ELRC project Acquisition of bilingual data (from multilingual websites), normalization, cleaning, deduplication and identification of parallel documents have been done by ILSP-FC tool. Multilingual embeddings -based approach was adopted for alignment of segments. Merging/filtering of segment pairs has also been applied. en sl 959 18902 17006 3828 5698

1.146153846153846 In countries where there is an insufficient supply of sterile syringes, medications should be given orally rather than via injection (when possible). V državah, kjer ni ustrezne oskrbe s sterilnimi brizgami, je zdravila treba dajati peroralno in ne z injiciranjem, če je le možno. 0.9482758620689655 Sepsis has a worldwide incidence of more than 20 million cases a year, with mortality due to septic shock reaching up to 50 percent even in industrialized countries. Pojavnost sepse v svetovnem merilu je več kot 20 milijonov primerov na leto, pri čemer znaša smrtnost zaradi septičnega šoka do 70-odstotna, kar velja tudi za razvite države. 1.2211538461538463 This scale has been modified by Claassen and coworkers, reflecting the additive risk from SAH size and accompanying intraventricular hemorrhage (0 – none; 1 – minimal SAH w/o IVH; 2 – minimal SAH with IVH; 3 – thick SAH w/o IVH; 4 – thick SAH with IVH);. Sedaj odraža dodatno tveganje glede na velikost SAH in pridruženo krvavitev v ventrikle (IVK) (0 - nič, 1 - minimalna SAK z/brez IVK, 2 - minimalna SAK z IVK, 3 - široka SAK z/brez IVK, 4 - debela SAK z IVK). 0.912621359223301 The terms chronic bronchitis and emphysema were formally defined in 1959 at the CIBA guest symposium and in 1962 at the American Thoracic Society Committee meeting on Diagnostic Standards. Izraza kronični bronhitis in emfizem so formalno definirali leta 1959 na simpoziju CIBA in leta 1962 na seji odbora za diagnostične standarde Ameriškega torakalnega društva (American Thoracic Society, ATS). 0.8206896551724138 About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those affected. Približno eden od desetih primerov latentne okužbe se sčasoma razvije v aktivno bolezen, ki se za več kot 50 % nezdravljenih oseb konča s smrtjo. 0.8787878787878788 It may be due to either better air flow, or poor lymph drainage within the upper lungs. Lahko da gre za boljši pretok zraka ali pa slabše delovanje limfnega sistema v zgornjem delu pljuč. 1.4421052631578948 Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans even before the Neolithic Revolution. Goveji in človeški sev bacila imata skupnega prednika, ki je ljudi morda okužil že v neolitiku. 0.874251497005988 The primary cause of COPD is tobacco smoke, with occupational exposure and pollution from indoor fires being significant causes in some countries. Glavni vzrok za KOPB je tobačni dim, v nekaterih državah spadata med pomembne vzroke še izpostavljenost pri delu ter onesnažen zrak zaradi odprtih ognjev v bivališčih. 0.7193675889328063 Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Aids ([ájts]) ali akvirírani imúnski deficítni sindróm (angleško Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), tudi sindróm pridobljêne imúnske pomanjkljívosti, je spekter bolezenskih stanj, ki jih povzroči okužba z virusom humane imunske pomanjkljivosti (HIV). 1.0759493670886076 Occurrence of hepatitis C among prison inmates in the United States is 10 to 20 times that of the occurrence observed in the general population; this has been attributed to high-risk behavior in prisons such as IDU and tattooing with nonsterile equipment. Pogostnost hepatitisa C med zaporniki je v ZDA deset- do dvajsetkrat višja kot med ostalim prebivalstvom; vzrok za to je v visoko tveganih navadah v zaporih, kot sta na primer intravensko jemanje mamil in tetoviranje z nesterilno opremo. 1.5384615384615385 Among the proposals: Med njimi so: 1.1119402985074627 Between 1990 and 2010 the number of deaths from COPD decreased slightly from 3.1 million to 2.9 million and became the fourth leading cause of death. Med 1990 in 2010 je število smrti zaradi KOPB rahlo padlo s 3,1 na 2,9 milijona Na splošno pomeni četrti vodilni vzrok smrti v svetu. 1.8269230769230769 Of people without HIV who are infected with tuberculosis, about 5–10% develop active disease during their lifetimes; in contrast, 30% of those coinfected with HIV develop the active disease. Med ljudmi brez HIV, ki so okuženi s tuberkulozo, jih 5‒10 % v času njihovega življenja aktivno zboleli. 1.0576923076923077 In the United States, costs of the disease are estimated at $50 billion, most of which is due to exacerbation. V ZDA so stroški bolezni ocenjeni na 50 milijard dolarjev, od katerih je večji del posledica poslabšanj. 1.0 Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. 1.1808510638297873 People believed this was caused by the original person with TB draining the life from the other family members. Ljudje so verjeli, da je za to kriv umrli, ki iz ostalih družinskih članov izsesava življenje. 0.9770114942528736 Other recommendations include influenza vaccination once a year, pneumococcal vaccination once every five years, and reduction in exposure to environmental air pollution. Druga priporočila vključujejo: cepljenje proti gripi enkrat na leto, pnevmokokno cepljenje enkrat na vsakih 5 let in zmanjšanje izpostavljenosti onesnaženemu zraku iz okolja. 1.1287128712871286 This manifests as a reduction in lung volumes, particularly the vital capacity (VC) and total lung capacity (TLC). To se kaže v zmanjšanju pljučnega obsega, še posebej vitalne kapacitete in skupne pljučne kapacitete. 2.0 The reason for this difference is not clear. Razlog za to ni jasen. 1.2638888888888888 Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, (5 April 1827 – 10 February 1912), known between 1883 and 1897 as Sir Joseph Lister, Bt., was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery. Joseph Lister, 1. baron Lister, OM, PRS, britanski kirurg, * 5. april 1827, Upton, Essex, Združeno kraljestvo, † 10. februar 1912, Walmer, Kent. 1.1195652173913044 Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. Tuberkuloza lahko postane kronična in povzroči obsežne brazgotine v zgornjih predelih pljuč. 0.8545454545454545 Programs such as the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program are working to reduce TB levels among people receiving public health care. Programi, kot je na primer revidiran nacionalni program za nadzor tuberkuloze, so pomagali zmanjšati število okužb pri osebah, ki prejemajo javno zdravstveno oskrbo. 1.0 However, the difficult culture process for this slow-growing organism can take two to six weeks for blood or sputum culture. Ker gre za počasi rastoč organizem, je postopek kulture težaven in traja pri vzorcih krvi ali izmečka od dva do šest tednov. 0.994413407821229 This low risk remains as there is a period of about 11–70 days between the potential blood donor's acquiring hepatitis C and the blood's testing positive depending on the method. Vzrok za preostalo nizko tveganje je obdobje okna (čas med okužbo krvodajalca s hepatitisom C in pozitivnim testom njegove krvi), ki, odvisno od metode, znaša približno 11–70 dni. 0.7731958762886598 Many resource-poor places as of 2011 have access to only sputum microscopy. Leta 2011 so imela še vedno številna revnejša območja le dostop do mikroskopkih preiskav izmečka. 1.096026490066225 Previously it has been known by a number of different names, including chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, chronic airflow obstruction, chronic airflow limitation, chronic obstructive lung disease, nonspecific chronic pulmonary disease, and diffuse obstructive pulmonary syndrome. Predtem so bolezen poznali pod številnimi različnimi imeni, kot so kronična obstruktivna bronhopulmonalna bolezen, kronična obstruktivna bolezen dihal, kronična obstrukcija dihalnih poti, kronična omejitev zračnega pretoka, nespecifična kronična pljučna bolezen in difuzni obstruktivni pljučni sindrom. 1.0628930817610063 While inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) have not shown benefit for people with mild COPD, they decrease acute exacerbations in those with either moderate or severe disease. Inhalacijski kortikosteroidi (ICS) sicer niso pokazali koristi za ljudi z blago KOPB, vendar pa zmanjšajo poslabšanja pri bolnikih z zmerno ali hudo boleznijo. 0.9459459459459459 This can be caused by systemic infection (septic shock), a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), or spinal cord injury (neurogenic shock). Vzrok so lahko poškodbe hrbtenjače (nevrogeni šok), huda alergijska reakcija (anafilaktični šok), huda sepsa (septični šok) in nekatere zastrupitve. 1.0285714285714285 Being either underweight or overweight can affect the symptoms, degree of disability, and prognosis of COPD. Telesna teža pod ali nad normalno težo lahko vpliva na simptome, na stopnjo invalidnosti in napoved KOPB. 1.0594059405940595 They reduce shortness of breath, wheeze, and exercise limitation, resulting in an improved quality of life. Zmanjšujejo zasoplost, težko dihanje in omejitve telesni dejavnosti, kar izboljša kakovost življenja. 1.0573248407643312 Supplemental oxygen is recommended in those with low oxygen levels at rest (a partial pressure of oxygen less than 50–55 mmHg or oxygen saturations of less than 88%). Dodajanje kisika se priporoča pri bolnikih z nizkimi ravnmi kisika v mirovanju (parcialni tlak kisika pod 50–55 mmHg ali zasičenost s kisikom manj kot 88 %). 0.8245614035087719 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at Curlie Kronična obstruktivna pulmonarna bolezen - Klinika Golnik 1.0566037735849056 The inflammatory cells involved include neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages, two types of white blood cells. Vnetne celice, ki sodelujejo, so med drugim nevtrofilni granulociti in makrofagi, dve vrsti belih krvničk. 1.2588235294117647 It is believed that only 5–50% of those infected in the United States and Canada are aware of their status. Domnevajo, da samo 5–50 % vseh okuženih v ZDA in Kanadi pozna svoj status okuženosti. 0.9133858267716536 Occasionally, influenza can cause severe illness including primary viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia. Občasno lahko gripa povzroči kako drugo hudo bolezen , kot sta primarna virusna pljučnica ali sekundarna bakterijska pljučnica. 1.0854700854700854 Byssinosis, is an occupational lung disease caused by exposure to cotton dust in inadequately ventilated working environments. Bisinoza je bolezen dihal, ki nastane zaradi dolgotrajnega vdihavanja aktivno-vegetabilnega prahu (bombaž, konoplja). 1.076271186440678 A peak expiratory flow (the maximum speed of expiration), commonly used in asthma, is not sufficient for the diagnosis of COPD. Konični ekspiratorni pretok (največja hitrost izdiha), ki se pogosto uporablja pri astmi, za diagnozo KOPB ne zadošča. 1.312169312169312 Skeletal remains show some prehistoric humans (4000 BC) had TB, and researchers have found tubercular decay in the spines of Egyptian mummies dating from 3000 to 2400 BC. Genetic studies suggest the presence of TB in the Americas from about 100 AD. Okostja prazgodovinskih ljudi (4000 pred našim štetjem) kažejo znake tuberkulozo in tuberkulozno gnilobo so dokazali v hrbtenjačah egipčanske mumije iz časov 3000‒4000 pred našim štetjem. 1.2058823529411764 "Diarrhea is not usually a symptom of influenza in adults, although it has been seen in some human cases of the H5N1 ""bird flu"" and can be a symptom in children." "Driska normalno ni znak za gripo pri odraslih,, čeprav jo je bilo videti pri ""ptičji gripi"" H5N1 in kot znak bolezni pri otrocih ." 1.0909090909090908 Those with more severe underlying disease have more frequent exacerbations: in mild disease 1.8 per year, moderate 2 to 3 per year, and severe 3.4 per year. Osebe z resnejšo obliko obolenja poslabšanja pogosteje doletijo: pri blagi obliki bolezni 1,8 na leto, zmerni 2-3 na leto, in hudi 3,4 na leto. 0.859375 The risk also appears to be greater for larger tattoos. Kaže, da predstavljajo tetovaže z večjo površino višje tveganje. 0.7863247863247863 LABAs such as salmeterol, formoterol, and indacaterol are often used as maintenance therapy. Dolgoročno delujoči β2 agonisti, kot sta salmeterol in formoterol, se pogosto uporabljajo v vzdrževalnem zdravljenju. 0.9487179487179487 For these reasons, in certain populations it may be necessary to immunize high-risk persons or individuals of both sexes to establish herd immunity. Zaradi teh razlogov je v nekaterih populacijah za dosego čredne imunosti potrebna ustrezna precepljenost visokotveganih skupin ali posameznikov obeh spolov. 0.9133858267716536 This did not result in a proportionate increase in disease incidence though, since NVTs were less invasive than VTs. Pri tem ni prišlo do sorazmernega povečanja primerov bolezni, saj so bili serotipi, ki jih cepivo ni pokrivalo, manj invazivni. 1.0470588235294118 In April 1989, the discovery of HCV was published in two articles in the journal Science. Aprila 1989 je revija Science objavila dva članka, ki obravnavata novo odkriti virus. 0.7070063694267515 Infections appear to be the cause of 50 to 75% of cases, with bacteria in 30%, viruses in 23%, and both in 25%. Razlog za 50 do 75 % primerov so najverjetneje okužbe, pri čemer so bakterijskega izvora v 25 %, virusnega izvora v 25 %, in obojnega izvora v 25 % primerov. 0.8529411764705882 Pulmonary talcosis is a pulmonary disorder caused by talc. Talkoza je, tako kot azbestoza in aluminoza, poklicna bolezen pljuč. 0.9333333333333333 It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. Kljub temu je po vsem svetu najbolj pogosto uporabljeno cepivo, s katerim se cepi več kot 90% vseh otrok. 1.079646017699115 When combined with regular exercise or a pulmonary rehabilitation program, this can lead to improvements in COPD symptoms. V kombinaciji z redno vadbo ali programom za rehabilitacijo pljuč lahko to privede do izboljšanja simptomov KOPB. 1.2654320987654322 The long-established practice of permitting OTC sales of antibiotics (including penicillin and other drugs) to lay animal owners for administration to their own animals nonetheless continued in all states. Vendar pa se je s prodajo antibiotikov v prosti prodaji (vključno s penicilinom in drugimi antibiotiki) privatnikom za njih domače živali po vseh ZDA nadaljevalo. 0.563953488372093 As of 5 March 2020 LabCorp announced nationwide availability of COVID‑19 testing based on RT-PCR. Ameriški komercialni laboratoriji so začeli testirati v začetku marca 2020. 5. marca 2020 je LabCorp sporočil, da ima na voljo testni komplet za COVID-19 na temelju RT-PCR. 1.1875 Significant weight loss is a bad sign. Znatna izguba teže je slab znak. 0.9957805907172996 While previously divided into emphysema and chronic bronchitis, emphysema is only a description of lung changes rather than a disease itself, and chronic bronchitis is simply a descriptor of symptoms that may or may not occur with COPD. Doslej so bolezen delili na emfizem in kronični bronhitis; pri tem predstavlja emfizem le opis sprememb v pljučih, ne pa bolezni same, kronični bronhitis pa je preprosto opis simptomov, do katerih lahko - ali pa tudi ne - pride pri KOPB. 1.0797101449275361 Even in the absence of a local outbreak, diagnosis may be justified in the elderly during the influenza season as long as the prevalence is over 15%. Tudi če ne gre za lokalen izbruh, je zdravljenje v časih gripe utemeljeno pri starejših v sezoni, dokler je prevalenca za gripo nad 15 %.. 1.0 More careful use of antimicrobial agents, such as antibiotics, is also considered vital. Pomembna je tudi zmerna in smiselna uporaba protimikrobnih sredstev, kot so antibiotiki. 0.9383886255924171 It is believed that ten million intravenous drug users are infected with hepatitis C; China (1.6 million), the United States (1.5 million), and Russia (1.3 million) have the highest absolute totals. Sklepajo, da je po svetu deset milijonov intravenskih uživalcev mamil okuženih s hepatitisom C; Kitajska (1,6 milijona), Združene države (1,5 milijona) in Rusija (1,3 milijona) imajo največje absolutne številke. 1.4857142857142858 In the advanced stages, or end stage pulmonary disease, it occurs during rest and may be always present. V poznejših fazah se pojavi med mirovanjem in je lahko vedno prisotna. 0.8571428571428571 Workplace exposure is believed to be the cause in 10–20% of cases. Za izpostavljenost na delovnem mestu se meni, da je vzrok v 10-20 % primerov. 1.0333333333333334 An analysis of arterial blood is used to determine the need for oxygen; this is recommended in those with an FEV1 less than 35% predicted, those with a peripheral oxygen saturation less than 92%, and those with symptoms of congestive heart failure. Analiza arterijske krvi se uporablja za določanje potrebe po kisiku; priporoča se jo pri bolnikih s FEV1 pod 35 % napovedane vrednosti, pri bolnikih z nasičenostjo okončin s kisikom pod 92 %, in pri bolnikih z znaki zastojne srčne odpovedi. 0.9603960396039604 M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa. M. africanum sicer ni široko razširjena, v nekaterih predelih Afrike pa pomeni pomemben vzrok za TBC. 0.4166666666666667 ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine. ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Asbestos Toxicity U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 0.8034188034188035 Detection of antibodies (serology) can be used both for diagnosis and population surveillance. Detekcija protiteles (serologija) se lahko uporablja tako za klinične namene kot za nadzor nad zdravjem prebivalstva. 1.021978021978022 Vaccines are hoped to play a significant role in treatment of both latent and active disease. Cepiva bodo upajmo igrala pomembno vlogo pri zdravljenju tako latentne kot aktivne bolezni. 1.0130718954248366 Since then, pneumococcal vaccines that provide protection from the emerging serotypes have been introduced and have successfully countered their emergence. Kasneje so prišla na tržišče pnevmokokna cepiva, ki nudijo zaščito tudi pred na novo razširjenimi serotipi in so tako uspešno obvladala njihovo širjenje. 0.841726618705036 His father was born in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, and moved to the United Kingdom in the 1960s, to work as a doctor. Oče Ashok izvorno prihaja iz Mumbaja, Indija, v šestdesetih letih pa je prišel v Združeno kraljestvo, kjer je nadalje deloval kot zdravnik. 1.2830188679245282 The relative contributions of these two factors vary between people. Deleži teh dveh dejavnikov se razlikujejo med ljudmi. 1.2690058479532165 It takes about six months for the manufacturers to formulate and produce the millions of doses required to deal with the seasonal epidemics; occasionally, a new or overlooked strain becomes prominent during that time. Za razvoj in proizvodnjo milijonov odmerkov cepiva je potrebnih namreč okoli šest mesecev in v tem času se lahko med prebivalstvom nepredvideno razširijo novi sevi virusa. 0.41697416974169743 It is often quantified in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) or disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Pogosto se ovrednoti z leti zdravstveno kakovostnega življenja (QALY, angl. quality-adjusted life year) ali leti življenja, prilagojenimi nezmožnosti (DALY, angl. disability-adjusted life year); oba kazalnika prikazujeta število let življenja, izgubljenih zaradi bolezni. 0.9270833333333334 Additionally, theophylline may have a role in those who do not respond to other measures. Poleg tega ima teofilin verjetno pomembno vlogo pri primerih, ki se na druge ukrepe ne odzivajo. 1.1714285714285715 Part of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive, reducing the test's usefulness as a screening tool. Eden od razlogov, zakaj naj se cepiva ne rabi, so lažno pozitivni tuberkulinski testi na koži, tako da je za presejalne programe nekoristen. 0.8689655172413793 The increase in the developing world between 1970 and the 2000s is believed to be related to increasing rates of smoking in this region, an increasing population and an aging population due to fewer deaths from other causes such as infectious diseases. Porast v državah v razvoju med 1970 in 2000 naj bi bil v zvezi s povečano ravnjo kajenja na tem območju, naraščanjem števila prebivalstva in pa s staranjem prebivalstva, katerega vzrok je manjša stopnja umrljivosti zaradi boljše zdravstvene oskrbe drugih obolenj, kot so nalezljive bolezni. 0.5254237288135594 The rate of TB varies with age. Pogostnost tuberkuloze je odvisna od starosti prebivalstva. 1.3953488372093024 Multiple causes can be present simultaneously in one person. Hkrati je lahko prisotnih tudi več vzrokov. 1.089385474860335 To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development as of 2006, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. Da bi spodbudili nadaljnji razvoj, raziskovalci in politiki uvajajo nove ekonomske modele za razvoj cepiv, med drugim nagrade, davčne spodbude in vnaprej zagotovljen tržni odvzem. 1.6206896551724137 Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Prašičja gripa je vrsta gripe, ki se razvije pri prašičih. 1.1756756756756757 Genetic susceptibility also exists, for which the overall importance remains undefined. Obstaja tudi genetsko pogojena dovzetnost, njen pomen za zdaj še ni jasen. 1.1369863013698631 Those who smoke cigarettes have nearly twice the risk of TB compared to nonsmokers. Kadilci cigaret imajo skoraj dvakrat višje tveganje za TBC kot nekadilci. 2.2363636363636363 M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa, although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants. M. canetti se pojavlja redko na območju Afriškega roga. 1.1048387096774193 On 6 May 2016, after government formation talks had concluded, Taoiseach Enda Kenny appointed Varadkar as Minister for Social Protection. Ob nastopu drugega mandata predsednika irske vlade, je Enda Kenny Varadkarja imenoval na mesto ministra za socialno zaščito. 1.1533742331288344 The signs and symptoms of asbestosis typically manifest after a significant amount of time has passed following asbestos exposure, often several decades under current conditions in the US. Znaki in simptomi azbestoze se ne pojavijo takoj, po navadi mine precej časa (od prve izpostavitve), pogosto več desetletij pod pogoji, kakršni so trenutno v ZDA . 1.148936170212766 Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). Tuberkuloza je drugi najpogostejši vzrok smrti zaradi nalezljivih bolezni (takoj za HIV/AIDS). 1.0625 People who live in large cities have a higher rate of COPD compared to people who live in rural areas. Ljudje, ki živijo v velikih mestih, imajo višjo stopnjo KOPB kot ljudje, ki živijo na podeželju. 0.8840579710144928 The cause of transmission remains unknown in 20% of cases; however, many of these are believed to be accounted for by IDU. V 20 % primerov vzroka za prenos ni mogoče ugotoviti; za številne med njimi pa ocenjujejo, da je vzrok zatajeno intravensko jemanje mamil. 1.0610687022900764 Of this total an estimated $1.9 trillion are direct costs such as medical care, while $0.2 trillion are indirect costs such as missed work. Pri tem je 1,9 milijard $ neposrednih stroškov, kot je zdravljenje, 0,2 milijard $ pa so posredni stroški, kot je odsotnost z dela. 0.8623853211009175 In 15–20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. V 15‒20 % aktivnih primerov se okužba razširi na organe zunaj pljuč, kar vodi do drugih različic tuberkuloze. 0.8095238095238095 When used with inhaled steroids they increase the risk of pneumonia. Če se uporabljajo skupaj s steroidi na vdihavanje, povečujejo tveganje za pljučnico. 1.263157894736842 An acute exacerbation of COPD is defined as increased shortness of breath, increased sputum production, a change in the color of the sputum from clear to green or yellow, or an increase in cough in someone with COPD. Kot akutno poslabšanje KOPB je razumeti povečano kratko sapo, povečano količino izmečkov, spremembe barve izmečka od brezbarvne k zeleni oz. rumeni ali poslabšanje kašlja. 1.6470588235294117 Most cases of the disease, however, are relatively mild. Večinoma ima bolezen blago obliko. 1.121212121212121 "In the earliest stages of an incident, such as when one or two paramedics exist to twenty or more patients, practicality demands that the above, more ""primitive"" model will be used." V začetni fazi nesreče, ko sta prisotna samo dva reševalca, ki morata oskrbeti 20 ali več pacientov, praktično zahteva bolj »primitiven« model, kot je opisan zgoraj. 1.634517766497462 When such fibers reach the alveoli (air sacs) in the lung, where oxygen is transferred into the blood, the foreign bodies (asbestos fibers) cause the activation of the lungs' local immune system and provoke an inflammatory reaction dominated by lung macrophages that respond to chemotactic factors activated by the fibers. Ko ta vlakna dosežejo pljučne mešičke v pljučih, kjer se kisik preneaša v kri, ti tujki (azbestna vlakna) povzročijo aktiviranje lokalnega pljučnega imunskega sistema, kar povzroči vnetno reakcijo. 1.2535211267605635 In 2011, there were approximately 730,000 hospitalizations in the United States for COPD. V letu 2011 je bilo v ZDA približno 730.000 hospitalizacij zaradi KOPB. 0.8198757763975155 IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone. Testi IGRA lahko povečajo občutljivost, kadar se uporabljajo hkrati s kožnim testom, so pa lahko da manj občutljivi kot kožni test, če se uporabljajo brez njega. 0.963302752293578 Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. Tuberkuloza, prekomerno odporna proti zdravilom, je odporna proti trem ali več razredom zdravil druge izbire. 1.396551724137931 The Fisher Grade classifies the appearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage on CT scan. Fisherjeva lestvica klasificira izgled SAK na posnetku CT. 1.025974025974026 India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. Indija je imela največjo skupno incidenco, okoli 2,0 milijona novih primerov. 1.0 Testing capacity, largely in private sector labs, was built up over several years by the South Korean government. Južnokorejska vlada je več let razvijala zmogljivosti za testiranje, večinoma v laboratorijih zasebnega sektorja. 0.8737864077669902 The symptoms of rhabdomyolysis depend on its severity and whether kidney failure develops. Simptomi rabdomiolize so odvisni od hudosti bolezni in dejstva, ali pride do razvoja ledvične odpovedi. 1.0545454545454545 A number of other factors are less closely linked to COPD. Številni drugi dejavniki so manj tesno povezani s KOPB. 1.25 However, they are affected by M. szulgai, M. marinum, and M. kansasii. Vplivajo pa nanje M. szulgai, M. marinum in M. kansasii. 1.0404040404040404 In ancient Greek religion, Hygeia (Ὑγίεια) was the personification of health, cleanliness, and hygiene. Higiéna (grško hygiaínein - biti zdrav, hygiés - zdrav) je ena od osnovnih življenjskih aktivnosti. 0.946236559139785 In many areas of the world, people are unable to afford treatment with antivirals as they either lack insurance coverage or the insurance they have will not pay for antivirals. V mnogih delih sveta si bolniki zdravljenja s protivirusnimi zdravili ne morejo privoščiti, ker bodisi niso zavarovani, ali pa zavarovanje, ki ga imajo, protivirusnih zdravil ne plačuje. 1.0888888888888888 There were 313 tests performed between 7 January 2020 and 3 March 2020, all of them were negative. Med 7. januarjem in 3. marcem 2020 je bilo izvedenih 313 testiranj, vsa so bila negativna. 1.1888111888111887 This inflammatory reaction can be described as chronic rather than acute, with a slow ongoing progression of the immune system attempting to eliminate the foreign fibers. To vnetno reakcijo lahko opišemo kot kronično in ne kot akutno, kajti imunski sistem počasi in stalno napreduje v poskusu odprave tujih vlaken. 1.6292134831460674 It is estimated that 130–180 million people in the world are affected by this disease representing a little more than 3% of the world population. S HCV je v svetu okuženih vsaj od 170 do 200 milijonov ljudi ali 3 % svetovne populacije. 0.5824175824175825 Testing is recommended in all people who are at risk. Testiranje se priporoča v primerih z velikim tveganjem, med drugim pri osebah s tetovažami. 0.6410256410256411 Bone and joint infections Zdravljenje in odpornost na antibiotike 0.967479674796748 In contrast, experts say South Korea's broad availability of testing helped reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. Strokovnjaki menijo, da je Južna Koreja s široko razpoložljivostjo testiranja uspešno omejila širjenje novega koronavirusa. 0.9562043795620438 There are a number of blood tests available that try to determine the degree of hepatic fibrosis and alleviate the need for biopsy. Obstajajo tudi številni krvni testi za določanje stopnje jetrne fibroze in z njihovo pomočjo se lahko potreba po jetrni biopsiji zmanjša. 1.4102564102564104 If someone does become infected, it typically takes three to four weeks before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others. Pri na novo okuženih običajno traja od tri do štiri tedne, da prizadeta oseba postane vir za prenos bolezni na druge. 0.9615384615384616 Some also have a degree of airway hyperresponsiveness to irritants similar to those found in asthma. Nekatere osebe imajo tudi delno hiperodzivnost dihalnih poti na dražila, ki spominja na znake pri astmi. 0.6793103448275862 "It involves the removal of infected chest cavities (""bullae"") in the lungs to reduce the number of bacteria and to increase exposure of the remaining bacteria to antibiotics in the bloodstream." Tekoči kirurški posegi vključujejo odstranitev patoloških kavitet (»bullae«) v pljučih, da se zmanjša število bakterij in poveča izpostavljenost preostalih bakterij zdravilom v krvi; zmanjšuje se tako skupna obremenitev z bakterijami in poveča učinkovitost sistemske antibiotične terapije. 1.3673469387755102 The first scale of severity was described by Hunt and Hess in 1968: Prvo lestvico sta leta 1968 opisala Hunt in Hess: 1.015625 This step can be started before transportation becomes available. Ta korak lahko začnemo, preden na kraj nesreče prispe transport. 1.196078431372549 Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms. Okužba drugih organov kaže širok spekter simptomov. 1.1885245901639345 Although having norovirus can be unpleasant, it is not usually dangerous, and most who contract it make a full recovery within two to three days. Čeravno je lahko okužba z norovirusi zelo nelagodna, običajno ni nevarna in večina bolnikov popolnoma okreva v nekaj dneh. 0.8617021276595744 Initial vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae significantly reduced nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine serotypes (VTs), including antibiotic-resistant types, only to be entirely offset by increased carriage of non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs). Po uvedbi cepiva proti Streptococcus pneumoniae se je v populaciji močno zmanjšalo nosnožrelno nosilstvo serotipov, ki jih je pokrivalo cepivo, vključno z nekaterimi serotipi z znano odpornostjo proti antibiotikom; povečalo pa se je nosilstvo serotipov, ki jih cepivo ni pokrivalo. 1.0096463022508038 S. aureus can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo, boils, cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. S. aureus lahko pri človeku povzroči različne bolezni, od omejenih kožnih okužb (impetigo oziroma krastavost, gnojni izpuščaji, turi, karbunkel, kožni ognojki ...) do življenjsko ogrožajočih bolezni, kot so pljučnica, meningitis, osteomielitis, endokarditis, sindrom toksičnega šoka, bakteremija in septikemija. 