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what is the name of alcinous's wife the queen of phaecia in the odyssey | Nausicaa - wikipedia
Nausicaa (/ nɔːˈsɪkiə /; Greek: Ναυσικάα or Ναυσικᾶ, pronounced (na͜ʊsikâa); also Nausicaä, Nausikaa) is a character in Homer 's Odyssey. She is the daughter of King Alcinous (Αλκίνοος, Alkínoös) and Queen Arete of Phaeacia. Her name, in Greek, means "burner of ships '' (ναῦς: ship; κάω: to burn).
In Book Six of the Odyssey, Odysseus is shipwrecked on the coast of the island of Scheria (Phaeacia in some translations). Nausicaä and her handmaidens go to the sea - shore to wash clothes. Awoken by their games, Odysseus emerges from the forest completely naked, scaring the servants away, and begs Nausicaä for aid. Nausicaä gives Odysseus some of the laundry to wear, and takes him to the edge of the town. Realizing that rumors might arise if Odysseus is seen with her, she and the servants go ahead into town. But first she advises Odysseus to go directly to Alcinous ' house and make his case to Nausicaä 's mother, Arete. Arete is known as wiser even than Alcinous, and Alcinous trusts her judgment. Odysseus follows this advice, approaching Arete and winning her approval, and is received as a guest by Alcinous.
During his stay, Odysseus recounts his adventures to Alcinous and his court. This recounting forms a substantial portion of the Odyssey. Alcinous then generously provides Odysseus with the ships that finally bring him home to Ithaca.
Nausicaä is young and very pretty; Odysseus says that she resembles a goddess, particularly Artemis. Nausicaä is known to have several brothers. According to Aristotle and Dictys of Crete, Nausicaä later married Telemachus, the son of Odysseus, and had a son named Ptoliporthus.
Homer gives a literary account of love never expressed (possibly one of the earliest examples of unrequited love in literature). While she is presented as a potential love interest to Odysseus -- she says to her friend that she would like her husband to be like him, and her father tells Odysseus he would let him marry her -- no romantic relationship takes place between the pair. Nausicaä is also a mother figure for Odysseus; she ensures Odysseus ' return home, and thus says "Never forget me, for I gave you life, '' indicating her status as a "new mother '' in Odysseus ' rebirth. Odysseus never tells Penelope about his encounter with Nausicaä, out of all the women he met on his long journey home. Some suggest this indicates a deeper level of feeling for the young woman.
The 2nd century BC grammarian Agallis attributed the invention of ball games to Nausicaä, most likely because Nausicaä was the first person in literature to be described playing with a ball. (Herodotus 1.94 attributes the invention of games including ballgames to the Lydians.)
An asteroid discovered in the year 1879, 192 Nausikaa, is named after her.
Friedrich Nietzsche, in Beyond Good and Evil, said: "One should part from life as Odysseus parted from Nausicaa -- blessing it rather than in love with it. ''
In his 1892 lecture, "The Humor of Homer '' (collected in his Selected Essays), Samuel Butler concludes that Nausicaa was the real author of the Odyssey, since the laundry scene is more realistic and plausible than many other scenes in the epic. His theory that the Odyssey was written by a woman was further developed in his 1897 book The Authoress of the Odyssey.
An episode in James Joyce 's Ulysses echoes the "Nausicaa '' story to a degree: the character Gerty McDowell (Nausicaa 's analogue) tempts Bloom.
In 1907, the Hungarian composer Zoltán Kodály wrote the song "Nausikaa '' to a poem by Aranka Bálint. Kodály showed great interest in Greek antiquity in his whole life: he not only studied the language thoroughly and read up on the different editions of Homer 's Iliad and Odysseus, but he also planned an opera about the latter figure since 1906. Only one song, "Nausikaa '', survived from this opera plan.
In 1915 the Polish composer Karol Szymanowski completed Métopes, Op. 29. It is a cycle of three miniature tone poems drawing on Greek mythology. Each of the three movements features a female character encountered by Odysseus on his homeward voyage. The movements are: "The Isle of the Sirens '', "Calypso '' and "Nausicaa ''.
William Faulkner named the cruise ship Nausikaa in his 1927 novel Mosquitoes.
Armenian poet, prose writer Yeghishe Charents wrote his poem "Navzike '' in 1936 about longing for his Nausicaa, himself being "lost '' in the political storms of the forties.
Robert Graves ' 1955 novel Homer 's Daughter presents Nausicaa as the author of the Odyssey, which draws on experiences and influences of her own life.
The Australian composer Peggy Glanville - Hicks wrote an opera entitled Nausicaa (libretto by Robert Graves), first performed in 1961 at the Athens Festival.
The Nobel Prize - winning Saint Lucian poet Derek Walcott 's poem "Sea Grapes '' alludes to Nausicaa.
The manga and 1984 anime film Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki, was indirectly inspired by the character in the Odyssey. Miyazaki read a description of Nausicaa in a Japanese translation of Bernard Evslin 's anthology of Greek mythology, which portrayed her as a lover of nature. Miyazaki added other elements based on Japanese short stories and animist tradition.
In 1991, the public aquarium Nausicaä Centre National de la Mer, one of the largest in Europe, opened in Boulogne - sur - Mer in France.
In 2010, the band Glass Wave recorded a song entitled "Nausicaa '', sung in the voice of the Phaeacian maiden.
Nausicaans are a race of tall, strong, aggressive humanoids in the Star Trek universe.
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how many joint are in the human body | Talk: joint - Wikipedia
If someone can provide a full diagram of a skeleton with the most notable joints (and their names) it would be great...
Articulation (anatomy) redirects here, but is not explained here. -- Austrian 15: 04, 14 January 2006 (UTC)
synovial joints redirects here, but there is a separate article for synovial joints. JohnJohn 01: 51, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
The knee is a complex, compound, condyloid variety of a synovial joint which hovers. It actually comprises two separate joints.
As stated in Knee
This is also true according to my text book: Mosby 's Essential Sciences for Theraputic Massage - Anatomy, Physiology, Biomechanics, and Pathology by Sandy Fritz
domspe 02: 13, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
Synchondrosis redirects here, but synchondrosis is NOT a joint (diarthrosis), it 's the opposite - synarthrosis - an imobile connection of two bones.
Edit - Hmm well I guess it 's ok, thoguh my study literature says that joints are only diartroses and that imobile junctures are n't joints...
-- The preceding unsigned comment was added by EerieNight (talk contribs) 10: 58, 16 May 2007 (UTC).
Anybody know the total number of joints in the human body?
There are 8 joints in your body. -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.230. 107.197 (talk) 06: 28, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
I think s / he means there are 8 main joints -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.163. 122.185 (talk) 20: 20, 3 November 2009 (UTC)
According to my information there are 360 joints in human body. can any doctor / orthopaedic can confirm this?
yes, there are 360 joints in human body what will be crystal clear to you if you go through the authentic medical web links like
http://www.healthmd.com/joint-pain.htm
http://www.mplsortho.com/faq/#how-many-joints (home page http://www.mplsortho.com/)
http://www.theboneandjointcenterofseattle.com/seattle-bone-joint-center.html
http://www.atozmenopause.com/joint_pain.html
http://jointstress.com/
http://www.mplsortho.com/faq/#how-many-joints (their home page http://www.mplsortho.com/index.php)
http://www.foodforyourcells.com/jointsandmuscles.html
http://www.avvo.com/doctors/thomas-tanous-3001424.html
http://www.melbourneosteo.com.au/2011/10/back-pain-posture-and-muscle-imbalance/ (the above site clarifies the confusion also by providing the important information i.e; There are 86 skull joints, 6 throat joints, 66 thorax joints and 76 in your spine and pelvis. Also there are 32 in each upper limb and 31 in each lower limb. The skull is probably where a lot of the confusion lies, as even though the joints do not move very much, they do move to some degree -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 182.185. 171.219 (talk) 16: 31, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
http://www.livestrong.com/article/367595-herbs-for-joint-care/
www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx? id = 6442457984
-- Preceding unsigned comment added by 182.185. 252.43 (talk) 14: 39, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
Most of the above links do not work about 360 joints, and those who do work are not reliable sources. This is a contested subject because lately, some old islamic sources came to surface that there are 360 joints in a human body and so today there is a strong bias on the internet posting the number 360 for number of joints. Few years ago when I looked, the number of joints was less than 360, and so we need a reliable source. -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Kmazzawi (talk contribs) 14: 50, 4 March 2014 (UTC)
In summary there is no definate answer to this question but the number is likely to be about 250 - 350.
Most of links are misled by some common Islamic conception of 360 joints which does n't make sense. -- Almuhammedi (talk) 20: 18, 8 July 2015 (UTC)
How can you have 360 joints if you only have 206 bones? -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Longinus876 (talk contribs) 14: 01, 18 August 2015 (UTC)
Can anyone explatin about revolute joint with diagram? -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.17. 33.117 (talk) 01: 40, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
I have an issue with the redirect from articulation to joint, as this article is about vertebrate anatomy only, but e.g. in trilobites, insects or spiders, this concept is also being used. -- Dwergenpaartje (talk) 11: 57, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
The list of joints in this subsection does not mention intracranial joints, such are described in the article Cranial kinesis. The concept is not controversial, so it seems strange to me that intracranial joints are not on the list. There ought to be good sources on the subject available to whomever wishes to flesh out the subject with respect to Anatomical. On second thought, is this article about synovial joints only? If so, it ought to make that much clearer. -- Quisqualis (talk) 23: 16, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
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companies that use pii or spii of individuals are known as | Personally identifiable information - wikipedia
Personally identifiable information (PII), or sensitive personal information (SPI), as used in information security and privacy laws, is information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify, contact, or locate a single person, or to identify an individual in context. The abbreviation PII is widely accepted in the U.S. context, but the phrase it abbreviates has four common variants based on personal / personally, and identifiable / identifying. Not all are equivalent, and for legal purposes the effective definitions vary depending on the jurisdiction and the purposes for which the term is being used. (In other countries with privacy protection laws derived from the OECD privacy principles, the term used is more often "personal information '', which may be somewhat broader: in Australia 's Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) "personal information '' also includes information from which the person 's identity is "reasonably ascertainable '', potentially covering some information not covered by PII.) In European data protection law, which centres primarily around the General Data Protection Regulation, there is no concept of PII. Instead, the term "personal data '', which is significantly broader, determines the scope of the regulatory regime.
NIST Special Publication 800 - 122 defines PII as "any information about an individual maintained by an agency, including (1) any information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual 's identity, such as name, social security number, date and place of birth, mother 's maiden name, or biometric records; and (2) any other information that is linked or linkable to an individual, such as medical, educational, financial, and employment information. '' So, for example, a user 's IP address is not classed as PII on its own, but is classified as linked PII (see Section 3.3. 3 Under "Identifiability '' for more detail). Also see federal judge ruling in the District of New Jersey dismissed on the pleadings a VPPA claim against Viacom on the grounds that device identifiers, cookie IDs, and IP addresses when linked to video titles are not personally identifiable information.
The concept of PII has become prevalent as information technology and the Internet have made it easier to collect PII through breaches of Internet security, network security and web browser security, leading to a profitable market in collecting and reselling PII. PII can also be exploited by criminals to stalk or steal the identity of a person, or to aid in the planning of criminal acts. As a response to these threats, many website privacy policies specifically address the gathering of PII, and lawmakers have enacted a series of legislations to limit the distribution and accessibility of PII.
However, PII is a legal concept, not a technical concept, and as noted, it is not utilised in all jurisdictions. Because of the versatility and power of modern re-identification algorithms, the absence of PII data does not mean that the remaining data does not identify individuals. While some attributes may not be uniquely identifying on their own, any attribute can be potentially identifying in combination with others. These attributes have been referred to as quasi-identifiers or pseudo-identifiers. While such data may not constitute PII in the United States, it is highly likely to remain personal data under European data protection law.
The following data, often used for the express purpose of distinguishing individual identity, clearly classify as PII under the definition used by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (described in detail below):
The following are less often used to distinguish individual identity, because they are traits shared by many people. However, they are potentially PII, because they may be combined with other personal information to identify an individual.
When a person wishes to remain anonymous, descriptions of them will often employ several of the above, such as "a 34 - year - old white male who works at Target ''. Note that information can still be private, in the sense that a person may not wish for it to become publicly known, without being personally identifiable. Moreover, sometimes multiple pieces of information, none sufficient by itself to uniquely identify an individual, may uniquely identify a person when combined; this is one reason that multiple pieces of evidence are usually presented at criminal trials. It has been shown that, in 1990, 87 % of the population of the United States could be uniquely identified by gender, ZIP code, and full date of birth.
In hacker and Internet slang, the practice of finding and releasing such information is called "doxing ''. It is sometimes used to deter collaboration with law enforcement. On occasion, the doxing can trigger an arrest, particularly if law enforcement agencies suspect that the "doxed '' individual may panic and disappear.
