters in 1994 , The Lion King marks Simba 's first appearance . All the animals in the Pride Lands gather at the foot of Pride Rock to commemorate the birth of Simba , who will eventually succeed to the throne and take his father Mufasa 's place as king . Furious by the fact that he is no longer next in line , Simba 's jealous uncle Scar refuses to attend the ceremony . While Simba grows into a rambunctious lion cub who frequently boasts about the fact that he will someday rule over the Pride Lands , Scar secretly plots against him .
Scar plots regicide and familicide against Simba and Mufasa by luring Simba into a vast gorge , where he triggers a wildebeest stampede . Notified by Scar that Simba is in danger , Mufasa rushes to his aid and manages to place him safely on a ledge . Weakened and unable to pull himself up the steep slope to safety , Mufasa asks his brother for assistance . However , Scar 's true nature is revealed and he betrays Mufasa , throwing him into the gorge where he is killed by the fall .
Convinced by Scar that he is responsible for his father 's death , Simba runs away to a distant jungle where he is befriended by Timon and Pumbaa , who teach him to ignore his past and avoid his responsibilities . There , he grows into a handsome young lion , while Scar wreaks havoc on the Pride Lands . When Simba is discovered by his childhood friend Nala several years later , she confronts him , warning him of Scar 's tyranny and begging him to return home . Afraid of facing his past , Simba refuses until a wise mandrill named Rafiki leads him to Mufasa 's ghost , who convinces him to return home and reclaim his kingdom from Scar .
Simba returns to the Pride Lands and finds them barren because their natural resources have been squandered and abused by Scar . After witnessing Scar strike his mother Sarabi , Simba orders Scar to resign . At first thrown by the fact that he is alive , Scar soon regains composure and forces Simba to reveal that he is responsible for Mufasa 's death , while cornering him at the edge of Pride Rock , hoping to subject him to a similar fate as his father . Having grown overconfident , Scar finally reveals to Simba that he killed Mufasa . Furious , Simba tackles Scar and forces him into announcing this to the pride , initiating a battle between Simba 's pride of lionesses , Timon , & Pumbaa and Scar 's army of hyenas . Simba eventually defeats Scar and throws him into a pit , where he is cornered and killed by the hyenas , who have had enough of Scar treating them like slaves . Simba then takes his rightful place as king . When the kingdom returns to its former glory , the animals welcome the birth of King Simba and Queen Nala 's first born .
= = = The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride = = =
A direct @-@ to @-@ video sequel released in 1998 , Simba 's Pride takes place shortly after the events of the first film , depicting Simba and Nala as king and queen of the Pride Lands . In a ceremony at Pride Rock , the Pride Lands commemorate the birth of Simba and Nala 's daughter Kiara , whom Simba is overprotective of . He discovers that Kiara has disobeyed him by visiting the forbidden Outlands , home to an enemy pride of Scar 's followers known as the Outsiders , and befriending a young member of the pride named Kovu . After a close confrontation with Kovu 's mother Zira , the leader of the Outsiders and Scar 's most loyal follower , Simba separates the two and reminds Kiara of her responsibilities as the future queen . Meanwhile , Zira plots to manipulate Kovu to exact revenge on Simba for Scar 's death .
Several years later , Simba grants a young adult Kiara 's request to embark on her first hunt , but has Timon and Pumbaa follow her in secret . Realizing this , Kiara rebels and pursue her hunt outside of the Pride Lands , where she nearly falls victim to a wildfire . Kiara is rescued by Kovu , who returns her to the Pride Lands , which is actually part of Zira 's plan to overthrow Simba . Saying that he has left the Outsiders , Kovu asks Simba to let him join his pride . Simba reluctantly accepts , but distrusts Kovu because of his similarities to Scar , and continues to treat him ruthlessly . That night , Simba has a nightmare about attempting to save his father Mufasa from falling into the stampede but is stopped by Scar who turns into Kovu and throws Simba off the cliff into the stampede .
While Kiara and Kovu 's friendship continues to grow , Simba , encouraged by Nala , attempts to show Kovu kindness by spending a day with him . Realizing that Kovu is beginning to side with Simba because of his love for Kiara , Zira ambushes and attacks Simba . Convinced by Zira that Kovu is responsible for the ambush , Simba exiles him and forbids Kiara to see him , but she makes her father realize that he is acting irrationally and finds Kovu . When a battle ensues between the Pride Landers and the Outsiders , Kiara and Kovu arrive and stops them . When a furious Zira attacks Simba , she is intercepted by Kiara , causing the two to fall over the edge of a cliff . Having landed safely on a ledge , Kira offers to help Zira , who is struggling to hang on . However , Zira , consumed by her resentment towards Simba , declines her assistance and falls into the raging water below . Simba finally approves of Kiara 's love for Kovu and reconciles with his daughter , and accepts the two lions as future king and queen .
= = = The Lion King 1 ½ = = =
In The Lion King 1 ½ , a direct @-@ to @-@ video followup released in 2004 , Simba appears as a less prominent character because the film 's primary focus is on Timon and Pumbaa 's behind @-@ the @-@ scenes role and involvement in The Lion King , in which they appear as supporting characters . Although the two films technically share the same story and timeline , the plot of The Lion King 1 ½ focuses more on Timon and Pumbaa . The meerkat and warthog unknowingly coexist alongside Simba , and the story fills in the two characters ' backstories and events that lead up to their long @-@ lasting friendship , coinciding with and often initiating the events that affect Simba 's life during the first film . These events include the commemorative bow that occurs during the opening " Circle of Life " musical number and the collapsing of the animal tower that takes place during " I Just Can 't Wait to Be King . " The film also explores , in further detail , the relationship among the three characters as Timon and Pumbaa struggle to raise Simba as adoptive " parents " and disapprove of his relationship with Nala , portraying Simba as he grows from an energetic young lion cub , into an incorrigible teenager and , finally , an independent young lion .
= = = Timon & Pumbaa and television = = =
The success of The Lion King and popularity of its characters led to the production of Timon & Pumbaa , an animated television series starring Timon and Pumbaa . Simba makes several appearances , including one episode in which Timon drags him out to try to revive Pumbaa 's lost memory .
In the episode " Congo On Like This , " Timon and Pumbaa ( especially Timon ) suspect that Simba has reverted to his carnivorous nature . The episode " Shake Your Djibouti " again features Simba , when Timon and Pumbaa are forced to train him to protect them from a laboratory monster . Another episode , entitled " Rome Alone , " shows Simba being captured by Romans and forced into gladiatorial battle with another lion named Claudius . Simba makes brief appearances in " Once Upon a Timon " , " Zazu 's Off @-@ By @-@ One Day " , and " Beethoven 's Whiff " . He also appears in a music video of " The Lion Sleeps Tonight " .
Simba was featured as a guest in the animated series House of Mouse , in which he alternates between cub and adult .
= = = The Lion Guard = = =
In November 2015 , a new series called The Lion Guard was released . Set in the middle of the timeline of The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , it features Kion who is the son and youngest child of Simba and Nala .
= = = Broadway musical = = =
The success of The Lion King led to the production of a Broadway musical based on the film . Directed by Julie Taymor , with a book by Irene Mecchi and Roger Allers , The Lion King premiered at the New Amsterdam Theatre on November 13 , 1997 , where it ran for nine years until being moved to the Minskoff Theatre on June 13 , 2006 . The role of Simba was originated by Scott Irby @-@ Ranniar and Jason Raize , with Irby @-@ Ranniar portraying Young Simba and Raize portraying Adult Simba .
Raize auditioned for the role of Adult Simba after hearing that Taymor was looking to cast an actor who was of " unidentifiable ethnicity . " Raize revealed in an interview that there was a lot of competition for the role because the musical required " triple @-@ threat work -- singing , dancing and acting -- that you don 't get to such an extent in other shows . It was more the sense of who can take the challenge and not be daunted by the task . " Raize , who instantly felt that he " had a connection with Simba , " eventually won the role with the approval of Taymor and choreographer Garth Fagan , with Fagan admiring the fact that Raize was " willing to try , to fail , and then to try again . " Once cast , Raize found it difficult to maintain Taymor 's " sense of duality " because Simba is " both man and beast . " He said , " The tendency is to sacrifice one for the other , but you can 't . " Although hundreds of children auditioned for the role of Young Simba , the casting process was far less grueling for Irby @-@ Ranniar who , according to Taymor , simply " walked in and he had the part . "
= = = Miscellaneous = = =
= = = = Books = = = =
In 1994 , a six @-@ volume book set titled The Lion King : Six New Adventures were released . Set after the events of the first film , they featured a cub named Kopa , who was the son of Simba and Nala .
= = = = Merchandising and video games = = = =
As part of the franchise 's merchandising , Simba has appeared in various The Lion King @-@ related products . The character 's likeness has been used in and adapted into a variety of items , including plush toys and figurines , clothing , bedding , household decor and appliances . The success of the Broadway musical has also lead to its own line of merchandising , including the Simba beanbag doll , based on the character 's appearance and costume in the Broadway show .
Since the film 's 1994 debut , Simba has appeared as a playable character in a variety of video game releases , both directly and indirectly associated with the franchise . The character 's first appearance as a video game character was in The Lion King , which was released by Virgin Interactive on November 1 , 1994 , for the video game platforms Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Sega Game Gear , Nintendo Entertainment System and PC . The game follows the plot of the original film and features Simba as both a cub and an adult .
On December 28 , 2000 , Activision released The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure for Game Boy Color and PlayStation . The game encompasses 10 levels and incorporates the plot of both The Lion King and The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride as " Simba ... matures from a precocious cub to an adult lion . " Simba also appears as a playable character in Disney Interactive Studios ' Disney 's Extreme Skate Adventure , released on September 3 , 2003 , for Game Boy Advance , PlayStation 2 , GameCube and Xbox , and Disney Friends , released for Nintendo DS on February 26 , 2008 . Additionally , Simba appears in the Square Enix Kingdom Hearts video game franchise as a friend and ally of the series ' main character , Sora .
= = = = Walt Disney Parks and Resorts = = = =
Live versions of Simba appear in the Lion King musical and in the parades and shows at the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts .
Simba was also the main character in " Legend of the Lion King , " a former Fantasyland attraction in Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom , which retold the story of the film using fully articulated puppets . Other Disney attractions that have featured Simba include the Mickey 's PhilharMagic 3D show and the Hong Kong Disneyland version of It 's a Small World .
He appears as one of the main characters at Epcot 's Land Pavilion 12 @-@ minute edutainment film Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable .
= = Reception and legacy = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Although The Lion King itself has garnered Universal acclaim from film critics , reception towards Simba has been generally mixed . The Christian Science Monitor 's David Sterritt hailed Simba as " a superbly realized character , " specifically praising the scene in which the character " faces discipline by his dad after his adventure with the hyenas . " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Simba " has been given a marvelously expressive face " to the point of which " He seems more human than the Ken and Barbie types featured in Aladdin and The Little Mermaid . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone described " the father @-@ son relationship " shared by Simba and Mufasa as " movingly rendered , " while About.com 's David Nusair wrote , " it ’ s the touching father / son stuff that lies at the heart of the movie that cements The Lion King 's place as an utterly timeless piece of work . " James Berardinelli of ReelViews enjoyed the fact that the film focuses more on the story of Simba himself as opposed to the romantic relationship developing between the character and Nala . However , Berardinelli criticized Matthew Broderick 's vocal performance , describing it as " nondescript . " Rob Humanick of Slant Magazine hailed the fact that " it 's never laid on [ Simba ] that his time as king will directly correspond with the eventual passing of his father " as one of the film 's " most important facets . " However , he criticized The Lion King 's characters , describing them as well @-@ designed but " lazy and troublesome . " The Austin Chronicle 's Robert Faires felt that Simba and the other Lion King characters , though " true " , were simply unoriginal retreads of preceding animated characters who were " swiped from other Disney cartoons . "
Hal Hinson of The Washington Post gave the character a negative review . Labeling Timon and Pumbaa the only interesting characters in The Lion King , Hinson questioned Simba 's role as the film 's hero . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times agreed , " A movie 's heroes may have their names above the title , but often as not it 's the sidekicks who get the real work done . " Turan went on to pan Simba , describing him as " irritatingly callow . " Chris Hick of the Deseret News complained about the fact that Simba and the other " characters in The Lion King are not as warm and fuzzy as other Disney animated features , " crediting this with making " the film a bit tougher to warm [ up ] to . " ComingSoon.net strongly panned Simba as a lead character , writing , " typically for Disney animated fare , it 's the hero who is the weak link being both blandly designed and blandly performed . " Acknowledging the character 's Shakespearean origins , The Baltimore Sun 's Stephen Hunter gave Simba a negative review , writing , " Alas ... Simba stands in for Hamlet , but he 's a lot less complicated ; in fact , he 's less complicated than Morris the Cat or Sylvester . " Hunter continued , " Simba the Exile is even less interesting than Simba the Prince . " Christopher Null of Contactmusic.com was critical of Weaver 's performance as the singing voice of Young Simba , writing , " If there 's anything annoying about the film , it 's the singing . Young Simba sounds like a young Michael Jackson ... You almost don 't want him to succeed . " However , Null reacted more positively towards Broderick 's performance .
Despite the character 's mixed reception , several critics have awarded specific praise to Broderick for his portrayal of Simba , including the San Francisco Chronicle 's Peter Stack and The Washington Post 's Desson Howe . Annette Basile of Filmink described Broderick 's performance as " excellent , " while Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian called it " sumptuous . " Digital Spy 's Mayer Nissim described Broderick 's portrayal of Simba as " wonderful . "
= = = Impact and popularity = = =
During the film 's opening number , " Circle of Life " , Rafiki introduces a newborn Simba to the crowd of animals gathered at the foot of Pride Rock by holding him high above their heads while parents Mufasa and Sarabi look on . Since the film 's 1994 release , this scene has grown to iconic status . In November 2002 , singer Michael Jackson sparked controversy by holding his son over the protective railing of a hotel balcony in Berlin . The event was witnessed by a large crowd of spectators who were watching from below . Some sources have claimed that Jackson was harmlessly attempting to emulate the scene from The Lion King .
When Kate Middleton , Duchess of Cambridge went into labor with hers and Prince William 's baby in July 2013 , the idea that the couple should reenact the famous scene from The Lion King became quite popular among Twitter users . Radio journalist Darren Simpson reportedly tweeted , " when your baby arrives please re @-@ enact the scene from the Lion King " . Shortly after Middleton gave birth to a boy , England native Tommy Peto initiated a petition asking the couple to welcome their baby by having the Archbishop of Canterbury emulate the scene by holding him over the balcony of Buckingham Palace . Ultimately , the idea was deemed " outside the responsibility of the government " and was declined .
The scene has found itself the subject of both reference and parody in various forms of media , such as in the film George of the Jungle ( 1997 ) . In what is almost an exact replica of the scene , George , portrayed by actor Brendan Fraser , takes the place of both Rafiki and Mufasa by standing at the tip of Pride Rock and presenting his young son to a crowd of onlooking animals , accompanied by wife Ursula , portrayed by Leslie Mann .
During the season 3 finale of Once upon a Time the main character Emma Swan asked her parents Snow White and Prince charming ) that they aren 't going to hold up her yet unnamed baby brother like in the Lion King Since the release of The Lion King in 1994 , the name " Simba " has increased in use and popularity among dog and cat owners . According to Comcast in 2010 , the use of Simba as a dog name reemerged in popularity in 2009 after experiencing a noticeable decline in 2001 , ranking the name ninth out of 10 on its list of " Top 10 Trendiest Dog Names of the Year . " In May 2013 , Yahoo ! Lifestyle included the name on its list of " Trendiest Dog Names . " According to YouPet , Simba is the 17th most popular cat name out of 100 candidates . Care2 included Simba in its article " All @-@ around Cool Cat Names , " while DutchNews.nl reported that Simba ranks among the country 's most popular cat names as of July 2013 . In its list of " Top Popular Pet Names , " BabyNames.com placed Simba at number 64 on its list of most popular dog names out of the 100 that were considered .
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= Altrincham =
Altrincham ( / ˈɒltrɪŋəm / OL @-@ tring @-@ əm ) is a market town in Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , south of the River Mersey about 8 miles ( 13 km ) southwest of Manchester city centre , 3 miles ( 5 km ) south @-@ southwest of Sale and 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of Warrington . At the 2001 UK census , it had a population of 41 @,@ 000 increasing to 52 @,@ 419 at the 2011 census .
Historically part of Cheshire , Altrincham was established as a market town in 1290 , a time when the economy of most communities was based on agriculture rather than trade , and there is still a market in the town today . Further socioeconomic development came with the extension of the Bridgewater Canal to Altrincham in 1765 and the arrival of the railway in 1849 , stimulating industrial activity in the town . Outlying villages were absorbed by Altrincham 's subsequent growth , along with the grounds of Dunham Massey Hall , formerly the home of the Earl of Stamford , and now a tourist attraction with three Grade I Listed Buildings and a deer park .
Altrincham today is an affluent commuter town , partly because of its transport links . The town has a strong middle class presence ; there has been a steady increase in Altrincham 's middle classes since the 19th century . It is also home to Altrincham F.C. and three ice hockey clubs , Manchester Storm , Altrincham Aces and Trafford Tornados . Altrincham 's population increased to 45 @,@ 809 in 2011 .
= = History = =
Local evidence of prehistoric human activity exists in the form of two Neolithic arrowheads found in Altrincham , and further afield , a concentration of artefacts around Dunham . The remains of a Roman road , part of one of the major Roman roads in North West England connecting the legionary fortresses of Chester ( Deva Victrix ) and York ( Eboracum ) , run through the Broadheath area . As it shows signs of having been repaired , the road was in use for a considerable period of time . The name Altrincham first appears as " Aldringeham " , probably meaning " homestead of Aldhere 's people " . As recently as the 19th century it was spelt both Altrincham and Altringham .
Until the Normans invaded England , the manors surrounding Altrincham were owned by the Saxon thegn Alweard ; after the invasion they became the property of Hamon de Massey , though Altrincham is not mentioned in the Domesday Book . The earliest documented reference to the town is from 1290 , when it was granted its charter as a Free Borough by Baron Hamon de Massey V. The charter allowed a weekly market to be held , and it is possible that de Massey established the town to generate income through taxes on trade and tolls . This suggests that Altrincham may have been a planned market town , unusual during the Middle Ages , when most communities were agricultural . Altrincham was probably chosen as the site of the planned town rather than Dunham – which would have been protected by Dunham Castle – because its good access to roads was important for trade .
Altrincham Fair became St James 's Fair or Samjam in 1319 and continued until 1895 . Fair days had their own court of Pye Powder ( a corruption of the French for " dusty feet " ) , presided over by the mayor and held to settle disputes arising from the day 's dealings . By 1348 the town had 120 burgage plots – ownership of land used as a measure of status and importance in an area – putting it on a par with the Cheshire town of Macclesfield and above Stockport and Knutsford . The earliest known residence in Altrincham was The Knoll , on Stamford Street near the centre of the medieval town . An 1983 excavation on the demolished building , made by South Trafford Archaeological Group , discovered evidence that the house dated from the 13th or 14th century , and that it may have contained a drying kiln or malting floor . During the English Civil War , men from Altrincham fought for the Parliamentarian Sir George Booth . During the war , armies camped on nearby Bowdon Downs on several occasions .
In 1754 , a stretch of road south of Altrincham , along the Manchester to Chester route , was turnpiked . Turnpikes were toll roads which taxed passengers for the maintenance of the road . Further sections were turnpiked in 1765 from Timperley to Sale , and 1821 from Altrincham to Stockport . The maintenance of roads passed to local authorities in 1888 , although by then most turnpike trusts had already declined . The connection of the Bridgewater Canal to Altrincham in 1765 stimulated the development of market gardening , and for many years Altrincham was noted for its vegetables . By 1767 , warehouses had been built alongside the canal at Broadheath , the first step in the development of Broadheath as an industrial area and the beginning of Altrincham 's industrialisation . The canal was connected in 1776 to the River Mersey , providing the town not only with a water route to Manchester , but also to the Irish Sea .
Moves to connect the town to the UK 's railway network gained pace in 1845 , when the Act of Parliament for the construction of the Manchester South Junction and Altrincham Railway ( MSJAR ) was passed . The first train left Altrincham early on 20 July 1849 , carrying 65 passengers . The MSJAR had two stations in the town : Altrincham , on Stockport Road , and Bowdon – though not actually in Bowdon – on Lloyd Street / Railway Street . Both were replaced in 1881 by Altrincham & Bowdon station on Stamford New Road . The London and North Western Railway 's station at Broadheath , on the town 's northern edge , was opened in 1854 , while a further connection was created on 12 May 1862 by the Cheshire Midland Railway ( later the Cheshire Lines Committee ) , who opened their line from Altrincham to Knutsford .
With its new railway links , Altrincham and the surrounding areas became desirable places for the middle classes and commuters to live . Professionals and industrialists moved to the town , commuting into Manchester . While some travelled daily by coach , the less well – to – do commuted by express or " flyer " barges from Broadheath . Between 1851 and 1881 the population increased from 4 @,@ 488 to 11 @,@ 250 . Broadheath 's industrial area , covering about 250 acres ( 1 @.@ 0 km2 ) , was founded in 1885 by Harry Grey , 8th Earl of Stamford , to attract businesses . By 1900 Broadheath had its own docks , warehouses and electricity generating station . The site 's proximity to rail , canal and road links proved attractive to companies making machine tools , cameras and grinding machines . The presence of companies like Tilghmans Sand Blast , and the Linotype and Machinery Company , established Broadheath as an industrial area of national standing . By 1914 , 14 companies operated in Broadheath , employing thousands of workers . One of those was the Budenberg Gauge Company . Linotype also created 172 workers ' homes near its factory , helping cater for the population boom created by Broadheath 's industrialisation . Between 1891 and 1901 the population of Altrincham increased by 35 per cent , from 12 @,@ 440 to 16 @,@ 831 .
From the turn of the 20th century to the start of the Second World War , there were few changes in Altrincham . Although the town was witness to some of the Luftwaffe 's raids on the Manchester area , it emerged from the war relatively unscathed , and as with the rest of Britain , experienced an economic boom . This manifested itself in the construction of new housing and the 1960s rebuilding of the town centre . However , during the 1970s employment at Broadheath declined by nearly 40 per cent .
= = Governance = =
Altrincham became a Free Borough , a self @-@ governing township , when it was granted a charter in June 1290 by the Lord of the Manor , Hamon de Massey V. The charter allowed for the creation of a merchants ' guild , run by the town 's burgesses to tax people passing through the borough . Burgesses were free men who lived in the town . The borough was ruled by a Court Leet and elected a mayor since at least 1452 . Amongst the court 's responsibilities were keeping the public peace and regulating the markets and fairs .
The borough was not one of those reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 , and continued to exist under the control of the Lord of the Manor and the Court Leet until its final abolition in 1886 . The Public Health Act of 1848 led to the creation of Altrincham 's Local Board of Health in 1851 to address the unsanitary conditions created by the town 's growing population – the first such board in Trafford .
The local board was reconstituted as an urban district council in the administrative county of Cheshire under the Local Government Act 1894 . Altrincham Urban District was expanded in 1920 when parts of Carrington and Dunham Massey Civil Parishes were added . A further expansion took place in 1936 ; Timperley Civil Parish was abolished and most of its area incorporated into Altrincham UD . At the same time , there was a minor exchange of areas with Hale Urban District ; a minor addition from Bowdon Urban District ; and a further substantial portion of Dunham Massey Civil Parish was added . In 1937 the urban district was granted a charter of incorporation and became a municipal borough . The new borough was granted armorial bearings which featured heraldic references to the Masseys and Earls of Stamford . With the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 , the administrative counties and municipal boroughs were abolished and Altrincham became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester on 1 April 1974 .
Trafford Council is responsible for the administration of local services , such as education , social services , town planning , waste collection and council housing . The area is divided into seven electoral wards : Altrincham , Bowdon , Broadheath , Hale Barns , Hale Central , Timperley , and Village . These wards have 21 out of the 63 seats on the Trafford Council ; as of the 2014 local elections fifteen of these seats were held by the Conservative Party , three by the Labour Party , and three by the Liberal Democrats . Altrincham was in the eponymous parliamentary constituency which was created in 1885 . This lasted until 1945 when it was replaced by Altrincham and Sale . In 1997 , this in turn became part of the newly created constituency of Altrincham and Sale West . Since its formation , Altrincham and Sale West has been represented in the House of Commons by the Conservative MP , Graham Brady . This is one of only two Conservative seats in Greater Manchester .
= = Geography = =
At 53 ° 23 ′ 2 ″ N 2 ° 21 ′ 17 ″ W ( 53 @.@ 3838 , − 2 @.@ 3547 ) , Altrincham is on the southwestern edge of the Greater Manchester Urban Area , immediately south of the town of Sale , and 8 miles ( 13 km ) southwest of Manchester city centre . It lies in the northwest corner of the Cheshire Plain , just south of the River Mersey . The Bridgewater Canal passes through the Broadheath area of the town . Altrincham 's drinking water is supplied by United Utilities . The local bedrock consists mainly of Keuper Waterstone , a type of sandstone , and water retrieved from those rocks is very hard and often saline , making it undrinkable . The town 's climate is generally temperate , with few extremes of temperature or weather . The mean temperature is slightly above average for the United Kingdom ; whereas both annual rainfall and average hours of sunshine are slightly below the average for the UK .
Along with Sale , Stretford and Urmston , Altrincham is one of the four major urban areas in Trafford . The Altrincham area , as defined by Trafford Council , comprises the south of Trafford . In addition to the town of Altrincham , it includes the villages of Timperley , Bowdon , Hale and Hale Barns . The Broadheath area of the town was a light industrial centre until the 1970s and is now a retail park . The most densely populated part of the town is around the town centre , with the less populated areas and more green space further from the centre of town in villages such as Bowdon and Hale . The Oldfield Brow area lies on the outskirts of the town beside the Bridgewater Canal and close to Dunham Massey .
= = Demography = =
As of the 2001 UK census , the town of Altrincham had a total population of 40 @,@ 695 . Of its 27 @,@ 900 households , 38 @.@ 7 per cent were married couples living together . 30 @.@ 4 per cent contained one person , 8 @.@ 2 per cent co @-@ habiting couples and 9 @.@ 0 per cent lone parents .
The town 's population density is 10 @,@ 272 inhabitants per square mile ( 3 @,@ 966 / km2 ) , with 94 @.@ 8 males for every 100 females . Of those aged 16 to 74 , 21 @.@ 7 per cent had no academic qualifications , similar to the 21 @.@ 3 per cent in all of Trafford , but lower than the 28 @.@ 9 per cent in England . At 4 @.@ 6 per cent , Altrincham has a low proportion of non @-@ white people . Asians are the area 's largest ethnic minority , at 1 @.@ 3 per cent of the population .
In 1931 , 14 @.@ 6 per cent of Altrincham 's population was middle class , slightly higher than the figure for England and Wales , which was 14 per cent . By 1971 this gap had increased to 28 @.@ 8 per cent compared to 24 per cent nationally , while the town 's working class population had declined , from 30 @.@ 3 per cent in 1931 ( 36 per cent in England and Wales ) to 18 @.@ 6 per cent ( 26 per cent nationwide ) . The remainder comprised clerical and skilled manual workers . This change in social structure was similar to that seen across the nation – although biased towards the middle classes – making Altrincham the middle @-@ class town it is today .
= = = Population change = = =
According to the hearth tax returns from 1664 , the township of Altrincham had a population of about 636 , making it the largest of the local settlements ; this had increased to 1 @,@ 692 in 1801 . In the first half of the 19th century , the town 's population increase by 165 per cent , higher than 89 per cent across England and 98 per cent in the Trafford area . The growth of the settlement was a result of the Industrial Revolution , and although Altrincham was one of the fastest growing townships in the Trafford area , but paled in comparison to new industrial areas such as Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , Hyde , and Manchester . In the second half of the 19th century , Altrincham 's population grew by 275 per cent , higher than the 235 per cent for Trafford and 69 per cent nationally in the same period . This was due to the late industrialisation of the area and the introduction of the Manchester South Junction and Altrincham Railway in 1849 . The table below details the population change since 1801 , including the percentage change since the last census .
= = Economy = =
Historically , Altrincham was a market town and the two main areas of employment were agriculture and market trade . Although the town went into decline in the 15th century , it recovered and the annual fairs lasted until the mid @-@ 19th century and the market still continues . During the Industrial Revolution , Altrincham grew as an industrial town , particularly the Broadheath area , which was developed into an industrial estate . In 1801 there were four cotton mills in Altrincham , part of its textile industry , although they had closed by the 1851 census . The decline of the textile industry in Altrincham mirrored the decline of the industry in the Trafford area as a result of a lack of investment and the development of more established industrial areas such as Manchester , Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , and Oldham . During the late 19th and early 20th centuries , heavier industries moved into Broadheath , providing local employment . The area steadily declined during the second half of the 20th century , with employment at Broadheath falling from 8 @,@ 000 to 5 @,@ 000 between 1960 and 1970 . Despite the presence of retailers such as Tesco , Sainsbury 's and Marks & Spencer in the town , a new Asda superstore in Broadheath , and redevelopment schemes costing over £ 100 million , Altrincham 's 15 @.@ 5 per cent level of employment in retail is below the national average of 16 @.@ 9 per cent . Altrincham , with its neighbours Bowdon and Hale , is said to constitute a " stockbroker belt " , with well @-@ appointed dwellings in an area of sylvan opulence .
The historic market town developed as a residential area in the 19th century although it retains its retail heritage in the Old Market Place ( a conservation area ) and a new pedestrianised shopping centre . The retail districts of the town have more recently fallen victim to decline due to competition from the nearby Trafford Centre and a regenerated Manchester city centre . In 2006 Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council unveiled plans for a £ 1 @.@ 5 million redevelopment for the town centre . The renovation will create 146 @,@ 000 square feet ( 13 @,@ 600 m2 ) of new retail space and 203 @,@ 000 square feet ( 18 @,@ 900 m2 ) of refurbished space , providing 349 @,@ 000 square feet ( 32 @,@ 400 m2 ) in total .
Construction on Altair , a £ 100 million development on Oakfield Road , is expected to begin in 2013 . The scheme includes a hotel , offices , shops and eating places , and is expected to create 2 @,@ 000 permanent jobs . A further £ 20 million is earmarked for a refurbishment of the nearby Altrincham Interchange . A 2010 survey found that despite being in one of the country 's most affluent areas , nearly a third of the shops in Altrincham were vacant ; Trafford council attributed the high number ( 78 ) to the effects of the recession and plans to refurbish Stamford House , which left most of its shops unused .
According to the 2001 UK census , the industry of employment of residents in Altrincham was 18 @.@ 4 per cent property and business services , 16 @.@ 0 per cent retail and wholesale , 12 @.@ 1 per cent manufacturing , 10 @.@ 7 per cent health and social work , 8 @.@ 3 per cent education , 8 @.@ 3 per cent transport and communications , 5 @.@ 8 per cent finance , 5 @.@ 7 per cent construction , 4 @.@ 2 per cent hotels and restaurants , 4 @.@ 2 per cent public administration and defence , 0 @.@ 8 per cent agriculture , 0 @.@ 8 per cent energy and water supply , 0 @.@ 2 per cent mining , and 4 @.@ 6 per cent other . This was roughly in line with national figures , except for the town 's relatively high percentage of workers in property and business services . The census recorded the economic activity of residents aged 16 – 74 , 5 @.@ 3 per cent looking after home or family , 4 @.@ 3 per cent permanently sick or disabled , 3 @.@ 2 per cent students without jobs , 2 @.@ 2 per cent students were with jobs , and 2 @.@ 4 per cent economically inactive for other reasons . The 2 @.@ 2 per cent unemployment rate of Altrincham was low compared with the national rate of 3 @.@ 3 per cent .
= = Culture = =
= = = Landmarks and attractions = = =
The Old Market Place is thought to stand on the site of the original town settlement . Now a registered conservation area it consists of a series of part timber @-@ framed buildings echoing the wattle and daub constructions of the original houses and burgage plots . The cobblestone paving was replaced in 1896 . The Buttermarket which stood in the area near the Old Market Place from the 17th century until the late 19th century was also the site for dispensing early local justice . A courtroom , stocks and whipping post saw public floggings take place there until the early 19th century . The whipping post and stocks were restored as a tourist attraction by local traders in the 1990s . However the Buttermarket area was also a site of religious importance , since prospective brides and grooms are thought to have declared their intentions here . In 1814 Thomas de Quincey described the Old Market Place in his Confessions of an English Opium Eater while travelling from Manchester to Chester . He noted how little the place had changed since his visit 14 years earlier at the age of three , and that " fruits , such as can be had in July , and flowers were scattered about in profusion : even the stalls of the butchers , from their brilliant cleanliness , appeared attractive : and bonny young women of Altrincham were all tripping about in caps and aprons coquettishly disposed " . Another of Altrincham 's attractions is the historic market , set up over 700 years ago when the town was first established .
Of the 21 conservation areas in Trafford , ten are in Altrincham : The Downs , The Devisdale , Bowdon , Ashley Heath , Goose Green , Old Market Place , Sandiway , George Street , the Linotype Housing Estate and Stamford New Road . On the town 's outskirts is the 18th @-@ century Dunham Massey Hall , surrounded by its 250 @-@ acre ( 1 km2 ) deer park , both now owned by the National Trust . The hall is early Georgian in style , and along with its stables and carriage house , is a Grade I listed building .
Royd House was built between 1914 and 1916 , by local architect Edgar Wood , as his own residence . It has a flat concrete roof , a concave façade , and is faced in Portland red stone and Lancashire brick . It is regarded as one of the most advanced examples of early 20th @-@ century domestic architecture , and is referenced in architectural digests . It has been a Grade I listed building since 1975 , one of six such buildings in Trafford . The Grade II listed clock outside the main transport interchange was built in 1880 .
The 16 @-@ acre ( 6 @.@ 5 ha ) Stamford Park was designed by landscape gardener John Shaw . It opened to the public in 1880 , as a sports park with areas for cricket and football . The land was donated by George Grey , the 7th Earl of Stamford , and is now owned and run by Trafford Council . The park is listed as Grade II on the Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England , and has won a bronze award from the Greenspace award scheme .
= = = Events and venues = = =
Altrincham has two theatres , the Altrincham Garrick Playhouse and the Club Theatre . The Altrincham Garrick group was formed in 1913 . The Garrick held the world stage premier of Psycho in 1982 . In 1998 , it received a grant of £ 675 @,@ 000 from the National Lottery as part of a £ 900 @,@ 000 redevelopment of the theatre , which was completed in 1999 . The Club Theatre group began in 1896 , as the St Margaret 's Church Institute Amateur Dramatics Society . It provides a venue for the Trafford Youth Theatre production each year , and it runs the Hale One Act Festival , an annual week @-@ long event started in 1972 . The club has received awards from both the Greater Manchester Drama Federation and the Cheshire Theatre Guild . Altrincham also had Greater Manchester 's only Michelin starred restaurant , the Juniper .
= = = Sports = = =
Altrincham F.C. , nicknamed " The Robins " , were founded in 1903 and play home matches at Moss Lane . The club plays in the Vanarama Conference , the fifth tier of English football . In the 1970s and 1980s Altrincham F.C. built a reputation for " giant @-@ killing " acts against Football League teams in FA Cup matches . The club has knocked out Football League opposition on a record 16 occasions , including a 1986 victory against top @-@ flight Birmingham City . Altrincham won the forerunner of the Football Conference in its first two seasons , but was denied election to the Football League on both occasions , falling a single vote short in 1980 . Altrincham have since had mixed fortunes . Relegated to the Northern Premier League in 1997 , the club earned promotion two years later , but suffered a second relegation after a single season in the Conference . In the 2010 – 11 season Altrincham were relegated to Conference North .
Altrincham is one of the few towns in North West England with an ice rink , and has had an ice hockey team since 1961 , when Altrincham Ice Rink was built in Broadheath . The Altrincham Aces ( later renamed the Trafford Metros ) played from 1961 until 2003 , when Altrincham Ice Rink closed . The town then had a three @-@ year period without a rink or ice hockey team , until construction of the 2 @,@ 500 capacity Altrincham Ice Dome was completed . Manchester Phoenix , a club having a professional presence in the English Premier Ice Hockey League and an extensive junior development aspect , relocated to the Ice Dome during the 2006 – 07 season , having withdrawn from competition two years earlier due to the high cost of playing matches at Manchester 's MEN Arena . In 2009 the Manchester Phoenix English National Ice Hockey League team was renamed Trafford Metros , bringing the old Altrincham team 's name back into use . When not being used by Phoenix the Altrincham Ice Dome is open to the public for ice skating .
Founded in 1897 , Altrincham Kersal RUFC plays rugby union in North One , the competition below the National Leagues , and is amongst the top 80 clubs in England . Altrincham has been promoted five times in the past ten seasons . The club has produced England and Sale Sharks players Mark Cueto and Chris Jones and continues to produce players for the Sale Jets . Altrincham and District Athletics Club was founded in 1961 , and provides training facilities for track and field , road running , cross @-@ country running and fell running . Seamons Cycling Club was formed in 1948 in the area of Altrincham known locally as Seamons Moss .
= = Education = =
As Altrincham was part of the Bowdon parish , children from the township may have gone to the 16th @-@ century school established at Bowdon ; before that point , the town had no formal education system . A salt merchant from Dunham Woodhouses founded a school at Oldfield House intended for 40 boys aged 8 – 11 from the surrounding area . Sunday schools were set up in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . Altrincham 's increasing population prompted the founding of more schools during the early 19th century and by 1856 the town had 9 schools , 1 college , and 23 teachers . The introduction of compulsory education during the second half of the 19th century increased the demand for schools , and by 1886 Altrincham had 12 church schools and 8 private schools .
Responsibility for local education fell to Cheshire County Council in 1903 . Loreto Convent , the County High School for Girls , and Altrincham County High School for Boys , were founded in 1909 , 1910 , and 1912 respectively . Although still open these schools have since changed their names to Altrincham Grammar School for Girls , Altrincham Grammar School for Boys , and Loreto Grammar School . Altrincham received evacuees during the Second World War , and it was in this period that St. Ambrose College was founded .
Altrincham now has eighteen primary schools , one special school and eight secondary schools , including five grammar schools ; the Trafford district maintains a selective education system assessed by the Eleven Plus exam . Several of Altrincham 's secondary schools have specialist status : Altrincham College of Arts ( arts ) ; Altrincham Grammar School for Boys ( language ) ; Altrincham Grammar School for Girls ( language ) ; Blessed Thomas Holford Catholic College ( maths and computing ) ; Loreto Grammar School ( science and maths ) ; and St. Ambrose College ( maths and computing ) . Altrincham College of Arts , Altrincham Grammar School for Boys , Altrincham Grammar School for Girls , Blessed Thomas Holford Catholic College , Loreto Grammar School , and St. Ambrose College were all rated as outstanding in their most recent Ofsted reports . Brentwood Special School is a mixed school for 11- to 19 @-@ year @-@ olds who have special needs or learning difficulties .
= = Religion = =
During the medieval and post @-@ medieval periods the township of Altrincham was part of Bowdon parish . Low population density meant that the town did not have a church until the Anglican church established a chapel of ease in 1799 . Nonconformists were also present in Altrincham ; Methodists set up a chapel in 1790 , and Baptists built one in the 1870s . Irish immigrants in the 1830s and 1840s also returned Roman Catholicism to the area , the first Roman Catholic church built in Altrincham being St Vincent 's , in 1860 .
Several churches in Altrincham are deemed architecturally important enough to be designated Grade II listed buildings . These are Christ Church , the Church of St Alban , the Church of St George , the Church of St John the Evangelist and Trinity United Reformed Church . Of the nine Grade II * listed buildings in Trafford , three are in Altrincham : the Church of St Margaret , the Church of St John the Divine and Hale Chapel in Hale Barns . As of the 2001 UK census , 78 @.@ 8 per cent of Altrincham 's residents reported themselves as being Christian , 1 @.@ 1 per cent Jewish , 1 @.@ 1 per cent Muslim , 0 @.@ 4 per cent Hindu , 0 @.@ 2 per cent Buddhist and 0 @.@ 1 per cent Sikh . The census recorded 12 @.@ 1 per cent as having no religion , 0 @.@ 2 per cent with an alternative religion , while 6 @.@ 1 per cent did not state a religion . Altrincham is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury , and the Church of England Diocese of Chester . The nearest synagogue , belonging to Hale and District Hebrew Congregation , is on Shay Lane in Hale Barns .
= = Transport = =
Construction of the Manchester South Junction and Altrincham Railway began in 1845 . The line was opened in October 1849 , with services from Manchester London Road via Sale to Altrincham . In 1931 it became one of Great Britain 's first electrified railway lines , with a 1,500V DC overhead line . At the same time a new Altrincham station was opened on the same line , at Navigation Road , serving housing developments in the area . By 1937 , 130 train services ran daily between Manchester and Altrincham . The line was renovated in the early 1990s to form part of the Manchester Metrolink light rail system . Broadheath railway station served the northern part of Altrincham between 1853 and 1962 , on the line from Manchester , via Lymm to Warrington .
Altrincham Interchange is one of the Metrolink 's termini . The interchange has been refurbished , and now includes a brand new footbridge , with 3 lifts to cope with increased passenger demands , including a larger scale ticket office , and modern bus interchange . The redeveloped interchange is now going through finishing touches , with just the lifts to be completed . The new Interchange is a modern design building that looks fantastic and is helping to regenerate Altrincham city centre as the new building has helped to transform the surrounding area . The Interchange connects the town to several locations in Greater Manchester , such as Sale and Bury . The service also includes Navigation Road station . Metrolink services leave around every six minutes , between 07 : 15 and 19 : 30 on weekdays , and less frequently at other times . National Rail services link the Altrincham and Navigation Road stations with Chester via Northwich , and with Manchester via Stockport . Altrincham Interchange , next to the railway station , is a hub for local bus routes . Manchester Airport , the largest in the UK outside London , is 5 miles ( 8 km ) to the southeast of the town , and is connected via the Manchester Picadilly – Crewe line . There are plans in the future to create a new link between Manchester Airport and the Mid Cheshire Line , which Altrincham Interchange is a station on . Recently the Metrolink completed connections to this airport and opened the line 12 months early , but this is not a direct connection from the Metrolink line at Altrincham Interchange
= = Notable people = =
The artist Helen Allingham , born in 1848 , lived in Altrincham and then Bowdon during her childhood years . Alison Uttley wrote the Little Grey Rabbit books while living in Bowdon . Dramatist Ronald Gow lived there in his youth and later taught at the local grammar school . The town was also the birthplace of the film and television actress Angela Cartwright . Ian Brown and John Squire of The Stone Roses both attended Altrincham Grammar School for Boys , and Paul Young of Sad Café and Mike and the Mechanics lived in Altrincham until his death in 2000 .
Hewlett Johnson , later known as the " Red Dean " of Canterbury , was curate , and later vicar of St Margaret 's in the town from 1904 to 1924 .
The Lancashire and England Test cricketer Paul Allott was born in Altrincham .
Edward Kinder Bradbury was born ( 16 August 1881 ) in the town , he was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry and ability in organising the defence of ' L ' Battery against heavy odds at Nery on 1 September 1914 . Altrincham born Bill Speakman received the Victoria Cross for valour in 1951 in the Korean War . Sir Michael Pollock , an officer in the Royal Navy who rose to the position of First Sea Lord , was born in Altrincham .
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= Towson United Methodist Church =
Towson United Methodist Church is a large United Methodist Church in the historic Baltimore County , Maryland suburb of Towson . Its past , rooted in 19th century America , and subsequent growth in the two centuries since then , have closely paralleled the nation 's political and sociological trends . It was a congregation split asunder in 1861 on the eve of the American Civil War in a border state of divided loyalties , which eventually reunited and built a church in the post @-@ World War II era of the 1950s , a time of reconciliation and rapid growth by mainline Protestant denominations , especially in the more affluent suburbs .
The 1 @,@ 000 @-@ member church , currently pastored by Rev. Roderick Miller , has a number of community outreach programs , including an accredited child care center and a Boy Scout troop , and actively supports a home for unwed mothers , overseas missions , and Habitat for Humanity projects . The congregation worships in a 1 @,@ 000 @-@ seat sanctuary built in 1958 . The large building 's prominent 235 @-@ foot ( 72 m ) spire and cupola , a landmark visible for miles from the nearby Baltimore Beltway ( Interstate 695 ) , has been called " the beacon of Towson " .
Towson United Methodist Church is located on Hampton Lane at interchange # 27B of the Baltimore Beltway and Dulaney Valley Road ( Md . Route 146 ) , one @-@ half mile ( one km ) west of Hampton National Historic Site . The church 's land was originally part of the vast 18th century Hampton estate .
= = History = =
= = = The beginning ; 1750s – 1850s = = =
First settled by brothers William and Thomas Towson in 1752 , the hamlet now bearing their name remained mostly farmland until the 1830s , with no churches and little more than a roadside inn / tavern for travelers on York Road ( now Md . Route 45 ) . In the 1790s , Rebecca Dorsey Ridgely , the wife of Charles Ridgely III and described as an ardent Methodist , began holding prayer meetings at the Ridgelys ' grandiose Hampton Mansion , located one @-@ half mi ( one km ) east of the present church site . By 1825 , the first Sunday School was started in a private home near a blacksmith 's shop on York Road . In 1839 , the citizenry of sparsely populated Towsontown , as the village was called by then , built the tiny community 's first church in a wooded location north of Joppa Road and east of Dulaney Valley Road . The site was previously used for a powder magazine built by Gen. Nathan Towson prior to the British attack on Baltimore in September 1814 , during the War of 1812 . Called Epsom Chapel , the 1 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 93 m2 ) structure was built of stones salvaged from the arsenal . Led by Methodist Episcopal minister Daniel Helpler , Epsom Chapel was dedicated and opened for Towsontown 's first public church service on Sunday , November 10 , 1839 . In line with Methodist practice of the time in rural areas , circuit rider ministers would travel on horseback to preach to the villagers at Epsom Chapel . With the designation of Towson as the county seat in 1854 , the town began to grow more rapidly . The small chapel was shared with other denominations until the 1870s , when Towson 's increasing population spurred the construction of larger churches .
= = = Division and separate churches ; 1860s – 1950s = = =
The Methodist movement was growing rapidly in pre @-@ Civil War America , but was beset by disputes about slave @-@ holding and the rule over the church by bishops , resulting in a formal split into two groups in 1844 . The faction in favor of giving church authority to a hierarchy of bishops called themselves the Methodist Episcopal Church and took an anti @-@ slavery stance in the north . Those in opposition formed the Methodist Protestant Church in the United States . As the impending Civil War loomed over the nation in the 1850s , local Towson Methodists continued to worship together at Epsom Chapel .
This ended in 1861 , when a reed organ was purchased for Epsom Chapel , sparking a disagreement over the use of musical instruments in worship . A minority opposed to the idea joined the southern @-@ leaning Methodist Protestant Church , withdrawing from Epsom Chapel to worship at Towson 's Odd Fellows Hall during the Civil War . In 1867 , the Methodist Protestants returned to Epsom Chapel , but met separately on Sunday afternoons .
= = = = Towson Methodist Episcopal Church ( First Methodist Church ) = = = =
The northern @-@ leaning Methodist Episcopal congregation , which continued worshiping at Epsom Chapel during the Civil War , began building their own church nearby , with the laying of a cornerstone on August 14 , 1869 . The Towson Methodist Episcopal ( M.E. ) Church , a neo @-@ Gothic brick structure , was located on York Road next to the present Prospect Hill Cemetery , one block north of the intersection with Joppa and Dulaney Valley Roads . Designed by Edmund George Lind and built at a cost of $ 29 @,@ 000 , the 350 @-@ seat church was completed and dedicated on October 26 , 1871 .
The M.E. Church 's eighty @-@ seven members soon found themselves in financial difficulties , however , having gone heavily in debt to build their new sanctuary . The chairman of the church 's building committee had advanced his personal funds to complete the construction , thereafter becoming embroiled in years of litigation with the church . By 1874 , the church was drawing larger crowds under then @-@ pastor Joseph Stitt , who was described as an " excellent leader of singing " . An afternoon Sunday school session was particularly popular , " principally devoted to learning new hymns , which attracted many of the young people of the town , especially the young men " , noted one account . When the ME church held its twenty @-@ fifth anniversary celebration in 1896 , it opened with prayer and a piano concert , " favored with a beautiful selection sung by Mrs. Randolph Murphy " , said a contemporary report .
Although the two Methodist congregations had remained estranged since the split in 1861 , both groups did come together in 1895 for a " Great Revival " in Towson . The joint services were attended by throngs and the " preaching was with power " , newspapers commented . At the beginning of the 20th century , the increasingly large and prosperous congregation added eleven stained glass windows to the M.E. church , including Christ the Good Shepherd by Heinrich Hofmann . In 1921 , a new pipe organ was installed by M. P. Möller .
= = = = Towson Methodist Protestant Church ( Second Methodist Church ) = = = =
The Methodist Protestant group continued to use Epsom Chapel until 1908 , when they built a $ 6 @,@ 000 church seating 150 persons at the corner of Allegheny and Bosley Avenues . Located in the heart of Towson near the County Circuit Courthouse , the Towson Methodist Protestant Church was constructed of stone with a slate roof and a bell tower .
With the merger in 1939 of the Methodist Episcopal ( M.E. ) and Methodist Protestant ( M.P. ) denominations in the U.S. , Towson 's Methodist Episcopal and Methodist Protestant churches were known thereafter as First Methodist Church and Second Methodist Church , respectively .
= = = The reunited church ; 1950s – present = = =
Following the reunification of the two branches of Methodism in 1939 , First Methodist Church and Second Methodist Church of Towson continued as separate entities for another thirteen years . After the end of World War II in 1945 , mainline Protestant church attendance increased significantly in the U.S. By early 1952 , faced with facilities fast becoming inadequate for the burgeoning population of suburbia in the postwar period and with a boom in modern commercial development of Towson 's core area starting to displace older buildings , the two churches formed a joint committee to evaluate a merger . The committee recommended that the two churches become one , concluding :
" The properties of the First and Second Churches are located in close proximity to each other ... the identical objectives , program and methods of work of the two churches , will continue to make competition and overlapping inevitable ... by pooling their resources and unifying ... they can better serve the community and the Kingdom of God " . — Joint Committee Report , 1952
In April 1952 , more than ninety years after the two churches split , the congregations of both finally voted to reunite , merging on June 1 , 1952 , and adopting the name Towson Methodist Church . The members of both Methodist churches then began worshiping together at the First Methodist Church . Plans to construct a much larger building with ample parking were announced when the two churches merged and 16 acres ( 65 @,@ 000 m2 ) of undeveloped land , originally part of the Ridgelys ' Hampton estate and north of the planned alignment of the Baltimore Beltway ( I @-@ 695 ) , were purchased soon thereafter from Goucher College .
A groundbreaking ceremony was held on October 7 , 1956 , and construction of the new church was completed by the John K. Ruff Company in May 1958 , with a service of dedication held on May 11 , 1958 . A crowd of 1 @,@ 250 attended the ceremonies in the new sanctuary , with an overflow of 550 persons watching by closed @-@ circuit television in the lower level Fellowship Hall .
The old First M.E. Church structure adjacent to Prospect Hill Park Cemetery on McCurdy Avenue ( now Investment Place ) and York Road was abandoned and eventually demolished in 1965 . An illuminated display of the stained glass windows in the former church is located in the foyer of the current building . The Second M.P. Church structure was sold in 1954 to the Women 's Club of Towson and still stands today — in 2005 , the building was resold to an office development firm and is now used by an insurance agency . The erstwhile Epsom Chapel eventually became a meeting hall for Boy Scout troops in the 1920s – 1930s . It was subsequently abandoned and finally demolished in 1952 to make way for construction of a parking lot for the old Hutzler 's department store , now a Barnes & Noble store near the present Macy 's department store and Towson Town Center mall . No trace of Epsom Chapel exists today , except for an historical marker placed near the site by the Baltimore County Historical Society , designating it as the " cradle of Methodism in Towson " .
The current name , Towson United Methodist Church , was adopted in 1968 to reflect the merger in that year of the Methodist and Evangelical United Brethren denominations in the U.S. On Pentecost Sunday , May 11 , 2008 , the fiftieth anniversary of the present sanctuary 's completion was celebrated by a reenactment of the original May 11 , 1958 , dedication service .
= = Current building and facilities = =
Towson United Methodist Church is an L @-@ shaped structure , with the main sanctuary on a north @-@ south axis . Designed by architect J. Alfred Hamme and completed in 1958 , the church is built of red brick in the Georgian architectural style , with a prominent , floodlighted spire surmounted by a 9 @-@ foot ( 3 m ) porcelain enamel gold cross visible at 3 – 5 mi ( 5 – 8 km ) distance on the Beltway . The imposing front facade is of cut stone from Pennsylvania , with the 18 @-@ foot ( 5 m ) high main entranceway capped by a curved stone pediment . Inside , the sanctuary has three aisles with a rear balcony and can accommodate up to one thousand persons . Rows of Corinthian columns standing on 4 @-@ foot ( 122 cm ) bases flank the pews along both side aisles . The pulpit and doors are made of mahogany .
The 3 @-@ story east @-@ west wing has classrooms , offices , a chapel , and the John D. Hoffman library featuring an exhibit of memorabilia and historical artifacts along with archival records . Construction of the church cost $ 950 @,@ 000 in 1958 ( equivalent to almost $ 7 million in 2008 ) , not including the expense of land acquisition .
= = = Organ and carillon = = =
Towson United Methodist Church has a 3 @-@ manual , 49 @-@ rank Casavant pipe organ of 2 @,@ 516 pipes , including seven ranks of 16 ft. pipes and tubular chimes . It was dedicated in memory of S. Clayton Seitz by then @-@ organist John Duwane Hoffman on May 11 , 1958 . Hoffman , the church 's esteemed virtuoso organist and Minister of Music between 1957 – 1988 , was a graduate of Union Theological Seminary 's renowned Master of Sacred Music degree program , after having earned Bachelor of Music and Master of Music degrees at the University of Denver . At Union , Hoffman studied the organ with Clarence Dickinson and Vernon De Tar . In addition to serving as the church 's organist and choral director , Hoffman was professor of organ at Towson State University . He died unexpectedly on July 4 , 1988 of complications following heart bypass surgery . The church library is named in his memory . Hoffman was succeeded by Kathie Metz , a graduate of Marshall University , as Director of Music and Organist 1988 – 2012 . The current Director of Music and Organist since July , 2013 , is Douglas Hollida . An ordained minister , Rev. Hollida studied music at Shepherd University , graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree , and then earned a Master of Divinity degree from Trinity Episcopal School for Ministry . World @-@ famous concert organists who have performed at the church 's organ include Pierre Cochereau , Flor Peeters , and Marilyn Mason .
A 2 @-@ octave Schulmerich electronic carillon of twenty @-@ five bells was installed in the tower in June 1958 . It was played from the organ console by a carillonneur on Sunday mornings before and after services , as well as on special occasions , such as Christmas Eve and as part of the traditional noontime nationwide peal of church bells on the Fourth of July . Hymns were also played daily on the carillon by a music roll until it was discontinued in the 1990s .
= = = Renovation and expansion project = = =
Towson United Methodist Church is in the midst of a $ 3 million phased renovation and expansion project started in 2006 . In the first phase , completed in 2007 , an elevator and additional facilities were installed for improved disabled accessibility , along with a new fire sprinkler system and replacement of the building 's climate control system ( HVAC ) . Additional classrooms in an expanded education wing are planned in future phases of a multiyear master plan adopted by the church in 2005 .
To help fund the future works , the church announced plans in January 2008 to sell 3 @.@ 5 acres ( 14 @,@ 000 m2 ) of undeveloped , wooded property it owns on Hampton Lane to Shelter Development Corp. for construction of a senior citizen housing complex . A zoning change application was submitted to Baltimore County officials to allow sixteen residential units per acre ( current zoning limits density to two residential units per acre ) for a total of 80 – 100 beds . The Hampton Improvement Association , representing neighboring Hampton , Maryland residents , said they " ... oppose [ d ] zoning changes that would allow higher density residential development and require trees to be knocked down " . Then @-@ pastor David Cooney told the Baltimore Sun , " We entered into this with Shelter , believing this is a good use for the land — that this is a good company and a needed service " . In the face of community objections , however , Shelter and the church subsequently announced on March 3 , 2008 , that the development plans had been dropped . A Shelter official said that his company and Towson United Methodist Church had jointly come to the conclusion that " this is not something we are going to pursue " . Pastor Cooney said , " It had become clear that we weren 't going to be able to reach a compromise and we certainly don 't want to be at war with our neighbors " . In the wake of the plan 's shelving , the president of the Hampton Improvement Association told the Towson Times that his group wishes to work with Towson United Methodist Church to find an alternative use for the land besides commercial development , as they " don 't want to preclude the church from trying to get some money out of it . " In April 2008 , Dr. Cooney said that the church " did not set out to sell this land ; the proposal came to us , and we have no other plans to sell or develop the land " .