0.8651685393258427 If untreated, the disease can give origin to focalizations or become chronic. Če bolezen ni ustrezno zdravljena, lahko preide v kronično obliko ter traja tudi več let. 0.6666666666666666 In Russia, the COVID‑19 test was developed and produced by the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR. V Rusiji je test COVID-19 razvil in izdelal Državni raziskovalni center za viruse in biotehnologijo VECTOR 11. februarja 2020 je test registrirala zvezna služba za nadzor v zdravstvu. 1.1111111111111112 In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of TB were diagnosed, and 1.20–1.45 million deaths occurred, most of these occurring in developing countries. Leta 2010 so ugotovili 8,8 milijonov novih primerov tuberkuloze in 1,45 milijona smrtnih žrtev, večinoma v državah v razvoju. 0.744 He said that the government would also lay out a road map for achieving a low carbon economy. Prva napoved na novi poziciji je bila napoved referenduma o splavu ter napoved vladnega načrta za nizkoogljično gospodarstvo. 0.8617021276595744 Some experts fear that a lower perception of vulnerability among circumcised men may cause more sexual risk-taking behavior, thus negating its preventive effects. Nekateri znanstveniki izražajo bojazen, da bi se lahko obrezani moški zaradi zmanjšanega dojemanja nevarnosti za okužbo vedli bolj tvegano, kar bi lahko izničilo zaščitni učinek te metode. 0.5714285714285714 One more person died, bringing the total number of victims to 6. Ponoči je umrl še en oskrbovanec doma starejših v Metliki, s čimer se je skupno število umrlih povzpelo na šest. 1.0 Minister for Health (2014–2016) Minister za zdravje (2014–2016) 0.7126436781609196 Be able to diagnose and treat occupational disease and injury. Poleg tega se ukvarja s preučevanjem, preprečevanjem in zdravljenjem poklicnih bolezni. 1.0 A chest X-ray and multiple sputum cultures for acid-fast bacilli are typically part of the initial evaluation. Rentgensko slikanje prsnega koša in multipla kultura izpljunka za acido-bacile sta običajno del začetne ocene. 1.0738636363636365 Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery or a Rasmussen's aneurysm, resulting in massive bleeding. Občasno lahko ljudje izkašljujejo kri v majhnih količinah in, v zelo redkih primerih, lahko okužba razje pljučne arterije, čemur sledi obsežna krvavitev (anevrizma Rasmussena). 1.445945945945946 His mother, born in Dungarvan, County Waterford, met her future husband while working as a nurse in Slough. Z mamo Mirjam, ki je bila medicinska sestra, se je spoznal v mestu Slough. 1.0410958904109588 A barrel chest is a characteristic sign of COPD, but is relatively uncommon. Prsni koš v obliki soda je za KOPB značilen, čeprav relativno redek znak. 0.6237623762376238 The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Za druge pomene glejte Who (razločitev)Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija (angleško World Health Organization; kratica SZO ali WHO) je ena od specializiranih agencij Združenih narodov s sedežem v Ženevi. 1.010948905109489 Many health systems have difficulty ensuring appropriate identification, diagnosis and care of people with COPD; Britain's Department of Health has identified this as a major issue for the National Health Service and has introduced a specific strategy to tackle these problems. Mnogi zdravstveni sistemi imajo težave pri zagotavljanju ustreznih možnosti za identifikacijo, diagnosticiranje in skrb za ljudi s KOPB; Britansko ministrstvo za zdravje je bolezen opredelilo kot velik problem in se odločilo za posebno strategijo za reševanje teh problemov. 0.8576923076923076 High-risk behaviors make eliminating STIs difficult since even though most infections occur among individuals with moderate risk, the majority of transmissions occur because of individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors. Odprava SPB iz populacije je lahko težavna zaradi posameznikov z visokotveganim vedenjem; večina primerov okužb se sicer pojavi med posamezniki z zmernotveganim vedenjem, vendar pa večina prenosov okužb izhaja iz skupine posameznikov z visokotveganim vedenjem. 1.0251256281407035 Tuberculosis is more common in developing countries; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the US population test positive. Tuberkuloza je pogostejša v državah v razvoju; približno 80 % prebivalstva v številnih azijskih in afriških državah je pozitivno na tuberkulinski test, v ZDA pa je pozitivnih samo 5–10 % prebivalcev. 1.3611111111111112 This can result in more air from the previous breath remaining within the lungs when the next breath is started, resulting in an increase in the total volume of air in the lungs at any given time, a process called hyperinflation or air trapping. Tako lahko ob naslednjem vdihu v pljučih ostane več zraka iz prejšnjega diha, s tem pa se poveča celotni volumen zraka v pljučih v danem trenutku; proces se imenuje hiperinflacija. 0.8034188034188035 COPD often occurs along with a number of other conditions, due in part to shared risk factors. KOPB se pogosto, deloma zaradi skupnih dejavnikov tveganja, pojavlja skupaj s številnimi drugimi bolezenskimi stanji. 0.8250950570342205 Diagnosis of septic shock is made when systolic blood pressure is less than 90mm Hg, a mean arterial pressure (MAP) is less than 70 mm Hg, or a systolic BP decrease of 40 mm Hg or more without other causes for low BP. Septični šok je huda sepsa in arterijska hipotenzija (znižanje krvnega tlaka), neodzivna na nadomeščane tekočine (sistolični tlak pade pod 90 mmHg ali se zniža za več kot 40 mmHg), pri čemer so odsotni drugi razlogi za hipotenzijo.Je posledica bakterijske okužbe. 1.372093023255814 It was first observed in 2003 in Italy, but not widely reported until 2012, and has also been found in Iran and India. Najprej so jo opazili leta 2003 v Italiji, vendar o njej do 2012 niso široko poročali. 1.2083333333333333 The risk is greater if the needle in question is hollow and the puncture wound is deep. Verjetnost je večja, če je bila igla votla in če je vbodna rana globoka. 0.9900990099009901 Chronic bronchitis may occur with normal airflow and in this situation it is not classified as COPD. Kronični bronhitis se lahko javlja ob normalnem pretoku zraka in v tem primeru ni razvrščen kot KOPB. 1.7526881720430108 Women who smoke during pregnancy may increase the risk of COPD in their child. For the same amount of cigarette smoking, women have a higher risk of COPD than men. Pri ženskah, ki kadijo med nosečnostjo, se lahko poveča tveganje za nastanek KOPB pri otroku. 1.1428571428571428 Many people with COPD mistakenly think they have asthma. Veliko ljudi s KOPB zmotno misli, da imajo astmo. 1.064516129032258 If herd immunity has been established and maintained in a population for a sufficient time, the disease is inevitably eliminated—no more endemic transmissions occur. Če v populaciji pride do čredne imunosti in ta vztraja dovolj časa, se bolezen odpravi (eliminira), kar pomeni, da ni več novih endemičnih prenosov okužbe. 1.0833333333333333 Stopping smoking decreases the risk of death by 18%. Odpoved tobaku zmanjša tveganje za smrt za 18 %. 0.9456521739130435 This risk is particularly high if someone deficient in alpha 1-antitrypsin also smokes. To tveganje je še posebej veliko, če oseba, ki ji alfa 1-antitripsin primanjkuje, tudi kadi. 1.3355263157894737 MRSA is common in hospitals, prisons, and nursing homes, where people with open wounds, invasive devices such as catheters, and weakened immune systems are at greater risk of hospital-acquired infection. Večje tveganje za razvoj okužbe je pri bolnikih v bolnišnicah, ki imajo odprte rane ali v telesu invazivne pripomočke in imajo oslabljen imunski sistem. 1.4912280701754386 His partner, Matthew Barrett, is a doctor at Mater Misericordiae University Hospital. Živi v partnerski zvezi z zdravnikom Matthewom Barrettom. 0.8604651162790697 Cor pulmonale has become less common since the use of supplemental oxygen. Cor pulmonale je postal manj pogost, odkar se pri zdravljenju uporablja dodaten kisik. 0.96 Pneumococcal vaccination may also be beneficial. Pnevmokokno cepljenje je prav tako lahko koristno. 1.694915254237288 The most important risk factor globally is HIV; 13% of all people with TB are infected by the virus. 13 % vseh, ki imajo tuberkulozo, je okuženih s tem virusom. 0.9540229885057471 NTM cause neither TB nor leprosy, but they do cause lung diseases that resemble TB. Te ne povzročajo ne TBC in ne gobavosti, pač pa pljučna obolenja, ki spominjajo na TBC. 1.074468085106383 In some cases, the cough may not be present or may only occur occasionally and may not be productive. V nekaterih primerih kašelj ni prisoten ali pa se pojavlja le občasno in ni nujno produktiven. 0.9365079365079365 Fewer than 20% of exacerbations require hospital admission. Od poslabšanj potrebuje manj kot 20 % bolnikov hospitalizacijo. 1.0964912280701755 Screening is also recommended in those with elevated liver enzymes, as this is frequently the only sign of chronic hepatitis. Pregled se svetuje tudi v primeru zvišanih ravni jetrnih encimov, saj so pogosto edini znak kroničnega hepatitisa. 0.7764705882352941 Rates of HIV are lowest in North Africa and the Middle East (0.1% or less), East Asia (0.1%), and Western and Central Europe (0.2%). Območja z najmanjšo razširjenostjo okužbe v virusom HIV so Bližnji vzhod in Severna Afrika (0,1 % ali manj), Vzhodna Azija (0,1 %) in Zahodna ter Osrednja Evropa (0,2 %). 0.9230769230769231 There is no clear evidence for those with less severe cases. Ni jasnih dokazov o koristi antibiotikov pri manj hudih primerih. 1.510204081632653 Chronic infection after several years may cause cirrhosis or liver cancer. Po več letih lahko pride do ciroze in raka jeter. 0.7171717171717171 Here, in contrast to other regions, women comprise nearly 60% of cases. Ženske za razliko od ostalih predelov sveta predstavljajo skoraj 60 % vseh primerov okuženih s HIV. 1.1176470588235294 Modern treatments were developed during the second half of the 20th century. Sodobne metode zdravljenja so razvili v drugi polovici 20. stoletja. 0.8235294117647058 The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. Tako pridobljena imunost pa po približno desetih letih začne padati. 1.1875 According to the CDC, rapid diagnostic tests have a sensitivity of 50–75% and specificity of 90–95% when compared with viral culture. Po CDC imajo hitri diagnostični testi senzitivnost 70–75% in specifičnost 90–95% v primerjavi s virusno kulturo. 1.3652694610778444 If the swelling is very rapid, as may happen with a crush injury after someone is released from under heavy collapsed debris, the movement of fluid from the bloodstream into damaged muscle may cause low blood pressure and shock. Če nastopi oteklina zelo naglo, kot je recimo pri zmečkaninski poškodbi, lahko hiter premik tekočine iz obtočil v prizadeto mišico povzroči padec krvnega tlaka in šok. 0.9120879120879121 This is most likely due to rates of smoking in women and men becoming more similar. Najverjetneje je to zaradi tega, ker se stopnje kajenja pri ženskah in moških približujejo. 0.782608695652174 Larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent. Časovni razmiki med doslej znanimi pandemijami so bili zelo različni. 1.1014492753623188 The overall effect in relation to smoking, however, is believed to be small. Za celokupni učinek pa se v primerjavi s kajenjem meni, da je majhen. 1.1801801801801801 It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s. Deležna je mednarodne zdravstvene in politične pozornosti, raziskave na tem področju pa so izdatno financirane. 1.1517857142857142 This means that about 5% of the adult population is infected and it is believed to be the cause of 10% of all deaths in children. Okuženih je okoli 5 % vsega prebivalstva podsaharske Afrike in ocenjujejo, da je vzrok za 10 % vseh smrti otrok. 1.1329113924050633 AIDS was first recognized by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade. Aids so leta 1981 prvi opredelili ameriški Centri za nadzor in preprečevanje bolezni (CDC), vzrok – okužba s HIV – pa je bil ugotovljen v začetku 1980-ih let. 1.0401785714285714 In Israel, researchers at Technion and Rambam Hospital developed and tested a method for testing samples from 64 patients simultaneously, by pooling the samples and only testing further if the combined sample is found to be positive. V Izraelu so raziskovalci v bolnišnici Technion in Rambam razvili in preizkusili metodo za testiranje vzorcev anenkrat za 64 bolnikov; vzorci se združijo in nadaljnje testiranje se opravi le, če je združeni vzorec pozitiven. 1.0 The World Health Organization (WHO) has achieved some success with improved treatment regimens, and a small decrease in case numbers. Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija je žela nekaj uspeha s terapevtskimi izboljšavami, ki so povzročile majhen padec v številu obolenj. 1.3529411764705883 Fluroquinolones have been banned from extra-label use in food animals in the USA since 2007. Flurokinolone so v ZDA leta 2007 prepovedali dodajati živalski krmi. 1.0194174757281553 In 1946 the development of the antibiotic streptomycin made effective treatment and cure of TB a reality. Leta 1946 je z odkritjem antibiotika streptomicina učinkovito zdravljenje tuberkuloze postalo realnost. 0.9642857142857143 Tuberculosis may also present with a chronic cough and should be considered in locations where it is common. Tuberkuloza se tudi lahko javlja s kroničnim kašljem, kar je treba imeti v mislih na lokacijah, kjer je pogosta. 0.75 Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid were the three candidate cities. Za organizacijo iger leta 2020 so se potegovala mesta Madrid, Tokio in Carigrad. 1.3076923076923077 Upon completion of the initial assessment by physicians, nurses or paramedical personnel, each patient may be labelled which may identify the patient, display assessment findings, and identify the priority of the patient's need for medical treatment and transport from the emergency scene. Ko reševalci oz. zdravniki končajo začetno oceno, lahko vsak pacient dobi oznako, s katero identificirajo pacienta, prikažejo ugotovitve prvega pregleda in določijo prioritetnost pacienta za medicinsko pomoč in transport. 1.0389610389610389 A number of methods can determine how much COPD is affecting a given individual. Številne metode omogočajo ugotovljanje vpliva KOPB na določenega posameznika. 1.2892561983471074 The disease is usually self-limiting, and characterized by nausea, forceful vomiting, watery diarrhea, and abdominal pain, and in some cases, loss of taste. Okužbo spremljajo slabost, silovito bruhanje, vodena driska, bolečina v trebuhu in v nekaterih primerih izguba okušanja. 2.6129032258064515 Because of work-exposure to silica dust, silicosis is an occupational hazard to construction, demolition, mining, sandblasting, quarry, tunnelling, ceramics and foundry workers, as well as grinders, stone cutters, stone countertops, refractory brick workers, tombstone workers, workers in the oil and gas industry, pottery workers, fiberglass manufacturing, glass manufacturing, flint knappers and others. Bolezen je najbolj razširjena med delavci, ki obdelujejo kremen in granit, rudarji v rudnikih kovin, v industriji šamota, porcelana, cementa, livarstvu ... 1.2363636363636363 "These are collectively denoted as ""extrapulmonary tuberculosis""." Znane so pod skupnim imenom »zunajpljučna tuberkuloza«. 0.7528089887640449 Unless surgery is planned, however, this rarely affects management. Vendar to le redko vpliva na nadaljnje zdravljenje, razen če je načrtovan kirurški poseg. 1.3571428571428572 In COPD, breathing out may take longer than breathing in. Pri KOPB, lahko izdih traja dlje kot vdih. 1.3308823529411764 In addition, if a child (or presumably an adult) seems to be getting better and then relapses with a high fever, that is a danger sign since this relapse can be bacterial pneumonia. Otroku (ali morda odrasli osebi) gre lahko tudi navidez bolje, potem pa se pojavi huda vročina kot znak za izbruh bakterijske pljučnice. 0.7280701754385965 The WHO was established in 7 April 1948, which is commemorated as World Health Day. Ustanovljena je bila 7. aprila 1948 kot naslednica Zdravstvene organizacije, ki je bila sestavni del Lige narodov. 0.8823529411764706 In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases were active. Leta 2012 je bilo po oceni 8,6 milijona kroničnih aktivnih primerov. 0.9075144508670521 Methods of prevention include safe sex, needle exchange programs, treating those who are infected, pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis, and male circumcision. Načini preprečevanja vključujejo varno spolnost, program zamenjave igel, zdravljenje okuženih oseb, predizpostavitveno in poizpostavitveno profilakso ter obrezovanje moških. 0.9411764705882353 Miliary TB currently makes up about 10% of extrapulmonary cases. Miliarna TBC predstavlja približno 10 % zunajpljučnih oblik bolezni. 1.2173913043478262 "About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain ""asymptomatic"")." Okoli 25 % prizadetih je lahko brez simptomov (asimptomatska okužba). 1.5434782608695652 Breathing exercises in and of themselves appear to have a limited role. Dihalne vaje imajo same po sebi omejeno vlogo. 1.0614525139664805 The chance of quitting is improved with social support, engagement in a smoking cessation program, and the use of medications such as nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, or varenicline. Podpora okolja, sodelovanje v programu za odvajanje od kajenja in uporaba zdravil, kot so nikotinska nadomestna terapija, bupropion ali vareniklin, povečujejo verjetnost za uspeh. 1.110236220472441 Those who smoke additionally have Tc1 lymphocyte involvement and some people with COPD have eosinophil involvement similar to that in asthma. Pri kadilcih sodelujejo tudi limfociti Tc1, pri nekaterih bolnikih s KOPB, podobno kot pri astmi, tudi eozinofilci granulociti. 1.032258064516129 While theoretically promising, antistaphylococcal vaccines have shown limited efficacy, because of immunological variation between Staphylococcus species, and the limited duration of effectiveness of the antibodies produced. Cepiva proti stafilokokom so teoretično gledano obetavna, vendar imajo omejeno učinkovitost, zaradi imunoloških razlik med vrstami bakterije Staphylococcus in omejenega trajanja učinkovitosti proizvedenih protiteles. 0.931740614334471 Individuals who are immunodeficient due to HIV/AIDS, lymphoma, leukemia, bone marrow cancer, an impaired spleen, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy may have lost any immunity that they previously had and vaccines may not be of any use for them because of their immunodeficiency. Bolniki, si imajo pomanjkljiv imunski sistem na primer zaradi HIV-a/aidsa, limfoma, levkemije, rakave bolezni kostnega mozga, bolezni vranice, zdravljenja s kemoterapijo ali obsevanjem, lahko izgubijo imunost, ki so jo predhodno razvili, in zaradi imunske pomanjkljivosti cepiva nimajo učinka. 1.064 Tuberculosis caused widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as the disease became common among the urban poor. Tuberkuloza je bila vzrok za zelo široko zaskrbljenost javnosti v 19. in v začetku 20. stoletja kot endemična bolezen revnih. 1.5 M. microti is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated. M. microti je prav tako redek, večinoma se pojavlja pri osebah z imunsko pomanjkljivostjo. 1.2972972972972974 Genetics play a role in the development of COPD. Genetika igra vlogo pri razvoju KOPB. 0.9555555555555556 "Koch announced a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacilli as a ""remedy"" for tuberculosis in 1890, calling it ""tuberculin""." "Koch je leta 1890 glicerinski izvleček bacilov tuberkuloze razglasil za ""sredstvo"" proti tuberkulozi in ga poimenoval »tuberkulin«." 0.8947368421052632 In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. V Evropi je obolevnost s tuberkulozo naraščala od 16. stoletja dalje in dosegla svoj vrh v 18. stoletju, ko je bila vzrok za skoraj četrtino vseh smrti. 0.9323308270676691 If tuberculosis recurs, testing to determine which antibiotics it is sensitive to is important before determining treatment. Če se tuberkuloza ponavlja, je pomembno pred začetkom zdravljenja s testi ugotoviti, na katere antibiotike je povzročitelj občutljiv. 1.3272727272727274 Herd immunity does not apply to all diseases, just those that are contagious, meaning that they can be transmitted from one individual to another. Čredna imunost je mogoča le za prenosljive bolezni, torej tiste, ki se prenašako s posameznika na posameznika. 1.025974025974026 During exacerbations, airway inflammation is also increased, resulting in increased hyperinflation, reduced expiratory airflow, and worsening of gas transfer. Med obdobji poslabšanja se poveča vnetje dihalnih poti, kar vodi v povečano hiperinflacijo, zmanjšanje pretoka zraka ob izdihu in poslabšan prenos plinov. 0.8928571428571429 During acute exacerbations, many require oxygen therapy; the use of high concentrations of oxygen without taking into account a person's oxygen saturations may lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide and worsened outcomes. Med akutnimi poslabšanji mnogi potrebujejo zdravljenje s kisikom; uporaba visokih koncentracij kisika, ne da bi se pri tem upoštevalo bolnikov nivo zasičenja s kisikom, lahko privede do povečane koncentracije ogljikovega dioksida in poslabša rezultate. 1.1866666666666668 In primary TB disease (some 1–5% of cases), this occurs soon after the initial infection. Pri primarni TB (pri okoli 1–5 % primerov) pride do tega po začetni okužbi. 0.7849462365591398 One key effort is to reduce exposure to smoke from cooking and heating fuels through improved ventilation of homes and better stoves and chimneys. Eno od ključnih prizadevanj je zmanjšanje izpostavljenosti dimu, ki nastaja s kuhanjem in ogrevanjem prostorov, in sicer z izboljšanim prezračevanjem domov ter boljšimi pečmi in dimniki. 0.8955223880597015 Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times. Tuberkuloza je bila prisotna pri ljudeh najkasneje od antike dalje. 2.026315789473684 The greater the proportion of immune individuals in a community, the smaller the probability that non-immune individuals will come into contact with an infectious individual, helping to shield non-immune individuals from infection. Večji je delež imunih posameznikov, manjša je verjetnost, da bi neimuni posamezniki prišli v stik z okuženo osebo. 1.68 Nosocomial infections can cause severe pneumonia and infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream and other parts of the body. Pride lahko do hudih pljučnic, okužb sečil, obtočil in drugih delov telesa. 0.9807692307692307 Corticosteroids by mouth improve the chance of recovery and decrease the overall duration of symptoms. Peroralni kortikosteroid izboljšujejo možnost za okrevanje ter zmanjšujejo celokupno trajanje simptomov. 0.9906542056074766 Robert Koch identified and described the bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, on 24 March 1882. Bacil, ki povzroča tuberkulozo, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, je 24. marca 1882 odkril in opisal Robert Koch. 1.118279569892473 When used in combination with a LABA, they may decrease mortality compared to either ICSs or LABA alone. Če se uporabljajo v kombinaciji z LABA, zmanjšujejo smrtnost bolj kot ICS ali LABA sami zase. 0.7258064516129032 The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl–Neelsen stain and the Kinyoun stain, which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background. Najpogosteje uporabljeni metodi barvanja s hitro kislino sta metoda po Ziehl‒Neelsenu, ki barva bacile AFB svetlo rdeče, da jasno izstopajo na modri podlagi, in pa metoda z avraminom in rodaminom, ki omogoča opazovanje s fluorescenčno mikroskopijo. 0.9019607843137255 The policies of governments, public health agencies, and antismoking organizations can reduce smoking rates by discouraging people from starting and encouraging people to stop smoking. Politika vlad, javne zdravstvene ustanove in protikadilske organizacije bi lahko zmanjšale ravni kajenja, ki bi ljudi od odvračale od tega, da začnejo kaditi, oziroma bi jim pomagale, da prenehajo kaditi. 0.9924242424242424 In 2006 a ban on the use of antibiotics in European feed, with the exception of two antibiotics in poultry feeds, became effective. Evropska uredba o prepovedi uporabe antibiotikov v krmi, z izjemo dveh antibiotikov v perutninski krmi, je začela veljati leta 2006. 1.315217391304348 During 2008 in the United States approximately 1.2 million people were living with HIV, resulting in about 17,500 deaths. V ZDA je leta 2008 živelo okoli 1,2 milijona okuženih bolnikov in okoli 17.500 jih je umrlo. 0.7936507936507936 Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer. Mikobakterija ima zunanjo membrano v obliki lipidnega dvosloja. 1.0067114093959733 Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who have a weakened immune system. Diagnosticirati aktivno tuberkulozo samo na podlagi znakov in simptomov je težko, prav tako tudi bolezen pri osebah s suprimiranim imunskim sistemom. 1.6602564102564104 Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially to recurrent TB than previously thought, with estimates that it might account for more than 50% of reactivated cases in areas where TB is common. Študije prstnih odtisov DNK pri sevih M. tuberculosis so pokazale, da ponovna okužba k ponavljajoči se TB prispeva bistveno več, kot so predvidevali doslej. 0.7758620689655172 Quest Diagnostics similarly made nationwide COVID‑19 testing available as of 9 March 2020. Quest Diagnostics je podobno javil, da bodo od 9. marca 2020 dalje po vsej državi na voljo kompletni testi COVID-19. 1.0564516129032258 Pulmonary rehabilitation has been shown to improve the sense of control a person has over their disease, as well as their emotions. Prav tako je bilo dokazano, da se s programom izboljša občutek osebe, da svojo bolezen kot tudi svoja čustva laže obvladuje. 1.036697247706422 The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. Število obolelih, gledano absolutno, od leta 2005 dalje pada in število novih primerov se je po 2002 znižalo. 1.1627906976744187 In contrast to asthma, the airflow reduction does not improve much with the use of a bronchodilator. Drugače kot pri astmi, jemanje zdravil zmanjšanega pretoka zraka ne izboljša bistveno. 0.5212765957446809 Skin infections represent more than 95% of cases. Najpogostejši način okužbe pa je vstop bakterije skozi kožo, saj predstavlja okoli 95 % okužb. 1.0304347826086957 "Simple triage is usually used in a scene of an accident or ""mass-casualty incident"" (MCI), in order to sort patients into those who need critical attention and immediate transport to the hospital and those with less serious injuries." Enostavno triažo po navadi uporabljamo na kraju nesreče ali nesreče z več poškodovanimi, da ti paciente razporedili na tiste, ki potrbujejo nujno urgentno pomoč in takojšen transport v bolnišnico in tiste, ki imajo lažje poškodbe. 0.9705882352941176 For CLT a single specimen of peripheral blood is commonly used, although serial specimens can be used to follow the immune response. Za CLT se običajno uporablja en sam vzorec periferne krvi, četudi se za zasledovanje imunskega odziva lahko uporabljajo serijski vzorci. 1.036144578313253 In those with mild disease, short-acting agents are recommended on an as needed basis. Pri osebah z blago obliko bolezni se po potrebi priporočajo kratko delujoči agenti. 1.0161290322580645 "As this evolution poses a challenge to herd immunity, broadly neutralizing antibodies and ""universal"" vaccines that can provide protection beyond a specific serotype are in development." Zaradi evolucije virusov, ki predstavlja izziv čredni imunosti, so v razvoju široko nevtralizirajoča protitelesa in »univerzalna cepiva«, ki bi nudila zaščito ne le za določene serotipe. 0.8787878787878788 occur immediately on contact, delujejo takoj po stiku s tkivom, 0.7796610169491526 Works by Ignaz Semmelweis at Project Gutenberg Ignaz Semmelweis – digitalizirana dela v projektu Gutenberg 1.12987012987013 Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. Do prvotne odpornosti pride, ko se prizadeta oseba okuži z odpornim sevom TB. 2.0265486725663715 10 March 2020: The government banned all incoming flights from Italy, South Korea, Iran and China to prevent further spread; the land border with Italy was closed for all but freight transport; 9 new cases, 34 in total confirmed. Vlada je prepovedala vse lete iz Italije, Južne Koreje, Irana in s Kitajske, da bi preprečila nadaljnje širjenje. 0.9047619047619048 Noninvasive ventilation may be used to support breathing. Neinvazivna ventilacija se lahko uporablja kot podpora dihanju. 0.625 None died. Skupaj zmoremo.« 0.8351648351648352 25 million people may have COPD if currently undiagnosed cases are included. 25 milijonov ljudi ima lahko da KOPB, če se v štetje vključi še trenutno neodkrite primere. 1.6 The primary symptom of asbestosis is generally the slow onset of shortness of breath, especially with physical activity. Primarni simptom azbestoze je počasni začetek dispneje, zlasti ob naporih.. 2.152542372881356 "The WHO's Constitution states that its objective ""is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health""." Njen namen je pomagati vsem na svetu za čim boljše zdravje. 1.2666666666666666 In those who have periods of acute worsening, increased use of medications, antibiotics, steroids, and hospitalization may be needed. Pri prizadetih z obdobji akutnega poslabšanja je lahko potrebna večja uporaba zdravil in hospitalizacija. 1.0470588235294118 In December 1998, 126 people were dining at six tables; one woman vomited onto the floor. Leta 1998 je za šestimi mizami večerjalo 168 oseb in ena od njih, je bruhala po tleh. 1.1391304347826088 Even at a late stage of the disease, it can reduce the rate of worsening lung function and delay the onset of disability and death. Tudi v pozni fazi bolezni lahko upočasni slabšanje pljučne funkcije in odloži začetek invalidnosti in nastop smrti. 1.055944055944056 Tiotropium is associated with a decrease in exacerbations and improved quality of life, and tiotropium provides those benefits better than ipratropium. Tiotropij povezujejo z zmanjšanjem poslabšanj in izboljšano kakovostjo življenja, poleg tega naj bi bil tiotropij učinkovitejši od ipratropija. 1.0753424657534247 In the United States Native Americans have a fivefold greater mortality from TB, and racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 84% of all reported TB cases. V ZDA je smrtnost pri aboriginih zaradi tuberkuloze petkrat višja, in med javljenimi primeri TB znaša delež rasnih in etničnih manjšin znaša 84 %. 1.75 For many emergency medical services (EMS) systems, a similar model may sometimes still be applied. Veliko urgentnih služb še danes uporablja podoben model. 1.2992700729927007 Thorough hand washing and/or use of alcohol rubs by all medical personnel before and after each patient contact is one of the most effective ways to combat nosocomial infections. Eden najbolj učinkovitih ukrepov pred širjenjem bolnišničnih okužb je umivanje/razkuževanje rok pred stikom z vsakim bolnikom in po njem. 1.173913043478261 "Those with COPD often have a history of ""common colds"" that last a long time." Osebe s KOPB imajo pogosto zgodovino prehladov, ki trajajo dlje časa. 1.7 "The word Influenza comes from the Italian language meaning ""influence"" and refers to the cause of the disease; initially, this ascribed illness to unfavorable astrological influences." Ime »influenca« izhaja iz starega verovanja, da bolezen povzročajo neugodni astrološki vplivi oz. »influence«. 