The U.S. government used the term "personally identifiable '' in 2007 in a memorandum from the Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and that usage now appears in US standards such as the NIST Guide to Protecting the Confidentiality of Personally Identifiable Information (SP 800 - 122). The OMB memorandum defines PII as follows:
Information which can be used to distinguish or trace an individual 's identity, such as their name, social security number, biometric records, etc. alone, or when combined with other personal or identifying information which is linked or linkable to a specific individual, such as date and place of birth, mother 's maiden name, etc.
A term similar to PII, "personal data '' is defined in EU directive 95 / 46 / EC, for the purposes of the directive:
Article 2a: ' personal data ' shall mean any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (' data subject '); an identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural or social identity;
However, in the EU rules, there has been a clearer notion that the data subject can potentially be identified through additional processing of other attributes -- quasi - or pseudo-identifiers. In the EU General Data Protection Regulation, this has been formalized in Article 4: a "data subject '' is one "who can be identified, directly or indirectly, by means reasonably likely to be used by the controller or by any other natural or legal person ''. The GDPR becomes enforceable on 25th May 2018.
Another term similar to PII, "personal information '' is defined in a section of the California data breach notification law, SB1386:
(e) For purposes of this section, "personal information '' means an individual 's first name or first initial and last name in combination with any one or more of the following data elements, when either the name or the data elements are not encrypted: (1) Social security number. (2) Driver 's license number or California Identification Card number. (3) Account number, credit or debit card number, in combination with any required security code, access code, or password that would permit access to an individual 's financial account. (f) For purposes of this section, "personal information '' does not include publicly available information that is lawfully made available to the general public from federal, state, or local government records.
The concept of information combination given in the SB1386 definition is key to correctly distinguishing PII, as defined by OMB, from "personal information '', as defined by SB1386. Information, such as a name, that lacks context can not be said to be SB1386 "personal information '', but it must be said to be PII as defined by OMB. For example, the name John Smith has no meaning in the current context and is therefore not SB1386 "personal information '', but it is PII. A Social Security Number (SSN) without a name or some other associated identity or context information is not SB1386 "personal information '', but it is PII. For example, the SSN 078 - 05 - 1120 by itself is PII, but it is not SB1386 "personal information ''. However the combination of a valid name with the correct SSN is SB1386 "personal information ''.
The combination of a name with a context may also be considered PII; for example, if a person 's name is on a list of patients for an HIV clinic. However, it is not necessary for the name to be combined with a context in order for it to be PII. The reason for this distinction is that bits of information such as names, although they may not be sufficient by themselves to make an identification, may later be combined with other information to identify persons and expose them to harm.
According to the OMB, it is not always the case that PII is "sensitive '', and context may be taken into account in deciding whether certain PII is or is not sensitive.
In Australia, the Privacy Act 1988 deals with the protection of individual privacy, using the OECD Privacy Principles from the 1980s to set up a broad, principles - based regulatory model (unlike in the US, where coverage is generally not based on broad principles but on specific technologies, business practices or data items). Section 6 has the relevant definition. The critical detail is that the definition of ' personal information ' also applies to where the individual can be indirectly identified:
"personal information '' means information or an opinion (including information or an opinion forming part of a database), whether true or not, and whether recorded in a material form or not, about an individual whose identity is apparent, or can reasonably be ascertained, from the information or opinion. (emphasis added)
This raises the question of reasonableness: assume it is theoretically possible to identify a person from core information which say does NOT include a simple name and address, but does contain clues which could be pursued to ascertain who it relates to. Just how much extra effort or difficulty would such a step need before we could clearly say that the identity could NOT be "reasonably ascertained '' from it?
For instance, if the information involves an IP address, and the relevant ISP stores logs which could easily be inspected (if you had sufficient legal justification) to re-link the IP address to the account holder, can their identity be "reasonably ascertained ''? If such linking used to be expensive, slow and difficult, but becomes easier, does this change the answer at some point?
It appears that this definition is significantly broader than the Californian example given above, and thus that Australian privacy law, while in some respects weakly enforced, may cover a broader category of data and information than in some US law. In particular, online behavioral advertising businesses based in the US but surreptitiously collecting information from people in other countries in the form of cookies, bugs, trackers and the like may find that their preference to avoid the implications of wanting to build a psychographic profile of a particular person using the rubric of ' we do n't collect personal information ' may find that this does not make sense under a broader definition like that in the Australian Privacy Act.
As noted above, European data protection law does not utilise the concept of PII, and its scope is instead determined by non-synonymous, wider concept of "personal data ''.
Further examples can be found on the EU privacy website.
The twelve Information Privacy Principles of the Privacy Act 1993 apply.
The Federal Act on Data Protection of 19 June 1992 (in force since 1993) has set up a strict protection of privacy by prohibiting virtually any processing of personal data which is not expressly authorized by the data subjects. The protection is subject to the authority of the Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner.
Additionally, any person may ask in writing a company (managing data files) the correction or deletion of any personal data. The company must respond within thirty days.
The Privacy Act of 1974 (Pub. L. 93 -- 579, 88 Stat. 1896, enacted December 31, 1974, 5 U.S.C. § 552a), a United States federal law, establishes a Code of Fair Information Practice that governs the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of personally identifiable information about individuals that is maintained in systems of records by federal agencies.
One of the primary focuses of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), is to protect a patient 's Protected Health Information (PHI), which is similar to PII. The U.S. Senate proposed the Privacy Act of 2005, which attempted to strictly limit the display, purchase, or sale of PII without the person 's consent. Similarly, the (proposed) Anti-Phishing Act of 2005 attempted to prevent the acquiring of PII through phishing.
U.S. lawmakers have paid special attention to the social security number because it can be easily used to commit identity theft. The (proposed) Social Security Number Protection Act of 2005 and (proposed) Identity Theft Prevention Act of 2005 each sought to limit the distribution of an individual 's social security number.
In forensics, particularly the identification and prosecution of criminals, personally identifiable information is critical in establishing evidence in criminal procedure. Criminals may go to great trouble to avoid leaving any PII, such as by:
In some professions, it is dangerous for a person 's identity to become known, because this information might be exploited violently by their enemies; for example, their enemies might hunt them down or kidnap loved ones to force them to cooperate. For this reason, the United States Department of Defense (DoD) has strict policies controlling release of PII of DoD personnel. Many intelligence agencies have similar policies, sometimes to the point where employees do not disclose to their friends that they work for the agency.
Similar identity protection concerns exist for witness protection programs, women 's shelters, and victims of domestic violence and other threats.
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when does big leave carrie at the altar | Mr. Big (Sex and the City) - wikipedia
Harriet Preston (mother)
John James "Mr. Big '' Preston is a recurring fictional character in the HBO series Sex and the City, portrayed by Chris Noth. He is the primary on - and - off love interest of the series ' protagonist, Carrie Bradshaw, who usually simply refers to him as "Big ''.
According to accounts in the press, the Mr. Big character was based on publishing executive Ron Galotti, former publisher of GQ and Talk. Bushnell told New York Magazine in 2004, "He was one of those New York guys with a big personality -- you just notice him as soon as he walks in the room, '' and "I called him Mr. Big because he was like a big man on campus. '' Big appeared in Comcast 's list of TV 's Most Intriguing Characters.
"Big '' appears in the first episode of Sex and the City as a very attractive stranger who helps Carrie pick up the contents of her purse (notably cosmetics and condoms) after she is accidentally bumped by a stranger on the streets of Manhattan. The nickname "Big '' refers to his status as a "major tycoon, major dreamboat, and majorly out of (Carrie 's) league ''. (His real name is not revealed to viewers until the final episode of the series; in a running joke, whenever Carrie is about to introduce Mr. Big to another character onscreen, she is interrupted before she can say his name.) When Carrie and her friend Samantha bump into Big at a nightclub, Samantha tries to hit on him, but he tactfully declines. In the first few episodes, he and Carrie frequently bump into one another, until finally Big suggests the two of them should "bump into one another on purpose ''. Carrie agrees and thus begins their on - again - off - again relationship. Big calls Carrie by the nickname "Kid ''. When Carrie asks Big if he has ever been in love, he replies, "Ab - so - fucking - lutely ''.
Carrie eventually falls in love with Big, despite his fear of commitment. His reserved communication on relationship issues and Carrie 's coping with the ambiguity are a frequent plot device. Carrie repeatedly returns to the relationship even though he is clearly emotionally unavailable to her and unable to meet her needs. Although it appears Mr. Big was emotionally crippled by a series of failed relationships, the subject is often glossed over as him simply being selfish. Mr. Big 's tendency to take major emotional steps in the relationship more slowly than Carrie is often portrayed as emotional unavailability rather than the caution born of a repeatedly broken heart. Carrie 's misinterpretation of Mr. Big 's inner turmoil as unreachable distance often creates larger issues because of her misplaced feelings of unworthiness, and due to her propensity for not communicating truthfully until too late, results in a lot of painful misunderstandings. Carrie accepts no responsibility for her impatience and lack of empathy, often issuing ultimatums (I.e. first break - up), and Big ca n't shed his ingrained emotional pessimism to fully embrace Carrie as a partner. They break up repeatedly, over the course of two years for those reasons, before Big marries a gorgeous twenty - six - year - old socialite and Ralph Lauren employee named Natasha (Bridget Moynahan) after dating her for only five months. This hurts Carrie, as she wonders why he could take steps with Natasha that he refused to take with Carrie. It becomes obvious later that Mr. Big had simply skipped many of the important emotional steps before marriage, many of which he had definitely, if slowly, taken with Carrie, ironically creating the problems of distance and unavailability between Big and Natasha, which Carrie had so feared in their own relationship.
Within seven months of his marriage, he begins to chafe at his matrimonial bonds and pines for Carrie; he initiates an affair with her. Carrie, who is in a committed relationship (with Aidan Shaw) at the time, feels guilty but continues to see Big. The affair continues until Natasha comes home unexpectedly and discovers Carrie fleeing - half dressed - from the marital apartment. Natasha trips and breaks her tooth while chasing after Carrie, who ends up taking Natasha to the emergency room. As a result, Carrie ends the affair. Carrie later finds out that Big and Natasha have divorced.
Big and Carrie eventually become close friends. He relocates to Napa Valley, and they are able to discuss their other ongoing relationships with each other. But their sexual chemistry always remains just below the surface, and their friendship never remains strictly platonic. After reading Carrie 's book, Big begins to understand how much he has hurt her, and he empathizes further when a woman he is dating treats him in a fashion similar to the way Big has treated Carrie: at arm 's length, eschewing true intimacy. The relationship between Big and the celebrity is certainly a parallel between Carrie / Big, except that the celebrity refuses physical intimacy one - sidedly, ignoring Big 's overtures except when it suits her, whereas Carrie / Big 's problems were almost completely emotional and undeniably two sided. Although it ends up allowing Big to finally get past his inner pain, the comparison is rather crude. Big grows as an emotional being, changing and evolving as the series progresses, moving past innate pain to suit Carrie 's needs better, ostensibly becoming a "better man. ''
Big seems to have no real friends, at least in New York. He is rarely shown with other males, and when he is, they are usually credited as colleagues or acquaintances. At one scene he is shown to spend New Year 's Eve celebration alone, sitting at a restaurant, but seems to feel comfortable with the situation.
The series finale, "An American Girl in Paris '', ties together the loose ends of Carrie and Big 's relationship and concludes their long, unconventional courtship. Absent for most of season six, Big suddenly reappears in Carrie 's life near the end of the season, once again at the wrong time. At this point, Carrie has grown tired and frustrated with Big 's inconsistency and rebuffs him, but also realizes her behavior towards him has often pushed him away. However, Big is desperate to win Carrie back. The season finale depicts his attempt to reunite with her.
The series finale takes place over two episodes in which Carrie moves to Paris with her current boyfriend, Russian artist Aleksandr Petrovsky (played by Mikhail Baryshnikov). In the first half of the finale, "An American Girl in Paris Part Une '', Big shows up outside Carrie 's apartment in New York after she fails to return his phone calls. She is on her way to her last dinner with the girls before departing for Paris. Big attempts to invite Carrie to dinner and drinks in order to apologize for the way he treated her, only to be turned down. Carrie explains that she is moving to Paris with a man she 's in a relationship with. Big ironically asks Carrie when she was going to tell him that she was moving to Paris, a reference to the time earlier in their relationship when Big moved to Napa and almost did n't tell Carrie. Big teases her about moving to Paris with a Russian and then tries to tell her that she 's "The One ''. Carrie loses her temper and tells Big that she is tired of having him interrupt her life and ruin her happiness for the past six years. Then she rushes off to meet her friends for dinner, leaving Big alone and confused on the street.
When Charlotte stops by Carrie 's apartment one day, she hears Big leaving a message on Carrie 's answering machine, asking her for one last chance. Charlotte picks up and invites him to meet with her, Miranda, and Samantha. At a restaurant, he asks them if they think Carrie really is happy and if he has any shot of winning her back. After much deliberation, with Carrie 's current situation and her history with Big in the forefront of their minds, Miranda tells him to "go get our girl ''. Mr. Big then does not appear again until the second installment of the finale, "An American Girl in Paris Part Deux ''.
Meanwhile, Carrie is distraught and unhappy in her relationship with Aleksandr. She passes Big in his limo on the street in Paris while looking for a cab, but neither of them see each other. Big appears to be searching for Carrie, but the limo rides on and Carrie continues on her way.