= = Ministry = =
Roderick J. Miller is Lead Pastor of Towson United Methodist Church , succeeding David S. Cooney in July , 2011 . Miller grew up in Pennsylvania , where he graduated from Allegheny College in 1976 , receiving a B.A. in Religion . He then studied at Wesley Theological Seminary in Washington , D.C. , earning a Master of Divinity degree in 1982 . While ministering at Union Chapel United Methodist Church in Joppa , Maryland , Miller continued his postgraduate studies , receiving a Doctor of Ministry degree in Church Revitalization from Chicago 's McCormick Theological Seminary in 1992 . He was later Lead Pastor at Bethany UMC church in Ellicott City , Maryland ( 1994 – 2005 ) , after which he was named Director of Connectional Ministries for the denomination 's Baltimore @-@ Washington Conference , serving in that role 2005 – 2011 .
The mission statement of Towson United Methodist Church is : " To proclaim the Word of God and to make disciples of Jesus Christ " . The church 's staff of twelve includes assistant ministers , directors of music and education , and building and administrative personnel . It is a part of the denomination 's Baltimore @-@ Washington Conference ( district ) . In addition to Sunday morning worship services , the 1 @,@ 200 member congregation participates in graded Sunday school classes , various adult Bible study classes , youth activities , and a midweek " Praise , Prayer & Healing " service . The music program includes both adult and youth choirs , as well as handbell ringers . The church 's Alleluia Singers , a 50 – voice ensemble of high school @-@ age young people , sings frequently for weekly worship services and tours the eastern U.S. each summer .
= = = Previous ministers = = =
David Cooney was Senior Pastor of Towson United Methodist Church between September 1 , 2001 – June 30 , 2011 . He earned a Master of Divinity degree from Wesley Theological Seminary and a Ph.D. from Iliff School of Theology in Denver , Colorado . He is the son of Rev. C. Douglas Cooney ( 1928 – 2003 ) , who was also a Methodist minister at various churches , including the First Methodist Church of Hyattsville , Maryland , as well as an official of the Methodist denomination .
Other former senior ministers of Towson Methodist Church and its predecessor First Methodist Church , with their years of appointment , are :
= = = Community outreach = = =
Towson United Methodist Church sponsors a Boy Scout troop , overseas missions , the Susanna Wesley House for unwed mothers , and actively participates in Habitat for Humanity projects . Over the years , members of the Towson Methodist Men 's group and Women 's Society of Christian Service ( now United Methodist Women ) have supported Meals on Wheels , the League of Women Voters , and Head Start , as well as serving as volunteers at local hospitals and the Maryland School for the Blind . For more than thirty years , the church has hosted a weekly meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous .
The large size of the sanctuary and its convenient location make it well @-@ suited for community gatherings attracting sizable crowds , such as concerts by the Handel Choir of Baltimore . The church hosts an annual memorial service for fallen Baltimore County firefighters and rescue personnel . Senior Baltimore County officials , including the County Executive and Fire Chief , participate in the service 's memorial wreath laying and the tolling of a bell , as part of the commemoration . Nationally @-@ known guest speakers , such as Tony Campolo and Millie Dienert , have also spoken there .
Towson United Methodist Church started the Hampton Lane Child Development Center in 1978 . An accredited child care center , it now serves approximately fifty children ages 2 – 5 years old .
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= Lovejoy Columns =
The Lovejoy Columns , located in Portland , Oregon , United States , supported the Lovejoy Ramp , a viaduct that from 1927 to 1999 carried the western approach to the Broadway Bridge over the freight tracks in what is now the Pearl District . The columns were painted by Greek immigrant Tom Stefopoulos between 1948 and 1952 . In 1999 , the viaduct was demolished but the columns were spared due to the efforts of the architectural group Rigga . For the next five years , attempts to restore the columns were unsuccessful and they remained in storage beneath the Fremont Bridge .
In 2005 , two of the original columns were resited at Northwest 10th Avenue between Everett and Flanders Streets . The Regional Arts & Culture Council was searching for photographs showing the murals in their original location for an ongoing restoration project . In 2006 , Randy Shelton reconstructed the artworks on the columns using the photographs for reference .
= = Description and history = =
The Lovejoy Columns supported the Lovejoy Ramp , a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 610 m ) viaduct that stretched from Northwest 14th Avenue and Lovejoy Street to the Broadway Bridge . It was constructed in 1927 – 1928 . Between 1948 and 1952 , Athanasios Efthimiou " Tom " Stefopoulos ( died 1971 ) , a Spokane , Portland and Seattle Railway night watchman , artist and master calligrapher in the copperplate style , drew upon the columns in chalk and later painted them . His work was spontaneous and not commissioned . Stefopoulos painted Greek mythology and Americana imagery in a calligraphic style ; the designs depicted " fanciful " owls , landscapes " bedecked with homespun aphorisms " , and ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes of Sinope navigating the streets of Athens with a lantern . He painted around a dozen murals , though photographic evidence does not exist for each of them . The paintings became a local landmark and quickly gained Stefopoulos notoriety and media coverage .
In the late 1990s , developer Homer Williams persuaded the city to demolish the viaduct to open up dozens of blocks in the redeveloping Pearl District . Preservation efforts began immediately . In 1998 , Georgiana Nehl completed a painting of the columns called Guardians : Under the Lovejoy Ramp to " catch a small flavor of these ' guardians , ' while they were still in place in their surprising location — before they were lost in the name of progress " . In 1999 , James Henderson took a series of photographs of the remaining pigments of the original paintings ; he recorded the murals using cross @-@ polarized lighting and used digital enhancement to restore the colors . The Regional Arts & Culture Council administers at least six of Henderson 's photographs , which were printed in 2002 and each called Lovejoy Column .
= = = Demolition = = =
The viaduct was removed in 1999 , but the architectural group Rigga persuaded the city to preserve the paintings and the columns . Rigga said that if the murals had been removed from the columns , " much of their magic would be lost " . The City of Portland 's Office of Transportation earmarked funds to remove ten columns ; an ad hoc committee called Friends of the Columns was formed to raise money for their storage , restoration and public display , which was estimated to cost $ 460 @,@ 000 . City Commissioner Charlie Hales said , " Saving the Lovejoy columns and the artwork provides a real bridge between the rich history of this industrial area and its future as a residential neighborhood . I am pleased that we are able to save these columns and look forward to them being placed on some of the park spaces in the River District . " According to the James M. Harrison Art and Design Studio , " Extracting the columns both captured the space created by Tom and preserved a ruin that would continue to tell a story . The fragile paintings preserved the mighty concrete . " During the next five years , attempts by the city , and non @-@ profit and entrepreneurial groups to restore the columns were unsuccessful . Boora Architects ' Northwest Marshall Street Pedestrian Bridge Feasibility Study ( 2001 ) , funded by the Portland Development Commission , proposed installing the columns at the intersection of Northwest 9th Avenue and Naito Parkway .
The columns were featured in a 2003 article by the Getty Conservation Institute called " The Conservation of Outdoor Contemporary Murals " , which described best practices for preserving murals and included photographs of the columns during the demolition phase , with conservator J. Claire Dean assessing one of them . From August 10 to September 4 , 2004 , Portland @-@ based artist and filmmaker Vanessa Renwick exhibited a paper and video installation called Lovejoy Lost , featuring camera work by her and Gus Van Sant , for the PDX Window Project .
In November 2004 , Willamette Week reported that the columns were being held at a storage yard at Northwest 14th Avenue and Savier Street , beneath the Fremont Bridge . The paper said , " [ h ] alf @-@ covered in blue tarps , their rusted steel girders sticking out of concrete like veins from a freshly amputated arm , they await the political momentum to rescue them from rot " . Real estate developer John Carroll hoped to site the columns at the Elizabeth Lofts , but former Rigga member James Harrison said he was reluctant to believe it would happen , given their history . Harrison told Willamette Week , " [ t ] hese things can turn on a dime " .
= = = Resiting = = =
Carroll 's and Harrison 's efforts were realized in 2005 when two of the ten original columns were resited at Northwest 10th Avenue between Everett and Flanders streets . The 29 @,@ 000 lb ( 13 @,@ 000 kg ) columns featured a majority of Stefopoulos ' paintings . Harrison reportedly watched with " something like fatherly joy " during the installation and said , " [ w ] e 're installing a ruin " . Carroll said displaying the columns as public art " will preserve an element of the city ’ s past for current and future generations " and acknowledged support from the neighborhood , Friends of the Columns and the Portland Development Commission . The Regional Arts & Culture Council was searching for photographs showing the murals in their original location for a restoration project , which would be completed the following summer . In 2006 , the columns were reconstructed from the photographs by Randy Shelton . The City of Portland 's Bureau of Planning said the resited columns " [ celebrate ] a period in the district ’ s history , showcasing the art for a broader audience " .
An event called " Public Space Invasion " was held in the plaza containing the columns in 2011 , inviting guests to " explore the legal limits of Portland 's more peculiar public spaces " . It advertised " crafts among the condos " and the opportunity to " picnic beside a freeway " . In 2013 , a bicycle tour called " Lovejoy Columns and Tom " focused on the conservation of the columns , the " almost forgotten history " of Stefopoulos and the rise of the Pearl District . The tour was narrated by Harrison on behalf of Friends of the Columns and guided by " Portland 's Museum Lady " Carye Bye ; it raised money for a gravestone for Stefopoulos ' unmarked grave at Rose City Cemetery . It included a guided tour at the Hellenic @-@ American Cultural Center and Museum , which was exhibiting Master Penworks of Tom Stefopoulos to view pen @-@ and @-@ ink art by Stefopoulos . It also included a viewing of Renwick ’ s unfinished film Lovejoy and an optional visit to Stefopoulos ' grave . In her documentary , Renwick chronicled the effort to save the columns and restore the paintings .
= = Depictions and reception = =
The Daily Journal of Commerce called the columns a Portland " urban legend " . According to Richard Speer of Willamette Week , " generations of Portlanders grew up counting the Lovejoy columns as one of the city 's most unique attractions " . Speer also said the columns were once " postcard favorites and seemed as much a part of the city 's landscape as the Hawthorne Bridge " and have an " endearing , perspectiveless style " . The murals appeared in Van Sant 's film Drugstore Cowboy ( 1989 ) , Foxfire ( 1996 ) and a music video by Elliott Smith .
The resited columns have been included in published walking tours of Portland . In her 2006 book Walking Portland : 30 Tours of Stumptown 's Funky Neighborhoods , Historic Landmarks , Park Trails , Farmers Markets , and Brewpubs , Becky Ohlsen said , " Whatever you make of the artwork , the inspired effort that went into preserving it — not to mention the awesome spectacle of those massive columns ripped free , their rebar guts exposed to the air — is damned impressive " .
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= The Boat Race 1870 =
The 27th Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on the 6 April 1870 . Cambridge won by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 22 minutes 4 seconds , their first victory since the 1860 race .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having defeated Cambridge by three lengths in the previous year 's race and led overall with sixteen wins to Cambridge 's ten .
Cambridge were coached by George Morrison who had also coached them in 1869 . He had rowed in the 1859 , 1860 and 1861 races and had also acted as a non @-@ rowing president for the 1862 race , yet the previous year 's decision to engage a member of the opposing university was greeted with consternation and considered by many Cantabrigians as " a disgrace to the Club " . Morrison had also coached Oxford six times previously . Oxford 's coach was Frank Willan , who had rowed in four victories for the Dark Blues between the 1866 and the 1869 race . He also rowed for Oxford against Harvard University in 1869 . The race was umpired by Joseph William Chitty who had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 ( in the March and December races ) and the 1852 race , while the starter was Edward Searle .
= = Crews = =
The two sets of rowers averaged the same weight , at 11 st 13 @.@ 25 lb ( 75 @.@ 7 kg ) each . Oxford 's crew contained four Blues , two of whom ( S. D. Darbishire and W. D. Benson ) were rowing in their third consecutive race . Similarly , Cambridge saw four of the 1869 crew return including the Cambridge University Boat Club president John Goldie and John Dale .
= = Race = =
According to Drinkwater , despite Oxford being " manifestly the weaker crew " , they were pre @-@ race favourites based on their " prestige " . A report in The Graphic noted that only two steamers were present , following the race , one carrying the umpire , the other to transport the Edward , Prince of Wales ( who later became King Edward VII ) and the Francis , Prince of Teck amongst others .
Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . Cambridge took an early lead even though their stroke rate was lower than that of the Dark Blues , and led by three @-@ quarters of a length by the time the crews shot Hammersmith Bridge . Oxford stayed in touch for the next 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) but following a spurt , they almost levelled the race by Chiswick Eyot . Cambridge 's stroke John Goldie led a surge to pull back ahead of Oxford , and despite their best efforts , Oxford could not recover . Cambridge won by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 22 minutes 4 seconds . The victory was Cambridge 's first since the 1860 race , and brought the overall record to 16 – 11 in Oxford 's favour .
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= Marco Kartodikromo =
Marco Kartodikromo ( 1890 – 18 March 1932 ) , also known by his pen name Mas Marco , was an Indonesian journalist and writer .
Born to a low @-@ ranking priyayi ( noble ) family in Blora , Dutch East Indies , Kartodikromo 's first employment was with the national railway . Disgusted by the racism shown there , in 1911 he moved to Bandung and found work as a journalist for Medan Prijaji . The following year he moved to Surakarta and worked with two publications , Saro Tomo and Doenia Bergerak ; he soon began to write pieces critical against the Dutch colonial government , which led to his arrest . After a period as a correspondent in the Netherlands , Kartodikromo continued his journalism and critique of the government ; he also wrote several pieces of fiction . Involved with the Communist Party of Indonesia , after a 1926 communist @-@ led revolt Kartodikromo was exiled to Boven @-@ Digoel prison camp in Papua . He died in the camp of malaria in 1932 .
Kartodikromo , who preferred writing in Malay , experimented with new phrasings at a time when the state @-@ owned publisher Balai Pustaka was attempting to standardise the language . According to literary critic Bakri Siregar , he was the first Indonesian writer to openly criticise the Dutch colonial government and the traditional form of feudalism practised in the country . For this vocal criticism , the Dutch government decried him as a " crazy " man who could spark unrest among the native populations .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life and career = = =
Kartodikromo was born in Blora , Central Java , Dutch East Indies , in 1890 to a low @-@ ranking priyayi ( noble ) family . At the age of fifteen , he took up a job at the Nederlandsch @-@ Indische Spoorweg , the national railway company of the Indies , in Semarang . In 1911 he chose to leave the company as he was disgusted by its racist policies , including the use of race as a basis for the amount paid in wages .
Kartodikromo made his way to Bandung , West Java , where he found employment at Medan Prijaji , a newspaper run by Tirto Adhi Soerjo . When the paper was closed by the Dutch , in 1912 Kartodikromo went to Surakarta . There , he joined Sarekat Islam , an organisation of Muslim merchants , and found employment at the Sarekat Islam @-@ backed weekly Saro Tomo . In 1914 he took lead of the magazine Doenia Bergerak . The paper was the mouthpiece of the Native Indonesian Journalists ' Group ( Inlandse Journalisten Bond ) , which Kartodikromo led and had helped establish with Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo and Darnakoesoemo . That same year , he published the three @-@ volume work Mata Gelap ( Dark Eyes ) ; this led to a long polemic between Doenia Bergerak and the Chinese @-@ owned Tjoen Tjioe in Surabaya due to perceived racism .
While with Doenia Bergerak , Kartodikromo wrote an attack on the Dutch Advisor on Native Affairs R.A. Rinkes ; in his editorial , he wrote that the Dutch loved themselves far more than the natives they were subjugating . On 26 January 1915 , Kartodikromo came under investigation by the Justice Office of the Dutch East Indies for publishing several further anti @-@ Dutch editorials . The journalist unsuccessfully attempted to raise money to protest this at the Dutch parliament in The Hague . He was convicted of revolutionary activity and sentenced to nine months at Mlaten Prison ; however , due to public outcry he was released after 100 days . When Doenia Bergerak went bankrupt , Kartodipuro then headed the Saro Tomo .
= = = Further career , exile , and death = = =
Kartodikromo was soon chosen by Goenawan , chief editor of the daily Pantjaran Warta , to go to the Netherlands as a correspondent . In his five months there at the end of 1916 and beginning of 1917 , the journalist published Boekoe Sebaran Jang Pertama ( The First Publication Book ) . After his return to Indonesia , he became an editor for Pantjaran Warta and based himself in Batavia ( now Jakarta ) . Within a month he was imprisoned again for his writing .
On 21 February 1918 Kartodikromo was released from prison . He moved to Semarang and became a commissioner of the Sarekat Islam with Semaun ; he also joined the newspaper Sinar Djawa ( later Sinar Hindia ) . In a conference that year , Kartodikromo stated that there were two kinds of press in Indonesia : the " black press " ( pers item ) , which struggled against the imperialistic Dutch ; and the " white press " ( pers putih ) , which worked to subjugate the Indonesian people .
In 1918 he published Student Hidjo ( Student Green ) , which told of a young Indonesian student who falls in love while studying in the Netherlands despite already having a fiancée in Indonesia . The work , originally published as a serial , was novelised in 1919 . Also in 1918 he published a collection of poems , Sair @-@ sair Rempah ( Poems on Spices ) .
Kartodikromo published another novel , Matahariah , in 1919 . It was based on the life of the Dutch spy Mata Hari . On 15 December 1919 , Kartodikromo left Sinar Hindia and took a position as head of Soero Tamtomo , published by the Forestry Union Staff Union Wono Tamtomo . He was imprisoned for six months for one of his writings , Sjairnja Sentot ( Sentot 's Poem ) , with the paper . In 1921 Kartodikromo moved to Salatiga and became involved with the press there . He was sentenced to two years in a Batavian prison for another of his writings .
In 1924 , Kartodikromo published Rasa Merdika ( A Sense of Independence ) , which dealt with a young man who goes against his priyayi father , a tool of the Dutch colonial government , and tries to find personal independence . Another novel , Cermin Buah Keroyalan ( Mirror of the Fruit of Royalty ) , and stage play , Kromo Bergerak ( Kromo is Moving ) , were published not long after .
Kartodikromo was exiled to Boven @-@ Digoel , Papua , in 1926 for his writings and involvement in the 1926 revolt led by the Communist Party of Indonesia . He died there of malaria on 18 March 1932 .
= = Themes and styles = =
Most of Kartodikromo 's fictional works took place in Bandung or Surabaya . He was an early Indonesian example of the social realist movement . Like most nationalist writers at the time , Kartodikromo preferred writing in Malay ( the predecessor of modern Indonesian ) rather than his native Javanese ; however , he did write several pieces in Javanese . While the state @-@ owned publisher Balai Pustaka was attempting to standardise Malay , Kartodikromo experimented with the language , using words , phrases , and scenes which had never before been used .
Socialist literary critic Bakri Siregar writes that Kartodikromo drew on his experiences while visiting the Netherlands in writing Studen Hidjo . He also writes that , unlike writers published by Balai Pustaka , Kartodikromo was heavily against the " white superiority " which the Dutch impressed upon native Indonesians ; this was achieved through showcasing the " depravity of bourgeois morals and the Dutch colonials . "
= = Reception = =
Due to his vocal criticism of the Dutch , the East Indies government banned Kartodikromo 's books several times . In response to his critiques in Doenia Bergerak , they described him as a " crazy " man who could spark unrest among the native populations . Kartodikromo himself enjoyed baiting the colonial government , reportedly inviting his readers to work together and criticise the Dutch for their " mismanagement and caprice " .
Siregar described Kartodikromo as the first Indonesian writer to openly criticise the Dutch colonial government and the traditional form of feudalism practised in the country ; he also notes that the writer was the first Indonesian to consciously depict class struggles in his works . As Siregar considered Indonesian literature to have been born from a nationalist understanding , he considered Marco one of the first truly Indonesian writers .
Hendrik Maier , a lecturer at Leiden University , writes that Kartodikromo was " primarily inspired by dreams and ideals " , noting that the writer intended to create a community of politically aware Indonesians to work against the colonial government in solidarity and equality . Kartodikromo described his ideal political state as having " sama rata sama rasa " ( " the same standards , the same feelings " ) .
= = Works = =
Mata Gelap ( Dark Eyes ; 1914 ; novel in three volumes )
Sair @-@ sair Rempah ( Poems on Spices ; 1918 ; poetry anthology )
Student Hidjo ( Student Green ; 1918 ; novel )
Rasa Merdika ( A Sense of Independence ; 1924 ; novel )
Cermin Buah Keroyalan ( Mirror of the Fruit of Royalty ; 1924 ; novel )
Kromo Bergerak ( Kromo is Moving ; 1924 ; stage play )
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= Sharptooth houndshark =
The sharptooth houndshark , or spotted gully shark ( Triakis megalopterus ) , is a species of houndshark , belonging to the family Triakidae , found in shallow inshore waters from southern Angola to South Africa . Favoring sandy areas near rocky reefs and gullies , it is an active @-@ swimming species that usually stays close to the bottom . This robust shark reaches 1 @.@ 7 m ( 5 @.@ 6 ft ) in length and has characteristically large , rounded fins ; the pectoral fins in particular are broad and sickle @-@ shaped in adults . It also has a short , blunt snout and long furrows around its mouth . This species is gray or bronze in color above , with variable amounts of black spotting .
Mainly active at night , the sharptooth houndshark feeds mostly on crustaceans , bony fishes , and cephalopods . It has been observed gathering in groups in shallow water during summertime , possibly for reproductive purposes . This species is aplacental viviparous , meaning that the unborn young are sustained mainly by yolk . Females give birth to 6 – 12 pups between late May and August , on a two- or three @-@ year cycle . The sharptooth houndshark is often hooked by recreational anglers , and some are also captured on commercial bottom longlines . Because of its small range , its low growth and reproductive rates , it is very vulnerable to overfishing . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has therefore listed this species as Near Threatened .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
Scottish zoologist Andrew Smith originally described the sharptooth houndshark as a species of Mustelus in 1839 , as part of his work Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa . His account was based on two specimens caught off the Cape of Good Hope , South Africa . Smith named the shark megalopterus , from the Greek mega ( " large " ) and pteron ( " wing " ) , referring to its large fins . Another common name for this shark is " sweet William " .
Later authors have reassigned the sharptooth houndshark to the genus Triakis , more specifically to the subgenus Cazon alongside the sharpfin houndshark ( T. acutipinna ) and the spotted houndshark ( T. maculata ) . A 2006 phylogenetic study by J. Andrés López and colleagues , based on four protein @-@ coding gene sequences , found that this species did not group with the leopard shark ( T. semifasciata ) . Instead , it and the flapnose houndshark ( Scylliogaleus quecketti ) formed a clade within the Mustelus lineage . This result suggests that the two subgenera of Triakis — Cazon and Triakis — may not be closely related , which would warrant a redefinition of the genus .
= = Description = =
The sharptooth houndshark is a stout @-@ bodied species with a short , thick , and blunt snout . The nostrils are widely spaced and preceded by lobe @-@ like flaps of skin that do not reach the mouth . The horizontally oval eyes have ridges underneath and are equipped with nictitating membranes . The large mouth bears long , deep furrows at the corners , with those on the lower jaw almost meeting in the middle . The teeth are small and tightly packed to form pavement @-@ like surfaces . Each tooth has a rounded , molar @-@ like base that rises to a sharp , upright central cusp ; rarely , a pair of barely developed lateral cusplets may also be present . There are five pairs of gill slits .
The fins are distinctively large and rounded at the tips . The pectoral fins of adults are broad and falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) . The dorsal fins have nearly vertical trailing margins , with the first originating over the pectoral fin rear tips . The second dorsal fin is about three @-@ quarters as high as the first . The anal fin is much smaller than the second dorsal fin and originates well behind it . The short , thick caudal peduncle lacks notches at the caudal fin origins . The caudal fin has a small but well @-@ defined lower lobe and a longer upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip . The skin is often loose . This species is dark gray to bronze above and white below . Young sharks are mostly unmarked , while adults vary from plain to densely covered with irregular black spots . It may reach 1 @.@ 7 m ( 5 @.@ 6 ft ) in length and 40 kg ( 88 lb ) in weight . Females grow larger than males .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The range of the sharptooth houndshark is limited to the coastal waters of southern Africa , from southern Angola to the Eastern Cape ( or rarely KwaZulu @-@ Natal ) in South Africa . This locally common species inhabits sandy habitats such as bays ; it can be found from the surf zone to a depth of 50 m ( 160 ft ) , but the majority are found no deeper than 10 m ( 33 ft ) . It generally swims just barely above the bottom , favoring flat areas near rocky reefs or gullies , and seldom rises into open water .
= = Biology and ecology = =
The sharptooth houndshark is a highly active species , though it can sometimes be found resting inside rocky crevices . It mainly hunts at night and has been known to pursue prey almost onto the shore . The pointed cusps of its teeth allow it to grasp slippery prey , while their broad bases allow it to crush hard @-@ shelled prey . This shark feeds on a variety of crustaceans ( crabs , slipper lobsters , and spiny lobsters ) , bony fishes ( including morwongs , sea catfishes , drums , and porgies ) , and cephalopods ( in particular Octopus vulgaris ) . Sharks and rays ( including catsharks and guitarfishes ) and their egg capsules are a minor food source for larger individuals . Off South Africa , the most important prey species is the crab Plagusia chabrus . Its dietary composition changes with age : young sharks under 1 @.@ 0 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) long subsist almost completely on crabs , while larger sharks consume more bony fishes and cephalopods , as well as a greater variety of prey overall . This shark has been observed deviating from its nocturnal habits to feed on chokka squid ( Loligo reynaudii ) during their mass spawnings . The broadnose sevengill shark ( Notorynchus cepedianus ) is known to prey on this species .
During the summer , the sharptooth houndshark forms groups in shallow water . These aggregations are particularly well @-@ documented in False Bay and may be related to reproduction , given the presence of many pregnant females . It is aplacental viviparous , with the developing embryos nourished mainly by yolk . Mature females have a single functional ovary and two functional uteruses . Litters of 6 – 12 pups are birthed between late May and August , following a gestation period of some 20 months . Larger females tend to produce larger litters . The length at birth has been variously estimated as 30 – 32 cm ( 12 – 13 in ) and 42 – 44 cm ( 17 – 17 in ) by different sources ; pups within a single litter may vary in size by up to 30 % . Females apparently reproduce either every two years or every three years , depending on whether she has ovarian eggs developing during the pregnancy that would allow her to mate again within a few months of giving birth . The sharptooth houndshark is a slow @-@ growing species , with both sexes following a similar growth pattern . Males mature sexually at 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 4 m ( 3 @.@ 9 – 4 @.@ 6 ft ) long and 11 – 13 years of age , while females mature sexually at 1 @.@ 3 – 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 3 – 4 @.@ 9 ft ) long and 15 – 16 years of age . The maximum lifespan is at least 25 years .
= = Human interactions = =
Harmless to humans , the sharptooth houndshark adapts well to captivity and has been displayed in public aquariums . It is frequently caught by recreational anglers from shore or ski @-@ boats ; it is edible but rarely eaten . Small numbers are also caught incidentally by a commercial demersal longline fishery targeting the school shark ( Galeorhinus galeus ) in the Gansbaai and False Bay region . The meat from sharks caught in the fishery is either made into biltong or jerky and sold locally , or exported fresh or frozen to Italy and Taiwan . Although in South Africa the sharptooth houndshark is listed as a noncommercial species and thus cannot be harvested commercially , it is often mistaken for the common smooth @-@ hound ( Mustelus mustelus ) by fishers . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed the sharptooth houndshark as Near Threatened . This species is highly susceptible to even moderate levels of fishing pressure , due to its restricted range , slow growth rate , and low fecundity . The fact that most sharks caught by fishers are immature is an additional source of concern .
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= 1933 Cuba – Brownsville hurricane =
The 1933 Cuba – Brownsville hurricane was one of two storms in the 1933 Atlantic hurricane season to reach the intensity of a Category 5 strength on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . It formed on August 22 off the west coast of Africa , and for much of its duration it maintained a west @-@ northwest track . The system intensified into a tropical storm on August 26 and into a hurricane on August 28 . Passing north of the Lesser Antilles , the hurricane rapidly intensified as it approached the Turks and Caicos islands . It reached Category 5 status and its peak winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) on August 31 . Subsequently , it weakened before striking northern Cuba on September 1 with winds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . In the country , the hurricane left about 100 @,@ 000 people homeless and killed over 70 people . Damage was heaviest near the storm 's path , and the strong winds destroyed houses and left areas without power . Damage was estimated at $ 11 million .
After exiting from Cuba , the hurricane entered the Gulf of Mexico and restrengthened . On September 2 , it re @-@ attained winds of 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) . Initially the hurricane posed a threat to the area around Corpus Christi , Texas , and the local United States Weather Bureau forecaster advised people to stay away from the Texas coastline during the busy Labor Day Weekend . Officials declared martial law in the city and mandated evacuations . However , the hurricane turned more to the west and struck near Brownsville early on September 5 with winds estimated at 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) . It quickly dissipated after causing heavy damage in the Rio Grande Valley . High winds caused heavy damage to the citrus crop . The hurricane left $ 16 @.@ 9 million in damage and 40 deaths in southern Texas .
= = Meteorological history = =
The origins of the hurricane were from a tropical disturbance near the west coast of Africa on August 20 . Two days later , the system organized enough to be classified a tropical depression just southwest of Cape Verde . For the next few days , the system moved west @-@ northwestward with little change in intensity . It is estimated the depression strengthened into a tropical storm on August 26 , about halfway between the Lesser Antilles and Cape Verde . Initially , the storm was elongated , although beginning on August 28 it began to intensify more quickly . That night , the storm attained hurricane status , and many nearby ships reported gale force winds .
On August 29 , the hurricane passed north of the Lesser Antilles as it approached the southeastern Bahamas . It underwent rapid deepening : in a 24 ‑ hour period beginning late on August 29 , the winds increased from 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) to 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) . It also became a small storm , as Grand Turk Island reported winds of 56 mph ( 90 km / h ) while the hurricane passed slightly to the north on August 30 . At 0130 UTC the next day , a ship near Mayaguana reported a barometric pressure of 930 mbar ( 27 inHg ) and hurricane @-@ force winds . The pressure would ordinarily suggest winds of 152 mph ( 245 km / h ) , but because it was not reported in the eye and the storm was smaller than normal , the winds were estimated at 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) . The hurricane 's winds rank as a Category 5 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale , one of two such storms in the 1933 season .
After maintaining peak winds for about 12 hours , the hurricane began weakening as it passed through the southern Bahamas . At around 1200 UTC on September 1 , the hurricane made landfall on northern Cuba near Sagua La Grande , with winds of about 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . The eye moved along the northern coast of Cuba , crossing over Matanzas . Shortly thereafter the storm exited into the Straits of Florida , and late on September 1 the hurricane passed about 16 mi ( 26 km ) north of Havana . After entering the Gulf of Mexico , the hurricane restrengthened , and a ship reported a pressure of 948 mbar ( 28 @.@ 0 inHg ) late on September 2 ; this suggested winds of about 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) . The hurricane turned more to the west on September 3 , and as it approached southern Texas it weakened slightly as it decelerated . At 0400 UTC on September 5 , the hurricane made its final landfall on South Padre Island in southern Texas , with winds estimated at 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) . It quickly weakened over land as it crossed into northeastern Mexico , and the storm dissipated late on September 5 .
= = Impact = =
Throughout its path , the hurricane killed at least 179 people collectively in the Turks and Caicos Islands , Cuba , and south Texas . It first affected the Turks and Caicos , producing winds of 54 mph ( 87 km / h ) on Grand Turk .
Before the hurricane struck Cuba , officials warned of the impending storm , and military workers warned people to remain indoors . About 4 @,@ 000 people evacuated the coastal town of Isabela on three trains specifically run for the residents . In Havana , business owners secured their properties in anticipation of the storm . Most of the deaths from the hurricane occurred in northern Cuba . Winds of over 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) affected the coastline , and Havana reported maximum winds of 94 mph ( 151 km / h ) . There , the winds downed power lines and uprooted trees . High waves flooded six blocks of the city with up to 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) of water , entering the cellars of some homes . East of Havana in Cárdenas , high waves destroyed the aqueduct , while high winds severely damaged the local sugar industry . A nearby coastal town 20 mi ( 32 km ) east of Cárdenas was described as being " virtually leveled by the storm " in news reports . In Cienfuegos along the southern coast , the hurricane destroyed many ships and piers . High waves washed four ships ashore , one of which damaged another ship . High winds destroyed hundreds of houses and damaged many others along the storm 's path . About 100 @,@ 000 people were left homeless , many of whom lacking food or medical supplies . In the interior of the country , the hurricane dropped rainfall that flooded rivers and towns . Damage was estimated at $ 11 million , and a report published in 2003 indicated that there were about 70 deaths in the country ; however , newspaper accounts from shortly after the hurricane indicated there were around 100 deaths . After the storm , police officers were deployed to maintain order . Officers shot and killed five people caught looting in Havana , although the deaths were not included in the overall death toll . Officials deployed trucks to pick up wounded citizens .
While the hurricane was over the Bahamas late on August 30 , the United States Weather Bureau issued storm warnings for southern Florida . Two days later , the storm struck Cuba and passed south of the state , producing peak winds of 42 mph ( 68 km / h ) in Key West . The winds caused little damage ; however , high waves destroyed a sea wall and washed onto a coastal roadway . High waves also sank a boat , killing three people .
Three days before the hurricane made its final landfall , officials at the Weather Bureau in Brownsville issued a warning to all stations along the Texas coast , declaring that it was " uncertain where tropical storm in Gulf will reach coast line , but all persons should be warned to remain away from inaccessible places on Texas coast over week end . " The early warning was to prevent travelers from being on the Texas beaches on Labor Day Weekend . As a result , an official at the Corpus Christi Weather Bureau office estimated that the warning " probably saved thousands of lives . " Early on September 4 about a day before landfall , the Weather Bureau issued a hurricane warning from Corpus Christi to Freeport and storm warnings for other locations along the Texas coast . When the storm 's westward motion became more apparent , the hurricane warning was dropped north of Corpus Christi and extended southward to Brownsville . Officials in Corpus Christi declared martial law before the storm struck and ordered mandatory evacuations of low @-@ lying areas . Shelters opened in the city , and many businesses closed .
When the storm moved across the area , winds were estimated at 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) in Brownsville , with gusts to 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) . High tides were reported along the coast , and the storm surge reached 13 ft ( 4 @.@ 0 m ) near Brownsville . The tides flooded portions of Corpus Christi about 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) deep , sinking boats and damaging piers . Storm @-@ generated waves destroyed 20 buildings in one settlement . The storm destroyed the causeway from Padre Island to Flour Bluff , and there were over 40 breaches in the island , some up to a mile wide . The storm dropped heavy rainfall from southern Texas through northeastern Mexico , peaking at over 15 @.@ 0 in ( 380 mm ) at a station near Mercedes ; the total was one of four 24 ‑ hour precipitation records set by the storm . The rains from the storm and two previous hurricanes led to a large increase in tropical butterfly species across the area . Throughout the Rio Grande Valley , the strong winds destroyed about 90 % of the citrus crop . Overall , the hurricane left $ 16 @.@ 9 million in damage and 40 deaths , mostly in Cameron County . However , none of the deaths were in Brownsville or Corpus Christi , which was credited to the advance warning . Damage was less than expected in Corpus Christi , and many business owners who lost revenue sent letters of outcry to the Weather Bureau Headquarters ; however , the Bureau determined that the evacuations and warnings were warranted given the storm 's threat .
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= Tom Swift =
Tom Swift is the main character of five series of American juvenile science fiction and adventure novels that emphasize science , invention and technology . First published in 1910 , the series total more than 100 volumes . The character was created by Edward Stratemeyer , the founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate , a book @-@ packaging firm . Tom 's adventures have been written by various ghostwriters , beginning with Howard Garis . Most of the books are credited to the collective pseudonym " Victor Appleton " . The 33 volumes of the second series use the pseudonym Victor Appleton II for the author . For this series , and some of the later series , the main character is " Tom Swift , Jr . " New titles have been published as recently as 2007 . Most of the various series emphasized Tom 's inventions . The books generally describe the effects of science and technology as wholly beneficial , and the role of the inventor in society as admirable and heroic .
Translated into many languages , the books have sold more than 30 million copies worldwide . Tom Swift has also been the subject of a board game and a television series .
Several famous people , including Steve Wozniak and Isaac Asimov , have cited " Tom Swift " as an inspiration . Several inventions , including the Taser , have been inspired allegedly by Swift 's fictional inventions . " TASER " is said to be an acronym for " Thomas A. Swift 's Electric Rifle . "
= = Inventions = =
In his various incarnations , Tom Swift , usually a teenager , is inventive and science @-@ minded , " Swift by name and swift by nature . " Tom is portrayed as a natural genius . In the earlier series , he is said to have had little formal education , the character modeled originally after such inventors as Henry Ford , Thomas Edison , and aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss . For most of the five series , each book concerns Tom 's latest invention , and its role either in solving a problem or mystery , or in assisting Tom in feats of exploration or rescue . Often Tom must protect his new invention from villains " intent on stealing Tom 's thunder or preventing his success , " but Tom is always successful in the end .
Many of Tom Swift 's fictional inventions described actual technological developments . Tom Swift Among the Diamond Makers ( 1911 ) was based on Charles Parsons 's attempts to synthesize diamonds using electric current . Tom Swift and His Photo Telephone was published in 1912 . One source claims the process for sending photographs by telephone was not developed until 1925 . However , the first commercial wired telefax service was established in 1865 , more than a decade before the invention of the telephone . Tom Swift and His Wizard Camera ( 1912 ) features a portable movie camera , not invented until 1923 according to one source . However , many early movie cameras were portable by one man , and a hand @-@ held home movie camera for semi @-@ professional work was designed in 1921 by Emanuel Goldberg . One source mentions Tom Swift and His Electric Locomotive ( 1922 ) was published two years before the Central Railroad of New Jersey began using the first diesel electric locomotive ; however , the book refers to a purely electrical locomotive powered from overhead lines , of the sort that began regular service during the late 19th century . The house on wheels that Tom invents for 1929 's Tom Swift and His House on Wheels pre @-@ dated the first house trailer by a year , but post @-@ dates the widespread use of Romany caravans for living by about a century . Tom Swift and His Diving Seacopter ( 1952 ) features a flying submarine similar to one planned by the United States Department of Defense four years later in 1956 , but this book was published more than a decade after the Soviet flying submarine project began and nearly 50 years after Jules Verne 's 1904 novel Master of the World featured a flying submarine . Other inventions of Tom 's have not happened , such as the device for silencing airplane engines that he invents in Tom Swift and His Magnetic Silencer ( 1941 ) . In any case , technical ideas are often described speculatively by newspapers and magazines for many years prior to commercial realization .
= = Authorship = =
The character of Tom Swift was conceived about 1910 by Edward Stratemeyer , founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate , a book @-@ packaging business , although the name " Tom Swift " was first used in 1903 by Stratemeyer in Shorthand Tom the Reporter ; Or , the Exploits of a Bright Boy . Stratemeyer invented the series to capitalize on the market for children 's science adventure . The Syndicate 's authors created the Tom Swift stories by first preparing an outline with the plot elements , followed by drafting and editing the detailed manuscript . The books were published using the house pseudonym " Victor Appleton " . Edward Stratemeyer and Howard Garis wrote most of the volumes of the original series ; Stratemeyer 's daughter , Harriet Stratemeyer Adams , wrote the last three volumes . The first Tom Swift series ended 1941 .
In 1954 , Harriet Adams created the Tom Swift , Jr. series , which was published using the pseudonym " Victor Appleton II " as author . The main character Tom Swift , Junior , was described as the son of the original Tom Swift . Most of the stories were outlined and plotted by Adams . The texts were written by various writers , among them William Dougherty , John Almquist , Richard Sklar , James Duncan Lawrence , Tom Mulvey and Richard McKenna . The Tom Swift , Jr . , series ended in 1971 .
A third series was begun in 1981 and lasted until 1984 . The rights to the Tom Swift character , along with the Stratemeyer Syndicate , were sold in 1984 to publishers Simon & Schuster . They hired New York City book packaging business Mega @-@ Books to produce further series . Simon & Schuster produced two other Tom Swift series : one , published from 1991 to 1993 , and the Tom Swift , Young Inventor series , begun in 2006 .
= = Series = =
The longest @-@ running series of books to feature Tom Swift is the first , which consists of forty volumes . Tom Swift ( technically Tom Swift , Jr . ) was also the name of the protagonist of the 33 volumes of the Tom Swift , Jr . Adventures , the 11 volumes of the third Tom Swift series , the 13 volumes of the fourth , and a half @-@ dozen more for the most recent series , Tom Swift , Young Inventor , for a total of 103 volumes for all the series . In addition to publication in the United States , Tom Swift books have been published extensively in England , and translated into Norwegian , French , Icelandic , and Finnish .
= = = Original series ( 1910 – 1941 ) = = =
In the original series , Tom Swift lives in fictional Shopton , New York . He is the son of Barton Swift , the founder of the Swift Construction Company . Tom 's mother is deceased , but the housekeeper , Mrs. Baggert , functions as a surrogate mother . Tom usually shares his adventures with close friend Ned Newton , who eventually becomes the Swift Construction Company 's financial manager . For most of the series , Tom dates Mary Nestor . It has been suggested that his eventual marriage to Mary led to the series ' demise , as young boys found a married man harder to identify with than a young , single one ; however , after the 1929 marriage the series continued for 12 more years and eight further volumes . Regularly appearing characters include Wakefield Damon , an older man , whose dialogue is characterized by frequent use of such whimsical expressions as " Bless my brakeshoes ! " and " Bless my vest buttons ! "
The original Tom Swift has been claimed to represent the early 20th @-@ century conception of inventors . Tom has no formal education after high school ; according to critic Robert Von der Osten , Tom 's ability to invent is presented as " somehow innate " . Tom is not a theorist but a tinkerer and , later , an experimenter who , with his research team , finds practical applications for others ' research ; Tom does not so much methodically develop and perfect inventions as find them by trial and error .
Tom 's inventions are not at first innovative . In the first two books of the series , he fixes a motorcycle and a boat , and in the third book he develops an airship , but only with the help of a balloonist . Tom is also at times unsure of himself , asking his elders for help ; as Von der Osten puts it , " the early Tom Swift is more dependent on his father and other adults at first and is much more hesitant in his actions . When his airship bangs into a tower , Tom is uncharacteristically nonplussed and needs support . " However , as the series progresses , Tom 's inventions " show an increasingly independent genius as he develops devices , such as an electric rifle and a photo telephone , further removed from the scientific norm " . Some of Tom 's inventions are improvements of then @-@ current technologies , while other inventions were not in development at the time the books were published , but have since been developed .
= = = Second series ( 1954 – 1971 ) = = =
In this series , presented as an extension and continuation of the first , the Tom Swift of the original series is now the CEO of Swift Enterprises , a four @-@ mile @-@ square enclosed facility where inventions are conceived and manufactured . Tom 's son , Tom Swift , Jr . , is now the primary inventive genius of the family . Stratemeyer Syndicate employee Andrew Svenson described the new series as based " on scientific fact and probability , whereas the old Toms were in the main adventure stories mixed with pseudo @-@ science " . Three Ph.D.s in science were hired as consultants to the series to ensure scientific accuracy . The younger Tom does not tinker with motorcycles ; his inventions and adventures extend from deep within the Earth ( in Tom Swift and His Atomic Earth Blaster [ 1954 ] ) to the bottom of the ocean ( in Tom Swift and His Diving Seacopter [ 1956 ] ) to the moon ( in Tom Swift and the Race to Moon [ 1958 ] ) and , eventually , the outer solar system ( in Tom Swift and His Cosmotron Express [ 1970 ] ) . Later volumes of the series increasingly emphasized the extraterrestrial " space friends " , as they are termed throughout the series . The beings appear as early as the first volume of the series , Tom Swift and His Flying Lab ( 1954 ) . The Tom Swift , Jr . , Adventures were less commercially successful than the first series , selling 6 million copies total , compared with sales of 14 million copies for the first series .
In contrast to the earlier series , many of Tom Jr . ' s inventions are designed to operate in space , and his " genius is unequivocally original as he constructs nuclear @-@ powered flying labs , establishes outposts in space , or designs ways to sail in space on cosmic rays " . Unlike his father , Tom Jr. is not just a tinkerer ; he relies on scientific and mathematical theories , and , according to critic Robert Von der Osten , " science [ in the books ] is , in fact , understood to be a set of theories that are developed based on experimentation and scientific discussion . Rather than being opposed to technological advances , such a theoretical understanding becomes essential to invention . "
Tom Swift , Jr . ' s Cold War @-@ era adventures and inventions are often motivated by patriotism , as Tom repeatedly defeats the evil agents of the fictional nations " Kranjovia " and " Brungaria " , the latter a place that critic Francis Molson describes as " a vaguely Eastern European country , which is strongly opposed to the Swifts and the U.S. Hence , the Swifts ' opposition to and competition with the Brungarians is both personal and patriotic . "
= = = Third series ( 1981 – 1984 ) = = =
The third Tom Swift series differs from the first two in that the setting is primarily outer space , although Swift Enterprises ( located now in New Mexico ) is occasionally mentioned . Tom Swift explores the universe in the starship Exedra , using a faster @-@ than @-@ light drive he has reverse @-@ engineered from an alien space probe . He is aided by Benjamin Franklin Walking Eagle , a Native American who is Tom 's co @-@ pilot , best friend , and an expert computer technician , and Anita Thorwald , a former rival of Tom 's who now works with him as a technician and whose right leg has been rebuilt to contain a miniature computer .
This series maintains only an occasional and vague continuity with the two previous series . Tom is called the son of " the great Tom Swift " and said to be " already an important and active contributor to the family business , the giant multimillion @-@ dollar scientific @-@ industrial complex known as Swift Enterprises " . However , as critic Francis Molson indicates , it is not explained whether this Tom Swift is the grandson of the famous Tom Swift of the first series or still the Tom Swift , Jr . , of the second .
The Tom Swift of this third series is less of an inventor than his predecessors , and his inventions are rarely the main feature of the plot . Still , according to Molson , " Tom the inventor is not ignored . Perhaps the most impressive of his inventions and the one essential to the series as a whole is the robot he designs and builds , Aristotle , which becomes a winning and likeable character in its own right . " The books are slower @-@ paced than the Tom Swift , Jr. adventures of the second series , and include realistic , colloquial dialogue . Each volume begins where the last one ended , and the technology is plausible and accurate .
= = = Fourth series ( 1991 – 1993 ) = = =
The fourth series featuring Tom Swift ( again a " Jr . " ) is set mostly on Earth ( with occasional voyages to the Moon ) ; Swift Enterprises is now located in California . In the first book , The Black Dragon , it 's mentioned that Tom is the son of Tom Swift Sr. and Mary Nestor . The books deal with what Richard Pyle describes as " modern and futuristic concepts " and , as in the third series , feature an ethnically diverse cast of characters .
Like the Tom Swift , Jr. series , the series portrays Tom as a scientist as well as an inventor whose inventions depend on a knowledge of theory . The series differs from previous versions of the character , however , in that Tom 's inventive genius is portrayed as problematic and sometimes dangerous . As Robert Von der Osten argues , Tom 's inventions for this series often have unexpected and negative repercussions .
a device to create a miniature black hole which casts him into an alternative universe ; a device that trains muscles but also distorts the mind of the user ; and a genetic process which , combined with the effect of his black hole , results in a terrifying devolution . Genius here begins to recapitulate earlier myths of the mad scientist whose technological and scientific ambitions are so out of harmony with nature and contemporary science that the results are usually unfortunate .
The series features more violence than previous series ; in The Negative Zone , Tom blows up a motel room to escape the authorities .
There was a derivative of this series featuring Tom Swift and the Hardy Boys called A Hardy Boys & Tom Swift Ultra Thriller that was published from 1992 to 1993 , and only had 2 volumes released . Both books dealt with science fictional topics ( time travel and aliens landing on earth ) .
= = = Fifth series ( 2006 – 2007 ) = = =
The fifth series , " Tom Swift , Young Inventor " , returns Tom Swift to Shopton , New York , with Tom as the son of Tom Swift and Mary Nestor , the names of characters of the original Tom Swift series . The series features inventions that are close to current technology " rather than ultra @-@ futuristic " . " Tom Swift , Young Inventor " , goes to the sea to test his new invention .
= = Other media = =
Parker Brothers produced a Tom Swift board game in 1966 , although it was never widely distributed , and the character has appeared in one television show . Various Tom Swift radio programs , television series , and movies were planned and even written , but were either never produced or not released .
= = = Film and television = = =
As early as 1914 , Edward Stratemeyer proposed making a Tom Swift movie , but no such movie was made . A Tom Swift radio series was proposed in 1946 . Two scripts were written , but , for unknown reasons , the series was never produced . A television pilot show for a series to be called The Adventures of Tom Swift was filmed in 1958 , featuring Gary Vinson . However , legal problems prevented the pilot 's distribution , and it was never broadcast ; no copies of the pilot are known to exist , though the pilot script is available . Twentieth Century Fox planned a Tom Swift feature movie in 1968 , to be directed by Gene Kelly . A script was written and approved , and filming was to have begun during 1969 . However , the project was canceled owing to the poor reception of the movies Doctor Dolittle and Star ! ; a $ 500 @,@ 000 airship that had been built as a prop was sold to an amusement park . Yet another movie was planned in 1974 , but , again , was cancelled . Scripts were also written for a proposed television series involving both Tom Swift Jr. and his father , the hero of the original book series . Glen A. Larson wrote an unproduced television pilot show entitled " TS , I Love You : The Further Adventures of Tom Swift " in 1977 , as well . This series was to be combined with a Nancy Drew series , a Hardy Boys series , and a Dana Girls series . Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys were eventually combined into a one @-@ hour program with alternating episodes .
A Tom Swift media project finally came to fruition in 1983 when Willie Aames appeared as Tom Swift along with Lori Loughlin as Linda Craig in a television special , The Tom Swift and Linda Craig Mystery Hour , which was broadcast on July 3 . It was a ratings failure . In 2007 , digital studio Worldwide Biggies acquired movie rights to Tom Swift. and announced plans to release a feature film and video game , followed by a television series . As of 2015 , these plans had not come to fruition .
= = Claims of racism = =
It has been suggested that the book Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle contains heavy racism , depicting Africans as brutish , uncivilized animals , and the white protagonist as their paternal savior .
In the book , as in America today , the black people are rendered as either passive , simple and childlike , or animalistic and capable of unimaginable violence . They are described in the book at various points as " hideous in their savagery , wearing only the loin cloth , and with their kinky hair stuck full of sticks " , and as " wild , savage and ferocious ... like little red apes " . "
= = Cultural Influence = =
The Tom Swift books have been credited with assisting the success of American science fiction and with establishing the edisonade ( stories focusing on brilliant scientists and inventors ) as a basic cultural myth . Tom Swift 's adventures have been popular since the character 's inception in 1910 : by 1914 , 150 @,@ 000 copies a year were being sold and a 1929 study found the series to be second in popularity only to the Bible for boys in their early teens . By 2009 , Tom Swift books had sold more than 30 million copies worldwide .
The series ' writing style , which was sometimes adverb heavy , suggested a name for a type of adverbial pun promulgated during the 1950s and 1960s , a type of wellerism known as " Tom Swifties " . Originally this kind of pun was called a " Tom Swiftly " in reference to the adverbial usage , but over time has come to be called a " Tom Swifty . " Some examples are : " ' I lost my crutches , ' said Tom lamely " ; and " ' I 'll take the prisoner downstairs ' , said Tom condescendingly . "
Tom Swift 's fictional inventions have apparently inspired several actual inventions , among them Lee Felsenstein 's " Tom Swift Terminal " , which " drove the creation of an early personal computer known as the Sol " , and the taser . The name " taser " was originally " TSER " , for " Tom Swift Electric Rifle " . The invention was named for the central device in the story Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle ( 1911 ) ; according to inventor Jack Cover , " an ' A ' was added because we got tired of answering the phone ' TSER . ' "
A number of scientists , inventors , and science fiction writers have also credited Tom Swift with inspiring them , including Ray Kurzweil , Robert A. Heinlein , and Isaac Asimov . The Tom Swift , Jr. adventures were Steve Wozniak 's favorite reading as a boy and inspired him to become a scientist . According to Wozniak , reading the Tom Swift books made him feel " that engineers can save the world from all sorts of conflict and evil " .
Gone with the Wind author Margaret Mitchell said she read the series as a child .
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= Nannygate =
" Nannygate " is a popular term for the 1993 revelations that caused two of President Bill Clinton 's choices for United States Attorney General to become derailed .
In January 1993 , Clinton 's nomination of corporate lawyer Zoë Baird for the position came under attack after it became known that she and her husband had broken the law by employing two illegal aliens from Peru as a nanny and chauffeur for their young child . They had also failed to pay Social Security taxes for the workers until shortly before the disclosures . While the Clinton administration thought the matter was relatively unimportant , the news elicited a firestorm of public opinion , most of it against Baird . Within eight days , her nomination lost political support in the U.S. Congress and was withdrawn .
The following month , Clinton 's choice of federal judge Kimba Wood for the job was leaked to the press , but within a day it became known that she too had employed an undocumented immigrants to look after her child . Although Wood had done so at a time when this was legal , and had paid Social Security taxes for the worker , the disclosures were enough to cause the immediate withdrawal of Wood from consideration . The Clinton administration then said that the hiring practices for household help would be examined for all of the more than thousand presidential appointments under consideration , causing the whole process to slow down significantly . Determined to choose a woman for the Attorney General post , Clinton finally selected state prosecutor Janet Reno , who was confirmed and served through all eight years of the administration .
The Nannygate matter caused wealthy Americans to ask each other if they too had a " Zoë Baird problem " , as the hiring of undocumented workers and the paying of household help off the books were both commonplace . Two fault lines , gender and class , were exposed in the discussion over Nannygate : in the former , a double standard was seen wherein female appointees faced a greater risk of being questioned and disqualified based upon their childcare arrangements , while in the latter , affluent professional women who could afford live @-@ in childcare arrangements were seen as trying to get away with an illegal act . Nannygate @-@ type controversies have subsequently affected other political appointees both in the U.S. and in other countries .
= = The Baird nomination = =
President @-@ elect Bill Clinton had vowed to assemble an administration that " looked like America " , and it was widely assumed that one of the major cabinet posts would go to a woman . In particular , he wanted to nominate one for the position of United States Attorney General , something women 's political action groups were also requesting . No woman had previously served in this post . His choice , whose nomination was announced on December 24 , 1992 , was Zoë Baird , a 40 @-@ year @-@ old senior vice president and general counsel at Aetna Life and Casualty Company who had previously worked in the Justice Department during the Carter administration .
Little known before the nomination ( Clinton had not met her until their interview ) , Baird was a skilled networker who had been the protégé of several powerful Washington insiders , including Clinton transition team leader Warren Christopher and once @-@ and @-@ future White House Counsel Lloyd Cutler . Picking Baird gave Clinton the ability to satisfy the women 's groups ' desires while still showing independence by not choosing one of their preferred selections . Despite the lack of familiarity and getting a lukewarm response from some Clinton backers – those in the legal public interest community said " Zoë who ? " and her corporate sympathies discouraged liberals – Baird was expected to gain confirmation in the U.S. Senate . Baird and her husband , Yale Law School professor Paul Gewirtz , had a three @-@ year @-@ old son .