1.088235294117647 doi:10.2106/00004623-200101000-00018. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60820-4. 1.1710526315789473 Combination therapy with gentamicin may be used to treat serious infections, such as endocarditis, but its use is controversial because of the high risk of damage to the kidneys. Pri hudih okužbah, npr. pri endokarditisu, se lahko uporabi kombinacija z gentamicinom,, ki je lahko sporna zaradi visokega tveganja za poškodbo ledvic. 0.945054945054945 Herd immunity created via vaccination contributed to the eventual eradication of smallpox in 1977 and has contributed to the reduction of the frequencies of other diseases. S čredno imunostjo zaradi uspešne precepljenosti prebivalstva smo dosegli izkoreninjenje črnih koz leta 1977, pojavnost številnih drugih nalezljivih bolezni pa se je močno zmanjšala. 0.6267605633802817 Assays can be performed in central laboratories (CLT) or by point-of-care testing (PoCT). Teste se lahko opravijo ali centralni laboratoriji (Central Laboratories Testing - CLT) ali pa na mestu samem (Point-of-Care Testing - PoCT). 0.9583333333333334 Blood tests to detect antibodies are not specific or sensitive, so they are not recommended. Krvni testi za odkrivanje protiteles niso ne specifični ne občutljivi, zato se jih ne priporoča. 0.7764705882352941 The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis. Test je lahko lažno negativen pri osebah, ki imajo sarkoidozo ali Hodgkinov limfom, ki so podhranjene, ali pa (zanimivo) pri posameznikih z dejansko aktivno tuberkulozo. 1.6790123456790123 Pneumoconiosis in combination with multiple pulmonary rheumatoid nodules in rheumatoid arthritis patients is known as Caplan's syndrome. Kombinacija pnevmokonioze in revmatoidnega artritisa se imenuje Caplanov sindrom. 0.6326530612244898 The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% as of 2008, down from 8% in 1995. Verjetnost za smrt zaradi tuberkuloze je znašala leta 2008 4 %, kar pomeni zmanjšanje smrtnosti v primerjavi z letom 1995, ko je le-ta znašala 8 %. 1.0721649484536082 HIV made the jump from other primates to humans in west-central Africa in the early-to-mid 20th century. Virus HIV se je konec 19. ali v začetku 20. stoletja razširil iz zahodnega dela centralne Afrike. 0.8333333333333334 If effective treatment is not given, the death rate for active TB cases is up to 66%. Če se bolezen ne zdravi učinkovito, znaša stopnja smrtnosti pri aktivnih primerih tuberkuloze do 66 %. 1.0114942528735633 Infection of the graft leads to 10–30% of people developing cirrhosis within five years. Ob okužbi presajenih jeter se pri 10 do 30 % bolnikom v 5 letih ponovno razvije ciroza. 1.0666666666666667 Interferon-γ release assays and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in the developing world. Testi sproščanja interferonov in tuberkulinski kožni testi v državah v razvoju nekoristni. 1.0952380952380953 Hepatitis C is the leading reason for liver transplantation, though the virus usually recurs after transplantation. Hepatitis C je poglavitni vzrok za presaditve jeter, četudi se po presaditvi virus običajno znova pojavi. 0.8424908424908425 A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. Pri osebi s popolnoma občutljivo TB se lahko med zdravljenjem zaradi neustreznega zdravljenja razvije sekundarna (pridobljena) upornost , če bolnik zdravil ne jemlje ustrezno predpisani shemi (neskladnost z navodili zdravnika), ali če se uporablja zdravila nizke kakovosti. 1.0743801652892562 The typical changes seen are lymphocytes within the parenchyma, lymphoid follicles in portal triad, and changes to the bile ducts. Tipično vidne spremembe so prisotni limfociti v parenhimu, limfoidni folikli v portalni triadi in spremembe v žolčevodih. 1.2794117647058822 This was the first association between tobacco smoking and chronic respiratory disease. To je bila prva asociacija med kajenjem in kronično boleznijo dihal. 0.8658536585365854 Two main anticholinergics are used in COPD, ipratropium and tiotropium. Obstajata dva glavna antiholinergika za uporabo pri KOPB, ipratropij in tiotropij. 1.1075949367088607 "The word ""emphysema"" is derived from the Greek ἐμφυσᾶν emphysan meaning ""inflate"" -itself composed of ἐν en, meaning ""in"", and φυσᾶν physan, meaning ""breath, blast""." Beseda »emfizem« izhaja iz grščine ἐμφυσᾶν: emphysan , ki pomeni »napihniti« - sestavljena pa je iz ἐν: en, ki pomeni »v«, in φυσᾶν: physan, kar pomeni »dih«. 1.109375 "Some people with COPD attribute the symptoms to a ""smoker's cough""." Nekateri ljudje s KOPB pripisujejo simptome »kadilskemu kašlju«. 1.0458015267175573 In the United States approximately 6.3% of the adult population, totaling approximately 15 million people, have been diagnosed with COPD. V Združenih državah Amerike so KOPB diagnosticirali pri približno 6,3 % odraslega prebivalstva, to je približno 15 milijonov ljudi. 0.9391304347826087 Drive-through centers have helped South Korea do some of the fastest, most-extensive testing of any country. Te vrste testi so Južni Koreji pomagali opraviti doslej najhitrejše in najobsežnejše testiranje katere koli države. 0.8227848101265823 Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace dusts, chemicals, and fumes increases the risk of COPD in both smokers and nonsmokers. Intenzivna in dolgotrajna izpostavljenost prahu na delovnem mestu, kemikalijam in hlapom povečuje tveganje za KOPB, tako pri kadilcih kot tudi pri nekadilcih. 1.372340425531915 In the United States, about 70% of cases are caused by genotype 1, 20% by genotype 2 and about 1% by each of the other genotypes. V ZDA gre pri 70 % primerov za genotip 1, pri 20 % za genotip 2, in po 1 % za ostale genotipe. 1.0972222222222223 Some bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat and tears, do not transmit the virus. Nekatere telesne tekočine, npr. slina in solze, virusa HIV ne vsebujejo. 1.7619047619047619 Unsafe medical injections play a role in HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa. Večina okuženih živi v Podsaharski Afriki. 1.5333333333333334 Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. Hepatitis pomeni vnetje jeter. 0.7663551401869159 Successful treatment decreases the future risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by 75%. Uspešna ozdravitev hepatitisa C zmanjša tveganje za pojav jetrnoceličnega raka v prihodnosti za okoli 75 %. 0.9375 In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. Leta 2007 je imel po ocenah med vsemi državami največjo incidenco bolezni Svazi, in sicer 1.200 primerov na 100.000 prebivalcev. 0.9939024390243902 "Whatever the benefits of the ""fresh air"" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years (c. 1916)." "Ne glede na (domnevne) ugodnosti ""svežega zraka"" in pomoč v sanatorijih je celo ob najboljših pogojih v njih umrla v petih letih polovica bolnikov (okoli 1916)." 1.0335570469798658 "The study based on data from 188 countries, considered to be the largest and most detailed analysis to quantify levels, patterns, and trends in ill health and disability, concluded that ""the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21.1% in 1990 to 31.2% in 2013.""" Raziskava je bila zelo obsežna in je temeljila na podatkih iz 188 držav ter je prišla do zaključka, da so se v svetovnem merilu leta življenja, prilagojena nezmožnosti zvišala na račun zdravih let življenja, ki jih bolniki izgubijo zaradi nezmožnosti (DALY leta 1990 21,1 %, DALY leta 2013 31,2 %). 1.1666666666666667 In those who smoke, stopping smoking is the only measure shown to slow down the worsening of COPD. Pri kadilcih je prenehanje kajenja edini ukrep, ki dokazano upočasni slabšanje KOPB. 1.2606635071090047 "Herd immunity itself acts as an evolutionary pressure on certain viruses, influencing viral evolution by encouraging the production of novel strains, in this case referred to as escape mutants, that are able to ""escape"" from herd immunity and spread more easily." Čredna imunost predstavlja za dotični virus evolucijski pritisk, kar pomeni, da vpliva na evolucijo virusa s spodbujanjem nastanka novih sevov, ki bi »ubežali« imunosti in se zato lažje širili med prebivalstvom. 1.231638418079096 Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (German: [ˈɪɡnaːts ˈzɛml̩vaɪs]; Hungarian: Semmelweis Ignác Fülöp; 1 July 1818 – 13 August 1865) was a Hungarian physician and scientist, now known as an early pioneer of antiseptic procedures. Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (rojen Semmelweis Ignác Fülöp), madžarski zdravnik nemškega rodu, * 1. julij 1818, Tabán, Budim, Ogrska, † 13. avgust 1865, Dunaj, Avstrijsko cesarstvo. 0.9852941176470589 It resulted in an estimated economic cost of $2.1 trillion in 2010. Ekonomske stroške bolezni v letu 2010 ocenjujejo na 2,1 milijarde $. 0.7209876543209877 One of three genetic tests in older versions of the test kits caused inconclusive results due to faulty reagents, and a bottleneck of testing at the CDC in Atlanta; this resulted in an average of fewer than 100 samples a day being successfully processed throughout the whole of February 2020. Centri za nadzor in preprečevanje bolezni v ZDA nudijo laboratorijem diagnostični test CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) na osnovi rT-PCR v realnem času Eden od treh genetskih testov v starejših različicah kompletov je zaradi okvarjenih reagentov dajal nezanesljive rezultate in zaradi tega zadrege in zamud v CDC v Atlanti; v februarju 2020 so zaradi tega dnevno lahko obdelali manj kot 100 vzorcev. 1.1987179487179487 It is also possible to get infected just before vaccination and get sick with the strain that the vaccine is supposed to prevent, as the vaccine takes about two weeks to become effective. Možno je tudi, da bolnik kljub cepljenju zboli za sevom, ki ga sicer cepivo vsebuje, saj cepivo začne učinkovito delovati šele okoli dva tedna po cepljenju. 1.0555555555555556 The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), a small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus. Glavni povzročitelj tuberkuloze je Mycobacterium tuberculosis, aeroben in negibljiv bacil. 1.043010752688172 Worldwide hepatitis C is the cause of 27% of cirrhosis cases and 25% of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis C povzroči v svetu 27 % vseh primerov ciroze in 25 % primerov jetrnoceličnega raka. 0.8881578947368421 Active TB is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance. za aktivna obolenja s TB pa je najboljša kombinacija več antibiotikov, ki zmanjšuje tveganje, da se pri bakterijah razvije odpornost proti antibiotikom. 0.9871794871794872 Other treatments may include dialysis or hemofiltration in more severe cases. Zdravljenje lahko v hujših primerih vključuje tudi dializo ali hemofiltracijo. 1.0769230769230769 There are two types of fibers: amphibole (thin and straight) and serpentine (curly). Obstajata dve vrsti vlaken, amfibolni(tanki in ravni) in serpetni(ukrivljeni). 1.1986754966887416 Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of a number of factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s. Upanje, da se bolezen dobi popolnoma pod nadzor, je močno oslabljeno zaradi številnih dejavnikov, kot so težave pri razvoju učinkovitega cepiva, drag in zamuden diagnostični postopek, obvezno večmesečno zdravljenje, porast s HIV povezane tuberkuloze, in pojav proti zdravilom odpornih primerov po 1980. 0.9831932773109243 COPD was among the most expensive conditions seen in U.S. hospitals in 2011, with a total cost of about $5.7 billion. V ZDA KOPB med bolezni, ki bolnišnice največ stanejo: leta 2011 so bili skupni stroški približno 5,7 milijard dolarjev. 1.0166666666666666 Some countries do not screen for hepatitis C due to the cost. Nekatere države zaradi stroškov ne testirajo na hepatitis C. 1.0337837837837838 Rates have increased substantially in the 20th century due to a combination of intravenous drug abuse and reused but poorly sterilized medical equipment. Obolenja so v 20. stoletju občutno porasla zaradi intravenske zlorabe mamil, intravenske medikamentacije in slabo sterilizirane zdravstvene opreme. 1.0337837837837838 Finally, mutations at key sites in DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV can decrease their binding affinity to quinolones, decreasing the drug's effectiveness. Končno lahko mutacije na ključnih točkah genov za DNA girazo ali topoizomerazo IV znižajo njih afiniteto za kinolone in s tem učinkovitost zdravila. 0.954954954954955 Countries with particularly high rates of infection include Egypt (22%), Pakistan (4.8%) and China (3.2%). Države s posebej veliko razširjenostjo okužbe so med drugim Egipt (22 %), Pakistan (4,8 %) in Kitajska (3,2 %). 1.0294117647058822 Depending upon the type of dust, the disease is given different names: Odvisno od vrste prahu se lahko razvijejo tudi različice te bolezni. 0.9490196078431372 Sexual practices that involve higher levels of trauma to the anogenital mucosa, such as anal penetrative sex, or that occur when there is a concurrent sexually transmitted infection, including HIV or genital ulceration, present greater risks. Tveganje obstaja pri spolnih praksah, pri katerih prihaja do večjih poškodb anogenitalne sluznice, kot je analni spolni odnos s penetriranjem, ali pri spolnem odnosu s spremljajočo drugo spolno prenosljivo okužbo, kot sta na primer HIV ali spolna razjeda. 1.3495145631067962 Eradication can thus be considered the final effect or end-result of public health initiatives to control the spread of infectious disease. Izkoreninjenje je lahko končni učinek javnozdravstvenih pobud za nadzor nad širjenjem določene bolezni. 1.1868131868131868 If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Če pride do okužbe s tuberkulozo, so običajno prizadeta pljuča (v približno 90 % primerov). 0.8968253968253969 The diagnosis of COPD should be considered in anyone over the age of 35 to 40 who has shortness of breath, a chronic cough, sputum production, or frequent winter colds and a history of exposure to risk factors for the disease. Diagnozo KOPB je treba imeti v mislih pri vseh osebah, ki so starejše od 35 do 40 let in ki imajo kratko sapo, kronični kašelj, s proizvodnjo izmečka, ki imajo številnejše prehlade pozimi in zgodovino izpostavljenosti dejavnikom tveganja za to bolezen. 1.4683544303797469 Varadkar completed a course in professional Irish, and devised an Irish language form for his surname, Leo de Varad. Zaključil je tečaj poklicne irščine ter prilagodil svoj priimek v Leo de Varad. 0.9568345323741008 The proportion of disability from COPD globally has decreased from 1990 to 2010 due to improved indoor air quality primarily in Asia. Globalni delež invalidnosti zaradi KOPB se je med 1990 in 2010 zmanjšal predvsem v Aziji zaradi boljše kakovosti zraka v zaprtih prostorih. 1.2727272727272727 He then spent several years working as a junior doctor in St. James's Hospital and Connolly Hospital, before qualifying as a general practitioner in 2010. Sprva je deloval v bolnišnici St. James in v bolnišnici Connolly, leta 2010 pa se je kvalificiral za splošnega zdravnika. 0.927710843373494 Four species infect humans: B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, and B. suis. Pri človeku lahko okužbo povzročijo B. melitensis, B. suis, B. abortus in B. canis. 1.1941747572815533 The viruses continue to be shed after symptoms have subsided and shedding can still be detected many weeks after infection. Virusi se izločajo tudi po prenehanju simptomov, izločanje virusov je zaznavno še več tednov po okužbi. 1.46 Rhabdomyolysis occurs in about 26,000 people a year in the United States. V ZDA je letno okoli 26.000 primerov rabdomiolize. 1.0493827160493827 Scores on CAT range from 0–40 with the higher the score, the more severe the disease. Rezultati pri CAT imajo razpon 0-40: čim višji je rezultat, tem hujša je bolezen. 1.6888888888888889 A hospital-acquired infection (HAI), also known as a nosocomial infection, is an infection that is acquired in a hospital or other health care facility. Bolnišnična okužba je okužba, pridobljena v bolnišnici ali pri kakih zdravstvenih posegih. 1.0710382513661203 Rates per 100,000 people in different areas of the world were: globally 178, Africa 332, the Americas 36, Eastern Mediterranean 173, Europe 63, Southeast Asia 278, and Western Pacific 139 in 2010. Število primerov na 100.000 prebivalcev po svetu leta 2010: cel svet 178, Slovenija 332, Ameriki 36, Vzhodno Sredozemlje 173, Evropa 63, jugovzhodna Azija 278, in zahodni Pacifik 139. 2.474402730375427 The occupations most at risk are: adhesive handlers (e.g. acrylate), animal handlers and veterinarians (animal proteins), bakers and millers (cereal grains), carpet makers (gums), electronics workers (soldering resin), forest workers, carpenters and cabinetmakers (wood dust), hairdressers (e.g. persulfate), health care workers (latex and chemicals such as glutaraldehyde), janitors and cleaning staff (e.g. chloramine-T), pharmaceutical workers (drugs, enzymes), seafood processors, shellac handlers (e.g. amines), solderers and refiners (metals), spray painters, insulation installers, plastics and foam industry workers (e.g. diisocyanates), textile workers (dyes) and users of plastics and epoxy resins (e.g. anhydrides) Najpogosteje se pojavi pri mlinarjih (moka žitaric, pelod, glivice, plesni), pojavlja pa se tudi v tekstilni industriji (obdelava volne, Naslov povezavebombaža, svila|svile), pri tapetnikih (lepilo, perje, volna, živalska dlaka), v kemični industriji, farmaciji, pri frizerjih (barve, laki)... 1.0681818181818181 The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are uncertain as of 2012, because they are based on the results of relatively small studies. Kolikšni sta varnost in učinkovitost teh novih učinkovin še nista čisto jasno, saj rezultati temeljijo na relativno majhnih vzorcih. 0.6382978723404256 HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic. HIV/aids je po vsem svetu razširjena pandemija. 1.1032608695652173 If TB bacteria gain entry to the blood stream from an area of damaged tissue, they can spread throughout the body and set up many foci of infection, all appearing as tiny, white tubercles in the tissues. Če bakterije z območja poškodovanega tkiva zaidejo v krvni obtok, se lahko razširijo po celem telesu in ustvarjajo številna žarišča, ki se vsa kažejo kot majhni, beli tuberkli v tkivu. 0.9722222222222222 Chronic hepatitis C is defined as infection with the hepatitis C virus persisting for more than six months based on the presence of its RNA. Kronični hepatitis C je opredeljen kot okužba z virusom VHC, ki traja več kot 6 mesecev in je dokazana na osnovi prisotnosti virusne RNK v krvi. 1.1304347826086956 Roughly one-quarter of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. Približno tretjina svetovnega prebivalstva je bila okužena s M. tuberculosis, do novih okužb prihaja letno pri približno 1 % prebivalstva. 0.972972972972973 Cough medicines are not recommended. Zdravila za kašelj se ne priporočajo. 1.36 Health aid in developing countries javno zdravje v Sloveniji 0.990990990990991 Some individuals either cannot develop immunity after vaccination or for medical reasons cannot be vaccinated. Nekateri posamezniki po cepljenju ne razvijejo imunosti ali pa iz medicinskih razlogov ne smejo prejeti cepiva. 0.6854838709677419 World Hepatitis Day, held on July 28, is coordinated by the World Hepatitis Alliance. Glej tudi: Seznam ljudi s hepatitisom CSvetovni dan hepatitisa je 28. julija, koordinira ga Svetovno združenje za hepatitis. 1.4457831325301205 Those who have been previously immunized with the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine may have a false-positive test result. Pri predhodno imuniziranih osebah lahko pride do lažno pozitivnih rezultatov testa. 0.5303867403314917 Using alternative energy sources such as solar cooking and electrical heating is also effective. Uporaba alternativnih virov energije, kot sta kuhanje na sonce in električno ogrevanje, je učinkovita rešitev, prav tako namesto biomase uporaba goriv, ​​kot sta petrolej ali oglje. 1.2698412698412698 Costs are borne by the health insurance when the test is ordered by a physician. Stroške krije zdravstveno zavarovanje, če test naroči zdravnik. 1.1866666666666668 If the infection progresses, it interferes more with the immune system, increasing the risk of developing common infections such as tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections, and tumors which are otherwise rare in people who have normal immune function. Ko okužba napreduje, prizadene imunski sistem, zaradi česar se poveča tveganje za pojav pogostih okužb, kot je tuberkuloza, drugih oportunističnih okužb in tumorjev, ki redko prizadenejo ljudi z neokrnjenim imunskim sistemom. 0.8859649122807017 At its most primitive, patients may be simply marked with coloured flagging tape or with marker pens. Kot najbolj osnovno obliko poznamo označevanje pacientov z barvnim označevalnim trakom ali z markerji (flomastri). 0.9211822660098522 "In 1953, Dr. George L. Waldbott, an American allergist, first described a new disease he named ""smoker's respiratory syndrome"" in the 1953 Journal of the American Medical Association." Leta 1953 je George L. Waldbott, alergolog iz ZDA, v Reviji združenja zdravnikov ZDA (Journal of American Medical Association) kot prvi opisal novo bolezen, ki jo je poimenoval »dihalni sindrom kadilca«. 1.069767441860465 The delay in diagnosis led to a worse outcome. Višji seštevek je povezan s slabšim izidom. 1.1428571428571428 Clinically advanced cases of asbestosis may lead to respiratory failure. Klinični napredni primeri azbestoze povzročijo odpoved dihanja. 0.9591836734693877 Adverse effects with these treatments were common, with half of people getting flu-like symptoms and a third experiencing emotional problems. Neželeni učinki v obliki gripi podobnih simptomov se izrazijo pri okoli polovici zdravljenih, pri tretjini bolnikov pa se pojavijo čustvene težave. 1.8584070796460177 Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, watery eyes, body aches, shortness of breath, headache, weight loss, chills, sneezing, runny nose, coughing, dizziness, abdominal pain, lack of appetite, and fatigue. Njeni simptomi so vročina, izguba telesne teže, izčrpanost, oteženo dihanje, kašljanje in izcedek iz oči in nosa. 1.5384615384615385 Industrial and organizational psychology Medicinski in pravni vidik 0.972972972972973 It is intended to increase immunity against that antigen back to protective levels, after memory against that antigen has declined through time. S tem se ponovno poveča imunost proti dotičnemu antigenu na raven, ki je potrebna za zaščito pred okužbo, če je pred tem prišlo do njenega znižanja. 1.425531914893617 This terminology is no longer accepted as useful as most people with COPD have a combination of both emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Opisana terminologija ni več sprejemljiva, saj ima večina ljudi s KOPB kombinacijo obeh tipov. 0.6944444444444444 Surgery for aneurysms was introduced in the 1930s. Nevrokirurška oskrba anevrizem je bila uvedena v 30. letih 20. stoletja. 0.8484848484848485 Mass vaccination to induce herd immunity has since become common and proved successful in preventing the spread of many infectious diseases. Odtlej se je začelo uveljavljati množično cepljenje z namenom dosege čredne imunosti ter se izkazalo kot učinkovit način preprečevanja številnih nalezljivih bolezni. 0.8318965517241379 Poorly ventilated cooking fires, often fueled by coal or biomass fuels such as wood and dung, lead to indoor air pollution and are one of the most common causes of COPD in developing countries. Slabo prezračevani ognji za kuho, pri katerih je pogosto gorivo premog ali biomasa, kot so les in živalski iztrebki, vodijo do onesnaženosti zraka v zaprtih prostorih in so eden od najpogostejših vzrokov za KOPB v državah v razvoju. 0.8344827586206897 There are many misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact. O bolezni in njenem povzročitelju obstajajo številna zmotna prepričanja, npr. mnenje, da se virus HIV lahko prenaša z običajnim nespolnim stikom. 0.9868421052631579 Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis. Uničenje in odmiranje tkiva sta pogosto v ravnovesju s celjenjem in fibrozo. 0.9433962264150944 identify additional hazards such as contamination. Za identificiranje dodatnih nevarnosti, kot so okužbe 1.05 Minister for Social Protection (2016–2017) Minister za socialno zaščito (2016–2017) 1.1388888888888888 There are seven major genotypes of HCV, which are known as genotypes one to seven. Obstaja sedem genotipov VHC, ki se jih označuje s števkami ena do sedem. 0.9313725490196079 The risk is greater in those who are poor, although whether this is due to poverty itself or other risk factors associated with poverty, such as air pollution and malnutrition, is not clear. Tveganje je večje pri revnih ljudeh, čeprav ni jasno, ali je to zaradi revščine same ali zaradi drugih dejavnikov tveganja, ki so z revščino povezani, kot sta na primer onesnaženje zraka in podhranjenost. 1.2303030303030302 There is no evidence that breastfeeding spreads HCV; however, to be cautious, an infected mother is advised to avoid breastfeeding if her nipples are cracked and bleeding, or if her viral loads are high. Prenos z dojenjem ni dokazan; okuženi materi pa se, če ima razpokane ali krvaveče bradavice, iz previdnosti dojenje odsvetuje, prav tako če ima visoko virusno breme. 0.6504854368932039 Totally drug-resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs. Proti zdravilom popolnoma odporna tuberkuloza je odporna proti vsem zdravilom, ki so trenutno na voljo. 0.8027522935779816 COPD is a type of obstructive lung disease in which chronic, incompletely reversible poor airflow (airflow limitation) and inability to breathe out fully (air trapping) exist. KOPB je vrsta obstruktivne pljučne bolezni, pri kateri obstaja kronično slab pretok zraka, ki je le delno reverzibilen (omejen pretok zraka), in pri katerem prizadeta oseba ni zmožna izdihniti v celoti (vklenjen zrak). 1.1056338028169015 COPD may need to be differentiated from other causes of shortness of breath such as congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, or pneumothorax. KOPB je morda treba razlikovati od drugih vzrokov za kratko sapo, kot so zastojna srčna odpoved, pljučna embolija, pljučnica ali pnevmotoraks. 1.1027397260273972 A second recognized complication is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a severe disruption in blood clotting that may lead to uncontrollable bleeding. Drug možen zaplet je dismeminirana intravaskularna koagulacija – gre za hudo motnjo strjevanja krvi, ki lahko privede do nenadzorovanih krvavitev. 1.26 Between ten and fifteen percent die before reaching a hospital. 10–15 % bolnikov umre, preden dosežejo bolnišnico. 1.12987012987013 Treatment with appropriate antibiotics kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Zdravljenje z ustreznimi antibiotiki ubija bakterije in omogoča ozdravljenje. 0.963855421686747 A risk of fires and little benefit exist when those on oxygen continue to smoke. Obstaja nevarnost za požar in zato malo koristi, če oseba na kisiku še naprej kadi. 0.8217821782178217 Microbes resistant to multiple antimicrobials are called multidrug resistant (MDR). Patogeni, odporni proti več antibiotikom, se imenujejo večkratno odporni (multirezistentni) patogeni. 0.8603351955307262 The disease has become subject to many controversies involving religion, including the Catholic Church's position not to support condom use as prevention. Postala je predmet številnih kontroverznosti, povezanih z religijo, vključno s stališčem Rimskokatoliške cerkve, da ne podpre kondoma kot načina za preprečevanje širjenja bolezni. 0.9823008849557522 It is responsible for about 1–5% of cases and the condition is present in about three to four in 10,000 people. Dejavnik je odgovoren za približno 1-5 % primerov stanje pa je prisotno pri približno 3-4 osebah na 10.000 ljudi. 0.9148936170212766 It is more common among relatives of those with COPD who smoke than unrelated smokers. Med sorodniki bolnikov s KOPB, ki kadijo, je pogostejša, kot med kadilci, ki si niso v sorodu. 0.7452830188679245 Both types of agent appear to reduce the risk of acute exacerbations by 15–25%. Obe vrsti dolgotrajno delujočih bronhodilatatorjev zmanjšujeta nevarnost za akutno poslabšanje za 15-25 %. 0.8347457627118644 HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex (including anal and oral sex), contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Virus HIV se širi predvsem z nezaščitenimi spolnimi odnosi (vključno z analnim in oralnim spolnim občevanjem), okuženimi transfuzijami krvi, podkožnimi iglami ter s prenosom z matere na otroka med nosečnostjo, ob porodu ali pri dojenju. 1.1428571428571428 The elevation of liver enzymes does not closely follow disease severity. Vrednosti jetrnih encimov slabo korelirajo z resnostjo bolezni. 0.7928286852589641 Although Richard Morton established the pulmonary form associated with tubercles as a pathology in 1689, due to the variety of its symptoms, TB was not identified as a single disease until the 1820s. Čeprav je Dr Richard Morton leta 1689 za pljučno obliko bolezni dokazal patološko ozadje tuberklov, TB zaradi raznolikosti njenih simptomov do 1820 ,niso opredelili kot ene same bolezni, ime tuberkuloza pa je prvi leta 1839 uporabil J. L. Schönlein. 1.329268292682927 When one member of a family died from the disease, the other infected members would lose their health slowly. Ko je v družini kdo umrl zaradi nje, so drugi okuženi člani družine začeli hirati. 1.101010101010101 Of those who smoke, about 20% will get COPD, and of those who are lifelong smokers, about half will get COPD. Med kadilci bo okoli 20 % dobilo KOPB, med tistimi, ki kadijo že celo življenje, pa okoli polovica. 0.875 Smoking, however, is highly addictive, and many smokers need further support. Tobak povzroča visoko stopnjo zasvojenosti in mnogi kadilci potrebujejo dodatno podporo. 1.0898876404494382 Nucleic acid amplification tests and adenosine deaminase testing may allow rapid diagnosis of TB. S testi amplifikacije DNK in preskusom na adenozin deaminazo je mogoče TB hitro dokazati. 0.5592417061611374 Further bronchodilators, such as salbutamol, were developed in the 1970s, and the use of LABAs began in the mid-1990s. Bronhodilatorji so se začeli uporabljati v šestdesetih, po obetavnem testiranju izoprenalin a. Dodatni bronhodilatorji, kot je salbutamol, so prišli na trg v 1970-ih, LABA se je začelo uporabljati sredi 1990-ih. 0.9539473684210527 Effective dust control can be achieved by improving ventilation, using water sprays and by using mining techniques that minimize dust generation. Učinkovit nadzor nad prahom je mogoče doseči z izboljšanjem prezračevanja, uporabo vodnih razpršil in rudarskih tehnik, ki zmanjšujejo nastajanje prahu. 