Big reappears in Carrie 's hotel lobby at just the right moment, as Carrie is squatting down, tearfully gathering up stray diamonds from her broken necklace. She is waiting for a new hotel room, as she just walked out on Aleksandr after a big fight. Big comes through the door and as Carrie looks up and sees him, she begins to cry. She explains that everything is a mess and Paris is n't what she thought it would be. Then she tells Big that Alexandr slapped her during an argument. Big becomes protective and immediately begins climbing the stairs to Aleksandr 's room to reprimand him (or as he puts it, "kick some Russian ass ''). In a desperate attempt to stop him, Carrie trips him and they both fall to the floor, laughing hysterically. They give up seeking out Petrovsky and take a romantic stroll in Paris. He finally tells her she 's the one and she asks him to take her home to New York. They arrive at Carrie 's apartment late at night and she asks him if he wants to come up. He answers with a memorable line he used in the first episode ("abso - fucking - lutely ''), which reminds the audience that he is still, in fact, the confident, sexy Big that Carrie has been in love with from day one.
His real name, John, is finally revealed on Carrie 's cell phone caller ID after she returns to the city and he calls to tell her he is closing the sale of his Napa estate and returning to New York. Executive producer Michael Patrick King has stated that by never revealing his real name, Big remained "always slightly out of reach '' for Carrie, and this plot device is maintained throughout the entire run of the series. Although we see his name in that final shot, Michael Patrick King makes a point (in the DVD commentary) that we never hear it spoken in the series.
In the feature film Sex and the City: The Movie, Carrie and Big decide to marry, after Carrie brings it up when she starts to feel anxious about her relationship 's status. She has just returned from an auction of jewelry from the collection of a woman (who was the long - time girlfriend of a wealthy man) who was abruptly dumped and thrown out of the apartment she 'd shared with him for many years. The cautionary tale worries Carrie, so Big proposes in order for Carrie to have legal rights to the fabulous penthouse they are purchasing together. However, their plans for a simple wedding balloon out of control after Vogue decides to feature her in a wedding gown in the magazine. The twice - divorced Big feels it has degenerated into a "circus '', with hundreds of guests, unwanted publicity, and a tremendous designer wedding gown taking over the original plan for a small, private ceremony. An ill - thought comment from the just - separated and upset Miranda rattles him further. Just before the ceremony Big gives in to cold feet and bails, but rethinks the decision minutes later and rushes back. He intercepts Carrie as she is leaving the ceremony. A broken - hearted and humiliated Carrie attacks him with her bouquet, shrieking "I knew you would do this! '' He repeatedly attempts to apologize and explain then and after, but Carrie ignores his letters and emails, and they spend months apart (close to a year) with no contact whatsoever.
When Carrie hires an assistant, Louise, she instructs her to "put Big in a place where she never has to hear from him again. '' So Louise creates a folder in Carrie 's e-mail that is password protected and Big 's many e-mails are saved in the secret folder. Charlotte later gives birth to a baby -- her water breaking while she is yelling at Big for breaking Carrie 's heart. Big takes her to the hospital and stays until the baby is born, hoping to run into Carrie. When Carrie arrives at the hospital, they tell her the tale. Harry reveals that Big begged her to call him, and that he 's written her many letters. Puzzled, Carrie goes home and scours her mail, realizing that his e-mails are in Louise 's secret folder. She guesses the password and finds that Big has re-written numerous love letters by poets, and one from himself promising to love her forever. Carrie 's assistant reminds her that she left a pair of never - worn Manolo Blahnik shoes in the penthouse that she and Big owned, and that the locks will be changed for the new owners that day. Carrie rushes over to the penthouse to find Big there, holding her shoes. She runs into his arms as she can no longer deny her still very strong love for him. Carrie narrates, "It was n't logic; it was love, '' and the two quietly marry at New York City Hall.
In Sex and the City 2 Carrie always wants to go out, while Mr. Big would prefer to stay home and watch television some evenings. After Carrie returns to her old apartment to work on an assignment and their reunion is particularly sweet, Big proposes to be separated for two days in the week, with one of them staying in Carrie 's old apartment, which she has always kept. Carrie agrees, despite misgivings and questioning by Charlotte.
In Abu Dhabi, Carrie runs into her former love Aidan. Carrie and Aidan dated twice. They broke up the first time because Carrie and Big had an affair. They broke up a second time because Aidan still could n't trust her after all that time due to her affair with Big, and after Aidan proposes, marriage does n't sit well with Carrie, so the two break off their engagement. Aidan is now married with three boys and is in Abu Dhabi on business. The two agree to meet for dinner, despite warnings from Charlotte, who feels that Carrie is "playing with fire ''. Aidan and Carrie kiss before Carrie breaks away and runs to her hotel. Distraught about what to do, she eventually calls Big to confess to the kiss. He becomes distant and wo n't return her phone calls.
When Carrie returns to New York, the apartment is empty and she sits all day waiting for Big to come home. He finally returns that evening with her "punishment:: Carrie must wear a black diamond ring to remind herself that she is married. The two reconcile and kiss. The film concludes with a montage of scenes from the girls ' lives - Big and Carrie have successfully combined their desires and interests, and the two are content as their married life has grown past the "Terrible Twos ''.
One interesting moment in the episode "Easy Come, Easy Go '' (season three) involves Carrie running into Big and Natasha at a furniture show, shortly after Carrie begins dating Aidan Shaw (Carrie quips that she is Aidan 's "Booth Bitch ''). After introducing her boyfriend, Carrie is about to introduce Big (presumably by name), when she nervously spills coffee on him instead, derailing the scene and thereby avoiding having to reveal the mystery of Big 's name for the audience.
When Carrie asks him on the phone "who is this '', he simply says "how have you been? ''
In the episode "Defining Moments '' in season four, Carrie begins introducing Big to the jazz musician, Ray King (played by Craig Bierko), but is interrupted when Ray tells Big that his drink is "running low ''.
In "The Caste System '', Carrie is asked by Jeremiah, a waiter at a party, who she is with. Angered at Big at this time, Carrie simply responds, "Some guy. ''
In the episode "Three 's a Crowd '' in Season 1, Carrie is talking to Big 's ex-wife, Barbara, when she asks if Carrie is with anyone. Carrie avoids the question so as not to let Barbara know she 's seeing him, therefore keeping Big 's name a mystery.
In "The Agony and the ' ex'tasy '' in season 4, Carrie calls Big but gets the answering machine on which he introduces himself with his number instead of his name.
In the episode "The Big Journey '' in season 5, Carrie is having a question and answer session during her book reading in San Francisco. Big raises his hand and asks her if the Big character in her book has a real name. Carrie responds by saying she has to protect his identity and ca n't use his real name.
In season 6 "An American Girl in Paris: Part Une '' Mr. Big is leaving a message on Carrie 's machine and is about to say his name when Charlotte picks up interrupting him.
In the final episode of the series Carrie receives a call from "John '', who is Big.
In the full trailer for the Sex and the City: The Movie, Big 's name is revealed to be John James Preston. In the movie, it is the first time we hear Carrie call him "John '' instead of Big.
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where did hurricane matthew make landfall in florida | Hurricane Matthew - wikipedia
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Hurricane Matthew was a powerful and devastating tropical cyclone which became the first Category 5 Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Felix in 2007. The thirteenth named storm, fifth hurricane and second major hurricane of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season, Matthew brought widespread destruction and catastrophic loss of life during its journey across the Western Atlantic, including parts of Haiti, Cuba, Dominican Republic, the Lucayan Archipelago, the southeastern United States, and the Canadian Maritimes. A total of 603 deaths have been attributed to the storm, including 546 in Haiti, 47 in the United States, 4 in Cuba, 4 in the Dominican Republic, 1 in Colombia, and 1 in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, making it the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Stan in 2005, which killed 1,668 in Central America. With the storm causing damages estimated in excess of US $15 billion, it was also the most destructive Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Sandy in 2012, as well as the ninth - costliest Atlantic hurricane in recorded history.
Originating from a tropical wave that emerged off Africa on September 22, Matthew developed into a tropical storm just east of the Lesser Antilles on September 28. It became a hurricane north of Venezuela and Colombia on September 29, before undergoing explosive intensification, ultimately reaching Category 5 intensity on October 1 at just 13.4 ° N latitude -- the lowest latitude ever recorded for a storm of this intensity in the Atlantic basin, breaking the record set by Hurricane Ivan in 2004. Matthew weakened slightly and fluctuated in intensity while making a northward turn toward the Greater Antilles, remaining a strong Category 4 hurricane as it made its first landfall over Haiti 's Tiburon Peninsula early on October 4, and then a second one in Cuba later that day. Matthew weakened somewhat but re-intensified as it tracked northwest, making landfall in the northern Bahamas. The storm then paralleled the coast of the southeastern United States over the next 36 hours, gradually weakening while remaining just offshore before making its fourth and final landfall over the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina as a Category 1 hurricane on the morning of October 8. Matthew re-emerged into the Atlantic shortly afterward, eventually completing its transition into an extratropical cyclone as it turned away from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on October 9.
Widespread effects were felt from Matthew across its destructive path, however, the most significant impacts were felt in Haiti, with US $1.9 billion in damage and 546 deaths. The combination of flooding and high winds disrupted telecommunications and destroyed extensive swaths of land; around 80 % of Jérémie sustained significant damage. Four people were killed in Cuba due to a bridge collapse, and total losses in the country amounted to US $2.58 billion, most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province. Passing through the Bahamas as a major hurricane, Matthew spread damage across several islands, compounding relief efforts from Hurricane Joaquin which had pounded similar areas just the previous year. Grand Bahama was hit directly, where most homes sustained damage in the townships of Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock. Preparations began in earnest across the southeastern United States as Matthew approached, with several states declaring states of emergencies for either entire states or coastal counties; widespread evacuations were ordered for extensive areas of the coast because of predicted high wind speeds and flooding, especially in the Jacksonville Metropolitan Area. In Florida, over 1 million lost power as the storm passed to the east, with 478,000 losing power in Georgia and South Carolina. While damage was primarily confined to the coast in Florida and Georgia, torrential rains spread inland in the Carolinas and Virginia, causing widespread flooding.
A vigorous tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 22 and moved rapidly across the Atlantic, being monitored by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) for possible tropical cyclogenesis. Despite possessing tropical - storm winds as it approached the Lesser Antilles on September 27, the wave could not initially be classified as a tropical cyclone, as reconnaissance aircraft could not find a closed center. However, by 12: 00 UTC on September 28, the wave developed a closed circulation while located near Barbados, hence becoming a tropical storm, and was assigned the name Matthew. Continuing westward under the influence of a mid-level ridge, the storm steadily intensified to attain hurricane intensity by 18: 00 UTC on September 29. The effects of southwesterly wind shear unexpectedly abated late that day, and Matthew began a period of explosive intensification; during a 24 - hour period beginning at 00: 00 UTC on September 30, the cyclone 's maximum winds more than doubled, from 80 mph (130 km / h) to 165 mph (270 km / h), making Matthew a Category 5 hurricane, the first since Hurricane Felix in 2007; the rate of intensification has only been exceeded a few times in the Atlantic since records began. Due to upwelling of cooler waters, Matthew weakened to a Category 4 hurricane later on October 1, before attaining a secondary peak intensity with winds of 155 mph (250 km / h) late on October 2.
Slowly rounding the ridge, Matthew fluctuated in intensity within the Category 4 range from October 1 -- 5. Intensification resumed again late on October 3 and culminated when Matthew made landfall near Les Anglais, Haiti, around 11: 00 UTC on October 4 with winds of 150 mph (240 km / h) and a pressure of 934 millibars (27.6 inHg), making it the strongest to hit Haiti since Hurricane Cleo in 1964. Continuing northward, the hurricane struck Maisí in Cuba early on October 5 as a slightly weaker storm. Cuba 's and Haiti 's mountainous terrain weakened Matthew to Category 3 status, as it began to accelerate northwestwards through the Bahamas. Restrengthening occurred as Matthew 's circulation became better organized, with the storm becoming a Category 4 hurricane again while passing Freeport. However, Matthew began to weaken again as an eyewall replacement cycle took place. The storm significantly weakened while closely paralleling the coasts of Florida and Georgia, with the northwestern portion of the outer eyewall coming ashore in Florida while the system was a Category 3 hurricane (with the strongest winds remaining just offshore). Matthew weakened to a Category 2 hurricane late on October 7 and then to a Category 1 hurricane by 12: 00 UTC on October 8.
Around 15: 00 UTC on October 8, the hurricane made landfall at Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, near McClellanville, South Carolina, with winds of 85 mph (140 km / h) and a central pressure of 963 mbar (28.4 inHg), which made it the strongest to strike the United States in terms of pressure since Hurricane Isaac in 2012, and the first hurricane to make landfall north of Florida in October since Hurricane Hazel in 1954. Convection became displaced from the center as Matthew pulled away from land due to increasing wind shear, with the NHC declaring the system an extratropical cyclone about 200 mi (320 km) east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, on October 9. The remnants persisted for another day before they were absorbed by a cold front.