On January 14 , 1993 , a page @-@ one story in The New York Times broke the news that Baird had hired a married pair of illegal aliens from Peru , Lillian and Victor Cordero , between 1990 and 1992 . The Peruvian woman served as the nanny for Baird 's son and the Peruvian man as a part @-@ time driver . Furthermore , Baird had not paid Social Security taxes for the couple , until making a lump @-@ sum payment earlier in January 1993 . Baird had brought forward this information willingly to transition officials and authorities performing background checks ; she said that she had thought that the fact that they were sponsoring the couple for citizenship made the hiring acceptable , and that they could not pay the taxes for people who were not yet in the country legally . ( Baird 's immigration lawyer would dispute some aspects of exactly when the sponsorship request took place . )
This was the first time a presidential cabinet nominee had faced such an issue . While the Clinton transition team had found out about the matter during their vetting of Baird , they had underestimated the seriousness of its impact . Their attitude about Baird 's infraction was that it was a technical violation and that ' Everybody does it ' . Clinton operatives initially thought the Baird revelation was no big deal and would quickly lose the attention of the media and public .
Employment of illegal aliens was not uncommon at the time , but in Baird 's case it was especially bad public relations , since the Attorney General was in charge of the Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) . Baird 's wealth – she made $ 500 @,@ 000 a year in her job and together with her husband had a combined income of $ 600 @,@ 000 – made her , in the context of the early 1990s recession , an unsympathetic figure to not be paying taxes . Moreover , Baird and Gewirtz had been wealthy enough to afford legal child care , but instead had paid the Corderos $ 250 a week plus board , well below minimum wage . The news brought about an immediate and large @-@ scale negative reaction . As Guardian U.S. correspondent Martin Walker later wrote , " [ Baird and Gewirtz ] were the overpaid yuppies and ubiquitous lawyers whom American voters had come to resent . "
On January 16 , Baird paid $ 2 @,@ 900 in fines for the infractions to the INS . This was on top of the $ 8 @,@ 000 in back Social Security taxes she had paid earlier . George Stephanopoulos , the transition communications director , said that " President @-@ elect Clinton has complete confidence in Zoë Baird . "
Some in the Clinton inner circle persisted in believing that Baird 's offense was akin to a traffic ticket in seriousness , but Democratic senators told them otherwise ; Senate Judiciary Committee chair Joe Biden of Delaware likened it more to a " freeway crash . "
Baird met with Biden twice , both times leaving his office in tears , although Biden publicly stated that he did not think the matter would prevent her nomination . Baird actually had more immediate support from ranking member Orrin Hatch , who called it " no big deal . " This reflected a considerable degree of Republican support for Baird , as they decided she was more in tune with their stance on some issues than a replacement would likely be .
Appearing before the Judiciary Committee on January 19 , Baird apologized for having knowingly broken the law : " In my hope to find appropriate child care for my son , I gave too little emphasis to what was described to me as a technical violation of law . " She added that , " People are fairly questioning if there are classes of individuals who hold themselves above the law . I do not . " Baird 's statement that her husband had handled many of the legal issues surrounding the Corderos ' employment drew little support for her . Overall , the questioning of Baird was tougher from Democrats on the committee than Republicans , again reflecting the latter 's support for Baird . At the close of the initial testimony , Baird 's confirmation still seemed quite possible .
As the inauguration of Bill Clinton took place on January 20 , the nomination crisis was reaching its final phase , with Biden telling Clinton at a luncheon following the ceremony that the next day or two would be crucial . But political and public opposition continued to mount . Calls opposing the nomination flooded the switchboards of members of Congress . Senator David Boren of Oklahoma reported getting a thousand calls to his office , with 80 percent of them against the nomination . Senator Paul Simon of Illinois also received a thousand calls . Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont said , " In 18 years in the Senate , I had never seen so many telephone calls , spontaneously , in such a short period . "
Television crews staked out the New Haven home of Baird . As one top Senate official later stated , " There were phone calls to offices , local editorials . The people were just way ahead of us . " The issue created a firestorm on conservative talk radio , then emerging as a potent force in American politics . Talker Rush Limbaugh was especially involved in the issue , for instance weighing in to say that Baird 's " blame @-@ it @-@ on @-@ the @-@ husband " defense was a " feminazi " ploy . A USA Today / CNN / Gallup poll showed that 63 percent of the American public did not think Baird should be confirmed ; the reaction was broad , with majorities of Republicans and Democrats , men and women , and young and old all opposing it .
Clinton faced a choice of either quickly jettisoning her , and risk appearing weak , or defiantly continuing to back her , and opposing a popular groundswell ; he opted to wait and see a little more . There was also much confusion about when exactly Clinton had learned of the Baird problem , with Christopher saying he had informed Clinton of it in some manner during the transition and Clinton saying he had not . This led to a " What did the President know and when did he know it " grilling of Stephanopoulos on January 21 during his first news conference as White House Communications Director . The treatment of Stephanopoulos got rough and his evasive answers bordered on nonsense .
A second round of Judiciary Committee hearings were also taking place on January 21 , and by then , Baird was politically isolated , with no major groups coming to her defense . A growing number of senators came out in opposition to Baird during the day , including two Republican members of the Judiciary Committee and influential centrist Democrats John Breaux of Louisiana and David Boren of Oklahoma . Baird gamely continued to smile and testify well into the evening , but as Stephanopoulos later wrote , " She didn 't know it yet , but she was toast . " Biden called Clinton and told him the nomination was lost .
On January 22 , 1993 , two days after Clinton had assumed the presidency , the White House announced in the middle of the night the withdrawal of Baird 's nomination .
Clinton now publicly stated that he had been informed of Baird 's hiring of the illegal aliens after discussing the position with her but before actually nominating her . He had not halted the process to gain all information but rather had erred by going through with the nomination in order to meet a self @-@ imposed Christmas deadline for naming his cabinet . On January 23 , Anna Quindlen used the term " Nannygate " in her syndicated column and it soon gained wide @-@ scale use .
While Lillian and Victor Cordero had done their jobs well ( before hiring them , Baird had made several attempts to employ U.S. citizens , but none had worked out ) , on January 22 the INS said it sought to question them and very likely deport them . The couple had previously separated and were about to be divorced . Lillian Cordero agreed to leave the country and return to Peru , under a 30 @-@ day " voluntary departure " program . Victor Cordero first went into hiding , hoping to stay in the country ; his lawyer said he had been in the wrong place at the wrong time and that , " He doesn 't understand why he 's being singled out . " But by January 29 , he too had voluntarily left the U.S. for Peru . Neither of them ever appeared in the media . Although illegal domestics were rarely deported unless they had been involved in crimes , the INS maintained that the couple were treated no differently than any other illegal aliens who were brought to their attention .
= = The Wood near @-@ nomination = =
On February 4 , 1993 , the Clinton White House made it known via deliberate background statements to several major newspapers that 49 @-@ year @-@ old United States federal judge Kimba Wood of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York would be his new choice for Attorney General . However , no official announcement or nomination was being made , pending the completion of background checks and to gauge reaction to the pick . White House officials indicated that First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton had insisted that the position still be filled by a woman . Wood , who was prominent in New York social circles , was married to Time magazine writer Michael Kramer and the couple had a six @-@ year @-@ old son .
However , later that day , investigations by the office of the White House Counsel and the FBI background check were completed , and Clinton and the White House learned that she had employed an illegal immigrant to look after her son , even though she had done it when it was still legal to do so . The immigrant , from Trinidad , had been hired in March 1986 , several months before enactment of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 made hiring of illegal aliens unlawful . The nanny obtained legal status in December 1987 , and overall worked for Wood for seven years .
Clinton decided the nomination could not go forward , and the next day , February 5 , Wood publicly withdrew herself from consideration .
The case was different from the Baird one in that Wood had not broken immigration law and had paid Social Security taxes for the person . Nevertheless , the White House feared reaction from Congress and the public , as well as that from radio and television talk shows , in the apparent , if not actual , repetition of the Baird controversy , and asked Wood to withdraw . A further burden was the disclosure that while she was a student in London , Wood had trained for five days as a Playboy bunny . The White House was annoyed with Wood , because they said that when they had initially asked her if she had a " Zoë Baird problem , " she had responded in the negatory . Allies of Wood gave a starkly different account and said that she had been fully forthcoming about the details of her dealings with the immigrant . According to a Gallup Poll , 65 percent of the American public did not think Wood should have been forced down .
= = Other Clinton appointees = =
One of the few men to make the short list for the Attorney General selection , Washington lawyer Charles Ruff , was ruled out of consideration by the White House on February 6 , because he had not paid Social Security taxes for years for a woman who cleaned his house .
On February 8 , Stephanopoulos broadened the scope of the affair by announcing that the past hiring of an illegal alien would " probably be disqualifying " for applicants to any of the 1 @,@ 100 presidential appointments that were subject to confirmation by the Senate . As one White House official said , " If you ever knowingly hired an illegal alien , that 's a killer . If you hired someone who was legal but didn 't pay Social Security taxes , you 're probably O.K. , but only if you come clean and pay the back taxes . "
Several Clinton appointees then came forward . Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown said he had failed to pay the taxes for a maid . The Brown case attracted a fair amount of attention , with 40 percent of Americans thinking he should step down as a result ( he did not ) . Secretary of Transportation Federico Peña said he would pay back taxes owed for a part @-@ time babysitter . Other appointees said they had examined their records and were clean . Stephanopoulos himself came under attention , but said the cleaner he had hired was from a cleaning company . The matter resulted in a slowdown of hiring for all positions , in what Secretary of Defense Les Aspin called a " chilling effect " . One @-@ third of the nominations for the U.S. State Department were held up while being examined for the question .
Some other female Clinton cabinet @-@ level appointees escaped Nannygate by virtue of their personal circumstances . Secretary of Health and Human Services Donna Shalala was unmarried with no children , while Secretary of Energy Hazel O 'Leary and Ambassador to the United Nations Madeleine Albright had children that were grown . Carol Browner , Clinton 's pick for Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and someone who did have a young child , avoided Nannygate problems by simply never having used a nanny .
= = The Reno nomination = =
On February 11 , 1993 , Janet Reno was nominated for the post . Clinton had known of her since her days with the groundbreaking Miami Drug Court , where as state attorney she had worked with public defender and Clinton brother @-@ in @-@ law Hugh Rodham , but otherwise although qualified for the job had no federal experience and was relatively obscure . Reno was 54 years old , had never married and had no children , and , as Clinton later wrote , " Public service was her life . " Without the chance of a nanny problem , and with her mowing her own lawn reducing the chances for an immigrant problem , Reno was the perfect choice after the Baird and Wood failures . In addition , Reno 's down @-@ to @-@ earth image contrasted with the wealthy corporate lawyer Baird and the socially prominent Wood . ( Reno would instead face something often experienced by unmarried woman of her age , speculation about her sexual orientation . )
In making the announcement , Clinton said that he had considered men for the post and that " I never felt hamstrung by any commitment , even though I did want to name a woman Attorney General . " When asked how he would have handled the selection were he to do it all over again , Clinton responded , " I would have called Janet Reno on November 5th . "
Reno was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on March 11 , 1993 , and thus became the first female Attorney General .
Reno remained Attorney General through both of Clinton 's terms as president . Wood remained a federal judge . While the ramifications of Nannygate persisted , Baird herself quickly returned to public obscurity . Clinton subsequently appointed Baird to the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board , and in his 2004 memoir reiterated that the fault for the failed nomination had been his , not hers . Baird hired an American citizen to be her next nanny .
= = Political and cultural impact = =
The Nannygate matter did some damage to the Clinton administration politically . A cover of Time magazine , featuring a half @-@ portrait of Baird , was titled " Clinton 's First Blunder " and subtitled " How a popular outcry caught the Washington elite by surprise " . The Baird nomination was emblematic of other difficulties Clinton had during the transition period and his early days in office , including most prominently the dropping of a promised middle @-@ class tax cut and resistance to his proposal to allow gays in the military . Stephanopoulos later wrote that " We should have never let the Baird nomination get as far as it did , but our systems failed us at every crucial step . " And the timing of the announcement of the Wood withdrawal detracted attention from the signing of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 , the first legislative achievement of the Clinton administration . While a Gallup Poll showed that only 22 percent of the public said that Clinton 's difficulties in naming someone for Attorney General decreased their confidence in his ability to lead the country , overall , Clinton experienced the highest disapproval ratings at the start of any presidency since such polling began . His " presidential honeymoon " period was thus extremely brief .
Clinton 's desire to appoint a woman to the post engendered some criticism for devaluing the position to an affirmative action post , and Stephanopoulos later conceded that " we put ourselves in a box " . The failure of the Baird and Wood picks , along with Lani Guinier 's failed nomination ( for unrelated reasons ) to Assistant Attorney General for Department of Justice Civil Rights Division a few months later , made Congressional Democrats cautious in endorsing future Clinton personnel choices . When federal judge Stephen Breyer was first considered for a U.S. Supreme Court vacancy in mid @-@ 1993 , he was not selected , in part because he too had a ' Zoë Baird problem ' ( he would be nominated and confirmed the following year , following another vacancy ) .
The Baird case became the first national scandal over child @-@ care arrangements , but the situation that these nominees faced was in part at least a common one to Americans . Two @-@ thirds of American women with school @-@ age children were in the workforce and three @-@ fifths of married men with children had working wives . They all needed some form of day care , and with there being no organized or subsidized day care system in the U.S. , many families turned to arrangements within the underground economy . That this administration ran into this problem was considered ironic , given that Bill and Hillary Clinton were the first dual @-@ career couple to occupy the White House .
Once the Nannygate matter broke into the news , the question " Do you have a Zoë Baird problem ? " became frequently asked by Americans of each other in casual conversation , with many answers being in the affirmative . U.S. Census Bureau and Internal Revenue Service data indicated that only one @-@ quarter of people who employed household help paid Social Security taxes to the workers , and that even figure may have been higher than the real one due to people not responding to surveys honestly . Most of those doing the hiring did not think about breaking the law or getting caught .
Meanwhile , Baird had graduated within a matter of hours from anonymity to dubious icon . One employment agency head who only hired legal household workers said , " You have no idea , the frustration , sitting here , knocking your head against the wall , trying to do what 's right . And then you have a Zoë Baird who exposes the fact that everybody else is breaking the law . " The phrase " to have a Zoë Baird problem " became rooted in the vocabulary of the American professional and political classes .
The matter exposed the practices of the barely underground economy of wealthy households and largely illegal immigrant suppliers . The owner of one Manhattan nanny agency stated , " It 's just a reality of life that without the illegal girls , there wouldn 't be any nannies , and the mommies would have to stay home and mind their own kids . " The practice had grown as both married women with children and single working mothers entered the workforce in large numbers during the 1980s , with the extended hours and long commutes of many professional positions further exacerbating it . The Irish and Central and South American immigrant population of domestic workers was augmented by those from the Philippines , China , Ireland , or Poland . People hiring nannies often preferred illegal aliens , who were thought to be easier to find , considerably less expensive , and more loyal if they worked out and easier to fire if they did not . As one Floral Park , Queens , woman said , " I want someone who cannot leave the country , who doesn 't know anyone in New York , who basically does not have a life . I want someone who is completely dependent on me and loyal to my family . " Americans themselves were largely unwilling to do the jobs .
While some men were affected by Nannygate , most of the public commentary revolved around its effect on women . The February 10 , 1993 , op @-@ ed page of The New York Times , which carried considerable Nannygate coverage in general , was exclusively devoted towards discussing it as a women 's issue . The press themselves came in for some criticism in this respect , with the group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting complaining that the Times and other media outlets focused on the effect of Nannygate on white , upper @-@ middle @-@ class women , and excluded the perspective of the actual immigrant childcare workers . Stuart Taylor , Jr . , in his March 1993 piece " Inside the Whirlwind : How Zoë Baird Was Monstrously Caricatured for the Smallest of Sins , Pounded by Press and Popular Righteousness , and Crucified by Prejudice and Hypocrisy " for The American Lawyer , concluded that Baird was done in by a political @-@ media culture bent on populism and symbolic blood sport and that she was penalized for being honest . He also said Baird had fallen victim to " the cold , capricious cruelty of fate " .
Two fault lines , gender and class , were exposed in the debate over Nannygate : in the former , a double standard was seen wherein female appointees faced a greater risk of being questioned and disqualified based upon their childcare arrangements , while in the latter , wealthy or upper middle @-@ class professional women who could afford live @-@ in childcare arrangements were seen as trying to get away a white @-@ collar criminal act . In particular , the competing gendered narratives revolved around whether the affluent Baird was considered " one of us " by women . Baird failed to gain support from some feminists , who believed that as a protégé of powerful Washington insiders , she had not paid her feminist dues . University of Michigan scholar Diane Sampson , publishing in a collection entitled " Bad " Mothers : The politics of blame in twentieth @-@ century America , saw Baird as trying to establish motherhood as a ' site ' in elaborating her qualifications for Attorney General during her confirmation hearings , an effort that was subverted by her affluence and her earning far more than her husband did . Sampson concluded that " The dissonance between Baird 's rhetorical stance and her lived life was jarring " and that her case presented " culturally accepted signifiers of a bad mother " .
A modified and fictionalized account of the Baird nomination formed the core of Wendy Wasserstein 's 1996 play An American Daughter , which was later made into a 2000 television film . Wasserstein saw the episode , as well as what happened to Wood , as an example of double standards and sexism , and used it as a vehicle to explore the nature and status of American feminism as of the 1990s . She said of its role in illustrating feminist issues , " I mean , if Nannygate hadn 't existed , what a great thing to make up as a way of talking about it . " An American Daughter became one of Wasserstein 's most ambitious works , and also her most political .
Mary Romero , Professor of Justice Studies at Arizona State University , discussed the class aspect in a new 2002 edition of her classic work Maid in the U.S.A .. She saw Nannygate as a follow @-@ on to the long @-@ running " servant problem " , and illustrated how labor and immigration laws were still structured so as to benefit employers rather than employees . Taunya Lovell Banks , Professor of Equality Jurisprudence at University of Maryland School of Law , saw Nannygate as also having a racial dimension , in that it illustrated how the professional class exploited domestic workers of color .
In the wake of Nannygate , effective 1995 Congress changed the way taxes for household help are filed , creating a Form 1040 Schedule H that shifting the federal reporting burden from separate documents onto the main return for income taxes . ( The new regulations still were more focused on employers than domestic employees . ) The full procedure for handling payments of Social Security and Medicare taxes , as well as state and federal unemployment insurance premiums , for household and child @-@ care help remained quite complex , however , and over the following two decades , self @-@ help articles were published with titles such as " How to Avoid Your Very Own Nannygate " and " Time to Come Clean " and with admonitions like " we all know what happened to Kimba Wood and Zoë Baird . "
= = Later instances = =
Later instances of political problems caused by the hiring of nannies that were in some way illegal have also been dubbed " Nannygate " , both in the U.S. and outside it .
In 2001 , President George W. Bush nominated Linda Chavez for Secretary of Labor . She was the first Hispanic woman nominated to a United States cabinet position . However , she withdrew from consideration after it was revealed that she had given money to a one @-@ time illegal immigrant from Guatemala who lived in her home more than a decade earlier . Chavez 's claims that she had been engaged in an act of charity and compassion rather than employment , and that she was now the victim of the " politics of personal destruction " , were not enough to save her nomination . The Chavez case did further illustrate the question of the status of female illegal aliens in households across the nation .
In December 2004 , Bernard Kerik was nominated by President Bush to succeed Tom Ridge as United States Secretary of Homeland Security . After a week of press scrutiny , Kerik withdrew his nomination , saying that he had unknowingly hired an undocumented worker and had not paid her taxes . The Times wrote that " the curse of Nannygate " had returned to claim a fourth high @-@ level victim . As Jim Gibbons was campaigning for Governor of Nevada in 2006 , it was brought to light that more than ten years earlier , he and his wife Dawn Gibbons had employed an illegal immigrant as a housekeeper and babysitter . Gibbons went on to win the election anyway . By 2009 and the stepping down of Nancy Killefer as nominee for Chief Performance Officer of the United States at the beginning of the Obama administration , at least ten top @-@ level cabinet or other federal appointees had run into trouble over failure to pay the " Nanny Tax " . Despite the possible peril it brought , most Americans were still paying their nannies off the books . The problem recurred in the 2010 California gubernatorial election , where candidate Meg Whitman lost despite spending over $ 140 million of her own money . Her campaign was seriously damaged during its final two months by the revelation that she had employed an illegal immigrant as a nanny and housekeeper , and by the alleged manner in which she treated ( and fired ) the housekeeper .
David Blunkett , a British politician , ran into political trouble for fast tracking a visa application for his family 's nanny in 2004 . In 2006 , the Minister affair at the announcement of the Reinfeldt cabinet in Sweden included the quick resignations of Maria Borelius , a Swedish trade minister who had hired a live @-@ in nanny without paying taxes , and Cecilia Stegö Chilò , the Swedish culture minister , who also hired a live @-@ in nanny without paying taxes . The matter was widely reported by the international press , with the Financial Times dubbing it " Nannygate " . In 2009 , Canadian member of parliament Ruby Dhalla was accused of having employed nannies without proper work permits as required of anyone hiring foreign nationals under the federal caregiver program , and some newspaper headline writers dubbed the resulting controversy as " Nannygate " . The 2013 arrest of Devyani Khobragade , Deputy Consul General of the Consulate General of India in New York City , charged with committing visa fraud and providing false statements in order to gain entry to the United States for her nanny , was referred by some in the American press as " Nannygate " .
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= Royal Gold Cup =
The Royal Gold Cup or Saint Agnes Cup is a solid gold covered cup lavishly decorated with enamel and pearls . It was made for the French royal family at the end of the 14th century , and later belonged to several English monarchs before spending nearly 300 years in Spain . It has been in the British Museum since 1892 , where it is normally on display in Room 40 , and is generally agreed to be the outstanding surviving example of late medieval French plate . It has been described as " the one surviving royal magnificence of the International Gothic age " ; and according to Thomas Hoving , former director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York , " of all the princely jewels and gold that have come down to us , this is the most spectacular — and that includes the great royal treasures . "
The cup is made of solid gold , stands 23 @.@ 6 cm ( 9 @.@ 25 inches ) high with a diameter of 17 @.@ 8 cm ( 6 @.@ 94 inches ) at its widest point , and weighs 1 @.@ 935 kg ( 4 @.@ 26 lb ) . It has a cover that lifts off , but the triangular stand on which it once stood is now lost . The stem of the cup has twice been extended by the addition of cylindrical bands , so that it was originally much shorter , giving the overall shape " a typically robust and stocky elegance . " The original decorated knop or finial on the cover has been lost , and a moulding decorated with 36 pearls has been removed from the outer edge of the cover ; a strip of gold with jagged edges can be seen where it was attached . Presumably it matched the one still in place round the foot of the cup .
The gold surfaces are decorated with scenes in basse @-@ taille enamel with translucent colours that reflect light from the gold beneath ; many areas of gold both underneath the enamel and in the background have engraved and pointillé decoration worked in the gold . In particular the decoration features large areas of translucent red , which have survived in excellent condition . This colour , known as rouge clair , was the most difficult to achieve technically , and highly prized for this and the brilliance of the colour when it was done successfully . Scenes from the life of Saint Agnes run round the top of the cover and the sloping underside of the main body . The symbols of the Four Evangelists run round the foot of the cup , and there are enamel medallions at the centre of the inside of both the cup and the cover . The lower of the two added bands contains enamel Tudor roses on a diapered pointillé background ; this was apparently added under Henry VIII . The upper band has an engraved inscription filled in with black enamel , with a barrier of laurel branches in green to mark off the end of the inscription from its beginning .
The cup came to the British Museum with a custom @-@ made hexagonal case of leather on a wood frame , with iron lock , handles and mounts . This was either made at the same time or soon after the cup , and has incised and stamped foliate decoration and a blackletter inscription : YHE.SUS.O.MARYA.O.MARYA YHE SUS .
= = Provenance = =
There is no firm evidence as to the date and circumstances of the creation of the cup . It is first clearly documented in an inventory from 1391 of the valuables belonging to Charles VI of France ( reigned 1380 – 1422 ) , surviving in two copies in the Bibliothèque nationale de France . This lists :
A hanap of gold , all its cover well and richly enamelled on the outside with the life of Madame St Agnes ; and the cresting of the foot is garnished with 26 pearls , and the crown around the cover with 36 pearls ; and the finial of the said cover ( is ) garnished with four sapphires , three balas rubies and fifteen pearls . And it weighs 9 marcs 3 ounces of gold. and the said hanap rests on a stand of gold in the form of a tripod , and in the middle of the tripod is represented Our Lady in a sun on a ground of clear red , and the three feet of the tripod are formed by three winged dragons . The said hanap and cover were given to the king by monseigneur the duc de Berry on his journey into Touraine in the year 91 .
John , Duke of Berry ( 1340 – 1416 ) was Charles VI 's uncle and a powerful figure in the kingdom , as well as the most famous and extravagant collector and commissioner of art of his day . He is still best known for commissioning the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry , the famous International Gothic illuminated manuscript , and also commissioned the Holy Thorn Reliquary , now in the British Museum . The young king Charles had been forced to remove his uncle from governorships after the latter 's rapacious conduct had led to unrest , and the meeting in 1391 marked their reconciliation after a period of bad relations . Lavish gifts among the Valois court circle were routine , and on this occasion Berry had special reason to be generous .
The cup appears in another inventory of Charles V in 1400 , and then is not recorded until it appears as the property of another royal uncle , and collector , John of Lancaster , 1st Duke of Bedford ( 1389 – 1435 ) , son of Henry IV , who was briefly Regent of both France and England for his infant nephew Henry VI . How he acquired the cup is not known , but he would have received many gifts from Charles VI , and had both lent the king money and bought from him things such as the library of the Palais du Louvre , in the uneasy period when Charles had made peace with the English and made Henry V his heir . After the death of his brother Henry V , Bedford struggled to stem the resurgent French resistance , which was energised by Joan of Arc . He died in Normandy in 1435 , leaving Henry VI as his heir . The cup is more briefly described as the first item in a list of valuables received from Bedford 's estate prepared for Henry VI 's minister Cardinal Henry Beaufort , but the tripod is not mentioned , some of the jewels are missing , and the subject is misidentified as the life of Saint Suzanna not Saint Agnes . For some reason it does not appear in a royal inventory of 1441 ; Jenny Stratford suggests that this was because Beaufort still had it at this point . Another possibility is that it had been pawned , as it was in 1449 and again in 1451 , on both occasions to finance England 's increasingly unsuccessful efforts to hold on to French territory ;
The cup first appears in the records of the new Tudor dynasty under Henry VIII in 1521 . By now the cover had lost the finial " garnished with four sapphires , three balas rubies and fifteen pearls " described in Charles VI 's inventory and had a new one of gold in the form of a closed , or " imperial " crown . This matches a propaganda drive at this time by Henry to assert England as an " empire " , a contemporary sense meaning a state recognising no superior , though the Great Seal of England had already used a closed crown since 1471 . Other uses had probably been found for the jewels of the old finial ; it is assumed that the lower band with the Tudor roses was added in Henry 's reign , as part of a programme of adding Tudor badges to possessions inherited from earlier dynasties , which covered tapestries , illuminated manuscripts and buildings such as King 's College Chapel in Cambridge . The cup is described in inventories in 1532 and after Henry 's death in 1547 , and then under Elizabeth I it was inventoried in 1574 and 1596 .
When James I succeeded to the English throne in 1603 , one of his first priorities was to end the Anglo @-@ Spanish War , which had been dragging on since 1585 . A Spanish delegation arrived for the Somerset House Conference , which concluded with a treaty signed in 1604 . The leader of the Habsburg diplomats was Juan Fernández de Velasco , 5th Duke of Frías and Constable of Castile . The upper extension to the stem of the cup has a Latin inscription that translates as :
This cup of solid gold , a relic of the sacred treasure of England and a memorial to the peace made between the kings , the Constable Juan de Velasco , returning thence after successfully accomplishing his mission , presented as an offering to Christ the Peacemaker .
The gift of " some 70 items of silver and gold plate " by James to the Constable , of which the cup was the most notable item , is documented on both the English and Spanish sides ; the Constable wrote an account of his mission on his return , which mentions the gift from James . The Constable had previously presented both James and the queen with elaborate cups , among other valuable gifts . According to Pauline Croft , " With his usual over @-@ generosity the king gave the departing envoys around half the large gold vessels from the royal possessions he had inherited from Elizabeth . The Constable himself received a stupendous gift of plate , including possibly the most venerable item in the collection , known as " the Royal Gold Cup of the Kings of France and England . " In 1610 the Constable gave the cup to a convent in Medina de Pomar , near Burgos , as the inscription describes . His deed of gift survives , and records that the gift was on condition that the cup was never alienated by the convent . A marginal note on the deed , in the Constable 's own handwriting , records that he had obtained the permission of the Archbishop of Toledo , Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas , for the cup to be used as a ciborium , or container for consecrated hosts . By this period a rule of the church normally forbade the use of vessels decorated on their inner surface as ciboria .
The cup stayed in the convent until 1882 when the nuns were short of funds and wanted to sell it . It was at some point during this period that the pearl border to the cover and the Tudor finial were removed . The nuns decided they would get a better price in Paris than in Spain , and the cup was entrusted to Simon Campo , a priest , who took it to Paris and approached several leading dealers and collectors . There had been a spate of forgeries of medieval objects , and the Parisians were suspicious , until one , Baron Jerome Pichon , researched the second added cylinder and was sufficiently convinced that this was the cup documented in 1604 to make a rather low offer , which was accepted . In the course of his researches the baron had contacted the current Duke of Frías , who had supplied useful information , and then initially congratulated the buyer on his purchase . However , on looking further into the matter the duke realized that the sale was contrary to the 1610 deed of gift he had discovered in the family archives , and sued in the French courts to recover the cup .
The duke eventually lost his case in 1891 , enabling a further sale that had been set up by Baron Pichon to proceed . This was to the leading firm of Messrs. Wertheimer of Bond Street in London , where the cup was seen by Augustus Wollaston Franks , who had been Keeper of British and Mediaeval Antiquities and Ethnography at the British Museum since 1866 , and was president of the Society of Antiquaries . Samson Wertheimer agreed " with much public spirit " to sell the cup to the British Museum for the £ 8 @,@ 000 ( £ 790 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) it had cost the firm . Franks was worried by the new American collectors such as J. P. Morgan , and in 1891 wrote to Sir Henry Tate , of Tate Gallery fame : " A very wonderful gold cup has appeared returned to this country after an absence of 287 years , and I am anxious to see it placed in the National Museum and not removed to America . " He tried to get wealthy individuals to subscribe £ 500 ( £ 49 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) each , but even with a grant of £ 2 @,@ 000 from HM Treasury could not raise the price . He was forced to put up £ 5 @,@ 000 of his own money temporarily while he continued to try to get smaller amounts from others , and succeeded in 1892 when the Treasury agreed to contribute the final £ 830 ; " to Franks this was his greatest acquisition , and the one of which he was most proud . " Apart from the Treasury , the £ 500 contributors were Franks and Wertheimer , the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths , Charles Drury Edward Fortnum , the Duke of Northumberland , Lord Savile , Lord Iveagh and the Earl of Crawford . In 1901 Morgan succeeded in buying the Lindau Gospels in London , which the museum had also wanted .
= = Creation , context and survival = =
Much the most prominent decoration on the cup is the cycle of scenes from the life of Saint Agnes , which is rarely depicted in such detail in art . However , there was one outstanding devotee of the saint in the period : King Charles V of France , Berry 's older brother and Charles VI 's father . Charles V was born in 1338 on Saint Agnes ' feast day , January 21 , and is recorded as owning at least 13 works of art featuring her , including a different gold cup enamelled with scenes from her life ( both are recorded in the 1391 inventory ) . Until recent decades the generally accepted hypothesis was that Berry ordered the cup as a present for his brother in 1380 , to be ready for his birthday in January 1381 . When the king died in September 1380 , Berry had retained it for a decade before presenting it to Charles VI .
However , in 1978 Ronald Lightbown , Keeper of Metalwork at the V & A Museum , rejected this theory on stylistic grounds , considering that the cup must have been created only shortly before it appeared in Charles VI 's inventory in 1391 . He says that " in 1380 figure @-@ style was a softly undulating , flowing style , with slender elongated figures and much use of serpentine or curving folds in the drapery , and with trailing dresses ending in sinuous Gothic hem @-@ lines " — a style that can be seen in the miniature of the coronation of Charles VI in 1380 illustrated above . In contrast , Lightbown says " the figures on the cup are broad , some might even be called stocky , with soft drapery of cylindrical form , or of smooth , tight outlines . The folds are tubular and the hems of the robes are straight with no waving , trailing outlines . The style in fact is the ' Italianate ' manner which developed in France as a result of contact with ' trecento ' art , and not the purely Northern Gothic International manner . " This view was rejected in 1981 by Neil Stratford , former Keeper of Medieval and Later Antiquities at the British Museum , who pointed to a number of manuscript illuminations in a similar style that date from earlier than 1390 . John Cherry , another former Keeper of the medieval collections at the British Museum , still presents the older dating in a work of 2010 , and the British Museum website dates the cup to " about 1370 – 1380 " .
Another traditional assumption , based on the language of the inventories and shared by almost all writers , was that the cup was a piece of secular plate , for use at table , or display on a buffet beside it . The buffet of the period was more like a modern Welsh dresser or shop display unit , with receding shelves for displaying on important occasions all the plate of the household that was not in use . Neil Stratford suggests that the cup was only used to drink from on special occasions , including St Agnes ' feast day , while Lightbown remarks that at over four pounds in weight the cup is much too heavy to drink from conveniently . However John Cherry , noting the exclusively religious subjects depicted ( including that on the lost tripod stand ) considers that the cup may have been intended as a ciborium from the start . It might have been used either to accompany in its carrying case the duke on his tours of his many castles and palaces , or perhaps for his foundation of the Saint Chapelle at his capital of Bourges , intended to rival the king 's Sainte @-@ Chapelle in Paris and his brother 's foundation at Champmol in Dijon .
The four sons of King John II of France — Charles V , Louis I , Duke of Anjou ( 1339 – 1384 ) , Berry and Philip the Bold , Duke of Burgundy ( 1342 – 1404 ) — all spent huge sums on works in gold and silver , as well as on other works of art . Although it is Berry who is especially remembered as a patron , partly because he specialized in illuminated manuscripts which have little value in their materials , it was his brother Louis of Anjou who was the " most passionately interested in the goldsmith 's art " ; he had over 3 @,@ 000 pieces of plate at one point . These included wholly secular pieces with sculptures in enamel that can only be imagined by comparison : in terms of technique to the handful of reliquaries , like the British Museum 's Holy Thorn Reliquary , that have survived from the period , and in terms of subject matter to tapestries and illuminations . However , in 1381 Anjou melted down almost all his plate to finance a war to pursue his claim to the Kingdom of Naples . According to the sculptor and goldsmith Lorenzo Ghiberti , writing seventy years later , one of Anjou 's goldsmiths , called Gusmin and " a most skillful sculptor , of great talent " , was so affected by the destruction of his life 's work that he joined an eremetic monastic order and lived out his days in silence . The Royal Gold Cup was " probably not exceptional as to size or decoration " in this milieu ; once " but one member of a class , it now stands alone " . An inventory of Charles V records 25 gold cups weighing between five and fifteen marcs ; this is slightly over nine without its stand . Smaller gold cups are recorded in sets of a dozen , of which Charles V had three . The largest items were the great table ornaments , in the shape of ships , called nefs , of which Charles V had five , the heaviest weighing over 53 marcs .
Berry died in 1416 with no male heir , and deeply in debt . Those of his works in precious metal and jewels that had not already gone to his creditors were mostly seized by the English when they took Paris in July 1417 . This was the first of a number of periods that saw the large @-@ scale destruction of goldsmiths ' work that the cup escaped , but thousands of other pieces did not , a survival that Brigitte Buettner finds " almost miraculous " . In particular , the move to Spain in 1604 enabled it to avoid the dispersal and destruction of the English Crown Jewels and royal collection of plate under the English Commonwealth .
As a secular piece the cup would be an almost unique survival at this level of quality , " the one representative left to us of medieval secular plate in its most sumptuous development " . Although French plate in silver and gold was made in great quantities , and at a high level of quality , " French silver made prior to the early 19th century is probably scarcer than that of any other European country . " The cost of even very skilled labour was low compared to that of the materials , and in the absence of any reliable way of either depositing or investing money , it was turned into lavish objects , in the knowledge that it might well need to be sold or melted down to finance some future project . If it survived long enough to become old @-@ fashioned it was likely to be melted down and remodelled in a new style .
There are only four other known survivals , secular or religious , of basse taille enamel on gold , one the small Salting Reliquary , also in the British Museum , and none as fine as the cup . The " King John Cup " in King 's Lynn , of ca . 1340 , silver @-@ gilt with transparent enamel , is the best example of basse @-@ taille work probably made in England ; the metalwork expert Herbert Maryon describes this and the Royal Gold Cup as the " two examples of outstanding merit , unsurpassed in any collection . " However it is unclear if most of the enamel at King 's Lynn is original . The closest comparison to the Royal Gold Cup is perhaps the silver @-@ gilt Mérode Cup of about 1400 , which is the only surviving medieval example of plique á jour enamel , a difficult technique which creates a see @-@ through effect like stained glass . A silver @-@ gilt cup in the Rijksmuseum , Amsterdam of before 1376 has no enamels or gems , and a different shape , but offers an interesting comparison as it has a tripod stand with winged grotesques as legs , a short stem , and the cover has both an elaborate finial and a raised decorated strip around the rim , so that all the altered aspects of the Royal Gold Cup are present .
= = Iconography = =
The cycle of scenes from the life of Saint Agnes , and that of her foster @-@ sister Saint Emerentiana , follows the traditional story of Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine ; the most popular compilation of hagiographies of the age , whose wording corresponds to some of the inscriptions in banderoles or scrolls that explain the scenes . Other texts are quotations from the Latin Vulgate Bible , mostly derived from the liturgy for St Agnes ' feast day , and it has been suggested that the two rings of pearls also reflect the language of the chants for these services . It seems likely that clerical advice was taken , at least over the texts used in the inscriptions . It is tempting to relate the depiction of the story , with its " distinct and vivid tableaux , well suited to adaptation for performance " to medieval drama , often a source for iconography , but the fragmentary records mention no dramas on the life of St Agnes that are close in time or place to the origin of the cup .
Agnes and her sister were virgins of Rome in the time of the Emperor Constantine , though all figures are shown in contemporary 14th @-@ century dress . The story begins on the inside of the bowl , which has a round medallion showing St Agnes kneeling before a bearded figure , representing her teacher , wearing a chaperon . She holds a book inscribed Miserere mei Deus sancte ( " Have pity on me , Holy God " ) , while a banderole says In corde meo abscondi eloquia tua ut non peccem tibi ( " Thy words have I hid in my heart that I might not sin against thee " . Psalms 119 : 11 ) . The top of the cover continues the story up to Agnes ' martyrdom in five scenes , shown with a continuous groundline from which small rocks rise up to demarcate the scenes ; on the base trees perform this function . Sunrays radiate from the centre of the cover above all the scenes ; the red enamel which once filled these is nearly all lost .
In the first scene the two girls are returning from school , Agnes accompanied by her punning attribute , a lamb with a cruciform halo , and carrying a martyr 's palm . They are accosted by Procopius , the young son of the Prefect of Rome , who has fallen in love with Agnes and shows her an open casket of jewels to persuade her to marry him . The inside of the casket is white , the only colour of opaque enamel in the original work , used only for a few highlights like the tiny area of the host held by Christ on the inside of the cover . Agnes rejects him , with the words Illi sum desponsata cui angeli serviunt ( " I am betrothed to him who the angels serve " ) in a banderole above . In the Caxton her rejection is unequivocal and not polite , and she points out that her heavenly fiancé has promised her much better jewels . The Prefect stands behind his son , and in the next scene has sentenced her to serve in a brothel for being a Christian who refuses to sacrifice to the goddess Vesta . Caxton 's Legend fills in the intervening action :
Then made she of the bordel her oratory , ... All they that entered made honour and reverence to the great clearness that they saw about St. Agnes , and came out more devout and more clean than they entered . At last came the son of the provost with a great company for to accomplish his foul desires and lusts . And when he saw his fellows come out and issue all abashed , he mocked them and called them cowards . And then he , all araged , entered for to accomplish his evil will . And when he came to the clearness , he advanced him for to take the virgin , and anon the devil took him by the throat and strangled him that he fell down dead .
In the next scene on the cup , Agnes stands outside the sentry box @-@ like brothel , looking down at the Prefect 's son who has been strangled to death by the devil crouched over him ; a banderole reads Quo modo cecidisti qui mane oriebaris ( " How has thou fallen that risest in the morning " , Isaiah 14 : 12 ) , and the Prefect looks on sadly .
In the following scene Agnes has been moved by the Prefect 's grief , and prayed for the son to be restored to life , which an angel has done . The repentant Procopius kneels before her , while she leans down to tell him Vade amplius noli peccare ( " Go forth and sin no more " ; from John 8 : 11 ) . However the result of the miracle was that ( in William Caxton 's translation ) " the bishops of the idols made a great discord among the people , so that all they cried : Take away this sorceress and witch that turned men 's minds and alieneth their wits " . The Prefect is now sympathetic to Agnes but fears he will lose his position if he does nothing , so leaves the matter in the hands of another official ; the two are seen talking together , with words from Luke 23 : 4 Nihil invenio cause in eam ( " I find no cause against her " ) above . The last scene shows her martyrdom ; she was sentenced to be burned but the flames part away from her so that finally the magistrate orders her killed by a spear . Her last words , from Luke 23 : 46 , are In manus tuas domine commendo animam meam ( " Into your hands , O Lord , I commend my spirit " ) .
The scenes continue on the underside of the bowl , starting with Agnes ' burial . A pall is being laid over her sarcophagus , whose red enamel has significant losses , which reveal clearly the engraved lines beneath . A tonsured priest with an aspergil for sprinkling holy water and an acolyte with a cross attend , with Emerentiana with halo to the left , and Agnes ' mother to the right . The banderole above says Ecce quod concupivi iam teneo ( " Behold what I have desired I now possess " ) . In the next scene pagans have arrived to disrupt the burial , and only Emerentiana has stayed , kneeling in prayer as she is pelted with rocks . The inscription reads Veni soror mea mecum in gloria ( " Come with me my sister into glory " ) . She dies , and the following scene shows the two martyrs , accompanied by two other unnamed female martyrs ( in the source " a great multitude of virgins clad in vestments of gold and silver " ) , as they appear in a vision to Agnes ' friends eight days after her death , as they gather round her sarcophagus , into which Emerentiana 's body has also been placed .
The next scene shows the sarcophagus with Constantina , the daughter of the Emperor Constantine , asleep on top of it , wearing a crown . She has been afflicted with leprosy , and heard of the vision at Agnes ' tomb , and come to pray there . The presence at left of a young man on crutches , not in the source , suggests that others are doing the same . The sleeping woman beside the tomb is either another such , or an attendant on the princess . As Constantina sleeps , Agnes , holding her lamb , appears to her , saying Si in xpm ( Christum ) credideris sanaberis ( " If you believe in Christ you will be healed " , an adaptation of the text in the source ) . In the final scene , the cured , and baptized , Constantina tells her crowned father the story , with the inscription Hec est virgo sapiens una de numero prudencium ( " This is a wise virgin , one of the number of the prudent " ) .
The inside of the cover has a circular enamel medallion with worked gold borders , showing a half @-@ length Christ making a blessing gesture and holding a chalice with a host inside . Around him is a sun @-@ like aureole in red . Below the two added cylinders on the stem , the four traditional symbols of the Evangelists run round the sloping foot of the cup , in pairs facing each other , above a green ground area . Lightbown notes this as " another sign of care for naturalistic effect " .
= = Construction and techniques = =
Each of the cover , main body , and foot of the cup is made of an inner and outer plate , and the enamelled medallions inside the cover and bowl were made separately before attachment . The enamel areas may have been designed by the goldsmith , or an artist more used to painting on panels or in manuscripts may have produced drawings . A number of names of goldsmiths appear in records of the period , but in contrast to many contemporary manuscripts , the few surviving goldsmith 's pieces are not signed or marked and cannot be matched to any names . Not a single maker 's name is recorded for the more than 3 @,@ 000 items in precious metal in the inventory mentioned above of the possessions of Berry 's brother Anjou . High quality courtly work like the cup is conventionally assigned to Paris in the absence of other stylistic evidence ; this is where other documentary sources locate the main concentration of goldsmiths .
The process for creating the basse @-@ taille enamel areas began by marking the outline of the design and the main internal outlines on the gold with a tool called a " tracer " . Then the interior area was worked with chasing tools , hammering and punching rather than cutting , to form a shallow recess to hold the enamel . The more important parts of the design were modelled by varying the depth of the surface to produce different intensities of colour when the translucent enamel was added ; the gold under folds of drapery often rises near the surface to create a paler highlight . In many of the recessed areas decoration was added by either engraving or punching which would show through the translucent enamel , or to facet the background so the reflections change as the viewing angle changes slightly . In these last @-@ mentioned areas cutting tools were used . Most of the background outside the enamelled areas was decorated in the same way . After the enamel was added and fired the surfaces were cleaned up , made good and polished , including removing by scraping any bumps showing through on the reverse of the metal .
The enamel lies flush with the gold surfaces ; it was a preparation of finely ground glass paste applied with great care to the prepared recessed areas , and then fired . Different colours of enamel meet each other with a neat boundary , which was achieved by firing one colour with a retaining border of gum tragacanth before adding the next . The difficulty was increased by the application of tints of a different colour to a base shade of enamel before firing , so that the added colour blends gradually into the background colour around the edges of the tinted area . This is especially used on " flux " , or colourless enamel , as in the ground areas , rocks and trees . Flux was also used for flesh areas as on a gold background it darkens slightly when fired to a suitable colour for skin . The rouge clair or " ruby glass " red , used so effectively here , was made by adding tiny particles of copper , silver and gold to the glass ; here scientific tests have shown that copper was used . After firing the enamel was polished flush with the surrounding metal . The technique had been known to the Ancient Romans ( see the Lycurgus Cup , also in the British Museum ) , but was lost at the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century . The added cylinders use opaque enamel , except for the red on the Tudor roses , which is translucent rouge clair , of a similar composition to the original reds . Translucent enamel is more fragile than opaque , and medieval survivals in good condition are very rare .
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= Giant freshwater stingray =
The giant freshwater stingray ( Himantura polylepis , also widely known by the junior synonym H. chaophraya ) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae . It is found in large rivers and estuaries in Indochina and Borneo , though historically it may have been more widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia . One of the largest freshwater fish in the world , this species grows upwards of 1 @.@ 9 m ( 6 @.@ 2 ft ) across and may reach 600 kg ( 1 @,@ 300 lb ) in weight . It has a relatively thin , oval pectoral fin disc that is widest anteriorly , and a sharply pointed snout with a protruding tip . Its tail is thin and whip @-@ like , and lacks fin folds . This species is uniformly grayish brown above and white below ; the underside of the pectoral and pelvic fins bear distinctive wide , dark bands on their posterior margins .
Bottom @-@ dwelling in nature , the giant freshwater stingray inhabits sandy or muddy areas and preys on small fishes and invertebrates . Females give live birth to litters of one to four pups , which are sustained to term by maternally produced histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) . This species faces heavy fishing pressure for meat , recreation , and aquarium display , as well as extensive habitat degradation and fragmentation . These forces have resulted in substantial population declines in at least central Thailand and Cambodia . As a result , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed the giant freshwater stingray as Endangered .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
The first scientific description of the giant freshwater stingray was authored by Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker in an 1852 volume of the journal Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen . His account was based on a juvenile specimen 30 cm ( 12 in ) across , collected from Jakarta , Indonesia . Bleeker named the new species polylepis , from the Greek poly ( " many " ) and lepis ( " scales " ) , and assigned it to the genus Trygon ( now a synonym of Dasyatis ) . However , in subsequent years Bleeker 's description was largely overlooked , and in 1990 the giant freshwater stingray was described again by Supap Monkolprasit and Tyson Roberts in an issue of the Japanese Journal of Ichthyology . They gave it the name Himantura chaophraya , which came into widespread usage . In 2008 , Peter Last and B. Mabel Manjaji @-@ Matsumoto confirmed that T. polylepis and H. chaophraya refer to the same species , and since Bleeker 's name was published earlier , the scientific name of the giant freshwater stingray became Himantura polylepis . This species may also be called the giant freshwater whipray , giant stingray , or freshwater whipray .
There is a complex of similar freshwater and estuarine Himantura in South Asia , Southeast Asia , and Australasia that are or were tentatively identified with H. polylepis . The Australian freshwater Himantura were described as a separate species , H. dalyensis , in 2008 . The freshwater Himantura in New Guinea are probably H. dalyensis rather than H. polylepis , though confirmation awaits further study . Trygon fluviatilis from India , as described by Nelson Annandale in 1909 , closely resembles and may be conspecific with H. polylepis . On the other hand , comparison of freshwater whipray DNA and amino acid sequences between India and Thailand has revealed significant differences . Finally , additional research is needed to assess the degree of divergence amongst populations of H. polylepis inhabiting various drainage basins across its distribution , so as to determine whether further taxonomic differentiation is warranted .
In terms of the broader evolutionary relationships between the giant freshwater whipray and the rest of the family Dasyatidae , a 2012 phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA reported that it was most closely related to the porcupine ray ( Urogymnus asperrimus ) , and that they in turn formed a clade with the mangrove whipray ( H. granulata ) and the tubemouth whipray ( H. lobistoma ) . This finding adds to a growing consensus that the genus Himantura is paraphyletic .
= = Description = =
The giant freshwater stingray has a thin , oval pectoral fin disc slightly longer than wide and broadest towards the front . The elongated snout has a wide base and a sharply pointed tip that projects beyond the disc . The eyes are minute and widely spaced ; behind them are large spiracles . Between the nostrils is a short curtain of skin with a finely fringed posterior margin . The small mouth forms a gentle arch and contains four to seven papillae ( two to four large at the center and one to four small to the sides ) on the floor . The small and rounded teeth are arranged into pavement @-@ like bands . There are five pairs of gill slits on the ventral side of the disc . The pelvic fins are small and thin ; mature males have relatively large claspers .
The thin , cylindrical tail measures 1 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 5 times as long as the disc and lacks fin folds . A single serrated stinging spine is positioned on the upper surface of the tail near the base . At up to 38 cm ( 15 in ) long , the spine is the largest of any stingray species . There is band of heart @-@ shaped tubercles on the upper surface of the disc extending from before the eyes to the base of the sting ; there is also a midline row of four to six enlarged tubercles at the center of the disc . The remainder of the disc upper surface is covered by tiny granular denticles , and the tail is covered with sharp prickles past the sting . This species is plain grayish brown above , often with a yellowish or pinkish tint towards the fin margins ; in life the skin is coated with a layer of dark brown mucus . The underside is white with broad dark bands , edged with small spots , on the trailing margins of the pectoral and pelvic fins . The tail is black behind the spine . The giant freshwater stingray reaches at least 1 @.@ 9 m ( 6 @.@ 2 ft ) in width and 5 @.@ 0 m ( 16 @.@ 4 ft ) in length , and can likely grow larger . With reports from the Mekong and Chao Phraya Rivers of individuals weighing 500 – 600 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 – 1 @,@ 300 lb ) , it ranks among the largest freshwater fishes in the world .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The giant freshwater stingray is known to inhabit several large rivers and associated estuaries in Indochina and Borneo . In Indochina , it occurs in the Mekong River to potentially as far upstream as Chiang Khong in Thailand , as well as in the Chao Phraya , Nan , Mae Klong , Bang Pakong , Prachin Buri and Tapi Rivers . In Borneo , this species is found in the Mahakam River in Kalimantan and the Kinabatangan and Buket Rivers in Sabah ; it is reportedly common in the Kinabatangan River but infrequently caught . Though it has been reported from Sarawak as well , surveys within the past 25 years have not found it there . Elsewhere in the region , recent river surveys in Java have not recorded its presence , despite the island being the locality of the species holotype . Historical records from Myanmar , the Ganges River in India , and the Bay of Bengal ( the latter two as Trygon fluviatilis ) have similarly not been corroborated by any recent accounts .
Disjunct populations of the giant freshwater stingray in separate river drainages are probably isolated from one another ; though the species occurs in brackish environments , there is no evidence that it crosses marine waters . This is a bottom @-@ dwelling species that favors a sandy or muddy habitat . Unexpectedly , it can sometimes be found near heavily populated urban areas .
= = Biology and ecology = =
The diet of the giant freshwater stingray consists of small fishes and invertebrates such as crustaceans and molluscs , which it can detect using its electroreceptive ampullae of Lorenzini . Individuals can often be seen at the edge of the river , possibly feeding on earthworms . Parasites documented from this species include the tapeworms Acanthobothrium asnihae , A. etini , A. masnihae , A. saliki , A. zainali , Rhinebothrium abaiensis , R. kinabatanganensis , and R. megacanthophallus . The giant freshwater stingray is viviparous , with the developing embryos nourished initially by yolk and later by histotroph ( " uterine milk " ) provided by the mother . This species does not appear to be diadromous ( migrating between fresh and salt water to complete its life cycle ) . Observed litter sizes range from one to four pups ; newborns measure around 30 cm ( 12 in ) across . Pregnant females are frequently found in estuaries , which may serve as nursery areas . Males mature sexually at approximately 1 @.@ 1 m ( 3 @.@ 6 ft ) across ; female maturation size and other life history details are unknown .
= = Human interactions = =
The giant freshwater stingray is not aggressive , but it merits caution as its sting is sheathed in toxic mucus and is capable of piercing bone . Across its range , this species is caught incidentally by artisanal fishers using longlines , and to a lesser extent gillnets and fish traps . It is reputedly difficult and time @-@ consuming to catch ; a hooked ray may bury itself under large quantities of mud , becoming almost impossible to lift , or drag boats over substantial distances or underwater . The meat and perhaps the cartilage are used ; large specimens are cut into kilogram pieces for sale . Adults that are not used for food are often killed or maimed by fishers regardless . In the Mae Klong and Bang Pakong Rivers , the giant freshwater stingray is also increasingly targeted by sport fishers and for display in public aquariums . These trends pose conservation concerns ; the former because catch and release is not universally practiced and the post @-@ release survival rate is unknown , the latter because this species does not survive well in captivity .
The major threats to the giant freshwater stingray are overfishing and habitat degradation resulting from deforestation , land development , and damming . The construction of dams also fragments the population , reducing genetic diversity and increasing the susceptibility of the resulting subpopulations to extinction . Due to its low reproductive rate , the giant freshwater stingray is not resilient to anthropogenic pressures . In central Thailand and Cambodia , the population is estimated to have been reduced by 30 – 50 % over the past 20 – 30 years , with declines as severe as 95 % in some locations . The size of rays caught has decreased significantly as well ; for example , in Cambodia the average weight of a landed ray has dropped from 23 @.@ 2 kg ( 51 lb ) in 1980 to 6 @.@ 9 kg ( 15 lb ) in 2006 . The status of populations in other areas , such as Borneo , is largely unknown . As a result of documented declines , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed this species as Endangered overall , and as Critically Endangered in Thailand . In the 1990s , the Thai government initiated a captive breeding program at Chai Nat to bolster the population of this and other freshwater stingray species until the issue of habitat degradation can be remedied . However , by 1996 the program had been put on hold .
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= Live action role @-@ playing game =
A live action role @-@ playing game ( LARP ) is a form of role @-@ playing game where the participants physically act out their characters ' actions . The players pursue goals within a fictional setting represented by the real world while interacting with each other in character . The outcome of player actions may be mediated by game rules or determined by consensus among players . Event arrangers called gamemasters decide the setting and rules to be used and facilitate play .
The first LARPs were run in the late 1970s , inspired by tabletop role @-@ playing games and genre fiction . The activity spread internationally during the 1980s and has diversified into a wide variety of styles . Play may be very game @-@ like or may be more concerned with dramatic or artistic expression . Events can also be designed to achieve educational or political goals . The fictional genres used vary greatly , from realistic modern or historical settings to fantastic or futuristic eras . Production values are sometimes minimal , but can involve elaborate venues and costumes . LARPs range in size from small private events lasting a few hours to large public events with thousands of players lasting for days .
= = Terminology = =
LARP has also been referred to as live role @-@ playing ( LRP ) , interactive literature , and free form role @-@ playing . Some of these terms are still in common use ; however , LARP has become the most commonly accepted term . It is sometimes written in lowercase , as larp . The live action in LARP is analogous to the term live action used in film and video to differentiate works with human actors from animation . Playing a LARP is often called larping , and one who does it is a larper .