1.0591715976331362 Originally scheduled to take place between 24 July and 9 August 2020, the Games have been rescheduled for 23 July to 8 August 2021 as a result of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. Po običajnem razporedu bi se morale igre odvijati med 24. julijem in 9. avgustom 2020, toda zaradi pandemije koronavirusne bolezni 2019 so bile prestavljene za eno leto. 0.9027777777777778 There are a number of diagnostic tests for hepatitis C, including HCV antibody enzyme immunoassay or ELISA, recombinant immunoblot assay, and quantitative HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Za hepatitis C obstajajo številni diagnostični testi, kot so na primer ELISA (encimski imunski preskus na protitelesa proti VHC), prenos western in kvantitativna metoda verižne reakcije s polimerazo (PCR) za RNK VHC. 0.8263473053892215 If multiple drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is detected, treatment with at least four effective antibiotics for 18 to 24 months is recommended. Če se ugotovi, da gre za TB, ki je multirezistentna, to je odporna na več zdravil (MDR-TB), priporočajo jemati najmanj 4 učinkovite antibiotike 19 do 24 mesecev dolgo. 1.9180327868852458 Efforts to keep a person's systolic blood pressure below somewhere between 140 and 160 mmHg is generally recommended. Idealen sistolični krvni tlak naj bi bil med 120 in 150 mmHg. 0.5675675675675675 Hepatitis C at Curlie Hepatitis C na Open Directory Project 0.6721311475409836 Treatment with stem cells is under study. Trenutno potekajo raziskave zdravljenja z zarodnimi celicami. 1.4555555555555555 Though Varadkar was born to a Hindu father and a Catholic mother, his parents made the decision to raise him in the Catholic faith. Kljub temu, da je bil oče hindujec, mama pa katoličanka, sta otroke vzgajala v krščanstvu. 0.8902439024390244 Typically, these must occur over several decades before symptoms develop. Značilno je, da traja izpostavljenost več desetletij, preden se pojavijo simptomi. 0.9727891156462585 "The term ""chronic bronchitis"" is still used to define a productive cough that is present for at least three months each year for two years." Pri tem je kronični bronhitis definiran kot kašelj, ki traja več kot tri mesece letno v zadnjih dveh letih in se kaže skupaj z nastajanjem izmečka. 1.105263157894737 It contains living bacteria, and thus can spread the infection. Snov vsebuje žive bakterije, čemur sledi širjenje okužbe. 1.0909090909090908 Testing is not able to distinguish between acute and chronic infections. S testiranjem ni mogoče razlikovati med akutno in kronično okužbo. 0.9255813953488372 On 19 March 2020, the FDA issued EUA to Abbott Laboratories for a test on Abbott's m2000 system; the FDA had previously issued similar authorization to Hologic, LabCorp, and Thermo Fisher Scientific. FDA je 19. marca 2020 izdala dovoljenje za uporabo v sili (EUA) podjetju Abbott Laboratories za testiranje sistema Abbott m2000; pred tem je izdala podobna dovoljenja za Hologic, LabCorp in Thermo Fisher Scientific. 1.1603773584905661 They married in the UK, early in 1971, then lived in Leicester, where the eldest of their three children, Sophie, was born. Po poroki leta 1971 sta nekaj časa živela v Leicesteru, kjer se je rodila Leova najstarejša sestra Sophie. 0.8770053475935828 Long-term antibiotics, specifically those from the macrolide class such as erythromycin, reduce the frequency of exacerbations in those who have two or more a year. Dolgotrajni antibiotiki, posebno učinkovine iz razreda makrolidov, kot je eritromicin, zmanjšujejo pogostost poslabšanj pri osebah, pri katerih prihaja več kot enkrat na leto do zapletov. 0.8275862068965517 Inhaled bronchodilators are the primary medications used, and result in a small overall benefit. Dihalni bronhodilatorji so zdravila, ki se uporabljajo ob začetku zdravljenja in ki v manjši meri koristijo bolniku. 1.475 J Bone Joint Surg Am. 83-A (1): 136–7, author reply 138–41. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 86-A (7): 1387–91. 0.9512195121951219 Liver biopsies are used to determine the degree of liver damage present; however, there are risks from the procedure. Jetrna biopsija se uporablja za določanje stopnje napredovalosti jetrne poškodbe, vendar sam postopek predstavlja tveganje. 1.0 In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults. V Afriki v prvi vrsti prizadene mladostnike in mlade odrasle. 1.086021505376344 With resistance to antibiotics becoming more common there is greater need for alternative treatments. Zaradi vse pogostejše odpornosti proti antibiotikom raste potreba po alternativnih zdravilih. 0.9009433962264151 "An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί epi ""upon or above"" and δῆμος demos ""people"") is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time." Epidemija (iz grščine epi- na (predpona) + demos ljudje) je nenaden izbruh in hitro širjenje kake nalezljive bolezni v človeški populaciji, ki močno presega normalno obolevnost (t. i. incidenco) v tej populaciji. 0.7807017543859649 Tests using two components were not determined to be reliable until 28 February 2020, and it was not until then that state and local laboratories were permitted to begin testing. Preizkusi z dvema komponentama niso bili zanesljivi, tako da je šele 28. februarja 2020 Uprava za hrano in zdravila (FDA) na osnovi zakonodaje državnim in lokalnim laboratorijem na osnovi zakonodaje za izjemne razmere dovolila. 1.265625 "The latter two species are classified as ""nontuberculous mycobacteria"" (NTM)." Slednji dve vrsti razvrščajo med »netuberkulozne mikobakterije«. 0.9029126213592233 Cold temperatures may also play a role, with exacerbations occurring more commonly in winter. Nizke temperature lahko prav tako igrajo vlogo, saj se poslabšanja pojavljajo pogosteje v zimskem času. 1.1111111111111112 A single sneeze can release up to 40,000 droplets. Pri enkratnem kihu nastane do 40.000 kapljic. 1.0229007633587786 Globally, as of 2010, COPD is estimated to result in economic costs of $2.1 trillion, half of which occurring in the developing world. Po vsem svetu so leta 2010 ekonomski stroški celega sveta zaradi KOPB znašali 2,1 milijard $, polovica pri tem v državah v razvoju. 0.8409090909090909 Total number of infected cases was 8. Skupno število okuženih je na ta dan bilo 8. 0.9084507042253521 Infliximab, an immune-suppressing antibody, has been tested in COPD; there was a possibility of harm with no evidence of benefit. Infliksimab, biološko zdravilo za zaviranje imunskega odziva, je bilo preizkušeno pri KOPB, vendar o njegovih koristi ni bilo nobenih dokazov. 1.0 By the 1950s mortality in Europe had decreased about 90%. Smrtnost se je nato do leta 1950 zmanjšala za skoraj 90%. 0.8421052631578947 Hepatitis C infects only humans and chimpanzees. S hepatitisom C se lahko okužijo samo ljudje in šimpanzi. 1.036231884057971 These medications can be given either via a metered-dose inhaler with a spacer or via a nebulizer, with both appearing to be equally effective. Ta zdravila se daje bodisi prek inhalatorja z določenim odmerkom z distančnikom, bodisi s pomočjo razpršilca, ki sta oba enako učinkovita. 1.5096153846153846 Many people are so ill that they are confined to bed for several days, with aches and pains throughout their bodies, which are worse in their backs and legs. Veliko obolelih mora za nekaj dni obležati, trga in boli jih po vsem telesu, najhuje po hrbtih in nogah. 1.3191489361702127 Whether they affect the progression of the disease is unknown. Ali na napredovanje bolezni delujejo, ni jasno. 0.6627906976744186 A US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study of 11 outbreaks in New York State lists the suspected mode of transmission as person-to-person in seven outbreaks, foodborne in two, waterborne in one, and one unknown. Ameriški Center ta nadzor in preprečevanje bolezni je v študiji preučil 11 izbruhov okužbe z norovirusi v zvezni dravi New York ter ugotovil, da je v sedmih primerih prišlo do prenosa zaradi neposrednega stika z bolnikom, v dveh primerih zaradi okužene hrane, v enem primeru zaradi okužene vode, v enem primeru pa je način prenosa ostal neznan. 1.0112359550561798 Other types of smoke, such as, marijuana, cigar, and water-pipe smoke, also confer a risk. Tudi druge vrste kajenja, kot so marihuana, cigare in vodna pipa, predstavljajo tveganje. 1.0701754385964912 Results are generally available within a few hours to 2 days. Rezultati so običajno na voljo v nekaj urah do dveh dneh. 1.355263157894737 SAH may occur as a result of a head injury or spontaneously, usually from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Krvavitev se lahko zgodi spontano, navadno iz razpočene možganske anevrizme. 1.015625 The disease is usually self-limiting, and severe illness is rare. Bolezen je običajno samoomejujoča in redko pride do hude oblike. 1.2962962962962963 "Current HAART options are combinations (or ""cocktails"") consisting of at least three medications belonging to at least two types, or ""classes"", of antiretroviral agents." Sedanja optimalna oblika HAART sestoji iz kombinacije najmanj treh zdravil iz najmanj dveh različnih skupin protiretrovirusnih zdravil. 1.0873015873015872 Severe destruction of small airways can lead to the formation of large focal lung pneumatoses, known as bullae, that replace lung tissue. Hudo uničenje malih dihalnih poti lahko vodi do nastanka velikih zračnih žepov, znanih kot bule, ki nadomeščajo pljučno tkivo. 1.876923076923077 Disease burden is the impact of a health problem as measured by financial cost, mortality, morbidity, or other indicators. Meri se s stroški, smrtnostjo, obolevnostjo in drugimi kazalniki. 1.1239669421487604 After infection, immunity to the same strain of the virus – the genotype – protects against reinfection for between 6 months to 2 years. Po nekaterih podatkih traja zaščitna imunost proti istemu sevu virusa 6 mesecev, po dveh letih pa imunost povsem izzveni. 0.6966292134831461 Pre-printed cards for this purpose are known as a triage tags. Tu poznamo tudi vnaprej natisnjene kartice za ta namen, znane pod imenom triažne kartice. 1.0 People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. Ljudje z dolgotrajnim, pogostim ali tesnim stikom s tuberkoluznimi osebami so še posebno ogroženi (za stopnjo okužbe se v tem primeru ocenjuje, da znaša 22 %). 1.3129770992366412 "During an interview on RTÉ Radio on 18 January 2015 (his 36th birthday), Varadkar spoke publicly for the first time about being gay: ""it's not something that defines me." Svojo istospolno usmerjenost je Varadkar javno prvič razkril v radijskem intervjuju leta 18. januarja 2015 na svoj 36. rojstni dan. 0.9180327868852459 Chronic lung disease is another significant risk factor. Kronična pljučna bolezen je še en pomemben dejavnik tveganja. 1.2765957446808511 Approximately 33% of people with influenza are asymptomatic. Okoli 33% ljudi z gripo ne kaže znakov bolezni. 0.9886363636363636 In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. V razvitih državah je tuberkuloza manj pogosta, najti jo je predvsem v urbanih območjih. 1.4146341463414633 This article covers the various types of triage systems as it occurs in medical emergencies, including the pre-hospital setting, disasters, and emergency department treatment, along with their limitations and ethical considerations. Ta članek se ukvarja s konceptom triaže, kot se pojavlja pri urgentnih zdravniških zadevah, vključno s predbolnišnično oskrbo, katastrofami in obravnano na urgenci. 1.3807339449541285 Noroviruses commonly isolated in cases of acute gastroenteritis belong to two genogroups: genogroup I (GI) includes Norwalk virus, Desert Shield virus and Southampton virus; and II (GII), which includes Bristol virus, Lordsdale virus, Toronto virus, Mexico virus, Hawaii virus and Snow Mountain virus. Genetska skupina, ki pri ljudeh najpogosteje povzroča okužbe, je genetska skupina II (virus Bristol, virus Lordsdale, virus Toronto, virus Mehika, virus Havaji, virus Snežnega gorovja), ki trenutno obsega 19 genotipov. 0.9325396825396826 "The World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB a ""global health emergency"" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aimed to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015." "Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija je leta 1993 TB razglasila za ""svetovni zdravstveni izziv"", leta 2006B pa je Združenje Ustavimo TB (stop TB) razvilo globalni načrt, kako zaustaviti tuberkulozo, z namenom do leta 2015 rešiti 14 milijonov življenj." 1.7301587301587302 This is why the World Health Organization (assisted by the National Influenza Centers) makes recommendations for two different vaccine formulations every year; one for the Northern, and one for the Southern Hemisphere. Zato Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija pripravlja po dve obliki cepiva proti gripi, eno za severno, drugo pa za južno poloblo. 0.9333333333333333 The rate at which COPD worsens varies with the presence of factors that predict a poor outcome, including severe airflow obstruction, little ability to exercise, shortness of breath, significant underweight or overweight, congestive heart failure, continued smoking, and frequent exacerbations. Hitrost, s katero se KOPB slabša, je odvisna od prisotnosti dejavnikov, ki napovedujejo slab izid, kot recimo huda obstrukcija dihalnih poti, nizka zmožnost za telesno dejavnost, kratka sapa, močna podhranjenost ali prekomerna telesna teža, zastojna srčna odpoved, neprestano kajenje in pogosta poslabšanja bolezni. 1.1030927835051547 Fingernail clubbing is not specific to COPD and should prompt investigations for an underlying lung cancer. Betičasti prsti niso specifični za KOPB in bi morali spodbuditi preiskave v smeri pljučnega raka. 1.0943396226415094 Less common conditions that may present similarly include bronchopulmonary dysplasia and obliterative bronchiolitis. Manj pogosti stanji s podobnimi znaki sta lahko bronhopulmonalna displazija in obliterativni bronhiolitis. 0.9594594594594594 General exercise has been shown to decrease the risk of developing RSI. Vaje zmanjšujejo tveganje za razvoj bolezni zaradi ponavljajočih se gibov. 0.9473684210526315 A chronic cough is often the first symptom to develop. Kronični kašelj se običajno pojavi kot prvi znak bolezni. 1.5 Minister for Transport, Tourism, and Sport (2011–2014) Minister za promet, turizem in šport 1.034013605442177 For both influenza and norovirus, epidemics temporarily induce herd immunity until a new dominant strain emerges, causing successive waves of epidemics. Epidemije virusov gripe in norovirusov povzročijo začasno čredno imunost, dokler se ne pojavijo novi dominantni sevi, ki povzročijo nove epidemije. 1.423913043478261 The greatest reduction in air flow occurs when breathing out, as the pressure in the chest is compressing the airways at this time. Do zmanjšanja pretoka zraka prihaja največ med izdihom, ko tlak v prsih stiska dihalne poti. 1.0735294117647058 Most cases of COPD can be prevented by reducing exposure to risk factors. KOPB lahko preprečimo z zmanjšanjem izpostavljenosti znanim vzrokom. 0.9636363636363636 A triage tag is a prefabricated label placed on each patient that serves to accomplish several objectives: Triažna kartica je vnaprej pripravljena oznaka, ki jo damo vsakemu pacientu, in služi za doseganje več ciljev: 0.8 Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C occurs in fewer than 10% of pregnancies. Do vertikalnega prenosa hepatitisa C z okužene matere na njenega otroka pride v manj kot 10 % nosečnosti. 0.9156626506024096 These assays are very sensitive and can detect as few as 10 virus particles. Ti testi so zelo občutljivi in zaznajo zelo nizko število virusnih delcev v vzorcu. 1.2131979695431472 Among these, the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation received a gift of more than $280 million (US) from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis for use in high burden countries. Podjetje je prejelo več kot 280.000.000 $ (US) od Fundacije Bill in Melinda Gates za razvoj in licenciranje boljšega cepiva proti tuberkulozi, ki naj bi se ga uporabilo v zelo obremenjenih državah. 0.8674698795180723 Tests such as ELISA that use antibodies against a mixture of norovirus strains are available commercially, but lack specificity and sensitivity. Na tržišču so tudi testi ELISA, pri katerih poteka zaznava različnih sevov norovisusa s pomočjo protiteles, vendar sta občutljivost in specifičnost teh testov manjši. 1.2560975609756098 A sustained response is seen in 70–80% of people with HCV genotypes 2 and 3 with 24 weeks of treatment. Trajen odziv se doseže pri 70–80 % oseb z genotipoma 2 in 3 po 24 tednih terapije. 1.0136986301369864 MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks. MTB preživi v šibkih razkužilih in v obliki endospor preživi tedne dolgo. 1.2580645161290323 Health-EU Portal Vaccinations in the EU Zgodovina cepljenja v Sloveniji 1.1047619047619048 However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. Vendar pa večina okužb z M. tuberculosis ne povzroči tuberkuloze, in 90–95 % okužb ostaja brez simptomov. 0.957983193277311 He noted that they did not collapse as usual because they were full of air and the airways were filled with mucus. Ugotovil je, da niso upadle kot po navadi, saj so bile polne zraka in njihove dihalne poti so bile zapolnjene s sluzjo. 2.242857142857143 This variability is also likely to be affecting reported case fatality rates, which have probably been overestimated in many countries, due to sampling bias. Ta spremenljivost seveda vpliva tudi na prijavljene stopnje smrtnosti. 1.1428571428571428 Many people with more advanced COPD breathe through pursed lips and this action can improve shortness of breath in some. Veliko ljudi z napredovalo obliko KOPB diha skozi našobljene ustnice, kar pri nekaterih olajša zasoplost. 0.7678571428571429 The flu can worsen chronic health problems. Kronične bolezenske težave lahko gripa še dodatno oteži. 0.7583333333333333 However, whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed, and whether it is of benefit in developed countries and among men who have sex with men is undetermined. Podatki o tem, ali obrezovanje ščiti tudi pred prenosom okužbe iz moškega na žensko, so protislovni, in tudi ni pojasnjeno, ali prinaša obrezovanje koristi tudi v razvitih državah ter pri populaciji moških, ki imajo spolne odmose z moškimi. 1.0916666666666666 Chemical fabrication, mining, medicine, and related professional fields are examples of occupations where chemical burns may occur. Proizvodnja kemičnih izdelkov, rudarstvo, medicina in sorodna področja predstavljajo večjoje nevarnost kemičnih opeklin. 1.2152777777777777 Each one of these droplets may transmit the disease, since the infectious dose of tuberculosis is very small (the inhalation of fewer than 10 bacteria may cause an infection). Vsaka od teh kapljic lahko prenese bolezen, saj je doza za okužbo s tuberkulozo zelo nizka (že vdih manj kot 10 bakterij lahko povzroči okužbo). 1.1454545454545455 Development and testing of more effective vaccines is underway. Učinkovitejša cepiva se ta čas razvijajo in preverjajo. 1.3623188405797102 "The urine may be dark, often described as ""tea-colored"", due to the presence of myoglobin." Seč je lahko zaradi prisotnosti mioglobina obarvan temno (»kot čaj«). 0.993421052631579 "The cascade of person-to-person spread can be circumvented by segregating those with active (""overt"") TB and putting them on anti-TB drug regimens." Širjenje od osebe do osebe je mogoče preprečiti z učinkovito izolacijo oseb z aktivno (»prikrito«) tuberkulozo in z ustreznim režimom zdravil proti TBC. 1.1818181818181819 It is unclear whether different types of COPD exist. Ni jasno, ali obstajajo različne vrste KOPB. 1.0246913580246915 In those with HIV, the risk of developing active TB increases to nearly 10% a year. Pri osebah s HIV se nevarnost za pojav aktivne TBC poveča na skoraj 10 % na leto. 0.8404255319148937 Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests. Diagnoza latentne tuberkuloze temelji na tuberkulinskem kožnem testu ali na krvnih preiskavah. 1.0547945205479452 Often, several attempts are required before long-term abstinence is achieved. Pogosto je potrebnih več poskusov, preden se doseže dolgoročna vzdržnost. 0.90625 This can also lead to insufficient ventilation, and eventually low blood oxygen levels. To lahko privede tudi do nezadostnega prezračevanja in navsezadnje do nizke ravni kisika v krvi. 1.0082417582417582 Those at high risk thus include: people who inject illicit drugs, inhabitants and employees of locales where vulnerable people gather (e.g. prisons and homeless shelters), medically underprivileged and resource-poor communities, high-risk ethnic minorities, children in close contact with high-risk category patients, and health-care providers serving these patients. Visoko ogroženi so med drugim ljudje, ki si vbrizgavajo nedovoljene droge, prebivalci in zaposleni na območjih, kjer se bolni ljudje zbirajo (npr. zapori in zavetišča za brezdomce), glede zdravstvenih oskrbe in virov revne skupnosti, visoko ogrožene etnične manjšine, otroci v tesnem stiku z visoko ogroženimi bolniki in zdravstveno osebje, ki za te bolnike skrbi. 1.1818181818181819 People with this disseminated TB have a high fatality rate even with treatment (about 30%). Smrtnost je pri ljudeh s to obliko kljub zdravljenju visoka (približno 30 %). 0.9583333333333334 Ipratropium is a short-acting agent, while tiotropium is long-acting. Ipratropij je kratko delujoče sredstvo, tiotropij pa deluje dolgotrajno. 1.0961538461538463 It is not clear when transmission occurs during pregnancy, but it may occur both during gestation and at delivery. Kdaj med nosečnostjo pride do prenosa bolezni, ni jasno; lahko že med samo nosečnostjo ali pa ob porodu. 1.3037974683544304 Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication. Pri otroku je bolezen pogosto mogoče preprečiti s protiretrovirusnimi zdravili. 0.8884615384615384 In 2000, the FDA announced their intention to revoke approval of fluoroquinolone use in poultry production because of substantial evidence linking it to the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter infections in humans. Leta 2000 je FDA je objavila svojo namero, da prekliče dovoljenje za uporabo fluorokinolona v proizvodnji perutnine zaradi utemeljenih dokazov, da zaradi tega prihaja pri ljudeh vse bolj do okužb z bakterijo Campylobacter, ki je odporna proti fluorokonolonu. 1.4333333333333333 There is also a combination formulation that includes both hepatitis A and B vaccines. Na voljo je tudi kombinirano cepivo proti hepatitisu A in B. 0.917910447761194 During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages (bronchi) and this material can be coughed up. Med aktivno boleznijo se nekatere od teh votlin lahko povežejo z bronhiji v zračnih kanalih, tako da je snov v njih mogoče izkašljati. 1.5625 Amadio PC (January 2001). Brooks P (1993). 0.987012987012987 Antibiotic resistance can be introduced artificially into a microorganism through laboratory protocols, sometimes used as a selectable marker to examine the mechanisms of gene transfer or to identify individuals that absorbed a piece of DNA that included the resistance gene and another gene of interest. Odpornost proti antibiotikom je mogoče v mikro'organizem uvesti tudi umetno v laboratoriju; včasih se uporablja kot izbirni označevalec pri raziskavah mehanizmov za prenos genov ali kot pripomoček pri identifikaciji organizmov, ki so absorbirali kos DNK z genom za odpornost ali kako drugo zanimivo lastnost. 1.065934065934066 Several short-acting β2 agonists are available, including salbutamol (albuterol) and terbutaline. Na voljo je več kratko delujočih agonistov β2, kot sta salbutamol (Ventolin) in terbutalin. 1.5348837209302326 Centers for Disease Control on hand hygiene in healthcare settings Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 0.8440366972477065 In 2012 it became the third leading cause as the number of deaths rose again to 3.1 million. V letu 2012 je bolezen kot tretji najbolj pogosti vzrok smrti terjala življenje več kot treh milijonov ljudi. 1.036144578313253 COPD develops as a significant and chronic inflammatory response to inhaled irritants. KOPB se razvija kot pomemben in kroničen vnetni odziv na vdihavanje dražečih snovi. 1.1785714285714286 Progression from TB infection to overt TB disease occurs when the bacilli overcome the immune system defenses and begin to multiply. Okužba se razvije v jasno izraženo TB, ko bacili premagajo obrambo imunskega sistema in se začnejo razmnoževati. 1.2222222222222223 Normally, 75–80% of the FVC comes out in the first second and a FEV1/FVC ratio less than 70% in someone with symptoms of COPD defines a person as having the disease. Normalno se v prvi sekundi izdihne 75-80 % FVC in razmerje FEV1 / FVC pod 70 % pomeni za osebo s simptomi KOPB, da to bolezen tudi ima. 2.188679245283019 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)(Vancomycin intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus redirect) proti meticilinu odporni Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 1.0543478260869565 A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other people per year. Oseba z aktivno, vendar nezdravljeno tuberkulozo lahko na leto okuži 10‒15 (ali več) drugih. 1.3072625698324023 If there is no RNA and the immunoblot is positive, it means that the person tested had a previous infection but cleared it either with treatment or spontaneously; if the immunoblot is negative, it means that the immunoassay was wrong. Če RNK ni zaznavna, preskus z imunoprenosom pa je pozitiven, pomeni, da je oseba v preteklosti bila okužena, vendar pa je virus izginil, bodisi zaradi zdravljenja bodisi spontano. 0.3548387096774194 The key findings were: V splošnem zdravstveni delavci priporočajo naslednji postopek: 1.3150684931506849 The characteristic pulmonary function finding in asbestosis is a restrictive ventilatory defect. Značilnost pljučne funkcije pri azbestozi je restriktivna dihalna okvara. 1.1917808219178083 Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common cancer, occurring in 10% to 20% of people with HIV. Kaposijev sarkom je najpogostejša oblika raka pri okuženih z virusom HIV. 1.2037037037037037 The categorizations of the victims are frequently the result of triage scores based on specific physiological assessment findings. Kategorizacija žrtev je pogosto rezultat tiražnega točkovanja, ki temelji na specifičnih fizioloških ocenah. 0.9495412844036697 Long-term outcomes in COPD can be estimated using the BODE index which gives a score of zero to ten depending on FEV1, body-mass index, the distance walked in six minutes, and the modified MRC dyspnea scale. Dolgoročne posledice KOPB je mogoče oceniti s pomočjo indeksa BODE, na katerega (vrednost med 0 in 10) vplivajo FEV1, indeks telesne mase, razdalja, prehojena v šestih minutah, in prilagojena lestvica za dispnejo MRC. 1.2483221476510067 As of 2011, there are about one hundred medications in development for hepatitis C. These include vaccines to treat hepatitis, immunomodulators, and cyclophilin inhibitors, among others. Leta 2011 je bilo v razvoju okoli 100 zdravil za hepatitis C. Med drugim gre za cepiva proti hepatitisu C, imunomodulatorje in zaviralce ciklofilina. 0.9411764705882353 Evidence supporting the use of steroids in COPD was published in the late 1950s. Dokazi, ki podpirajo uporabo steroidov pri KOPB, so bili objavljeni v poznih 1950-ih. 1.1111111111111112 The destruction of the connective tissue of the lungs leads to emphysema, which then contributes to the poor airflow, and finally, poor absorption and release of respiratory gases. Uničenje veznega tkiva v pljučih je povod za razvoj emfizema, ki nato prispeva k slabemu pretoka zraka in končno k slabemu vpijanju in sproščanju dihalnih plinov. 0.7668393782383419 Any heterogeneous environment with respect to nutrient and antibiotic gradients may facilitate antibiotic resistance in small bacterial populations. Katerokoli s stališča hranil in antibiotičnih gradientov heterogeno okolje lahko olajša razvoja odpornosti proti antibiotikom v majhnih populacijah bakterij ‒ in to velja tudi za človeško telo. 0.6307692307692307 Occupational medicine aims to prevent diseases and promote wellness among workers. Medicina dela je veja medicine, ki se ukvarja s preventivnim pregledovanjem delavcev in potrjevanjem njihovih sposobnosti za delo. 1.0704225352112675 This has resulted in improvements in the lung function of their populations. To je privedlo do izboljšav pljučne funkcije pri njihovem prebivalstvu. 1.1147540983606556 Spirometry may help to determine the severity of airflow limitation. Spirometrija lahko ugotovi resnost omejitve zračnega pretoka. 1.3034188034188035 Each year, the World Health Organization predicts which strains of the virus are most likely to be circulating in the next year (see Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine), allowing pharmaceutical companies to develop vaccines that will provide the best immunity against these strains. Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija vsako leto napove, za katere seve virusa gripe je najverjetneje, da bodo v naslednjem letu krožili med prebivalstvom in s tem omogoči farmacevtskim podjetjem razvoj cepiv, učinkovitim proti tem sevom. 1.1898734177215189 These late symptoms of infection are referred to as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Te pozne simptome okužbe imenujemo akvirirani imunski deficitni sindrom (aids). 0.9206349206349206 First days of the pandemic were challenging for Slovenia due to the resignation of Prime Minister Marjan Šarec in late January and the consequent formation of new government. Zvečer ta dan je ukrepanje prevzela novoimenovana Vlada Republike Slovenije pod vodstvom premierja Janeza Janše, ki se je formirala po januarskem odstopu Marjana Šarca s položaja premierja. 0.9090909090909091 In 1987, Michael Houghton, Qui-Lim Choo, and George Kuo at Chiron Corporation, collaborating with Daniel W. Bradley at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, used a novel molecular cloning approach to identify the unknown organism and develop a diagnostic test. Leta 1987 so Michael Houghton, Qui-Lim Choo in George Kuo, sodelavci korporacije Chiron, v sodelovanju z DW Bradleyem, sodelavcem Centra za nadzor in preprečevanje bolezni (CDC) na osnovi najnovejše metode molekulskega kloniranja identificirali neznani organizem in razvili zanj diagnostični test. 0.825503355704698 Due to limited testing, as of March 2020 no countries had reliable data on the prevalence of the virus in their population. Zaradi omejenih možnosti za testiranje marca 2020 nobena od prizadetih držav ni imela zanesljivih podatkov o razširjenosti virusa v svoji populaciji. 1.7906976744186047 Following the acute phase, the infection may resolve spontaneously in 10–50% of affected people; this occurs more frequently in young people, and females. Okužba spontano izgine v 10–50 % primerih, pogosteje pri mladih osebah ženskega spola. 0.9696969696969697 Anticholinergics can cause dry mouth and urinary tract symptoms. Antiholinergiki lahko povzročijo suha usta in simptome na sečilih. 1.0 While there is tentative data that it is safe, and the animal data is promising, there is little human data as of 2017. Čeprav je metoda na splošno varna in podatki poskusov na živalih obetavni, obstaja leta 2014 le malo podatkov za ljudi. 0.6536082474226804 There are multiple national and international monitoring programs for drug-resistant threats, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (MRAB). Kako hitro narašča razširjenost in incidenca okužb z večkratno odpornimi patogeni, kaže najbolje vse večje število splošno znanih kratic za povzročitelja in včasih okužbe na splošno; med njimi so verjetno najbolj znane MRSA (proti meticilinu odporni Staphylococcus aureus), potem VISA (vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus), VRSA (vancomycin-resistant S. aureus), ESBL (Extended spectrum beta-lactamase), VRE (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus) in MRAB (Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii). 