Matthew set several records during its long and destructive journey. Matthew intensified into a Category 5 hurricane at a latitude of 13.4 degrees north, breaking the record set by Hurricane Ivan in 2004, which had reached that intensity at a latitude of 13.7 degrees north. Matthew also maintained at least Category 4 status for the longest duration on record for the month of October, according to Phil Klotzbach of Colorado State University, doing so for roughly 5 days.
On September 27, prior to Matthew becoming a tropical cyclone, LIAT began cancelling flights across the Windward Islands in anticipation of squally weather. Schools and businesses were closed for the duration of Matthew 's passage on September 27 and 28 on Grenada, St. Vincent and St. Lucia; schools in Dominica suspended classes until October 3. Hewanorra International Airport and George F.L. Charles Airport on St. Lucia were closed on September 28. Six shelters were opened across the island; 133 sought refuge in them. Upon the formation of Matthew as a tropical cyclone on September 28, governments across the Windward Islands issued tropical storm warnings in anticipation of gale - force winds.
The storm 's unusual south track prompted the issuance of tropical storm watches on September 28 for Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and the northern coast of Colombia from the Colombia -- Venezuela border to Riohacha. North Atlantic hurricanes affecting South America are uncommon. The watch in Colombia was later upgraded to a warning on September 30 as Matthew continued on a west - southwest track near the country. Residents across the ABC Islands were advised to board their homes and stock up on supplies, leading to long lines at supermarkets and gas stations. Curaçao 's government postponed the 2016 general election until October 5. Government offices in Aruba closed for September 30. A local sporting event, the Kingdom Tournament, was canceled in Aruba. Schools across the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia suspended activities for September 30. Officials opened shelters and closed beaches across the peninsula.
With Matthew posing a significant threat to Jamaica, emergency officials ordered all fishermen on the nation 's cays and banks to evacuate to the mainland on September 29. The following day, Prime Minister Andrew Holness held an emergency meeting regarding the hurricane and placed the government on high alert. A hurricane watch was issued for the country on September 30, and later upgraded to a warning on October 1. Officials in Trelawny Parish placed 60 shelters on stand - by on October 2. Supermarkets were overwhelmed with residents stocking up on supplies, and many reported empty shelves and low supplies of bread, kerosene, and candles. Many people boarded up their homes and protected their property with sand bags. One hundred female prisoners were relocated from a facility in St. Catherine Parish to another in Kingston. Toll fees along Highway 2000 were to be waived during the hours before Matthew 's arrival. Service at both Norman Manley International Airport and Sangster International Airport was scheduled to be suspended during the evening of October 2 or by the morning of October 3. The Jamaica Urban Transit Company scheduled to suspend services beginning at 6: 00 p.m. local time. The Jamaica Public Service informed residents that the power grid may be shut off during the storm if conditions become too severe. Members of the Jamaica Defence Force were deployed nationwide in advance of the hurricane in order to more swiftly deal with its aftermath.
Schools and government offices suspended operations starting on October 3. A total of 900 shelters opened across Jamaica and the Urban Transit Company provided buses to evacuate people from Kingston to the National Arena. Local Minister Desmond McKenzie warned that the infrastructure of Kingston would be unable to handle the magnitude of rainfall expected. Prime Minister Andrew Holness warned residents that Matthew could be more severe than Hurricane Gilbert which devastated the nation in 1988.
Though forecast to pass over Jamaica at the time, the large extent of tropical storm - force winds prompted the issuance of a tropical storm watch for Haiti 's Tiburon Peninsula toward the border with the Dominican Republic. Following an eastward shift in Matthew 's predicted track, a hurricane watch was issued for much of Haiti on October 1, encompassing areas from Môle - Saint - Nicolas south to the Dominican Republic border; this was upgraded to a warning just hours later. The warning eventually encompassed the entire country by the afternoon of October 2. Residents on outlying islands of Haiti were evacuated to the mainland. Life - threatening rainfall was forecast to affect much of the nation, with accumulations averaging 15 to 25 in (38 to 64 cm) along the southern coast with isolated peaks up to 40 in (100 cm). Although government officials held meetings on storm preparation, Radio France Internationale reported that Haiti does not have the logistical capability to handle a large - scale disaster. Only 576 shelters, with a collective capacity of 90,000 people, were listed for all of southern Haiti. According to the International Organization for Migration, 55,107 internally displaced persons remained in camps or hosting sites without adequate protection from the hurricane.
Provisional President of Haiti Jocelerme Privert addressed the nation on October 2, urging those living along the coast and in poorly constructed homes to evacuate and comply with authorities. Despite pleas from officials, many residents refused to leave their homes. Schools were closed for October 3 -- 4, though government offices remained open. Nationwide, a total of 1,300 shelters were readied with a total capacity of 390,000 people. More than 18,000 volunteers and members of the Red Cross, community intervention teams, municipal committees, and local emergency services were readied to assist residents. At least 500 people were evacuated from Jérémie. Although civil protection officials took to the streets to warn people, many residents were unaware that Matthew was even approaching the country a day before its expected landfall. Evacuations continued through the hurricane 's landfall with the total number of people in shelters reaching 9,280 by 2: 00 a.m. local time on October 4.
On October 5, the Electoral Provisional Council postponed the presidential election, the second round of the legislative elections and the first round of the Senate elections until November 20.
On the morning of October 2, a tropical storm warning was raised for the southern coast of the Dominican Republic from Barahona west to the Haitian border, and a tropical storm watch was issued for the northern coast from Puerto Plata west to the Haitian border. At least 8,500 people were evacuated in southwestern areas of the country by the morning of October 3.
The Meteorological Service of Cuba raised hurricane watches for all of southeastern Cuba on October 1, encompassing the provinces of Camagüey, Las Tunas, Granma, Holguín, Santiago de Cuba, and Guantánamo. This was subsequently upgraded to a warning on October 2 for all provinces except Camagüey. Non-essential personnel in the United States ' Guantanamo Bay Naval Base began evacuations that day. Evacuations of more than 1 million people across Cuba started that morning, including 252,000 in Santiago de Cuba, and 230,000 from Las Tunas with priority placed on those along the coast. Across Santiago de Cuba, which suffered extensive damage from Hurricane Sandy in 2012, 218 shelters were opened and officials placed extra attention on Socapa, Caracoles, and Cayo Granma. Emergency personnel, primarily doctors, were dispatched to high - risk areas and supplies were stockpiled.
The Government of the Bahamas began issuing hurricane watches on October 2 for southeastern islands as well as the Turks and Caicos. Flights across southern islands were cancelled and schools suspended operations beginning the following day.
On October 3, the governors of Florida and North Carolina declared a state of emergency. The next day, South Carolina governor Nikki Haley ordered an evacuation for those residents living within one hundred miles (160 km) of the coast. Interstate 26 in South Carolina eastbound between the coast and Columbia was reversed on Wednesday to facilitate movement away from the Lowcountry and Charleston areas. Evacuations of Cape Lookout National Seashore in North Carolina began this day as well. By October 4, North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory had ordered that evacuation be mandatory. A state of emergency was also declared for 13 counties in eastern Georgia.
On October 5, Port Canaveral was closed by the U.S. Coast Guard, the first closure since 2004. Eight cruise ships and four cargo ships were scheduled to visit the port between October 5 -- 9. On Cape Canaveral, home to both civilian and military spaceflight facilities, no rockets or spacecraft were in vulnerable positions; at the time of Matthew 's approach, the next launch was scheduled for November 4. The Kennedy Space Center began preparations of the facilities on October 5. Older buildings at the KSC were designed to withstand winds of 105 -- 125 mph (170 -- 200 km / h); buildings constructed after 1992, when Category 5 Hurricane Andrew struck the Miami area, are built to withstand 130 mph (210 km / h) winds. At Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, the U.S. Air Force 's 45th Space Wing began disconnecting electric power to non-essential facilities on October 4.
For the fourth time in its 45 - year history, the Walt Disney World Resort closes its theme parks are Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Disney 's Animal Kingdom water parks are Blizzard Beach and Typhoon Lagoon, and Disney Springs were closed at 5: 00 p.m. Eastern Time on October 6 and did not open on October 7. This was the first time since 2004 that the parks have closed, all instances due to hurricanes. Other Orlando - area theme parks, including Universal Orlando resort and SeaWorld Orlando, also closed.
The Southeastern Conference football matchup between LSU and Florida, scheduled for October 8 in Gainesville, was cancelled. The hurricane washed out NASCAR racing at Charlotte Motor Speedway on October 7 and 8, with the Drive for the Cure 300 race in the Xfinity Series originally scheduled for October 7 and the Bank of America 500 race in the Sprint Cup Series originally scheduled for October 8 both postponed until October 9.
On October 6, U.S. President Barack Obama declared a federal state of emergency for Florida, later extending to include Georgia and South Carolina. Florida 's governor Rick Scott urged over 1.5 million people to evacuate, with Hurricane Matthew expected to make landfall by the evening of that day. Several news anchors also issued dire warnings urging Floridians to evacuate.
That same day, Georgia governor Nathan Deal ordered a mandatory evacuation for all areas of the state east of Interstate 95, and the Georgia Department of Public Safety reversed the eastbound lanes on a portion of Interstate 16 effective until the following day.
On October 6, the conservative news aggregator Drudge Report -- run by Matt Drudge -- headlined a five - word comment on Matthew: "Storm Fizzle? Matthew Looks Ragged! '' which linked to a Miami Herald article. Drudge later used Twitter to claim that the National Hurricane Center was lying to the public about the intensity of the storm, stating that measurements from Nassau, Bahamas, did not match the 165 mph (270 km / h) gusts listed in public advisories. The tweets implied that the hurricane was not as dangerous as it seemed and that politicians were trying to "blame mankind, '' referring to a blog posting about Hillary Clinton. This came on the heels of radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh 's claims of the conspiracy to "sell '' climate change. The claims of conspiracy were posted as Matthew posed a dire threat to Florida 's east coast and when residents across the state were being urged to evacuate immediately. Drudge 's commentary was quickly met with sharp condemnation and criticism from meteorologists and public officials. Democratic Representative Keith Ellison called the comments "irresponsible '' and urged people to "not listen to this man. '' Jason Samenow of The Washington Post described it as an "incredible and offensive accusation '', and stated that it "may have introduced enough doubt to lead (residents) into a decision they will regret. ''
On St. Vincent heavy rains caused landslides and flooding across the island. One person was killed in the town of Layou when a boulder broke loose and crushed him. In nearby Buccament Bay, a river overtopped its banks, prompting at least 25 people to evacuate to emergency shelters. The Hermitage River rose by at least 3.6 ft (1.1 m) in one hour, and as a precautionary measure, the Central Water and Sewage Authority shut off all water service. Flooding also took place in Vermont, South Rivers, sections of Kingstown, Campden Park, Arnos Vale, and Langley Park. Debris deposited by flooded rivers rendered many roads impassable.
Strong winds in excess of 60 mph (97 km / h) downed many trees and power lines on St. Lucia, leaving roughly 70 percent of the island without power. Landslides and flooding, the result of more than 10 in (250 mm) of rain accompanying the storm, damaged many homes and roads. Rainfall at Hewanorra International Airport amounted to 13.19 in (335 mm). The nation 's banana crop suffered significant damage; 85 percent of farms reported losses. Two homes were destroyed, one in Bisee, and one in Gros Islet; several others were damaged. Roads in Castries, Gros - Islet, Dennery, and Soufriere became impassible from debris or landslides. Some damage was also reported on Dominica, temporarily leaving many people without water and electricity. Heavy rainfall in Grenada disrupted the water supply in multiple communities.
In Martinique strong winds, which gusted up to 89 mph (143 km / h) in Saint - Pierre, wreaked havoc on the power grid; roughly 55,000 people lost electricity. Numerous trees downed by the winds blocked roadways while heavy rains led to flooding. The main road from Fort - de-France to southern towns was rendered impassable during the storm. Approximately 4,000 people lost their water supply. Three people sustained minor injuries.
The effects of Matthew across the ABC Islands were relatively limited despite its proximity. Some street flooding occurred on Aruba and Curaçao. Heavy winds were also experienced. There was some damage to cars after street flooding occurred. Outdoor bars and restaurants were damaged. The Guajira Peninsula of Colombia saw its first heavy rain event in three years, leading to widespread flash flooding. One person drowned in a swollen river in Uribia; 1.29 in (32.8 mm) of rain fell in 30 minutes in the town. Rainfall in Cartagena reached 8.7 in (222 mm) during a 24 - hour span and Santa Marta saw 5.5 in (140 mm). Along coastal areas of the peninsula, large swells damaged buildings, prompting the evacuation of 380 people in Manaure. Roughly 70 percent of Tucurinca flooded when the Magdalena River overtopped its banks; a nearby bridge collapsed, isolating some communities. Approximately 73,000 people were affected by the floods. The dangerous conditions produced by Matthew prevented thousands of people from voting in a peace agreement referendum.
Jamaica suffered relatively minor effects, characteristic of tropical storm conditions. Along the coast, rip currents and beach erosion was reported, with additional flooding due to rainfall occurring. Strong wind gusts tore at the island 's vegetation, causing minor damage.