= = Play overview = =
The participants in a LARP physically portray characters in a fictional setting , improvising their characters ' speech and movements somewhat like actors in improvisational theatre . This is distinct from tabletop role @-@ playing games , where character actions are described verbally . LARPs may be played in a public or private area and may last for hours or days . There is usually no audience . Players may dress as their character and carry appropriate equipment , and the environment is sometimes decorated to resemble the setting . LARPs can be one @-@ off events or a series of events in the same setting , and events can vary in size from a handful of players to several thousand .
Events are put on for the benefit of the players , who take on roles called player characters ( PCs ) that the players may create themselves or be given by the gamemasters . Players sometimes play the same character repeatedly at separate events , progressively developing the character and its relations with other characters and the setting .
Arrangers called gamemasters ( GMs ) determine the rules and setting of a LARP , and may also influence an event and act as referees while it is taking place . The GMs may also do the logistical work , or there may be other arrangers who handle details such as advertising the event , booking a venue , and financial management . Unlike the GM in a tabletop role @-@ playing game , a LARP GM seldom has an overview of everything that is happening during play because numerous participants may be interacting at once . For this reason , a LARP GM 's role is often less concerned with tightly maintaining a narrative or directly entertaining the players , and more with arranging the structure of the LARP before play begins and facilitating the players and crew to maintain the fictional environment during play .
Participants sometimes known as the crew may help the GMs to set up and maintain the environment of the LARP during play by acting as stagehands or playing non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) who fill out the setting . Crew typically receive more information about the setting and more direction from the GMs than players do . In a tabletop role @-@ playing game , a GM usually plays all the NPCs , whereas in a LARP , each NPC is typically played by a separate crew member . Sometimes players are asked to play NPCs for periods of an event .
Much of play consists of interactions between characters . Some LARP scenarios primarily feature interaction between PCs . Other scenarios focus on interaction between PCs and aspects of the setting , including NPCs , that are under the direction of the GMs .
= = History = =
LARP does not have a single point of origin , but was invented independently by groups in North America , Europe , and Australia . These groups shared an experience with genre fiction or tabletop role @-@ playing games , and a desire to physically experience such settings . In addition to tabletop role @-@ playing , LARP is rooted in childhood games of make believe , play fighting , costume parties , roleplay simulations , Commedia dell 'arte , improvisational theatre , psychodrama , military simulations , and historical reenactment groups such as the Society for Creative Anachronism .
The earliest recorded LARP group is Dagorhir , which was founded in 1977 in the United States and focuses on fantasy battles . Soon after the release of the movie Logan 's Run in 1976 , rudimentary live role @-@ playing games based on the movie were run at US science fiction conventions . In 1981 , the International Fantasy Gaming Society ( IFGS ) started , with rules influenced by Dungeons & Dragons . IFGS was named after a fictional group in the 1981 novel Dream Park , which described futuristic LARPs . In 1982 , the Society for Interactive Literature , a predecessor of the Live Action Roleplayers Association ( LARPA ) , formed as the first recorded theatre @-@ style LARP group in the US .
Treasure Trap , formed in 1982 at Peckforton Castle , was the first recorded LARP game in the UK and influenced the fantasy LARPs that followed there . The first recorded LARP in Australia was run in 1983 , using the science fiction Traveller setting . In 1993 , White Wolf Publishing released Mind 's Eye Theatre , which is still played internationally and is probably the most commercially successful published LARP . The first German events were in about 1994 ( other sources claim 1992 or 1991 ) , with fantasy LARP in particular growing quickly there , so that since 2001 , two major German events have been run annually that have between 3000 and 7000 players each and attract players from around Europe .
Today , LARP is a widespread activity internationally . Games with thousands of participants are run by for @-@ profit companies , and a small industry exists to sell costume , armour and foam weapons intended primarily for LARP .
= = Purpose = =
Most LARPs are intended as games for entertainment . Enjoyable aspects can include the collaborative creation of a story , the attempt to overcome challenges in pursuit of a character 's objectives , and a sense of immersion in a fictional setting . LARPs may also include other game @-@ like aspects such as intellectual puzzles , and sport @-@ like aspects such as fighting with simulated weapons .
Some LARPs stress artistic considerations such as dramatic interaction or challenging subject matter . Avant @-@ garde or arthaus events have especially experimental approaches and high culture aspirations and are occasionally held in fine art contexts such as festivals or art museums . The themes of avant @-@ garde events often include politics , culture , religion , sexuality and the human condition . Such LARPs are common in the Nordic countries but also present elsewhere .
In addition to entertainment and artistic merit , LARP events may be designed for educational or political purposes . For example , the Danish secondary school Østerskov Efterskole uses LARP to teach most of its classes . Language classes can be taught by immersing students in a role @-@ playing scenario in which they are forced to improvise speech or writing in the language they are learning . Politically themed LARP events may attempt to awaken or shape political thinking within a culture .
Because LARP involves a controlled artificial environment within which people interact , it has sometimes been used as a research tool to test theories in social fields such as economics or law . For example , LARP has been used to study the application of game theory to the development of criminal law .
= = Fiction and reality = =
During a LARP , player actions in the real world represent character actions in an imaginary setting . Game rules , physical symbols and theatrical improvisation are used to bridge differences between the real world and the setting . For example , a rope could signify an imaginary wall . Realistic @-@ looking weapon props and risky physical activity are sometimes discouraged or forbidden for safety reasons . While the fictional timeline in a tabletop RPG often progresses in game @-@ time , which may be much faster or slower than the time passing for players , LARPs are different in that they usually run in real @-@ time , with game @-@ time only being used in special circumstances .
There is a distinction between when a player is in character , meaning they are actively representing their character , and when the player is out @-@ of @-@ character , meaning they are being themselves . Some LARPs encourage players to stay consistently in character except in emergencies , while others accept players being out @-@ of @-@ character at times . In a LARP , it is usually assumed that players are speaking and acting in character unless otherwise noted , which is the opposite of normal practice in tabletop role @-@ playing games . Character knowledge is usually considered to be separate from player knowledge , and acting upon information a character would not know may be viewed as cheating .
While most LARPs maintain a clear distinction between the real world and the fictional setting , pervasive LARPs mingle fiction with modern reality in a fashion similar to alternate reality games . Bystanders who are unaware that a game is taking place may be treated as part of the fictional setting , and in @-@ character materials may be incorporated into the real world .
= = Rules = =
Many LARPs have game rules that determine how characters can affect each other and the setting . The rules may be defined in a publication or created by the gamemasters . These rules may define characters ' capabilities , what can be done with various objects that exist in the setting , and what characters can do during the downtime between LARP events . Because referees are often not available to mediate all character actions , players are relied upon to be honest in their application of the rules .
Some LARP rules call for the use of simulated weapons such as foam weapons or airsoft guns to determine whether characters succeed in hitting one another in combat situations . In Russian LARP events , weapons made of hard plastic , metal or wood are used . The alternative to using simulated weapons is to pause role @-@ play and determine the outcome of an action symbolically , for example by rolling dice , playing rock @-@ paper @-@ scissors or comparing character attributes .
There are also LARPs that do without rules , instead relying on players to use their common sense or feel for dramatic appropriateness to cooperatively decide what the outcome of their actions will be .
= = Genres = =
LARPs can have any genre , although many use themes and settings derived from genre fiction . Some LARPs borrow a setting from an established work in another medium ( e.g. , The Lord of the Rings or the World of Darkness ) , while others use settings based on the real world or designed specifically for the LARP . Proprietary campaign settings , together with rulesets , are often the principal creative asset of LARP groups and LARP publishers .
LARPs set in the modern day may explore everyday concerns , or special interests such as espionage or military activity . Such LARPs sometimes resemble an Alternate Reality Game , an Assassin game , or a military simulation using live combat with airsoft , laser tag , or paintball markers . LARPs can also be set in historical eras or have semi @-@ historical settings with mythological or fantastical aspects incorporated .
Fantasy is one of the most common LARP genres internationally and is the genre that the largest events use . Fantasy LARPs are set in pseudo @-@ historical worlds inspired by fantasy literature and fantasy role @-@ playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons . These settings typically have magic , fantasy races , and limited technology . Many fantasy LARPs focus on adventure or on competition between character factions . In contrast , science fiction LARPs take place in futuristic settings with high technology and sometimes with extraterrestrial life . This describes a broad array of LARPs , including politically themed LARPs depicting dystopian or utopian societies and settings inspired by cyberpunk , space opera and post @-@ apocalyptic fiction .
Horror LARPs are inspired by horror fiction . Popular subgenres include zombie apocalypse and Cthulhu Mythos , sometimes using the published Cthulhu Live rules . The World of Darkness , published by White Wolf Publishing , is a widely used goth – punk horror setting in which players usually portray secretive supernatural creatures such as vampires and werewolves . This setting can be played using Mind 's Eye Theatre , which is a set of LARP rules also published by White Wolf . World of Darkness LARPs are usually played in a chronicle , a series of short events held at regular intervals , and are also popular at conventions . An international chronicle is run by White Wolf 's official fan club , the Camarilla .
= = Styles = =
LARP events have a wide variety of styles that often overlap . Simple distinctions can be made regarding the genre used , the presence of simulated weapons or abstract rules , and whether players create their own characters or have them assigned by gamemasters . There is also a distinction between scenarios that are only run once and those that are designed to be repeatable . A number of other common classifications follow .
Theatre @-@ style , or freeform , LARP is characterised by a focus on interaction between characters that are written by the gamemasters , not using simulated weapons for combat , and an eclectic approach to genre and setting . Events in this style typically only last a few hours and require relatively little preparation by players and are sometimes played at gaming conventions . Some murder mystery games where players are assigned characters and encouraged to roleplay freely also resemble theatre @-@ style LARP .
Some very large events known as fests ( short for festival ) have hundreds or thousands of participants who are usually split into competing character factions camped separately around a large venue . There are relatively few fests in the world , all based in Europe and Canada ; however , their size means that they have a significant influence on local LARP culture and design . At the other end of the size scale , some small events known as linear or line @-@ course LARPs feature a small group of PCs facing a series of challenges from NPCs and are often more tightly planned and controlled by GMs than other styles of LARP .
While some LARPs are open to participants of all ages , others have a minimum age requirement . There are also youth LARPs , specifically intended for children and young people . Some are run through institutions such as schools , churches , or the Scouts . Denmark has an especially high number of youth LARPs .
= = Cultural significance = =
Roleplaying may be seen as part of a movement in Western culture towards participatory arts , as opposed to traditional spectator arts . Participants in a LARP cast off the role of passive observer and take on new roles that are often outside of their daily life and contrary to their culture . The arrangers of a LARP and the other participants act as co @-@ creators of the game . This collaborative process of creating shared fictional worlds may be associated with a broader burgeoning " geek " culture in developed societies that is in turn associated with prolonged education , high uptake of information technology and increased leisure time . In comparison to the mainstream video @-@ game industry , which is highly commercialized and often marketed towards a male audience , LARP is less commoditized , and women actively contribute as authors and participants .
LARP is not well known in most countries and is sometimes confused with other role @-@ playing , reenactment , costuming , or dramatic activities . While fan and gamer culture in general has become increasingly mainstream in developed countries , LARP has often not achieved the same degree of cultural acceptability . This may be due to intolerance of the resemblance to childhood games of pretend , a perceived risk of over @-@ identification with the characters , and the absence of mass marketing . In US films such as the 2006 documentary Darkon , the 2007 documentary Monster Camp , and the 2008 comedy Role Models , fantasy LARP is depicted as somewhat ridiculous and escapist , but also treated affectionately as a " constructive social outlet " . In the Nordic countries , LARP has achieved a high level of public recognition and popularity . It is often shown in a positive light in mainstream media , with an emphasis on the dramatic and creative aspects . However , even in Norway , where LARP has greater recognition than in most other countries , it has still not achieved full recognition as a cultural activity by government bodies .
Communities have formed around the creation , play and discussion of LARP . These communities have developed a subculture that crosses over with role @-@ playing , fan , reenactment , and drama subcultures . Early LARP subculture focused on Tolkien @-@ like fantasy , but it later broadened to include appreciation of other genres , especially the horror genre with the rapid uptake of the World of Darkness setting in the 1990s . Like many subcultures , LARP groups often have a common context of shared experience , language , humour , and clothing that can be regarded by some as a lifestyle .
LARP has been a subject of academic research and theory . Much of this research originates from role @-@ players , especially from the publications of the Nordic Knutepunkt role @-@ playing conventions . The broader academic community has recently begun to study LARP as well , both to compare it to other media and other varieties of interactive gaming , and also to evaluate it in its own right .
It has been speculated that LARP may one day evolve into a major industry in the form of location @-@ based games using ubiquitous computing .
= = In popular culture = =
Films
Dream Park ( 1981 )
Mazes and Monsters ( 1982 )
Role Models ( 2008 )
The Wild Hunt ( 2009 )
Lloyd the Conqueror ( 2011 )
Knights of Badassdom ( 2014 )
Documentaries
Darkon ( 2006 )
Monster Camp ( 2007 )
Television
LARPing was featured in an episode of the animated American TV series American Dad ! titled " The Nova Centauris @-@ burgh Board of Tourism Presents : American Dad " , which was originally broadcast by TBS on May 2 , 2016 . In it Steve and his friends pretend they are a colony of " moisture farmers " , and his mother , Francine , joins in their game .
LARPing is parodied as FCLORPing ( short for Foam and Cardboard Legitimate Outdoor Role @-@ Playing ) in the Gravity Falls episode " Dungeons , Dungeons and More Dungeons " .
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= Friday ( Rebecca Black song ) =
" Friday " is a song by American singer Rebecca Black , written and produced by Los Angeles record producers Clarence Jey and Patrice Wilson . It was released on March 14 , 2011 , by ARK Music Factory as Black 's debut single . The song features a rap verse from Wilson , which was uncredited on the single . Its music video caught a sudden surge of hits after Mystery Science Theater 3000 and Rifftrax comedian Michael J. Nelson called it " the worst video ever made " on Twitter and the song was featured on the Tosh.0 blog . The song 's reception was highly negative , mainly because of its songwriting and Black 's singing performance .
The original video was removed from YouTube on June 16 , 2011 due to legal disputes between ARK Music and Black herself . By then , it had already amassed more than 166 million views , with over 3 @.@ 2 million " dislikes " ( 88 % of total ratings ) from YouTube users . The video was uploaded to YouTube again on September 16 , 2011 . ( The video currently has 2 @.@ 08 million " dislikes " — 79 % of total ratings — on YouTube . ) Since the growth in popularity of the song and video , there have been numerous parody videos and remixes . Forbes stated that the notoriety of the song is another sign of the power of social media — specifically Twitter , Facebook , and Tumblr , in this instance — in the ability to create " overnight sensations . "
= = Background and production = =
" Friday " co @-@ writer Patrice Wilson , a worker at Ark Music Factory , explained that he wrote the lyrics " on a Thursday night going into a Friday . I was writing different songs all night and was like , ' Wow , I 've been up a long time and it 's Friday . ' And I was like , wow , it is Friday ! "
An Ark Music Factory client told Black 's mother about the company 's production services in late 2010 ; Black was 13 at the time , and living in Anaheim Hills , California . Black 's mother , Georgina Kelly , paid Ark Music $ 4 @,@ 000 for a song and accompanying video that included a choice of two pre @-@ written songs . According to Kelly , the payment covered one half or less of the production costs of the music video , and Black 's family could have paid nothing in exchange for giving up all rights to the song . Black chose " Friday " , as " the other song was about adult love – I haven 't experienced that yet . I felt like it was my personality in that song . " Ark Music extensively used the pitch @-@ correcting software Auto @-@ Tune . Although Kelly had some doubts over the quality of the lyrics , Black assured her that " I sang it as they wrote it , Mom . "
= = Composition = =
" Friday " uses the 50s progression , an I @-@ vi @-@ IV @-@ V chord progression that many popular songs have used such as " Heart and Soul " and " Unchained Melody " . It is performed in the key of B major at a tempo of 112 beats per minute . According to Randy Lewis of Los Angeles Times , the familiar structure contributes to the song 's catchiness , making it what others have called an earworm . The song also sees Black on a harmony track . In a review for Rolling Stone , writer Matthew Perpetua described the vocals as having " a peculiar tonality that inadvertently highlights the absurdity of boilerplate pop lyrics , " adding that the tone in the refrain " sounds unlike anything else in pop music . " He noted the sound as being not entirely agreeable to listen to , but stated that Black ultimately ends up " sounding like a distinct singer with an alluring sort of anti @-@ charisma . " The lyrics of the song speak about " hanging out with friends and having fun . " Paul Asay of Plugged In noted that lyrics reflect the happenings of a day , in the life of a teenager like Black , like eating breakfast and going to school . " She 's excited ' cause it 's Friday . Which means a weekend full of possibility awaits , " he concluded .
= = Critical reception = =
The song has received almost universally negative reviews from music critics , mainly because of its poorly @-@ written lyrics , instrumentation , and Black 's singing voice . It was rumored to be hated because of the gimmick Black pulled on YouTube during the YouTube Rewind 2011 , where her song was " Number One " . Lyndsey Parker of Yahoo ! Music asked if it could be " the worst song ever . " On March 29 , 2011 , it surpassed Justin Bieber 's " Baby " as the most disliked YouTube video , with 1 @.@ 16 million negative votes , and once had over 3 million " dislikes " , accounting for 88 % of the total ratings of the video . The video was later removed , though it has since been officially re @-@ uploaded . The co @-@ writer and producer of " Friday " , Clarence Jey said about the song that " the concept we feel seems to have crossed a lot of boundaries , for the better or worse . " Observers have called it " bizarre , " " inept , " and " hilariously dreadful . " The song and Black herself were " savaged " on social networks across the Internet , while being seen as a " YouTube laughing stock . " On YouTube , the video was met with negative comments and video responses , including comments interpreted as " violent " . Kevin Rutherford , a columnist for Billboard magazine , wrote , " Black 's video for ' Friday ' is one of those rare occurrences where even the most seasoned critics of Internet culture don 't know where to begin . From the singing straight out of Auto @-@ Tuned hell to lyrics such as ' Tomorrow is Saturday / And Sunday comes afterwards / I don 't want this weekend to end ' and a hilariously bad rap about passing school buses , ' Friday ' is something that simply must be seen and heard to be fully appreciated . " Many other reviewers also singled out the lyrics in particular for criticism , which were described as " overly simple and repetitive " by TNT Magazine . Jim Edwards of BNET and Doug Gross of CNN both noted that the rap break from the considerably older rapper was " creepy . " Time ranked it number two on a list of " Top 10 Songs with Silly Lyrics . "
Despite the overwhelmingly negative reviews , a few reviewers had positive things to say about the song and video . Entertainment Weekly writer Joseph Lynch noted that there was " something sickeningly catchy about this tune that keeps you coming back for more . " Rolling Stone 's Perpetua stated , " When you see this video , you immediately notice everything that it does ' wrong ' , but it actually gets a lot of things about pop music right , if just by accident . " OK ! Magazine also noted that " some are calling the 13 @-@ year @-@ old signed singer the next Justin Bieber . " After watching the video , singer Chris Brown said : " Honest opinion ? It was great . I 'll be jammin ' to it on Friday , Friday . " Fellow teenage singer Miley Cyrus denied that she had criticized Black , saying " I am a fan " and that she sang " Friday " while driving . Simon Cowell praised Black , saying " I love her [ and ] the fact that she 's gotten so much publicity . People are so upset about the song , but I think it 's hysterical . [ ... ] Anyone who can create this much controversy within a week , I want to meet . I love people like that . " He observed that " any song to do with the weekend annoys you . It reminds me of ' Saturday Night ' ... It 's what we call a ' hair @-@ dryer song , ' a song girls sing into their hair dryers as they 're getting ready to go out . But the fact that it 's making people so angry is brilliant . " Cowell advised Black not to " listen to anyone over the age of 18 . I 'm being deadly serious . Whatever she 's done has worked . Whether you like her or not , she 's the most talked @-@ about artist in America right now . Nobody over the age of 18 should understand her or like her . So she should just do it her way . "
On May 6 , 2012 , Patrice Wilson released his sequel to the song " Friday " , titled " Happy " , focusing on Saturdays . In December 2013 , Rebecca Black released her own sequel , entitled " Saturday " .
= = Chart performance = =
By March 21 , 2011 , the " Friday " music video had been viewed more than 30 million times on YouTube . Forbes estimated that as of that date , Black and ARK Music had earned $ 20 @,@ 000 from YouTube 's revenue @-@ sharing program , and Billboard estimated iTunes sales of approximately 43 @,@ 000 copies , roughly equivalent to $ 26 @,@ 700 in royalties . Within a week after being released on iTunes , it had jumped to 19 on their sales chart , on March 19 , 2011 . " Friday " debuted on the US Hot Digital Songs chart at number 57 and went on to peak at number 38 . " Friday " debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 33 on March 21 , 2011 . The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 72 and rose to 58 the next week . It sold 87 @,@ 000 copies in the United States over its first two weeks and has gone on to sell 442 @,@ 000 copies , as of December 2013 . The song also received airplay in Sweden . In the United States , it was played 12 times from March 16 to 22 , considered low for a Hot 100 song . Despite the song 's strong performance elsewhere , Georgina Kelly claimed in late March 2011 that her daughter had not received any money from the song 's sales to that point in time , saying " We haven 't received a dime from anywhere . "
= = Music video = =
= = = Development and summary = = =
The concept for the music video is based on the lyrics and presented as a typical Friday for Black . She wakes up and goes to school , meeting her friends on the way . In the evening , after debating whether to sit in the front or back of a convertible , Black and her friends ride the car to a party at 7 : 45 pm . Patrice Wilson appears near the end of the song to deliver a short rap . The video was shot on January 6 , 2011 at Black 's father 's house with friends and family as extras , and requiring multiple takes over 12 hours . Some of those extras became stars in their own right ; her friends Benni Cinkle , Amanda Cooper and Hayley Grodt . Ark Music , according to Black 's parents , cautioned them and her that they should not expect her to become famous . Black hoped that her friends and family would enjoy watching the video on YouTube and that it would perhaps help her to later begin a singing career .
= = = Reception = = =
The video was posted on February 10 , 2011 and received 4 @,@ 000 views , enough to please Black , before comedian Michael J. Nelson 's Twitter account and a Tosh.0 blog post , " Songwriting Isn ’ t for Everyone " , drew attention to it on March 11 , 2011 , turning the video into a viral hit . Criticism of the song 's lyrics , the use of Auto @-@ Tune on Black 's vocals , as well as the content of the video also caused it to become viral . On May 9 , 2011 , comments became subject to prior approval for posting . Two days later , commenting was disabled altogether and archives removed . By June 15 , 2011 , the video had more than 166 million views , and 3 @.@ 2 million " dislikes " from YouTube users against just 454 @,@ 000 " likes " . It also peaked in the top 20 most watched YouTube videos of all time . After Ark Music attempted to begin charging $ 2 @.@ 99 to watch the video a limited number of times on YouTube in June , Black asked YouTube to take the video down .
After reading the harsh reviews of " Friday " , Black said that " those hurtful comments really shocked me . " Ark Music offered to take the video down from YouTube , but Black refused the offer , saying that she did not wish " to give the haters the satisfaction that they got me so bad I gave up . " Black 's father has accompanied her in public to guard against potential accosters . In response to criticism over the song 's significant use of Auto @-@ Tune , Black performed an acoustic version during an interview with ABC News , which earned over 180 @,@ 000 dislikes on YouTube ( 84 % of total ratings ) by November 2011 . Later in the interview Black 's mother , Kelly , stated that she was " angry and upset " after Black was brought to tears by comments , such as " I hope you go cut yourself and die " and " ' I hope you cut yourself and get an eating disorder so you 'll look pretty . " Black said , however , that soon she was able to ignore such comments , and asked Justin Bieber , her idol , to perform a duet with her . Although Bieber has not released an official announcement regarding the offer , he posted on Twitter " sunday comes after saturday ? weird . " Bieber later sang part of the chorus at one of his concerts . Rolling Stone 's Perpetua again praised Black after the interview and said , " She is actually a pretty decent singer . [ ... ] She is a total sweetheart . [ ... ] Black comes off as a well @-@ adjusted , happy and grateful kid . " He also pointed out Black 's intention to donate part of the profits from the song to school arts programs and relief efforts in Japan following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . Benni Cinkle , who became known as " that girl in pink " and appears during the second verse of the video , released her own song entitled " Can You See Me Now " and created an anti @-@ bullying organization ( That Girl In Pink Foundation ) due to the negative response she got from " Friday " .
The video for " Friday " was later placed at number one in the NME list of " 50 Worst Music Videos " .
= = = Controversy = = =
Not long after the " Friday " video went viral on YouTube , Black and her mother , Georgina Kelly , got into legal issues with Ark Music over rights to the song . In a March 29 , 2011 letter from Kelly 's lawyer to Ark Music , it was alleged that Ark Music failed to fulfill the terms of their November 2010 agreement by not giving her the song and video 's master recordings , by claiming Black as exclusively signed to the label , and by exploiting the song without permission – for example , selling a " Friday " ringtone . While Wilson stated that Kelly " will get the masters and the song ... [ t ] hey can have it all " , and agreed that Black was not exclusive to Ark , his attorney claimed that Ark owns the copyright for the song and the November agreement is invalid . In June 2011 , Ark Music Factory started charging $ 2 @.@ 99 to watch the music video on YouTube . Black 's initial response was through a message through her Twitter account saying : " Thanks for all the messages regarding the $ 2 @.@ 99 fee added to Friday video , I have nothing to do with this ! ! "
On June 16 , 2011 , YouTube took down the official video for " Friday " . Instead a message in place of the video read : " This video is no longer available due to a copyright claim by Rebecca Black . Sorry about that . " A spokesman for Rebecca Black said her legal team had asked YouTube to take the video down because of an ongoing legal dispute with the song 's producers Ark Music Factory . Ark Music Factory responded by saying it was disappointed that Black decided to have the video pulled from YouTube despite the two parties being in " good faith negotiations " . It added : " There 's been an ongoing , open dialogue with our company . So we were blindsided to get a ' Take Down Notice ' alleging copyright infringement instead of a call or e @-@ mail from Rebecca 's representatives . Our use of the video has fully been authorized ( as evidenced by four uninterrupted months and 160 million @-@ plus viewings without objection ) by both Ms. Black and the copyright holder . Regardless , we are going to continue to take the high road and work out the complaint as soon as possible , so that the million @-@ plus people who watch Friday for free each day can continue to enjoy the video . " On September 16 , 2011 , the video was restored to YouTube , on Black 's official channel .
= = Cover versions and popular culture = =
= = = Glee Cast cover = = =
A cover version was released by the cast of season two of the television series Glee . The cast performed it on the show as well . The official release features cast members Puck ( Mark Salling ) , Artie ( Kevin McHale ) and Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) on vocals , as part of the prom festivities on the " Prom Queen " episode that aired on May 10 , 2011 . Series co @-@ creator Ryan Murphy explained to The Hollywood Reporter the use of the viral hit as a tribute to popular culture . He said : " There ’ s a rule for it that 's explained in the show . The Glee Club is hired to perform songs for the prom and they were told by the principal to please do popular songs that the kids know . " Murphy noted that Glee 's " Friday " cover offers a different take since it 's sung by males for other 17 @-@ year olds . The show pays tribute to pop culture and , love it or hate it , that song is pop culture . "
Charts
= = = Other versions and performances = = =
On April 1 , 2011 , " Friday " was performed by Stephen Colbert , Jimmy Fallon , Taylor Hicks and The Roots on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . The New York Knicks City Dancers joined in . Jimmy Fallon released " Friday " as part of his 2012 Warner Records album , Blow Your Pants Off , which featured high profile acts such as Paul McCartney and Bruce Springsteen . The album won Best Comedy Album at the 2013 Grammy Awards .
The song has also been covered in a recording by Richard Cheese , and live in concerts by Todd Rundgren , Nick Jonas , Katy Perry , and Justin Bieber . Singer Katy Perry performed the song on selected dates during her California Dreams Tour , including at the Rod Laver Arena , Newcastle Entertainment Centre , TD Garden , Air Canada Centre and the 1stBank Center . During the August 5 concert at the Nokia Theatre L.A. Live , Rebecca Black joined Perry onstage , performing the song as a duet .
Numerous parodies of " Friday " have been uploaded to YouTube and become viral in their own right . Conan O 'Brien and Andy Richter also made a joint parody entitled " Thursday " on the Conan show on TBS . The YouTube phenomenon Bad Lip Reading was launched when an anonymous music and video producer replaced the audio to the " Friday " video with new music and lyrics about gang fighting . " Gang Fight " , released in March 2011 , earned Bad Lip Reading a million hits and thousands of subscribers , with many spoofs soon following .
Black appears as herself in the music video of Katy Perry 's single " Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) " . She appears as the host of a party in the house next door to that of " Kathy Beth Terry " . At the end of the video , " Terry " attempts to blame the excesses of the party ( which had subsequently moved to her own house ) on Black , only for her parents ( Corey Feldman and Debbie Gibson ) to disbelieve her .
ARK Music Factory launched its " Ark 's TGI Friday Covers " project , showcasing cover versions of " Friday " by well @-@ known artists alongside other user @-@ submitted tributes , re @-@ works , and parodies of the song / video and inviting users to submit their versions for relaying through Ark Music Factory 's site . In November 2012 , multiple outlets suggested that Nicole Westbrook was " the new Rebecca Black " , on release of Patrice Wilson 's " It 's Thanksgiving " . Kohl 's Department Stores used a modified version of the song as its 2011 Black Friday advertising jingle . The hook " It 's Friday , Friday , gotta get down on Friday " was changed to " It 's Black Friday , Black Friday , Gotta go to Kohl 's on Black Friday " .
Black made her national television debut by performing a mash @-@ up of the song along with her second single , " My Moment " , during America 's Got Talent 's result night for the YouTube Special round on August 10 , 2011 . The round featured various acts who have auditioned via YouTube . Rebecca Black sang an acoustic version of the song on Good Morning America . Rebecca performed Friday along with " My Moment " , live in Suncorp Place , Sydney as a part of Telstra 's 4G LTE network launch . She also sang " Friday " live on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno .
= = Charts = =
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= Homeless ( Leona Lewis song ) =
" Homeless " is a song by British singer @-@ songwriter Leona Lewis from her debut studio album , Spirit ( 2007 ) . The song was written by Swedish songwriter Jörgen Elofsson and produced by Steve Mac . Musically , it is an R & B Power ballad , with instrumentation consisting of a piano and a guitar . The song 's lyrics revolve around Lewis singing about waiting for her boyfriend to come home to where she is waiting for him , but feels homeless without him . The song garnered mixed reviews from music critics , some of whom praised Lewis 's vocal performance but criticized its composition . Upon the release of Spirit , the song debuted at number 173 on the UK Singles Chart on the strength of digital download sales . Lewis performed " Homeless " at the annual WXKS @-@ FM Boston KISS Concert in 2008 , along with " Bleeding Love " and " Better in Time " . It was also included on the set list of The Labyrinth tour in 2010 .
= = Composition = =
" Homeless " was written by Swedish songwriter Jörgen Elofsson , and produced by Steve Mac . It is an R & B power ballad , which lasts for a duration of three minutes and 50 seconds . The song was composed on common time in the key of B minor at 68 beats per minute . Instrumentation is provided by a piano and a guitar . Lewis 's vocal range spans nearly two octaves from low note of A3 to the high note of B5 . The song 's lyrics revolve around Lewis singing about waiting for her boyfriend to come home to where she is waiting for him , but feels homeless without his presence . The opening lyrics are " Wait here for you to call me / For you to tell me that ev 'rything 's a big mistake . " Nick Levine for Digital Spy described Lewis 's vocals in the lyric " In this cold I 'm walking aimless , feeling helpless " as " a tour de force of despair and misery " .
= = Critical reception = =
The song garnered mixed reviews from music critics . Matt O 'Leary for Virgin Media complimented " Homeless " as well as " I Will Be " , and wrote that when the emphasis is laid purely on the singer 's vocals without too much " glossy production trappings " , her " uniqueness is allowed to shine . " Levine was critical of " Homeless " in general , but praised some of its compositional elements . Although he thought that the song was " almost unbearably bleak " , Levine praised the long note which Lewis sustains during the bridge , and wrote that " the 12 @-@ second ' eeeeeeyeeaayaaaaay ' that jump @-@ starts the crescendo of ' Homeless ' is one of the most dazzling pop moments of the year . " Kitty Empire for The Guardian wrote , " Lewis ' voice is impressively elastic throughout but lacks any grit or style . It is too perfect , jumping up ladders of notes on ' Homeless ' , never catching , never breaking . " A reviewer for The Sun described " Homeless " a " string @-@ drenched , tear @-@ jerker . "
= = Live performances = =
Lewis performed " Homeless " for the first time at the annual WXKS @-@ FM Boston KISS Concert in 2008 , along with " Bleeding Love " and " Better in Time " . It was also included on the set list of her The Labyrinth tour in 2010 , and performed as the fifteenth song . The song was later included on the The Labyrinth Tour Live from The O2 DVD . The set was decorated in the style of a forest ; acrobats performed as they were hanging from the ceiling on large pieces of fabric while Lewis wore a light pink sequined dress and barefoot .
= = Track listing = =
Standard version ( 2007 )
" Homeless " – 3 : 50
Deluxe edition ( 2008 )
" Homeless ( 2008 version ) " – 3 : 50
The Labyrinth Tour : Live from the O2
" Homeless " ( Live from the 02 ) – 4 : 09
= = Credits = =
Songwriting – Jörgen Elofsson
Production – Steve Mac
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Spirit , Sony BMG , J Records , Syco .
= = Charts = =
Upon the release of Spirit , " Homeless " debuted at number 173 on the strength of digital download sales in the chart issue released on 24 November 2007 .
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= Until the Quiet Comes =
Until the Quiet Comes is the fourth studio album by American electronic producer Flying Lotus , released on September 26 , 2012 , by Warp Records . After releasing his 2010 album Cosmogramma , Flying Lotus continued his creative partnership with bassist Thundercat and worked with him on music that led to the album . For Until the Quiet Comes , he drew on African percussion and psychedelic musical influences , human @-@ subconscious and dream world concepts , and different mixing techniques and dynamics . He recorded for two years at his home in Los Angeles primarily using an Ableton Live sequencer along with other instruments and software , and recorded with guest vocalists including Erykah Badu , Thom Yorke , Laura Darlington , and Niki Randa .
An electronic jazz album , Until the Quiet Comes features free jazz elements , varying musical tones , contracting scale , and shifts in feel . Its songs are sequenced together and characterized by ghostly vocal production , irregular drum beats , pulsating percussive textures , trembling basslines , trilled synthesizers , and fluctuating samples . The album has a journey @-@ like concept and dreamy musical narrative , which Flying Lotus conceived through astral projection and felt could be interpreted uniquely by listeners . Music writers interpret it as a musical accompaniment to dreams , as well as emotional introspection by Flying Lotus .
Until the Quiet Comes was promoted with two singles and a short film featuring music from the album . Flying Lotus also embarked on a supporting international tour during October to November 2012 , performing at venues in North America and abroad . The album debuted at number 34 on the US Billboard 200 and sold 13 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . Until the Quiet Comes received rave reviews from music critics , who praised its complex music and Flying Lotus ' sound engineering .
= = Background = =
In 2010 , Flying Lotus released his third album Cosmogramma to critical acclaim and mainstream exposure . He recorded the album while grieving his mother 's death , and titled it as a reference to his late great @-@ aunt Alice Coltrane . The album showcased his dense , loose mix of electronic and live instrumentation with avant @-@ garde jazz , dance , and hip hop influences . During its recording , he developed a creative relationship with contributing bassist Thundercat , a member of his Brainfeeder record label . They continued working together on Flying Lotus ' 2010 EP Pattern + Grid World , which continued the dense electronic style of Cosmogramma . They developed more musical ideas together , from which Flying Lotus culled and produced for Thundercat 's debut album The Golden Age of Apocalypse in 2011 .
For Until the Quiet Comes , Flying Lotus was inspired by African percussion music and psychedelic bands such as Silver Apples , Can , Stereolab , Portishead , and Gentle Giant . He also returned to listening to the music of his relatives Alice and John Coltrane after listening excessively to austere electronica while recording Cosmogramma . Musically , he wanted to avoid repeating himself and chose a more minimal direction for the album , seeking to eschew the " strange sense of urgency " of Cosmogramma 's music for " tension and release " . He elaborated on his direction for the album in an interview for The National , saying that " I think I 'd have been in a bad position if I tried to recreate the same energy as I did on Cosmogramma – like , go in further . How about we pull back , try to do something that gets to the core of the emotional sentiment . Not so grand , more intimate . But still have the core of what it is . "
Conceptually , Flying Lotus pursued human @-@ subconscious and dream world themes . He sought to tone down Cosmogramma 's grandiose , universal concept and create a timeless , journey @-@ like work with Until the Quiet Comes , from which he felt listeners could interpret their own stories . He imagined himself astral projecting when conceiving the album and tried to translate ideas from fiction he had read into music , including holographic universes , metaphysics , New Age philosophy , and astrodynamics . In conceiving a narrative for the album , he drew on Joseph Campbell 's hero 's journey literary theory to introduce a world , characters , and situations musically . He characterized the album as both " a collage of mystical states , dreams , sleep and lullabies " , and " a children 's record , a record for kids to dream to " . He clarified the idea in an interview for Spin as " that whole experience of being innocent in this new world that you don 't really understand . I imagined Little Nemo on a flying bed floating over the city , and this is the soundtrack to it . " Flying Lotus felt more confident in his ideas and as a recording artist after striving to distinguish himself from his contemporaries on previous albums .
= = Recording and production = =
Flying Lotus started working on Until the Quiet Comes at his home in Mount Washington , Los Angeles , which featured more acoustic space than his previous house in Echo Park . He recorded the album for two years , using a spacious room there as a recording studio . He revisited scrapped ideas from the sessions for Thundercat 's debut album and revised their direction for Until the Quiet Comes . The song " Hunger " developed from a demo he had recorded for the soundtrack to one of the Twilight films , and " Sultan 's Request " was performed live by Flying Lotus for three years before the album . For " Electric Candyman " , he used a beat he had prepared for sessions that ultimately fell through with Burial , and he used a five @-@ year @-@ old recording with Samiyam for the second half of " The Nightcaller " .
Flying Lotus recorded Until the Quiet Comes in a three @-@ part process — first composing rought drafts for songs , then refining them for several months with additional instrumentation to make them substantial , and finally mixing the songs for a cohesive album . Unlike with his previous work , he concentrated on his music 's dynamics rather than just its production when working on the album . Interested in music theory and arrangements , he started taking piano lessons at the beginning of the album 's recording to learn more chords and progressions . Rather than emphasize conventional song structure elements such as hooks and choruses , Flying Lotus composed instrumentals that he found to be more intellectual and less danceable than Cosmogramma and treated them as the basis of tracks when recording the album . He also recorded melodic refrains to evoke feelings of childlike innocence on songs .
Flying Lotus worked primarily with an Ableton Live music sequencer through his MacBook Pro laptop . At his home studio , he had upgraded monitors acquired from after his move there , and various digital and analog instruments , including a drum kit , a Fender Rhodes piano , Wurlitzer electric pianos , Access Virus and Minimoog Voyager synthesizers , a drum machine , three Mac Powerbooks , and a DSP unit . He played drums without quantizing them and referred to the personal library of samples he had amassed over his career while producing the album . He recorded the song " Dream to Me " the day after purchasing a microKORG synthesizer . He ultimately recorded over 60 songs for the album before editing them down .
To attain certain dynamics on songs , Flying Lotus studied different mixing techniques and switched software midway through the album 's recording . He later cited the switch as the reason for the album 's completion being overdue , although he felt that it was productive to challenge himself as a student of music . Flying Lotus employed a trial and error approach to mixing and applied his new knowledge of compression to attain a more satisfactory result before the album 's master . He also sought to limit distracting frequencies and segues in favor of more important sounds throughout the album . To make certain sounds more affecting , he used the side @-@ chain compression technique to trigger compression of different organ , strings , and bass sounds upon a drum kick on a song . He said of his production and the music 's dynamic range in an interview for Electronic Musician , " I 've been learning to bring things down before I even start . I 'll start composing a track at like – 8dB , then I have all this headroom to play with afterward . I 've learned how to tuck and limit things , learned to EQ before you limit . "
As with his previous releases , Until the Quiet Comes was mastered by engineer Daddy Kev at his Echo Chamber Studio in Eagle Rock . He used a Pro Tools 9 workstation and various EQ plug @-@ ins on his Mac Pro , while working at a 24 @-@ bit , 96 kHz audio quality to comply with iTunes ' " Mastered for iTunes " regulations . To preserve the tracks ' original dynamics , Daddy Kev used a signal chain that processed both digital and analog signals . He found the mastering process to be " very intimate " and likened it to " giving birth " for Flying Lotus , saying in an interview , " We may go through multiple mixes so a certain 808 can sit right in the pocket for him , and while he 's finishing his edits its my job to boost just the right things by a decibel or two , and keep things sonically correct . " He used both professional and club @-@ oriented amplifiers and monitors to minimize harmonic distortion and maintain Flying Lotus ' minimalist aesthetic , which , along with his need to find a quiet mental space , inspired the album 's title : " I wanted to set people up to this idea , before they even heard it , that the quiet was a key word in the whole thing ... [ A ] part of pulling it back is some kind of growing up . "
= = = Collaborations = = =
Flying Lotus collaborated with other musicians for additional elements on songs . He worked with instrumentalist and musical director Miguel Atwood Ferguson to incorporate strings arrangements to songs . Thundercat played live bass on nine of the album 's songs . To develop basslines for songs , Flying Lotus had Thundercat 's bass plugged into a DI unit of a FireWire interface as he improvised riffs to Flying Lotus ' suggestions . Flying Lotus captured flat @-@ levelled bass ideas into the interface , which allowed him to manipulate their tone and integrate them with digital instruments and samples on songs . He attributes the continuity of the album 's music to Thundercat 's bass playing . For certain tracks on the album , Flying Lotus wanted to use vocalists that would " see their sound as texture as opposed to the song " , and said of this preference in an interview for Vibe , " Sometimes singers overdo it so that you only focus on the voice , which is cool sometimes , but it 's my record – I 'm producing it – so the songs should be about the track as a whole . The people that are my favorites are ones who have such a respect for what 's already there . They don 't try to approach it thinking they 're going to turn it into a song , but rather going to add to it . "
Flying Lotus enlisted other vocalists , including Thom Yorke on " Electric Candyman " , Laura Darlington on " Phantasm " , Erykah Badu on " See Thru to U " , and Thundercat on " DMT Song " . Yorke wanted to be involved with the album after collaborating on " ... And the World Laughs with You " for Cosmogramma , and exchanged his vocals via email . Flying Lotus admired him for knowing " when things work and [ when ] they don 't . He doesn 't bullshit in that way . He spends his time wisely . I wish I could say that about a lot more people . " He met Badu through Thundercat , who had played in her backing band and collaborated with her on The Golden Age of Apocalypse , and started working on her own upcoming album while recording Until the Quiet Comes . Flying Lotus also planned to work with Jonny Greenwood , but the collaboration fell through . Instead , he appropriated music from one of Greenwood 's film soundtracks for the song " Hunger " , for which Greenwood is credited as composer .
= = Composition = =
Until the Quiet Comes is characterized by varying musical tones , contracting scale , both consonant and dissonant sounds , counterpoint , and shifts in feel . Its complex , diverse soundscapes deviate from popular music song forms and employ contrast and improvisational adjustments in mood , structure , and time signature . Darryl Kirchner of The Huffington Post notes an emphasis on timbre throughout the album . Mark Richardson of Pitchfork observes Flying Lotus " putting a smaller frame around each individual part " throughout the album 's shifts and finds the " energy " to be " just as strong " as on his previous albums , but " concentrated into a smaller space . " Although he finds it less " imposing " than its predecessor , Thomas May of musicOMH comments that " Until the Quiet Comes is like a chamber concerto to Cosmogramma 's symphony " , noting " an increased sense of space and separation " on the former .
Songs on the album incorporate ghostly vocal production , winding basslines , uptempo drum @-@ and @-@ bass fills , broad orchestral elements , pulsating percussive textures , bright keyboards , trilled synthesizers , and fluctuating samples . They are sequenced together and exhibit a diminishing pace from the end of one track to the start of another . Joe Tacopino of Rolling Stone views that the album 's guest vocalists " float into [ Flying Lotus 's ] realm like visitors , just as fragile and malleable as the other elements he employs . This reiterates the album 's feel as one complete story , instead of disparate songs . " Vincent Pollard of Exclaim ! comments that most of the vocals are " used as subtle textures " and observes Flying Lotus " employing more organic tropes in his digital mix " . He incorporates horn arrangements and live drum patterns , while his programmed beats evoke the " in the pocket " drumming of percussionists such as Rashied Ali . The songs also exhibits Flying Lotus ' characteristic mix of skittering , muffled percussion atop slightly irregular drum beats , accompanied by Thundercat 's trembling basslines .
Stylistically , the album eschews Flying Lotus ' hip hop roots for jazz influences , including free form jazz tonality and undertones , and jazz @-@ based time signatures and patterns . Gabrielle Ahern of CMJ calls it " a moody , electronic version of experimental jazz . " Jonny Ensall of Time Out views the album as " a digital jazz record which pushes hip hop beats and R & B melodies into bold , new syncopated and atonal territory . " Tony Ware of Electronic Musician attributes " certain chord choices and the interest in astral mystical states that permeates Until the Quiet Comes " to Flying Lotus ' " family lineage " of jazz musicians . Uncut finds it " often reminiscent of his auntie 's work " , while Consequence of Sound 's Derek Staples perceives a " free jazz aesthetic " similar to " his great @-@ uncle John Coltrane 's Ascension " , viewing both albums as " exercise [ s ] in dense rhythmic layers and melodic dissonance . " The album also repurposes elements of pop , soul , fusion , and psychedelia in a modern classical fashion . Q describes the album as " a lush , almost psychedelic mood piece . " Lucy Jones of NME attributes the album 's " meander [ ing ] and experiment [ ing ] " to a progressive rock influence .
= = = Concept and interpretations = = =
Until the Quiet Comes has been described as having a dreamy musical narrative by Uncut , and Mojo , who called it " quite literally , a dream album " . Andy Beta from Spin likened it to the " dreams within dreams within dreams " concept from the 2010 film Inception . Karen Lawler of State said " if the limbo between awake and sleeping , dreams and nightmares could be expressed through music , this album might well be it . " Jeff Weiss , writing in LA Weekly , felt the record had a loose concept that " surrounds the nocturnal visions of a child lost in spacedust dreams " and likens it to a narcotic film in the vein of Little Nemo and Michel Gondry , writing that " swirling voices seem like clouds communing . Snare crashes mimic obscene villains . Hard beats propel chase scenes . Basslines gurgle like goofy dancing sidekicks . Erykah Badu plays the all @-@ powerful good witch . Thom Yorke guests as the gnomish sorcerer with the seraphic yawp . "
In the opinion of Will Ryan from Beats Per Minute , Until the Quiet Comes was another " journey " concept work by Flying Lotus , but distinguished it as an introspective , " subconscious " journey following the " temporal " journey idea of his 2006 debut 1983 , the " geographical " 2008 album Los Angeles , and the " cosmic " , " out @-@ and @-@ out musical " Cosmogramma . Rory Gibb from The Quietus wrote that the narrative on this album veered into " the corridors " of Flying Lotus ' " own mind " , interpreting his guest vocalists as " disembodied phantoms , reanimated figments of his imagination stripped of agency and directed to their roles by [ his ] subconscious . " Gibb argued that Until the Quiet Comes was " an important and significant album " partly for engaging with " grand narratives " such as " the shifting identities of both humans and electronic music forms in a digital age " , and " the internet 's erosion of memory processes " .
Reef Younis of Clash perceived an emotional context to the album , writing that , " where [ Flying Lotus ] grieved on Cosmogramma , he believes on Until The Quiet Comes and there 's a burgeoning sense of hope and coherence and optimism " . Arnold Pan of PopMatters calls Until the Quiet Comes " a subliminal soundtrack to the postmodern experience of everyday life " and views that Flying Lotus ' subtle , " sentient and sensual " details throughout the album 's music represent " an undertone of yearning emotion and even soulfulness that separates [ his ] aesthetic on Quiet from that of other producer @-@ types who may be just as proficient , technically speaking . "
= = = Songs = = =
The opening track " All In " incorporates bells , kick and snare drums , shakers , harps , guitar , and electric bass . It features a reverberating , high @-@ pitched note , whose discordant sound is subsequently offset by keyboard flourishes and cursory snare drums . Lilting background vocals during the song 's melodic section lead to a bass kick and aggressive drum patterns . The wistful " Getting There " expands on the previous track with a basic drum kick , emotional vocals by Niki Randa , Sonar blip sounds , chimes , and a walking bassline . It has heavy emphasis on the first and third beat of every measure . " Until the Colours Come " contains modulated synthesizers . " Heave ( n ) " features bright , round keyboards , jazz and electronica elements , and tonal shading . Mark Richardson of Pitchfork views that the music from " All In " to " Heave ( n ) " comprise an opening section on the album that " functions as a sort of miniature suite of downtempo jazz . "
" Tiny Tortures " features echoing , tendrillar guitar , minimal glitch sounds , and post @-@ rock melodies . The song begins with a skeletal , irregular rhythm , comprising a digital wood block , snare drum , and hissing cymbals , that is subsequently contrasted by Thundercat 's harmonic bass runs . " All the Secrets " has a new @-@ age sound and features Casiotone breakdowns , deftly timed vocal samples , restless drumming , poignant piano , and post @-@ dub elements . " Sultan 's Request " has a square wave bassline , tense synthesizers , and transitioning pitches and textures , spanning from a low @-@ end drop to an upper register of high @-@ pitched samples and steady hand claps . " Putty Boy Strut " features an alien critter voice , complex drum programming , and acousmatic jazz guitars . It concludes with a brief violin section .
" See Thru to U " incorporates jazz fusion and funk styles . It features a loose arrangement , tom @-@ tom drums , hi @-@ hats , double bass , and tribal rhythms . Erykah Badu 's vocals on the song are distorted and layered into loose , overlapping patterns , scat arrangements , and high @-@ pitched vocal runs . " DMT Song " and " Nightcaller " serve as the album 's centerpiece . The former song , titled after the natural psychedelic compound dimethyltryptamine , incorporates jazz @-@ funk and light tenor to chorused falsetto vocals by Thundercat . It transitions into " The Nightcaller " , which has analog 4 / 4 percussion , piercing synthesizers , and interplay between Thundercat 's bass and virtuosic cello . The song 's smooth , muffled beat climaxes as a euphoric crescendo . The densely textured title track features expressive bass playing by Thundercat , continuous gong and handclaps , and J Dilla @-@ like keyboard . " Only If You Wanna " is a futuristic jazz trio piece with both digital and analog sounds . Allmusic 's Andy Kellman delineates the songs from " See Thru to U " to " Only If You Wanna " as the album 's most musically connected and " least divisible " section .
" Electric Candyman " has a dreamy R & B style and features distant , cooing vocals by Thom Yorke , a rattling drum sample , ghostly drones , and anthropoid shrieks . Yorke chants on the song , " look into my mirror and say my name " , a reference to the titular character in the 1992 film Candyman . Flying Lotus said of his vocals on the song , " I like it when he gets into that spooky pocket . People are like , that doesn 't sound like Thom , make it sound more like Thom – but I 'm like , it 's my album . " The electro @-@ acoustic " Phantasm " contains slinky vocals by Laura Darlington , metronome clicks , oscillating string arrangements , and agitated downtempo sounds . " me Yesterday / / Corded " features bright arpeggios , twisted bass grooves , and a subsuming vocal chorus . Flying Lotus characterizes the song as a reflection of his past emotions . " Dream to Me " has overlapping synthesizers and serves as an exodus in the album 's conceptual arc .
= = Release and promotion = =
First released in Japan on September 26 , 2012 , as a CD , Until the Quiet Comes was made available on all formats — CD , vinyl , and digital — on October 2 by Warp Records . It was also made available for streaming online from September 26 to October 2 , the date of its release in North America . Until the Quiet Comes was sent as a single 47 @-@ minute digital track to music critics who would be reviewing it . Flying Lotus intended for the album to be listened as a whole instead of skimmed through by listeners . During October , he appeared at several release events , including in @-@ store appearances , signings , DJ sets , and interview sessions at music venues and retailers . In its first week of release , Until the Quiet Comes debuted at number 34 on the Billboard 200 , selling 13 @,@ 000 copies . By October 7 , 2012 , it had sold 14 @,@ 000 copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan . The album also debuted at number 34 on the UK Albums Chart , and became Flying Lotus ' highest @-@ charting record in the United Kingdom . In Belgium , it charted for four weeks , peaking at number 26 .
Two singles were released in promotion of Until the Quiet Comes . Lead single " See Thru to U " was released on August 16 , 2012 , as a digital download on iTunes . It was accompanied by the release of an abstract music video online . On September 17 , Flying Lotus released a teaser video called Small Moments , in which previews of the album 's songs were accompanied by mysterious , botanical imagery . " Putty Boy Strut " was released on September 19 with an accompanying animated , robot @-@ themed video by Cyriak . A music video for " Tiny Tortures " was released on November 29 and featured Elijah Wood playing a depressed man without a right arm who envisions objects in his room recreating his arm , but is revealed to be torturing himself .
Flying Lotus released a short film on September 6 to promote Until the Quiet Comes . It was titled after the record and directed by Kahlil Joseph , who shot it in 35 mm film at the Nickerson Gardens housing project in Watts , Los Angeles and incorporated three songs from the album — " See Thru to U " , " Hunger " , and " Getting There " . The film was intended to be a tragic depiction of urban life featuring Joseph 's interpretations of innocence , violence , and death . It begins with an African @-@ American youth 's death , segues into a scene of affection shared among other African @-@ American males , and concludes with the shooting of another , whose death is reversed to the effect of a dance . A scene in the film also features an inner city youth wearing a shirt bearing the words " J Dilla Changed My Life " , an allusion to the influence of J Dilla on Flying Lotus . The film received praise from critics , and its viral success led to Warp Records ' decision to pitch it to a music video network ; it was ultimately accepted and aired by MTV2 . Hilton Als of The New Yorker called the film " an amalgamation of horrifying beauty " and wrote of Joseph 's use of rewind , " the character ’ s fall becomes a kind of dance — for life . "
= = = Tour = = =
On September 23 , Flying Lotus performed at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles . He then embarked on an international tour for the album during October to November 2012 , playing 11 concert dates in North America and eight dates abroad , including Europe and Japan . He performed strictly with his laptop , and excluded takes of songs he had recorded with Miguel Atwood Ferguson 's string quartet , feeling that the strings would not translate live . Along with his own material , Flying Lotus included remixes of other artists ' songs in his live sets , including Jay @-@ Z , Alicia Keys , and Kanye West .