1.184 In addition to a restrictive defect, asbestosis may produce reduction in diffusion capacity and a low amount of oxygen in the blood of the arteries. Poleg restriktivne okvare lahko azbestoza povzroči zmanjšanje zmogljivosti v difuzijski kapaciteti in arterijsko hipoksemijo. 0.8842105263157894 Sputum may be swallowed or spat out, depending often on social and cultural factors. Sputum se lahko pogoltne ali pa izpljune, pogosto odvisno od družbenih in kulturnih dejavnikov. 1.3508771929824561 Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Tuberkulozo razvrščajo med granulomatozne vnetne bolezni. 1.0754716981132075 HIV/AIDS is considered a pandemic—a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading. HIV/AIDS se šteje za pandemijo — izbruh bolezni, ki je zajel široko geografsko območje in se aktivno širi. 1.3317073170731708 Between 1838 and 1845, Dr. John Croghan, the owner of Mammoth Cave in Kentucky from 1839 onwards, brought a number of people with tuberculosis into the cave in the hope of curing the disease with the constant temperature and purity of the cave air; each died within a year. Med 1838 in 1845 je Dr. John Croghan, lastnik Mamutske jame, dal prenesti številne ljudi s tuberkulozo v jamo, v upanju, da bodo v čistem jamskem zraku stalne temperature ozdraveli; umrli so po enem letu. 1.1549295774647887 Additionally, women are more susceptible to the harmful effects of smoke than men. Poleg tega so ženske dovzetnejše za škodljive učinke dima kot pa moški. 1.0806451612903225 As of 19 March drive-in tests were offered in several large cities. Od 19. marca so v večjih mestih ponudili teste iz avtomobilov. 1.4565217391304348 It is a member of the genus Hepacivirus in the family Flaviviridae. Pripada rodu Hepacivirus družine Flaviviridae. 1.1144578313253013 An acute exacerbation (a sudden worsening of symptoms) is commonly triggered by infection or environmental pollutants, or sometimes by other factors such as improper use of medications. Akutno poslabšanje (nenadno poslabšanje simptomov) običajno sprožijo okužbe ali okoljska onesnaževala, včasih tudi drugi dejavniki, kot je nepravilna uporaba zdravil. 0.8853754940711462 Characteristic signs on X-ray are hyperinflated lungs, a flattened diaphragm, increased retrosternal airspace, and bullae, while it can help exclude other lung diseases, such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, or a pneumothorax. Značilni znaki na rentgenski sliki so pretirano razširjena pljuča, sploščena prepona, povečan retrosternalni zračni prostor in bule; rentgenska slika tudi pomaga izključiti druga obolenja pljuč, kot so na primer pljučnica, pljučni edem ali pnevmotoraks. 0.9236111111111112 Another growing disease, especially prevalent in New York City hospitals, is the drug-resistant, gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae. Vse pogostejši povzročitelj bolnišničnih okužb, zlasti v New Yorku, je proti antibiotikom odporna gramnegativna bakterija Klebsiella pneumoniae. 0.8734939759036144 The World Federation of Neurosurgeons (WFNS) classification uses Glasgow coma score and focal neurological deficit to gauge severity of symptoms. Klasifikacija Svetovnega združenja nevrokirurgov (The World Federation of Neurosurgeons, WFNS) pri oceni hudosti simptomov upošteva GCS in žariščne nevrološke izpade. 1.2115384615384615 In one outbreak at an international scout jamboree in the Netherlands, each person with gastroenteritis infected an average of 14 people before increased hygiene measures were put in place. Pri izbruhu v enem od taborov na Nizozemskem je vsak bolnik z gastroenteritisom v povprečju okužil 14 drugih oseb, preden so uvedli stroge higienske ukrepe. 1.0925925925925926 A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, are involved with research. Pri razvoju sodelujejo številne skupine, med drugim Stop TB Partnership, Južnoafriška iniciativa za cepivo proti tuberkuloz in Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation. 1.2835820895522387 However, in the majority of cases, a latent infection occurs with no obvious symptoms. Latentna okužba pa se v večini primerov pojavi brez očitnih znakov. 0.9320388349514563 Therefore the branch of clinical medicine active in the field of occupational health and safety. Zdravnik-specialist, ki deluje na tem področju, se imenuje specialist medicine dela, prometa in športa. 1.08 Evidence for using spirometry among those without symptoms in an effort to diagnose the condition earlier is of uncertain effect, so currently is not recommended. Dokazi, po katerih naj bi spirometrija pri osebah brez simptomov omogočila predhodno diagnozo stanja, niso zanesljivi, zato se ta metoda ne priporoča. 0.8493150684931506 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may occur in a number of other animals and may be caused by exposure to tobacco smoke. Kronična obstruktivna pljučna bolezen se lahko pojavi pri številnih drugih živali, do katere lahko pride zaradi izpostavljenosti cigaretnemu dimu. 0.8617021276595744 The four main mechanisms by which bacteria exhibit resistance to antibiotics are: Štirje glavni mehanizmi, ki mikroorganizmom omogočajo odpornost na protimikrobna sredstva, so: 0.8728323699421965 In gram-negative bacteria, plasmid-mediated resistance genes produce proteins that can bind to DNA gyrase, protecting it from the action of quinolones. V gram-negativnih bakterijah geni odpornosti, ki so jih prenesli plazmidi, tvorijo proteine, ki se lahko vežejo na girazo za DNA, in jo tako varujejo pred vplivom kinolonov. 0.9051724137931034 The only measures that have been shown to reduce mortality are smoking cessation and supplemental oxygen. Edina ukrepa, za katera je dokazano, da zmanjšujeta smrtnost, sta prenehanje kajenja in vdihovanje dodatnega kisika. 0.7027027027027027 Proper stoves may improve indoor air quality by 85%. Ustrezne peči lahko kakovost zraka v zaprtih prostorih izboljšajo za 85 %. 1.201219512195122 "Early descriptions of probable emphysema include: in 1679 by T. Bonet of a condition of ""voluminous lungs"" and in 1769 by Giovanni Morgagni of lungs which were ""turgid particularly from air""." Leta 1679 je T. Bonet opisal bolezen, ki jo je imenoval »debela pljuča«, leta 1769 pa je Giovanni Morgagni opisal pljuča, ki so bila »zatekla, zlasti zaradi zraka«. 1.04 General muscle wasting that often occurs in COPD may be partly due to inflammatory mediators released by the lungs into the blood. Splošen propad mišic, ki pogosto spremlja KOPB, je lahko deloma posledica vnetnih posrednikov, ki jih pljuča sproščajo v kri. 1.1485148514851484 People with COPD who are underweight can improve their breathing muscle strength by increasing their calorie intake. Ljudje s KOPB in prenizko težo lahko izboljšajo moč svojih dihalnih mišic s povečanim vnosom kalorij. 0.8617886178861789 Treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin post-transplant decreases the risk of recurrence to 70%. Zdravljenje s pegiliranim interferonom in ribavirinom po presaditvi zmanjša tveganje za ponovni pojav okužbe za okoli 70 %. 0.9488636363636364 Vaccinating adults against pertussis reduces pertussis incidence in infants too young to be vaccinated, who are at the greatest risk of complications from the disease. Precepljenost odraslih proti oslovskemu kašlju zmanjša pojavnost bolezni tudi pri otrocih, ki so premajhni, da bi bili cepljeni in ki so sicer dovzetnejši za zaplete ob okužbi. 1.2941176470588236 In horses it is known as recurrent airway obstruction, can be quite severe, and most often is linked to an allergic reaction to a fungus contained in contaminated hay or straw. Znana je pri konjih kot ponavljajoča se obstrukcija dihalnih poti, običajno je posledica alergijske reakcije na slamo, ki vsebuje glive. 1.0705882352941176 It is rare for tattoos in a licensed facility to be directly associated with HCV infection. Tetoviranja pri licenciranih ponudnikih so le redko neposredni vzrok za okužbo z VHC. 0.9925373134328358 Another concern is that doctors may become reluctant to perform routine surgeries because of the increased risk of harmful infection. Dodaten problem je, da zdravniki zaradi povečanega tveganja za škodljive okužbe morebiti neradi opravljajo rutinske operativne posege. 0.9285714285714286 Blood transfusion, transfusion of blood products, or organ transplants without HCV screening carry significant risks of infection. Transfuzija krvi, transfuzija izdelkov iz krvi ali presajanje organov brez izločilnega preskusa na VHC predstavljajo resno nevarnost okužbe. 1.0277777777777777 The likelihood of developing COPD increases with the total smoke exposure. Verjetnost, da se KOPB pojavi, raste s celokupno izpostavljenostjo dimu. 0.8666666666666667 Upon cure, affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue. Prizadeta območja, ko so enkrat ozdravljena, nadomesti brazgotinasto tkivo. 0.6290322580645161 Methylxanthines such as theophylline generally cause more harm than benefit and thus are usually not recommended, but may be used as a second-line agent in those not controlled by other measures. Metilksantini, kot je teofilin, navadno povzročijo več škode kot koristi, zato se običajno ne priporočajo, lahko pa se jih uporabi kot sredstvo drugega izbora pri primerih, ki jim drugi ukrepi niso kos. Mukolitiki lahko pomagajo pri nekaterih ljudeh, ki imajo zelo gosto sluz, vendar na splošno niso potrebni. 1.2794117647058822 Influenza's effects are much more severe and last longer than those of the common cold. Ti bolezenski znaki so hujši in trajajo dalj kot tisti pri prehladu. 1.1304347826086956 Both the American and European guidelines recommend partly basing treatment recommendations on the FEV1. Tako ameriške kot tudi evropske smernice priporočajo, da se zdravljenje delno opira na FEV1. 0.8011049723756906 In those who have had a recent exacerbation, pulmonary rehabilitation appears to improve the overall quality of life and the ability to exercise. Pri prizadetih, ki se jim je stanje pred kratkim poslabšalo, pljučna rehabilitacija lahko izboljša splošno kakovost življenja, sposobnost za telesno dejavnost in zmanjša umrljivost. 1.406015037593985 Herd immunity (also called herd effect, community immunity, population immunity, or social immunity) is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through previous infections or vaccination, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune. Čredna ali kolektivna imunost pomeni posredno zaščito pred nalezljivimi boleznimi, ki nastane, kadar je velik delež prebivalstva imun proti okužbi, bodisi zaradi že prebolele okužbe ali pa zaradi cepljenja, s tem pa so pred okužbo zaščiteni tudi neimuni posamezniki. 0.8490566037735849 Outcomes are generally good if treated early. Ob hitri uvedni zdravljenja so izidi načeloma ugodni. 1.3095238095238095 Weight loss and muscle weakness, as well as the presence of other diseases, should also be taken into account. Treba je tudi upoštevati izgubo teže in šibkost mišic ter prisotnost drugih bolezni. 0.9401709401709402 Most cases of COPD are potentially preventable through decreasing exposure to smoke and improving air quality. Večina primerov KOPB se lahko prepreči tako, da se zmanjša izpostavljenost tobačnemu dimu in izboljša kakovost zraka. 1.125 The GOLD guidelines suggest dividing people into four categories based on symptoms assessment and airflow limitation. Smernice GOLD predlagajo štiri kategorije, ki temeljijo na oceni simptomov in na omejitvi pretoka zraka. 0.9145299145299145 In the United States and United Kingdom, of those with COPD, 80–95% are either current or previous smokers. V Združenih državah Amerike in Združenem kraljestvu je med obolelimi za KOPB 80-95 % aktivnih ali preteklih kadilcev. 0.7901234567901234 Some of the muscle breakdown products, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and may lead to kidney failure. Nekateri produkti, ki nastanejo pri razkroju mišičnine, kot je na primer beljakovina mioglobin, so škodljivi za ledvice in lahko povzročijo akutno odpoved ledvic. 1.0245901639344261 Following initial infection a person may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. Po začetni okužbi se pri osebi včasih ne pojavi noben simptom, večinoma pa se pojavi kratko obdobje gripi podobne bolezni. 1.0 Repetitive stress injury. Repetitive strain injury. 0.92 Based on these measurements, spirometry would lead to over-diagnosis of COPD in the elderly. Na podlagi teh meritev bi spirometrija privedla do prekomernega diagnosticiranja KOPB pri starejših. 1.369047619047619 The evidence to support this practice over people simply taking their medications independently is of poor quality. Dokazi, da je ta pristop boljši kot če se zdravila jemljejo nenadzorovano, so šibki. 1.09375 identify the priority of the patient's need for medical treatment and transport from the emergency scene. Identificiranje prioritetosti pacientove potrebe po medicinski pomoči in transportu v bolnišnico 0.9166666666666666 Twelve countries had rates greater than 80%. Dvanajst držav je pri tem imelo deleže nad 80 %. 1.1206896551724137 Unlike PCR methods an extraction step is not needed before assay. Za razliko od PCR pred preizkusom ekstrakcija ni potrebna. 1.0142857142857142 Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. Simptomi so lahko bolečine v prsih in dolgotrajen kašelj z izpljunkom. 0.9722222222222222 In Canada as of 2008, there were about 65,000 cases causing 53 deaths. V Kanadi je bilo leta 2008 okuženih okoli 65.000 ljudi, umrlo jih je 53. 0.9479166666666666 Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. Prizadeto tkivo nadomestijo brazgotine in votline, napolnjene s sirastim nekrotičnem materialom. 1.0655737704918034 Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. Uspešno zdraviti TB je težko; neobičajna struktura in kemična sestava celičnih sten pri mikobakterijah ovirata vstop zdravilom in tako onemogočata delovanje marsikaterega antibiotika. 0.9534883720930233 Certain medications, such as corticosteroids and infliximab (an anti-αTNF monoclonal antibody), are other important risk factors, especially in the developed world. Nekatera zdravila, kot so kortikosteroidi in infliksimab (monoklonsko protitelo anti-TNF α), postajajo čedalje pomembnejši dejavniki tveganja, še posebej v razvitem svetu. 1.0 The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti. Kompleks M. tuberculosis vsebuje še štiri druge mikobakterije, ki povzročajo TBC: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. Canetti in M. microti. 1.238938053097345 It is still one of the five most common causes of hospital-acquired infections and is often the cause of wound infections following surgery. Je eden od petih najpogostejših povzročiteljev bolnišničnih okužb in pogosto povzroča pooperativne infekcije ran. 1.0753424657534247 The BCG vaccine was first used on humans in 1921 in France, but achieved widespread acceptance in the US, Great Britain, and Germany only after World War II. Z BCG prvič cepili ljudi leta 1921 v Franciji, v ZDA, Združenem kraljestvu in Nemčiji pa so ga začeli široko uporabljati po drugi svetovni vojni. 1.1350210970464134 The recommended treatment of new-onset pulmonary tuberculosis, as of 2010, is six months of a combination of antibiotics containing rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for the first two months, and only rifampicin and isoniazid for the last four months. Ob novem pojavu pljučne TB od 2010 dalje priporočajo terapijo, ki traja šest mesecev, s kombinacijo antibiotikov, ki vsebujejo rifampicin, isoniazid, pirazinamid in etambutol prva dva meseca, zadnje štiri pa samo rifampicin in isoniazid. 0.8333333333333334 If a worker develops COPD, further lung damage can be reduced by avoiding ongoing dust exposure, for example by changing the work role. Če delavec razvije KOPB, se lahko nadaljnje poškodbe pljuč preprečijo tako, da se delavca ne izpostavlja vel prahu, recimo s prestavitvijo na drugo delovno mesto. 1.0909090909090908 The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. Cepivo BCG ima svoje meje in raziskave in razvoj novih cepiv za TB so v teku. 1.4715447154471544 Both of these changes result in increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which may cause right-sided heart failure secondary to lung disease, also known as cor pulmonale. Obe spremembi povzročita povečan tlak krvi v pljučnih arterijah, kar lahko vodi v nastanek pljučnega srca (cor pulmonale). 1.3214285714285714 Those for whom immediate care might make a positive difference in outcome. tisti, pri katerih lahko takojšnja oskrba izboljša izid. 1.0802469135802468 The distinction between asthma and COPD is made on the basis of the symptoms, smoking history, and whether airflow limitation is reversible with bronchodilators at spirometry. Med astmo in KOPB se razlikuje na osnovi simptomov, na anamnezi kajenja in glede na to, ali je omejitev pretoka pri spirometriji reverzibilna z bronhodilatatorji. 0.7534246575342466 Precautions - Universal precautions should be observed. Zdravstveni delavci morajo dosledno izvajati splošne previdnostne ukrepe. 1.3405797101449275 "It is commonly described as: ""my breathing requires effort,"" ""I feel out of breath,"" or ""I can't get enough air in."" Different terms, however, may be used in different cultures." Prizadeti jo najpogosteje opisujejo takole: »dihati mi je zelo naporno,« »počutim se kot brez sape,« ali »ne morem vdihniti dovolj zraka«. 2.1818181818181817 Signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock include: Simptomi in znaki šoka 0.9276315789473685 Noroviruses are transmitted directly from person to person (62–84% of all reported outbreaks) and indirectly via contaminated water and food. Norovirusi se prenašajo po večini z neposrednim stikom z okuženo osebo (v 62–84 % vseh poročanih izbruhov bolezni) in posredno z okuženo vodo ali hrano. 0.7512953367875648 The South Korean company Kogenebiotech developed a clinical grade, PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit (PowerChek Coronavirus) on 28 January 2020. Južnokorejsko podjetje Kogenebiotech je 28. januarja 2020 obvestilo javnost, da je razvilo za klinične potrebe aparat kompleta za odkrivanje SARS-CoV-2 na osnovi PCR ( PowerChek Coronavirus). 1.1884057971014492 Researchers hypothesize that the mechanism of resistance development is based on four SNP mutations in the genome of E. coli produced by the gradient of antibiotic. Raziskovalci menijo, da mehanizem za razvoj odpornosti temelji na štirih SNP v genomu E. coli, do katerih pride v antibiotičnem gradientu. 1.2181818181818183 Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms. Temu običajno sledi dolgotrajno obdobje brez simptomov. 0.9108910891089109 The discovery led to significant improvements in diagnosis and improved antiviral treatment. Odkritje je vodilo do bistvenih izboljšav pri prepoznavanju bolezni in pri protivirusnem zdravljenju. 1.169811320754717 The FDA first determined in 1977 that there is evidence of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains in livestock. FDA je leta 1977 potrdila, da obstajajo dokazi za pojav proti antibiotikom odpornih bakterij v živinoreji. 0.9514563106796117 Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in people with a weakened immune system and young children. Do zunajpljučne tuberkuloze prihaja pogosteje pri ljudeh z okvarjenim imunskim sistemom in pri otrocih. 1.078740157480315 It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. Deli se vsakih 16 do 20 ur, kar je zelo počasi v primerjavi z drugimi bakterijami, ki se običajno delijo več kot enkrat na uro. 1.0217391304347827 British Government Health and Safety Executive. British Government Health and Safety Executive 0.95 In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases. Pri osebah s HIV-om se to pripeti pri več kot 50 % primerov. 1.3 The high-throughput automated systems in many clinical laboratories will be able to perform these assays but their availability will depend on the rate of production for each system. Avtomatizirani sistemi visoke zmogljivosti bodo v kliničnih laboratorijih zelo dobrodošli, vendar bo najprej morala steči njih proizvodnja. 1.4242424242424243 "This is typically based on the FEV1 expressed as a percentage of the predicted ""normal"" for the person's age, gender, height, and weight." Običajno temelji na FEV1 kot odstotek »normalne«  vrednosti za starost, spol, višino in težo osebe. 0.9074074074074074 They are used as the main source of energy in 80% of homes in India, China and sub-Saharan Africa. Poleg tega predstavljajo glavni vir energije v 80 % bivališč v Indiji, na Kitajskem in v podsaharski Afriki. 0.864406779661017 Because of the emergence of MDR-TB, surgery has been re-introduced for certain cases of TB infections. Zaradi pojava MDR-TB so kirurške posege ponovno uvedli kot eno od možnosti, ki so na voljo za zdravljenje tuberkuloze. 1.0303030303030303 The reaction of the lung to mineral dusts depends on many variables, including size, shape, solubility, and reactivity of the particles. Reakcija pljuč na prah (oz. plin) je odvisna od mnogih dejavnikov, med drugim od velikosti, oblike, topnosti in reaktivnosti delcev. 0.9184782608695652 It is believed that the high prevalence in Egypt is linked to a now-discontinued mass-treatment campaign for schistosomiasis, using improperly sterilized glass syringes. Po mnenju poznavalcev je visok odstotek v Egiptu posledica sedaj že ustavljene množične kampanje proti shistosomozi, pri kateri so uporabljali neustrezno sterilizirane steklene brizge. 0.6330935251798561 Tetanus, for example, is infectious but not contagious, so herd immunity does not apply. Tetanus, na primer, je prav tako kužna bolezen, vendar se ne prenaša s posameznika na posameznika in pri zaščiti čredna imunost nima vloge. 0.8862876254180602 One DALY can be thought of as one year of healthy life lost, and the overall disease burden can be thought of as a measure of the gap between current health status and the ideal health status (where the individual lives to old age free from disease and disability). Eno leto življenja, prilagojeno nezmožnosti, predstavlja eno zdravo leto, ki ga bolnik izgubi, skupno breme bolezni pa predstavlja mero vrzeli življenja, torej razliko med trenutnim in idealnim zdravstvenim stanjem (pri čemer se upošteva, da posameznik doseže starost brez bolezni ali nezmožnosti). 1.0476190476190477 This decreased the risk from one in 200 units to between one in 10,000 to one in 10,000,000 per unit of blood. Tveganje okuženosti se je tako z ene od 200 enot krvi zmanjšalo na eno od 10.000 do 10.000.000 enot krvi. 1.5333333333333334 The source of waterborne outbreaks may include water from municipal supplies, wells, recreational lakes, swimming pools, and ice machines. Do okužbe z vodo lahko pride v bazenih, plavalnih jezerih, vodnjakih, z vodovodno vodo ... 0.9090909090909091 Those with obstructed airflow may have wheezing or decreased sounds with air entry on examination of the chest with a stethoscope. Pri osebah z oviranim pretokom zraka je ob pregledu prsnega koša s stetoskopom lahko slišati piskanje ali druge zvoke ob vstopu zraka v pljuča. 0.9552238805970149 This stage is often also associated with unintended weight loss. To stanje je pogosto povezano tudi z nenamerno izgubo telesne mase. 0.9736842105263158 A number of different antibiotics may be used including amoxicillin, doxycycline and azithromycin; whether one is better than the others is unclear. Uporabi se lahko več različnih antibiotikov, kot so recimo amoksicilin, doksiciklin ali azitromicin; ni jasno, ali je kateri med njimi boljši od drugih. 0.8640776699029126 In general, hygiene refers to practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms. Pojem HIGIENA se ukvarja s preprečevanjem bolezni tako, da skuša odstraniti škodljive vplive iz okolja. 1.5462962962962963 Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem with increasing rates of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). Odpornost proti antibiotikom postaja vse večji problem pri okužbah z večkratno odporno tuberkulozo (MDR-TB). 1.711111111111111 During the first half of the 1900s the risk of transmission from this source was dramatically reduced after the application of the pasteurization process. Tveganje za prenos iz tega vira je kasneje dramatično zmanjšal izum procesa pasterizacije. 0.8851351351351351 When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year. Pri parih, kjer je le eden okužen, je tveganje za okužbo drugega neokuženega partnerja ob dosledni uporabi kondomov manj kot 1-odstotno v enem letu. 1.0138248847926268 In Germany, the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians said on 2 March, that it had a capacity for about 12,000 tests per day in the ambulatory setting and 10,700 had been tested in the prior week. V Nemčiji je Državno združenje zdravnikov v Obveznem zdravstvenem zavarovanju 2. marca sporočilo, da ima zmogljivost za približno 12.000 testov na dan v ambulantnem okolju, 10.700 jih je bilo storjenih teden pred tem. 0.9027777777777778 He dropped the suit in 1998 after losing before an appeals court. Potem ko je izgubil pred prizivnim sodiščem, je tožbo leta 1998 umaknil. 0.9448818897637795 Hospitals have sanitation protocols regarding uniforms, equipment sterilization, washing, and other preventive measures. Bolnišnice imajo sicer predpisane sanitarne protokole glede oblek, sterilizacije opreme, umivanja in drugih higienskih ukrepov. 1.2443181818181819 In areas of the world where alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is common, people with COPD (particularly those below the age of 45 and with emphysema affecting the lower parts of the lungs) should be considered for testing. V predelih sveta s pogostim pomanjkanjem alfa-1 antitripsina, bi bilo treba razmisliti o testiranju ljudi s KOPB, zlasti tistih, ki so mlajši od 45 let in bolnikih z emfizemom. 1.1726618705035972 Macrophages, epithelioid cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. Celice, kot so makrofagi, celice ubijalke, limfociti B in fibroblasti, se združujejo v granulome in z limfociti obkolijo okužene makrofage. 0.9342723004694836 In the United States, it is believed that it is related to more than 30% of cases among those who have never smoked and probably represents a greater risk in countries without sufficient regulations. Po ocenah je v Združenih državah Amerike z izpostavljenostjo na delovnem mestu povezanih več kot 30 % primerov pri bolnikih, ki niso nikoli kadili; tveganje v državah brez zadostnih predpisov je verjetno še večje. 1.0543478260869565 On 12 March 2020, Mayo Clinic was reported to have developed a test to detect COVID‑19 infection. 12. marca 2020 so poročali, da je klinika Mayo razvila test za odkrivanje okužbe s COVID-19. 1.3203883495145632 COPD is more common in older people; it affects 34–200 out of 1000 people older than 65 years, depending on the population under review. Odvisno od populacije, ki se proučuje, prizadene od 34 do 200 oseb na 1.000 ljudi, starejših od 65 let. 0.9378531073446328 Life expectancy has fallen in the worst-affected countries due to HIV/AIDS; for example, in 2006 it was estimated that it had dropped from 65 to 35 years in Botswana. V najbolj prizadetih državah se je pričakovana življenjska doba znižala zaradi velike razširjenosti HIV-a, po ocenah se je na primer v Bocvani leta 2006 znižala iz 65 na 35 let. 0.968 These are not affected by immunization or most environmental mycobacteria, so they generate fewer false-positive results. Na te teste imunizacija ali okolijske mikobakterije večinoma ne vplivajo, tako da je napačno pozitivnih izidov pri njih manj. 1.2568807339449541 The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in that year, 20% of infected Americans were unaware of their infection. Po ocenah ameriškega Centra za nadziranje in preprečevanje bolezni se 20 % bolnikov ni zavedalo svoje okužbe. 1.0526315789473684 COPD is also commonly found in old dogs. KOPB je pogosto najti pri starih psih. 0.8958333333333334 A definitive diagnosis of TB is made by identifying M. tuberculosis in a clinical sample (e.g., sputum, pus, or a tissue biopsy). Diagnoza TB je jasna, če se za M. tuberculosis ugotovi prisotnost v kliničnem vzorcu (kot so npr. izmeček, gnoj ali tkivo, dobljeno z biopsijo). 0.7172413793103448 To date, two diseases have been eradicated using herd immunity and vaccination: rinderpest and smallpox. Doslej so v svetu s pomočjo cepljenja in čredne imunosti uspešno izkoreninili dve kužni bolezni, govejo kugo pri živini ter črne koze pri ljudeh. 0.9025974025974026 When people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they expel infectious aerosol droplets 0.5 to 5.0 µm in diameter. Kadar ljudje z aktivno pljučno tuberkulozo kašljajo, kihajo, govorijo, pojejo, ali pljuvajo, oddajajo nalezljive aerosolne kapljice s premerom 0,5–5,0 μm. 1.053811659192825 "Prior to the introduction of this medication, the only treatment was surgical intervention, including the ""pneumothorax technique"", which involved collapsing an infected lung to ""rest"" it and to allow tuberculous lesions to heal." "Pred uvedbo tega antibiotika je edino zdravilo (z izjemo zdravilišč) bil kirurški poseg, med drugim ""pnevmotoraks tehnika"", ki je kolabirala okuženo pljučno krilo, da lahko ""počiva"" in tuberkulozne brazgotine ozdravi." 1.0492957746478873 In Scandinavia, there is evidence that the ban has led to a lower prevalence of antibiotic resistance in (nonhazardous) animal bacterial populations. Obstajajo dokazi za to, da je v Skandinaviji prepoved znižala raven antimikrobne odpornosti pri (nenevarnih) populacijah bakterij pri živalih. 1.053763440860215 These tests, however, are not routinely recommended, as they rarely alter how a person is treated. Teh testov pa se rutinsko ne priporoča, saj le redko vplivajo na to, kako se primer terapira. 0.9069767441860465 Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time. Zdravljenje je težavno in zahteva jemanje več antibiotikov v daljšem časovnem obdobju. 1.625 Even after these new measures were enacted, an ill person still infected an average of 2.1 other people. Po uvedbi ukrepov je še vedno bolnik povprečno okužil 2,1 osebe. 1.1065573770491803 Symptoms include itching, bleaching or darkening of skin, burning sensations, trouble breathing, coughing blood and/or tissue necrosis. Simptomi so lahko srbež, potemnitev kože, opekline na koži, otežkočeno dihanje, izkašljevanje krvi, nekroza tkiva in smrt. 1.1090909090909091 Release of the components of muscle tissue into the bloodstream causes electrolyte disturbances, which can lead to nausea, vomiting, confusion, coma or abnormal heart rate and rhythm. Sproščanje snovi iz prizadete mišičnine v krvni obtok lahko povzroči motnje elektrolitov, ki pa privedejo do slabosti, bruhanja, zmedenosti, kome ali srčne aritmije. 0.9136690647482014 The global numbers are expected to continue increasing as risk factors remain common and the population continues to get older. Pričakuje se, da bo prevalenca globalno še naprej naraščala, saj so dejavniki tveganja še vedno pogosti in prebivalstvo se še naprej stara. 1.0825688073394495 While steroids and LABAs may work better together, it is unclear if this slight benefit outweighs the increased risks. Sicer je možno, da steroidi in LABA delujejo sinergistično, ni pa jasno, ali ta mala korist odtehta tveganja. 0.7616279069767442 Extrapulmonary TB occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the lungs, although extrapulmonary TB may coexist with pulmonary TB. Do ekstrapulmonarne – zunajpljučne – tuberkuloze pride v primeru, ko se tuberkuloza razvije zunaj pljuč, lahko pa zunajpljučna TBC tudi sobiva s pljučno obliko tuberkuloze. 