Large swells reached the outlying Haitian island of Île - à - Vache on October 2, prompting the evacuation of 89 people. Despite boating bans, many fishermen continued work in rough conditions. Consequently, two fishermen went missing on the morning of October 3: one near Saint - Jean - du - Sud and the other near Aquin; one was later found dead. Antecedent rainfall associated with the outer bands of Matthew triggered flooding in several towns in southern Haiti and the Dominican Republic. A person was killed when a tree fell on his home in Port Salut, while a 26 - year - old man drowned while trying to rescue a child from a rushing river.
Striking the Tiburon Peninsula as a Category 4 hurricane on the morning of October 4, Matthew was the strongest storm to directly impact Haiti since Hurricane Cleo in 1964. An anemometer at Antoine - Simon Airport in Les Cayes, east of where Matthew made landfall, measured a gust of 107 mph (172 km / h) before the station went offline. Gusts in the nation 's capital city of Port - au - Prince reached 60 mph (97 km / h). Communications with areas in the direct path of Matthew were lost, and tens of thousands of people became isolated as roads and bridges were destroyed. A major bridge connecting parts of Grand'Anse to the rest of the country collapsed during a flash flood. 80 % of Jérémie, along the north shore of the Tiburon Peninsula, suffered tremendous damage; homes were flattened and medical facilities suffered major damage. A radio host in Port - au - Prince stated that Jérémie was "pretty much wiped out from the seaboard all the way to the cathedral ''.
Officially, 546 deaths were attributed to the storm in Haiti, however local governments believed the death toll to be over 1,000; this value may have been overestimated. According to the nation 's Civil Protection Directorate, the death toll was 546 as of October 14, with 128 people missing and 439 injured. This figure was later confirmed by the National Hurricane Center. The government also estimates damages at close to $1.9 billion. Approximately 2.1 million people were affected by the storm, of whom 1.4 million (12 percent of Haiti 's population) were left in need of assistance. Furthermore, roughly 175,000 people were left homeless.
The Dominican Republic reported significant rainfall and coastal flooding due to Matthew, an automated weather station in Cabo Rojo, Dominican Republic, measured 8.43 in (214 mm) of rain by the afternoon of October 3. Four people died in the Dominican Republic after a house collapsed on top of them.
Coastal flooding began in Granma Province, Cuba, on October 2, affecting three towns along the Sierra Maestras. Hurricane Matthew struck the easternmost province of Cuba during the evening of October 4 as a Category 4, causing tremendous damage. The coastal city of Baracoa suffered widespread damage from violent winds, and storm surge, the latter of which gutted countless buildings. Despite the severity of damage, no fatalities were reported in the city. A communication tower in Majayara collapsed during the storm and a bridge spanning the Toa river was destroyed; several communities left isolated as a result. Damages in Cuba amounted to $2.58 billion USD; most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province.
Nearly two months later, on November 22, a municipal bridge in the city of Moa that was damaged by Hurricane Matthew collapsed, killing four employees of Canadian mining company Sherritt International. The employees were undertaking repairs to restore access between Moa and a mining site.
Experiencing a direct hit from the eyewall of Matthew, Grand Bahama suffered extensive damage. An estimated 95 percent of homes in Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock sustained severe damage. Numerous trees and power lines were toppled by the storm 's high winds, rendering roads impassable. Flooding - induced by the backside of the storm affected much of the western half of the island. Total losses from Matthew in the Bahamas are estimated to be around $600 million USD.
In total, the storm killed 47 people in the US, including 26 in North Carolina, 12 in Florida, 3 in Georgia, 4 in South Carolina, and 2 in Virginia. According to the National Centers for Environmental Information, damage from Matthew across the United States reached approximately $10 billion. This ranked it the costliest national disaster in the country for 2016 alongside record floods in Louisiana.
As Hurricane Matthew traveled rapidly towards the southeastern region of the United States, it hit closely to the coasts of Florida, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina. On October 7 in Fernandina Beach, Florida, there was a peak surge of 9.88 ft (3.01 m) above normal. Additionally, in the St. Augustine area, water was reported to be 2.5 ft (0.76 m) above ground.
As Matthew tracked parallel to the Florida coast, it left over one million people without power across the state of Florida. In Jacksonville it caused major sand dune damage and flooding in the St. Johns River. It also destroyed many properties and knocked out power for nearly 250,000 electrical customers. In Indialantic, Florida, firefighters exposed themselves to the storm 's winds to put out a fire, which reportedly destroyed a greenhouse. In Florida, one woman died due to a heart attack; she had called for aid, but medical services were not able to arrive due to Matthew 's high winds. Another two women were killed by falling trees. In the Flagler Beach area, a portion of Florida State Road A1A was washed away. At Kennedy Space Center, winds reached 80 mph (130 km / h) at ground level while a gust of 136 mph (219 km / h) was observed atop a 500 ft (150 m) tower. The facility suffered several million dollars - worth of damage, though overall impacts were less than anticipated. The roof of Operations Support Building II broke, and rainwater damaged the interior. Air conditioning was lost throughout Launch Complex 39 as well. The planned launches of GOES - R, NOAA 's next generation weather satellite, and CYGNSS, a cluster of smaller satellites which study hurricanes, were delayed due to the suspension of operations during Matthew.
Over 250,000 customers were left without power in Georgia after Hurricane Matthew affected the area. Roads were also blocked in the Brunswick, Georgia, area, where all access points to St. Simons Island were rendered impassable.
Across South Carolina, at least 600,000 individuals lost power, where significant flooding was reported to have occurred in Charleston after a seawall was breached. Hilton Head Island experienced widespread water, sewer and power outages for several days, and the only road onto the island was not re-opened to residents until October 11. It is estimated that over 120,000 trees were downed on the island, causing extensive tree - strike damage to residences and businesses. Over 2.1 million cubic yards of vegetative debris generated by the storm was collected. The Waccamaw River crested in Conway at 17.9 ft (5.5 m), breaking a record set by the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane. The Little Pee Dee River reached a record crest of 17.1 ft (5.2 m) at Galivant 's Ferry, also breaking a 1928 record.
Twenty - six people died in storm - related incidents across North Carolina. 680,000 in North Carolina were without power at one point. Sections of Interstate 95 in South Carolina and in North Carolina had to be shut down as a result of hurricane flooding. The North Carolina section reopened October 17. After 10 in (25 cm) of rain fell in Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore and Robeson Counties on September 28 causing flooding, Matthew dumped another 10 in (25 cm) to 14 in (36 cm). As a result, the Lumber River reached a record 24 ft (7.3 m) in the south end of Lumberton, breaking the record of 20.5 ft (6.2 m) feet. Robeson County schools did not reopen until October 31. In Smithfield, the Neuse River crested at 29.09 ft (8.87 m), 2 ft (0.61 m) higher than after Hurricane Fran. In Kinston, the Neuse crested at 28.31 ft (8.63 m), a foot (300 mm) higher than the record set by Hurricane Floyd. In Greenville, the Tar River crested at 24.5 ft (7.5 m). Preliminary estimates indicate that roughly 100,000 structures were flooded across the state and damage reached US $1.5 billion.
When the hurricane hit Virginia, Matthew caused two deaths and street flooding in the eastern part of the state. The Northeast received heavy rain and minor flooding throughout the days of October 9 and 10.
Matthew 's post-tropical remains were absorbed into a frontal zone off the coast of North Carolina. The humidity of the tropical system was drawn into the storm that was formed then. The latter gave heavy rain and strong winds in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland from October 10 to 11.
In Nova Scotia, rain amounts were recorded from east to west as 8.85 in (224.8 mm) in Sydney (Cape Breton Island), 5.09 in (129.2 mm) in Port Hawkesbury, 4.50 in (114.4 mm) in Chéticamp, 4.05 in (102.8 mm) in Halifax, 3.263 in (82.88 mm) in Kentville, and 1.94 in (49.2 mm) in Yarmouth. Heavy rains and strong winds caused flooding and dangerous conditions, particularly in the counties of Pictou, Antigonish, Guysborough and Cape Breton. Several roads were closed to heavy trucks, including Halifax Harbour bridges and the Confederation Bridge between New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.
Newfoundland was even more affected with accumulations generally ranging from 3.9 to 5.9 in (100 to 150 mm) in the central, southern and western areas. Steady rain fell sometimes at a rate of 0.39 to 0.79 in (10 to 20 mm) per hour, and even 1.7 in (42 mm) per hour in Burgeo. A private station in that community recorded a total of 9.23 in (234.4 mm), while the official station of the Gander International Airport signaled 6.45 in (163.8 mm).
The rain caused numerous landslides and swollen rivers cut roads. The state of emergency was declared in Lewisporte, St. Alban 's and Little Burnt Bay. The town of St. Alban 's, a community of about 1,200, was cut off from the surrounding communities when the main bridge in town was carried by the waters and a nearby community (Conne River) provided a boat to transport people to St. Alban 's and out of the community. The highway to Burgeo, on the south coast of Newfoundland, was also flooded and had to be closed.
The winds of over 56 mph (90 km / h) also caused many fallen trees and electric power outages. The official maximum winds were recorded in Port aux Basques at 80 mph (128 km / h) and informally in Green Island, Fortune Bay, at 81 mph (130 km / h). Damage to roads across Newfoundland was assessed in excess of CA $10 million (US $7.6 million).
In Martinique, Électricité de France requested additional crews from Guadeloupe and French Guiana to help restore power. Members of the military and Forces françaises aux Antilles were deployed to assist in clearing debris from roadways. The St. Lucia Red Cross distributed non-food items to 270 people affected by the storm.
On October 4, the United States prepared the aircraft carrier, the hospital ship USNS Comfort -- which previously aided thousands in the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake -- and the transport dock for relief operations in Haiti. USS Mesa Verde and USS George Washington were later relieved by USS Iwo Jima, along with the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit. United States Southern Command also deployed 100 troops with 9 helicopters to the Cayman Islands to prepare for relief work. Initial estimates indicated at least 350,000 people were in need of assistance.
The bridge between the south and Port - au - Prince was destroyed. As a result, aid agencies reported they were having difficulty getting around to the most damaged and storm - affected parts of Haiti.
The commander of U.S. forces in the Caribbean reported that troops and 6 helicopters from Joint Task Force - Bravo had been deployed to Haiti for the aftermath, and were expected to arrive on October 6. These are expected to help with search - and - rescue missions as well as providing medical assistance. In addition to his, a one - star navy admiral will also travel to lead the task force involved in the operations. More than 300 military personnel will most likely travel to Haiti, with 300 Marines on board on the ships sent out for aid from the U.S.
A number of aid agencies deployed to Haiti to help with the aftermath:
The World Food Programme coordinated with the Government of Cuba to provide food to approximately 180,000 people in need across eastern provinces. The operation would span six months and cost US $4 million.
In Georgia, the Governor retracted previous evacuations later, emphasizing that their lives could not be endangered for those who chose not to leave. 1,000 members of the National Guard were deployed for help later.
In North Carolina, nearly 900 people had been rescued by boat crews by the morning of October 9. In April 2017, North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper requested $929 million in federal funds. The following month, the Trump administration denied more than 99 percent of this request and only provided $6.1 million to the state.
On March 26, 2017, it was announced by the World Meteorological Organization that the name Matthew was retired due to the extensive damage and loss of life it caused along its track, particularly in Haiti, Cuba, and the United States, and will never again be used to name an Atlantic hurricane. It will be replaced with Martin for the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season.
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who is the mom in how i met your mom | The Mother (How I Met Your Mother) - wikipedia
Tracy McConnell (colloquial: "The Mother '') is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The show, narrated by Future Ted (Bob Saget), tells the story of how Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes, from "Lucky Penny '' to "The Time Travelers '', as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in "Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti.
The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment. Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Robin Scherbatsky 's (Cobie Smulders) wedding; this scene is shown in "Last Forever '', the series finale. The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans.
An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD. In the alternate ending, Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030. In the video, Future Ted is heard saying, "... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning, I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was... '', indirectly stating that The Mother is alive. The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling, implying that Ted never went back to Robin and went on to have a long, happy marriage with Tracy.
During its first eight seasons, How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother. Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted to cast a lesser known actress in the role to avoid audiences associating the Mother with the actresses ' previous roles, similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had "kept the show alive '' when it began. Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call. They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member. Milioti filmed her first scene for the last episode of season 8 having never watched How I Met Your Mother before. She only learned of the character 's importance after binge watching the show during the summer.
The Mother was born on September 19, 1984.
The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly (Ahna O'Reilly), awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max, only to receive a call informing her of his death. After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele. The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love.
In "Wait for It '', it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella. In "No Tomorrow '', Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since Max 's death. She is still grieving, but Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Ted are celebrating. The two women run into Mitch (Adam Paul), her old orchestra instructor; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment. Mitch tries to seduce her with a move called "The Naked Man '', but she turns him down. Whilst Mitch is still naked, prompting the Mother to crack some jokes at him, they sit on her couch and start talking. That is when Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams. The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college.