Flying Lotus felt that his grasp on new mixing techniques helped make his live shows more " evolved and changed a little bit " , saying in an interview for Exclaim ! , " It 's more dynamic . But still a party ! Not like my albums , [ which ] are more like personal exchange ; [ live ] it 's nice to have that social experience . " Reviewing his performance at Danforth Music Hall , Now magazine observed a " resoundingly maximal aesthetic and sound " that was " way more bombastic EDM " than the album 's " IDM abstraction " , citing as an example his mixing of " the recognizable with the weird , like when Kanye West 's Mercy gave way to the hand @-@ claps of Quiet cut Putty Boy Strut . " Flying Lotus also worked with longtime collaborator Dr. Strangeloop to create collage @-@ like imagery during the shows , including geometric visuals synched to the performed music . Joshua P. Ferguson of Time Out wrote of the visual effects in Flying Lotus ' performance at Metro Chicago , " all manner of Tron @-@ like halos , expanding and contracting orbs , starscapes and unidentifiable amorphous globs of color raced , shot and oozed their way across screens placed both in front of and behind Flying Lotus . "
= = Critical reception = =
Until the Quiet Comes received rave reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 83 , which indicates " universal acclaim " , based on 36 reviews . It was dubbed " the sound of the future " by NME magazine 's Lucy Jones , and a " masterpiece of sound engineering " by Scott Kara of The New Zealand Herald . Allmusic 's Andy Kellman commented that Flying Lotus " not only peels away layers from his sound but organizes his tracks into a gracefully flowing sequence " on what is " his most accessible and creative release yet . " Filter magazine 's Kyle Lemmon found his musicianship deft and the songs invariably " vaporous and angelic or menacing and silhouetted . " Thomas May of musicOMH praised both the difficult concept and its execution : " With an unprecedented melodic disposition and busy yet rarely cluttered arrangements , this album possesses remarkable poise and balance in the face of its fearsome complexity . " Drowned in Sound 's Jazz Monroe said that it may ultimately be Flying Lotus ' best album because of his ability to " close the schism between the true avant @-@ garde and the leftfield mainstream " . Arnold Pan of PopMatters said that his amalgamated music is achieved with admirable ease and lucidity , as Flying Lotus " conducts a master class on both how to create flow as well as how to maintain it through an entire album . "
In a mixed review , Alex Macpherson from The Guardian found the record to be " packed full of ideas " on tracks that " feel less like fully fleshed @-@ out compositions than lightly drawn sketches started , but not always finished " . State magazine 's Karen Lawler said that its songs are " too short for any single musical concept to fully develop . " Will Hermes of Rolling Stone complimented Flying Lotus ' " taste for 21st @-@ century soul jazz with swarming high @-@ end displays " and stated , " It all adds up to something so captivating that vocal guests ... can get a little lost . Although maybe that 's the point " . Although he found its " complicated brilliance " less " boisterous " than Cosmogramma , Jonah Bromwich of The A.V. Club felt that the album " does a better job than its predecessor of weaving together the tangled strands of " disparate styles and concluded , " after multiple listens , the album reveals itself to be as nuanced , as subtle , and a lot more digestible " .
= = Track listing = =
Notes
( add . ) denotes additional production .
" Hunger " incorporates elements from " Guitar 12 " by Jonny Greenwood .
= = Personnel = =
Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes .
Sam Baker – composer
Brandon Coleman – keyboards
Gene Coye – drums
Daddy Kev – mastering
Laura Darlington – composer , vocals
Dorian Concept – keyboards
Erykah Badu – composer , vocals
Miguel Atwood Ferguson – strings
Flying Lotus – composer , producer
Jonny Greenwood – composer
The Integration Players – strings
Dan Kitchens – photography
Austin Peralta – composer , keyboards
Niki Randa – composer , vocals
Stephen Serrato – art direction , design
Thundercat – bass guitar , composer , vocals
Thom Yorke – composer , vocals
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
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= George Eyre =
Sir George Eyre KCB KCMG ( d . 15 February 1839 ) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , eventually rising to the rank of Vice @-@ Admiral of the Red .
Eyre served with James King in the Caribbean during the American War of Independence , seeing action in a number of engagements . With the conclusion of the war , he was based at times at Halifax , and later off the South American coast and in the Mediterranean . With the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars , Eyre served in the Mediterranean and was involved in the Siege of Toulon , before being given his first command , the 14 @-@ gun brig @-@ sloop HMS Speedy . The command was short @-@ lived , and Speedy was chased down and captured by a large French fleet . Taken into captivity , Eyre and his men endured harsh conditions until being exchanged back to Britain . Acquitted for the loss of his ship and given a new command , Eyre went out to the West Indies , but returned to Britain in 1799 and saw little further employment until 1806 , when he joined the Mediterranean fleet and was active off the coast of Spain , supporting Spanish resistance to the French .
In 1809 he went to the Adriatic and took part in the campaign there , helping to capture several islands . He launched an assault on Santa Maura and was wounded during the operations . After participating in the blockade of Corfu he returned to the Spanish coast and resumed operations there in support of the Spanish partisans . Returning to England again in 1811 , he went ashore and was not actively employed for the rest of the Napoleonic Wars , though he received a knighthood and was later appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath . He returned to service in 1823 , commanding the South American station during a time of particular diplomatic difficulties , and on returning home in 1826 retired ashore owing to illness . He died in 1839 .
= = Family and early life = =
George Eyre was born the fourth and youngest son of politician Anthony Eyre , who had represented the constituency of Boroughbridge in a number of parliaments , and his wife , Judith Letitia . George 's elder brother , Anthony Hardolph Eyre , also entered politics and represented Nottinghamshire during the 1800s . George attended Harrow School and after spending several months at an academy in Chelsea , entered the navy in 1782 . His first ship was the 44 @-@ gun HMS Resistance , under the command of Captain James King . They went out to Jamaica escorting a convoy , and remained in the area for the rest of the American War of Independence .
On 2 March 1783 , while sailing in company with HMS Duguay Trouin , two ships were discovered anchored in Turks Island passage . On being spotted the two ships cut their cables and stood to the southwest , upon which Resistance promptly gave chase . The rearmost ship , carrying 20 guns , sprang her main topmast , and surrendered after Resistance came up and fired a broadside . She then gave chase to the other , carrying 28 guns , and after enduring fire from her stern chasers , came alongside and the Frenchman promptly surrendered . The ships were discovered to be two transports that had taken troops to Turks Island , garrisoning it with 530 men . One of the ships , the 28 @-@ gun Coquette was commanded by the Marquis de Grasse , nephew of the Comte de Grasse . One or two days later Resistance fell in with a small squadron under Captain Horatio Nelson , consisting of HMS Albemarle , HMS Tartar , HMS Drake and the armed ship Barrington . Nelson decided to attack the recently garrisoned Turks Island , and 250 men were landed under the cover of supporting fire from the ships . The French were found to be heavily entrenched , and the British withdrew after being unable to dislodge them .
With the end of the war Eyre returned to England with King aboard HMS Diamond , but soon rejoined the Resistance and went out to Halifax to join Sir Charles Douglas . As Douglas ' flagship spent most of her time in port , Eyre was sent out to cruise on other ships , including HMS Mercury under Captain Stanhope , and HMS Atalanta under Captain Thomas Foley . Eyre returned to Britain with Resistance in 1786 , and the following year joined the 44 @-@ gun HMS Adventure under Captain Francis Parry . Parry went out as commodore to Guinea , but ill @-@ health obliged him to resign his command , and Eyre went to Newfoundland aboard Captain Trigge 's HMS Nautilus . Eyre joined Admiral Lord Howe 's flagship HMS Queen Charlotte during the Spanish Armament , and in November 1790 was promoted to lieutenant . He then joined HMS Scipio under Captain Edward Thornbrough , and after Scipio was paid off , HMS Aquilon under Captain Robert Stopford , in which he sailed to the Mediterranean .
= = French Revolutionary Wars = =
On the outbreak of war with France in 1793 Eyre was appointed to HMS St George , the flagship of Rear @-@ Admiral John Gell , a relation of Eyre 's . He was present at the capture of a French privateer and her Spanish registered prize St Jago . St George went on to join Admiral Lord Hood 's fleet at Gibraltar , and went with him to Toulon . Eyre took an active part in the Siege of Toulon , volunteering to command the detachment of marines landed from St George and sent to defend Fort La Malgue . He went from there to command the battery at Fort Pharon , and after some time attracted Hood 's attention with his good service . Hood appointed him to his flagship HMS Victory . After the fall of Toulon and the British evacuation he was advanced to commander and appointed to command the sloop HMS Speedy , succeeding Commander George Cockburn , who had been appointed to command HMS Inconstant . He assisted in the capture of Bastia , and was then ordered to join HMS Diadem off Nice .
= = = Capture = = =
While making his way there he ran into the French fleet on 9 June , the French having sailed from Toulon some days earlier and headed east along the coast . Despite pressing on sail Speedy was overrun and captured . Eyre was taken aboard one of the French ships , and later transferred to the flagship of the fleet 's commander , Rear @-@ Admiral Pierre Martin . Martin asked him if he had heard of the decree from the National Convention which declared that ' no quarter should be given to either the English or the Hanoverians ' . Eyre replied that they had not , on which he was told by Martin that " ... I must tell you that it is now un guerre à mort [ a war to the death ] ; and if I had been the first to come alongside of you , I should have instantly sent you to the bottom . " At this point the main British fleet was seen approaching , and Eyre was hurried back to the first ship he had been brought onto , and the French hurried into Gourjean roads , taking Speedy and the captured British crew with them .
Eyre and the crew were landed and marched to Antibes , where they were imprisoned with the crew of a Sardinian frigate that had been captured the day before Speedy . The crew had been imprisoned on Martin 's flagship Sans Culotte and had been severely treated , with their captain , Ross , not being allowed to wash or shave . The British were placed in a dungeon at Antibes , with only straw to lie on , awaiting the decision of the authorities . After three weeks in this state , they were marched to Aix @-@ en @-@ Provence and were confined in the prison there . After a month imprisoned in Aix , Maximilien Robespierre fell and the Reign of Terror came to an end . The British were paroled . Eyre and the officers were taken to Romans , in Dauphiné where Eyre remained until May 1795 when he was released in exchange for a French officer . He faced a court @-@ martial for the loss of Speedy , but was honourably acquitted .
= = = West Indies = = =
Eyre was next appointed to command the sloop HMS Albacore , before being made post @-@ captain on 6 June 1796 and given command of the 20 @-@ gun HMS Prompte . He went out with Sir Hugh Cloberry Christian to the West Indies and took part in the reduction of Saint Lucia . While there he was appointed by Sir Hyde Parker to command the 44 @-@ gun HMS Regulus and carried out a number of cruises , capturing several prizes and winning himself riches and recognition . While cruising off Puerto Rico on 11 July 1798 Eyre located five merchant ships at anchor under a shore battery at Aguada , and decided to attempt to capture or destroy them . The ship 's boats were sent in under Lieutenants Good and Holman while Regulus and a prize schooner stood close by to support them . The wind failed however , and neither ship could get near enough to support them , but Lieutenant Good pressed on , and boarded the ships . With no wind he was unable to bring them all out , and so destroyed the two he was unable to sail out . British casualties , despite being under fire for the whole operation , amounted to one man wounded . Eyre returned to Britain in September 1799 , transporting Vice @-@ Admiral Richard Rodney Bligh .
= = Napoleonic Wars = =
= = = Spanish coast = = =
Eyre was then unemployed for a while , with the exception of a brief period in temporary command of HMS San Josef from 11 February to 18 March 1801 , succeeding Thomas Hardy and in turn being succeeded by William Wolseley . He finally received a posting in July 1806 when he was appointed to the 64 @-@ gun HMS Ardent , but was soon moved to command the newly built 74 @-@ gun HMS Magnificent . Magnificent initially served with the Channel Fleet , which was then under Admiral Lord St Vincent , before going out to the Bay of Biscay with Sir Eliab Harvey 's squadron . Eyre moved to the Mediterranean in June 1807 , coming under Lord Collingwood 's orders while based off Cadiz . With the Spanish rising on 2 May 1808 and the surrender of the French squadron in Cadiz on 14 June , Collingwood sent Eyre to patrol off Toulon . Shortly afterwards he was sent to Rosas to support the Spanish there , and several days later evacuated Lord Cochrane and his garrison from Fort Trinidad .
= = = Adriatic = = =
Eyre was next appointed by Lord Collingwood to take command of the squadron in the Adriatic in April 1809 , a command that then consisted of three ships of the line and seven or eight frigates . In October 1810 he was sent with Magnificent , HMS Belle Poule and HMS Kingfisher to join Captain John William Spranger 's squadron and assist in the capture of Cephalonia , Zante and Cerigo , part of a long running campaign in the Adriatic . Santa Maura initially remained in French hands , and became a base for small cruisers which were an annoyance to the British forces . Eyre resolved to attack and capture it and together with General John Oswald and troops of the 35th Regiment of Foot made a landing on 22 March 1810 . The French withdrew to a citadel , protected by three redoubts , which the British attacked . During the heavy fighting Eyre was hit in the head by a musket ball and knocked to the ground , narrowly avoiding death as three other balls passed through his clothing . Eyre handed over command of the expedition to Captain James Brisbane of HMS Belle Poule while he recovered , and was well enough to resume command on 25 March . The British forced the French to surrender on 16 April , the British casualties being seven dead and 39 wounded . Eyre was personally thanked by Admirals Sir George Martin and Sir Charles Cotton , and the Lords of the Admiralty .
With the islands secure Eyre enforced the blockade of Corfu . On 6 February 1811 he encountered an enemy relief convoy bound from Otranto to Corfu , consisting of 25 ships . Eyre captured 22 of them , carrying grain , ordnance and 500 troops . Eyre also stationed several frigates in the northern part of the Adriatic under the command of Captain William Hoste . Hoste went on to win a significant victory over a French squadron under Bernard Dubourdieu at the Battle of Lissa . Eyre spent a total of two years commanding the station , the time spent almost constantly at sea , only briefly putting into port to refit and replenish supplies . He was succeeded in the post by Captain Charles Rowley and went to join the fleet of Toulon . On the occasion of his departure his subordinate , James Brisbane wrote
= = = Return to Spain = = =
The Mediterranean fleet was by now under Sir Edward Pellew , and Eyre was sent to the Spanish coast to support the Spanish forces fighting the French . Eyre was particularly active off the coast of Valencia and evacuated the garrison of Oropesa del Mar , earning the thanks of General Joaquín Blake y Joyes . On being ordered back to England in 1811 Pellew also wrote a private letter of thanks , following on from his earlier declaration that ' I have to express my complete approbation of Captain Eyre 's methods , and have much satisfaction of employing the services of that most excellent officer in the aid of the Valencia patriots . ' Eyre arrived in England in 1812 , his health having been affected by his five years on a foreign station , and requested and received permission to go ashore . As a mark of his services in the Adriatic and off Spain he was knighted by King George III . Eyre was appointed a Colonel of Marines on 4 June 1814 and was nominated as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath following the expansion of the order on 12 January 1815 .
= = Flag rank and South America = =
Eyre was promoted to rear @-@ admiral on 12 August 1819 and shortly afterwards received an offer from Lord Melville to take command of the Cape and St Helena stations , but was unable to accept owing to matters of a personal nature . In 1823 he was able to accept the offer of the command of the South American station , at a time when several of the former Spanish colonies were declaring independence . Eyre was able to successfully manage delicate diplomatic and military duties , and was able to protect British rights and possessions in the area during periods of upheaval . His actions in the region included signing treaties with Spain and Portugal involving the prevention of illegal slave trafficking . He stepped down after the expiration of his posting and was succeeded by Admiral Sir Robert Otway .
= = Family and later life = =
Eyre returned to Britain , arriving at Spithead on 10 December 1826 , and was almost immediately offered command of a squadron fitting out for Lisbon . The changes in climate had brought on an attack of gout , and on being informed that as Sir Thomas Hardy 's squadron was already on the spot , he was at liberty to refuse the offer . Eyre did so , and retired ashore . He appears to have had no further commands , and was advanced to vice @-@ admiral in 1830 . He had married Georgiana Cooke , the daughter of Sir George Cooke , 7th Baronet , at Doncaster on 1 November 1800 , with whom he had a family of eight children , including two sons named George @-@ Hardolf and William . Sir George Eyre died on 15 February 1839 at the rectory , Carlton , Derbyshire .
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= Queer Eye =
Queer Eye is an American reality television series that premiered on the cable television network Bravo during July 2003 . The program 's name was changed from Queer Eye for the Straight Guy after the third season to generalize the scope of its content . The series was created by executive producers David Collins and Michael Williams along with their producing partner David Metzler ; it was produced by their production company , Scout Productions .
The series is premised on and uses the stereotypes that homosexual ( " queer " ) men are superior in matters of fashion , style , personal grooming , interior design and culture . In each episode , the team of five homosexual men known collectively as the " Fab Five " perform a " makeover " ( in the parlance of the show , a " make @-@ better " ) on a person , usually a heterosexual ( " straight " ) man , revamping his wardrobe , redecorating his home and offering advice on grooming , lifestyle and food .
Queer Eye for the Straight Guy debuted during 2003 , and quickly became a surprise success . The success of the series resulted in merchandising , franchising of the concept internationally , and a woman @-@ oriented spin @-@ off , Queer Eye for the Straight Girl . Queer Eye won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program during 2004 . The series ' name was abbreviated to Queer Eye at the beginning of its third season to represent the show 's change from making over only heterosexual men to including women and homosexual men . Queer Eye ended production during 2006 June and the final ten episodes were broadcast during October 2007 . The series ended October 30 . During September 2008 , the Fine Living Network briefly aired Queer Eye in syndication .
= = The " Fab Five " = =
Ted Allen : " Food and Wine Connoisseur " , expert on alcohol , beverages , food preparation and presentation .
Kyan Douglas : " Grooming Guru " , expert on hair , grooming , personal hygiene , and makeup .
Thom Filicia : " Design Doctor " , expert on interior design and home organization .
Carson Kressley : " Fashion Savant " , expert on clothing , fashion and personal styling .
Jai Rodriguez : " Culture Vulture " , expert on popular culture , relationships and social interaction .
= = Production = =
Producers Collins and Metzler were given approval by Bravo to develop Queer Eye after the ratings success the network experienced when it counterprogrammed a marathon of its 2002 series Gay Weddings at the same time as Super Bowl XXXVII during 2003 January . The pilot episode was filmed in Boston , Massachusetts during June 2002 . Of the eventual Fab Five , only Kressley and Allen appeared . The culture , design and grooming roles were filled by James Hannaham , Charles Daboub , Jr. and Sam Spector , respectively .
The pilot was delivered to Bravo during September 2002 , and was well received in audience testing . Soon thereafter NBC purchased Bravo and ordered 12 episodes of the series . NBC promoted the show extensively , including billboard campaigns and print advertisements in national magazines .
Kyan Douglas and Thom Filicia joined the show for these episodes , along with Blair Boone in the role of " culture guy . " Boone filmed two episodes ( which were broadcast as the second and third episodes and for which he was credited as a " guest culture expert " ) but was replaced by Rodriguez beginning with production of the third episode . Each episode was shot over a span of four days and edited to create the perception that the events of the episode took place in a single day .
= = Format = =
The majority of Queer Eye episodes use the same basic format . The episode begins with the Fab Five in an SUV ( usually in New York City , where the series was based ) discussing their heterosexual subject . The Five review details of the subject 's personal life and note problems in their various areas of expertise . The Five usually have a specific event for which they plan to prepare the subject . These included everything from throwing a backyard barbecue for friends to preparing to ask for a salary increase to proposing marriage .
Upon arriving at the subject 's home , the Fab Five go through his belongings , performing a running commentary of catty remarks about the state of his wardrobe , home decor , cleanliness and grooming . They also speak with the subject and family members to get an idea of the sort of style they like and their goals for the experience and to discuss the planned event .
The remainder of the first half of the episode follows the Fab Five as they escort the subject to various locales to select new furniture and clothes . Often , Ted demonstrates how to select and prepare food for a particular dish that the subject will prepare for the special event , Kyan takes him for spa treatments and a new haircut . Each such segment includes a style tip superimposed on the screen , summarizing in a sentence or two the style issues addressed in the segment . Interspersed with this are interview segments in which friends and family members of the subject discuss his style issues .
In the next section , the subject returns to a completely redecorated home and models articles of his new wardrobe for the Fab Five . Each of the Five offer final words of advice and encouragement , accompanied by supplies of grooming products , food and kitchenware and in some cases expensive electronics items such as entertainment centers and computers .
The final section follows the subject as he prepares for the special event , with the Fab Five watching edited footage of his preparations and critiquing how well or how poorly he followed their advice . Finally , the subject is followed through the event itself , with the Five again performing a running commentary and the subject often expressing his deep gratitude to the Fab Five for their counsel . A final tip from each of the Fab Five , usually relating to one of the topics covered in the episode , plays just before the credits .
Special episodes of Queer Eye that deviated from this formula included episodes in which the Fab Five journeyed outside the greater New York area , including shows filmed in England , Texas , and Las Vegas . In two episodes , the Fab Five made over homosexual men ( both of which aired during June , Gay Pride Month , during 2004 and 2006 ) and in one episode made over a female @-@ to @-@ male transgender person . The show also featured makeovers of members of the Boston Red Sox after their 2004 World Series victory , several holiday specials and in the final season , a " Mister Straight Guy " pageant featuring subjects from the series ' history .
= = Popular and critical response = =
Queer Eye for the Straight Guy debuted on July 15 , 2003 and the series quickly attained high ratings , maximizing during September of that year with 3 @.@ 34 million viewers per episode . The popularity of the series established the Fab Five as media celebrities , with high @-@ profile appearances at the Emmys and a " make @-@ better " of Jay Leno and his The Tonight Show set in August of that year . Fab Five members parlayed their celebrity into endorsement deals , notably Thom Filicia 's becoming the spokesperson for Pier 1 Imports .
The American press almost universally complimented the series and the Fab Five . Out magazine listed the Fab Five in its " OUT 100 " , the " greatest gay success stories " of 2003 . Instinct magazine declared Kressley one of the " Leading Men " of 2004 .
The series attracted criticism for making generalizations about sexual identity , namely that homosexual men are inherently more fashionable and stylish than heterosexuals . Among those making this critique were Tom Shales in the Washington Post ( " stereotypes on parade " ) , Richard Goldstein in Village Voice ( " Haven 't fags always been consigned to the role of body servant ? " ) and United States Congressman Barney Frank speaking to the New York Post ( " The notion that gay men have a superior fashion sense is not true and it 's damaging . It 's perfectly possible to enjoy that show and say , look at those clever homosexuals . What they do with hair ! And not support gays at all . " ) . Anthropologist Lionel Tiger described the program as typical of a widespread acceptance of insulting heterosexual men : " Heteromales are the last group it is acceptable to bash as a class . The homosexual fellows on Queer Eye seem to provide riveting hilarity to especially female viewers . What if there were 5 Swedes telling Kenyans how to live elegantly and fashionably ? What if 5 Catholics told Jews how to dress , decorate , and court ? The program is degraded and degrading , Cheap Shots for A Humiliated Guy . "
With the success of the first season , original " culture guy " Blair Boone sued the show for breach of contract , claiming he should be paid not just for two episodes but for the season that he had been contracted to film .
The popularity of the series inspired a number of parodies . Comedy Central hosted a satirical television series named Straight Plan for the Gay Man , which featured four heterosexual men teaching homosexual men how to be more ( stereotypically ) straight , redecorating their homes with neon beer signs and teaching them about sports . South Park spoofed the show and its hosts in the episode " South Park Is Gay ! " , in which the protagonists learn that the Fab Five are actually evil Crab People trying to control the world by converting heterosexual men into metrosexuals .
Queer Eye won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program during 2004 and was nominated for another Emmy in the same category during 2005 . The series also received GLAAD Media Awards for Outstanding Reality Program during 2004 and 2005 , and was nominated for a third during 2006 .
In the second season , ratings decreased , averaging about 1 @.@ 8 million viewers per episode with an average 804 @,@ 000 viewers in the important 18 @-@ 40 demographic . New episodes continued to be broadcast for two more seasons . Bravo confirmed during early 2007 that Queer Eye had been cancelled . The remaining fifth season episodes were billed as Queer Eye : The Final Season and aired twice weekly beginning October 2 , 2007 .
= = Spin @-@ off series = =
During January 2005 , Scout Productions premiered a spin @-@ off series titled Queer Eye for the Straight Girl , set in Los Angeles . It featured a cast of four lifestyle experts ( three men and a woman known as the " Gal Pals " ) who performed makeovers for women . The show was cancelled after one season .
= = International adaptations = =
Queer Eye 's American success caused television networks in several countries to syndicate the American episodes , with a number of countries creating their own local versions of Queer Eye for broadcast in their countries . However , few of these homegrown versions have proven as successful as the original and most did not last long before cancellation . Licensing of the format is managed by NBCUniversal .
NBCU licensed television producer David Hedges and his UK production house vialondon.tv to produce local versions for Europe , with Flextech 's Living channel doing the same to produce the United Kingdom 's version after a first attempt at a UK production by Making Time was abandoned .
The first episode of the Finnish version , Sillä silmällä created controversy , not for the homosexual content but for the blatant product placement considered to be a transgression of a Finnish law against " hidden advertising " .
= = Merchandising = =
= = = Soundtrack = = =
The soundtrack for Queer Eye for the Straight Guy was released February 10 , 2004 , in the USA . It reached number one on the electronic music chart , number two on the soundtrack charts and the top 40 in the Billboard 200 album chart . In Australia , the soundtrack was released for the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras and the popularity of the series in Australia resulted in the soundtrack scoring the top 10 of the Australian album chart on March 8 , 2004 . It was certified gold in Australia during March 2004 . The song " Superstar " by Jamelia from the soundtrack also went to number one on the Australian singles charts in the same week , and the theme song of the show , " All Things ( Just Keep Getting Better ) " by Widelife , went to the top 20 that same month . " All Things " would score a 2005 Juno Award for " Dance Recording of the Year " for Widelife ( Rachid Wehbi & Ian Nieman ) . Rob Eric was the executive producer for the album .
= = = = Track listing = = = =
" All Things ( Just Keep Getting Better ) " – Widelife with Simone Denny
" Good Luck " – Basement Jaxx featuring Lisa Kekaula
" Slow " ( Chemical Brothers Mix ) – Kylie Minogue
" Move Your Feet " – Junior Senior
" You Promised Me ( Tu Es Foutu ) " – In @-@ Grid
" Superstar " – Jamelia
" Everybody Wants You to Emerge " – Fischerspooner / Billy Squier
" Sunrise " ( Jason Nevins Remix ) – Duran Duran
" Never Coming Home " ( Gonna Live My Life Remix ) – Sting
" An Area Big Enough to Do It In " – Prophet Omega
" You 're So Damn Hot " – OK Go
" Extraordinary " – Liz Phair
" Are You Ready for Love " – Elton John
" Five Gay Men in One House " – Jai Rodriguez and Ted Allen
" All Things ( Just Keep Getting Better ) " ( music video )
= = = Books = = =
A tie @-@ in book titled Queer Eye for the Straight Guy : The Fab 5 's Guide to Looking Better , Cooking Better , Dressing Better , Behaving Better and Living Better was published during 2004 by Clarkson Potter / Publishers , an imprint of Random House .
= = = DVD releases = = =
Several DVDs were released in conjunction with the series . Kressley , Filicia and Allen each had individual releases emphasizing their topics of expertise . Douglas and Rodriguez were featured together in a single DVD focused on grooming . Additional DVD releases include Queer Eye for the Red Sox ( featuring the team makeover episode ) and a multi @-@ disc box set .
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= Nothhelm =
Nothhelm ( sometimes Nothelm ; died 739 ) was a medieval Anglo @-@ Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury . A correspondent of both Bede and Boniface , it was Nothhelm who gathered materials from Canterbury for Bede 's historical works . After his appointment to the archbishopric in 735 , he attended to ecclesiastical matters , including holding church councils . Although later antiquaries felt that Nothhelm was the author of a number of works , later research has shown them to be authored by others . After his death he was considered a saint .
= = Early life = =
Nothhelm was a contemporary of Boniface and Bede , whom he supplied with correspondence from the papal library following a trip to Rome . He also researched the history of Kent and the surrounding area for Bede , supplying the information through the abbot of St Augustine 's Abbey in Canterbury . Before his appointment to the archbishopric , he was the archpriest of the Saxon @-@ built St Paul 's Cathedral , London .
= = Archbishop = =
Named to the see of Canterbury in 735 , Nothhelm was consecrated the same year . Pope Gregory III sent him a pallium in 736 . He may have been appointed by Æthelbald , King of Mercia , whose councilor he was . Whether or not he owed his appointment to Æthelbald , Nothhelm was one of a number of Mercians who became Archbishop of Canterbury during the 730s and 740s , during a time of expanding Mercian influence . He held a synod in 736 or 737 , which drew nine bishops ; the meeting adjudicated a dispute over the ownership of a monastery located at Withington . A significant feature of this synod was the fact that no king attended , but yet the synod still rendered judgement in the ownership even without secular oversight , which was more usual .
Nothhelm oversaw the reorganisation of the Mercian dioceses which took place in 737 . The archbishop consecrated Witta as Bishop of Lichfield and Totta as Bishop of Leicester . The diocese of Leicester was firmly established by this action , although earlier attempts had been made to establish a bishopric there . In 738 , Nothhelm was a witness on the charter of Eadberht I , the King of Kent .
Bede addressed his work In regum librum XXX quaestiones to Nothhelm , who had asked the thirty questions on the biblical book of Kings that Bede answered . Bede 's work De VIII Quastionibus may have been written for Nothhelm . While he was archbishop , Boniface wrote to him , requesting a copy of the Libellus responsionum of Pope Gregory I for use in Boniface 's missionary efforts . Boniface also asked for information on when the Gregorian mission to England arrived in England . This text of the Libellus responsionum has been the subject of some controversy , with the historian Suso Brechter arguing that the text was a forgery created by Nothhelm and a Roman archdeacon . The historian Paul Meyvaert has refuted this view , and most historians incline towards the belief that the text is genuine , although it is not considered conclusively proven .
= = Death and legacy = =
Nothhelm died on 17 October 739 @.@ and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral . He is considered a saint , and his feast day is 17 October . The antiquaries and writers John Leland , John Bale , and Thomas Tanner all felt that Nothhelm was the author of various works , but later research has shown them to be authored by other writers . A verse eulogy for Nothhelm , of uncertain date , survives in a 16th @-@ century manuscript now at the Lambeth Palace library .
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= Duff Cooley =
Duff Gordon " Sir Richard " Cooley ( March 29 , 1873 – August 9 , 1937 ) was a professional baseball player whose career spanned 17 seasons , 13 of which were spent in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Cooley , an outfielder and first baseman , had a career batting average of .294 in 1 @,@ 317 games played . He compiled 849 runs , 1 @,@ 579 hits , 180 doubles , 102 triples , 26 home runs , and 557 runs batted in ( RBI ) . In Major League history , he is tied in 148th place for most all @-@ time triples and , his 224 career stolen bases , place him equal 279th on the all @-@ time list . Cooley made his Major League debut at the age of 20 , and spent the majority of his career there , but he also appeared in minor league baseball . After breaking his leg with the Tigers in 1905 , he was replaced with future Hall of Fame outfielder Ty Cobb . Cooley , nicknamed " Sir Richard " due to his aristocratic manner , was listed as standing 5 feet 11 inches ( 180 cm ) and weighing 158 pounds ( 72 kg ) .
= = Career = =
Cooley was born on March 29 , 1873 , in Leavenworth , Kansas . He began his Major League career in 1893 , playing for Topeka , Kansas , before playing for the St. Louis Browns of the National League ( NL ) . Although the seventh youngest player in the league during his first season , he batted .346 , which remained a career @-@ high . Defensively , Cooley was a utility player , starting at multiple positions for the Cardinals . On September 30 of 1873 , Cooley recorded six hits against the Boston Beaneaters . He played for St. Louis in 1894 , nearly doubling his at bats ( 206 ) and games played ( 54 ) .
Cooley played more regularly in 1895 and averaged 4 @.@ 2 at bats per game throughout the season . One of the most successful batters on the team , he had the highest batting average at .342 and led the Cardinals in hits , triples , runs scored and total bases . His slugging ( .466 ) and on @-@ base plus slugging ( .851 ) percentages remained the highest of his career . His 20 triples and 264 total bases were both the fifth @-@ highest total in a season for the Cardinals franchise from between the years of 1892 when they entered the NL to 1920 , which marked the end of the Dead @-@ ball era . At the end of the year , he had played 133 games , two behind Major League leader and teammate , Joe Quinn . Offensively , Cooley tied for seventh in most hits and finished fourth in triples .
At the beginning of the 1896 season , Cooley continued to play for the Browns . However , after 40 games in which he had a .307 batting average , he was moved to the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for Joe Sullivan , Tuck Turner , and an unknown sum of money . The Phillies , under manager Billy Nash , finished 62 – 68 , eighth in the NL . Cooley remained with the Phillies in 1897 , when he tied with Fred Tenney , George Van Haltren , and Gene DeMontreville for the MLB lead in at @-@ bats . Cooley led his team in runs scored and stolen bases , and finished third , behind Ed Delahanty and Nap Lajoie , in hits . The following two seasons , playing for Philadelphia , he hit .312 in 1898 and .276 in 1899 , before he was purchased by the Pittsburgh Pirates for US $ 1 @,@ 000 in April 1900 . In his only season with the Pirates , Cooley recorded a batting average of .201 , the worst of his career . He also compiled 30 runs , 50 hits , and 22 RBI .
After being purchased by the Boston Beaneaters in 1901 , Cooley made his minor @-@ league debut for the Syracuse Stars of Syracuse , New York . After recording a team @-@ high in batting average and slugging percentage , Cooley was promoted to the Major League Beaneaters . Next season , under manager Al Buckenberger , Cooley played in 135 games , more than double the previous year for the Beaneaters . He finished the year eighth in the NL in both hits and total bases , and third in doubles .
Cooley remained with the Beaneaters for the following two seasons , hitting .289 in 1903 . On June 20 , 1904 , Cooley hit for the cycle ( a single , double , triple , and home run in the same game ) , becoming the second Beaneater to do so . Cooley finished the 1904 season with six total errors , five in the outfield and one at first base . Cooley 's 70 RBIs were eighth most in the NL . After the season , in October 1904 , he was selected off the Beaneater 's waivers by the Detroit Tigers .
In his final Major League season , Cooley played in 97 games before breaking his leg , which led to Ty Cobb , a future inductee to the National Baseball Hall of Fame taking his place as center fielder for the rest of the season . He was sold to the Beaneaters following the 1905 season , but decided to retire instead .
= = After MLB = =
Following his retirement from baseball , Cooley moved to Dallas and began to work as a salesman . In his final years , he battled alcoholism , which partially contributed to his death from heat stroke in Dallas on August 9 , 1937 . By then , he and his wife Louise were divorced and he left no children . Cooley was buried in Grove Hill Memorial Park in Dallas .
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= England expects that every man will do his duty =
" England expects that every man will do his duty " was a signal sent by Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson , 1st Viscount Nelson , from his flagship HMS Victory as the Battle of Trafalgar was about to commence on 21 October 1805 . Trafalgar was a decisive naval engagement of the Napoleonic Wars . It gave the United Kingdom control of the seas , removing all possibility of a French invasion and conquest of Britain . Although there was much confusion surrounding the wording of the signal in the aftermath of the battle , the significance of the victory and Nelson 's death during the battle led to the phrase becoming embedded in the English psyche , and it has been regularly quoted , paraphrased and referenced up to the modern day .
= = Signals during the battle = =
As the British fleet closed with the opposing combined fleets of France and Spain , Lord Nelson signalled all the necessary battle instructions to his ships . Aware of the momentousness of events to come , Lord Nelson felt that something extra was required . He instructed his signal officer , Lieutenant John Pasco , to signal to the fleet , as quickly as possible , the message " England confides [ i.e. is confident ] that every man will do his duty . " Pasco suggested to Nelson that expects be substituted for confides , since the former word was in the signal book , whereas confides would have to be spelt out letter @-@ by @-@ letter . Nelson agreed to the change ( even though it produced a less trusting impression ) :
His Lordship came to me on the poop , and after ordering certain signals to be made , about a quarter to noon , he said , ' Mr. Pasco , I wish to say to the fleet , ENGLAND CONFIDES THAT EVERY MAN WILL DO HIS DUTY ' and he added ' You must be quick , for I have one more to make which is for close action . ' I replied , ' If your Lordship will permit me to substitute the confides for expects the signal will soon be completed , because the word expects is in the vocabulary , and confides must be spelt , ' His Lordship replied , in haste , and with seeming satisfaction , ' That will do , Pasco , make it directly.'
Thus , at around 11 : 45 a.m. on 21 October 1805 , the most famous naval signal in British history was sent . The exact time the signal was sent is not known ( one account puts it as early as 10 : 30 ) , as the message was repeated throughout the fleet , but Pasco puts it at " about a quarter to noon " and logs from other ships of the line also put it close to this time .
The signal was relayed using the numeric flag code known as the " Telegraphic Signals of Marine Vocabulary " , devised in 1800 by Rear Admiral Sir Home Popham , and based on the signal books created earlier by Admiral Lord Howe . This code assigned the digits 0 to 9 to ten signal flags , which were used in combination . Code numbers 1 – 25 represented letters of the alphabet ( omitting J and with V = 20 before U = 21 ) ; higher numbers were assigned meanings by a code book . The code numbers are believed to have been hoisted on the mizzenmast , one after another , with the " telegraphic flag " also being flown to show that the signals employed Popham 's code . As well as digit flags , the code used " repeat " flags so that only one set of digits was needed ; thus the word " do " , coded as " 220 " , used a " 2 " flag , a " first repeat " flag here serving as a second 2 , and a " 0 " flag . The word " duty " was not in the codebook ( and was not replaced as " confides " had been ) , so had to be spelt out , and the whole message required twelve " lifts " . It is believed that it would have taken about four minutes . A team of four to six men , led by Lt. Pasco , would have prepared and hoisted the flags onboard Lord Nelson 's flagship HMS Victory . The message shows one of the shortcomings of Popham 's code — even the two @-@ letter " do " required three flags hoisted for the signal . It is reported that a great cheer went up as the signal was hoisted and repeated throughout the fleet .
The message " engage the enemy more closely " was Nelson 's final signal to the fleet , sent at 12 : 15 p.m. , before a single British cannon had been fired at the enemy . This message was signalled using the telegraphic flag and flags 1 and 6 . Nelson ordered this signal hauled up and kept aloft . It remained up until shot away during the battle .
= = After the battle = =
Almost immediately , the signal began to be misquoted . A number of ships in the fleet recorded the signal as " England expects every man to do his duty " ( omitting that and replacing will with to ) . This version became so prevalent that it is recorded on Nelson 's tomb in St. Paul 's Cathedral . The word that is also omitted on the version around the base of Nelson 's Column , as seen in the photo above . However , the Victory 's log and the accounts of signal officer John Pasco and Henry Blackwood ( captain of the frigate Euryalus ) , both present at the preparation of the signal , agree on the form given here . On 26 December 1805 , The Times newspaper in London reported the signal as ; " England expects every officer and man to do his duty this day " . In 1811 , the tenor John Braham composed a song , " The Death of Nelson " , including the words of the signal . The song became popular almost immediately and was performed throughout the British Empire during the 19th century . To make the words fit the metre , they were altered to " England expects that every man this day will do his duty " . This version of the wording is also persistent .
Between 1885 and 1908 it was believed that the signal had been sent using the 1799 code book , as in 1885 it was pointed out that this had not been replaced until 1808 . In 1908 it was discovered , the Admiralty had , in fact , changed the signal code in November 1803 , after the 1799 version had been captured by the French , and new code books had been issued to Nelson 's fleet at Cadiz in September , 1805 . As a result , books published between these two dates show the signal using the wrong flags .
The signal is still hoisted on the Victory at her dry dock in Portsmouth on Trafalgar Day ( 21 October ) every year , although the signal flags are displayed all at once , running from fore to aft , rather than hoisted sequentially from the mizzenmast .
= = = Similar signals = = =
Nelson 's famous signal has been imitated in other navies of the world . Napoleon ordered the French equivalent , " La France compte que chacun fera son devoir " , to be displayed on French vessels . At the opening of the Battle of Plattsburgh in September 1814 , Commodore Thomas MacDonough of the U.S. Navy flew the signal " Impressed seamen call on every man to do his duty " , referring to the fact that impressment of U.S. mariners had been a popular cause of the War of 1812 . Before the Battle of Tsushima , Japanese Admiral Togo ( who had studied naval science in England from 1871 to 1878 ) signalled to his fleet : " The fate of the Empire depends upon today 's battle : let every man do his utmost " .
= = Later uses = =
Charles Dickens quotes it in Chapter 43 of Martin Chuzzlewit :
" ... as the poet informs us , England expects Every man to do his duty , England is the most sanguine country on the face of the earth , and will find itself continually disappointed . "
In Lewis Carroll 's The Hunting of the Snark , the Bellman says :
" For England Expects — I forbear to proceed . Tis a maxim tremendous , but trite . "
In Ogden Nash 's collection of poems I 'm a Stranger Here Myself ( 1938 ) there is a short poem " England Expects " .
During the Second World War , an Admiralty propaganda poster intended to increase industrial production on the home front , carried the slogan ; " Britain expects that you too , this day , will do your duty " . Nelson 's flag signal was hoisted by the Royal Navy monitor , HMS Erebus at the start of the bombardment for the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 .
It was also referenced by Margaret Thatcher during her crucial speech to the cabinet which finally persuaded them to rally behind her over the divisive issue of the poll tax . Further afield , it has been adapted by James Joyce in his novel , Ulysses , such as " Ireland expects that every man this day will do his duty " .
In the United States , former Secretary of the Navy of the United States of America Gordon R. England wore a tie with the flags representing the famous quote when he visited naval vessels .
Today " England expects ... " is often adapted for use in the media , especially in relation to the expectations for the victory of English sporting teams . Such is the sentence 's connotation with sport that a recent book on the history of the England national football team by James Corbett was entitled England Expects . A BBC Scotland television drama also bears its name .
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= Waddesdon Road railway station =
Waddesdon Road railway station , called Waddesdon railway station before 1922 , was a small halt in open countryside in Buckinghamshire , England . It was opened in 1871 as part of a short horse @-@ drawn tramway to assist with the transport of goods from and around the Duke of Buckingham 's extensive estates in Buckinghamshire and to connect the Duke 's estates to the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway at Quainton Road . In 1872 the line was expanded and converted for passenger use , becoming known as the Brill Tramway . In 1899 the operation of the line was taken over by the London @-@ based Metropolitan Railway .
In 1933 the Metropolitan Railway was taken into public ownership to become the Metropolitan line of the London Underground , and despite its rural setting Waddesdon Road station became a part of the London Transport system . The new management could not see a future for the line as a financially viable passenger route , and Waddesdon Road , along with the rest of the former Brill Tramway , was closed in late 1935 .
The station was heavily used for the transport of construction materials during the building of Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild 's estate at Waddesdon Manor in the 1870s and 1880s , but aside from that it saw little use . The station was inconveniently sited and served by few passenger trains , and other more frequently served stations were in easy walking distance . In 1932 , the last full year of operations prior to the Metropolitan Railway being taken into public ownership , the station was used for only 281 passenger journeys and generated just £ 4 of passenger revenue .
= = Brill Tramway = =
On 23 September 1868 the small Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway ( A & BR ) was opened . It ran south from the London and North Western Railway 's Oxford to Bletchley line at Verney Junction , via Quainton Road railway station , to connect with the Great Western Railway at Aylesbury .
The 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos served as Chairman of the London and North Western Railway from 1852 to 1861 and had a long interest in railways . In the early 1870s he decided to build a light railway to carry goods between his estates in Buckinghamshire and the A & BR 's line at Quainton Road . The first stage of the line , known as the Wotton Tramway , was a 4 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) line from Quainton Road via Wotton to a coal siding at Kingswood , and opened on 1 April 1871 . Intended for use by horse trams , the line was built with longitudinal sleepers to avoid horses tripping on the sleepers .
Lobbying from residents and businesses in the nearby town of Brill led to an extension being built in 1872 from Wotton to Brill railway station , at the foot of Brill Hill three @-@ quarters of a mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) from the hilltop town of Brill itself . Two mixed trains each day were introduced in each direction , and the line was renamed the Brill Tramway . The Duke bought two Aveling and Porter traction engines modified to work as locomotives for the line , each with a top speed of 8 miles per hour ( 13 km / h ) , although a speed limit of 5 miles per hour ( 8 km / h ) was enforced .
The Duke died in 1889 , and in 1894 the trustees of his estate set up the Oxford & Aylesbury Tramroad Company ( O & ATC ) with the intention of extending the line from Brill to Oxford . On 1 September 1894 London 's Metropolitan Railway ( MR ) reached Aylesbury , and shortly afterwards connected to the A & BR line , with local MR services running via Quainton Road to Verney Junction from 1 April 1894 . Through trains from the MR 's London terminus at Baker Street commenced on 1 January 1897 . From 1 December 1899 the MR leased the Brill Tramway from the O & ATC and took over the operation of services on the line , although the Tramway continued to be owned by the O & ATC .
= = Services = =
Waddesdon Road was the first station out from the Quainton Road junction station , in open countryside immediately north of Akeman Street ( the A41 road after 1919 ) , about 1 @.@ 1 miles ( 1 @.@ 8 km ) southeast of Quainton Road , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) northwest of the town of Waddesdon , and 1 @,@ 300 yards ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) from Waddesdon Manor . The station was initially built with a single low wooden platform , primarily intended for loading and unloading freight . After the 1899 transfer of services to the Metropolitan Railway , the MR introduced a single Brown Marshall passenger carriage on the line ; at this time , a short section of platform was raised to conventional height to allow access to the higher doors on the new carriage .
Initially known as " Waddesdon Road Siding " , the station was renamed " Waddesdon " shortly after opening . On 1 October 1922 the nearby Waddesdon Manor railway station , on the Metropolitan Railway southeast of Quainton Road , was renamed " Waddesdon " and the former Waddesdon station was renamed " Waddesdon Road " in an effort to reduce confusion .
The station was heavily used during the construction of Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild 's estate at Waddesdon Manor in the 1870s and 1880s . The brickworks at Brill sent 25 @,@ 000 bricks per week along the Brill Tramway , and 7 @,@ 000 tons ( 7 @,@ 100 t ) of Bath Stone were shipped from Corsham . Aside from goods traffic associated with the building of Waddesdon Manor , the station was little used other than for shipping milk from nearby farms to Aylesbury and London . Inconveniently sited away from any nearby towns and villages , and with the far more frequently served Quainton Road and Waddesdon Manor stations within easy walking distance , the station saw very little passenger use . In 1932 , the last year of private operation , Waddesdon Road station saw only 281 passengers and made only £ 4 ( about £ 300 in 2016 ) in passenger receipts over the entire year .
Limited by poor quality locomotives and bumpy , cheaply laid track which followed the contours of the hills , trains ran very slowly in the area : in 1882 trains took 13 minutes to travel the short distance from Waddesdon Road to Quainton Road , and 57 minutes from Waddesdon Road to Brill . From 1872 to 1894 the station was served by two passenger trains per day in each direction , and between 1895 and 1899 the number was increased to three per day . Following the 1899 transfer of services to the Metropolitan Railway , the station was served by four trains per day in each direction until closure in 1935 . Improvements to the line carried out at the time of the transfer to the Oxford & Aylesbury Tramroad , and the improved locomotives of the Metropolitan Railway , reduced journey times from Waddesdon Road to Quainton Road and Brill to 6 minutes and 22 minutes respectively .
= = Closure = =
On 1 July 1933 the Metropolitan Railway , and all of London 's other underground railways except the small Waterloo & City Railway , were taken into public ownership as part of the newly formed London Passenger Transport Board ( LPTB ) . As a consequence , despite its distance from London , Waddesdon Road station became part of the London Underground network .
By this time the Brill Tramway was losing significant sums of money . Goods traffic had dwindled , and unlike other areas served by the former Metropolitan Railway there had not been a growth in population and thus passenger numbers remained low . Frank Pick , Managing Director of the Underground Group from 1928 and the Chief Executive of the LPTB , planned to move the new London Underground away from goods services to concentrate solely on serving passengers . He saw the lines beyond Aylesbury to Brill and Verney Junction as having little future as financially viable passenger routes , concluding that over £ 2 @,@ 000 ( about £ 130 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) would be saved by closing the Brill Tramway . As a result , the LPTB decided to abandon all passenger services beyond Aylesbury .
The Brill Tramway was closed on 1 December 1935 , with the last trains running on 30 November . Upon the withdrawal of London Transport services the railway and stations reverted to the control of the by now almost dormant Oxford & Aylesbury Tramroad Company . With no funds and no rolling stock of its own the O & ATC was unable to operate the line , and on 2 April 1936 the entire infrastructure of the line was sold at auction ; the most expensive lot sold was the 37 @-@ yard ( 34 m ) platform of Waddesdon Road station , which fetched £ 7 10s ( about £ 1 @,@ 070 in 2016 ) . Excluding the station houses at Westcott and Brill , which were sold separately , the auction raised £ 112 10s ( about £ 6 @,@ 890 in 2016 ) in total . No trace of the buildings at Waddesdon Road remains , but the former trackbed is now a public footpath known as the Tramway Walk .
Metropolitan line passenger trains ceased to run north of Aylesbury from 6 July 1936 . London and North Eastern Railway services ( British Rail from 1948 ) continued to run from London 's Marylebone station over the line to Verney Junction via Quainton Road until March 1963 , and the LPTB continued to maintain and to operate freight services over the Verney Junction line until 6 September 1947 . After the withdrawal of services from London , Verney Junction station remained open to serve trains on the Oxford – Bletchley line . It was closed following the withdrawal of services between Oxford and Cambridge from 1 January 1968 .
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= Son of Three =
" Son of Three " is a song by the American group the Breeders that was written and sung by band member Kim Deal . The original version of the composition was recorded at Grandmaster Recording Ltd. in Hollywood , and was released in May 2002 on the album Title TK . The Breeders — who then consisted of Kim Deal , Kelley Deal , Jose Medeles , Richard Presley , and Mando Lopez — later re @-@ recorded " Son of Three " at a different Hollywood studio as Title TK 's third European single . This subsequent recording is shorter and faster than the album track , and matches how they were playing the song in concert in 2002 .
The " Son of Three " single was released in September 2002 on 4AD , and reached No. 72 in the United Kingdom . The single includes a live performance of the group 's 1992 song " Safari " and a cover of Nerf Herder 's theme from the Buffy the Vampire Slayer television series . Deal , a Buffy fan , also negotiated to have the Breeders appear in an episode of the show . Critics have praised both the album and single versions of " Son of Three " .
= = Recording = =
The original version of " Son of Three " appeared on the Breeders ' 2002 album Title TK . While most of the album 's tracks were recorded by Steve Albini at his Electrical Audio studio in Chicago , " Son of Three " is one of two songs from a session recorded by Mark Arnold and Andrew Alekel at Grandmaster Recording Ltd. in Hollywood . The composition was written by Kim Deal , who also sang on the track . The other musicians who played on the recording were Kim 's sister Kelley Deal on guitar and vocals ; Richard Presley on guitar ; Mando Lopez on bass and guitar ; and Jose Medeles on percussion .
Following the release of Title TK 's first two singles , " Off You " and " Huffer " , a third single was requested for the European market . For this purpose , the Breeders decided to record a new version of " Son of Three " . The session , which took place in July 2002 at Track Record Studios in North Hollywood , was fit in during a short break between a European and a US concert tour . This recording is faster than the album version , and reflects the sound of the group 's live performances of the song in 2002 . The engineers for this session were Ai Fujisaki and Justin Hamilton , with additional engineering credited to Marc Arnold .
The sound of " Son of Three " has been described as " dark punk " , and elsewhere as a " garage symphony of bubblegum grunge , woo @-@ woo gurly harmonies and body @-@ snatching sci @-@ fi eeriness " . One interviewer in 2002 described the lyrics of " Son of Three " as " motorific " , noting the numerous references to driving in the song and throughout the Title TK album . The song 's lyrics include lines such as " No more time on the meter " , " Cross another county line " , and " Are we there ? "
The second track on the three @-@ song single , " Buffy Theme " , was also recorded at the July 2002 session . This composition was originally performed by the group Nerf Herder , whose version was included on Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Album . It was written by Nerf Herder members Dennis , Grip , and Sherlock . Kim and Kelley Deal were both fans of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer television show and had been playing " Buffy Theme " in concert in the first half of 2002 . At some point after the July recording session , Kim Deal telephoned Buffy musical supervisor John King to ask whether the Breeders could be on the show . On November 5 , the group appeared on the episode " Him " , in which they performed " Son of Three " and " Little Fury " . The Breeders ' " Buffy Theme " was also later included on the album Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Radio Sunnydale .
The final track on the " Son of Three " single , " Safari " , written by Deal , was recorded in concert at the Melkweg music venue in Amsterdam in June 2002 as part of the Leiksekade Live radio show . The original studio version of the song had been released on the Breeders ' Safari EP in April 1992 .
= = Release and reception = =
Title TK came out on May 20 – 21 , 2002 , and the " Son of Three " single on September 2 of that year . The single reached No. 72 on the UK Singles Chart . The album and single versions of " Son of Three " have mostly been well received by critics . AllMusic 's Heather Phares calls the Title TK track " sweet [ and ] playfully spiky " , while Will Bryant of Pitchfork cites it as a " standout " of the album , that " get [ s ] the job done " . PopMatters ' Matt Cibula reports " rockin ' ... hard " to the song and comments on the originality of the lyrics , such as the line “ If I find the door / I am the son of Go ” . A reviewer at Contactmusic.com describes the single version of " Son of Three " as " special " , and for NME 's Stephen Dalton , it is a " jewel " . Richard Garnett of Leeds Music Scene similarly praises the track , commenting that " the beefy descending bass line is enough to send shivers " .
Critical appraisal of the single 's B @-@ sides has been mixed . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic characterizes the Breeders ' " Buffy Theme " as " wonderful " . Garnett calls the track " cheap " , noting its short running time ( 1 minute 14 seconds ) . For Dalton , the recording amounts to " a comedy cover " , and the live version of " Safari " is " inessential " . By contrast , the Contactmusic.com reviewer rates this performance of " Safari " as " fantastic " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Charts = =
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= Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two . =
Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two ( stylized as ef - a fairy tale of the two . ) is a two @-@ part Japanese adult visual novel series by Minori for Windows PCs . The first game in the series , Ef : The First Tale , was released on December 22 , 2006 , and the second game , Ef : The Latter Tale , was released on May 30 , 2008 . The opening video for the game was animated by Makoto Shinkai , and a majority of the music was produced by Tenmon , who has worked in the past with Shinkai and Minori . Female character design was by Naru Nanao of Da Capo fame , while male character design was by 2C Galore .
Before the release of Ef : The First Tale , a manga based on the overall story was serialized between 2005 and 2015 starting in Dengeki Comic Gao , but later transferred to Dengeki Daioh . In addition , a light novel was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten 's Comptiq from July 2006 to July 2008 . A 12 @-@ episode anime adaptation titled Ef : A Tale of Memories was produced by Shaft and aired between October and December 2007 . A second season of the anime titled Ef : A Tale of Melodies aired 12 episodes between October and December 2008 .
On September 26 , 2010 , it was announced that MangaGamer had acquired the rights of the visual novel for a worldwide English release , in partnership with the translation group No Name Losers . The English version of the two games were released in 2012 and 2013 . The license holding company Sentai Filmworks licensed both Ef anime series .
= = Gameplay = =
The gameplay requires little interaction from the player as most of the duration of the game is spent simply reading the text that appears on the screen which represents either dialogue between the various characters or the inner thoughts of the protagonist . The player has a chance to assume the role of four protagonists , two in each Ef : The First Tale and Ef : The Latter Tale . Each protagonist is paired with a heroine , and each scenario in the original PC versions of the visual novels includes scenes with sexual content . These scenes are removed or modified in the PlayStation 2 port .
Every so often , the player will come to a point where he or she is given the chance to choose from multiple options . The time between these points is variable and can occur anywhere from a minute to much longer . Gameplay pauses at these points and depending on which choice the player makes , the plot will progress in a specific direction . There are four main plot lines that the player will have the chance to experience , one for each of the heroines in the story . The plot lines carry on from each other in a linear fashion . The game can end prematurely if the player makes the wrong decisions . When this occurs , the player must go back to a previously saved spot and choose different decisions .
For Ef , Minori attempted to create a movie @-@ like experience , using a lot of animated two @-@ dimensional computer graphics presented from various angles . Instead of presenting the visuals straight @-@ on with a character 's image in the middle of the screen and the character being the main focus , the character images in the Ef series are off @-@ center and appear closer to " event " computer graphics ( CGs ) in typical visual novels . These types of CGs occur at certain pivotal times in a visual novel 's story and are meant to be artistic and much more detailed than normal visuals .
= = Plot and characters = =
Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two consists of two parts . The first part is titled Ef : The First Tale and primarily consists of the story of Hiro Hirono , Miyako Miyamura , Kyosuke Tsutsumi , Kei Shindo , and Yuko Amamiya . It consists of a prologue and two main chapters with Miyako as the focus for the first chapter , and Kei for the second . This is followed by the second part of the story , Ef : The Latter Tale , which primarily deals with the story of Renji Aso , Chihiro Shindo , Shuichi Kuze , Mizuki Hayama , and Yu Himura . The second part consists of two more main chapters and an ending chapter , with Chihiro as the focus for the third chapter , and Mizuki for the fourth . Bringing the two parts together forms the all @-@ encompassing Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two . The story is set in the town Otowa ( 音羽 ) .