1.7373737373737375 For example, tetanus shot boosters are often recommended every 10 years, before which memory cells specific against tetanus have lost their function or undergone apoptosis. Na primer, poživitveni odmerki po cepljenju proti tetanusu se pogosto priporočajo na vsakih 10 let. 1.1047619047619048 According to the president of the Robert Koch Institute, Germany has an overall capacity for 160,000 tests per week. Po besedah predsednika Inštituta Roberta Kocha ima Nemčija skupno zmogljivost za 160.000 testov na teden. 0.8181818181818182 There is no cure or vaccine; however, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy. Za okužbo s HIV ni zdravila ali cepiva, vendar pa protiretrovirusno zdravljenje lahko upočasni potek bolezni in pričakovano življenjsko dobo skoraj popolnoma približa normalni. 1.2741935483870968 Symptoms of influenza can start quite suddenly one to two days after infection. Znaki gripe se lahko pojavijo nenadoma, dan ali dva po okužbi. 1.12 The overall number of years lived with disability from COPD, however, has increased. Skupno število let življenja z invalidnostjo zaradi KOPB pa se je povečalo. 1.0606060606060606 "If a Gram stain is performed, MTB either stains very weakly ""Gram-positive"" or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and mycolic acid content of its cell wall." Pri barvanju po Gramu se bakterija ali obarva šibko »grampozitivno« ali barvila zaradi visoke vsebnosti lipidov in mikolične kisline v svojo celični steni ne obdrži. 0.8913043478260869 Chest tightness may occur, but is not common and may be caused by another problem. Lahko se pojavi stiskanje v prsih, ki pa ni običajno in katerega vzrok je lahko kaj drugega. 0.75 He was admitted to Trinity College Dublin (TCD), where he briefly studied law. Sprejet je bil na Trinity College Dublin (TCD), kjer je študiral pravo, a je kasneje prešel na medicino. 1.024793388429752 Results of spirometry are also a good predictor of the future progress of the disease but are not as good as the BODE index. Rezultati spirometrije so tudi dober pokazatelj za bodoče napredovanje bolezni, vendar ne tako dober, kot je indeks BODE. 0.9302325581395349 This is a particular problem in sub-Saharan Africa, where rates of HIV are high. V podsaharski Afriki, kjer je razširjenost okužbe s HIV visoka, je to poseben problem. 0.9242424242424242 The primary risk factor for COPD globally is tobacco smoking. Glavni dejavnik tveganja za KOPB po vsem svetu, je kajenje tobaka. 0.7535211267605634 The two major types are β2 agonists and anticholinergics; both exist in long-acting and short-acting forms. Obstajata dve glavni vrsti bronhodilatorjev, β 2 agonisti in antiholinergiki; obe sta na voljo v dolgotrajno in kratkotrajno delujoči obliki. 0.808695652173913 No cure for COPD is known, but the symptoms are treatable and its progression can be delayed. Bolezni ni možno popolnoma pozdraviti, vendar pa so simptomi ozdravljivi in napredovanje bolezni je mogoče zavreti. 0.9811320754716981 The family moved to India, before settling in Dublin in 1973, where their second child, Sonia, was born. Družina se je nato začasno preselila v Indijo, leta 1973 pa so se ustalili v irskem glavnem mestu Dublinu. 0.8947368421052632 By 1950, 40% of hospital S. aureus isolates were penicillin-resistant; by 1960, this had risen to 80%. Leta 1950 je bilo že 50 % v bolnišnicah osamljenih bakterij S. aureus odpornih na penicilin, leta 1980 pa že 80 %. 1.1379310344827587 In England, an estimated 0.84 million people (of 50 million) have a diagnosis of COPD; this translates into approximately one person in 59 receiving a diagnosis of COPD at some point in their lives. V Angliji ocenjujejo, da ima 840.000 ljudi (od skupno 50 milijonov) diagnozo KOPB; to pomeni, da približno ena oseba na 59 ljudi dobi diagnozo KOPB na neki točki v življenju. 1.1794871794871795 The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune system. Granulom preprečuje širjenje mikobakterij in nudi lokalno okolje, v katerem pride do posegov celic imunskega sistema. 1.0649350649350648 Drug inactivation or modification: for example, enzymatic deactivation of penicillin G in some penicillin-resistant bacteria through the production of β-lactamases. Inaktivacija ali sprememba zdravila: na primer, encimsko dezaktiviranje penicilina G z β-laktamazami pri nekaterih, proti penicilinu odpornih bakterijah. 0.9855072463768116 Exposure to personal smoke and second-hand smoke increases the risk. Izpostavljenost lastnemu dimu in pasivno kajenje povečujeta tveganje. 0.9695652173913043 It is estimated that 143 million people (2%) of people globally are living with chronic hepatitis C. About 3–4 million people are infected per year, and more than 350,000 people die yearly from hepatitis C-related diseases. Okoli 3–4 milijoni se letno okužijo z boleznijo in več kot 35.000 jih letno umre zaradi bolezni, povezanih s hepatitisom C. V ZDA sta 2 % prebivalstva okužena z virusom hepatitisa C, vsako leto pa je 35.000–185.000 novih primerov. 1.1914893617021276 track the patients' progress through the triage process. Za spremljanje pacientovega stanja skozi triažo 0.8360655737704918 Efforts in Great Britain have been less successful. Prizadevanja v Veliki Britaniji so bila pri tem manj uspešna. 0.7038327526132404 The significance is that Van-A VRE is resistant to both vancomycin and teicoplanin, Van-B VRE is resistant to vancomycin but susceptible to teicoplanin, and Van-C is only partly resistant to vancomycin. Doslej so v klinični praksi opazili le Van-A, Van-B in Van-C. Pomembno je, da je Van-A odporen tako proti vankomicinu kot tudi teikoplaninu, Van-B je odporen proti vankomicinu, a je občutljiv na teikoplanin, Van-C pa je le delno odporen proti vankomicinu, na teikoplanin pa je občutljiv. 1.6785714285714286 The total number of people with this infection is higher in some countries in Africa and Asia. Pogostnost je v nekaterih državah Afrike in Azije višja. 1.0786516853932584 Acute exacerbations are typically treated by increasing the use of short-acting bronchodilators. Akutno poslabšanje se običajno zdravi s povečano rabo hitro delujočih bronhodilatatorjev. 1.0909090909090908 This commonly includes a combination of a short-acting inhaled beta agonist and anticholinergic. Pogosto gre za kombinacijo kratko delujočega vdihanega beta agonista in antiholinergika. 0.8016528925619835 Treatment during the first six months is more effective than once hepatitis C has become chronic. Zdravljenje v prvih 6 mesecih po okužbi je učinkovitejše kot kasneje v poteku bolezni, ko ta že preide v kronično obliko. 1.1474654377880185 "In one of his final acts as Minister for Health, Varadkar cut €12 million from the €35 million allocated to that year's budget for mental health care, telling the Dáil that the cuts were ""necessary as the funding could be better used elsewhere.""" V izteku mandata je prah dvignil z rezom 12 milijonov evrov od 35 milijonov vrednega proračuna, namenjenega duševnemu zdravju, kar je argumentiral s preusmeritvijo v področja, kjer bi se denar porabil bolj učinkovito. 0.8541666666666666 The obvious symptom is trouble breathing. Očiten znak so v tem primeru težave pri dihanju. 0.85 These fires are a method of cooking and heating for nearly 3 billion people, with their health effects being greater among women due to greater exposure. Ti ognji predstavljajo glavni način kuhanja in gretja za skoraj 3 milijarde ljudi; učinki na zdravje so večji pri ženskah zaradi večje izpostavljenosti med gospodinjskimi opravili. 0.9102564102564102 Other genetic factors are being investigated, of which many are likely. Drugi genetski dejavniki so trenutno predmet preiskav, verjetno jih je precej. 1.6014492753623188 His experiments not only helped create an understanding of anthrax, but also helped elucidate the role of microbes in causing illness at a time when debates still took place over spontaneous generation versus cell theory. Njegovi poskusi so ne le pomagali ustvariti razumevanje patogena, temveč so tudi pomagali pojasniti vloge mikrobov, ki povzročajo bolezni. 0.7368421052631579 Corticosteroids are usually used in inhaled form, but may also be used as tablets to treat acute exacerbations. Kortikosteroidi se običajno uporabljajo v inhalacijski obliki, lahko pa se jemljejo tudi kot tablete za zdravljenje in preprečevanje akutnih poslabšanj. 1.0144927536231885 In those with more severe disease, long-acting agents are recommended. Pri osebah s hujšo obliko se priporočajo dolgotrajno delujoči agenti. 1.0392857142857144 Other processes involved with lung damage include oxidative stress produced by high concentrations of free radicals in tobacco smoke and released by inflammatory cells, and breakdown of the connective tissue of the lungs by proteases that are insufficiently inhibited by protease inhibitors. Drugi procesi, vpleteni v poškodbe pljuč, so med drugim iz vnetnih celic izhajajoč oksidativni stres kot posledica visoke koncentracije prostih radikalov v tobačnem dimu in razgrajevanje vezivnega tkiva pljuč zaradi proteaz, ki jih zaviralci proteaz ne inhibirajo v zadostni meri. 1.0825242718446602 About 90% of those infected with M. tuberculosis have asymptomatic, latent TB infections (sometimes called LTBI), with only a 10% lifetime chance that the latent infection will progress to overt, active tuberculous disease. Pri približno 90 % okuženih z M. tuberculosis gre za »latentno okužbo« – skrito okužbo brez znakov, pri čemer doživljenska verjetnost, da se latentna okužba razvije v aktivno bolezen, ne znaša več kot 10 %. 1.1428571428571428 The economic costs of hepatitis C are significant both to the individual and to society. Ekonomski stroški hepatitisa C so pomembni tako za posameznika kot za družbo. 1.25 The duration of treatment depends on the site of infection and on severity. Trajanje zdravljenja je odvisno od mesta in resnosti okužbe. 1.3409090909090908 They provide some relief of symptoms for four to six hours. Simptome lajšajo za čas štirih do šestih ur. 0.76 Small populations of E. coli in an antibiotic gradient can become resistant. Dandanes vemo, da lahko v antibiotičnem gradientu tudi majhne populacije E. coli postanejo odporne. 1.53125 There has been an increase in the rate of septic shock deaths in recent decades, which is attributed to an increase in invasive medical devices and procedures, increases in immunocompromised patients, and an overall increase in elderly patients. Pojavnost sepse se je v zadnjih desetletjih povečevala, zlasti zaradi porasta števila in invazivnosti kirurških posegov pri vse starejših, hudo bolnih bolnikih. 0.9791666666666666 Sub-Saharan Africa is the region most affected. Najbolj prizadeto območje je podsaharska Afrika. 1.0649350649350648 On 2 June 2017, Varadkar was elected leader of Fine Gael, defeating Simon Coveney. 2. junija 2017 je bil Leo Varadkar izvoljen za predsednika stranke Fine Gael. 1.103448275862069 Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin achieved the first genuine success in immunization against tuberculosis in 1906, using attenuated bovine-strain tuberculosis. Albert Calmette in Camille Guérin sta 1906 kot prva na osnovi govejega seva tuberkuloze uspela razviti sredstvo za imunizacijo proti tuberkulozi. 1.0581039755351682 "In 2000, Drs. Alter and Houghton were honored with the Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research for ""pioneering work leading to the discovery of the virus that causes hepatitis C and the development of screening methods that reduced the risk of blood transfusion-associated hepatitis in the U.S. from 30% in 1970 to virtually zero in 2000.""" Alter in Houghton sta leta 2000 prejela Lasker-Debakeyjevo nagrado za klinične medicinske raziskave »za pionirsko delo, ki je pripeljalo do odkritja virusa, ki povzroča hepatitis C, in za razvoj preizkusnih metod, ki so v ZDA zmanjšale nevarnost za s transfuzijo povezan hepatitis, s 30 % leta 1970 na praktično nič leta 2000«. 0.5488721804511278 He was educated at the St Francis Xavier National School, Blanchardstown. Leo se je izobraževal v nacionalni šoli sv. Frančiška Ksaverija v Blanchardstownun nadalje pa v bolnišnici The King's v Palmerstownu. 0.9855072463768116 Early treatments included garlic, cinnamon and ipecac, among others. Zgodnje zdravljenje je med drugim vključevalo česen, cimet in ipekak. 1.152542372881356 Liver cirrhosis may lead to portal hypertension, ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen), easy bruising or bleeding, varices (enlarged veins, especially in the stomach and esophagus), jaundice, and a syndrome of cognitive impairment known as hepatic encephalopathy. Jetrna ciroza lahko vodi v portalno hipertenzijo, trebušno vodenico (ascites), zavrto strjevanje krvi, varice oz. krotice (krčne žile, zlasti v požiralniku in želodcu), zlatenico in kognitivne motnje, znane kot hepatična encefalopatija. 0.7412140575079872 Talcosis can also arise from the injection of drugs intended for oral administration, as talc is present in many tablets and capsules that are used intravenously, such as benzodiazepines, dextroamphetamine, and prescription opioids. Talkozi so izpostavljeni že delavci pri kopanju rude in mletju prahu, ker pa se prah talk zelo pogosto uporablja v različnih industrijskih panogah (v papirni, gumarski, kemični industriji, v farmaciji, kozmetiki, proizvodnji mila, itd.), so temu obolenju močno izpostavljeni tudi delavci, zaposleni v teh panogah. 0.8390804597701149 The subsequent resurgence of tuberculosis resulted in the declaration of a global health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1993. Na ponoven pojav tuberkuloze, ki je sledil, je Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija leta 1993 odgovorila z razglasitvijo tuberkuloze kot izrednega svetovnega problema za zdravje 0.9545454545454546 IRIS — Integrated Risk Information System. Integrated Risk Information System: Asbestos 1.3734939759036144 A number of tests are available as point of care testing which means that results are available within 30 minutes. Na razpolago so tudi številni hitri testi, ki dajo rezultat v približno 30 minutah. 0.8660714285714286 The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. Visoka vsebnost lipidov je pri tem patogenu odgovorna za številne od njegovih edinstvenih kliničnih značilnosti. 1.7794117647058822 Tuberculosis is closely linked to both overcrowding and malnutrition, making it one of the principal diseases of poverty. Tuberkuloza je tesno povezana s prenaseljenostjo in podhranjenostjo. 0.9210526315789473 "It looks for the ""E"" gene shared by all beta coronaviruses, and the RdRp gene specific to SARS-CoV-2." "Osredotoča se na gen ""E"", ki je svojski vsem beta koronavirusom, in na gen RdRp, ki je značilen za SARS-CoV-2." 0.9841269841269841 Attempts over 5 years lead to success in nearly 40% of people. Poskusi v obdobju 5 let vodijo do uspeha pri skoraj 40 % ljudi. 1.3898305084745763 Other symptoms are nonspecific and result either from the consequences of muscle tissue breakdown or from the condition that originally led to the muscle breakdown. Drugi simptomi so nespecifični in so posledica razkroja mišičnine ali pa stanja, ki je privedlo do razkroja mišičnine. 0.8652482269503546 Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus. Ker MTB ohranja nekatera barvila tudi po obdelavi s kislo raztopino, je razvrščen kot kislinsko hiter bacil (angl. acid-fast bacillus – AFB). 1.0121212121212122 A number of measures have been taken to reduce the likelihood that workers in at-risk industries—such as coal mining, construction, and stonemasonry—will develop COPD. Za omejitev nevarnosti za KOPB so bili sprejeti številni ukrepi za zmanjšanje ogroženosti delavcev v nevarnih panogah, kot so rudarstvo, gradbeništvo in kamnoseštvo. 0.7288135593220338 Works by Joseph Lister at Project Gutenberg Josepha Listerja – digitalizirana dela v projektu Gutenberg 1.2647058823529411 Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Tuberkuloza običajno okuži pljuča, lahko pa tudi druge telesne dele. 0.9846153846153847 A competing patent application by the CDC was dropped in 1990 after Chiron paid $1.9 million to the CDC and $337,500 to Bradley. Prijavo konkurenčnega patenta je CDC je leta 1990 umaknil, potem ko je Chiron CDC-ju plačal 1.900.000 USD in Bradleyu 337.500 USD. 0.8708133971291866 Influenza (flu) is more severe in the elderly than in younger age groups, but influenza vaccines lack effectiveness in this demographic due to a waning of the immune system with age. Gripa ima praviloma težji potek pri starejših bolnikih, vendar ima po drugi strani pri starejših bolnikih cepivo proti gripi manjšo učinkovitost zaradi oslabljenega imunskega sistema pri tej starostni skupini. 0.984375 China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010. Napredek na Kitajskem je še posebno velik, med letoma 1990 in 2010 jim je uspelo smrtnost zaradi TB zmanjšati za približno 80 %. 1.05 Genotype 1 is also the most common in South America and Europe. Genotip 1 je najpogostejši tudi v Južni Ameriki in v Evropi. 1.5616438356164384 VRE can be carried by healthy people who have come into contact with the bacteria, usually in a hospital (nosocomial infection), although it is thought that a significant percentage of intensively farmed chickens also carry VRE. Najpogosteje pride do okužb v bolnišnicah (t. i. bolnišnične okužbe), vendar pa naj bi bil okužen tudi znaten delež intenzivno rejenih piščancev., 1.2073170731707317 A number of developed countries have successfully improved outdoor air quality through regulations. Številne razvite države so s predpisi uspele izboljšati kakovost zraka na prostem. 1.0819672131147542 MVA85A, an example of a subunit vaccine, is in trials in South Africa as of 2006, is based on a genetically modified vaccinia virus. MVA85A, primer cepiva s podenoto, ki se trenutno preskuša v Južni Afriki, temelji na gensko spremenjenih Vaccinia virusih. 1.328358208955224 Those with many exacerbations have a faster rate of deterioration of their lung function. Osebe s s številnimi poslabšanji se delovanje pljuč hitreje slabša. 0.9540229885057471 Mycobacteria infect many different animals, including birds, rodents, and reptiles. Mikobakterije okužijo veliko različnih živali, med drugim ptice, glodavce, in plazilce. 0.8285714285714286 Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made. Zdravljenje je priporočljivo uvesti takoj, ko je postavljena diagnoza. 1.0158730158730158 Chiron filed for several patents on the virus and its diagnosis. Chiron je v zvezi z virusom in diagnozo predlagal več patentov. 1.2573529411764706 Low oxygen levels, if present for a prolonged period, can result in narrowing of the arteries in the lungs, while emphysema leads to breakdown of capillaries in the lungs. Nizki nivoji kisika, če so prisotni dlje časa, lahko povzročijo zoženje arterij v pljučih, medtem ko emfizem okvari kapilare v pljučih. 0.9739776951672863 Herd immunity was recognized as a naturally occurring phenomenon in the 1930s when it was observed that after a significant number of children had become immune to measles, the number of new infections temporarily decreased, including among susceptible children. Čredno imunost so kot naravni pojav prepoznali že v 30-ih letih prejšnjega stoletja, ko so ugotovili, da se je število novih okužb, potem ko je bilo znatno število otrok že prekuženih z ošpicami, začasno zmanjšalo, tudi med otroci, ki sicer niso imeli razvite imunosti. 1.118421052631579 The subspecies Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though, is rarely present in wild animals. Podvrsta Mycobacterium tuberculosis pa je redko prisotna pri divjih živalih. 0.6451612903225806 Serotypes, strains and isolates include: Različni serotipi, sevi in izolati norovirusov pa vključujejo: 0.8979591836734694 Milder forms may not cause any muscle symptoms, and the diagnosis is based on abnormal blood tests in the context of other problems. Blažje oblike lahko potekajo brez mišičnih simptomov, diagnoza pa temelji na nenormalnih krvnih testih, ki jih spremljajo druge zdravstvene težave. 1.125 In the United States, drug companies and the administration of President Barack Obama had been proposing changing the standards by which the FDA approves antibiotics targeted at resistant organisms. V ZDA so farmacevtska podjetja in administracija predsednika Baracka Obame predlagale, da se standarde, po katerih FDA odobrava antibiotike proti odpornim organizmom, spremeni. 1.005586592178771 This fibrotic scarring causes alveolar walls to thicken, which reduces elasticity and gas diffusion, reducing oxygen transfer to the blood as well as the removal of carbon dioxide. Fibrozne brazgotine povzročajo zgostitev alveolarnih sten, kar zmanjšuje elastičnost in difuzijo plinov, to zmanjša prenos kisika po krvi in tudi odstranitev ogljikovega dioksida. 1.0459770114942528 A sustained response occurs about 65% in those with genotype 4 after 48 weeks of treatment. Pri genotipu 4 se trajni odziv doseže pri okoli 65 % bolnikov po 48 tednih zdravljenja. 1.0380952380952382 This situation is referred to as cor pulmonale, and leads to symptoms of leg swelling and bulging neck veins. To stanje se imenuje cor pulmonale, in vodi do simptomov v obliki oteklih nog in izbuljenih žil na vratu. 0.967741935483871 In China, BGI Group was one of the first companies to receive emergency use approval from China's National Medical Products Administration for a PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit. Na Kitajskem je bila BGI Group eno prvih podjetij, ki je od kitajske nacionalne uprave za medicinske izdelke dobilo začasno dovoljenje za komplet za odkrivanje SARS-CoV-2 na temelju PCR. 1.1095890410958904 Two main components are measured to make the diagnosis, the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), which is the greatest volume of air that can be breathed out in the first second of a breath, and the forced vital capacity (FVC), which is the greatest volume of air that can be breathed out in a single large breath. Za diagnozo se merita dve glavni komponenti: prisilno izdihan volumen v eni sekundi (FEV1), to je največja količina zraka, ki jo je možno izdihniti v prvi sekundi diha, in prisiljena vitalna kapaciteta (FVC), ki je največja količina zraka, ki jo lahko oseba izdihne v enem samem velikem dihu. 0.6571428571428571 doi:10.1111/ijcs.12012. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004265.pub2. 1.2291666666666667 In 1721 the first drawings of emphysema were made by Ruysh. Prve risbe emfizema iz leta 1721 so delo Ruysha. 1.009090909090909 Recent findings show no necessity of large populations of bacteria for the appearance of antibiotic resistance. Vendar pa nedavne ugotovitve kažejo, da za pojav odpornosti proti antibiotikom velike populacije niso nujnost. 0.9408602150537635 The modified British Medical Research Council questionnaire or the COPD assessment test (CAT) are simple questionnaires that may be used to determine the severity of symptoms. Prilagojen vprašalnik mMRC (British Medical Research Council) ali test za oceno KOPB (CAT - COPD assessment test) sta preprosta vprašalnika, ki omogočata ugotavljanje resnosti simptomov. 0.8309859154929577 In 2010, an estimated 68% (22.9 million) of all HIV cases and 66% of all deaths (1.2 million) occurred in this region. Leta 2010 je po ocenah iz tega dela sveta izhajalo 68 % vseh okuženih (22,9 milijona) in 66 % primerov vseh smrti zaradi aidsa (1,2 milijona). 0.9607843137254902 Spirometry is then used to confirm the diagnosis. Spirometrija se nato uporabi za potrditev diagnoze. 0.8961748633879781 In those at high risk of high carbon dioxide levels, oxygen saturations of 88–92% are recommended, while for those without this risk, recommended levels are 94–98%. Pri osebah z velikim tveganjem za visoke ravni ogljikovega dioksida se priporoča zasičenje s kisika med 88 % in 92 %, za osebe brez tega tveganja pa znašajo priporočene ravni 94-98 %. 1.2894736842105263 Hermann Brehmer opened the first TB sanatorium in 1859 in Görbersdorf (now Sokołowsko) in Silesia. Hermann Brehmer je leta 1859 odprl prvi TB sanatorij v Sokolowskem, Poljska. 1.0 However, they remain widely used in companion and exotic animals. Še vedno pa jih veliko uporabljajo za domače in eksotične živali. 0.9264705882352942 This practice may be cost effective in some areas of the world. Pristop je v nekaterih predelih sveta verjetno stroškovno učinkovit. 0.9333333333333333 Annual influenza vaccinations in those with COPD reduce exacerbations, hospitalizations and death. Letno cepljenje proti gripi pri osebah s KOPB zmanjša verjetnost za poslabšanja, hospitalizacijo in smrt. 0.8446601941747572 Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV. Med temi 1,45 milijona smrtnih žrtev je bilo približno 350.000 bolnikov s sočasno okužbo z virusom HIV. 0.9727272727272728 General signs and symptoms include fever, chills, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue. Splošni znaki in simptomi so med drugim vročina, mrzlica, potenje ponoči, izguba teka, hujšanje in utrujenost. 0.7714285714285715 Those with COPD may experience fewer symptoms if they stay indoors on days when outdoor air quality is poor. Osebe s KOPB lahko tako doleti manj znakov bolezni, v kolikor ob dnevih, ko je kakovost zunanjega zraka slaba, ostanejo v zaprtih prostorih. 1.144927536231884 COPD usually gets gradually worse over time and can ultimately result in death. KOPB se običajno postopoma slabša s časom in se lahko konča s smrtjo. 0.9369369369369369 MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. MDR-TB se definira kot odpornost proti najbolj uspešnim zdravilom prve izbire pri TB: rifampicin and isoniazid. 0.8098159509202454 COPD treatments include smoking cessation, vaccinations, respiratory rehabilitation, and often inhaled bronchodilators and steroids. Metode za zdravljenje KOPB so med drugim: odvajanje od kajenja, cepljenja, rehabilitacija pljuč, pogosto vdihavanje bronhodilatatorjev in jemanje kortikosteroidov. 0.8851351351351351 Triage was used further during World War I by French doctors treating the battlefield wounded at the aid stations behind the front. Izraz so nato uporabljali francoski zdravniki med prvo svetovno vojno, ki so skrbeli za poškodovane na bojišču v t.i. bolnišničnih enotah za fronto. 1.1428571428571428 Liver enzymes are variable during the initial part of the infection and on average begin to rise at seven weeks after infection. Jetrni encimi so v začetnem obdobju okužbe spremenljivi in v povprečju začnejo naraščati sedem tednov po okužbi. 1.05 The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Test je pogosto uporablja pri pregledih oseb z velikim tveganjem za tuberkulozo. 0.9137931034482759 Areas with poor outdoor air quality, including that from exhaust gas, generally have higher rates of COPD. Območja s slabo kakovostjo zraka na prostem, med drugim zaradi izpušnih plinov, imajo na splošno višjo stopnjo KOPB. 1.5454545454545454 There are several grading scales available for SAH. Obstaja več ocenjevalnih lestvic. 1.3831775700934579 The oldest unambiguously detected M. tuberculosis gives evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. Najzgodnejši nedvoumni dokaz za M. tuberculosis je najti v ostankih bizona, starih približno 17 tisoč let. 1.1217391304347826 The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains an up-to-date summary of available laboratory tests. .Centri za nadzor ion preprečevanje bolezni ZDA (CDEC) vzdržujejo ažuren seznam laborijskih testov, ki so na voljo. 0.8809523809523809 Environmental pollutants include both poor indoor and outdoor air quality. Okoljska onesnaževala so med drugim slaba kakovost zraka v bivališčih in na prostem. 1.635135135135135 These were followed with pictures by Matthew Baillie in 1789 and descriptions of the destructive nature of the condition. Leta 1789 je Matthew Baillie opisal in orisal destruktivno naravo bolezni. 1.086092715231788 However, once a full response has occurred and many hands are available, paramedics will usually use the model included in their service policy and standing orders. Takoj ko na kraj nesreče prispejo vsi reševalci, pa uporabljajo model, ki je zapisan v njihovem pravilniku in stalnih navodil, ki se jih morajo držati. 1.0235294117647058 Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, or vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), are bacterial strains of the genus Enterococcus that are resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin. Proti vankomicinu odporni enterokoki (kratica VRE, angl. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus) so bakterije iz rodu enterokokov, ki so odporne proti antibiotiku vankomicinu. 1.103448275862069 Lister was president of the Royal Society between 1895 and 1900. Med letoma 1895 in 1900 je bil predsednik Kraljeve družbe. 0.7755102040816326 Working in agriculture is also a risk. Delo v kmetijstvu prav tako predstavlja tveganje. 1.4 The symptoms most reliably seen in influenza are shown in the adjacent table. Najzanesljivejši znaki so v navedeni v tabeli na desni. 0.9 This may be achieved by public policy efforts, cultural changes, and personal involvement. To je mogoče doseči s prizadevanji javne politike, s spremembami v kulturi in z osebno vpletenostjo. 1.337837837837838 Owing to these studies, both the World Health Organization and UNAIDS recommended male circumcision in 2007 as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in areas with high rates of HIV. Na osnovi teh študij sta SZO in UNAIDS leta 2007 izdala priporočila za obrezovanje moških kot metodo preprečevanja prenosa okužbe iz žensk na moške. 1.1337579617834395 HCV is spread primarily by blood-to-blood contact associated with intravenous drug use, poorly sterilized medical equipment, needlestick injuries in healthcare, and transfusions. VHC se v prvi vrsti širi prek stika krvi z okuženo krvjo pri intravenskem jemanju mamil, pri slabo sterilizirani zdravstveni opremi in pri transfuzijah krvi. 1.4615384615384615 Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death (necrosis) in the center of tubercles. Druga značilnost granulomov je odmiranje celic (nekroza) v središču tuberklov. 1.036144578313253 The term comes from the French verb trier, meaning to separate, sort, shift or select. Izraz izvira iz francoskega glagola trier, ki pomeni ločiti, pregledati in izbrati. 1.0169491525423728 The negative effects of dust exposure and cigarette smoke exposure appear to be additive or possibly more than additive. Zdi se, da se negativni učinki izpostavljenosti prahu in cigaretnemu dimu seštevajo, če ne celo obojestransko krepijo. 0.6851851851851852 Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids. Diagnoza aktivne tuberkuloze temelji običajno na rentgenskih posnetkih prsnega koša, kot tudi na mikroskopskem pregledu in mikrobiološki kulturi telesnih tekočin. 1.168141592920354 They are extremely contagious, and fewer than twenty virus particles can cause an infection (some research suggests as few as five). Gre za zelo nalezljiv virus in že manj kot 20 virusnih delcev (po nekaterih podatkih le 5) lahko povzroči okužbo. 1.0701754385964912 It is estimated that 3% of all disability is related to COPD. Ocenjuje se, da je 3 % vseh invalidnosti povezano s KOPB. 0.6455696202531646 A number of other causes may need to be considered. Najprej je treba izključiti ostale vzroke, ki lahko povzročijo zoženje zavesti. 1.1610169491525424 "Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm (also called ""sputum""), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope." S pomočjo histoloških barvil je na izkašljanih vzorcih (izmeček) mogoče MTB dokazati z uporabo svetlobnega mikroskopa. 