On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby, as seen in the season 4 finale "The Leap '', he is seen in front of the classroom of students, one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother. But in the first episode of season 5, "Definitions '', it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture. At the same time in "How Your Mother Met Me '', the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy (Rachel Bilson), whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate. They see Ted enter the room, but when he announces the subject, The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off. She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom.
Later, in "Girls Versus Suits '', Ted dates Cindy, not knowing that her roommate is his future wife. Throughout the episode, Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate. When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings, attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are (thinking the items are Cindy 's) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower. Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band. Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions, "this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back. '' In "How Your Mother Met Me '', it is revealed that, after Ted left the apartment, the Mother had discovered the umbrella and, upon going to question Cindy, finds her in a state. As she tried to console her, Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted, and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive, before spontaneously kissing her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush. While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time.
Some time after this, a man named Darren (Andrew Rannells) approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics. Darren gradually takes over the band.
In the season 6 opener "Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife "the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man. In the episode "False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married. In the episode "Challenge Accepted '', it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding. In the last episode of season 7, "The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the mother "the day of '' their wedding. On the premiere of season 8, Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding, outside at the "Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar.
In the season 8 episode "Band or DJ?, '' Ted runs into Cindy and her partner on the subway and tells them that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute. The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's (now ex -) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding.
The Mother is first shown meeting Louis (Louis Ferrigno Jr.) in "How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans. Later at MacLaren 's Pub, she tells him she 's not yet ready to date. Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind, and they begin dating not long after. They live together for the next two years, but she knows deep down that she does n't love him.
The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends - Barney, Robin, Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), and Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel) - before she meets him. The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in "Platonish ''. In "The Locket '', Tracy meets Lily on a train journey.
In "Bass Player Wanted '', the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall, carrying his infant son Marvin, on her way to Farhampton Inn. On their way, it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception, but Darren forced her to quit. The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band. Before she can, however, Darren walks up to her, furious the groom 's best man punched him for "no reason '', and quits the band.
In "How Your Mother Met Me '', it is shown that after this incident, the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend. As she walks in the door, Louis proposes to her, but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes. She looks skyward and asks Max for permission to let him go and move on; she takes a sudden gust of wind as a "yes '', says goodbye, and declines Louis ' proposal when she goes back inside. She leaves his cottage and checks in at Farhampton Inn. On her room 's balcony, she plays the ukulele and sings "La Vie en Rose ''. Ted hears her singing from his room next door.
In "Gary Blauman '', Ted and the Mother are on their first date. Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner. On the way there, Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis. She says that she is in the "weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating. Ted walks her back to her apartment. They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away. The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her. When the story is over, they say goodnight again. The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date.
In a flashforward in "The Lighthouse '', Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn. She immediately accepts. In another flashfoward in "Unpause '', the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017. She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton.
The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale, "Last Forever ''. When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station, she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell. In the season 1 episode "Belly Full of Turkey '', Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says "... that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother ''. The children are horrified, but then he says he is joking, which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy.
In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness. In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead. Ted says that she "became sick '' and his children said that she has been "gone '' for six years. Many fans expressed considerable disappointment with The Mother 's death. Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning. Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was "an amazing character '' and that "over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy. Kuchman said that "asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '', that the finale "advanced too quickly '' and that "HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue ''.
A petition was started, aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale. The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage. On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD. No new material was shot for this scene. In the alternate ending, The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030.
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i hear you knocking but you cant come in lyrics | I Hear You Knocking - wikipedia
"I Hear You Knocking '' (or "I Hear You Knockin ' '') is a rhythm and blues song written by Dave Bartholomew. New Orleans rhythm and blues singer Smiley Lewis first recorded the song in 1955. The lyrics tell of the return of a former lover who is rebuffed and Huey "Piano '' Smith provided the prominent piano accompaniment in the style associated with Fats Domino.
"I Hear You Knocking '' reached number two on the Billboard R&B singles chart in 1955, making it Lewis 's most popular and best - known song. Subsequently, numerous artists have recorded it, including Welsh singer and guitarist Dave Edmunds, whose version reached number one in the UK for six weeks in 1970 and was in the top 10 in several other countries.
Several earlier blues and R&B songs use lyrics similar to "I Hear You Knocking ''. James "Boodle It '' Wiggins recorded an upbeat piano blues in 1928 titled "Keep A Knockin ' An You Ca n't Get In '' which repeated the title in the lyrics. It was followed by songs that used similar phrases, including "You Ca n't Come In '', by Bert M. Mays (1928); "Keep On Knocking '', by Lil Johnson (1935); "Keep a Knocking '', by Milton Brown & His Brownies (1936); and "Keep Knocking (But You Ca n't Come In) '', by Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys (1938). None of these early singles listed a songwriter or composer.
However, when popular jump blues bandleader Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five recorded the song as "Keep A-Knockin ' '' in 1939, the single 's credits listed "Mays - Bradford '' (Bert Mays and Perry Bradford). in 1957, Little Richard recorded it with "R. Penniman '', Richard 's legal name, listed as the writer, although Bert Mays and J. Mayo Williams were later credited as songwriters. Beginning with his signing by the Los Angeles -- based Imperial Records in 1950, Smiley Lewis was one of the main proponents of the emerging New Orleans rhythm and blues style, along with Fats Domino, Lloyd Price, Dave Bartholomew, and Professor Longhair.
Smiley Lewis recorded "I Hear You Knocking '' with Dave Bartholomew 's band at J&M Studios in New Orleans, owned by Cosimo Matassa. Bartholomew is listed as the producer and songwriter, along with Pearl King (a Bartholomew pseudonym; the maiden name of his wife). "I Hear You Knocking '' uses a modified twelve - bar blues arrangement, in which the progression to the IV chord is repeated:
It has been notated in 4 / 4 time in the key of C with a moderate tempo. Instrumentally, the song is dominated by piano triplets in the style of Fats Domino, played by Huey "Piano '' Smith. The lyrics echo some of the lines from the earlier songs:
You went away and left me long time ago Now you 're comin ' back knockin ' on my door I hear you knockin ', but you ca n't come in I hear you knockin ', go back where you been
"I Hear You Knocking '' was released as a single by Imperial Records in 1955 and entered the charts on September 6. It spent eighteen weeks on the chart and reached number two.
In the 1950s, it was a common practice in the record industry for pop artists to re-record (or "cover '') popular R&B songs. Well - known early examples include Big Joe Turner 's "Shake, Rattle and Roll '', which was re-recorded by Bill Haley & His Comets, and Fats Domino 's "Ai n't That a Shame '', which was covered by Pat Boone. In some cases, cover versions far outsold the originals and prevented them from entering the pop chart or "crossing over ''. This was the case with "I Hear You Knocking ''. A recording of the song by actress and pop singer Gale Storm also in 1955 reached number two on the Billboard singles chart and number three on the Cash Box Best - Selling Record chart and became a gold record. Blues researcher Bill Dahl noted that "Storm swiped his (Lewis 's) thunder for any crossover possibilities with her ludicrous whitewashed cover of the plaintive ballad ''. Bartholomew expressed his disappointment, reportedly leading him to refer to Lewis as a "' bad luck singer ', because he never sold more than 100,000 copies of his Imperial singles ''. English singer Jill Day also recorded the song in 1956, as did Connie Francis in 1959. In 1961, Bartholomew produced Fats Domino 's successful remake of the song, also for Imperial.
Welsh singer and guitarist Dave Edmunds recorded "I Hear You Knocking '' in 1970 at Rockfield Studios in Monmouthshire. Whereas Lewis 's original recording is a piano - driven R&B piece with a 12 / 8 shuffle feel, Edmunds ' version features prominent guitar lines and a stripped - down, straight - quaver rock - and - roll approach. In an interview, John Lennon commented, "Well, I always liked simple rock. There 's a great one in England now, ' I Hear You Knocking ' ''.
Edmunds plays all the instruments (except possibly bass guitar) and AllMusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine suggests that the song "has a mechanical rhythm and a weird, out - of - phase vocal that qualifies as an original interpretation ''. Edmunds uses fills and a solo played on slide guitar, and during the instrumental break he shouts out the names of several 1950s recording artists: "Fats Domino, Smiley Lewis, Chuck Berry, Huey Smith! '' The production is notable for its use of heavy compression on nearly all tracks, and for its minimalist piano part, consisting of one chord (augmented dominant C7 chord) played only twice. The vocal was piped in through a telephone line.
In December 1970, "I Hear You Knocking '' reached number one in the UK, including the Christmas number one slot, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks. It also placed in the top 10 in several other countries, including number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1971. It sold over three million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. In 1972, the song was included on his first solo album, Rockpile.
Edmunds had originally planned to record a cover of "Let 's Work Together '' by Wilbert Harrison, but had to reconsider when he heard a version that had been recorded by Canned Heat. He later recalled:
Then an album of Smiley Lewis was released on United Artists in Britain, and they played "I Hear You Knocking '' on the radio in Britain while I was driving along. I thought, "Hang on '', the two songs have identical format. You could use the same backing track for both songs. It 's just a simple 12 - bar thing. So I thought, I 'll do that.
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what is the 33rd book in the bible | List of books of the King James Version - wikipedia
These are the books of the King James Version of the Bible along with the names and numbers given them in the Douay Rheims Bible and Latin Vulgate. This list is a complement to the list in Books of the Latin Vulgate. It is an aid to finding cross references between two longstanding standards of Biblical literature.
There are 80 books in the King James Bible -- 39 in the Old Testament, 14 in the Apocrypha, and 27 in the New Testament. Most modern editions omit the Apocrypha; in those editions the number of books totals 66. The reasons for the omission of the Apocrypha can be found in the article "Biblical canon ''. The names of those books found in the Apocrypha section of their respective versions are in italics.
In the Latin Vulgate, it is customary to separate chapter and verse with a comma, for example, "Ioannem 3, 16 ''. But in English bibles it is customary to separate chapter and verse with a colon, for example, "John 3: 16 ''.
The Psalms of the two versions are numbered differently. The Vulgate follows the Septuagint numbering, while the King James Version follows the numbering of the Masoretic Text. This generally results in the Psalms of the former being one number behind the latter. See the article on Psalms for more details.
Early editions of the King James Bible, made before the standardization of English spelling, contain variations in the spelling of the names of the books. The spellings shown here are from the Oxford World 's Classics edition (ISBN 978 - 0199535941). Early editions often make greater use of the silent e in their spelling, e.g. "Deuteronomie '' for Deuteronomy, "Booke '' for book, and "Wisedom '' for Wisdom.
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the belief in social economic and political equality for women is referred to as | Egalitarianism - wikipedia
Egalitarianism (from French égal, meaning ' equal ') -- or equalitarianism -- is a school of thought that prioritizes equality for all people. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Egalitarian doctrines maintain that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or social status. According to the Merriam - Webster Dictionary, the term has two distinct definitions in modern English: either as a political doctrine that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political, economic, social and civil rights; or as a social philosophy advocating the removal of economic inequalities among people, economic egalitarianism, or the decentralization of power. Some sources define egalitarianism as the point of view that equality reflects the natural state of humanity.
Some specifically focused egalitarian concerns include communism, legal egalitarianism, luck egalitarianism, political egalitarianism, gender egalitarianism, racial equality, equality of outcome and Christian egalitarianism. Common forms of egalitarianism include political and philosophical.
One argument is that liberalism provides democratic societies with the means to carry out civic reform by providing a framework for developing public policy and thus providing the right conditions for individuals to achieve civil rights.
The English Bill of Rights of 1689 and the United States Constitution use only the term "person '' in operative language involving fundamental rights and responsibilities, except for (a) a reference to "men '' in the English Bill of Rights regarding men on trial for treason; and (b) a rule of proportional Congressional representation in the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution.
As the rest of the Constitution, in its operative language the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution uses the term "person '' stating, for example, that "(...) nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws ''.
An example of this form is the Tunisian Constitution of 2014 which provides that "men and women shall be equal in their rights and duties ''.
The motto "Liberté, égalité, fraternité '' was used during the French Revolution and is still used as an official motto of the French government. The 1789 Rights of Man and of the Citizen French Constitution is framed also with this basis in equal rights of men, but not of women. This was satirized by Olympe de Gouges during this time with her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen.
The Declaration of Independence of the United States might be an example of an assertion of equality of men, but not of women under natural rights, with its language "all men are created equal ''. This assertion may be understood by the use of "man '' or "men '' as a proper noun in the sense of "mankind ''. John Locke is sometimes considered the founder of this form.
Some of the framers of the United States Constitution, most notably John Dickinson, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence in part because of this use of "rights of man '' rather than "rights of person ''.
Many state constitutions in the United States also use "rights of man '' language rather than "rights of person '' (see the Kentucky State Constitution).
It is generally accepted by egalitarians that some feminists have given up equal thinking and only focused on women 's rights and the exclusion of other gender rights. By the original definition, feminism falls under egalitarianism and some feminists identify as egalitarian.
At a cultural level, egalitarian theories have developed in sophistication and acceptance during the past two hundred years. Among the notable broadly egalitarian philosophies are socialism, communism, social anarchism, libertarian socialism, left - libertarianism, and progressivism, some of which propound economic egalitarianism. Several egalitarian ideas enjoy wide support among intellectuals and in the general populations of many countries. However, whether any of these ideas have been significantly implemented in practice remains a controversial question. A position of opposition to egalitarianism is antiegalitarianism.