= = = Ef : The First Tale = = =
Prologue
Yuko Amamiya ( 雨宮 優子 , Amamiya Yūko , voiced by : Yumiko Nakajima ( Japanese ) , Carli Mosier ( English ) ) , a mysterious girl dressed like a nun , and Yu Himura ( 火村 夕 , Himura Yū , voiced by : Kōichi Tōchika ( Japanese ) , David Matranga ( English ) ) , a mysterious gentleman who is somehow attached to the church where Yuko first appears , are having a reunion in a church during Christmas time . Despite her attire , Yuko is not affiliated with the church . She always appears generally out of nowhere , and disappears just as quickly in various places throughout the story to talk with Hiro or other characters and give them advice . Yuko and Yu reminisce about the past and remember events of the previous year around the same time at the beginning of the first chapter of the story . Yuko hints of events that are revealed throughout Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two . After the conclusion of the first chapter , the story cycles back to the prologue and the talk between Yuko and Yu . Yuko ends with her talk about the events in the first chapter . At the end of the second chapter , the story shifts again to the scene with Yuko and Yu . Yuko finishes her talk on the events from the second chapter and says that she misses talking to Hiro , Kyosuke , and their friends . Their talk ends with allusions to the continuation of the story , Ef : The Latter Tale .
First chapter
The first chapter 's protagonist is Hiro Hirono ( 広野 紘 , Hirono Hiro , voiced by : Hiro Shimono ( Japanese ) , Greg Ayres ( English ) ) , an already established manga author despite still attending high school . Due to the pressures of his work , he often skips school and puts most of his time into his job as a manga artist of shōjo manga under the pseudonym " Nagi Shindo " ( 新堂 凪 , Shindō Nagi ) . Writing manga causes him to lose interest in school and focuses mainly on his work in order to earn an income , as usually he does not have much money as it is . While out one Christmas night , a purse snatcher rushes past Hiro on a bike and soon Miyako Miyamura ( 宮村 みやこ , Miyamura Miyako , voiced by : Hiroko Taguchi ( Japanese ) , Luci Christian ( English ) ) appears , chasing after the purse thief , taking Hiro 's bike without asking to pursue the culprit . She ends up destroying his bike , and later hangs out with him for the rest of the night .
Hiro later meets Miyako again at school , and learns that she is a student of the same year there , but in a different class ; she too does not attend classes much because she finds them boring . Miyako has an energetic personality and enjoys doing unorthodox things . She eventually starts to become attracted to Hiro after they start spending more time together , but during this time Hiro 's childhood friend Kei Shindo ( 新藤 景 , Shindō Kei , voiced by : Junko Okada ( Japanese ) , Brittney Karbowski ( English ) ) begins to feel left out and a love triangle develops between the three students . She is attracted to Hiro , and becomes jealous when she finds out how much time he is spending with Miyako Miyamura . Hiro and Miyako eventually become a couple , despite Kei 's feelings for him .
Second chapter
The second chapter begins several months after the end of the first . It is now summer , and the story focuses on a new protagonist named Kyosuke Tsutsumi ( 堤 京介 , Kyōsuke Tsutsumi , voiced by : Yūki Tai ( Japanese ) , Chris Patton ( English ) ) . Kyosuke is an acquaintance of Hiro 's and happens to be in the same grade and school . He has a passion for filming , and constantly carries a digital video recorder around with him . On Christmas night , he saw Kei Shindo , who is the main heroine of the second chapter , running down the street and tried to get a shot of her , but a truck passed by , so he could not get a clean shot of the mystery girl . After thinking about the mystery girl , he ends up quitting the film club and agrees with his girlfriend to break up .
One day , while filming near the gymnasium , Kyosuke catches sight of Kei practicing basketball for her school 's girl 's basketball team and becomes infatuated by her image . He desires to cast Kei in an amateur film he is making for an upcoming film festival . Occupied with thoughts of Kei , he sets out determined to get closer to Kei by becoming better friends with Hiro , Kei 's childhood friend . Kei is one year younger than Hiro and she attends the same school as him too . After being asked to be cast in one of his films , Kei initially refuses Kyosuke 's offer , but agrees to watch some of his previous films . While initially put off by the films , she eventually comes to like aspects of his work . After hanging out together more , the two eventually fall in love and go out together .
= = = Ef : The Latter Tale = = =
Prologue
Ef : The Latter Tale begins once again with Yuko Amamiya and Yu Himura in the middle of a reunion in a church during Christmas time . Yuko tells Yu how she has influenced people in two separate stories ( from Ef : The First Tale ) . After she is done with this , she asks him to tell her about the people he has influenced . Yu starts to tell his first story , that of Chihiro Shindo ; the third chapter begins . Like Yuko , Yu also abruptly appears out of nowhere and disappears just as mysteriously . He often gives advice and warnings to Renji and others . Yu is close to Chihiro and takes care of her . After the conclusion of the third chapter , the story goes back to Yuko and Yu with Yu ending his recount of the third chapter , and goes on to talk about how he and Yuko were separated in the past . Yu starts his recount of the events from the fourth chapter . At the end of the fourth chapter , the story shifts one final time back to Yuko and Yu . Up to this point the two have been recounting individual tales to each other . The meaning of the overall title Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two is revealed to be in connection with Yuko and Yu .
Third chapter
Like the first chapter , the third chapter is also set in winter , but now focuses on another protagonist named Renji Aso ( 麻生 蓮治 , Asō Renji , voiced by : Motoki Takagi ( Japanese ) , Clint Bickham ( English ) ) who is half German , half Japanese . One day , he goes to an abandoned train station in town he would often frequent to read at since it is so quiet there and meets a girl wearing an eyepatch over her left eye and sitting alone named Chihiro Shindo ( 新藤 千尋 , Shindō Chihiro , voiced by : Natsumi Yanase ( Japanese ) , Monica Rial ( English ) ) . Chihiro is the younger twin sister of Kei Shindo from Ef : The First Tale and the main heroine of the third chapter in the story . Despite them being mutually shy , Renji comes back to see her at the station every day after school and quickly becomes friends with her . Renji later learns that she has a severe case of anterograde amnesia , where she can only remember 13 hours ' of memory at a time , aside from the events before the accident that led to her current state , which she can recall perfectly . Now , she carries a diary with her which she writes in every day the events of that day so that the next day , after she had forgotten everything , she will be able to remind herself of what happened the previous day . Ironically , she has a fantastic memory of anything that happened that is less than thirteen hours old .
Renji also finds out that it is her dream to write a fantasy novel , but due to her condition has never been able to get far . Renji loves to read novels , and after discussing it with Chihiro , he collaborates with her to see if he can finally make her dream come true . Through the process of writing the novel , the two eventually become very close and they fall in love with each other . As the story progresses and more of the novel is written , Renji soon discovers that the novel is an allegory for Chihiro 's life and how she sees the world around her due to the state of her limited memory .
Fourth chapter
Shuichi Kuze ( 久瀬 修一 , Kuze Shūichi , voiced by : Kenji Hamada ( Japanese ) , Illich Guardiola ( English ) ) is the main protagonist of the fourth chapter in the story . He is an older man who is a professional violinist . He had been studying abroad in Germany for a time , and comes back to where Ef 's story takes place . Shuichi is a neighbor of Renji 's and is good friends with him despite the age difference . Shuichi knows Yu Himura and Chihiro as well , but she forgets Shuichi due to her condition . He meets the main heroine from the fourth chapter of the story named Mizuki Hayama ( 羽山 ミズキ , Hayama Mizuki , voiced by : Mai Goto ( Japanese ) , Hilary Haag ( English ) ) after being introduced by Renji 's mother . She goes to an affiliated school and admires Kei greatly as someone who is older than she is ; in fact , Mizuki is also on her school 's girl 's basketball team . She greatly enjoys reading shōjo manga . She has a straightforward attitude and likes to be frank towards others , especially to Kei . She initially comes to Otowa to visit her older cousin Renji , and this is when she meets Shuichi . Shuichi keeps to himself that he is dying of a special case of neurosis , of which Mizuki is aware of , but even though she tries to get closer to him , he forcibly pushes her away and rejects her affections . Mizuki becomes depressed and obtains Chihiro 's diary . Casually reading it , she finds Yu 's name which she recognizes from her past . Mizuki goes to the church to find Yu , but the chapter ends shortly after .
= = Development and release history = =
Planning for Ef started in 2004 headed by Nobukazu Sakai ( also known as nbkz ) , who is the main producer for Minori . The director for Ef was Mikage , who was also one of the main scenario writers along with Yū Kagami . Character design for Ef was headed by two artists , Naru Nanao who drew the female characters , and 2C Galore who drew the males . The opening movie animation was done via a collaboration between the animation studio Ajia @-@ do Animation Works and Makoto Shinkai . Music in the Ef series was provided by Tenmon , who was the sole composer for Ef : The First Tale , and was accompanied by Eiichirō Yanagi for additional music used in Ef : The Latter Tale . It cost Minori over 100 million yen to produce the Ef series .
A fan disc entitled Ef : First Fan Disc was initially released during Comiket 72 between August 11 and August 13 , 2007 ; the disc , playable on a PC was later sold in retail stores starting on August 25 , 2007 . The disc , unlike the normal visual novels in the series , did not contain adult content , and offered a glimpse into the world of Ef , though only touched on points from Ef : The First Tale , the first game in the series . Ef : The First Tale was released as an adult game for the PC on December 22 , 2006 . The second game in the series , Ef : The Latter Tale was released on May 30 , 2008 . MangaGamer released both games in English : Ef : The First Tale was released on July 27 , 2012 and Ef : The Latter Tale was released on December 20 , 2013 .
A game demo of Ef : The First Tale is available via a free download at Getchu.com 's special website for Ef : The First Tale . A second fan disc entitled Ef : Second Fan Mix , released as a preview of Ef : The Latter Tale , was initially released at during Comiket 73 on December 29 , 2007 ; the disc , playable on a PC , was later sold in retail stores starting on February 8 , 2008 . A PlayStation 2 port combining The First Tale and The Latter Tale was released on April 29 , 2010 published by Comfort . A fan disc titled Tenshi no Nichiyōbi " Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two " Pleasurable Box . ( 天使の日曜日 " ef - a fairy tale of the two " Pleasurable Box . ) was released on September 17 , 2010 .
= = Adaptations = =
= = = Print media = = =
A manga adaptation titled Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two began serialization in the April 2005 issue of the shōnen manga magazine Dengeki Comic Gao ! sold on February 27 , 2005 , published by MediaWorks . The manga ended serialization in the April 2008 issue Dengeki Comic Gao ! at 35 chapters , but continued serialization in the June 2008 issue of ASCII Media Works ' manga magazine Dengeki Daioh sold on April 21 , 2008 . After a lengthy hiatus , the manga ended serialization in the March 2015 issue . The story was written by Mikage and Yū Kagami , two scenario writers of Minori , and illustrated by Juri Miyabi . Ten tankōbon volumes were published under ASCII Media Works ' Dengeki Comics imprint between February 27 , 2006 and January 27 , 2015 .
A series of 24 short side @-@ stories in a light novel form were serialized under the title Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two Another Tale in Kadokawa Shoten 's seinen magazine Comptiq between the July 2006 and July 2008 issues sold on June 10 , 2006 and June 10 , 2008 , respectively . The stories are written by the same scenario staff as with the original games and manga , and illustration is handled by Naru Nanao , 2C Galore , and Mitsuishi Shōna . The chapters of Another Tale were released in a single volume on February 27 , 2009 entitled Another Tales .. Another two separate light novels , under the general title Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two , were published by Fujimi Shobo on October 25 , 2007 . They were written by Yū Kagami , and illustrated by Kinusa Shimotsuki . The first novel was a novelization of Miyako 's route , and the second was centered around Kei 's route .
The Ef series , encompassing the visual novels and anime adaptation , was the only Minori title to receive coverage in an entire issue of Dengeki G 's Festival ! Deluxe , a special edition version of Dengeki G 's Magazine which is published by ASCII Media Works ; the issue in question was the first , and was published on November 30 , 2007 . Along with information pertaining to Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two and Ef : A Tale of Memories , the magazine came bundled with an ergonomic mousepad , a small cell phone cleaner which can also attach to a cell phone , and an ID card / pass case .
= = = Radio shows and drama CDs = = =
There are two Internet radio shows for Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two The first , entitled Omoshiro Minori Hōsōkyoku ( おもしろミノリ放送局 ) , was broadcast between October 13 , 2006 to June 1 , 2007 every Friday and was produced by Onsen , Cospa , and Minori . The show contained thirty @-@ three episodes and was mainly used to promote the visual novels . In this way , the promotion mainly entailed news about the series and any updates related to the visual novels while also discussing points about the games themselves . The second radio broadcast began on June 8 , 2007 called Yumiko & Yūna no Ef Memo Radio ( ゆみこ & ゆうなのえふメモらじお ) . This broadcast is mainly used to promote the anime series which entails reporting on updates related to the anime and goods for the anime including musical CDs or DVDs .
A set of four drama CDs were released by Frontier Works based on the series between October 2006 and April 2007 . A special edition drama CD was released on November 21 , 2007 , and another special drama CD was released on January 1 , 2008 . The first print release of the special edition CD will contain comments from the cast . The drama CDs used the same female cast as with the games and anime versions ( albeit under assumed names ) , but the two males that appeared in the dramas , Hiro and Kyosuke , had different voice actors in respect to the anime version . Hiro was voiced by Takashi Shōman , and Kyosuke was by Shō Shiroki .
= = = Anime = = =
On August 24 , 2007 , a short prologue for an Ef anime series was released as a DVD . The prologue was a teaser which introduced the characters and some conflict that would appear in the series . The anime series , under the title Ef : A Tale of Memories , aired 12 episodes on Chiba TV between October 7 and December 22 , 2007 . The anime was produced by Shaft and directed by Shin Ōnuma who volunteered for the job when it was offered . Even though the script for Ef : The Latter Tale was finished at the time of the anime 's production , in order to direct the anime from the viewer 's standpoint , Shin Ōnuma himself never read it . However , Katsuhiko Takayama who wrote the screenplay for the anime , had read the script . Each episode ends with a still image drawn by Japanese illustrators of anime , manga , and visual novels . The first letter in each episode 's title , plus the " coda " title of the last episode , can be brought together to form " Euphoric Field " . The series was released in six limited and regular edition DVD compilations , each containing two episodes . The first DVD volume was released on December 7 , 2007 , and the sixth DVD was released on May 9 , 2008 . A second season entitled Ef : A Tale of Melodies aired 12 episodes between October 7 and December 22 , 2008 in Japan . The license holding company Sentai Filmworks licensed both Ef anime series . The DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc box sets of Ef : A Tale of Memories were released on January 31 , 2012 in North America with an English dub , and the Ef : A Tale of Melodies box sets were released on March 20 , 2012 .
= = Music = =
The opening theme song for Ef : The First Tale is " Yūkyū no Tsubasa " ( 悠久の翼 , Eternal Feather ) by Hitomi Harada which was released as a maxi single called " Eternal Feather " on October 27 , 2006 . For Ef : The Latter Tale , the opening theme is " Emotional Flutter " , and the ending theme is " Ever Forever " ; the single containing the two themes was released on April 11 , 2008 . Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two 's original soundtrack , Alato , was released on February 27 , 2009 containing three CDs . The PlayStation 2 version released by Comfort will include an image song CD in the game disc , which will contain a song called " Echt Forgather " by Hitomi Harada .
The opening theme for Ef : A Tale of Memories , starting with episode three , is the English version of " Euphoric Field " by Tenmon featuring Elisa . The first episode used a background music track for the opening theme , and the second and tenth episodes had no opening theme ; the English version of " Euphoric Field " was also used for the ending theme in episode two . The Japanese version of " Euphoric Field " was used as the opening theme for the twelfth episode . The opening theme single was released on October 24 , 2007 by Geneon . The first ending theme for the anime is " I 'm here " by Hiroko Taguchi which was used for episodes one , three , seven , and ten ; the single for the song ( entitled " Adagio by Miyako Miyamura " ) was also released on October 24 , 2007 by Geneon . The second ending theme , " Kizamu Kisetsu " ( 刻む季節 , Carving Season ) by Junko Okada , was used for episodes four , five , and nine , and the single ( entitled " Vivace by Kei Shindo " ) was released on November 21 , 2007 . The third ending theme , " Sora no Yume " ( 空の夢 , Sky 's Dream ) by Natsumi Yanase , was used for episode six , eight , and eleven , though the second verse of the song was used in that episode ; the single ( entitled " Andante by Chihiro Shindo " ) was released on December 21 , 2007 . A remix of the visual novel 's theme song called " Yūkyū no Tsubasa 07.mix " ( 悠久の翼 07.mix , Eternal Feather 07.mix ) sung by Yumiko Nakajima was used as the ending theme in episode twelve . The single for this ( entitled " Yūkyū no Tsubasa 07.mix / Euphoric Field live.mix " ) was released on September 26 , 2008 . The first original soundtrack for the anime series ( Espressivo ) was released on February 8 , 2008 , and the second ( Fortissimo ) was released on April 2 , 2008 .
The opening theme of Ef : A Tale of Melodies is the English version of " Ebullient Future " , also by Tenmon featuring Elisa , with the sixth episode featuring the instrumental version and episode eleven with the second verse . The opening sequence is shown to change many times ; episode ten contains no opening , but a piano remix of the song was used as the ending for that same episode . Episode twelve uses the Japanese version of the song , with a different opening sequence . The first ending theme is called " Egao no Chikara " ( 笑顔のチカラ , Strength of Smiles ) by Mai Goto and was used in episode two through five , seven , and the second verse was used in episode eleven . The second ending theme is called " Negai no Kakera " ( 願いのカケラ , Pieces of Wish ) by Yumiko Nakajima which was used in episode six , nine , and the second verse was used in episode eight . The song " A moon filled sky . " by Mai Goto was featured at the end of episode eleven and a new Japanese version of the opening sequence of the first season was inserted in the same episode . Episode twelve uses the song " Ever Forever OG.mix " sung by the voice actresses of all the major female characters . The singles for " Ebullient Future " and " Egao no Chikara " ( the latter entitled " Fermata by Mizuki Hayama " ) were released on November 5 , 2008 and the single for " Negai no Kakera " ( entitled " Fine by Yuko Amamiya " ) was released on November 26 , 2008 . The first original soundtrack for the series ( Elegia ) was released on December 26 , 2008 while the second original soundtrack ( Felice ) was released on February 27 , 2009 .
= = Reception = =
In the October 2007 issue of Dengeki G 's Magazine , poll results for the fifty best bishōjo games were released . Out of 249 titles , Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two ranked 23rd with 11 votes , tying with Muv @-@ Luv Alternative and Snow . The first game in the Ef series , Ef : The First Tale , was the highest selling game for the month of December 2006 on Getchu.com , and dropped to 19th in the ranking the following month . Also , Ef : The First Tale was the fourth most widely sold game of 2006 on Getchu.com despite it being released with a little over a week left in 2006 . In the January 25 , 2007 issue of the Japanese gaming magazine PC News , it was reported that Ef : The First Tale was the fifth @-@ highest selling game of 2006 with 40 @,@ 843 units sold . Across the national ranking of bishōjo games in amount sold in Japan , Ef : The First Tale premiered at number two , and ranked twice more at number five and 32 . From mid @-@ April to mid @-@ May 2008 , Ef : The Latter Tale ranked fourth in national PC game pre @-@ orders in Japan . Ef : The Latter Tale ranked first in terms of national sales of PC games in Japan in May 2008 , and ranked at 30th on the same ranking the following month .
Theron Martin of Anime News Network reviewed the Blu @-@ ray edition of Ef : A Tale of Memories , where he praised the anime series for not resorting to " even a whiff of the supernatural " , and called the way in which characters behave as " largely believable " . The anime received a mostly positive review from Bradley Meek THEM Anime Reviews . Bradley appreciated the animation , saying that " It does wonders for the mood in the series , adding a tangible layer of mysticism and fantasy . " However , he criticized the series being " cheesy and melodramatic more often than not . " He concluded the review saying , " Despite some laughable melodrama , the raw emotions and Shaft 's hypnotic animation makes ef ~ a tale of memories ~ a memorable romance . The plotting is slow , though , so it 's not for people with short attention spans . "
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= Social identity theory =
A social identity is the portion of an individual 's self @-@ concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group . As originally formulated by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s and the 1980s , social identity theory introduced the concept of a social identity as a way in which to explain intergroup behaviour .
Social identity theory is best described as a theory that predicts certain intergroup behaviours on the basis of perceived group status differences , the perceived legitimacy and stability of those status differences , and the perceived ability to move from one group to another . This contrasts with occasions where the term " social identity theory " is used to refer to general theorizing about human social selves . Moreover , and although some researchers have treated it as such , social identity theory was never intended to be a general theory of social categorization . It was awareness of the limited scope of social identity theory that led John Turner and colleagues to develop a cousin theory in the form of self @-@ categorization theory , which built on the insights of social identity theory to produce a more general account of self and group processes . The term social identity approach , or social identity perspective , is suggested for describing the joint contributions of both social identity theory and self @-@ categorization theory .
= = Aspects = =
= = = The interpersonal @-@ intergroup continuum = = =
Social identity theory states that social behavior will vary along a continuum between interpersonal behavior and intergroup behaviour . Completely interpersonal behaviour would be behaviour determined solely by the individual characteristics and interpersonal relationships that exists between two or more people . Completely intergroup behaviour would be behaviour determined solely by the social category memberships that apply to two or more people .
The authors of social identity theory state that purely interpersonal or purely intergroup behaviour is unlikely to be found in realistic social situations . Rather , behaviour is expected to be driven by a compromise between the two extremes . The cognitive nature of personal vs. social identities , and the relationship between them , is more fully developed in self @-@ categorization theory . Social identity theory instead focuses on the social structural factors that will predict which end of the spectrum will most influence an individual 's behaviour , along with the forms that that behavior may take .
= = = Positive distinctiveness = = =
A key assumption in social identity theory is that individuals are intrinsically motivated to achieve positive distinctiveness . That is , individuals " strive for a positive self @-@ concept " . As individuals to varying degrees may be defined and informed by their respective social identities ( as per the interpersonal @-@ intergroup continuum ) it is further derived in social identity theory that " individuals strive to achieve or to maintain positive social identity " . It should be noted that the precise nature of this strive for positive self @-@ concept is a matter of debate ( see the self @-@ esteem hypothesis ) .
Both the interpersonal @-@ intergroup continuum and the assumption of positive distinctiveness motivation arose as outcomes of the findings of minimal group studies . In particular , it was found that under certain conditions individuals would endorse resource distributions that would maximize the positive distinctiveness of an ingroup in contrast to an outgroup at the expense of personal self @-@ interest .
= = = Positive distinctiveness strategies = = =
Building on the above components , social identity theory details a variety of strategies that may be invoked in order to achieve positive distinctiveness . The individual 's choice of behaviour is posited to be dictated largely by the perceived intergroup relationship . In particular the choice of strategy is an outcome of the perceived permeability of group boundaries ( e.g. , whether a group member may pass from a low status group into a high status group ) , as well as the perceived stability and legitimacy of the intergroup status hierarchy . The self @-@ enhancing strategies detailed in social identity theory are detailed below . Importantly , although these are viewed from the perspective of a low status group member , comparable behaviours may also be adopted by high status group members .
= = = = Individual mobility = = = =
It is predicted that under conditions where the group boundaries are considered permeable individuals are more likely to engage in individual mobility strategies . That is , individuals " disassociate from the group and pursue individual goals designed to improve their personal lot rather than that of their ingroup " .
= = = = Social creativity = = = =
Where group boundaries are considered impermeable , and where status relations are considered reasonably stable , individuals are predicted to engage in social creativity behaviours . Here , low @-@ status ingroup members are still able to increase their positive distinctiveness without necessarily changing the objective resources of the ingroup or the outgroup . This may be achieved by comparing the ingroup to the outgroup on some new dimension , changing the values assigned to the attributes of the group , and choosing an alternative outgroup by which to compare the ingroup .
= = = = Social competition = = = =
Here an ingroup seeks positive distinctiveness via direct competition with the outgroup in the form of ingroup favoritism . It is considered competitive in that in this case favoritism for the ingroup occurs on a value dimension that is shared by all relevant social groups ( in contrast to social creativity scenarios ) . Social competition is predicted to occur when group boundaries are considered impermeable , and when status relations are considered to be reasonably unstable . Although not privileged in the theory , it is this positive distinctiveness strategy that has received the greatest amount of attention .
= = Development = =
= = = Historical background = = =
By the late 1920s the collectivist perspective had all but disappeared from mainstream social psychology . Around the time of the first formal statement of social identity theory , Tajfel wrote this on the state of social psychology :
" Thus , social categorization is still conceived as a haphazardly floating ' independent variable ' which strikes at random as the spirit moves it . No links are made or attempted , between the conditions determining its presence and mode of operation , and its outcomes in widely diffused commonalities of social behaviour . Why , when and how is social categorisation salient or not salient ? What kind of shared constructions of social reality , mediated through social categorization , lead to a social climate in which large masses of people feel they are in long @-@ term conflict with other masses ? What , for example , are the psychological transitions from a stable to an unstable social system ? " ( Original emphasis , p . 188 )
Thus , social identity theory in part reflects a desire to reestablish a more collectivist approach to social psychology of the self and social groups .
= = Implications = =
= = = Ingroup favoritism = = =
In @-@ group favoritism ( also known as " ingroup bias " , despite Turner 's objections to the term ) is an effect where people give preferential treatment to others when they are perceived to be in the same ingroup . Social identity attributes the cause of ingroup favoritism to a psychological need for positive distinctiveness and describes the situations where ingroup favoritism is likely to occur ( as a function of perceived group status , legitimacy , stability , and permeability ) . It has been shown via the minimal group studies that ingroup favoritism may occur for both arbitrary ingroups ( e.g. a coin toss may split participants into a ' heads ' group and a ' tails ' group ) as well as non @-@ arbitrary ingroups ( e.g. ingroups based on cultures , genders , sexual orientation , and first languages ) .
Continued study into the relationship between social categorization and ingroup favoritism has explored the relative prevalences of the ingroup favoritism vs. outgroup discrimination , explored different manifestations of ingroup favoritism , and has explored the relationship between ingroup favoritism and other psychological constraints ( e.g. , existential threat ) .
= = Controversies = =
= = = Self @-@ esteem hypothesis = = =
Social identity theory proposes that people are motivated to achieve and maintain positive concepts of themselves . Some researchers , including Michael Hogg and Dominic Abrams , thus propose a fairly direct relationship between positive social identity and self @-@ esteem . In what has become known as the " self @-@ esteem hypothesis " , self @-@ esteem is predicted to relate to in @-@ group bias in two ways . Firstly , successful intergroup discrimination elevates self @-@ esteem . Secondly , depressed or threatened self @-@ esteem promotes intergroup discrimination . Empirical support for these predictions has been mixed .
Some social identity theorists , including John Turner , consider the self @-@ esteem hypothesis as not canonical to social identity theory . In fact , the self @-@ esteem hypothesis is argued to be conflictual with the tenets of the theory . It is argued that the self @-@ esteem hypothesis misunderstands the distinction between a social identity and a personal identity . Along those lines , John Turner and Penny Oakes argue against an interpretation of positive distinctiveness as a straight forward need for self @-@ esteem or " quasi @-@ biological drive toward prejudice " . They instead favour a somewhat more complex conception of positive self @-@ concept as a reflection of the ideologies and social values of the perceiver . Additionally , it is argued that the self @-@ esteem hypothesis neglects the alternative strategies to maintaining a positive self @-@ concept that are articulated in social identity theory ( i.e. , individual mobility and social creativity ) .
= = = Positive @-@ negative asymmetry = = =
In what has been dubbed the Positive @-@ Negative Asymmetry Phenomenon , researchers have shown that punishing the out @-@ group benefits self @-@ esteem less than rewarding the in @-@ group . From this finding it has been extrapolated that social identity theory is therefore unable to deal with bias on negative dimensions . Social identity theorists , however , point out that for ingroup favouritism to occur a social identity " must be psychologically salient " , and that negative dimensions may be experienced as a " less fitting basis for self @-@ definition " . This important qualification is subtly present in social identity theory , but is further developed in self @-@ categorization theory . Empirical support for this perspective exist . It has been shown that when experiment participants can self @-@ select negative dimensions that define the ingroup no positive – negative asymmetry is found .
= = = Intergroup similarity = = =
It has been posited that social identity theory suggests that similar groups should have an increased motivation to differentiate themselves from each other . Subsequently , empirical findings where similar groups are shown to possess increased levels of intergroup attraction and decreased levels of in @-@ group bias have been interpreted as problematic for the theory . Elsewhere it has been suggested that this apparent inconsistency may be resolved by attending to social identity theory 's emphasis on the importance of the perceived stability and legitimacy of the intergroup status hierarchy .
= = = Predictive power = = =
Social identity theory has been criticised for having far greater explanatory power than predictive power . That is , while the relationship between independent variables and the resulting intergroup behaviour may be consistent with the theory in retrospect , that particular outcome is often not that which was predicted at the outset . A rebuttal to this charge is that the theory was never advertised as the definitive answer to understanding intergroup relationships . Instead it is stated that social identity theory must go hand in hand with sufficient understanding of the specific social context under consideration . The latter argument is consistent with the explicit importance that the authors of social identity theory placed on the role of " objective " factors , stating that in any particular situation " the effects of [ social identity theory ] variables are powerfully determined by the previous social , economic , and political processes " .
= = = SIT @-@ lite = = =
Some researchers interpret social identity theory as drawing a direct link between identification with a social group and ingroup favoritism . For example , Charles Stangor and John Jost state that " a main premise of social identity theory is that ingroup members will favour their own group over other groups " . This interpretation is rejected by other researchers . For example , Alex Haslam states that " although vulgarized versions of social identity theory argue that ' social identification leads automatically to discrimination and bias ' , in fact … discrimination and conflict are anticipated only in a limited set of circumstances " . The likening of social identity theory with social competition and ingroup favouritism is partly attributable to the fact that early statements of the theory included empirical examples of ingroup favouritism , while alternative positive distinctiveness strategies ( e.g. , social creativity ) were at that stage theoretical assertions . Regardless , in some circles the prediction of a straightforward identification @-@ bias correlation has earned the pejorative title " social identity theory @-@ lite " .
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= SMS Jagd =
SMS Jagd was an aviso of the Imperial German Navy , the second and final member of the Wacht class . She had one sister ship , Wacht . Jagd was laid down in 1887 at the AG Weser shipyard , launched in July 1888 , and commissioned in June 1889 . She served in the German fleet for the next fifteen years , until she was withdrawn from active duty in 1904 . Thereafter , she was used as a harbor ship . In 1910 , she was stricken from the naval register and hulked . She was later used as a torpedo training platform until 1920 , when she was sold for scrapping .
= = Design = =
Jagd was 85 @.@ 5 meters ( 281 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 9 @.@ 66 m ( 31 @.@ 7 ft ) and a maximum draft of 3 @.@ 74 m ( 12 @.@ 3 ft ) forward . She displaced 1 @,@ 499 metric tons ( 1 @,@ 475 long tons ; 1 @,@ 652 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two angled 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines . Steam for the engines was provided by four coal @-@ fired locomotive boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 19 kn ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) and a range of approximately 2 @,@ 860 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 300 km ; 3 @,@ 290 mi ) at 10 kn ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Jagd had a crew of 7 officers and 134 enlisted men .
As built , the ship was armed with three 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) K L / 35 gun placed in single pivot mounts . The guns were supplied with a total of 180 rounds of ammunition . Jagd also carried three 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tubes , one mounted submerged in the bow and the other two in deck @-@ mounted launchers on the broadside . In 1891 , four 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 30 guns in single mounts were added . The ship was the first German aviso to carry armor : a 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) thick deck , along with 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) of armor plating for the conning tower .
= = Service history = =
Jagd was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in 1887 . She was launched on 7 July 1888 , after which fitting @-@ out work was completed . The finished ship was commissioned into the German fleet on 25 June 1889 . She served in the fleet starting in 1889 . Jagd served in the Training Squadron in 1891 as a torpedo boat flotilla leader , along with the avisos Blitz and Pfeil . During the annual summer exercises , the Training Squadron served as the hostile fleet , and conducted a mock attack on the harbor at Kiel . In 1893 , Jagd was assigned as the dispatch vessel for the II Division of the Maneuver Squadron . During the 1896 annual maneuvers , Jagd was assigned to the I Division .
She was transferred to the I Division in 1897 , where she participated in the annual fleet exercises in August and September . After the conclusion of the maneuvers , the Maneuver Squadron returned to its home port in Wilhelmshaven . She served in the defending squadron during the August – September 1900 maneuvers . In 1904 , Jagd was withdrawn from active service and used as a harbor ship . Jagd was stricken from the naval register on 14 May 1910 and subsequently hulked . She was based in Friedrichsort outside Kiel and used as a firing platform for torpedo training until she was broken up for scrap in 1920 at Rüstringen .
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= William Shirley =
William Shirley ( 2 December 1694 – 24 March 1771 ) was a British colonial administrator who was the longest @-@ serving governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay ( 1741 – 1749 and 1753 – 1756 ) and then Governor of the Bahamas ( 1760 – 1768 ) . He is best known for his role in organizing the 1745 Siege of Louisbourg during King George 's War , and for his role in military affairs during the French and Indian War . He spent most of his years in the colonial administration of North America working to defeat New France , but his lack of formal military training led to political difficulties and his eventual downfall .
Politically well connected , Shirley began his career in Massachusetts as advocate general in the admiralty court , and quickly became an opponent of Governor Jonathan Belcher . He joined with Belcher 's other political enemies to bring about Belcher 's recall , and was appointed Governor of Massachusetts Bay in Belcher 's place . He successfully quieted political divisions within the province , and was able to bring about united action against New France when King George 's War began in 1744 . The successful Siege of Louisbourg , which Shirley had a major role in organizing , was one of the high points of his administration .
After King George 's War Shirley became mired in disputes over funding and accounting for the war effort , and returned to England in 1749 to deal with political and legal matters arising from those disputes . He was then assigned to a commission established by Great Britain and France to determine the colonial borders in North America . His hard @-@ line approach to these negotiations contributed to their failure , and he returned to Massachusetts in 1753 .
Military matters again dominated Shirley 's remaining years in Massachusetts , with the French and Indian War beginning in 1754 . Shirley led a military expedition to reinforce Fort Oswego in 1755 , and became Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , North America upon the death of General Edward Braddock . His difficulties in organizing expeditions in 1755 and 1756 were compounded by political disputes with New York politicians , and over military matters with Indian agent Sir William Johnson . These disagreements led to his recall in 1757 as both Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief and as governor . In his later years he served as governor of the Bahamas , before returning to Massachusetts , where he died .
= = Early life = =
William Shirley , the son of William and Elizabeth Godman Shirley , was born on 2 December 1694 at Preston Manor in East Sussex , England . He was educated at Pembroke College , Cambridge , and then read law at the Inner Temple in London . In 1717 his grandfather died , leaving him Ote Hall in Wivelsfield and some funds , which he used to purchase a clerkship in London . About the same time he married Frances Barker , with whom he had a large number of children . He was called to the bar in 1720 . Although his inheritance had been substantial ( about £ 10 @,@ 000 ) , he cultivated an expensive lifestyle , and suffered significant financial reverses in the depression of 1721 . The financial demands of his large family ( he and Frances had eight children by 1731 ) prompted him to seek an appointment in the North American colonies . His family was connected by marriage to the Duke of Newcastle , who became an important patron and sponsor of Shirley 's advancement , and to that of Arthur Onslow , the Speaker of the House of Commons . Armed with letters of introduction from Newcastle and others ( but no appointment ) , Shirley arrived in Boston , Massachusetts in 1731 .
= = Advocate general = =
Shirley was initially received with indifference by Massachusetts Governor Jonathan Belcher , who refused him patronage positions that became available . In 1733 Shirley sought to secure from David Dunbar the commission as the crown surveyor general , but Dunbar eventually decided to retain the office . Influence from Newcastle eventually yielded Shirley a position as advocate general in the admiralty court . Belcher resisted further entreaties from Newcastle to promote Shirley , and Shirley began using his position to actively prosecute Belcher supporters whose illegal logging activities came under his jurisdiction .
Shirley also made common cause with Samuel Waldo , a wealthy merchant and major landowner in the province eastern district ( present @-@ day Maine ) where Belcher 's lax enforcement of timber @-@ cutting laws was harming his business with the Royal Navy . In 1736 Shirley sent his wife to London to lobby on his behalf against Belcher . Waldo also eventually went to London ; the combination of Shirley 's connection to Newcastle and Waldo 's money soon made inroads in the colonial administration . When these were joined by discontented New Hampshire interests ( Belcher was also governor of New Hampshire ) , a full @-@ scale offensive was launched in the late 1730s to unseat Belcher . This included at least one forged letter on the part of Belcher opponents in an attempt to discredit the governor , which Shirley denounced . By 1738 Newcastle was in a dominant position in not just the colonial administration , but also in the British government as an opponent of Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole , and he actively encouraged Belcher 's opponents .
In 1739 the Privy Council reprimanded Belcher , voted to separate the Massachusetts and New Hampshire governorships , and began debating the idea of replacing the governor . The exact reasons for Belcher 's dismissal have been a recurring subject of scholarly interest , due to the many colonial , imperial , and political factors at play . Two principal themes within these analyses are Belcher 's acquisition of many local enemies , and the idea that good imperial governance in London eventually required his replacement . Before the issues of 1739 most of the efforts to unseat Belcher had failed : Belcher himself noted in that year that " the warr I am ingag 'd in is carrying on in much the same manner as for 9 years past . " Historian Stephen Foster further notes that someone as powerful as Newcastle was at the time generally had much weightier issues to deal with than arbitrating colonial politics . In this instance , however , imperial and colonial considerations coincided over the need for Massachusetts to provide a significant number of troops for Newcastle 's proposed West Indies expedition in the War of Jenkins ' Ear . In April 1740 Newcastle in effect offered Shirley the opportunity to prove , in the light of Belcher 's political difficulties , that he could more effectively raise troops than the governor could . Shirley consequently engaged in recruiting , principally outside Massachusetts ( where Belcher refused his offers of assistance , understanding what was going on ) , and deluged Newcastle with documentation of his successes while Belcher was preoccupied with a banking crisis . Newcastle handed the issue off to Martin Bladen , secretary to the Board of Trade and a known Belcher opponent . The Board of Trade then apparently decided , based on the weight of the extant evidence , that Belcher needed to be replaced . In April 1741 the Privy Council approved William Shirley 's commission as governor of Massachusetts , and Benning Wentworth 's commission as governor of New Hampshire was issued the following June .
= = Governor of Massachusetts = =
When Shirley assumed the governorship of Massachusetts in August 1741 , he was immediately confronted with a currency crisis . The province had been suffering for many years with inflation caused by issuance of increasing quantities of paper currency . Late in Belcher 's tenure , competing banking proposals had been made in a bid to address the issue , and a popular proposal for a bank secured by real estate had been enacted . This bank ( the controversy over it having contributed to Belcher 's recall ) had been dissolved by an Act of Parliament , and Shirley had to negotiate the dissolution of the bank 's assets and reclamation of the notes it had issued . In this process , which occupied the rest of 1741 , Shirley deftly navigated legislation through the provincial assembly that provided a schedule for redeeming the bank 's currency without causing the bank 's principal owners to collapse under a deluge of redemptions .
With rising tensions Shirley acted to strengthen the military defenses of the colony . He created a series of volunteer militia companies along the frontier . These included Burke 's Rangers and Gorham 's Rangers which became the model for Shirley 's more famous creation Roger 's Rangers .
= = = Outbreak of war = = =
Britain captured Acadia from France in Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 – 1713 ) , but the Treaty of Utrecht left Cape Breton Island in French hands , and did not clearly demarcate a boundary between New France and the British colonies on the Atlantic coast . To protect the crucial passageway of the Saint Lawrence River into the heart of New France , France built a strong fortress at Louisbourg on the Atlantic coast of Cape Breton Island .
When Shirley took office , relations between France and Britain were strained , and there was a possibility that Britain would be drawn into the War of the Austrian Succession , which had started on the European mainland in 1740 . Shirley was able to finesse his restrictions on the production of paper currency to achieve an updating of the province 's defences , and in 1742 requested permission from the Board of Trade for the printing of additional currency should war break out . This permission was granted in 1743 , along with a warning that war with France was likely . France declared war against Britain in March 1744 , and forces from Louisbourg raided the British fishing port of Canso on the northern end of mainland Nova Scotia before its residents were aware they were at war . French privateers also began preying on British and colonial vessels . British colonial governors along the coast , including Shirley , sent colonial guard ships and authorized their own privateers in response , neutralizing the French activity .
Canso was used by New England fishermen , and as such its fall was of interest to Massachusetts . Shirley had , prior to its capture , received a request for assistance from the lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia , Paul Mascarene , for support in the defence of Annapolis Royal . In response to the fall of Canso and a second , urgent request from Mascarene , Shirley promptly despatched two companies of volunteers to Annapolis Royal . The timely arrival of these troops in early July broke up a siege .
John Bradstreet , who had been captured at Canso and held prisoner at Louisbourg , returned to New England in a prisoner exchange , and gave a detailed report to Shirley that emphasised the weaknesses of the French fort . William Vaughn , who owned several businesses in Maine that were vulnerable to raids from New France , toured New England advocating an expedition to capture Louisbourg . Shirley and other leaders in New England and New York sent letters to colonial authorities in London seeking support for such an expedition , citing the vulnerable conditions at Louisbourg . Vaughn and Bradstreet wanted to attack Louisbourg that winter with an all @-@ colonial force . Shirley doubted the practicality of that plan , but in January 1745 submitted it to the provincial assembly ( General Court ) , which declined to support the plan , but did request that Britain undertake an attack on Louisbourg .
Vaughn continued to advocate for a quick all @-@ American expedition , enlisting the support of fishing captains , merchants and 200 " principal gentlemen " of Boston . Shirley called the General Court into session to discuss the matter once more , and the proposal was submitted to a committee chaired by William Pepperrell . The committee reported favourably on the plan , and it was approved by a single vote when several opponents were absent from the chamber .
Shirley appointed a reluctant William Pepperrell to command the expedition , William Vaughn was appointed colonel , but without a command position , and John Bradstreet was appointed as a military advisor to Pepperrell . Shirley requested support for the expedition from Peter Warren , commodore of the Royal Navy squadron in the West Indies , but Warren declined due to the strenuous objections of his captains . This news arrived in Boston just as the expedition was preparing to leave .
Despite the absence of support from the Royal Navy , the New England expedition set out in March 1745 for Louisbourg . More than 4 @,@ 000 men on more than 90 transports ( mainly fishing boats and coastal traders ) , escorted by six colonial guard ships , descended on Canso , where the expedition waited for the ice to clear from Gabarus Bay , the site just south of Louisbourg that had been chosen for the troop landing . Starting on 22 April the expedition was joined by four Royal Navy warships under the command of Commodore Warren , who received orders ( issued in January , but not received until after his previous refusal ) to assist the expedition .
= = = Siege of Louisbourg = = =
The provincial forces began landing at Gabarus Bay on 30 April , and laid siege to the fortress while the British ships blockaded the harbour . The Americans began suffering battle losses , while the British naval officers , who had a low opinion of American soldiers , grew increasingly critical of the American efforts . Warren tried to exert control over the provincial troops , but Pepperrell resisted him . Louisbourg surrendered on 17 June . The Americans lost 180 men in combat , to disease or at sea during the siege , while the Royal Navy ships did not fire on the fortress , and lost just one sailor . As the victors settled into occupation of Louisbourg , friction grew between the Americans and the British . The terms of surrender guaranteed the French in all of their possessions ; there was no plunder for the American troops . On the other hand , the Royal Navy had captured several rich French prizes , and British sailors on shore leave bragged to the Americans about how rich they were going to be from their shares .
The American troops had signed up to capture Louisbourg , and expected to go home after siege ended . The British government , who had believed that the provincial troops were incapable of capturing Louisbourg on their own , had made no plans to send British troops to take over occupation of the fortress . When it become evident that British troops would not be relieving the provincials until after winter had passed , Governor Shirley travelled to Louisbourg to raise the morale of the troops . His first speech to the troops had little effect , and some troops were close to mutiny . In a second speech Shirley promised to send home more troops immediately , and provide higher pay and better supplies for those who stayed until spring . Honors from the British government were sparse ; Pepperrell was made a baronet , he and Shirley were made colonels in the British Army with the right to raise their own regiments , and Warren was promoted to rear admiral .
= = = Aborted campaign = = =
Shirley had engaged in the Louisbourg campaign primarily as a way to ensure British interests in the Atlantic fisheries . The victory , however , made him expand his vision to encompass the possibility of capturing all of New France . After capturing the French fort he wrote to Newcastle , proposing a series of expeditions to gain control of all of North America as far west as the Mississippi River , starting with one that would go up the Saint Lawrence from Louisbourg . Upon his return to Boston , Shirley began making preparations for such an expedition . In May 1746 he received plans for London outlining an attempt on Quebec using Royal Navy and provincial forces , while a second expedition was to attack Fort Saint @-@ Frédéric on Lake Champlain . Shirley stepped up recruiting in Massachusetts and asked neighboring governors to contribute men and resources to the effort . Expected support from Britain never arrived , however , and the 1746 expeditions were called off .
While waiting for definite word from London of plans for 1747 Shirley beefed up the province 's western defenses , and in the spring of 1747 he began sending supplies to the Hudson River valley in anticipation of a move toward Fort Saint @-@ Frédéric . Word then arrived from Newcastle that the British establishment would not support any expeditions against New France . The drop in military spending that resulted had negative consequences on the Massachusetts economy , harming Shirley 's popularity .
Shirley personally profited from the supply activities surrounding the Louisbourg expedition . In 1746 he used the funds to purchase an estate in Roxbury , on which he built an elaborate mansion , now known as the Shirley @-@ Eustis House . Before the building was complete his wife died of a fever in August 1746 ; she was interred in King 's Chapel .
= = = Impressment crisis = = =
While Governor Shirley was at Louisbourg trouble had been brewing between the Royal Navy and the people of Boston . The Navy had long sought to press Americans into service on its ships . Impressment was a long @-@ standing practice in Britain , but its application in America was resisted by the colonists . In 1702 Fort William on Castle Island had fired on HMS Swift as it tried to leave Boston Harbour with six recently impressed men aboard . As a result of American complaints ( reinforced by British merchants ) , Parliament in 1708 banned impressment in the American colonies . Navy leaders argued that the American exemption from impressment had been in force only during Queen Anne 's War , which ended in 1713 . In practice , Royal Navy captains had to apply to colonial governors for a license to press men . In late November 1745 a fight between a press gang and some sailors staying in a boarding house in Boston left two of the sailors with fatal injuries . Two members of the press gang were charged with murder and convicted , but were released when the indictment was found invalid .
Two years later Commodore Charles Knowles , who served as Governor of Louisbourg after its capture , had a large number of seamen from Boston harbour impressed for service in his squadron . A mob of more than 300 men seized three naval officers and a deputy sheriff and beat the sheriff . The mob then went to Governor Shirley 's house , demanding the release of the men impressed by Knowles . Shirley tried to call out the militia , but they did not respond . Shirley did succeed in getting the naval officers into his house , and the mob eventually left . Later in the day Shirley went to the Town House to meet the people . The mob , now consisting of several thousand people , attacked the Town House , breaking many windows in the building . Shirley spoke to the mob and promised to present their demands to Commodore Knowles . The mob left , intending to find a Royal Navy ship to burn .
After Shirley had returned home that afternoon , the mob , which had seized another naval officer and several petty officers , returned to his house . Shirley ordered a number of armed men who were protecting his house to fire at the mob , but William Pepperrell was able to stop Shirley 's men from firing and to persuade the mob to leave . In the meantime , Commodore Knowles threatened to bombard Boston with his squadron . It was only after the Massachusetts Council adopted resolutions in support of the demands of the mob that the situation became quieter in Boston . The mob eventually released its hostages and Knowles released the impressed seamen .
= = = Compensation and currency = = =
Another issue of contention was compensation to the American colonies by Britain for the costs of the expedition against Louisbourg and the long occupation by American troops until the British Army finally took over . This presented Shirley with a problem , because the expedition 's leaders , including his former ally Samuel Waldo , grossly inflated their claimed costs . Waldo used Shirley 's unwillingness to openly act against him to begin his own efforts to topple the governor . Shirley was only able to forestall this effort by promising the colonial administration that he would achieve financial stability in the province by retiring its paper currency .
The British government was also slow in responding to requests for compensation . While waiting for a response , the question of how to use any compensation was debated in provincial newspapers and pamphlets . Some , such as Samuel Adams ( father of the famous American Revolution leader ) , advocated placing the money in London banks to serve as backing for the paper currency issued by the colonies . Others , including William Douglass and Thomas Hutchinson , speaker of the General Court , favoured using the compensation to redeem the paper currency and give Massachusetts a hard currency . In 1748 the Treaty of Aix @-@ la @-@ Chapelle returned Louibourg to France , with Massachusetts still awaiting compensation for its seizure .
In the meantime , Governor Shirley had been trying to finance a campaign to capture Fort St. Frédéric ( at present @-@ day Crown Point , New York ) , for which he issued more paper money . The campaign was abandoned when the colonies failed to support it , but the resulting inflation helped turn supporters of Shirley against him . The loss of Louisbourg increase public dissatisfaction with Shirley , who seen as complicit in British scheming against the American colonies . Even William Pepperrell joined the large number of citizens calling for Shirley 's removal . Samuel Adams edited and Gamaliel Rogers and Daniel Fowle published The Independent Advertiser , which regularly criticised the British government and Shirley 's administration . The paper published several of Shirley 's letters to officials in Britain that were critical of Americans , and regularly called for the governor 's removal . William Douglass , a prominent physician in Boston , wrote a series of pamphlets ( published by Rogers and Fowle ) attacking Shirley , Commodore Knowles , and the whole conduct of the campaign for Louisbourg and its occupation . Both Shirley and Knowles sued Douglass for libel , but lost their cases in court .
Shirley 's conflict with Samuel Waldo over expenses eventually reached a high pitch : Shirley had successfully attached some of Waldo 's assets in legal action , which Waldo had countered with further legal action . Shirley appealed these actions to London , and was granted permission ( received in August 1749 ) to travel to London to deal with the matter . He sailed for Britain in September 1749 , just before the long promised compensation reached Boston . Under legislation shepherded by Thomas Hutchinson , the specie delivered was used to retire the paper currency . While Shirley was abroad , Hutchinson , Andrew Oliver , and others served as his surrogates , and he carefully instructed Lieutenant Governor Spencer Phips to not give his enemies opportunities to manoeuvre in his absence .
= = European interlude = =
In London Shirley met with Newcastle and the colonial secretary , the Duke of Bedford to discuss colonial matters and his situation . Newcastle ordered the military books of Waldo and Pepperrell to be scrutinized ; the analysis was found to confirm Shirley 's position . Shirley 's accounts were also examined , and were found to be " made up with great exaction " , " more conformable to his Majesty 's orders ... than any other of the colonies . "
Shirley also communicated political concerns over which he and New York Governor George Clinton had commiserated . While he was in London , word arrived that Clinton wanted to leave his post . Shirley applied to Newcastle for the job , but was turned down . Newcastle may have been upset with Shirley , who had accepted an unexpected offer from Bedford to participate in a commission established to delineate the boundaries between the British and French territories in North America . The commission was set to meet in Paris , and Shirley saw it as an opportunity to advance his expansionist views . Newcastle and Bedford were at the time involved in a political struggle , and Newcastle was unhappy that Shirley had accepted Bedford 's offer . Shirley was able to convince Newcastle that his experience and position would be of use in the negotiations .
The commission met in Paris , and Shirley was accompanied by William Mildmay , a somewhat mild @-@ mannered merchant , as cocommissioner . Shirley adopted a hard line in the negotiations , arguing in a technical and lawyerly fashion for an expansive reading of British territory ; he claimed all territory east of a line from the Kennebec River north to the Saint Lawrence River , while the French claimed all of that area except peninsular Nova Scotia . Shirley 's approach served to harden negotiating positions and bogged the commission 's work down in minutiae . When Mildmay complained of this to London , Bedford rebuked Shirley for spending too much effort on trivialities . While the negotiations dragged on , both French and British operatives were actively expanding their interests in the Ohio River valley , raising tensions .
In 1751 Shirley incited a minor scandal when he married Julie , the young daughter of his Paris landlord . He was recalled to London after Mildmay complained that Shirley was taking actions without consulting him . Shirley returned to London convinced that the French needed to be driven from North America . Mildmay attempted to continue the negotiations , believing that he could overcome Shirley 's previous obstructionism , but the negotiations ended in failure .
Shirley renewed his application for the New York governorship , but was snubbed by Newcastle , who was upset over Shirley 's marriage . He was instead ordered to return to Massachusetts . This he did , leaving his wife in London . It is unclear if they ever saw each other again : biographer John Schutz believes they did not , but family lore is that they were reunited after Shirley left the Massachusetts governorship .
= = Return to Massachusetts = =
The opposition in Massachusetts to Shirley had died down while he was in England and Paris . Shirley soon had to deal with the increasing conflict on the frontier with French Canada . Tensions had been increasing , particularly in the Ohio Country , where British and French traders were coming into conflict . When ( false ) rumors reached Boston in 1754 of French military activity on the province 's northern frontier ( Maine ) , Shirley was quick to organize an expedition to the Kennebec River to bolster the area 's defenses . This expedition erected Fort Halifax in what is now Winslow , Maine . News of hostilities in the Ohio Country brought further urgency to that matter , as well as attendance at a planned conference of colonies at Albany , New York . Because of the urgency , and the support of politically powerful Maine landowners , Shirley 's relationship with the provincial assembly was relatively good . Shirley instructed the provincial representatives to the Albany Conference to seek a colonial union , but the provincial assembly ( along with those of other provinces ) rejected the conference 's proposals .
= = = Seven Years War : 1755 campaigns = = =
Shirley was approached by Nova Scotia Governor Charles Lawrence for assistance in dealing with the French threat on that province 's frontiers , suggesting that the collaborate on military actions there . Shirley and Lawrence believed their proposed expedition would also require assistance from Britain , and sent letters requesting the same . At the same time they ramped up preparations in anticipation of the request being approved . Shirley was also ordered to activate and recruit for his regiment , which was to serve in Braddock 's force . Because he could not leave the province he sent one of his sons to New York to recruit troops there ; Massachusetts men were being drafted for the Nova Scotia expedition . He furthermore revived the idea of an expedition against Fort St. Frédéric , although he limited the first year 's action to the establishment of a fort at the southern end of Lake George , and sought to draw the leaders of neighboring colonies to assist in the operation . He mollified New York 's Acting Governor James DeLancey , who was generally hostile to Massachusetts interests , by proposing that the expedition be led by New York 's Indian Commissioner , Colonel William Johnson . Johnson was at first reluctant , but Shirley was able to convince him to take the command .
Since the French and Indian War had become a matter of imperial concern , two British Army regiments under General Edward Braddock were sent to America . In written exchanges , Braddock announced his intention to use this force against Fort Duquesne in the Ohio Country , while Shirley unsuccessfully lobbied him to instead target Fort Niagara . At a conference of governors and military leaders in April 1755 Shirley favorably impressed Braddock . Braddock declared that Duquesne would be his target , but he authorized Shirley to take his regiment and that of Sir William Pepperrell to Fort Niagara , and confirmed Johnson 's command of the Lake George campaign . Braddock 's instructions only gave Shirley the vaguest command over Johnson , which was to later become a source of trouble . The two northern expeditions were to be made without logistical assistance from the regular army .
From the conference Shirley traveled to New York City , where he negotiated with merchants for supplying his expedition . The frosty relationship he had with Governor DeLancey continued ; the DeLanceys objected to what they saw as Massachusetts interference in their provincial affairs . When Shirley moved to prevent New York agent Oliver DeLancey from recruiting in Connecticut , it caused a stink and threatened to derail planning for the New York expeditions . Shirley then created a breach with Johnson by attempting to siphon troops from Johnson 's command to increase his own force for the Fort Niagara expedition . The antagonism was furthered by the fact that the two expeditions were competing for supplies from the same sources , and was also exacerbated by ongoing border disputes between the provinces .