1.0481927710843373 Before the Industrial Revolution, folklore often associated tuberculosis with vampires. Pred industrijsko revolucijo je folklora tuberkulozo pogosto povezovala z vampirji. 1.1578947368421053 People with latent infections are treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life. Latentno okužene ljudi se prav tako zdravi, da se pri njih prepreči kasnejši izbruh aktivne TB. 1.1301775147928994 As triage concepts become more sophisticated, triage guidance is also evolving into both software and hardware decision support products for use by caregivers in both hospitals and the field. S tem ko koncepti triaže postajajo bolj napredni, se napotki za triažo prav tako razvijajo s pomočjo programske in strojne opreme, ki pomagajo pri sprejemanju odločitev. 0.8409090909090909 The diagnosis is based on poor airflow as measured by lung function tests. Diagnozo postavimo na osnovi slabega pretoka zraka, ki se meri s testi pljučne funkcije. 1.2916666666666667 It is a type of pneumoconiosis. Spada med pnevmokonioze. 0.7631578947368421 High levels of immunity in one age group can create herd immunity for other age groups. Visoka stopnja imunosti v določeni starostni skupini lahko ustvari čredno imunost tudi za druge starostne skupine. 1.0 After about two weeks of effective treatment, subjects with nonresistant active infections generally do not remain contagious to others. Po približno dveh tednih učinkovitega zdravljenja osebe z aktivno okužbo običajno za druge, kar se nalezljivosti tiče, niso več nevarne. 1.1222222222222222 Blood tests show a creatine kinase greater than 1,000 U/L, with severe disease being above 5,000 U/L. Krvni test pokaže vrednost kreatinske kinaze nad 1.000 U/L, pri hudi obliki nad 5.000 U/L. 1.1441860465116278 In a population in which a large proportion of individuals possess immunity, such people being unlikely to contribute to disease transmission, chains of infection are more likely to be disrupted, which either stops or slows the spread of disease. V populaciji, v kateri je velik delež posameznikov razvilo imunost proti določeni okužbi, je namreč malo verjetno, da bi ti posamezniki prenašali bolezen in s tem se verige prenosov okužbe prekinejo oziroma omejijo. 1.1711711711711712 Rates of new infections have decreased in the Western world since the 1990s due to improved screening of blood before transfusion. V razvitih državah pojavnost od leta 1990 upada zaradi izboljšav pri testiranju krvi, namenjene za transfuzijo. 1.121212121212121 In 1842, John Hutchinson invented the spirometer, which allowed the measurement of vital capacity of the lungs. Leta 1842 je John Hutchinson izumil spirometer, kar je omogočilo merjenje vitalne kapacitete pljuč. 0.8928571428571429 Pulmonary rehabilitation is a program of exercise, disease management, and counseling, coordinated to benefit the individual. Pljučna rehabilitacija je program telesne dejavnosti, obvladovanja bolezni in svetovanja, ki je usklajen z željami in potrebami posameznika. 1.1159420289855073 This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of the lung. Ti primeri so znani kot »Simonovo žarišče«, običajno so v vrhu pljuč. 0.62 National Cancer Institute, USA. Asbestos Exposure - National Cancer Institute, USA 1.051094890510949 As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered to only those people at high risk. Kot je tuberkuloza v Kanadi, Veliki Britaniji in Združenih državah Amerike večinoma neobičajna, se z BCG cepi samo visoko ogrožene ljudi. 1.0285714285714285 Influenza symptoms are a mixture of symptoms of common cold and pneumonia, body ache, headache, and fatigue. Simptomi gripe so zmes znakov navadnega prehlada in pljučnice, bolečega telesa, glavobola in utrujenosti. 1.1041666666666667 Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for the last four months as an alternative. Pri visoki odpornosti proti izoniazidu se lahko zadnje štiri mesece daje alternativno etambutol. 0.9358974358974359 A number of industries and sources have been implicated, including high levels of dust in coal mining, gold mining, and the cotton textile industry, occupations involving cadmium and isocyanates, and fumes from welding. Vpletenih je več industrij in virov, med drugim visoka raven prahu v premogovništvu, pri pridobivanju zlata, v industriji tekstila iz bombaža, ter poklici, kjer se dela s kadmijem ter z izocianati in kjer nastaja dim, kot je varjenje. 0.9380165289256198 Examples of these measures include the creation of public policy, education of workers and management about the risks, promoting smoking cessation, checking workers for early signs of COPD, use of respirators, and dust control. Primeri teh ukrepov so med drugim oblikovanje pravil za javnost, izobraževanje delavcev o nevarnostih, spodbujanje k opuščanju kajenja, redni pregledi zaposlenih za odkrivanje zgodnjih znakov KOPB, uporaba respiratorjev in nadzor nad prahom. 0.772020725388601 The major goals of management are to reduce risk factors, manage stable COPD, prevent and treat acute exacerbations, and manage associated illnesses. Glavni cilji pri obvladovanju bolezni so zmanjšanje dejavnikov tveganja, stabilizacija bolezni, preprečevanje in zdravljenje akutnih poslabšanj in obvladovanje drugih, s KOPB povezanih obolenj. 1.085972850678733 They may present with signs of increased work of breathing such as fast breathing, a fast heart rate, sweating, active use of muscles in the neck, a bluish tinge to the skin, and confusion or combative behavior in very severe exacerbations. Lahko se pojavi skupaj z znaki za povečan napor pri dihanju, kot so hitro dihanje, hitro bitje srca, potenje, dejavnost mišic v vratu, modrikast odtenek kože in zmeda, ali pa bojevito vedenje, če gre za zelo hude izbruhe. 1.1476190476190475 The benefits of eradication include ending all morbidity and mortality caused by the disease, financial savings for individuals, health care providers, and governments, and enabling resources used to control the disease to be used elsewhere. Koristi izkoreninjenja so izničenje zbolevnosti in smrtnosti zaradi določene bolezni, finančni prihranki za posameznike, zdravstvo in vlade ter preusmeritev virov za nadzor nad dotično boleznijo v druge namene. 1.186046511627907 A number of vaccines are in development as of 2011. V razvoju so trenutno številna nova cepiva. 1.0853658536585367 Despite sanitation protocol, patients cannot be entirely isolated from infectious agents. Kljub vsem ukrepom pa ni mogoče bolnikov povsem osamiti od povzročiteljev bolezni. 1.1258741258741258 The probability of transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors, including the number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier, the effectiveness of ventilation, the duration of exposure, the virulence of the M. tuberculosis strain, the level of immunity in the uninfected person, and others. Verjetnost prenosa iz ene osebe na drugo je odvisna od številnih dejavnikov, med drugim od števila nalezljivih kapljic, ki jih bolnik širi, od učinkovitosti prezračevanja, trajanja izpostavljenosti, virulence seva M. tuberculosis, ravni imunosti pri neokuženih in od drugih dejavnikov. 1.0392156862745099 In Europe, COPD represents 3% of healthcare spending. V Evropi KOPB predstavlja 3 % stroškov v zdravstvu. 0.9555555555555556 There are no measures that alter this risk. Postopkov, ki bi na to tveganje vplivali, ni. 0.8602150537634409 Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection. Bakterije znotraj granuloma lahko zaspijo (postanejo dormantne), kar vodi do latentne okužbe. 0.8320610687022901 The muscle damage is most often the result of a crush injury, strenuous exercise, medications, or drug abuse. Rabdomioliza je najpogosteje posledica zmečkaninskega sindroma, naporne telesne vadbe, uporabe določenih zdravil ali zlorabe mamil. 0.863013698630137 5 March 2020: 5 new cases confirmed, two of them were in contact with the first case, others were imported from Italy as well. Dan po prvem potrjenem primeru, 5. marca, je bilo potrjenih pet novih primerov, od katerih sta bila dva v tesnem stiku s prvim potrjenim primerom. 1.5172413793103448 The reason for this difference is not known. Razlog za te razlike ni znan. 0.8863636363636364 The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is ubiquitously used for assessing consciousness. Po vsem svetu se za ocenjevanje stanja zavesti uporablja Glasgowska lestvica kome (GCS). 1.3017241379310345 Robert Koch, a German physician and scientist, first identified the bacterium that caused the anthrax disease in 1875 in Wolsztyn (now part of Poland). Robert Koch, nemški zdravnik in mikrobiolog, je leta 1875 prvi identificiral bakterijo, ki povzroča bolezen antraks. 1.123076923076923 Without treatment, the average survival time after infection is 11 years. Brez zdravljenja znaša povprečni čas preživetja po okužbi 11 let. 0.9419642857142857 Low oxygen levels, and eventually, high carbon dioxide levels in the blood, can occur from poor gas exchange due to decreased ventilation from airway obstruction, hyperinflation, and a reduced desire to breathe. Do nizke ravni kisika in visoke ravni ogljikovega dioksida v krvi lahko pride zaradi slabe plinske izmenjave kot posledica zmanjšane ventilacije zaradi obstrukcije dihalnih poti, hiperinflacije in zmanjšane volje za dihanje. 1.5116279069767442 Maurice Hilleman was the most prolific vaccine inventor, developing successful vaccines for measles, mumps, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, chickenpox, meningitis, pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae. proti hemofilusu influence b, davici, tetanusu, oslovskemu kašlju, otroški ohromelosti, ošpicam, mumpsu, rdečkam in hepatitisu B; 0.8662952646239555 Alteration of metabolic pathway: for example, some sulfonamide-resistant bacteria do not require para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), an important precursor for the synthesis of folic acid and nucleic acids in bacteria inhibited by sulfonamides, instead, like mammalian cells, they turn to using preformed folic acid. Sprememba presnovne poti: na primer, nekatere proti sulfonamidu odporne bakterije ne potrebujejo para-aminobenzojska kisline (PABA), ki je pomemben predhodnik za sintezo folne kisline in nukleinskih kislin pri bakterijah, ki jih sulfonamidi zavirajo; te vrste bakterij namesto tega, podobno kot celice sesalcev, uporabljajo predhodno oblikovano folno kislino. 1.0 Tiffeneau and Pinelli in 1947 described the principles of measuring airflow. Tiffeneau in Pinelli sta leta 1947 opisala načela za merjenje pretoka zraka. 0.5227272727272727 need no source of heat, ne potrebujejo izvora energije za delovanje, 1.0813953488372092 Individuals can become immune by recovering from an earlier infection or through vaccination. Posamezniki lahko imunost razvijejo tako, da prebolijo okužbo, ali da prejmejo cepivo. 1.0074074074074073 However, new strains that escape immunity induced by vaccines may evolve; for example, an updated influenza vaccine is needed each year. Lahko pa z evolucijo pride do novih sevov, ki se imunosti zaradi cepljenja izogibajo; tako je za gripo vsako leto potrebno novo cepivo. 0.8107255520504731 According to an article published in The Lancet in June 2015, low back pain and major depressive disorder were among the top ten causes of YLDs and were the cause of more health loss than diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma combined. Glede na eno od raziskav, ki so jo objavili v letu 2015, sta med deset najpomembnejšimi vzroki izgube let življenja zaradi bolezni bolečina v hrbtenici in velika depresivna motnja, ki povzročita večje izgube zdravih let življenja kot na primer sladkorna bolezen, kronična obstruktivna pljučna bolezen in astma skupaj. 0.9444444444444444 Long-term treatment with steroid tablets is associated with significant side effects. Dolgotrajno zdravljenje s steroidnimi tabletami je povezano z občutnimi stranskimi učinki. 1.0112359550561798 It is estimated that nearly half of prison inmates share unsterilized tattooing equipment. Po oceni skoraj polovica zapornikov uporablja opremo za tetoviranje, ki ni sterilizirana. 1.0806451612903225 Supplemental nutrition may be useful in those who are malnourished. Dopolnilna prehrana je lahko koristna pri podhranjenih osebah. 0.9315068493150684 Birth factors such as low birth weight may also play a role, as do a number of infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Porodni dejavniki, kot je nizka teža pri porodu, lahko prav tako igrajo vlogo kot številne nalezljive bolezni, kot recimo HIV/AIDS in tuberkuloza. 0.9219858156028369 In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism, but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in the laboratory. V naravi lahko bakterija uspeva le v celicah gostiteljicah prizadetega organizma, vendar pa je M. tuberculosis mogoče gojiti v laboratoriju. 1.08 Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver. Hepatitis C je nalezljiva bolezen, ki napada predvsem jetra in jo povzroča virus hepatitisa C (VHC). 0.6708860759493671 By 1918, TB still caused one in six deaths in France. V Franciji je TB leta 1918 še vedno bila vzrok smrti v enem od šestih primerov. 1.1647058823529413 Consistent condom use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long term. Dosledna uporaba kondomov zmanjša dolgoročno tveganje za prenos okužbe za okoli 80 %. 1.4274193548387097 In the United States the average lifetime cost of the disease was estimated at US$33,407 in 2003 with the cost of a liver transplant as of 2011 costing approximately US$200,000. V 2003 se je za ZDA ocenilo, da celoživljenski strošek bolezni znaša 33,407 USD, transplantacija jeter pa okoli 200.000 USD. 0.971830985915493 Chronic bacterial infections may also add to this inflammatory state. Kronične bakterijske okužbe lahko dodatno vplivajo na to vnetno stanje. 1.8191489361702127 Triage () is the process of determining the priority of patients' treatments based on the severity of their condition or likelihood of recovery with and without treatment. Triaža je proces določanja prioritete zdravljenja pacientov glede na resnost njihovega stanja. 1.0112359550561798 Currently, the only clearly inherited risk factor is alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (AAT). Trenutno je edini nesporno deden dejavnik tveganja pomanjkanje alfa 1-antitripsina (AAT). 1.3068181818181819 All forms of asbestos fibers are responsible for human disease as they are able to penetrate deeply into the lungs. Prvi so v prvi vrsti odgovorni za človeške bolezni, ker lahko prodrejo globoko v pljuča. 0.9185185185185185 A tuberculosis classification system developed by the American Thoracic Society is used primarily in public health programs. Sistem, za razvrstitev tuberkuloze, ki ga je razvilo Združenje za prsni koš ZDA, se uporablja predvsem v javnih zdravstvenih programih. 0.9375 It does not appear to affect mortality or the overall hospitalization rate. Tiotropij naj ne bi vplival na umrljivost ali na skupno stopnjo hospitalizacije. 0.8064516129032258 Carrico, Amanda R.; Spoden, Micajah (1 July 2013). Montville, Rebecca; Chen, Yuhuan; Schaffner, Donald W. (2002). 0.9166666666666666 A number of factors make people more susceptible to TB infections. Na dovzetnost ljudi za okužbe s tuberkulozo vplivajo številni dejavniki. 0.945 For people with type 2 respiratory failure (acutely raised CO2 levels) non-invasive positive pressure ventilation decreases the probability of death or the need of intensive care admission. Neinvazivna ventilacija s pozitivnim tlakom pri bolnikih z akutno dvignjenim nivojem CO2 (odpoved dihanja vrste 2) zmanjša verjetnost za smrt ali potrebo po intenzivni negi z mehanskim prezračevanjem. 1.1095890410958904 A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Številni možni kandidati so trenutno v fazah I in II kliničnih preskusov. 0.90625 On 16 March, the World Health Organization called for ramping up the testing programmes as the best way to slow the advance of COVID‑19 pandemic. 16. marca je Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija obvestila javnost, da so programi za testiranje najboljši način, kako upočasniti napredovanje pandemije COVID-19. 1.3541666666666667 In this situation, some including NICE recommend against its use. V tem primeru nekateri odsvetujejo njegovo rabo. 1.1774193548387097 Vaccinating children against pneumococcus and rotavirus has had the effect of reducing pneumococcus- and rotavirus-attributable hospitalizations for older children and adults, who do not normally receive these vaccines. Cepljenje otrok proti pnevmokoknim in rotavirusnim okužbam je doprineslo k zmanjšanju števila primerov hospitalizacij zaradi teh okužb tudi pri necepljenih starejših otrocih in odraslih. 0.9172932330827067 If a patient receives a booster dose but already has a high level of antibody, then a reaction called an Arthus reaction could develop, a localized form of Type III hypersensitivity induced by high levels of IgG antibodies causing inflammation. Če prejme poživitveni odmerek bolnik, ki ima že sicer visoko raven prisotnih protiteles, lahko pride do t. i. Arthusovega fenomena, posebne oblike preobčutljivostne reakcije tipa III, ki jo povzroči aktivacija komplementa zaradi prisotnih protiteles v krvnem obtoku. 1.196969696969697 Specific diagnosis of norovirus is routinely made by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays or quantitative PCR assays, which give results within a few hours. Za diagnozo okužbe je so na voljo rutinski testi, ki temeljijo na verižni reakciji s polimerazo (PCR) in dajo rezultat v nekaj urah. 0.7321428571428571 While antibiotic drugs to treat diseases caused by MRSA are available, few effective drugs are available for Acinetobacter. Za nekatere povzročitelje obstajajo učinkovita zdravila (npr. MRSA), za zdravljenje okužb z na primer gramnegativnimi acinetobakterji pa je le malo učinkovitih zdravil. 1.2455089820359282 Varadkar was selected for the Washington Ireland Program for Service and Leadership (WIP), a prestigious half-year personal and professional development program in Washington, D.C., for students from Ireland. Izbran je bil v Washingtonski program za storitve in vodenje (WIP); to je prestižni polletni program osebnega in poklicnega razvoja v Washingtonu, za študente z Irske. 0.9675324675324676 Tuberculosis prevention and control efforts rely primarily on the vaccination of infants and the detection and appropriate treatment of active cases. Prizadevanja za preprečevanje in nadzor tuberkuloze temeljijo predvsem na cepljenju dojenčkov in na odkrivanju in ustreznem zdravljenju aktivnih primerov. 1.0769230769230769 If long-acting bronchodilators are insufficient, then inhaled corticosteroids are typically added. Če dolgotrajno delujoči bronhodilatorji ne zadoščajo, se običajno dodajajo kortikosteroidi. 1.0168067226890756 Transmission should occur from only people with active TB – those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious. Do prenosa naj bi prišlo samo pri ljudeh z aktivno tuberkulozo – za latentno okužene se meni, da bolezen ni nalezljiva. 0.8181818181818182 However, his spirometer could measure only volume, not airflow. Njegov spirometer je sicer lahko meril samo prostornino, ne pa pretoka zraka. 1.2891566265060241 The United States instituted universal screening in 1992 and Canada instituted universal screening in 1990. V ZDA je zahtevano splošno presejanje od leta 1992 dalje, v Kanadi pa od leta 1990. 1.141304347826087 These scales have been derived by retrospectively matching characteristics of people with their outcomes. Te lestvice so izpeljali z retrospektivnim ujemanjem značilnosti bolnikov in izidom bolezni. 0.9656862745098039 However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), TB is mainly a disease of older people and the immunocompromised (risk factors are listed above). V državah, kjer je število obolenj dramatično upadlo (na primer v ZDA) , pa predstavlja TB predvsem bolezen starejših ljudi in oseb z oslabljenim imunskim sistemom (dejavniki tveganja so navedeni zgoraj). 0.9537037037037037 "In 1814 Charles Badham used ""catarrh"" to describe the cough and excess mucus in chronic bronchitis." Leta 1814 Charles Badham uporabi izraz »katar« za opis kašlja in prekomerne sluzi pri kroničnem bronhitisu. 1.4190476190476191 Noroviruses (NoV) are a genetically diverse group of single-stranded positive-sense RNA, non-enveloped viruses belonging to the family Caliciviridae. Norovirusi so genetsko raznovrstna skupina virusov z enoverižno RNK, ki spadajo vb družino kalicivirusov. 1.072289156626506 These symptoms are present for a prolonged period of time and typically worsen over time. Ti simptomi so prisotni v daljšem časovnem obdobju in se običajno sčasoma slabšajo. 1.4421052631578948 Researchers plotted the seating arrangement: more than 90% of the people at the same table as the sick woman later reported becoming ill. Kasneje so ugotovili, da je zbolelo 92 % oseb, ki je sedelo za isto mizo kot bruhajoča bolnica. 0.8717948717948718 Other causes include infections, electrical injury, heat stroke, prolonged immobilization, lack of blood flow to a limb, or snake bites. Med drugimi vzroki so še okužbe, električna poškodba, vročinski udar, daljša imobilizacija, ishemija okončine (oviran dotok krvi v okončino) ali ugriz kače. 0.8043478260869565 In the developing world, one of the common sources of air pollution is poorly vented heating and cooking fires. V državah v razvoju je eden od pogostnih vzrokov onesnažen zrak zaradi slabega prezračevanja med kuhanjem hrane in ob ogrevanju prostorov. 1.2666666666666666 Part of the immune response to infection is the production of antibodies including IgM and IgG. Del imunskega odziva na okužbo je tvorba protiteles, med drugim IgM in IgG. 1.1981981981981982 Between the time that AIDS was identified (in the early 1980s) and 2018, the disease caused an estimated 32 million deaths worldwide. Od časa odkritja aidsa (v začetku 1980-ih let) do leta 2017 je bolezen po ocenah povzročila 35 milijonov smrti. 1.127208480565371 The influenza vaccine is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for high-risk groups, such as pregnant women, children aged less than five years, the elderly, health care workers, and people who have chronic illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, asthma, diabetes, heart disease, or are immunocompromised among others. Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija priporoča cepljenje proti gripi skupinam bolnikom z zvečanim tveganjem, med katere sodijo otroci, starostniki, zdravstveni delavci in bolniki s kroničnimi boleznimi, kot so astma, sladkorna bolezen, bolezni srca, ali z oslabljenim imunskim sistemom. 1.0914634146341464 M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk has almost completely eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries. Bacil M. bovis je bil nekoč pogost vzrok za tuberkulozo, vendar v razvitih državah z uvedbo pasterizacije mleka v veliki meri ne pomeni več zdravstvenega problema. 1.1964285714285714 "In 1815 one in four deaths in England was due to ""consumption""." Leta 1815 je v Angliji vsak četrti umrl zaradi »sušice«. 1.1776315789473684 Usually the first symptoms are chills and body aches, with fever also common early in the infection, with body temperatures ranging from 38 to 39 °C (approximately 100 to 103 °F). Prvi znaku bolezni so tresavica ali občutki mrzlice, pogosto pa se ob začetku bolezni pojavi s temperaturami med 38 in 39 °C (približno 100 do 103 °F). 1.0672268907563025 A number of medications are being studied as of 2012 for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, including bedaquiline and delamanid. Za tuberkulozo, ki je odporna proti več zdravilom, se raziskuje številna zdravila, med drugim bedaquiline in delamanid. 0.8052631578947368 A high-resolution CT scan of the chest may show the distribution of emphysema throughout the lungs and can also be useful to exclude other lung diseases. Posnetek prsi visoke ločljivosti z računalniško tomografijo (CT) lahko pokaže razprostranjenost emfizema po celih pljučih, poleg tega je lahko koristen pri izključitvi drugih bolezni pljuč. 1.0042918454935623 A test which uses monoclonal antibodies which bind to the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of the SARS-CoV-2 is being developed in Taiwan, with the hope that it can provide results in 15 to 20 minutes just like a rapid influenza test. Na Tajvanu razvijajo test, ki uporablja monoklonsko protitelo, ki se specifično veže na nukleokapsidni protein (N protein) novega koronavirusa; upajo, da bodo rezultati na voljo v 15 do 20 minutah, tako kot pri hitrem testu na gripo. 0.8795180722891566 In some countries, mortality has decreased in men but increased in women. V nekaterih državah se je umrljivost pri moških zmanjšala, pri ženskah pa povečala. 0.9354838709677419 While urban air pollution is a contributing factor in exacerbations, its overall role as a cause of COPD is unclear. Urbano onesnaževanje zraka je sicer dejavnik pri slabšanju bolezni, vendar njegova celotna vloga kot vzrok za KOPB ni jasna. 1.051948051948052 Spirometry measures the amount of airflow obstruction present and is generally carried out after the use of a bronchodilator, a medication to open up the airways. Spirometrija meri trenutni obseg obstrukcije dihalnih poti in se praviloma izvede po uporabi bronhodilatatorja, to je zdravila za odpiranje dihalnih poti. 0.8516129032258064 Complications may include high blood potassium, low blood calcium, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and compartment syndrome. Zapleti vključujejo zvišane vrednosti kalija v krvi, znižane vrednosti kalcija v krvi, diseminirano intravaskularno koagulacijo in kompartmentalni sindrom. 2.1531531531531534 Improvements in sanitation, vaccination, and other public-health measures began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat. Izboljšave v javnem zdravstvu so še pred prihodom streptomicina in drugih antibiotikov znatno zmanjšale okužbe. 1.070967741935484 Phthisis (Φθισις) is a Greek word for consumption, an old term for pulmonary tuberculosis; around 460 BCE, Hippocrates described phthisis as a disease of dry seasons. Phthisis pomeni v grščini sušico, star izraz za pljučno tuberkulozo; Po Hipokratu je okoli 460 pred našim štetjem phthisis bila najbolj razširjena bolezen. 1.1666666666666667 A long labor is associated with a greater risk of transmission. Dolgotrajen porod je povezan z višjo stopnjo tveganja. 0.8601398601398601 As medical technology has advanced, so have modern approaches to triage, which are increasingly based on scientific models. Z razvojem medicinske tehnologije so se spremenili in napredovali tudi moderni pristopi k triaži, ki vse bolj temeljijo na znanstvenih modelih. 0.6351351351351351 Globally, as of 2010, COPD affected approximately 329 million people (4.8% of the population). Leta 2010 je KOPB po vsem svetu imelo približno 329 milijonov ljudi (4,8 % prebivalstva); bolezen je nekoliko pogostejša pri moških kot pri ženskah. 0.7987421383647799 Some developed countries have seen increased rates, some have remained stable and some have seen a decrease in COPD prevalence. Nekatere razvite države so opazile povečano stopnjo, nekatere so ostale stabilne, nekatere pa so zabeležile zmanjšanje stopnje razširjenosti (prevalence) KOPB. 1.0038910505836576 In addition to not being immune, individuals in one of these groups may be at a greater risk of developing complications from infection because of their medical status, but they may still be protected if a large enough percentage of the population is immune. Poleg pomanjkanja imunosti lahko imajo ti posamezniki iz ranljivih skupin zaradi svojega zdravstvenega stanja zvečano dovzetnost za razvoj zapletov, če pri njih pride do okužbe; v primeru dovoljšnje stopnje imunosti v populaciji jih ščiti le čredna imunost. 0.9530201342281879 Drug-resistant TB is a serious public health issue in many developing countries, as its treatment is longer and requires more expensive drugs. Proti zdravilom odporna TB je resen zdravstveni problem v številnih državah v razvoju, saj je podaljšuje zdravljenje dlje in zahteva dražja zdravila. 1.1654135338345866 In the most socioeconomically deprived parts of the country, one in 32 people were diagnosed with COPD, compared with one in 98 in the most affluent areas. V najbolj socialno-ekonomsko ogroženih delih države je pogostnost diagnoze KOPB 1 na 32 oseb, na najpremožnejših območjih pa 1 na 98. 1.5 Those who have experienced a needle stick injury from someone who was HCV positive have about a 1.8% chance of subsequently contracting the disease themselves. Pri ljudeh, ki so se ranili z iglo osebe, ki je pozitivna na VHC, znaša verjetnost za pojav bolezni 1,8 %. 1.055045871559633 These dormant bacilli produce active tuberculosis in 5–10% of these latent cases, often many years after infection. Ti mirujoči bacili izzovejo aktivno tuberkulozo v 5–10 % teh latentnih primerov, pogosto mnogo let po okužbi. 0.7515923566878981 Both indoor and outdoor air quality can be improved, which may prevent COPD or slow the worsening of existing disease. Kakovost zraka, tako v zaprtih prostorih kot na prostem, je mogoče izboljšati, s čemer se prepreči KOPB ali pa vsaj upočasni slabšanje pri obstoječi bolezni. 1.1348314606741574 The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. Imunosupresija, na primer zaradi okužbe s HIV, zviša nevarnost za ponoven izbruh bolezni. 1.0612244897959184 The time-of-incubation was believed to be about 2 weeks, with a duration of infection of several months. Antibiotično zdravljenje traja več tednov in simptomi lahko v določeni meri vztrajajo več mesecev. 0.796875 In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Pri osebah, ki so okužene tako z M. tuberculosis kot s HIV, se nevarnost za ponoven pojav bolezni poveča na skoraj 10 % na leto. 0.6611111111111111 Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. Cepljenje ali vakcinacija pomeni v medicini aplikacijo živih oslabljenih ali mrtvih organizmov ali njihovih toksoidov za preprečevanje nalezljivih bolezni pri sprejemljivih osebah. 1.1025641025641026 Two main approaches are used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. Da bi izboljšali učinkovitost razpoložljivih cepiv, sta na voljo dva pristopa. 0.888235294117647 HCV RNA can be detected by PCR typically one to two weeks after infection, while antibodies can take substantially longer to form and thus be detected. S PCR je virusno RNK običajno mogoče dokazati 1–2 tedna po okužbi, do nastanka protiteles pa prihaja bistveno počasneje, tako da jih je mogoče dokazati le z zakasnitvijo. 0.9473684210526315 In those with severe disease, a feeling of always being tired is common. Bolniki s hudo obliko bolezni imajo pogosto občutek, da so ves čas utrujeni. 1.6724137931034482 Influenza reaches peak prevalence in winter, and because the Northern and Southern Hemispheres have winter at different times of the year, there are actually two different flu seasons each year. Ker imata severna in južna polobla zimo ravno v nasprotnem času leta, imamo vsakoletno pravzaprav dve obdobji gripe. 1.679245283018868 There are a number of vaccines under development and some have shown encouraging results. V razvoju je več cepiv, ki kažejo obetavne rezultate. 1.208955223880597 In non-smokers, exposure to second-hand smoke is the cause in up to 20% of cases. Pri nekadilcih je pasivno kajenje vzrok za približno 20 % primerov. 