An early example of equality of outcome economic egalitarianism is Xu Xing, a scholar of the Chinese philosophy of agriculturalism, who supported the fixing of prices and in which all similar goods and services, regardless of differences in quality and demand, are set at exactly the same, unchanging price.
In socialism, social ownership of means of production is sometimes considered to be a form of economic egalitarianism because in an economy characterized by social ownership, the surplus product generated by industry would accrue to the population as a whole as opposed to a class of private owners, thereby granting each individual increased autonomy and greater equality in their relationships with one another. Although the economist Karl Marx is sometimes mistaken to be an egalitarian, Marx eschewed normative theorizing on moral principles altogether. However, Marx did have a theory of the evolution of moral principles in relation to specific economic systems.
The American economist John Roemer has put forth a new perspective of equality and its relationship to socialism. Roemer attempts to reformulate Marxist analysis to accommodate normative principles of distributive justice, shifting the argument for socialism away from purely technical and materialist reasons to one of distributive justice. Roemer argues that according to the principle of distributive justice, the traditional definition of socialism based on the principle that individual compensation be proportional to the value of the labour one expends in production is inadequate. Roemer concludes that egalitarians must reject socialism as it is classically defined in order for equality to be realized.
Many philosophers, including Ingmar Persson, Peter Vallentyne, Nils Holtug, and Lewis Gompertz have argued that egalitarianism implies that the interests of non-human animals must be taken into account as well. Philosopher Oscar Horta has further argued that "Egalitarianism implies rejecting speciesism, and in practice it prescribes ceasing to exploit nonhuman animals as well as assisting them (in nature). '' Furthermore, Horta argues that "because (nonhuman animals) are worse off in comparison to humans, egalitarianism prescribes giving priority to the interests nonhuman animals. ''
The Sikh faith was founded upon egalitarian principles, reaffirming the notion of equality not only based upon race, but also between the genders. This equality led to denunciation of sati, the practice of widows sacrificing themselves on the funeral pyres of deceased husbands, albeit being very rare at the time, but occurred due to the wives of warriors preferring to commit self - immolation than becoming the bounty of war for the marauding jihadists that were waging wars in India and Afghanistan during the early Ghazni wars. The scriptural injunction is often ascribed as providing women in the Sikh faith equal rights to practice their faith and be regarded as created equal in the eyes of God. Whilst the noble premise to strive for egalitarianism, many Sikhs still practice strong tribal casteism, with greater rigidity than the Hindu archetype from which the practice was inherited. Despite the rhetoric of equality, scholars have "found contradictions in the Sikh rhetoric of equality and widespread discrimination against Sikh 's of low castes ''. Furthermore, despite many Sikh scholars decreeing the egalitarian tenets of Sikhism, denouncing sexism, female infanticide, dowry, sati or the condemning of widows to a life of solitude and isolation -- the reality is these practices have remained prevalent whilst they have long fallen out of favour with the other ethnocultural religious groups in the Indian continent, like Hindus, Buddhists and Jains.
The Christian egalitarian view holds that the Bible teaches the fundamental equality of women and men of all racial and ethnic mixes, all economic classes and all age groups, but within the teachings and example of Jesus Christ, God and the overarching principles of scripture.
Within the wide range of Christianity there are dissenting views to this from opposing groups, some of which are complementarians and patriarchalists. There are also those who may say that whilst the Bible encourages equality, it also encourages law and order and social structure (for example, parents having authority over their children and the view that wife should submit to her husband and husband 's should in return love their wives. These ideas are considered by some to be contrary to the ideals of egalitarianism. At its foundation, Galatians 3: 28 holds: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus '' -- defining all as equal in the sight of God. Similarly, Colossians 3: 11 says: "Here there is no Gentile or Jew, circumcised or uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian, slave or free, but Christ is all, and is in all '', defining all as equal in the sight of God in relationship to faith in Jesus Christ. Various Christian groups have attempted to hold to this view and develop Christian oriented communities. In Acts, chapter 2, members of the early Christian community sell their possessions, give the proceeds to a common fund overseen by the disciples, then take "according to their need ''. One of the most notable of present - day communities are the Hutterite groups of Europe and North America, living in agricultural and collective communities.
Judaism is not a universalist religion and teaches that Jews (defined as either the biological descendants of Jacob "Israel '', the son of Isaac and grandson of Abraham or someone who converted) have a specific covenant with God as a chosen people (Deutoronomy 7: 6 "chosen as God 's treasured people '') to serve as an example of God 's light to the rest of the world. The oral Torah and Rabbinic literature codified in the Talmud makes key distinctions in religious and legal contexts between Jews and the gentiles (literally, "the nations ''). However, Judaism teaches that all people are the creations of God and are commanded in the seven universal moral laws known as the Seven Laws of Noah. In this aspect, Judaism is universalist in its divine message, but not in its religious obligations. In reform and conservative Judaism, egalitarian refers to nullification of religious gender separations. Synagogues that identify as egalitarian allow mixed seating (i.e. no mechitza) and allow women to lead services with men in attendance as well as read publicly from the Torah.
The Islamic stance on equality is not similar to that of Christianity it does n't stress that all humans are equal in the eyes of God, regardless of gender, class and race. The Quran states: "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Acquainted ''. Louise Marlow 's Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Islamic Thought compares the egalitarianism of early Islam to current practice.
Military egalitarianism has been noted since ancient times, such as with Shakespeare 's St Crispin 's Day Speech. This occurs in spite of the distinctions military forces attempt to make between officers and enlisted men. For example, former Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. said that United States Air Force culture included an egalitarianism bred from officers as warriors who work with small groups of enlisted airmen either as the service crew or onboard crew of their aircraft.
Modern egalitarianism is a theory that rejects the classic definition of egalitarianism as a possible achievement economically, politically and socially. Modern egalitarianism theory (or "new egalitarianism '') outlines that if everyone had the same opportunity cost, then there would be no comparative advances and no one would gain from trading with each other. In essence, the immense gains people receive from trading with each other arise because they are unequal in characteristics and talents -- these differences may be innate or developed so that people can gain from trading with each other.
The cultural theory of risk holds egalitarianism as defined by (1) a negative attitude towards rules and principles; and (2) a positive attitude towards group decision - making, with fatalism termed as its opposite. The theory distinguishes between hierarchists, who are positive towards both rules and groups; and egalitarianists, who are positive towards groups, but negative towards rules. This is by definition a form of "anarchist equality '' as referred to by Berkman. The fabric of an "egalitarianist society '' is thus held together by cooperation and implicit peer pressure rather than by explicit rules and punishment. However, Thompson et al. theorise that any society consisting of only one perspective, be it egalitarianist, hierarchist, individualist, fatalist or autonomist, will be inherently unstable: the claim is that an interplay between all these perspectives are required if each perspective is to be fulfilling. For instance, although an individualist according to cultural theory is aversive towards both principles and groups, individualism is not fulfilling if individual brilliance can not be recognised by groups, or if individual brilliance can not be made permanent in the form of principles. Accordingly, egalitarianists have no power except through their presence, unless they (by definition, reluctantly) embrace principles which enable them to cooperate with fatalists and hierarchists. They will also have no individual sense of direction in the absence of a group. This could be mitigated by following individuals outside their group: autonomists or individualists.
Alexander Berkman suggests that "equality does not mean an equal amount but equal opportunity (...) Do not make the mistake of identifying equality in liberty with the forced equality of the convict camp. True anarchist equality implies freedom, not quantity. It does not mean that every one must eat, drink, or wear the same things, do the same work, or live in the same manner. Far from it: the very reverse in fact (...) Individual needs and tastes differ, as appetites differ. It is equal opportunity to satisfy them that constitutes true equality (...) Far from levelling, such equality opens the door for the greatest possible variety of activity and development. For human character is diverse ''.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believed that a revolution would bring about a socialist society which would then eventually give way to a communist stage of social development, which would be a classless, stateless, humane society erected on common ownership and the principle of "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs ''.
However, Marxism rejected egalitarianism in the sense of greater equality between classes, clearly distinguishing it from the socialist notion of the abolition of classes based on the division between workers and owners of productive property. Marx 's view of classlessness was not the subordination of society to a universal interest (such as a universal notion of "equality ''), but was about the creation of the conditions that would enable individuals to pursue their true interests and desires -- thus Marx 's notion of communist society is radically individualistic.
Marx was a proponent of two principles, the first applied to socialism and the second to an advanced communist society: "To each according to his contribution '' and "From each according to their ability, to each according to their needs ''. Although Marx 's position is often confused or conflated with distributive egalitarianism in which only the goods and services resulting from production are distributed according to a notional equality, in reality Marx eschewed the entire concept of equality as abstract and bourgeois in nature, preferring to focus on more concrete principles such as opposition to exploitation on materialist grounds and economic logic.
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this is an example of simpson's paradox because | Simpson 's paradox - wikipedia
Simpson 's paradox, or the Yule -- Simpson effect, is a phenomenon in probability and statistics, in which a trend appears in several different groups of data but disappears or reverses when these groups are combined. It is sometimes given the descriptive title reversal paradox or amalgamation paradox.
This result is often encountered in social - science and medical - science statistics and is particularly problematic when frequency data is unduly given causal interpretations. The paradoxical elements disappear when causal relations are brought into consideration. It has been used to try and inform the non-specialist or public audience about the kind of misleading results mis - applied statistics can generate. Martin Gardner wrote a popular account of Simpson 's paradox in his March 1976 Mathematical Games column in Scientific American.
Edward H. Simpson first described this phenomenon in a technical paper in 1951, but the statisticians Karl Pearson et al., in 1899, and Udny Yule, in 1903, had mentioned similar effects earlier. The name Simpson 's paradox was introduced by Colin R. Blyth in 1972.
Suppose two people, Lisa and Bart, each edit articles for two weeks. In the first week, Lisa fails to improve the only article she edited, and Bart improves 1 of the 4 articles he edited. In the second week, Lisa improves 3 of 4 articles she edited, while Bart improves the only article he edited.
Both times Bart improved a higher percentage of articles than Lisa, but the actual number of articles each edited (the bottom number of their ratios, also known as the sample size) were not the same for both of them either week. When the totals for the two weeks are added together, Bart and Lisa 's work can be judged from an equal sample size; i.e., the total number of articles edited by each. Looked at in this more accurate manner, Lisa 's ratio is higher and, therefore, so is her percentage. Also when the two tests are combined using a weighted average, overall, Lisa has improved a much higher percentage than Bart because the quality modifier had a significantly higher percentage. Therefore, like other paradoxes, it only appears to be a paradox because of incorrect assumptions, incomplete or misguided information, or a lack of understanding a particular concept.
This imagined paradox is caused when the percentage is provided but not the ratio. In this example, if only the 25 % in the first week for Bart was provided but not the ratio (1: 4), it would distort the information and so cause the imagined paradox. Even though Bart 's percentage is higher for the first and second week, when two weeks of articles is combined, overall Lisa had improved a greater proportion, 60 % of the 5 total articles. Lisa 's proportional total of articles improved exceeds Bart 's total.
Simpson 's paradox can also be illustrated using the 2 - dimensional vector space. A success rate of p q (\ displaystyle \ textstyle (\ frac (p) (q))) (i.e., successes / attempts) can be represented by a vector A → = (q, p) (\ displaystyle (\ overrightarrow (A)) = (q, p)), with a slope of p q (\ displaystyle \ textstyle (\ frac (p) (q))). A larger slope, meaning a steeper vector direction, represents then a more successful week. If two rates p 1 q 1 (\ displaystyle \ textstyle (\ frac (p_ (1)) (q_ (1)))) and p 2 q 2 (\ displaystyle \ textstyle (\ frac (p_ (2)) (q_ (2)))) are combined, as in the examples given above, the result can be represented by the sum of the vectors (q 1, p 1) (\ displaystyle (q_ (1), p_ (1))) and (q 2, p 2) (\ displaystyle (q_ (2), p_ (2))), which according to the parallelogram rule is the vector (q 1 + q 2, p 1 + p 2) (\ displaystyle (q_ (1) + q_ (2), p_ (1) + p_ (2))), with slope p 1 + p 2 q 1 + q 2 (\ displaystyle \ textstyle (\ frac (p_ (1) + p_ (2)) (q_ (1) + q_ (2)))).
Simpson 's paradox says that even if a vector L 1 → (\ displaystyle (\ overrightarrow (L_ (1)))) (in orange in figure) has a smaller slope than another vector B 1 → (\ displaystyle (\ overrightarrow (B_ (1)))) (in blue), and L 2 → (\ displaystyle (\ overrightarrow (L_ (2)))) has a smaller slope than B 2 → (\ displaystyle (\ overrightarrow (B_ (2)))), the sum of the two vectors L 1 → + L 2 → (\ displaystyle (\ overrightarrow (L_ (1))) + (\ overrightarrow (L_ (2)))) can still have a larger slope than the sum of the two vectors B 1 → + B 2 → (\ displaystyle (\ overrightarrow (B_ (1))) + (\ overrightarrow (B_ (2)))), as shown in the example.