When Shirley and Johnson met in July 1755 before their respective expeditions set off , tension between the two men continued , and Johnson delayed decisions on assigning Indian auxiliaries to Shirley 's campaign , observing that much of the expedition was traveling through friendly Iroquois territory , where they would not yet be needed . Shirley took offense at this as an act of insubordination . Believing he outranked Johnson , Shirley next sought to bypass the Indian agent and negotiate directly with the tribes for recruits , but Johnson and his subordinates actively opposed the move . The Iroquois also objected to the presence of Shirley 's recruiting agent , Colonel John Lydius , with whom they had outstanding issues over past land transactions . The situation was not made easier by the fact that neither Johnson nor Shirley had ever commanded expeditions of the size and scope proposed .
Shirley 's expedition reached Fort Oswego in mid @-@ August . The trek up the Mohawk River had been slowed by low water , and it was being incompetently supplied , resulting in a shortage of provisions . Shirley learned en route that General Braddock had died in the aftermath of the 13 July Battle of the Monongahela , which also claimed the life of Shirley 's son William . As a result , he became temporary commander @-@ in @-@ chief of North American forces . His expedition then became bogged down at Fort Oswego by the need to improve its defenses , and the ongoing provisioning crisis . In a council on 18 September it was decided to proceed with plans to reach Fort Niagara , but one week later the decision was reversed . Shirley returned to Albany , preoccupied with the need to manage the entire British war effort on the continent .
William Johnson 's expedition fared little better than Shirley 's . He reached the southern end of Lake George , where his forces had an inconclusive encounter with French forces on 8 September , and began work on Fort William Henry . Rumors of French movements brought a flurry of activity in November , but when the opposition failed to materialize , much of Johnson 's force abandoned the camp to return home . Shirley had to pressure New England 's governors to assign militia to the new posting for the winter .
In Nova Scotia , Governor Lawrence had easily captured Fort Beauséjour , and had then embarked on what has since become known as the Great Expulsion , the forcible removal of more than 12 @,@ 000 Acadians from Nova Scotia . When some of the ships carrying the Acadians entered Boston Harbor in early December 1755 , Shirley ordered that they not disembark . For three winter months , until March 1756 , the Acadians remained on the ships , where half died from the cold weather and malnutrition .
= = = Seven Years War : 1756 campaigns = = =
During the winter of 1755 – 56 Shirley 's feud with Johnson continued . Johnson , who was being advised by Thomas Pownall , continued to assert his exclusive authority over interactions with Indians , and renewed complaints about Shirley 's interference in recruiting for the 1755 campaign . In one letter Johnson wrote that Shirley had " become my inveterate enemy " who would do everything he could " to blast if he can my character . " Johnson made common cause with the DeLanceys ( to whom he was related by marriage ) in their dislike of Shirley . They all fed unflattering reports to the new New York governor , Sir Charles Hardy , who forwarded them on to London . Shirley was unaware of this looming threat to his authority .
As commander @-@ in @-@ chief , Shirley made a grandiose proposal for the 1756 campaign season in November 1755 , continuing the routes of attack begun in 1755 and adding an expedition to Quebec via the Kennebec River . However , the complaints against him had reached the Duke of Newcastle , who felt he needed someone less embroiled in controversies with other leaders in charge of military matters in North America . British leaders had also received intercepted letters destined for France that some believed might have been written by Shirley , in part because he married a Frenchwoman . Thomas Pownall traveled to London in early 1756 and further denounced Shirley to the colonial administration . Shirley did not learn of these matters until April 1756 , by which time the British leadership had already decided to replace him as commander @-@ in @-@ chief .
While waiting for his replacement ( Lord Loudoun ) Shirley made every effort to advance supplies and reinforcements to the Fort Oswego garrison , which had been on short rations for the winter , and whose supply line had been interrupted by the Battle of Fort Bull in March 1756 . He continued to mobilize resources and personnel for at least the Oswego and Lake George efforts , but his authority was waning due to widespread knowledge of his replacement . Military affairs continued to deteriorate on the New York frontier before Loudoun finally arrived in July 1756 ; Fort Oswego fell to the French on 10 August .
Although Shirley had been removed as commander @-@ in @-@ chief , he retained the Massachusetts governorship . He expected to lose even that post not long after his return to Boston in August . However , no replacement had yet been named , and Loudoun saw either Shirley 's interference or ineffectiveness in all that was wrong on the New York frontier . He also raised detailed questions about Shirley 's war @-@ related expenditures , which he ( and later historians ) concluded was poorly @-@ disguised patronage spending . Loudoun and Shirley argued over many issues , including Shirley 's continuance of military preparations after January 1756 , when Loudoun 's commission was issued . Shirley pointed out that British leadership could hardly expect preparations to cease in the interval between Loudoun 's commission and his arrival to take command . While he waited for a replacement to be announced , Shirley took depositions , gathered evidence to support his version of affairs , and worked to close his financial affairs down . ( Loudoun was of the opinion that Shirley delayed his departure intentionally as a political maneuver . ) He sailed for England in October 1756 . Shirley would be formally replaced by Thomas Pownall in 1757 .
= = Later life = =
Upon his arrival in London , Shirley was received by Newcastle and other sympathetic figures , but Newcastle had been forced from office by the poor showing in the war , and Shirley 's ongoing disagreements with Loudoun meant he was unlikely to receive another North American posting . Newcastle then withdrew his support from Shirley over a hearing into matters disputed between Loudoun and Shirley . Shirley was not granted formal hearings on other aspects of his conduct , and managed to convince Newcastle to overlook the matter of his " muddled " accounts . His prospects brightened when Loudoun and Pownall were both damaged by the continued poor military performance in North America ( notably the debacle of the Siege of Fort William Henry in August 1757 , which resulted in Loudoun 's recall ) . These failures served to rehabilitate Shirley and bring him back into Newcastle 's good graces .
In late 1758 Shirley was commissioned as Governor of the Bahamas . This was followed in early 1759 with a promotion to lieutenant general . After a lengthy passage , Shirley arrived in the Bahamas on 31 December , when his ship was wrecked on a reef in the islands . He eventually arrived without incident or injury at Nassau and assumed the reins of power . His rule was quiet ; dealing with smugglers in the islands was the major issue demanding the governor 's attention . In part to combat illicit trade he lobbied the London government that Nassau be established as a free port . Although he was influential in this regard , Nassau did not receive this status until after he left office . He also oversaw renovations to the governor 's mansion , and promoted the construction of churches with funding from the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel . In 1765 , after his wife 's death , he took his children to England so that they could be properly cared for . He returned to the islands , where he had to deal with protests of the recently enacted Stamp Act . When he proposed the use of the stamps on official documents to the local assembly , the reaction in opposition was so visceral that Shirley dissolved the body . By the time the next assembly met , the Stamp Act had been repealed .
His health failing , Shirley was eventually replaced as governor by his son Thomas , who was appointed in November 1767 and arrived to assume office the following year . Shirley sailed for Boston , where he took up residence in his old house in Roxbury with his daughter and son @-@ in @-@ law . There he died on 24 March 1771 . After a state funeral , he was interred in King 's Chapel .
= = Family and legacy = =
His son Thomas became a major general in the British army , was created a baronet in 1786 , and served , after his posting to the Bahamas , as Governor of Dominica and Governor of the Leeward Islands . He died in 1800 . Another son , William Jr . , was killed in 1755 at the Battle of the Monongahela whilst serving with Edward Braddock . Shirley 's daughter Anne married John Erving , a member of the Massachusetts Governor 's Council .
Shirley built a family home in Roxbury between 1747 and 1751 . He sold it to his daughter and son @-@ in @-@ law , Eliakim Hutchinson , in 1763 . It later came into the hands of William Eustis , Governor of Massachusetts in the 19th century . Now known as the Shirley @-@ Eustis House , it still stands at 33 Shirley Street . It has largely been restored and is a museum open to the public .
The town of Shirley , Massachusetts was founded during his term as Massachusetts governor . The Winthrop , Massachusetts geographical feature Shirley Point and the former feature Shirley Gut are named for him . Shirley helped to establish a cod fishery in Winthrop in 1753 . Shirley is also the namesake of Shirley Street in Halifax , Nova Scotia ( which is parallel to Pepperell Street , named after William Pepperell ) .
= = Works = =
Shirley , William ( 1746 ) . Letter to the Duke of Newcastle , with a Journal of the Siege of Louisburg . London : E. Owen . OCLC 753169340 .
Shirley , William ; Alexander , William ( 1758 ) . The Conduct of Major Gen. William Shirley briefly stated . London : R. and J. Dodsley . OCLC 10899657 .
Shirley , William ( 1912 ) . Lincoln , Charles Henry , ed . Correspondence of William Shirley , Volume 1 . New York : Macmillan . OCLC 1222698 .
Shirley , William ( 1912 ) . Lincoln , Charles Henry , ed . Correspondence of William Shirley , Volume 2 . New York : Macmillan . OCLC 1222698 .
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= 1925 Florida tropical storm =
The 1925 Florida tropical storm was the deadliest tropical cyclone to impact the United States that did not become a hurricane . The fourth and final storm of the season , it formed as a tropical depression on November 27 near the Yucatán Peninsula , the system initially tracked southeastward before turning north as it gradually intensified . After skirting western Cuba on November 30 , the storm reached peak winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) before striking central Florida on December 1 . Within hours , the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean . The system moved onshore once more on December 2 in North Carolina before turning east , away from the United States . On December 5 , the system is presumed to have dissipated offshore .
Throughout the system 's existence , it was responsible for 73 fatalities , most of which resulted from offshore incidents . The worst loss of life took place off East Coast , where the 30 crewmen of the American SS Catopazi drowned . Property damage amounted to $ 3 million , $ 1 million of which was in Jacksonville .
= = Meteorological history = =
The 1925 Florida tropical storm was first identified on November 27 , 1925 as a tropical depression situated to the southeast of the Yucatán Peninsula , nearly a month after the official end of the hurricane season . Situated over 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) waters , the system slowly intensified , attaining tropical storm status roughly 12 hours after forming , as it drifted towards the southeast before abruptly turning north @-@ northwestward . Throughout November 30 , the storm quickly strengthened as it brushed the western tip of Cuba with winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . Once in the Gulf of Mexico , the storm turned northeastward and intensified to peak winds of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . The lowest known barometric pressure attained by the storm was 995 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 38 inHg ) as it moved inland . Within hours of reaching this strength , the storm made landfall just south of Fort Myers , Florida early on December 1 as it began to transition into an extratropical cyclone . The storm was originally thought to have moved ashore as a minimal hurricane , thus becoming the latest @-@ landfalling hurricane in United States history . However , a reanalysis in 2011 lowered the peak winds . While crossing the Florida peninsula , the storm briefly weakened as it completed its transition ; however , once back over water , it re @-@ intensified .
Off the coast of The Carolinas , the former tropical storm became a large and powerful extratropical cyclone , attaining peak winds of 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) along with a pressure of 979 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 91 inHg ) , measured by the USS Patoka . Gale force winds extended to at least New Jersey , where winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) were recorded . Throughout December 2 , the storm gradually slowed as it tracked roughly parallel to the East Coast . Later that day , the system moved onshore again , this time between Wilmington and Cape Hatteras , with winds equivalent to a minimal hurricane . A strong area of high pressure located over the Canadian Maritimes caused the system to turn towards the east @-@ southeast . Over the following few days , the storm gradually weakened as it moved away from North Carolina . By December 5 , the storm was no longer identifiable and is presumed to have dissipated offshore . However , a monthly weather review published in 1925 that documented the system indicated that the cyclone continued towards the east , eventually impacting Bermuda and the Azores . Later analysis in 2009 concluded that a separate extratropical low , which formed near the remnants of the storm , was responsible for inclement weather in both areas .
= = Impact = =
From November 28 to November 30 , the storm brought light rains to most of eastern Cuba . Although the cyclone had tropical storm @-@ force winds at the time , the highest recorded wind in Cuba was 12 mph ( 18 km / h ) in Havana and only 0 @.@ 22 in ( 5 @.@ 58 mm ) of rain fell in the city . The Swan Islands , off the northern coast of Honduras , recorded 2 @.@ 36 in ( 59 @.@ 94 mm ) of precipitation during a three @-@ day span .
= = = United States = = =
During its passage through Florida , the storm produced torrential rain over coastal cities , peaking in Miami at 14 @.@ 08 in ( 358 mm ) . The storm caused significant property and crop damage along the Gulf Coast of Florida . Trees , power lines , and telegraph wires were knocked down by high winds along the Suwannee River . Communication throughout southern Florida was severed as miles of telegraph wires were downed during the evening of November 30 . Structures previously considered safe from storms due to their location over 100 ft ( 30 @.@ 4 m ) inland sustained significant damage , probably from storm surge . Beaches along the Atlantic coast also sustained considerable damages from the storm . Four people were killed near Tampa in two separate incidents . The first occurred when a house collapsed on three men , pinning them to the ground . The second incident occurred after a woman ran outside her home and was struck by a tree limb . At least 12 workmen were killed and 38 others injured after the bunkhouse they were sleeping in collapsed due to high winds . The facility in which they were working in also sustained $ 200 @,@ 000 in damage from a fire ignited by the cyclone . Throughout Florida , property loses were estimated at $ 3 million , with $ 1 million in Jacksonville alone . Damages to the citrus industry were also significant , with total losses exceeding $ 600 @,@ 000 . Losses in Miami amounted to $ 250 @,@ 000 as up to 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) inundated the city for more than two days .
Shipping incidents resulting from the storm caused several deaths . A schooner carrying seven people sunk , killing all its occupants . A tug boat sank off the coast of Mobile , Alabama while towing a lumber barge ; the fate of the crew is unknown . A ship named the American SS Catopazi sank between Charleston , South Carolina and the northern coast of Cuba , with all 30 crew members lost . Near Daytona Beach , a vessel carrying 2 @,@ 000 cases of liquor sank along with all six crewmen . The last incident , involving a yacht , occurred off the coast of Georgia . The ship sank near Savannah , Georgia with the 12 crew members drowning . The total loss of life at sea was at least 55 . Shipping throughout the East Coast was crippled by the storm as vessels were forced to seek shelter at port .
Due to the large size of the storm as an extratropical cyclone , gale and storm warnings in force from Beaufort , North Carolina to Eastport , Maine . In North Carolina , heavy rains and strong winds were reported along the coast . Near record high water rises were recorded around Wilmington . Cape Hatteras was temporarily isolated from the surrounding areas as the high winds from the storm knocked down power lines throughout the area . Several buildings along the coast and numerous boats sustained considerable damage . As far north as New Jersey , gale @-@ force winds produced by the powerful extratropical storm caused significant damage and killed at least two people . Large swells and high winds throughout New Jersey , southern New York and Connecticut resulted in significant damage . Along the coast of Long Island , large waves resulted in severe beach erosion which threatened to undermine homes . Parts of Coney Island were inundated by the increased surf , damaging homes and businesses . Several barges in nearby marinas were torn from their moorings and swept out to sea . In Sandy Hook , several workmen were nearly killed after a building collapsed amidst high winds . Minor precipitation was recorded throughout Rhode Island , peaking at 0 @.@ 62 in ( 16 mm ) .
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= Joan Curran =
Joan Elizabeth Curran ( 26 February 1916 – 10 February 1999 ) was a Welsh scientist who played important roles in the development of radar and the atomic bomb during the Second World War . She invented chaff , a radar countermeasure technique credited with reducing losses among Allied bomber crews . She also worked on the development of the proximity fuse and the electromagnetic isotope separation process for the atomic bomb .
= = Early life = =
Joan Elizabeth Strothers was born on 26 February 1916 in Swansea , Wales , the daughter of an optician , Charles William Strothers , and his wife , Margaret Beatrice , née Millington . She was educated at Swansea Girls ' High School , and in 1934 won an open scholarship to Newnham College , Cambridge . In 1935 , she rowed for the ladies ' university eight , in the first real Women 's boat race against Oxford . She gained an honours degree in physics , which was not awarded because it was before women were allowed Cambridge degrees . In her seventies , in 1987 , she was honoured with the degree of Doctor of Laws honoris causa by the University of Strathclyde .
Strothers , who " had the scientific equivalent of gardening green fingers " , was awarded a government grant to study for a higher degree , and elected to go to the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge , where she joined Sam Curran in a team under the direction of Philip Dee . She soon established a reputation for " extreme dexterity and being outstandingly neat and skilful in the deployment of equipment . " In 1939 , Dee proposed that the team spend a month at the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough Airfield . They arrived on 1 September 1939 . Two days later , Britain declared war on Germany , and Britain entered the Second World War .
= = Second World War = =
Instead of returning to the Cavendish , the team moved to Exeter , where Dee and three others worked on developing rockets as anti @-@ aircraft weapons , while Strothers and Curran joined a group under John Coles working on the development of the proximity fuse . Strothers was based at Leeson House and Durnford School . She and Curran developed a workable fuse , which was codenamed VT , an acronym of " Variable Time fuze " . The system was a small , short @-@ range , Doppler radar that used a clever circuit . However , Britain lacked the capacity to mass @-@ produce the fuze , so the design was shown to the United States by the Tizard Mission in late 1940 . The Americans perfected and mass @-@ produced the fuse . In due course , these proximity fuses arrived in the United Kingdom , where they played an important part in the defence of the kingdom against the V @-@ 1 flying bomb .
Strothers married Curran on 7 November 1940 . Soon afterwards they were transferred to the Telecommunications Research Establishment near Swanage , where Sam worked on centimetric radar , while Joan joined the Counter Measures Group in an adjoining lab . It was with this group , at Swanage , and later at Malvern , that Joan devised the technique that was codenamed Window , which is also known as chaff . She tried various types of radar reflectors , including wires and sheets , before settling on strips of tin foil 1 to 2 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 39 to 0 @.@ 79 in ) wide and 25 centimetres ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) long that could be scattered from bombers , thus disrupting the enemy 's radar . Window was first employed in Operation Gomorrah , a series of raids on Hamburg , and resulted in a much lower loss rate than usual . As part of Operation Taxable on 5 – 6 June 1944 , Window was dropped by Avro Lancasters of 617 Squadron to synthesise a phantom invasion force of ships in the Straits of Dover and keep the Germans unsure as to whether the brunt of the Allied assault would fall on Normandy or in the Pas de Calais area . R. V. Jones later declared : " In my opinion , Joan Curran made an even greater contribution to victory , in 1945 , than Sam . "
In early 1944 the Currans were part of a group of British scientists invited to go to the US to take part in the Manhattan Project – the Allied project to develop an atomic bomb . They joined the British Mission at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory in California , headed by Mark Oliphant , a distinguished Australian scientist that Joan knew from the Cavendish Laboratory . Oliphant also acted as de facto deputy to Ernest Lawrence , the director of the Radiation Laboratory . The mission of the laboratory was to develop the electromagnetic isotope separation process to create enriched uranium for use in atomic bombs .
While at Berkeley , Joan gave birth to her first child , a daughter , Sheena , who was born severely mentally handicapped . They later had three sons , all of whom went on to complete a PhD .
= = Later life = =
After the war ended , Sam took up an offer from Dee to become Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow University . In Glasgow , the Currans , together with a few friends , set up the Scottish Society for the Parents of Mentally Handicapped Children ( Enable ) , which eventually grew to 100 branches and more than 5000 members . Later , when Joan was a member of the Greater Glasgow Health Board and the Scottish Special Housing Association , the needs of the disabled were always at the forefront of her mind , and she did much to promote their welfare . She took a close interest in the work of the Council for Access for the Disabled and helped improve the range of facilities , especially for disabled university students .
Sam worked at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston on the development of the British hydrogen bomb from 1955 to 1959 . He returned to Glasgow in 1959 as principal the Royal College of Science and Technology . When it became the University of Strathclyde in 1964 , the first new university in Scotland in 384 years , he became its first Principal and Vice Chancellor . While her husband was Principal , Joan founded the Strathclyde Women 's Group and became its president .
During the war the Polish 1st Armoured Division had been based in Scotland , establishing ties between the community and Poland . Joan promoted a special relationship with the Technical University of Lodz , and also devoted care and attention to the children 's hospital of that city . Later she established the Lady Curran Endowment fund for overseas , particularly Polish , students .
Sam died on 25 February 1998 . While gravely ill with cancer in 1998 , Joan unveiled a memorial plaque in Barony Hall , Glasgow , to commemorate her husband , and it was announced that the walled garden at Ross Priory , on Loch Lomondside , was to be named in her honour , and the Joan Curran Summer House would be built there . Joan died on 10 February 1999 , and was cremated at the Daldowie Crematorium . Her daughter , Sheena , three sons and three grandsons survived her .
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= The Last Temptation of Krust =
" The Last Temptation of Krust " is the fifteenth episode of The Simpsons ' ninth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 22 , 1998 . It was written by Donick Cary and directed by Mike B. Anderson . Comedian Jay Leno makes a guest appearance . In the episode , Bart convinces Krusty the Clown to appear at a comedy festival organized by Jay Leno , but Krusty 's old material does not go over well with the audience and he receives bad reviews . He briefly retires from comedy but returns with a new , more well received gimmick . He soon returns to his old ways , selling out to a motor @-@ vehicle company .
The production team 's decision to write an episode about stand @-@ up comedy was influenced by comedy festivals . The writing staff initially had trouble getting Krusty 's offensive bad jokes through network censors , but convinced them this was simply a way to emphasize his old and dated comedic material . The " Canyonero " sequence was modeled after Ford commercials and was given its own segment at the end of the episode because the production staff liked it so much . The episode was highlighted by USA Today in a review of The Simpsons ' ninth season and received positive reviews in The Washington Times , the Evening Herald , and in books on The Simpsons .
= = Plot = =
Krusty is persuaded by Bart to appear at a comedy festival organized by Jay Leno . His old @-@ fashioned and outdated material fails to impress the audience when compared with the more trendy comedians also appearing . After reading a critical review of his act in the press , Krusty decides to go on a " bender to end all benders " and a montage sequence shows him getting drunk . After Bart finds him passed out on Ned Flanders ' lawn , he enlists the help of Leno to clean him up . Krusty holds a press conference to announce his retirement and in short order launches into a bitter tirade against modern @-@ day comedians . The audience finds Krusty 's rant hysterically funny and he subsequently announces his return to comedy .
Krusty is inspired to return to doing low @-@ key events , where he structures a new image for himself as a stand @-@ up comedian who tells the truth , criticizes commercialism , and refuses to sell out to corporate America . He also changes his appearance , sporting a dark sweater and tying his hair in a ponytail . Observing his newfound popularity , two marketing executives try to persuade Krusty to endorse a new sport utility vehicle called the Canyonero . Although he tries to resist , he eventually succumbs to the lure of money . After promoting the Canyonero at a comedy performance in Moe 's Tavern , he is booed off stage by the patrons . He finally admits to himself that comedy is not in his blood and selling out is . The episode ends with an extended advertisement for the Canyonero , as Krusty and Bart leave Moe 's tavern in Krusty 's new SUV .
= = Production = =
In the DVD commentary for The Simpsons ' ninth season , writer Donick Cary stated that the inspiration for the idea of an episode about stand @-@ up comedy came out of comedy festivals at the time . Executive producer Mike Scully said that the writers had difficulty getting Krusty 's offensive bad jokes through the network censors . The stereotypical jokes were allowed because the writers convinced the network censors that viewers would understand it was simply emphasizing Krusty 's dated comedic material .
Mike B. Anderson stated that at least three different acts of material were written and animated for Krusty 's comeback stand @-@ up appearance at Moe 's Tavern . It was not until the editing process that the material used was decided upon . The episode was still being animated three weeks before it was due to air and the production process moved frantically shortly before completion . The Canyonero sequence was originally planned to be displayed during the closing credits . The production team liked the scene so much that they did not want it to be obscured by the credits and gave it its own segment at the end of the episode .
= = Cultural references = =
In addition to Jay Leno , other real @-@ life comedians that portrayed themselves in the episode include Steven Wright , Janeane Garofalo , Bobcat Goldthwait , and Bruce Baum , whose appearance helped increase his popularity . Krusty 's " Krustylu Studios " is a spoof on the company Desilu studios , set up by Lucille Ball and her husband Desi Arnaz , where the series Star Trek was once filmed . During Krusty 's " bender to end all benders " montage , he is seen drinking out of and vomiting into the Stanley Cup . The National Hockey League sent a letter regarding this scene . Mike Scully described it as a " kind of a cease and desist " , but the production staff decided not to cut the scene from the episode . Krusty attends the coffee shop Java the Hut , a reference to the Star Wars character Jabba the Hutt .
= = = Canyonero = = =
The " Canyonero " song and visual sequence was modeled after Ford commercials . The sequence is a parody of a commercial for a sport utility vehicle and Hank Williams Jr. sings a song about the Canyonero accompanied by country guitar music and whip cracks . The song " Canyonero " closely resembles the theme to the 1960s television series Rawhide . This episode was the first appearance of the Canyonero , which again appeared in the season 10 episode " Marge Simpson in : " Screaming Yellow Honkers " " . The " Canyonero " song is included on the 1999 soundtrack album Go Simpsonic with The Simpsons .
Chris Turner wrote positively of the Canyonero spoof piece in Planet Simpson : How a Cartoon Masterpiece Defined a Generation , calling it " a brilliant parody of an SUV ad " . In an article in the journal Environmental Politics Steve Vanderheiden commented that the Canyonero reflected an " anti @-@ SUV " stance by The Simpsons . Vanderheiden wrote : " Even the popular animated television series ‘ The Simpsons ’ joined the anti @-@ SUV fray in 1998 , featuring a mammoth vehicle called the ‘ Canyonero ’ ( marketed with the jingle : ‘ Twelve yards long , two lanes wide / Sixty @-@ five tons of American pride ! ’ ) , which promised to help the family transcend its mundane station @-@ wagon existence but instead brought only misery . " The term " Canyonero " has since been used in the news media to refer critically to large trucks and SUVs . In an article in the San Francisco Chronicle about SUV owners , Vicki Haddock wrote " SUV owners have become something of a punch line , succinctly captured in a " Simpsons " parody touting the apocryphal Canyonero " . In a 2006 article , Seth Jayson of The Motley Fool compared the wording in a Ford advertisement myFord Owner Magazine to this episode , writing : " the unholiest of unholies is the writing , which is so thick with absurd adspeak , you 'd think it was written by the crew at The Onion or The Simpsons – especially that episode where Krusty starts shilling for the Canyonero . " In a 2004 article in the Chicago Tribune , Jim Mateja noted that people have pointed out a similarity between the GMC Canyon and the Canyonero . When contacted , GMC responded that the GMC is a pickup truck , while the Canyonero is a parody of an SUV . Joshua Dowling of The Sun Herald described the philosophy of the Ford F @-@ 250 as " The Canyonero comes to life " .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " The Last Temptation of Krust " finished 21st in ratings for the week of February 16 – 23 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 7 , equivalent to approximately 9 @.@ 5 million viewing households . It was the fourth highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X @-@ Files , The World 's Scariest Police Chases , and King of the Hill .
In 2006 , USA Today highlighted the episode in a review of The Simpsons ninth season . In his review of the season nine DVD , Joseph Szadkowski of The Washington Times noted : " Among the 22 @-@ minute gems found in the set , I most enjoyed ... [ Krusty 's ] work with Jay Leno . " Mark Evans of the Evening Herald wrote : " ' The Last Temptation of Krust ' is a winner for its title alone as Krusty the clown becomes a satiric ' alternative ' comedian but then sells out by advertising the Canyonero SUV road hazard . " Alan Sepinwall wrote positively of the episode in The Star @-@ Ledger , citing the Canyonero sequence as " the real reason to watch " the episode and that " It 's an oversize vehicle that will create oversized laughs . " Some sources mistakenly refer to this episode as " The Last Temptation of Krusty " .
In the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood characterized the episode as " a good twist on the never @-@ ending Krusty story " and suggested that while " Jay Leno turns in a nice cameo [ ... ] the show is stolen by the advert for the Canyonero " . The authors also praised Krusty 's " ponytail and black sweater " look . In the DVD audio commentary for " The Last Temptation of Krust " , Leno said that he believed the essence of comedy clubs was depicted very well in the episode and referred to Krusty 's remodeled appearance as " [ George ] Carlin post @-@ Vegas act " . He also appreciated Krusty 's poke at Leno 's use of news headlines on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and said that he could not figure out whether parts of the episode were making fun of him or complimenting him . William Irwin 's The Simpsons and Philosophy : The D 'oh ! of Homer references a scene from the episode as an example of Marge 's passive resistance , her moral influence on Lisa , and her value as a role model for her children .
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= Reg Saunders =
Reginald Walter " Reg " Saunders , MBE ( 7 August 1920 – 2 March 1990 ) was the first Aboriginal Australian to be commissioned as an officer in the Australian Army . He came from a military family , his forebears having served in the Boer War and the First World War . Enlisting as a soldier in 1940 , he saw action during the Second World War in North Africa , Greece and Crete , before being commissioned as a lieutenant and serving as a platoon commander in New Guinea during 1944 – 45 . His younger brother Harry also joined the Army , and was killed in 1942 .
After the war , Saunders was demobilised and returned to civilian life . He later served as a company commander with the 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 3 RAR ) during the Korean War , where he fought at the Battle of Kapyong . Saunders left the Army in 1954 and worked in the logging and metal industries , before joining the Office of Aboriginal Affairs ( later the Department of Aboriginal Affairs ) as a liaison officer in 1969 . In 1971 , he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) for his community service . He died in 1990 , aged 69 .
= = Early life = =
Saunders was born near Purnim on the Framlingham Aboriginal Reserve in western Victoria on 7 August 1920 . He was a member of the Gunditjmara people . His father , Chris , was a veteran of the First World War , having served as a machine gunner in the Australian Imperial Force . One of his uncles , William Reginald Rawlings , who was killed in action and after whom Saunders was named , had been awarded the Military Medal for service with the 29th Battalion in France . Another ancestor , John Brook , fought with the Victorian Rifles and the Australian Commonwealth Horse in the Boer War . Saunders ' mother died in 1924 from complications caused by pneumonia while giving birth to her third child , a girl who also died . After this , his father moved to Lake Condah in Victoria , with Reg and his younger brother , Harry , born in 1922 . As their father undertook various labouring jobs , the two boys were raised largely by their grandmother .
Saunders attended the local mission school at Lake Condah , where he did well in maths , geometry and languages . His father , meanwhile , taught Reg and Harry about the bush , and encouraged them to read Shakespeare and Australian literature . After completing eight years of schooling , Saunders earned his merit certificate . His formal education thus ended , he went to work at the age of 14 as a millhand in a sawmill . Employers regularly withheld payments for Aboriginal labourers at this time , but Saunders refused to work unless he was paid his full entitlement , and his employer relented . He worked and furthered his education until 1937 , when he went into business with his father and brother , operating a sawmill in Portland , Victoria ; the sawmill was destroyed in a bushfire in 1939 .
= = Second World War = =
Following the outbreak of the Second World War , Saunders was determined to serve in the armed forces . Patriotism and his family 's history of soldiering both played a major part in his decision . His father suggested that he wait six months ; according to Reg , " They were talking about this war being all over in six months with the Maginot Line and all the other garbage that we were told ... But we waited six months and the duck season was over so there was no more shooting to do except go to war " . Saunders enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force on 24 April 1940 , joining up with friends he had made while playing Australian rules football . The armed forces later adopted a policy to accept only persons " substantially of European origin or descent " , but at the time Saunders encountered no barriers to his enlistment . He recalled that his fellow soldiers " were not colour @-@ conscious " , and that during training in northern Queensland his white mates would sit alongside him in the " Aboriginal " section of movie theatres . His natural leadership qualities gained him temporary promotions in quick succession : within six weeks of enlistment he was a lance corporal , and after three months he made sergeant .
After completing his training , Saunders was allocated to an infantry unit , the 2 / 7th Battalion , which was serving overseas in North Africa at the time . Upon reaching the 2 / 7th , Saunders reverted to the rank of private . His first experience of war came fighting the Italians around Benghazi . In early April 1941 , the 6th Division , to which the 2 / 7th belonged , was sent to Greece to help defend against a German invasion . Following a series of withdrawals , the battalion was evacuated on 26 April , embarking upon the Costa Rica at Kalamata . It was originally bound for Alexandria , but after the ship was attacked in Suda Bay by German aircraft and began to sink , the men of the 2 / 7th , including Saunders , were picked up by several British destroyers and disembarked on the island of Crete . The 2 / 7th was subsequently allocated to the island 's defending garrison .
Following the invasion of Crete in May 1941 , the 2 / 7th Battalion was initially employed in a coastal defence role , before taking part in the fighting around Canea . After this , it took part in a devastating bayonet charge at 42nd Street , along with the New Zealand Maori Battalion , which killed almost 300 Germans and briefly checked their advance . It was during this battle that Saunders killed his first opponent : " ... I saw a German soldier stand up in clear view about thirty yards [ 30 m ] away . He was my first sure kill ... I can remember for a moment that it was just like shooting a kangaroo ... just as remote . " As the Allies began to evacuate the island , the 2 / 7th was called upon to carry out a series of rearguard actions in order to allow other units to be taken off the island . After the final Allied ships departed the island on 1 June 1941 , the battalion was left behind . As a result , many of its men were taken prisoner , though some were able to evade capture by hiding out in the hills and caves around the island . Adopting Cretan dress , learning the dialect , and enlisting the help of local inhabitants , Saunders managed to remain hidden for eleven months .
Saunders was among a party of men evacuated from Crete by a British submarine in May 1942 , and returned to Australia in October . He rejoined his old unit , the 2 / 7th Battalion , which had re @-@ formed in Palestine and been brought back to Australia along with the rest of the 6th Division to help defend against the threat posed by Japan 's entry into the war . In November 1942 , Saunders ' younger brother Harry , who had enlisted shortly after him in 1940 , was killed in action while serving in New Guinea with the 2 / 14th Battalion . When Harry had joined up , Reg recalled , " I was angry because I was the only one that was supposed to go . ... with two of us there , one of us was going to get killed ... " The elder Saunders subsequently served in New Guinea as well , fighting in the Salamaua – Lae campaign in mid @-@ 1943 where , having again been promoted temporary sergeant , he took over command of a platoon when its commander was wounded in action . For his leadership , he was recommended for a commission by his commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Henry Guinn . When Guinn told him of his plan , Saunders laughed and said , " I don 't want to be an officer ... I 'd rather be Regimental Sergeant Major " . Guinn responded , " Christ , they don 't make boys RSMs " .
Saunders went before an officer selection board that had been set up on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland , where the units of the 6th Division had been based following their return from New Guinea . The interview panel on the board consisted of three senior officers – all experienced infantry battalion commanders – who were tasked with determining a candidate 's suitability for commissioning as an infantry officer . Saunders was found to be an acceptable candidate and posted to an officer training unit in Seymour , Victoria . Upon completion of the 16 @-@ week course , he was promoted to lieutenant in November 1944 , becoming the first Aboriginal commissioned officer in the Australian Army . The precedent of his commissioning had caused the Army some concern due to its " special significance " , and as a result the paperwork for its confirmation was eventually sent to the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , General Sir Thomas Blamey , for approval . Nevertheless , Blamey is reported to have " insisted upon following the usual procedure " , believing that there should be no difference in the way Saunders ' commission should be treated to any other soldier who had completed the necessary training . The story garnered much press coverage in Australia , most of it favourable , if in parts paternalistic .
After his promotion was confirmed , Saunders returned to New Guinea and , although it was contrary to policy , rejoined his old battalion . He subsequently took part in the Aitape – Wewak campaign , commanding a platoon until the end of the war . Due to the discriminatory laws in force at the time , Saunders had fewer rights as a citizen than the white Australians he led . He was wounded in the knee by Japanese gunfire during fighting around Maprik , and was hospitalised for three weeks as a result .
= = Interbellum and Korean War = =
Saunders was discharged from the Army on 5 October 1945 , following the end of the Second World War . Returning to Australia , he volunteered for service in Japan with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force , but the government would not accept Aborigines for the operation . Saunders spoke publicly against this policy , calling it " narrow @-@ minded and ignorant " ; the wartime restriction on non @-@ European enlistments in the armed forces was not lifted until 1949 . Saunders moved to Melbourne with his family , which by this time consisted of his wife Dorothy , whom he had married in 1944 , and their three young children . Dorothy had served in the Women 's Auxiliary Australian Air Force during the war . Saunders recalled that he " had a hard time after the war ... and poor old Dotty , she , you know , didn 't know what the hell to make of it " . Facing discrimination that he had rarely encountered as a soldier , he worked in the ensuing years as a tram conductor , a foundry worker , and a shipping clerk .
In August 1950 , the government called for Second World War veterans to serve in the Korea War as part of the specially raised ' K ' Force . Saunders volunteered and returned to the Army as a lieutenant . After training at Puckapunyal , Victoria , and in Japan , he arrived in Korea in November 1950 . He served with the 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 3 RAR ) , initially as a platoon commander in A Company . In February 1951 , he took charge of A Company when its commander was wounded ; he was subsequently given command of C Company . Promoted to captain , Saunders led C Company during the Battle of Kapyong in April , when 3 RAR and a Canadian battalion held off a Chinese division north @-@ east of the South Korean capital Seoul . Frustrated by the conduct of the war prior to Kapyong , he afterwards recorded that , " At last I felt like an Anzac and I imagine there were 600 others like me " . The 3rd Battalion was awarded a US Presidential Unit Citation for its part in the action . Saunders himself was recommended for a decoration but turned it down . Leading a Vickers machine gun platoon at the Battle of Maryang San in October , he reportedly shared the following exchange with a fellow 3 RAR officer : as they surveyed the forbidding mountain before them , Saunders ' companion remarked , " No country for white men " , to which Saunders replied , " It 's no country for black men , either " . He returned to Australia in November 1951 .
= = Later life = =
In 1953 the Returned and Services League ( RSL ) , a veterans organisation , recommended Saunders for inclusion in the official Australian contingent to the coronation of Elizabeth II ; the Federal government rejected the suggestion on the grounds that including Saunders would have meant excluding an officer who had been previously selected . Following his service in the Korean War , Saunders remained in the Army overseeing training for national servicemen at Puckapunyal . Away from active service , however , he soon became dissatisfied and in 1954 was discharged at his own request . The same year , he married an Irish nurse , Pat Montgomery ; his first marriage had broken down soon after he returned from Korea .
Saunders went to work in the logging industry in Gippsland , after which he moved to Sydney , where he was employed by the Austral Bronze Company . Seen by many as a role model and spokesman for Aboriginal Australians , in 1969 Saunders took up a position in the Office of Aboriginal Affairs as one of its first liaison officers . Among his tasks was promulgating information on recently legislated Federal funding for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander businesses and schooling , following up on recommendations made to government departments , and liaising with Aboriginal welfare groups . He later stated , " I felt a sense of leadership of Aboriginal people and a desire to do something about the Aboriginal situation " . His community work was recognised in the Queen 's Birthday Honours of June 1971 when he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the Civil Division . He continued to serve with the Department of Aboriginal Affairs in Canberra until retiring in 1980 . In July 1985 he was appointed to the Council of the Australian War Memorial , and held this position until his retirement . He was also involved in the RSL , though he fell out with leaders Alf Garland and Bruce Ruxton over Garland 's suggestion that Aborigines be blood @-@ tested to determine their entitlement to government benefits . " They can take all the blood they want from me , " Saunders declared in a 1986 interview , " and they 'll never find out what I am – least of all an Aborigine – bloody stupid ! "
During his two marriages , both of which ended in divorce , Saunders fathered ten children , two of whom predeceased him . Having suffered recent heart trouble , he died on 2 March 1990 . His ashes were scattered on Lake Condah , traditional territory of the Gunditjmara people . Of Saunders ' children , one of his sons followed him into the Army , while four of his daughters married soldiers . His son Christopher portrayed him in a 1978 episode of the television series The Sullivans .
= = Memorials = =
On 14 December 2001 , Saunders was honoured with the dedication of Reg Saunders Way , which passes through the Canberra suburbs of Campbell and Russell , in a ceremony attended by the Secretary of Defence , Dr Allan Hawke , and the Chief of the Defence Force , Admiral Chris Barrie . Saunders was also commemorated with a room in the Canberra Services Club , and by the RSL 's Captain Reg Saunders Scholarship . The Australian War Memorial holds Saunders ' medals and several personal effects in its national collection , along with an official portrait and several photographs .
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= Hurricane Cosme ( 1989 ) =
Hurricane Cosme was an unusually large tropical cyclone that made landfall in south @-@ western Mexico in June 1989 . The third tropical storm and second hurricane of the 1989 Pacific hurricane season , Cosme formed on June 19 from a tropical wave , the storm initially moved westward before being upgraded into Tropical Storm Cosme . It ultimately intensifying into a Category 1 hurricane . Cosme turned northward and made landfall near Acapulco during the night of June 21 . It rapidly weakened over land . The storm caused excessive rainfall on land , leading to deadly and destructive flooding . It is estimated that 30 people died in the hurricane .
= = Meteorological history = =
In early June 1989 , a tropical wave emerged from the west coast of Africa and traversed the Atlantic Ocean , eventually crossing into the eastern North Pacific . Initially , several centers of circulation were associated with the system . Continuing organize , the storm is estimated to have attained tropical depression status at 0000 UTC on June 18 . The depression was broad and lacked substantial thunderstorm activity . However , it did have respectable outflow and banding . It moved towards the west and intensified into a tropical storm at 0000 UTC on June 20 , 48 hours after being classified .
Upon being named , Cosme meandered and remained nearly stationary as it continued to intensify . It became a hurricane midday UTC on June 21 ; this upgrade was delayed in real time . At this time , the hurricane accelerated towards the north . As the cyclone approached the coast of Mexico , it reached maximum sustained winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 979 millibars .
During the night of June 21 , Cosme made landfall just east of Acapulco . It moved inland and quickly deteriorated , weakening into a tropical storm shortly after coming ashore . It trekked northward through eastern Mexico and further diminished into a tropical depression before becoming indistinguishable south of Brownsville , Texas on June 23 . Tropical Storm Allison 's development in the Gulf of Mexico was partially related to residual conditions from Cosme 's remnants .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Prior to the hurricane 's landfall , Mexican officials evacuated nearly 260 people from low @-@ lying areas near Acapulco . Ports in the region were also closed several days before the storm and remained closed for two days after as a precaution . In addition , flash flood watches and warnings were issued . Cosme brought heavy rains , which killed at least 30 people due to drowning . Many adobe homes were destroyed , but the specific cost of damage is unknown . The highest rainfall recorded in relation to Cosme was 16 @.@ 1 in ( 410 mm ) in San Bartolo Yautepec , Mexico . Many mountainous areas received rainfall in excess of 7 in ( 180 mm ) and most other areas received 1 in ( 25 mm ) . High winds produced by the storm damaged numerous trees and power lines throughout the affected areas . Authorities in Acapulco stated that there were no major damage or injuries from the storm , with only one hotel sustaining minor damage .
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= Hurricane Greta – Olivia =
Hurricane Greta – Olivia was one of six Atlantic hurricanes to cross over Central America into the eastern Pacific while remaining a tropical cyclone . The seventh named storm of the 1978 Atlantic hurricane season , Greta formed from a tropical wave just northwest of Trinidad on September 13 , and despite being in a climatologically unfavorable area , gradually intensified while moving west @-@ northwestward . On September 16 , it became a hurricane south of Jamaica . Two days later , the well @-@ defined eye approached northeastern Honduras but veered to the northwest . After reaching peak winds of 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) that day , Greta weakened while paralleling the northern Honduras coast just offshore . On September 19 , it made landfall on Belize near Dangriga and quickly weakened into a tropical depression while crossing Guatemala and southeastern Mexico . After entering the eastern Pacific , the system re @-@ intensified into a hurricane and was renamed Olivia , which weakened before dissipating over Chiapas on September 23 .
Taking a similar path to Hurricane Fifi four years prior , Greta threatened to reproduce the devastating effects of the catastrophic storm ; however , damage and loss of life was significantly less than feared . In Honduras , about 1 @,@ 200 homes were damaged , about half of which in towns along the coastline . The storm damaged about 75 % of the houses on Roatán along the offshore Bay Islands , and there was one death in the country . In the Belize Barrier Reef , Greta downed trees and produced high waves , while on the mainland , there was minimal flooding despite a high storm surge . In Dangriga where it made landfall , the hurricane damaged or destroyed 125 houses and the primary hospital . In Belize City , a tornado flipped over a truck and damaged four houses . Damage in Belize was estimated at $ 25 million ( 1978 USD ) , and there were four deaths .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa near Dakar , Senegal on September 7 . Moving westward across the Atlantic Ocean , the wave spawned an area of convection three days later , which gradually organized . On September 13 , the wave moved through the Windward Islands , producing wind gusts of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) on Barbados . Later that day , it is estimated the system developed into a tropical depression about 75 mi ( 120 km ) west @-@ northwest of Trinidad , based on ship and land reports . Though located in a climatologically unfavorable area , the depression intensified and continued to develop . A Hurricane Hunters flight on September 14 indicated that the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Greta to the north of the Netherlands Antilles .
After becoming a tropical storm , Greta intensified slowly due to a strong trough to the northwest , and with the South American coastline located to the south , the southerly inflow was disrupted . With a ridge to the north along the 30th parallel , the storm moved quickly west @-@ northwestward across the Caribbean . On September 16 , Greta intensified into a hurricane about 275 mi ( 443 km ) south of Jamaica . Shortly thereafter , the trough to the northwest weakened , which had been preventing the storm 's intensification . An increasingly well @-@ defined eye developed while approaching the coast of Honduras as the barometric pressure quickly dropped . Early on September 18 , the eyewall passed just offshore Cabo Gracias a Dios , the sparsely populated border between Honduras and Nicaragua The NHC described the eye as having " literally ricocheted off of the protruding northeast coast of Honduras " , thus sparing much of the country from the strongest winds . At 0710 UTC on September 18 , the Hurricane hunters observed a minimum pressure of 947 mbar ( 28 @.@ 0 inHg ) just off the northern Honduras coast , which was the basis for the estimated peak intensity of 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) . This made it a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale .
Despite the proximity to land , Greta initially maintained a well @-@ defined structure . The hurricane continued generally west @-@ northwestward due to the ridge to the north , and initially was expected to enter the Bay of Campeche . After passing through the Bay Islands off northern Honduras , Greta weakened slightly while approaching Belize , and made landfall near Dangriga at 0000 UTC on September 19 , with winds of about 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) . The calm of the eye was reported for three to five minutes there . Rapidly weakening over land , the hurricane deteriorated to tropical depression status over Guatemala within 12 hours of landfall . A large high pressure area from the Carolinas to the central Gulf of Mexico turned Greta southwestward toward the eastern Pacific Ocean . At 0000 UTC on September 20 , the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center ( EPHC ) took over responsibility for issuing advisories while Greta was 30 mi ( 50 km ) from the coast . Soon after , the depression emerged over the warm waters of the eastern Pacific and re @-@ intensified . At 0600 UTC , the depression re @-@ attained tropical storm status and was named Olivia by the EPHC , due to the storm entering the Pacific basin . After initially moving to the north , Olivia began executing a slow counterclockwise loop . Based on observations from nearby ships and radar , it is estimated Olivia attained hurricane status early on September 22 . While tracking towards the Mexican coastline , the system weakened below hurricane threshold ; between 1900 and 2000 UTC , Olivia made landfall about 60 mi ( 95 km ) east of Salina Cruz . Early on September 23 , Olivia dissipated over the Mexican state of Chiapas .
Hurricane Greta – Olivia was a rare crossover storm from the Atlantic to the Pacific , one of six to maintain tropical cyclone status during the crossing .
= = Impact = =
Early in its duration , Greta produced heavy rainfall in the Netherlands Antilles , but the strongest winds remained north of the island .
Late on September 17 when Greta 's eye was just offshore Honduras , the country 's government issued a hurricane warning for the eastern coastline . Around the same time , the Mexican government issued a hurricane warning for the eastern Yucatán peninsula , and on September 18 a hurricane warning was issued for the Belize and Guatemala coastlines . These advanced warnings helped reduce fatalities . In Puerto Castilla , Honduras , about 2 @,@ 000 people were evacuated in advance of the storm . The Honduran government put its military , police , and Red Cross on standby in advance of the storm , due to fears of a repeat of Hurricane Fifi in 1974 . However , unlike Fifi , which caused deadly floods in the region four years prior and took a similar track , Greta did not cause as significant river flooding in Honduras .
Across much of Greta 's track in Central America , the hurricane dropped locally heavy rainfall . When Greta passed just offshore northeastern Honduras , it produced sustained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) in Puerto Lempira , with gusts to 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . Winds along the northern Honduras coast were diminished due to the eyewall passing to the north . In Honduras , meteorologists estimated that upwards of 15 in ( 380 mm ) of rain fell in mountainous regions . Many villages were isolated and communication with them was severely hampered . In Puerto Lempira , roughly 1 @,@ 500 of the town 's 7 @,@ 000 residents sought refuge in five large structures during the storm . In twelve communities along the coastline , military officials reported that 656 homes were destroyed , of which 278 were in Punta Potuca . In the offshore Bay Islands , the hurricane destroyed 26 houses on Guanaja , where many roofs were lost and several boats were destroyed . On nearby Roatán , about 75 % of the houses lost their roofs after experiencing wind gusts of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . There was one death in Honduras , and nationwide , the hurricane damaged about 1 @,@ 200 homes , washed out roads and bridges , and wrecked coconut and rice crops .
At Greta 's final landfall in Belize , the highest sustained winds were 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) in Belize City , with gusts to 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) at Dangriga near the landfall location . On the offshore Ambergris Caye , winds reached 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) , and there was heavy rainfall . On Half Moon Caye , the hurricane damaged the base of a lighthouse and knocked over several coconut trees . Along the Belize Barrier Reef , the hurricane downed palm trees and produced high waves , with significant wave heights of about 33 ft ( 10 m ) along Carrie Bow Caye . On the mainland , storm tides in Dangriga were 6 to 7 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 1 m ) above normal , which did not cause much flooding . The strong winds destroyed 50 houses there and unroofed a further 75 , including damage to the hospital . There were also disruptions to power and water service . About 90 % of the grapefruit crop was destroyed , and 50 % of the orange crop was lost . Tides were 2 to 4 ft ( 0 @.@ 61 to 1 @.@ 22 m ) above normal in Belize City , which caused flooding in conjunction with swollen rivers . The United States embassy was flooded with about one foot of mud . There was little damage in the city , although a tornado in Belize City that damaged four houses and flipped over a truck . During the storm , the Belize International Airport was closed . Farther inland , strong winds caused heavy damage at Guanacaste National Park . Damage throughout Belize was estimated at $ 25 million ( 1978 USD ) , and there were four deaths . Three of the deaths were on offshore islands in areas without radios , and the other was due to electrocution .
= = Aftermath = =
Following the storm damage in Honduras , the country requested help from the United States . The Tactical Air Command had sent two squadrons to Central America in the middle of 1978 , and in response to the request from Honduras , two aircraft delivered over 100 @,@ 000 lb ( 45 @,@ 000 kg ) of cots , water , and generators ; the units also deployed a 13 – person crew who specialized in disaster relief . The aid was distributed by the Military of Honduras .
In late October 1978 , the United Methodist Church sent books and other supplies via aircraft to Belize , after a youth group rode out the storm there and desired to help residents . Despite the hurricane damage , the economy of Belize continued to grow after Greta struck , including an increase in banana production .
Although the National Hurricane Center does not consider it retired , the World Meteorological Organization lists Greta in its retired hurricane name list .
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= Radiohead =
Radiohead are an English rock band from Abingdon , Oxfordshire , formed in 1985 . The band consists of Thom Yorke ( lead vocals , guitar , piano , keyboards ) , Jonny Greenwood ( lead guitar , keyboards , other instruments ) , Ed O 'Brien ( guitar , backing vocals ) , Colin Greenwood ( bass ) , and Phil Selway ( drums , percussion , backing vocals ) . They have worked with producer Nigel Godrich and cover artist Stanley Donwood since 1994 .
Radiohead released their debut single " Creep " in 1992 . It became a worldwide hit after the release of the band 's debut album , Pablo Honey ( 1993 ) . Their popularity and critical standing rose in the United Kingdom with the release of their second album , The Bends ( 1995 ) . Radiohead 's third album , OK Computer ( 1997 ) , propelled them to international fame ; with an expansive sound and themes of modern alienation , it is often acclaimed as a landmark record of the 1990s and one of the best albums of all time . The group 's next album Kid A ( 2000 ) marked a dramatic evolution in their style , as they incorporated influences from experimental electronic music , 20th @-@ century classical music , krautrock , and jazz . Despite initially dividing fans and critics , Kid A was later named the best album of the decade by Rolling Stone , Pitchfork and the Times . Amnesiac , recorded during the same sessions as Kid A , was released the following year .
Radiohead 's sixth album , Hail to the Thief ( 2003 ) , mixed rock and electronic music with lyrics inspired by the War on Terror , and was the band 's final album for their record label , EMI . Their subsequent releases have pioneered alternative release platforms such as pay @-@ what @-@ you @-@ want and BitTorrent . Radiohead released their seventh album , In Rainbows ( 2007 ) , as a download for which customers could set their own price , to critical and chart success . Their eighth album , The King of Limbs ( 2011 ) , an exploration of rhythm , was developed using extensive looping and sampling . Their ninth album , A Moon Shaped Pool ( 2016 ) , prominently featured Jonny Greenwood 's orchestral arrangements .
Radiohead have sold more than 30 million albums worldwide . Their work places highly in both listener polls and critics ' lists of the best music of the 1990s and 2000s . In 2005 , they were ranked 73rd in Rolling Stone 's list of " The Greatest Artists of All Time " ; Jonny Greenwood ( 48th ) and O 'Brien were both included in Rolling Stone 's list of greatest guitarists , and Yorke ( 66th ) in their list of greatest singers . In 2009 , Rolling Stone readers voted the group the second best artist of the 2000s .
= = History = =
= = = 1985 – 92 : Formation and first years = = =
The members of Radiohead met while attending Abingdon School , an independent school for boys in Abingdon , Oxfordshire . Guitarist and singer Thom Yorke and bassist Colin Greenwood were in the same year , guitarist Ed O 'Brien and drummer Phil Selway in the year above , and multi @-@ instrumentalist Jonny Greenwood two years below . In 1985 , they formed On a Friday , the name referring to the band 's usual rehearsal day in the school 's music room . Jonny was the last to join , first on harmonica and then keyboards , but soon became the lead guitarist ; he had previously been in another band , Illiterate Hands , with musician Nigel Powell and Yorke 's brother Andy Yorke . According to Colin , the band members picked their respective instruments " because we wanted to play music together , rather than just because we wanted to play that particular instrument . So it was more of a collective angle , and if you could contribute by having someone else play your instrument , then that was really cool . "
The band disliked the school 's strict atmosphere and found solace in the school 's music department . They credited their music teacher for introducing them to jazz , film scores , postwar avant @-@ garde music , and 20th @-@ century classical music . Colin said : " When we started , it was very important that we got support from him , because we weren 't getting any from the headmaster . You know , the man once sent us a bill , charging us for the use of school property , because we practiced in one of the music rooms on a Sunday . " Oxfordshire and the Thames Valley had an active independent music scene in the late 1980s , but it centred on shoegazing bands such as Ride and Slowdive . At one point , On a Friday featured a saxophone section .
Although all but Jonny had left Abingdon by 1987 to attend university , On a Friday continued to rehearse on weekends and holidays . At the University of Exeter , Yorke played with the band Headless Chickens , performing songs including future Radiohead material , and met artist Stanley Donwood , who would later create artwork for the band . In 1991 , On a Friday regrouped , sharing a house on the corner of Magdalen Road and Ridgefield Road , Oxford . They recorded demos such as Manic Hedgehog , and performed in Oxford , including more performances at the Jericho Tavern .
As On a Friday continued to perform live , record labels and producers became interested . Chris Hufford , Slowdive 's producer and the co @-@ owner of Oxford 's Courtyard Studios , attended an early On a Friday concert at the Jericho Tavern . Impressed , he and his partner Bryce Edge produced a demo tape and became On a Friday 's managers ; they remain Radiohead 's managers today . In late 1991 , after a chance meeting between Colin Greenwood and EMI A & R representative Keith Wozencroft at Our Price , the record shop where Colin Greenwood worked , the band signed a six @-@ album recording contract with EMI . At the request of EMI , the band changed their name ; " Radiohead " was taken from the song " Radio Head " on the Talking Heads album True Stories ( 1986 ) .