0.9361702127659575 It was called bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG). Imenovali so ga bacillus Calmette Guèrin (BCG). 1.303030303030303 The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones. Tuberkuloza pogosteje prizadene zgornje kot spodnje predele pljuč. 1.1452991452991452 Although it was not effective, it was later successfully adapted as a screening test for the presence of pre-symptomatic tuberculosis. Čeprav je bil neučinkovit, so izvleček kasneje uspešno prilagodili za presejalni test za presimptomatsko tuberkulozo. 1.0964912280701755 The main types of irritant and/or corrosive products are: acids, bases, oxidizers / reducing agents, solvents, and alkylants. Glavne skupine dražilnih ali jedkih snovi so: kisline, baze, organska topila, beli fosfor, oksidanti in reducenti. 0.9493670886075949 An effort to eradicate bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis from the cattle and deer herds of New Zealand has been relatively successful. Prizadevanja za izkoreninjenje goveje tuberkuloze, ki ga povzroča Mycobacterium bovis v govedu in čredah jelenov v Novi Zelandiji, so bila relativno uspešna. 1.3582089552238805 In 1988, Alter confirmed the virus by verifying its presence in a panel of NANBH specimens. Leta 1988 je Alter dokazal prisotnost virusa v vrsti vzorcev NANBH. 1.1547619047619047 HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of discrimination. HIV/aids ima na družbo velik vpliv tako kot bolezen kot tudi kot vir diskriminacije. 1.0594059405940595 After initial immunization, a booster injection or booster dose is a re-exposure to the immunizing antigen. Poživitveni odmerek, ki sledi prvotni imunizaciji, ponovno izpostavi organizmu imunizirajoči antigen. 1.2648221343873518 The responses to treatment is measured by sustained viral response (SVR), defined as the absence of detectable RNA of the hepatitis C virus in blood serum for at least 24 weeks after discontinuing the treatment, and rapid virological response (RVR) defined as undetectable levels achieved within four weeks of treatment. Učinkovitost zdravljenja se opredeljuje glede na t. i. trajni virološki odziv (angl. sustained viral response (SVR)), ki pomeni odsotnost zaznavnih količin virusne RNK v bolnikovem serumu po najmanj 12 (SVR12) ali 24 tednih (SVR24) po koncu zdravljenja. 1.0819672131147542 In those with a severe exacerbation, antibiotics improve outcomes. Pri osebah s hudim zapletom antibiotiki izboljšajo rezultate. 0.8333333333333334 Treatment is by prompt neurosurgery or radiologically guided interventions. Zdravljenje obsega takojšen nevrokirurški ali interventni radiološki endovaskularni poseg. 1.7217391304347827 Noroviruses can genetically be classified into at least seven different genogroups (GI, GII, GIII, GIV, GV, GVI, and GVII), which can be further divided into different genetic clusters or genotypes. Noroviruse genetsko razvrščajo v pet genetskih skupin (GI, GII, GIII, GIV in GV), ki jih nadalje delijo v genotipe. 0.8294573643410853 The World Health Organization (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the U.S. government are subsidizing a fast-acting diagnostic tuberculosis test for use in low- and middle-income countries as of 2012. Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija, Fundacija Bill in Melinda Gates ter ameriška vlada subvencionirajo uporabo novega hitrodelujočega diagnostičnega testa v državah z nizkimi in srednjimi dohodki, s čimer se je znižal strošek enega testa iz 16,86 $ na 9,98 $. 0.8307692307692308 Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Za zdravljenje Tb se uporablja antibiotike, ki ubijajo bakterije. 0.8666666666666667 Some feel the evidence of benefits is limited, while others view the evidence of benefit as established. Nekateri menijo, da so dokazi o njihovi koristnosti omejeni, drugi spet menijo, da so njihove koristi jasne in dokazane. 0.645933014354067 Cirrhosis due to hepatitis C is a common reason for liver transplantation though the virus usually (80–90% of cases) recurs afterwards. Jetrna ciroza kot posledica okužbe s hepatitisom C je pogost vzrok za potrebo po presaditvi jeter, vendar pri nepozdravljeni okužbi pride zelo pogosto (v 80 do 90 % primerov) do ponovitve okužbe po presaditvi. 1.2826086956521738 The number of new cases each year has decreased since 2000. Število novih primerov je po letu 2002 upadlo. 1.2413793103448276 In the absence of successful treatment of the underlying cause, shock will proceed to the progressive stage. Če vzroka ne odpravimo, bo hitro nastali šok pripeljal do zastoja srca v nekaj minutah. 0.8888888888888888 If vaccine uptake among the target sex is low, then the other sex may need to be immunized so that the target sex can be sufficiently protected. Če je precepljenost med populacijo ciljnega spola prenizka, je smiselno cepljenje tudi populacije drugega spola, da se zagotovi dovoljšnja zaščita ciljnega spola. 1.0875912408759123 All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid. Bolezen lahko prizadene vse dele telesa, iz neznanih razlogov pa se redko naseli v srce, skeletne mišice, trebušno slinavko ali ščitnico. 1.1428571428571428 The prioritization of school-age children for seasonal flu immunization, which is more effective than vaccinating the elderly, however, has been shown to create a certain degree of protection for the elderly. Precepljenost proti sezonski gripi pri šoloobveznih otrocih, pri katerih je cepivo učinkovitejše, je pokazala, da nudi zaščito v neki meri tudi za neprecepljeno starejšo populacijo. 1.0642201834862386 Six different types of vancomycin resistance are shown by enterococcus: Van-A, Van-B, Van-C, Van-D, Van-E and Van-G. Obstaja 6 različnih tipov proti vankomicinu odpornih enterokokov: Van-A, Van-B, Van-C, Van-D, Van-E in Van-F. 1.3645833333333333 Due to the high mutation rate of the virus, a particular influenza vaccine usually confers protection for no more than a few years. Zaradi hitrega mutiranja virusov influence je določeno cepivo praviloma učinkovito le nekaj let. 1.0125 He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Za to odkritje je leta 1905 prejel Nobelovo nagrado za fiziologijo ali medicino. 0.9515151515151515 Long-term exposure to these irritants causes an inflammatory response in the lungs, resulting in narrowing of the small airways and breakdown of lung tissue. Dolgotrajna izpostavljenost tem dražečim vplivom povzroča vnetni odziv v pljučih, zaradi česar prihaja do zoženja malih dihalnih poti in do razkroja pljučnega tkiva. 1.1209150326797386 "People with emphysema have been known as ""pink puffers"" or ""type A"" due to their frequent pink complexion, fast respiratory rate and pursed lips, and people with chronic bronchitis have been referred to as ""blue bloaters"" or ""type B"" due to the often bluish color of the skin and lips from low oxygen levels and their swollen ankles." Osebe z emfizemom se imenujejo tudi »rožnati pihači« ali »tip A« zaradi pogosto rožnate polti, hitrega diha in našobljenih ustnic, ljudi s kroničnim bronhitisom pa »modri napihnjenci« ali »tip B«, ker imajo pogosto modrikasto kožo in ustnice zaradi nizkih ravni kisika in ker jim pogosto zatekajo gležnji. 1.1333333333333333 Lung transplantation is sometimes performed for very severe COPD, particularly in younger individuals. Presaditev pljuč se včasih opravi v primeru zelo hude KOPB, še posebej pri mlajših osebah. 0.935064935064935 In this group of people, it decreases the risk of heart failure and death if used 15 hours per day and may improve people's ability to exercise. V tej skupini ljudi se tveganje za zastojno srčno odpoved in smrt zmanjša, če se kisik uporablja 15 ur na dan, poleg tega izboljšuje telesna zmogljivost. 0.9871794871794872 Some smokers can achieve long-term smoking cessation through willpower alone. Nekateri kadilci lahko dolgoročno prenehajo kaditi samo s pomočjo močne volje. 1.0608108108108107 "The diagnosis is supported by a urine test strip which is positive for ""blood"" but the urine contains no red blood cells when examined with a microscope." Diagnoza se potrdi z urinskim testom z lističem, ki je pozitiven na prisotnost krvi, vendar pa pod mikroskopom rdeče krvničke v urinu niso prisotne. 0.8518518518518519 At the individual level V Združenih državah Amerike 0.8133333333333334 Thus, treatment is often begun before cultures are confirmed. Z zdravljenjem se zato pogosto prične, še preden kulture diagnozo potrdijo. 1.0260869565217392 The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence criteria additionally require a FEV1 less than 80% of predicted. Merila, ki jih je postavil Nacionalni inštitut za klinično odličnost, dodatno zahtevajo FEV1 pod 80 % napovedanega. 0.8333333333333334 "Circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa ""reduces the acquisition of HIV by heterosexual men by between 38% and 66% over 24 months""." Študije, izvedene v podsaharski Afriki, kažejo, da imajo obrezani heteroseksualni moški od 38 do 66 % manjše tveganje za okužbo v časovnem razponu dveh let. 1.5053763440860215 More than 70% of the diners at an adjacent table fell ill; at a table on the other side of the restaurant, the infection rate was still 25%. Ob sosednjih mizah je zbolelo 70 % gostov, za najbolj oddaljeno mizo pa je zbolelo 25 % oseb. 1.1176470588235294 This is especially important for close family members, who account for most of the transmissions to young infants. To je pomembno zlasti za stanje znotraj družine, kjer se zgodi največ prenosov okužb na majhne otroke. 0.6923076923076923 Other known pathogenic mycobacteria include M. leprae, M. avium, and M. kansasii. Druge znane patogene mikobakterije so med drugim Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium avium in Mycobacterium kansasii. 1.2734375 The evidence for treatment in genotype 6 disease is sparse and what evidence there is supports 48 weeks of treatment at the same doses used for genotype 1 disease. Dokazov za zdravljenje genotipa 6 ni veliko, obstajajo le za primere z 48 tedni zdravljenja, v enakih odmerkih kot za genotip 1. 0.8502994011976048 The poor airflow is the result of breakdown of lung tissue (known as emphysema), and small airways disease known as obstructive bronchiolitis. Slab pretok je posledica okvare pljučnega tkiva (pri čemer se nabira zrak v pljučih, kar imenujemo emfizem) ter bolezni majhnih dihalnih poti (obstruktivni bronhitis). 0.8674242424242424 Chronic infections are typically asymptomatic during the first few decades, and thus are most commonly discovered following the investigation of elevated liver enzyme levels or during a routine screening of high-risk individuals. Kronični hepatitis C običajno poteka prvih nekaj desetletij brez izraženih simptomov, zato ga najpogosteje odkrijejo zaradi povišanih vrednosti jetrnih encimov, ugotovljenih s testi jetrne funkcije, ali med rutinskim presejanjem oseb iz skupin z visokim tveganjem. 0.5833333333333334 The World Health Organization operates 150 country offices in six different regions. Številni strokovnjaki SZO iz več kot 150 različnih držav delajo v 147 državah sveta, šest regionalnih uradih in v centrali - na sedežu v Ženevi. 0.8958333333333334 Silicosis increases the risk about 30-fold. Silikoza povečuje tveganje za približno 30-krat. 0.8365384615384616 This includes decreasing rates of smoking and improving indoor and outdoor air quality. Gre za prizadevanja, da se zmanjša obseg kajenja ter izboljša kakovost zraka v bivališčih in na prostem. 1.0757575757575757 A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. Na diagnozo TB pa je treba pomisliti pri pacientih z znaki pljučnega obolenja ali splošnimi simptomi, ki trajajo dlje kot dva tedna. 2.128205128205128 Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. Bedaquiline je konec 2012 FDA odobrila. 1.1214285714285714 TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the alveolar air sacs of the lungs, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Okužba TBC se začne, ko mikobakterije pridejo v pljučne alveole, kjer napadejo alveolarne makrofage in se v njihovih endosomih razmnožujejo. 0.9790209790209791 At the molecular level, viruses escape from herd immunity through antigenic drift, which is when mutations accumulate in the portion of the viral genome that encodes for the virus's surface antigen, typically a protein of the virus capsid, producing a change in the viral epitope. Na molekularni ravni to pomeni, da pride do antigenskega odmika (angl. antigenic drift), tako da se nakopiči dovolj mutacij v virusu v predelu genoma, ki zapisuje virusne antigene na njegovi površini, najpogosteje beljakovine, ki tvorijo virusno kapsido, ter se spremeni virusni epitop. 1.5681818181818181 Those responsible for the removal of the wounded from a battlefield or their care afterwards would divide the victims into three categories:Those who are likely to live, regardless of what care they receive; Tisti, ki so bili odgovorni za to, da so prenašali ranjene z bojišč ali za njihovo kasnejšo oskrbo so žrtve razdelili v tri skupine: 1.0742857142857143 The primary route of transmission in the developed world is intravenous drug use (IDU), while in the developing world the main methods are blood transfusions and unsafe medical procedures. Poglavitna pot prenosa bolezni je v razvitem svetu intravensko jemanje mamil, v razvijajočih se delih sveta pa so to predvsem transfuzije krvi in nevarni zdravstveni postopki. 1.0153846153846153 Mother-to-child transmission in Botswana and South Africa, as of 2013, has decreased to less than 5%, with improvement in many other African nations due to improved access to antiretroviral therapy. V številnih državah se je v zadnjih letih prenos iz matere na otroka znatno zmanjšal zaradi povečanega dostopa do protiretrovirusnega zdravljenja; v Bocvani in Južni Afriki je tako padel pod 5 %. 0.7692307692307693 Duties were transferred on responsible ministries. Zdravstvenim delavcem so prepovedali potovanja v kritične države. 1.0297029702970297 Respiratory infections such as pneumonia do not appear to increase the risk of COPD, at least in adults. Okužbe dihal, kot je pljučnica, naj ne bi povečevale tveganja za KOPB, kar velja predvsem za odrasle. 1.1132075471698113 More severe rhabdomyolysis is characterized by muscle pain, tenderness, weakness and swelling of the affected muscles. Hujše oblike rabdomiolize značilno spremljajo mišične bolečine, oslabljenost in otekanje prizadetih mišic. 0.9516129032258065 Tuberculosis may infect any part of the body, but most commonly occurs in the lungs (known as pulmonary tuberculosis). Tuberkuloza lahko okuži katerikoli del telesa, najpogosteje pa se pojavi v pljučih (po tem poznana kot pljučna tuberkuloza). 1.280701754385965 For PoCT a single specimen of blood is usually obtained by skin puncture. Za PoCT se običajno jemlje s punkcijo en sam vzorec krvi. 1.072992700729927 The vaccine is reformulated each season for a few specific flu strains but does not include all the strains active in the world during that season. Cepivo je vsako sezono reformulirano in zajema določene seve virusa gripe, vendar ne pokriva vseh sevov, ki so v določeni sezoni aktivni. 0.8674698795180723 Keeping people from starting smoking is a key aspect of preventing COPD. Skrb za to, da ljudje sploh ne začnejo kaditi, je ključni vidik preprečevanja KOPB. 0.9361702127659575 The disease also has large economic impacts. Bolezen povzroča tudi veliko gospodarsko breme. 0.9038461538461539 The TLC may be reduced through alveolar wall thickening; however, this is not always the case. Skupna pljučna kapaciteta se lahko zmanjša preko alveolarne odebelitve stene, vendar ni vedno temu tako. 0.8324022346368715 The organization develops and promotes the use of evidence-based tools, norms and standards to support member states to inform health policy options. Izvaja zdravstvene raziskave, postavlja norme in standarde, oblikuje na dokazih temelječe politike, zagotavlja tehnično podporo državam ter nadzira in ocenjuje zdravstvene trende. 1.0277777777777777 Hyperinflation from exercise is linked to shortness of breath in COPD, as breathing in is less comfortable when the lungs are already partly filled. Hiperinflacija zaradi telesne dejavnosti je pri KOPB povezana z zasoplostjo in kratko sapo, saj je težje vdihniti, če so pljuča deloma že polna. 1.0403225806451613 In those with advanced disease, palliative care may reduce symptoms, with morphine improving the feelings of shortness of breath. Pri osebah z napredovalno boleznijo lahko paliativna oskrba zmanjša simptome; morfij pri tem izboljšuje občutek kratke sape. 1.0888888888888888 This form of disease is called bullous emphysema. Ta oblika bolezni se imenuje bulozni emfizem. 0.9847328244274809 Symptoms may include a severe headache of rapid onset, vomiting, decreased level of consciousness, fever, and sometimes seizures. Simptomi SAK so hud glavobol, ki nastopi nenadoma, bruhanje, zmedenost ali spremenjeno stanje zavesti in včasih epileptični napadi. 0.8235294117647058 The exact symptoms of a chemical burn depend on the chemical involved. Točni simptomi kemične opekline se razlikujejo, odvisno od vpletene kemijske spojine. 0.7634408602150538 A few cases of a very rare disease may be classified as an epidemic, while many cases of a common disease (such as the common cold) would not. Definicija je tako odvisna od pričakovane pogostosti bolezni: nekaj primerov redke bolezni v populaciji označujemo za epidemijo, medtem ko mnogo več primerov pogoste, npr. prehlada, ne. 0.8357142857142857 China and the United States had problems with the reliability of test kits early in the outbreak, and these countries and Australia were unable to supply enough kits to satisfy demand and recommendations for testing by health experts. Kitajska in ZDA sta imeli težave z zanesljivostjo testnih kompletov že v začetku izbruha, nista bili sposobni zagotoviti komplete v količinah, ki bi zadovoljile povpraševanje in priporočila za testiranje zdravstvenih strokovnjakov (o podobnih težavah poročajo tudi v Avstraliji). 0.8108108108108109 The amount of sputum produced can change over hours to days. Količina proizvedenega izmečka se lahko v času nekaj ur ali dni spreminja. 1.0 In 1994, Bradley sued Chiron, seeking to invalidate the patent, have himself included as a coinventor, and receive damages and royalty income. Leta 1994 je Bradley tožil Chiron in zahteval razveljavitev patenta, priznanje kot soodkritelja in odškodnino ter dohodke iz avtorskih pravic. 1.347457627118644 In Canada the cost of a course of antiviral treatment is as high as 30,000 CAD in 2003, while the United States costs are between 9,200 and 17,600 in 1998 USD. V Kanadi so stroški protivirusnega zdravljenja leta 2003 znašali tudi do 30.000 CAD, v ZDA pa med 9.200 in 17.600 USD. 1.419607843137255 "After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it was put on a notifiable-disease list in Britain; campaigns started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were ""encouraged"" to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons (the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention)." "Začeli so s kampanjami,da ljudje nehajo pljuvati na javnih mestih, okužene revne ljudi pa so ""vzpodbujali"", da gredo v zaporom podobne sanatorije (v zdraviliščih za srednji in višji razred so bolniki dobivali odlično nego in stalno zdravniško pomoč)." 0.9338842975206612 This severe form of TB disease, most common in young children and those with HIV, is called miliary tuberculosis. Ta huda oblika tuberkuloze se imenuje miliarna tuberkuloza in je najbolj pogosta pri majhnih otrocih in pri osebah s HIV. 1.144578313253012 Part of this cell response is brought on by inflammatory mediators such as chemotactic factors. Odziv celic je delno posledica vnetnih mediatorjev, kot so kemotaktični dejavniki. 0.9580838323353293 In severe cases, the drastic reduction in lung function due to the stiffening of the lungs and reduced TLC may induce right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale). V najhujših primerih lahko drastično zmanjšanje delovanja pljuč zaradi njihove otrdelosti in zmanjšane skupne kapacitete pljuč povzroči desnostransko srčno popuščanje. 0.9315068493150684 The mainstay of treatment is large quantities of intravenous fluids. Glavni način zdravljenja je intravensko dajanje velikih količin tekočine. 1.1538461538461537 This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones. Ta prenos preko krvi lahko povzroči širjenje okužbe na bolj oddaljene točke, kot so periferne bezgavke, ledvice, možgani in kosti. 1.2972972972972974 In severe COPD, vigorous coughing may lead to rib fractures or to a brief loss of consciousness. Pretiran kašelj lahko povzroči zlom reber ali kratkotrajno izgubo zavesti. 0.9074074074074074 Using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) the test can be done on respiratory samples obtained by various methods, including a nasopharyngeal swab or sputum sample. Z verižno reakcijo s polimerazo za reverzno transkripcijo v realnem času (rRT-PCR) se lahko test opravi na dihalnih vzorcih dihal, dobljenih na različne načine, tako z nazofaringealnim brisom ali iz vzorca izpljunka. 0.7733333333333333 For sexually transmitted infections (STIs), high levels of immunity in one sex induces herd immunity for both sexes. Pri spolno prenosljivih boleznih (SPB) lahko visoka stopnja imunosti pri posameznikih enega spola zagotovi čredno imunost, ki zaščiti tudi drugi spol. 1.0314465408805031 In one incident, a person who vomited spread infection across a restaurant, suggesting that many unexplained cases of food poisoning may have their source in vomit. Znan je primer, ko je bolnica, ki je bruhala v restavraciji, okužila številne goste in prvotno so domnevali, da je bolezen teh gostov povzročila okužena hrana. 0.8 A number of targets they set were not achieved by 2015, mostly due to the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis and the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis. Cilja za leto 2015 verjetno ne bo mogoče doseči, predvsem zaradi porasta v primerih s HIV povezane tuberkuloze in zaradi pojava tuberkuloze, odporne proti več zdravilom (»multiple drug-resistant«, skrajšano MDR-TB). 1.2110091743119267 According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, the genus Norovirus has one species, which is called Norwalk virus. Po Mednarodnem komiteju za taksonomijo virusov spada v rod norovirusov le ena vrsta, in sicer virusi Norwalk. 1.0851063829787233 These potential new treatments have come about due to a better understanding of the hepatitis C virus. Do teh kandidatov za nova zdravila je prišlo zaradi vse boljšega poznavanja virusa hepatitisa. 1.009478672985782 "Hong Kong has set up a scheme where suspected patients can stay home, ""[the] emergency department will give a specimen tube to the patient"", they spit into it, send it back and get a test result a while after." "Hong Kong je vzpostavil shemo, po kateri lahko osumljeni bolniki ostanejo doma, ""urgentni oddelek bo pacientu dal cevko za vzorec"", bolnik pljune vanjo in jo pošlje nazaj, čez nekaj časa dobi rezultat testa." 0.9397590361445783 Some people may benefit from long-term oxygen therapy or lung transplantation. Za nekatere ljudi je rešitev dolgoročna terapija s kisikom ali pa presaditev pljuč. 1.0638297872340425 Koch did not believe the cattle and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection. Koch ni verjel, da bi si goveja in človeška oblika tuberkuloze bili podobni, tako da so okuženo mleko kot vir okužbe prepoznali šele kasneje. 1.06 Advanced COPD leads to high pressure on the lung arteries, which strains the right ventricle of the heart. V poznem stadiju KOPB vodi do visokega tlaka v pljučnih arterijah, ki obremenjuje desni prekat srca. 1.174757281553398 In Canada and Australia, tuberculosis is many times more common among the aboriginal peoples, especially in remote areas. V Kanadi in Avstraliji je tuberkuloza veliko bolj pogosta med staroselci, zlasti v oddaljenih območjih. 0.9381443298969072 Norovirus results in about 685 million cases of disease and 200,000 deaths globally a year. Norovirusi vsako leto okužijo v svetu okoli 267 milijona ljudi in povzročijo okoli 200.000 smrti. 1.1981981981981982 One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while the other strategy is attempting to create new and better live vaccines. Pri enem se BCG dodaja cepivo za podenoto, pri drugi strategiji pa se skuša razviti nova in boljša živa cepiva. 1.0 PMID 11205849. PMID 11005523. 0.9430051813471503 Application of a vaginal gel containing tenofovir (a reverse transcriptase inhibitor) immediately before sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40% among African women. Za vaginalni gel s tenofovirjem, zaviralcem reverzne transkriptaze, ob uporabi neposredno pred spolnim odnosom podatki na afriških ženskah kažejo na zmanjšanje tveganja za okužbo za okoli 40 %. 0.905982905982906 Once a certain threshold has been reached, herd immunity gradually eliminates a disease from a population. Če se v populaciji doseže določen prag imunosti, se s pomočjo čredne imunosti lahko določena bolezem sčasoma odpravi. 1.2134831460674158 He died there of septic shock only 14 days later, possibly as the result of being severely beaten by guards. Umrl je dva tedna kasneje zaradi sepse, verjetno kot posledica grobega ravnanja paznikov. 1.4351145038167938 Asbestosis is the scarring of lung tissue (beginning around terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts and extending into the alveolar walls) resulting from the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Azbestoza je brazgotinjenje pljučnega tkiva (okoli bronhiolov in alveolarnih kanalov), ki so posledica vdihavanja azbestnih vlaken. 1.2921810699588476 Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura (in tuberculous pleurisy), the central nervous system (in tuberculous meningitis), the lymphatic system (in scrofula of the neck), the genitourinary system (in urogenital tuberculosis), and the bones and joints (in Pott disease of the spine), among others. Do zunajpljučne okužbe pogosto pride na poprsnici (tuberkulozni plevritis), osrednjem živčevju (tuberkulozni meningitis), limfnem sistemu (skrofula vratu), sečilih (urogenitalna tuberkuloza) ter okostju in sklepih (Pottova bolezen hrbtenjače). 1.0 Some models, such as the START model may be algorithm-based. Nekateri modeli, kot START model, pa temeljijo na algoritmu. 1.0598290598290598 "The term ""chronic bronchitis"" came into use in 1808 while the term ""COPD"" is believed to have first been used in 1965." Izraz kronični bronhitis so začeli uporabljati leta 1808, medtem ko so izraz KOPB verjetno prvič uporabili leta 1965. 0.9506172839506173 India had the highest total number of TB cases worldwide in 2010, in part due to poor disease management within the private and public health care sector. Indija je v letu 2010 imela najvišjo skupno število primerov tuberkuloze po svetu, delno zaradi slabe skrbi za bolezen v zasebnem in javnem zdravstvenem sektorju. 1.1789473684210525 The immunization was called vaccination because it was derived from a virus affecting cows (Latin: vacca 'cow'). Izraz »vakcinacija« izvira prav iz Jennerjevega odkritja oz. iz latinske besede vacca za kravo. 0.7012987012987013 This is expected to more than double by the year 2030. Pričakovati je, da se bo ta številka v naslednjih 20 letih najmanj podvojila. 1.5384615384615385 The virus persists in the liver in about 75% to 85% of those initially infected. Virus vztraja v jetrih pri okoli 85 % okuženih oseb. 1.2171052631578947 These conditions include ischemic heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, lung cancer, anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, and depression. To so med drugim: ishemične bolezni srca, visok krvni tlak, diabetes mellitus, oslabitve mišic, osteoporoza, pljučni rak, anksiozna motnja in depresija. 0.8951048951048951 In drive-through testing for COVID‑19 for suspected cases, a healthcare professional takes sample using appropriate precautions. Pri testiranju na COVID-19 s testirano osebo v avtomobilu, zdravstveni delavec skozi odprto okno vzame vzorec z ustreznimi varnostnimi ukrepi. 0.9733333333333334 They are also associated with increased risk of heart disease and stroke. Povezani so tudi s povečanim tveganjem za bolezni srca in za možgansko kap. 0.6645962732919255 Bacillus anthracis is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium about 1 by 9 μm in size. Bacillus anthracis je grampozitivna aerobna bakterija paličaste oblike dolžine od 1-9 μm, ki je široko prisotna na kopnem po celotnem svetu in lahko tvori spore. 1.0 South Africa has the largest population of people with HIV of any country in the world at 5.9 million. Južna Afrika je država z največjim številom okuženih prebivalcev (leta 2010 jih je bilo 5,9 milijona). 2.169230769230769 Born on 18 January 1979, in the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, Varadkar is the third child and only son of Ashok and Miriam (née Howell) Varadkar. Rodil se je v Dublinu kot tretji otrok Ashoka in Mirjam Varadkar. 1.4390243902439024 However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then transferred to humans, or whether both bovine and human tuberculosis diverged from a common ancestor, remains unclear. Zaenkrat pa ni jasno, ali ima tuberkuloza izvor pri govedu, s kasnejšim prenosom na ljudi, ali pa gre za skupnega prednika. 1.00625 Noroviruses from genogroup II, genotype 4 (abbreviated as GII.4) account for the majority of adult outbreaks of gastroenteritis and often sweep across the globe. Norovirus, ki med odraslimi povzroči največ izbruhov gastroenteritisa, spada v genetsko skupino II in genotip 4 (okrajšano GII.4) ter se pojavlja po vsem svetu. 0.9270833333333334 Smoking bans in public areas and places of work are important measures to decrease exposure to secondhand smoke, and while many places have instituted bans, more are recommended. Prepoved kajenja na javnih mestih in delovnih mestih so pomembni ukrepi, ki zmanjšujejo izpostavljenost pasivnemu kajenju in čeprav prepoved že mnogo kje velja, bi jo bilo vredno še razširiti. 1.3740458015267176 Microorganisms do not develop resistance to vaccines because a vaccine enhances the body's immune system, whereas an antibiotic operates separately from the body's normal defenses. Cepiva z odpornostjo nimajo problema, saj jačajo lastno sposobnost telesa; antibiotik deluje neodvisno od lastne obrambe mehanizma. 1.3275862068965518 The number of deaths is projected to increase further because of higher smoking rates in the developing world, and an ageing population in many countries. Število smrtnih žrtev naj bi se v številnih državah zaradi višjih stopenj kajenja in staranja prebivalstva povečalo. 0.706766917293233 Hopes of completely eliminating TB ended with the rise of drug-resistant strains in the 1980s. Upanje, da se tuberkulozo popolnoma odpravi (gl koze), se je v osemdesetih letih razblinilo s pojavom proti zdravilom odpornih sevov. 1.295774647887324 "Tattoos or piercings performed either before the mid-1980s, ""underground,"" or nonprofessionally are of particular concern, since sterile techniques in such settings may be lacking." Tetoviranja ali pirsingi, ki se opravljajo neprofesionalno, so posebno vprašljivi, ker so tehnike sterilizacije v takih razmerah pomanjkljive. 0.9464285714285714 The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Proces razširjanja in uporabe cepiv imenujemo cepljenje. 1.4027777777777777 Leo Eric Varadkar ( və-RAD-kər; born 18 January 1979) is an Irish Fine Gael politician and physician. Leo Eric Varadkar, irski politik in zdravnik, * 18. januar 1979, Dublin.