= = = 1992 – 94 : " Creep " , Pablo Honey and early success = = =
Radiohead recorded their debut release , the Drill EP , with Chris Hufford and Bryce Edge at Courtyard Studios . Released in May 1992 , its chart performance was poor . The band enlisted Paul Kolderie and Sean Slade , who had worked with US indie bands Pixies and Dinosaur Jr . , to produce their debut album , recorded quickly in an Oxford studio in 1992 . With the release of the " Creep " single later that year , Radiohead began to receive attention in the British music press , not all of it favourable ; NME described them as " a lily @-@ livered excuse for a rock band " , and " Creep " was blacklisted by BBC Radio 1 because it was deemed " too depressing " .
Radiohead released their debut album , Pablo Honey , in February 1993 . It stalled at number 22 in the UK charts , as " Creep " and its follow @-@ up singles " Anyone Can Play Guitar " and " Stop Whispering " failed to become hits . " Pop Is Dead " , a non @-@ album single , also sold poorly . Some critics compared the band 's early style to the wave of grunge music popular in the early 1990s , dubbing them " Nirvana @-@ lite " , and Pablo Honey failed to make a critical or a commercial splash upon its initial release . Despite shared influences with popular guitar acts , and some notice for Yorke 's falsetto , Radiohead toured only British universities and clubs .
In early 1993 , Radiohead began to attract listeners elsewhere . " Creep " had been played frequently on Israeli radio by influential DJ Yoav Kutner , and in March , after the song became a hit in that country , Radiohead were invited to Tel Aviv for their first live gig overseas . Around the same time , the San Francisco alternative radio station KITS added " Creep " to its playlist . Soon other radio stations along the west coast of the United States followed suit . By the time Radiohead began their first North American tour in June 1993 , the music video for " Creep " was in heavy rotation on MTV . The song rose to number two on the US modern rock chart , entered the lower reaches of the top 40 pop chart , and hit number seven in the UK Singles Chart when EMI rereleased it in the UK in September .
Unexpected attention for the single in America prompted EMI to improvise new promotional plans , and the band shuttled back and forth between continents , playing over 150 concerts in 1993 . Radiohead nearly broke up due to the pressure of sudden success as the Pablo Honey supporting tour extended into its second year . The band members described the tour as difficult to adjust to , saying that towards its end they were " still playing the same songs that [ they had ] recorded two years previously ... like being held in a time warp , " when they were eager to work on new songs .
= = = 1994 – 95 : The Bends , critical recognition and growing fanbase = = =
Radiohead began work on their second album in 1994 , hiring veteran Abbey Road Studios producer John Leckie . Tensions were high , with mounting expectations to deliver a follow @-@ up to match the success of " Creep " . Recording felt unnatural in the studio , with the band having over @-@ rehearsed the material . Seeking a change of scenery , they toured the Far East , Australasia and Mexico and found greater confidence performing their new music live . However , troubled by the fame he had achieved , Yorke became disillusioned with being " at the sharp end of the sexy , sassy , MTV eye @-@ candy lifestyle " he felt he was helping to sell to the world .
My Iron Lung , an EP and single released late in 1994 , was Radiohead 's reaction , marking a transition towards the greater depth they aimed for on their second album . It was their first time working with their future producer Nigel Godrich , then working under Leckie as an audio engineer . It was also Radiohead 's first collaboration with artist Stanley Donwood , who has produced all of their artwork since . Promoted through alternative radio stations , My Iron Lung 's sales were better than expected , and suggested for the first time that the band had found a loyal fanbase and were not one @-@ hit wonders .
Having introduced more new songs on tour , Radiohead finished recording their second album by year 's end , and released The Bends in March 1995 . The album was driven by dense riffs and ethereal atmospheres from the band 's three guitarists , with greater use of keyboards than their debut . It received stronger reviews for its songwriting and performances . While Radiohead were seen as outsiders to the Britpop scene that dominated media attention at the time , they were finally successful in their home country with The Bends , as singles " Fake Plastic Trees " , " High and Dry " , " Just " , and " Street Spirit ( Fade Out ) " made their way to UK chart success ; the latter song placed Radiohead in the top five for the first time . In 1995 , Radiohead again toured North America and Europe , this time in support of R.E.M. , one of their formative influences and at the time one of the biggest rock bands in the world . The buzz generated by such famous fans as R.E.M singer Michael Stipe , along with distinctive music videos for " Just " and " Street Spirit " , helped to sustain Radiohead 's popularity outside the UK .
" High and Dry " became a modest hit , but Radiohead 's growing fanbase was insufficient to repeat the worldwide success of " Creep " . The Bends peaked at 88 on the US album charts , which remains Radiohead 's lowest showing there . Nonetheless , Radiohead were satisfied with the album 's reception . Jonny Greenwood said : " I think the turning point for us came about nine or twelve months after The Bends was released and it started appearing in people 's [ best of ] polls for the end of the year . That 's when it started to feel like we made the right choice about being a band . " In later years , The Bends appeared in many publications ' lists of the best albums of all time , including Rolling Stone 's 2012 edition of the " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " at # 111 .
= = = 1995 – 98 : OK Computer and critical acclaim = = =
By late 1995 , Radiohead had already recorded one song that would appear on their next record . " Lucky " , released as a single to promote the War Child charity 's The Help Album , had come out of a brief session with Nigel Godrich , the young audio engineer who assisted on The Bends and produced a 1996 B @-@ side , " Talk Show Host " . The band decided to self @-@ produce their next album with Godrich 's assistance , and began work in early 1996 . By July they had recorded four songs at their rehearsal studio , Canned Applause , a converted apple shed in the countryside near Didcot , Oxfordshire .
In August 1996 , Radiohead toured as the opening act for Alanis Morissette . " It was silly money and it gave us a chance to work out everything live , " explained Colin Greenwood . " That , and the strangely perverse kick out of being these five men in black , scaring prepubescent American girls with our own brand of dark music . ' Paranoid Android ' used to have this appalling , ten @-@ minute , Brian Auger Hammond solo at the end of it , which went on and on , with Jonny just jamming . We 'd beg him not to do it . That was quite full @-@ on . There 'd be little children crying at the end , begging their parents to take them home . ( But ) I don 't think you could say that OK Computer is a reaction against the crass commercialism of the most successful solo artist in the world at the moment and her music . It 's a desperate bid on our behalf to emulate that crass commercialisation , which I think we 've singularly failed to do . "
They then resumed recording , not at a traditional music studio , but instead at St. Catherine 's Court , a 15th @-@ century mansion near Bath . The sessions were relaxed , with the band playing at all hours of the day , recording songs in different rooms , and listening to the Beatles , DJ Shadow , Ennio Morricone and Miles Davis for inspiration . Radiohead contributed " Talk Show Host " and the newly recorded " Exit Music ( For a Film ) " to Baz Luhrmann 's adaptation of Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) late in the year . Most of the rest of the album was complete by the end of 1996 , and by March 1997 , the record was mixed and mastered .
Radiohead released their third album , OK Computer , in June 1997 . Largely composed of melodic rock , the new record also found the band experimenting with song structures and incorporating ambient , avant garde and electronic influences , prompting Rolling Stone to call the album a " stunning art @-@ rock tour de force " . Radiohead denied being part of the progressive rock genre , but critics in the mid- ' 90s began to compare their work to Pink Floyd , a band whose early 1970s work influenced Greenwood 's guitar parts at the time . Some compared OK Computer thematically to Floyd 's best @-@ seller The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) , although Thom Yorke said the album 's lyrics had been inspired by observing the " speed " of the world in the 1990s . Yorke 's lyrics , embodying different characters , had expressed what one magazine called " end @-@ of @-@ the @-@ millennium blues " in contrast to the more personal songs of The Bends . According to journalist Alex Ross , the band had become " the poster boys for a certain kind of knowing alienation — as the Talking Heads and R.E.M. had been before . " OK Computer met with great critical acclaim , and Yorke admitted that he was " amazed it got the reaction it did . None of us fucking knew any more whether it was good or bad . What really blew my head off was the fact that people got all the things , all the textures and the sounds and the atmospheres we were trying to create . "
OK Computer was the band 's first number one UK chart debut , propelling them to commercial success around the world . Despite peaking at number 21 in the US charts , the album eventually met with mainstream recognition there , receiving the first Grammy Awards recognition of the band 's career , a win for Best Alternative Album and a nomination for Album of the Year . " Paranoid Android " , " Karma Police " and " No Surprises " were released as singles from the album , of which " Karma Police " was most successful internationally . In the same year , Radiohead became one of the first bands in the world to have a website , and developed a devoted online following ; within a few years , there were dozens of fan sites devoted to the band .
The release of OK Computer was followed by the " Against Demons " world tour . Grant Gee , the director of the " No Surprises " video , accompanied and filmed the band , releasing the footage in the 1999 documentary Meeting People Is Easy . The film portrays the band 's disaffection with the music industry and press , showing their burnout as they progressed from their first tour dates in mid @-@ 1997 to mid @-@ 1998 , nearly a year later . The film is also notable for documenting earlier versions of songs that were never released or were not released until years later , such as " How to Disappear Completely " , " Life in a Glasshouse " , " I Will " and " Nude " . The film was screened at festivals such as the 1999 Maryland Film Festival and had a limited theatrical release in select cities . During this time the band also released a music video compilation , 7 Television Commercials , as well as two EPs , Airbag / How Am I Driving ? and No Surprises / Running from Demons , that compiled their B @-@ sides from OK Computer singles .
= = = 1998 – 2002 : Kid A , Amnesiac and change in sound = = =
Radiohead were largely inactive following their 1997 – 1998 tour ; after its end , their only public performance in 1998 was at an Amnesty International concert in Paris . Yorke later said that during that period the band came close to splitting up , and that he had developed severe depression . In early 1999 , Radiohead began work on a follow @-@ up to OK Computer . Although the album 's success meant there was no longer any pressure or a deadline from their record label , tension during this period was high . Band members all had different visions for Radiohead 's future , and Yorke experienced writer 's block , influencing him toward a more abstract , fragmented form of songwriting . Radiohead secluded themselves with producer Nigel Godrich in studios in Paris , Copenhagen , and Gloucester , and in their newly completed studio in Oxford . Eventually , all the members agreed on a new musical direction , redefining their instrumental roles . After nearly 18 months , Radiohead 's recording sessions were completed in April 2000 .
In October 2000 Radiohead released their fourth album , Kid A , the first of two albums from these recording sessions . A departure from OK Computer , Kid A featured a minimalist and textured style with more diverse instrumentation , including the ondes Martenot , programmed electronic beats , strings , and jazz horns . It debuted at number one in many countries , including the US , where its debut atop the Billboard chart marked a first for the band , and the first US number one album by any UK act since the Spice Girls in 1996 . This success was attributed variously to marketing , to the album 's leak on the file @-@ sharing network Napster a few months before its release , and to advance anticipation based , in part , on the success of OK Computer . Although Radiohead did not release any singles from Kid A , promos of " Optimistic " and " Idioteque " received radio play , and a series of " blips " , or short videos set to portions of tracks , were played on music channels and released freely on the internet . The band had read Naomi Klein 's anti @-@ globalisation book No Logo during the recording , and they decided to continue a summer 2000 tour of Europe later in the year in a custom @-@ built tent free of advertising ; they also promoted Kid A with three sold @-@ out North American theatre concerts .
Kid A received a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album and a nomination for Album of the Year in early 2001 . It won both praise and criticism in independent music circles for appropriating underground styles of music ; some mainstream British critics saw Kid A as a " commercial suicide note " , labelling it " intentionally difficult " and longing for a return to the band 's earlier style . Radiohead 's fans were similarly divided ; along with those who were appalled or mystified , there were many who saw the album as the band 's best work . Yorke , however , denied that Radiohead had set out to eschew commercial expectations , saying : " I was really , really amazed at how badly [ Kid A ] was being viewed ... because the music 's not that hard to grasp . We 're not trying to be difficult ... We 're actually trying to communicate but somewhere along the line , we just seemed to piss off a lot of people ... What we 're doing isn 't that radical . " The album has since been ranked one of the best of all time by publications including Rolling Stone , Time , Pitchfork , the Times and the Guardian .
Radiohead 's fifth album , Amnesiac , was released in June 2001 . It comprised additional tracks from the Kid A recording sessions , plus one track recorded after Kid A 's release , " Life in a Glasshouse " , featuring the Humphrey Lyttelton Band . Radiohead stressed that they saw Amnesiac not as a collection of B @-@ sides or " leftovers " from Kid A but an album in its own right . It topped the UK Albums Chart and reached number two in the US , being nominated for a Grammy Award and the Mercury Music Prize . Radiohead embarked on a world tour , visiting North America , Europe and Japan . " Pyramid Song " and " Knives Out " , Radiohead 's first singles since 1998 , were modestly successful . A live album , I Might Be Wrong : Live Recordings , released in November 2001 , features performances of seven songs from Kid A and Amnesiac , and the previously unreleased acoustic track " True Love Waits " .
= = = 2002 – 04 : Hail to the Thief and departure from EMI = = =
In July and August 2002 , Radiohead toured Portugal and Spain , playing a number of new songs . They recorded the new material in two weeks in a Los Angeles studio with Godrich , adding several tracks later in Oxford , where they continued their work into the next year . The band described the recording process as relaxed , in contrast to the tense sessions for Kid A and Amnesiac .
Radiohead 's sixth album , Hail to the Thief , was released in June 2003 , combining guitar rock with electronic music . Its lyrics were influenced by what Yorke called " the general sense of ignorance and intolerance and panic and stupidity " following the 2000 election of US President George W. Bush . The album debuted at number one in the UK and number three on the Billboard chart , and was eventually certified platinum in the UK and gold in the US . The singles " There There " , " Go to Sleep " and " 2 + 2 = 5 " achieved heavy circulation on modern rock radio . At the 2003 Grammy Awards , Radiohead were again nominated for Best Alternative Album , and producer Godrich and engineer Darrell Thorp received the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album . In May 2003 , Radiohead embarked in on a world tour and headlined Glastonbury Festival . The tour finished in May 2004 with a performance at the Coachella Festival . A compilation of Hail to the Thief B @-@ sides , remixes and live performances , COM LAG ( 2plus2isfive ) , was released in April 2004 .
Radiohead 's six @-@ album record contract with EMI ended with the release of Hail to the Thief . In 2005 , Yorke told Time : " I like the people at our record company , but the time is at hand when you have to ask why anyone needs one . And , yes , it probably would give us some perverse pleasure to say ' Fuck you ' to this decaying business model . " In 2006 , the New York Times described Radiohead as " by far the world 's most popular unsigned band " .
= = = 2004 – 09 : Solo work , In Rainbows and " pay what you want " = = =
Following the Hail to the Thief tour , Radiohead went on hiatus to spend time with their families . Jonny Greenwood composed soundtracks for the films Bodysong ( 2004 ) and There Will Be Blood ( 2007 ) . In July 2006 , Yorke released his debut solo album , The Eraser . He told Pitchfork : " I 've been in the band since we left school and never dared do anything on my own ... It was like , ' Man , I 've got to find out what it feels like , ' you know ? "
Radiohead began work on their seventh album in February 2005 with no record label . In an effort to " get out of the comfort zone " , they decided against involving producer Godrich , with whom they had recorded five albums , and hired producer Spike Stent . The collaboration with Stent was unsuccessful and ended in April 2006 . In September 2005 , Radiohead recorded " I Want None of This " for the War Child charity album Help : A Day in the Life . The album was sold online , with " I Want None of This " the most downloaded track , though it was not released as a single . In late 2006 , after touring Europe and North America with new material , the band resumed work with Godrich in London , Oxford and rural Somerset , England . Work was finished in June 2007 and the recordings were mastered the following month .
Radiohead 's seventh album , In Rainbows , was released through the band 's website in October 2007 as a download for any amount users wanted , including £ 0 — a landmark use of the pay @-@ what @-@ you @-@ want model for music sales . The pay @-@ what @-@ you @-@ want release , the first for a major act , made headlines worldwide and sparked debate about the implications for the music industry . According to Mojo , the release was " hailed as a revolution in the way major bands sell their music " , and the media 's reaction was " almost overwhelmingly positive " ; Time called it " easily the most important release in the recent history of the music business " . 1 @.@ 2 million downloads were reportedly sold by the day of release , but the band 's management did not release official sales figures , claiming that the internet @-@ only distribution was intended to boost later retail sales . Colin Greenwood explained the internet release as a way of avoiding the " regulated playlists " and " straitened formats " of radio and TV , ensuring fans around the world could all experience the music at the same time , and preventing leaks in advance of a physical release . O 'Brien said the self @-@ release strategy sold fewer records , but made more money for the band as there was no middleman . A special " discbox " edition of In Rainbows , including a second disc from the recording sessions , vinyl and CD editions of the album , and a hardcover book of artwork , was also sold and shipped in late 2007 .
In Rainbows was released physically in the UK in late December 2007 on XL Recordings and in North America in January 2008 on TBD Records , charting at number one both in the UK and in the US . The record 's retail success in the US – after having been legally available for months as a free download – was Radiohead 's highest chart success in that country since Kid A , while it was their fifth UK number one album . In Rainbows sold more than three million copies within one year . The album received critical acclaim for its more accessible sound and personal lyrics . It was nominated for the short list of the Mercury Music Prize and went on to win the 2009 Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album . Their production team won the Grammy for Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package , while Radiohead received their third nomination for Album of the Year . Along with three other nominations for the band , Godrich 's production and the " House of Cards " music video also received nominations .
Radiohead released a number of singles from In Rainbows : " Jigsaw Falling into Place " in January 2008 , followed by " Nude " , which debuted at number 37 in the Billboard Hot 100 , Radiohead 's first song to make that chart since 1995 's " High and Dry " and their first top 40 hit in the US since " Creep " . In July they released a digitally @-@ shot video for " House of Cards " . " House of Cards " , along with " Bodysnatchers " , also received a single release on radio . In September the band announced a fourth single , " Reckoner " , and a remix competition similar to one organised for " Nude " . In April 2008 , Radiohead launched W.A.S.T.E. Central , a social networking service for Radiohead fans .
EMI released a greatest hits album , Radiohead : The Best Of , in June 2008 . The compilation was made without Radiohead 's input and only contains songs released under their recording contract with EMI . Yorke was critical of the release , saying : " There 's nothing we can do about it . The work is really public property now anyway , in my head at least . It 's a wasted opportunity in that if we 'd been behind it , and we wanted to do it , then it might have been good . " In August 2008 , EMI reissued " special editions " of OK Computer , Kid A , Amnesiac and Hail to the Thief as part of the " From the Capitol Vaults " series . From mid @-@ 2008 to early 2009 , Radiohead toured North America , Europe , Japan and South America to promote In Rainbows , and headlined the Reading and Leeds Festivals in August 2009 .
As social media began to expand , Radiohead gradually withdrew their public presence , with no promotional interviews or tours to promote new releases . Pitchfork wrote that around this time " their popularity became increasingly untethered from the typical formalities of record promotion , placing them on the same level as Beyoncé and Kanye West . "
= = = 2009 – 12 : The King of Limbs , two drummers and Toronto stage collapse = = =
In May 2009 , Radiohead began new recording sessions with Godrich . In August , they released " Harry Patch ( In Memory Of ) " , a tribute song to Harry Patch , the last surviving British soldier to have fought in World War I , with proceeds donated to the British Legion . Later that month , another new song , " These Are My Twisted Words " , was leaked via torrent , possibly by Radiohead themselves . It was released as a free download on the Radiohead website the following week . Yorke formed a new band to perform The Eraser live , Atoms for Peace , with musicians including Godrich and Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea ; the band played eight North American shows in 2010 .
In January 2010 , Radiohead played their only full concert of the year in the Los Angeles Henry Fonda Theater as a benefit for Oxfam . Tickets were auctioned , raising over half a million US dollars for the NGO 's 2010 Haiti earthquake relief . In June , Yorke and Jonny Greenwood performed a surprise set at Glastonbury Festival , performing Eraser and Radiohead songs . On 30 August , Selway released his debut solo album , Familial . In December , a fan @-@ made video of Radiohead 's Oxfam benefit performance was released via YouTube and torrent with Radiohead 's support and a " pay @-@ what @-@ you @-@ want " link to donate to Oxfam . In September 2010 , Radiohead released the soundboard recording of their 2009 Prague performance for use in another fan @-@ made concert video . The Radiohead for Haiti and Live in Praha videos were described as examples of the band 's openness to fans and positivity toward non @-@ commercial internet distribution .
Radiohead finished recording their eighth album , The King of Limbs , in January 2011 . Following the protracted recording and more conventional rock instrumentation of In Rainbows ( 2007 ) , Radiohead developed The King of Limbs by sampling and looping their recordings with turntables while incorporating ambient sounds . According to O 'Brien : " Rhythm is the king of limbs ! The rhythm dictates the record . It 's very important . " The album was announced on Valentine 's Day and self @-@ released on 18 February 2011 through the Radiohead website . It was followed by a retail release on CD and vinyl formats in March , and a special " newspaper album " edition in May .
The King of Limbs sold an estimated 300 @,@ 000 to 400 @,@ 000 copies through Radiohead 's website ; the retail edition debuted at number six on the United States Billboard 200 and number seven on the UK Albums Chart . It was nominated for five categories in the 54th Grammy Awards : Best Alternative Music Album , Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package , Best Short Form Music Video ( for " Lotus Flower " ) , Best Rock Performance ( " Lotus Flower " ) and Best Rock Song ( " Lotus Flower " ) . Two tracks not included on The King of Limbs but worked on during the same sessions , " Supercollider " and " The Butcher " , were released as a single for Record Store Day on 16 April 2011 . A series of King of Limbs remixes by various artists were compiled on TKOL RMX 1234567 , released in September 2011 .
To perform the rhythmically complex King of Limbs material live , Radiohead enlisted a second drummer , Clive Deamer , who has worked with Portishead and Get the Blessing . Selway said of the collaboration : " That was fascinating . One played in the traditional way , the other almost mimicked a drum machine . It was push @-@ and @-@ pull , like kids at play , really interesting . " With Deamer , Radiohead recorded a second From the Basement session , released as The King of Limbs : Live from the Basement in December 2011 . The performance included two new songs , " The Daily Mail " and " Staircase " , released as a double A @-@ side download single on 19 December 2011 . Deamer has joined Radiohead on subsequent tours .
On 24 June , Radiohead played a surprise performance on the Park stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival , performing songs from The King of Limbs before an audience for the first time . In September , they played two dates at New York City 's Roseland Ballroom and made American TV appearances including a one @-@ hour special episode of The Colbert Report and the season première of Saturday Night Live . In February 2012 , they began their first extended North American tour in four years , including dates in the United States , Canada and Mexico . While on tour , Radiohead spent a day working on new material at Jack White 's Third Man Records studio .
On 16 June 2012 , an hour before gates were due to open at Toronto 's Downsview Park for the final concert of Radiohead 's North American tour , the roof of the venue 's temporary stage collapsed , killing drum technician Scott Johnson and injuring three other members of Radiohead 's touring technical crew . The collapse also destroyed the band 's light show and much of their musical equipment . No band members were on stage . The concert was cancelled and Radiohead 's tour dates in Europe were postponed . After rescheduling the tour , Radiohead paid tribute to Johnson and their stage crew at their next concert , in Nîmes , France , in July . Yorke later wrote that finishing the tour after the collapse was his " biggest achievement so far " . In June 2013 , the Ontario Ministry of Labour charged Live Nation Canada Inc , Live Nation Ontario Concerts GP Inc , Optex Staging & Services Inc and an engineer with 13 charges under the Occupational Health and Safety Act . The hearing began in November 2015 .
= = = 2012 – present : Hiatus , further solo work , and A Moon Shaped Pool = = =
After the King of Limbs tour , during which the band performed several new songs , Radiohead entered hiatus again . In February 2013 , Yorke and Godrich 's band Atoms for Peace released a studio album , Amok . The pair made headlines that year for their criticism of the free music streaming service Spotify , which they believe cannot support new artists ; Yorke accused Spotify of only benefiting major labels with large back catalogues , and encouraged artists to build their own " direct connections " with audiences instead .
On 11 February 2014 , Radiohead released the Polyfauna app for Android and iOS phones , an " experimental collaboration " between the band and the British digital arts studio Universal Everything which uses musical elements and imagery from The King of Limbs . On 26 September 2014 , Yorke released his second solo album , Tomorrow 's Modern Boxes , and on 7 October , Selway released his second solo album , Weatherhouse . Jonny Greenwood composed the soundtrack for the Paul Thomas Anderson film Inherent Vice , released in October 2014 , featuring a new version of an unreleased Radiohead song , " Spooks " , performed by Greenwood and two members of Supergrass . In 2015 , Yorke contributed a soundtrack , Subterranea , to The Panic Office , an installation of Radiohead artwork in Sydney , Australia .
Radiohead began work on their ninth studio album with Godrich in September 2014 in France . In February 2015 , Greenwood told Pitchfork that Radiohead had changed their methods again , " working in limits " and using " very old and very new technology " together . In October , Radiohead sued their previous record label , Parlophone , for deductions made from downloads of their back catalogue . The following month , Junun , a collaboration between Greenwood , Israeli composer Shye Ben Tzur and Indian musicians , produced by Godrich , was released . It was accompanied by a documentary of the same name directed by Paul Thomas Anderson , for whom Greenwood has composed several film scores . On Christmas Day 2015 , Radiohead released a new song , " Spectre " , on the audio streaming site SoundCloud . It was written for the James Bond film of the same name , but was rejected , in Greenwood 's words , for being " too dark " .
In April 2016 , XL Recordings purchased Radiohead 's back catalogue from Warner Music Group ( WMG ) . The catalogue was recorded under Parlophone before Radiohead 's recording contract ended with the release of Hail to the Thief in 2003 , and sold approximately 115 @,@ 000 units in 2015 . As part of WMG 's purchase of Parlophone in 2013 , WMG made an agreement with the independent music label trade group Impala to reach distribution agreements with independent labels for the 11 @,@ 000 acquired acts , which required artist approval . XL Recordings has released the physical editions of every Radiohead release since In Rainbows , along with records by Atoms for Peace and some of Yorke 's solo work . As a result of the purchase , the " special editions " of the albums , issued by WMG in the mid @-@ 2000s without Radiohead 's approval , were removed from streaming services .
On 30 April , fans who had previously made orders from Radiohead received embossed cards with lyrics from a new song , " Burn the Witch " . On 1 May 2016 , Radiohead deleted all content from their website and social media profiles , replacing them with blank images , a move Pitchfork interpreted as symbolic of Radiohead 's re @-@ emergence . " Burn the Witch " was released as a download on 3 May , accompanied by a stop @-@ motion animated music video . On 6 May , Radiohead released another new download single , " Daydreaming " , accompanied by a music video directed by Paul Thomas Anderson ; the video was screened in 35 mm film in select cinemas .
Radiohead 's ninth studio album , A Moon Shaped Pool , was released digitally on 8 May 2016 , followed by physical versions on 17 June via XL Recordings . It includes several songs written some years earlier , including " True Love Waits " ( which dates to at least 1995 ) along with strings and choral vocals performed by the London Contemporary Orchestra and additional percussion from Deamer . The album was simultaneously released on paid streaming services including Tidal and Apple Music , but was not released on Spotify , a free service , until 17 June , six weeks later . Spotify had been in " advanced discussions " with Radiohead ’ s management and label to make A Moon Shaped Pool the first album available exclusively to Spotify 's paid subscribers , but the deal fell through , according to Spotify , due to technical hurdles . In Rainbows , the only other Radiohead album not previously available on Spotify , was added on 10 June .
Radiohead began a tour in support of A Moon Shaped Pool in May 2016 , joined again by Deamer , with performances in Europe , North America , and Japan . The physical release of the album was promoted with " Live From a Moon Shaped Pool " , which took place in participating record shops around the world . The event featured a " day @-@ long " audio stream , including playlists curated by Radiohead and a recording of their recent performance at the London Roundhouse , along with competitions , artwork , and other activities . Attendees in a record shop in Istanbul , Turkey , were attacked by a group of men who were angry that customers were drinking beer and playing music during Ramadan , the Muslim holy month of fast . Radiohead released a statement condemning the attacks and offering " love and support " to Istanbul fans .
= = Style and songwriting = =
Among Radiohead members ' earliest influences were Queen , Pink Floyd and Elvis Costello , post @-@ punk acts such as Joy Division , Siouxsie and the Banshees and Magazine , and significantly 1980s alternative rock bands such as R.E.M. , Pixies , the Smiths and Sonic Youth . By the mid @-@ 1990s , Radiohead began to adopt some recording methods from hip hop , inspired by the sampling work of DJ Shadow , and became interested in using computers to generate sounds . Other influences on the group include the jazz music of Miles Davis , Charlie Mingus and Alice Coltrane , the soundtracks of Ennio Morricone , 1960s rock groups such as the Beatles and the Beach Boys , and Phil Spector 's " wall of sound " production technique .
The electronic music of Kid A and Amnesiac was inspired by Yorke 's admiration for glitch , ambient techno and IDM as exemplified by Warp Records artists such as Autechre and Aphex Twin ; in 2013 , Yorke named Aphex Twin as biggest influence . The album also samples early computer music . The jazz of Charles Mingus , Alice Coltrane and Miles Davis , and 1970s krautrock bands such as Can and Neu ! , were other major influences during this period . Jonny Greenwood 's interest in 20th century classical music also had a role , as the influence of composers Krzysztof Penderecki and Olivier Messiaen was apparent ; for several songs on Kid A and later albums , Greenwood has played the ondes Martenot , an early electronic instrument popularised by Messiaen .
Recording In Rainbows , Radiohead members mentioned a variety of rock , electronic , hip hop and experimental musicians as influences , including Björk , M.I.A , Liars , Modeselektor and Spank Rock . In 2011 , Yorke denied that Radiohead had ever set out deliberately to change musical styles or to make " experimental music " , saying the band was " constantly absorbing music " and that a variety of musicians are always influencing their work . Drummer Clive Deamer , who has recorded and performed with Radiohead since 2012 , said that Radiohead did not see themselves as a rock band and felt their methodology had closer parallels with jazz : “ they deliberately try to avoid cliché and standard forms for the sake of the song ... Rock bands don ’ t do that . It ’ s far more like a jazz mentality . "
Since their formation , Radiohead have been lyrically and musically spearheaded by Yorke . Although Yorke is responsible for writing nearly all the lyrics , songwriting is a collaborative effort , with all the band members having roles in the process ; all the band 's songs are officially credited to " Radiohead " . Radiohead songs usually begin with a sketch by Yorke , which is harmonically developed by Jonny Greenwood before the other members develop their own parts . The Kid A and Amnesiac sessions brought about a change in Radiohead 's musical style and working method . Since their shift from conventional rock music instrumentation toward an emphasis on electronic sound , the members have gained flexibility and now regularly switch instruments depending on the particular song requirements . On Kid A and Amnesiac , Yorke played keyboard and bass , while Jonny Greenwood often played ondes Martenot rather than guitar , bassist Colin Greenwood worked on sampling , and O 'Brien and Selway branched out to drum machines and digital manipulations , also finding ways to incorporate their primary instruments , guitar and percussion , respectively , into the new sound . The relaxed 2003 recording sessions for Hail to the Thief led to a different dynamic in Radiohead , with Yorke admitting in interviews that his power in the band had been " absolutely unbalanced " and that he would " subvert everybody else 's power at all costs . But ... it 's actually a lot more healthy now , democracy @-@ wise , than it used to be . "
= = Collaborators = =
Radiohead have maintained a close relationship with a number of frequent collaborators . Producer Nigel Godrich made his name with Radiohead , working with the band as an audio engineer on The Bends and as their producer on every studio album afterwards . He has been dubbed the " sixth member " of the band , in an allusion to George Martin being called the " Fifth Beatle " . In 2016 , Godrich said of the collaboration : " I can only ever have one band like Radiohead who I 've worked with for this many years . That 's a very deep and profound relationship . The Beatles could only have ever had one George Martin ; they couldn 't have switched producers halfway through their career . All that work , trust , and knowledge of each other would have been thrown out of the window and they 'd have to start again . "
Graphic artist Stanley Donwood met Yorke when both were art students , and with Yorke has produced all of Radiohead 's album covers and visual artwork since 1994 . Donwood works in the studio with the band as they record , allowing the music to influence the artwork . He and Yorke won a Grammy in 2002 for the special edition of Amnesiac packaged as a library book .
Dilly Gent has been responsible for commissioning all Radiohead music videos since OK Computer , working with the band to find a director suitable for each project . Since Radiohead 's inception , Andi Watson has been their lighting and stage director , designing the visuals of live concerts , such as the carbon @-@ neutral " LED forest " of the In Rainbows tour . Radiohead 's chief live technician , Peter " Plank " Clements , has worked with the band since before The Bends , overseeing the setup of their instruments for studio recordings and live performances . Drummer Clive Deamer has performed and recorded with Radiohead since 2011 .
= = Band members = =
Colin Greenwood – bass guitar
Jonny Greenwood – guitar , keyboards , ondes Martenot , analogue synthesisers
Ed O 'Brien – guitar , backing vocals , percussion
Philip Selway – drums , percussion , backing vocals
Thom Yorke – lead vocals , guitar , keyboards , piano
Additional live members
Clive Deamer – drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 2011 – present )
= = Discography = =
Pablo Honey ( 1993 )
The Bends ( 1995 )
OK Computer ( 1997 )
Kid A ( 2000 )
Amnesiac ( 2001 )
Hail to the Thief ( 2003 )
In Rainbows ( 2007 )
The King of Limbs ( 2011 )
A Moon Shaped Pool ( 2016 )
= = Awards and nominations = =
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= White @-@ eared titi =
The white @-@ eared titi ( Callicebus donacophilus ) , also known as the Bolivian titi or Bolivian gray titi , is a species of titi , a type of New World monkey , from eastern Bolivia and an area of western Brazil . The species has a range that extends east from the Manique River in Beni Department , Bolivia to southern Rondônia in Brazil . The southern end of its range includes forests around the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra .
It is a medium @-@ sized monkey with a grey back , orange underside and distinctive white ear tufts . It has an omnivorous diet , eating fruits , other plant materials and invertebrates . It is predated upon primarily by raptors , though felids and other monkey species have been known to attack the species . It is a monogamous species and lives in small groups of two to seven members consisting of the pair and their offspring . The family group has a home range of 0 @.@ 005 to 0 @.@ 14 square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 0019 to 0 @.@ 0541 sq mi ) and the adults have a complex vocal repertoire to maintain their territory . It is also known for its characteristic twining of tails when groups are sitting together . White @-@ eared titis can live for more than 25 years in captivity .
The white @-@ eared titi population has a declining trend . The decline is believed to be mainly caused by human @-@ induced habitat loss and degradation . Despite this , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) classified the species as being of least concern in 2008 as it has shown adaptability to habitat disturbance and is found over a wide range .
= = Taxonomy = =
The white @-@ eared titi belongs to the New World monkey family Pitheciidae , which contains the titis ( Callicebus ) , saki monkeys ( Pithecia ) , bearded sakis ( Chiropotes ) , and uakaris ( Cacajao ) . It is a member of the subfamily Callicebinae , of which the only extant genus is Callicebus , containing all of the titi monkeys .
Although the exact position of species within the Callicebus genus is debated , the white @-@ eared titi has been placed within the subgenus Callicebus in the C. donacophilus group with the Rio Beni titi ( C. modestus ) , Rio Mayo titi ( C. oenanthe ) , Ollala brothers ' titi ( C. olallae ) , and white @-@ coated titi ( C. pallescens ) . The white @-@ coated titi has sometimes been considered a subspecies of the white @-@ eared titi , but they are treated as separate species in the latest edition of Mammal Species of the World .
= = Physical description = =
The white @-@ eared titi is a medium @-@ sized primate with grey to orange pelage . The species does not exhibit sexual dimorphism ; the male 's head and body length averages 311 millimetres ( 12 @.@ 2 in ) while females average 340 millimetres ( 13 in ) . The white @-@ eared titi 's fluffy tail is longer than the length of its head and body together . It typically has thick fur , with a dorsal side and limbs that vary in colour from grey agouti to orange agouti , with an orange underside and white ear tufts .
Body weight ranges from around 800 to 1 @,@ 200 grams ( 1 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 6 lb ) , with the female generally a little lighter . It has the dental formula 2 : 1 : 3 : 32 : 1 : 3 : 3 × 2 = 36 , meaning that on each side of the jaw it has two incisors , one canine tooth , three premolars , and three molar teeth . The canine teeth are relatively short when compared with other New World monkeys . In captivity , the white @-@ eared titi has been known to live for over 25 years .
= = Behaviour = =
The white @-@ eared titi is cryptic , diurnal and known to live in small family groups . It is a monogamous species that is thought to mate for life and lives in groups that usually consist of two to seven members ; an adult pair and up to five young . Multi @-@ male groups have also been recorded . Offspring are carried by the male , and are always with them , except when feeding . Between the ages of two to four years , offspring will disperse from the natal group , with females leaving earlier than the males .
There is a strong bond between the adult mating pair , they stay close and carry out activities together . Either member of the pair may follow the other and leadership changes through the day . Evidence of the strength of the pair bond is shown by grooming , huddling together with their tails twined , nuzzling , and gentle grasping . Titi monkeys are highly territorial and when confronted with another family group , both will respond with threatening behaviour , males showing increased agitation towards intruding males . When not close together , the pair show a significant amount of distress and agitation .
Titi monkeys are well known for their vocal communication , and have a complex repertoire of calls . The calls can be divided into two categories : high @-@ pitched quiet calls and low @-@ pitched loud calls . Vocalisations are often combined and repeated to form sequences that are used to indicate distress , conflict , play , bonding , disturbance , and to strengthen territory . The high @-@ pitched quiet calls are mostly used when the monkeys are disturbed , but may also be used before or after group calling , while foraging , or to find other members of the group . The loud low @-@ pitched calls are mostly used in long distance group calling . Their function is to ensure adequate spacing between the home ranges of different family groups . These vocalisations are known as duets , and generally involve the male and female . If a neighbouring group is within earshot of these calls they will respond with their own duetting .
The white @-@ eared titi is arboreal , spending most of its time in the lower strata of the forest . It may enter the main canopy when travelling longer distances and may also cross small areas of open ground , though the latter is rare . During normal movement through its environment it is quadrupedal and mostly walks , clambers and leaps , but it can also bound and climb . It leaps small distances , no more than a few body lengths , between trees where vegetation is not thick enough to support its primary forms of locomotion . When travelling on the ground it is said to use a " bounding movement " whereby it leaps more than 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) off the ground . The titi monkey prefers branches which are less than 5 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) in diameter and its tail never touches the support it is on .
= = Ecology = =
There is relatively little known about the ecology of the white @-@ eared titi or even titi monkeys in general , and few studies have focused on the white @-@ eared titi . It is diurnal , commencing activity around sunrise and continuing until sunset . Food availability may influence activity times ; if there is an abundance of food in the warmer months when plants are fruiting titi monkeys may start earlier , or if there is a lack of food , titi monkeys may remain at the feeding tree into the evening . The titi monkey usually rests during the middle of the day and has two main feeding periods , in the morning and in the afternoon . It has an increased period of feeding towards the end of the day . In total , the titi monkey is active for an average of 11 @.@ 5 hours , 2 @.@ 7 hours of which is spent feeding . Titi monkeys sleep on branches at least 15 metres ( 49 ft ) above the ground . In the same manner as resting during the day , titi monkeys huddle together and twine tails to sleep .
Though there is little published research on the diet of the white @-@ eared titi , titi monkeys in general are omnivores that eat fruit , leaves , insects , and seeds . They mostly eat leaves , especially protein @-@ rich young leaves and leaf buds , so a significant period of the day is spent resting to digest the cellulose . They consume more than 100 different species of plants and fruit . Titi monkeys will also eat small insects ( ants , moths , butterflies , and their cocoons ) , spiders , and can catch flying prey if it comes close to them . During the dry season there is an increased feeding time on leaves , and during lactation it is thought insect consumption increases to augment the protein content of the diet .
The titi monkey may travel between 425 and 1 @,@ 152 m ( 1 @,@ 394 and 3 @,@ 780 ft ) during the day , and can maintain a home range of 0 @.@ 005 to 0 @.@ 14 km2 ( 0 @.@ 0019 to 0 @.@ 0541 sq mi ) . During the dry season there is less fruit available and therefore less need to travel large distances , so the day range may only be a third of the usual distance . Its home range is often shared with other primate species including marmosets , squirrel monkeys , capuchins , owl monkeys , howler monkeys , and spider monkeys . It is sometimes chased from feeding sites by larger species , and will generally try to avoid other primates .
= = = Habitat and distribution = = =
The white @-@ eared titi is found in tropical humid forests , preferring drier regions to more humid ones . It is found in riparian zones and gallery forests and is clearly associated with open habitats like grasslands and swampy grasslands . It is found in areas with dense vegetation , often choosing to inhabit the thickest parts of the forest . The species seems to be quite tolerant of habitat disturbance . In Bolivia , the white @-@ eared titi is found in the upper parts of the Mamoré , Grande , and San Miguel river basins , east of the Manique River in Beni and in the forests surrounding the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra . Its range extends north to southern Rondônia in Brazil .
= = Conservation status = =
The white @-@ eared titi is considered to be of least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List . The species is not considered threatened due to its adaptability and abundance over a relatively wide range , and despite having a decreasing population trend the decline is not rapid enough to be placed in a threatened category . The species is also listed on CITES Appendix II .
The white @-@ eared titi 's main threat is deforestation and habitat loss due to agriculture . The area of greatest habitat loss is around the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra , but it still survives within the city limits and on the edges of many rural establishments . It has few natural predators and is proven to be adaptable to habitat disturbance . Farmland may surround and isolate areas of titi habitat which occasionally has positive benefits to the monkey . Farmers may prevent hunters on the land , thereby inadvertently protecting the species . It also appears that the titi monkey can cross open ground between forest fragments , and some groups can thrive in disturbed habitats near human activities . However , the fragmented habitats may prevent the establishment of new territories and decrease reproductive opportunities . Forest corridors to connect fragmented forests have been proposed as an effective means to help ensure the survival of the titi monkey . The white @-@ eared titi is found in the Beni Biological Station Biosphere Reserve and the Amboro National Park in Bolivia and benefits from the protection these reserves provide .
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= Lamellerie 's expedition =
Lamellerie 's expedition was a French naval operation launched in February 1806 . Four French Navy frigates and a brig , all survivors of the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805 , attempted to break past the British blockade of Cadiz on 23 February 1806 , taking advantage of the withdrawal of the principal blockade squadron several months earlier at the start of the Atlantic campaign of 1806 . Although the squadron was intercepted by elements of the British blockade force , Captain Louis @-@ Charles @-@ Auguste Delamarre de Lamellerie escaped with the four frigates by abandoning the slower brig , which was captured . During the next six months , Lamellerie 's squadron cruised the Atlantic , visiting Senegal , Cayenne and the West Indies but failing to cause any significant disruption to British trade .
On 27 July , as the squadron neared Rochefort , it was spotted by HMS Mars , a Royal Navy ship of the line stationed off the port to intercept French ships entering or leaving . Signalling to the rest of the British squadron , Captain Robert Dudley Oliver took Mars in pursuit , chasing the French squadron all through the night and into the next morning , by which time the frigate Rhin had fallen far behind the others . Recognising that Rhin was in danger of being captured , Lamellerie turned back to her defence with his main squadron but then changed his mind , turning once more and retreating to Rochefort as Oliver took possession of the heavily outgunned Rhin .
= = Background = =
On 21 October 1805 , the French and Spanish allied fleet was almost destroyed at the Battle of Trafalgar by a Royal Navy fleet under Vice @-@ Admiral Lord Nelson . Among the scattered survivors of the Allied fleet were five French frigates , untouched during the action . With the rest of the surviving ships , the frigates anchored in Cadiz during the week that followed the battle and remained there for the rest of the year , contained in the harbour by a large British blockade squadron led by Vice @-@ Admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth . In December 1805 however , Duckworth abandoned the station in search of a French squadron under Vice @-@ Admiral Zacharie Allemand that was raiding British convoys off the Savage Islands . Although Allemand escaped Duckworth , the British admiral became embroiled in the Atlantic campaign of 1806 and did not return to Cadiz , eventually sailing to the Caribbean where he won the Battle of San Domingo on 6 February 1806 . In his absence , Duckworth 's squadron was replaced at Cadiz by ships grudgingly despatched from the Mediterranean Fleet , under the command of Vice @-@ Admiral Lord Collingwood .
The French Navy was concerned about its ships trapped in Cadiz and sought to bring them back to French harbours , particularly to make up for the heavy losses suffered in the Trafalgar Campaign . Therefore four frigates and a brig were prepared for sea under the most senior frigate captain , Captain Louis @-@ Charles @-@ Auguste Delamarre de Lamellerie of Hortense . These ships were to break out of Cadiz , conduct a six @-@ month raiding mission in the Atlantic to distract attention from the ongoing Atlantic campaign , and raid British merchant shipping . At the conclusion of the six months , Lamellerie was to return to Rochefort to join the French Atlantic Fleet .
= = Breakout = =
Word of Lamellerie 's preparations reached Collingwood , and he planned a ruse to lure the French frigate squadron out into open water . Withdrawing all the large vessels of the blockade squadron , Collingwood kept only the 36 @-@ gun frigate HMS Hydra and the 18 @-@ gun sloop HMS Moselle in position to create the impression that the principal blockading force had been driven off . This it was hoped would draw Lamellerie into an attack on the lone ships that would allow the rest of Collingwood 's squadron , hidden just beyond the horizon , to counterattack and annihilate the French squadron . However on 23 February a strong westerly wind blew up and the main squadron , Hydra and Moselle were all blown too far to the east . This was spotted by lookouts on shore and Lamellerie took the opportunity to leave port on 26 February , while the British ships were still out of position .
Lamellerie 's squadron was spotted late on 26 February by lookouts on Hydra and Captain George Mundy , supported by Captain John Surman Carden on Moselle , steered a parallel course in the hope of cutting off their advance . At 23 : 00 , Carden was detached to look for Collingwood and inform him of the location and direction of the French while Mundy continued to follow the enemy squadron . Although Hydra was now isolated and hopelessly outnumbered , Lamellerie made no effort to attack the British ship : he even failed to respond when the brig Furet , falling behind the larger and faster frigates , came within range of Hydra . Mundy opened fire at 04 : 30 , Lieutenant Dumay on Furet acknowledging that he was hopelessly outgunned and completely unsupported by immediately striking his colours . As Collingwood 's squadron was nowhere within sight and the French were rapidly pulling ahead , Mundy abandoned the chase , secured his prize and turned back eastwards as the French continued into the Atlantic . It is not known why Lamellerie fled from such an inferior force and allowed one of his ships to be captured without opposition : modern historian Richard Woodman describes his conduct as " astonishing , given the weakness of the opposition and [ the strength of his ] own combined force " , but in a separate work suggests that Lamellerie 's orders precluded any engagement until his force was safely off the coast .
= = Operations in the Atlantic = =
Following the escape from Cadiz , the remaining four ships of Lamellerie 's squadron sailed southwards , reaching the French African trading post of Senegal in March and then crossing the Atlantic to Cayenne , arriving on 27 March . Taking on fresh supplies , the squadron sailed from Cayenne on 7 April and operated with limited success against British merchant shipping in the Caribbean Sea , including 15 days cruising off Barbados . Retiring to the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico , Lamellerie resupplied his ships again in preparation for the journey back to France . The frigate squadron sailed on 18 May , leaving the Caribbean just as a large French squadron under Vice @-@ Admiral Jean @-@ Baptiste Willaumez arrived .
= = = Capture of Rhin = = =
The journey back to France was largely uneventful , Lamellerie crossing the Atlantic during May , June and July without meeting any Royal Navy vessels . At 18 : 00 on 27 July however , at 47 ° 00 ′ N 07 ° 00 ′ W in the Bay of Biscay , the frigates were spotted by lookouts on the British ship of the line HMS Mars . Mars was a large and powerful ship , a veteran of Trafalgar that was operating as a scout for the squadron under Commodore Richard Goodwin Keats , detailed to blockade the French Atlantic port of Rochefort . Immediately giving chase , Captain Robert Dudley Oliver signaled from Mars to the nearest British ship HMS Africa , warning of the position and direction of the French . Africa passed this information on to Keats while Mars set all sail in pursuit of Lamellerie .
Running before the more powerful ship under all possible sail , the four French frigates gradually became separated from one another in the dark . Mars too was alone , Dudley easily outrunning the rest of his squadron but unable to catch the leading French ships . When dawn rose on 28 July , it was clear that Hortense and the other leading vessels were stretching the distance between themselves and Mars but that the rearmost French ship , the frigate Rhin was struggling to keep up . Realising that he was gaining on Rhin , Oliver continued pushing his ship forward and Lamellerie , recognising the danger to his rearmost frigate , turned his squadron about and bore down on the isolated ship of the line . Although Mars was far larger than any of the individual frigates , together they carried more guns and could have made an effective defence if handled efficiently . Determined to engage the French , Oliver continued to sail towards Lamellerie and at 15 : 00 the French captain suddenly reversed his direction and fled eastwards with his three faster ships , abandoning Rhin to Oliver .
By the time Lamellerie had turned away , the chase had traveled over 150 nautical miles ( 280 km ) from its original position and Rhin could no longer hold off the British ship . A fierce rain squall caused the frigate to roll and Oliver maintained the pursuit so that at 18 : 00 he was close enough to fire a single shot at Rhin , a warning of that a full broadside was to follow . Aware that his ship could not hope to withstand an attack from the ship of the line , Captain Michel Chesneau hauled down his flag and surrendered without a fight . Although the rest of Lamellerie 's ships were still within sight , the approaching night , increasingly stormy weather and the large number of prisoners of war to be transferred from the prize persuaded Oliver to give up any further pursuit . Lamellerie steered his remaining squadron along the coast , where it split up during the night . The following day Hortense and Hermione entered Bordeaux while Thémis was the only one of the squadron to reach its intended destination of Rochefort . Oliver secured his prize , but was so far from his station that he did not manage to rejoin Keats ' squadron until 31 July .
= = Aftermath = =
Rhin and the prisoners were taken to Britain , where the frigate was immediately fitted out as a Royal Navy ship under her old name as HMS Rhin . Oliver was commended for his perseverance and he and his men shared in the prize money from the frigate . In France , there appears to have been no condemnation of Lamellerie 's repeated failure to engage Royal Navy forces that in terms of weight of shot at least were the inferior of his squadron . In his official report he inaccurately claimed that his frigates had all been too badly damaged during the Atlantic cruise to consider fighting a ship of the line . He was later made a peer after the return of the French monarchy and remained in the French Navy for many years . In British histories his actions have been roundly condemned – William James accuses him of lying in his official despatches and wrote in 1827 : " What , then , but a misrepresentation of the facts could have saved this French commodore from being cashiered ? " , while Richard Woodman wrote in 1998 that " such apparent pusillanimity fed stories of British superiority against all odds and tended to breed a dangerous conceit " .
= = Order of battle = =
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= The Witch 's Tales =
The Witch 's Tales was a pulp magazine edited by Tom Chadburn which published two issues in November and December 1936 . It was a companion to a radio program , called The Witch 's Tale , which had begun broadcasting in May 1931 . With the exception of the lead story in each issue , all the stories were reprints from the American edition of Pearson 's Magazine . Alonzo Deen Cole , who wrote the radio series , contributed one lead story , and provided the plot for the other . The authors of the reprint stories included George Daulton , Wardon Allan Curtis , William Hamilton Osborne , and John C. Haywood .
= = Publication history and contents = =
The Witch 's Tale was a radio program that began on American radio in May 1931 . A weekly anthology show , it was the first radio horror program , and soon became quite popular . In 1936 , the magazine The Witch 's Tales appeared as a companion to it , perhaps inspired by The Shadow , a successful pulp magazine which had also been launched as the companion of a radio program of the same name . The Witch 's Tales was published by The Carwood Publishing Co . , a small and relatively inexperienced firm . The named editor of the magazine was Alonzo Deen Cole , who wrote the radio episodes , but the editorial work was actually done by Tom Chadburn . Having both a pulp magazine and radio show act as vehicles for Cole 's work is an early example of the 21st century 's media industry 's approach , with content tied together across more than one media platform , but although Street & Smith demonstrated that this could be done successfully for The Shadow , Carwood did little to promote the radio show in the magazine , probably because of their inexperience . Only one more issue appeared , the following month ; it is unlikely that the publisher could have received sales data on the first issue by that time , so there may have been reasons other than poor sales for the magazine 's short run , perhaps including weak financing and distribution .
The first issue , dated November 1936 , led with " The Madman " , a story by Cole about a mad scientist . Cole 's work also appeared in the second issue with " Mrs. Hawker 's Will " . Originally an episode Cole had written for the radio show , it was adapted from the script for the magazine by Laurence D. Smith . All the other stories , from both issues , were reprinted from the American edition of Pearson 's Magazine . These included " The Monster of Lake LaMetrie " , by Wardon Allan Curtis , from 1899 ; " The Fountain of Youth " , by William Hamilton Osborne , and " Phantom of the Links " , by John C. Haywood , both from 1906 ; and " The Death @-@ Trap " , by George Daulton , which had originally appeared in 1908 . The reprints were good stories , in the opinion of Mike Ashley , and they often had science fiction themes : Curtis 's story involved the transplant of a man 's brain into the body of a prehistoric monster . Despite the relatively high quality of the material , the stories were not action @-@ oriented enough to have pleased a typical pulp magazine reader of the era .
= = Bibliographic details = =
The magazine 's two issues were dated November and December 1936 , and numbered as a single volume of two issues . The publisher was The Carwood Publishing Co . , of New York , and the editor was Tom Chadburn . The magazine was in bedsheet format , with 48 pages , and was priced at 15 cents .
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= Djibouti women 's national football team =
Djibouti women 's national football team represents the country in international competitions . Football is organised by Fédération Djiboutienne de Football , with women 's football formally organised in the country in 2002 , and a national team was later created . The country has no women 's youth national teams . Djibouti has only played in one FIFA recognised match , which they lost to Kenya by a score of 7 – 0 . The team is unranked . The development of women 's football in the country faces both national and regional issues that impede the team 's potential success .
= = Background and history = =
The country became independent in 1977 . Fédération Djiboutienne de Football was founded in 1977 and joined FIFA in 1994 . Football is one of the most popular sports in the country . Women 's football development in Africa has to deal with several challenges that impact the ability to develop a high level of play , including limited access to education , poverty amongst women in the wider society , and fundamental inequality present in the society that occasionally allows for female specific human rights abuses . When high level women 's players are developed , many leave the country seeking greater opportunity in Northern Europe or the United States . Another issue facing women 's football in Africa is that most of the money for the game does not come from national football federations but instead from FIFA .
In 1985 , almost no country in the world had a women 's national football team . Djibouti was no exception : women 's football was not officially organised in the country until 2002 and then , only for players sixteen years and older . As of 2009 , there were only eight women 's clubs for these players in the country . There is a regional and national women 's competition , which was established in 2007 . The league provided the first opportunity for women outside the capital and major cities to play football . The country has a women 's national team but has no youth teams , meaning no U17 or U20 teams . 12 % of the money from the FIFA Financial Assistance Programme ( FAP ) is targeted at the technical development of the game , which includes women 's football , sport medicine and futsal . This compares to 11 % specifically set aside for men 's competitions and 10 % set aside for youth football . Between 1991 and 2010 , there was no FIFA FUTURO III regional course for women 's coaching . A FUTURO III regional course men 's coaching workshop was hosted in 2008 . In 2007 , there was a women 's football seminar held in the country . In 2007 , there was a FIFA MA course held for women / youth football .
= = Performance = =
Between 1977 and April 2012 , Djibouti women 's national football team played in only one FIFA sanctioned match . It was played in Nairobi on 26 March 2006 , with Kenya women 's national football team winning 7 – 0 , holding a lead of 4 – 0 over Djibouti at the half . The women 's national team has not competed at the Women 's World Cup . They played two non @-@ sanctioned games , one in 2004 and one in 2005 . In March 2012 , the team was not ranked in the world by FIFA and did not formally exist .
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