One of the best - known examples of Simpson 's paradox is a study of gender bias among graduate school admissions to University of California, Berkeley. The admission figures for the fall of 1973 showed that men applying were more likely than women to be admitted, and the difference was so large that it was unlikely to be due to chance.
But when examining the individual departments, it appeared that six out of 85 departments were significantly biased against men, whereas only four were significantly biased against women. In fact, the pooled and corrected data showed a "small but statistically significant bias in favor of women. '' The data from the six largest departments are listed below.
The research paper by Bickel et al. concluded that women tended to apply to competitive departments with low rates of admission even among qualified applicants (such as in the English Department), whereas men tended to apply to less - competitive departments with high rates of admission among the qualified applicants (such as in engineering and chemistry).
This is a real - life example from a medical study comparing the success rates of two treatments for kidney stones.
The table below shows the success rates and numbers of treatments for treatments involving both small and large kidney stones, where Treatment A includes all open surgical procedures and Treatment B is percutaneous nephrolithotomy (which involves only a small puncture). The numbers in parentheses indicate the number of success cases over the total size of the group.
The paradoxical conclusion is that treatment A is more effective when used on small stones, and also when used on large stones, yet treatment B is more effective when considering both sizes at the same time. In this example, the "lurking '' variable (or confounding variable) is the severity of the case (represented by the doctors ' treatment decision trend of favoring B for less severe cases), which was not previously known to be important until its effects were included.
Which treatment is considered better is determined by an inequality between two ratios (successes / total). The reversal of the inequality between the ratios, which creates Simpson 's paradox, happens because two effects occur together:
Based on these effects, the paradoxical result is seen to arise by suppression of the causal effect of the severity of the case on successful treatment. The paradoxical result can be rephrased more accurately as follows: When the less effective treatment (B) is applied more frequently to less severe cases, it can appear to be a more effective treatment.
A common example of Simpson 's Paradox involves the batting averages of players in professional baseball. It is possible for one player to have a higher batting average than another player each year for a number of years, but to have a lower batting average across all of those years. This phenomenon can occur when there are large differences in the number of at - bats between the years. (The same situation applies to calculating batting averages for the first half of the baseball season, and during the second half, and then combining all of the data for the season 's batting average.)
A real - life example is provided by Ken Ross and involves the batting average of two baseball players, Derek Jeter and David Justice, during the years 1995 and 1996:
In both 1995 and 1996, Justice had a higher batting average (in bold type) than Jeter did. However, when the two baseball seasons are combined, Jeter shows a higher batting average than Justice. According to Ross, this phenomenon would be observed about once per year among the possible pairs of interesting baseball players. In this particular case, the Simpson 's Paradox can still be observed if the year 1997 is also taken into account:
The Jeter and Justice example of Simpson 's paradox was referred to in the "Conspiracy Theory '' episode of the television series Numb3rs, though a chart shown omitted some of the data, and listed the 1996 averages as 1995.
Simpson 's paradox can also arise in correlations, in which two variables appear to have (say) a positive correlation towards one another, when in fact they have a negative correlation, the reversal having been brought about by a "lurking '' confounder. Berman et al. give an example from economics, where a dataset suggests overall demand is positively correlated with price (that is, higher prices lead to more demand), in contradiction of expectation. Analysis reveals time to be the confounding variable: plotting both price and demand against time reveals the expected negative correlation over various periods, which then reverses to become positive if the influence of time is ignored by simply plotting demand against price.
The practical significance of Simpson 's paradox surfaces in decision making situations where it poses the following dilemma: Which data should we consult in choosing an action, the aggregated or the partitioned? In the Kidney Stone example above, it is clear that if one is diagnosed with "Small Stones '' or "Large Stones '' the data for the respective subpopulation should be consulted and Treatment A would be preferred to Treatment B. But what if a patient is not diagnosed, and the size of the stone is not known; would it be appropriate to consult the aggregated data and administer Treatment B? This would stand contrary to common sense; a treatment that is preferred both under one condition and under its negation should also be preferred when the condition is unknown.
On the other hand, if the partitioned data is to be preferred a priori, what prevents one from partitioning the data into arbitrary sub-categories (say based on eye color or post-treatment pain) artificially constructed to yield wrong choices of treatments? Pearl shows that, indeed, in many cases it is the aggregated, not the partitioned data that gives the correct choice of action. Worse yet, given the same table, one should sometimes follow the partitioned and sometimes the aggregated data, depending on the story behind the data, with each story dictating its own choice. Pearl considers this to be the real paradox behind Simpson 's reversal.
As to why and how a story, not data, should dictate choices, the answer is that it is the story which encodes the causal relationships among the variables. Once we explicate these relationships and represent them formally, we can test which partition gives the correct treatment preference. For example, if we represent causal relationships in a graph called "causal diagram '' (see Bayesian networks), we can test whether nodes that represent the proposed partition intercept spurious paths in the diagram. This test, called "back - door, '' reduces Simpson 's paradox to an exercise in graph theory.
Psychological interest in Simpson 's paradox seeks to explain why people deem sign reversal to be impossible at first, offended by the idea that an action preferred both under one condition and under its negation should be rejected when the condition is unknown. The question is where people get this strong intuition from, and how it is encoded in the mind.
Simpson 's paradox demonstrates that this intuition can not be derived from either classical logic or probability calculus alone, and thus led philosophers to speculate that it is supported by an innate causal logic that guides people in reasoning about actions and their consequences. Savage 's sure - thing principle is an example of what such logic may entail. A qualified version of Savage 's sure thing principle can indeed be derived from Pearl 's do - calculus and reads: "An action A that increases the probability of an event B in each subpopulation C of C must also increase the probability of B in the population as a whole, provided that the action does not change the distribution of the subpopulations. '' This suggests that knowledge about actions and consequences is stored in a form resembling Causal Bayesian Networks.
A paper by Pavlides and Perlman presents a proof, due to Hadjicostas, that in a random 2 × 2 × 2 table with uniform distribution, Simpson 's paradox will occur with a probability of exactly /. A study by Kock suggests that the probability that Simpson 's paradox would occur at random in path models (i.e., models generated by path analysis) with two predictors and one criterion variable is approximately 12.8 percent; slightly higher than 1 occurrence per 8 path models.
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who plays nanny plum in ben and holly's little kingdom | Sarah Ann Kennedy - Wikipedia
Sarah Ann Kennedy is a British voice actress best known for providing the voices of Miss Rabbit and Mummy Rabbit in the children 's animated series Peppa Pig, Nanny Plum in the children 's animated series Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom and Dolly Pond in Pond Life. She is also a writer and animation director and the creator of Crapston Villas, an animated soap opera for Channel 4 in 1996 -- 1998. She has also written for Hit Entertainment and Peppa Pig, and is a lecturer at the University of Central Lancashire.
Kennedy grew up in Stratford - upon - Avon. She is married to ceramicist Rob Parr. They currently live in Preston, Lancashire, and have one child, a daughter.
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where does the expression going postal come from | Going postal - wikipedia
Going postal is an American English slang phrase referring to becoming extremely and uncontrollably angry, often to the point of violence, and usually in a workplace environment. The expression derives from a series of incidents from 1986 onward in which United States Postal Service (USPS) workers shot and killed managers, fellow workers, and members of the police or general public in acts of mass murder. Between 1970 and 1997, more than 40 people were killed by current or former employees in at least 20 incidents of workplace rage. Between 1986 and 2011, workplace shootings happened at roughly 2 per year, with an average of 12 people killed per year.
The earliest known use of the phrase was on December 17, 1993, in the St. Petersburg Times:
The symposium was sponsored by the U.S. Postal Service, which has seen so many outbursts that in some circles excessive stress is known as ' going postal. ' Thirty - five people have been killed in 11 post office shootings since 1983. The USPS does not approve of the term "going postal '' and has made attempts to stop people from using the saying. Some postal workers, however, feel it has earned its place.
On December 31, 1993, the Los Angeles Times stated:
Unlike the more deadly mass shootings around the nation, which have lent a new term to the language, referring to shooting up the office as "going postal ''.
On August 20, 1986, during the Edmond post office shooting, 14 employees were shot and killed and six were wounded at the Edmond, Oklahoma, post office by Patrick Sherrill, a postman who then committed suicide with a shot to the forehead.
A former United States postal worker, Joseph M. Harris, killed his former supervisor, Carol Ott, and killed her boyfriend, Cornelius Kasten Jr., at their home. The following morning, on October 10, 1991, Harris shot and killed two mail handlers, Joseph M. VanderPaauw, 59, of Prospect Park, New Jersey, and Donald McNaught, 63, of Pompton Lakes, New Jersey, at the Ridgewood Post Office.
On November 14, 1991 in Royal Oak, Michigan, Thomas McIlvane killed five people, including himself, with a rifle in Royal Oak 's post office, after being fired from the Postal Service for "insubordination. '' He had been previously suspended for getting into altercations with postal customers on his route.
For some time prior to the Royal Oak incident the service had experienced labor / management and operational problems and customer service complaints. This had drawn the attention of local media. The Office of Senator Carl Levin investigated Royal Oak, the results of which were summarized in a September 10, 1991, staff memorandum. The memorandum documented "patterns of harassment, intimidation, cruelty and allegations of favoritism in promotions and demotions... (and) testimony relating to wide - ranging delivery and service problems '' prior to the McIlvane shooting.
Two shootings took place on the same day, May 6, 1993, a few hours apart. At a post office in Dearborn, Michigan, Lawrence Jasion wounded three and killed one, and subsequently killed himself. In Dana Point, California, Mark Richard Hilbun killed his mother and her dog, then shot two postal workers dead. As a result of these two shootings, in 1993 the Postal Service created 85 Workplace Environment Analysts for domicile at its 85 postal districts. These new positions were created to help with violence prevention and workplace improvement. In February 2009, the Postal Service unilaterally eliminated these positions as part of its downsizing efforts.
Jennifer San Marco, a former postal employee, killed six postal employees before committing suicide with a handgun, on the evening of January 30, 2006, at a large postal processing facility in Goleta, California. Police later also identified a seventh victim dead in a condominium complex in Goleta where San Marco once lived. According to media reports, the Postal Service had forced San Marco to retire in 2003 because of her worsening mental problems. This incident is believed to be the deadliest workplace shooting ever carried out in the United States by a woman.
Grant Gallaher, a letter carrier in Baker City, Oregon, pleaded guilty to the April 4, 2006 murder of his supervisor. He reportedly brought his. 357 Magnum revolver to the city post office with the intention of killing his postmaster. When he arrived at the parking lot, he reportedly ran over his supervisor several times. He then went into the post office looking for his postmaster. Not finding him, he went back out to the parking lot and shot his supervisor. Gallaher was on a new route for three weeks and had felt pressured by a week - long work - time study and extra time added to his new route.
San Francisco, California, 2017
On June 14, 2017, Jimmy Lam, 38, fatally shot three coworkers at a United Parcel Service (UPS) facility in the Potrero Hill neighborhood of San Francisco, California. Lam then shot and killed himself as police arrived at the facility. Two others were wounded by gunfire, and three people were injured while escaping.
Postal worker DeShaune Stewart murdered two colleagues, his supervisor and the postmistress, on December 23, 2017.
Researchers have found that the homicide rates at postal facilities were lower than at other workplaces. In major industries, the highest rate of 2.1 homicides per 100,000 workers per year was in retail. The homicide rate for postal workers was 0.22 per 100,000 versus 0.77 per 100,000 workers in general. The common depiction of an employee returning to work for revenge on his boss is overdone. More than half of mass workplace shooting are by current employees, and a little under a quarter are by employees who have been at their job for less than a year.
In 1998, the United States Congress conducted a joint hearing to review the violence in the U.S. Postal Service. In the hearing, it was noted that despite the postal service accounting for less than 1 % of the full - time civilian labor force, 13 % of workplace homicides were committed at postal facilities by current or former employees.
In the controversial video game series Postal, the player takes on the role of an insane mass murderer in the first game, and in the later series a first - person role performing normally mundane chores (such as picking up a paycheck from work) with an often gratuitously violent twist. In 1997, the USPS sued the creators of the game, Running With Scissors, over the use of the term "postal ''. Running With Scissors argued that, despite its title, the game has absolutely nothing to do with the USPS or its employees. The case was dismissed with prejudice in 2003.
The 1994 comedy film Naked Gun 331⁄3: The Final Insult includes a scene where the main character must deal with a series of escalating threats, including the sudden appearance of dozens of disgruntled postal workers randomly firing weapons in every direction.
The 1995 film Clueless is credited with popularizing the phrase "going postal '' and is responsible for the term 's casual usage still today. The actors in the film had no idea what it meant to "go postal, '' since it was an uncommon phrase at the time.
The title of the 2004 book Going Postal by Terry Pratchett makes reference to the contents of the novel, but in future novels of the Discworld universe characters use the term "going postal '' in the common sense, apparently referring to the events of Going Postal.
As referenced on the Simpsons, during Episode "Sunday Cruddy Sunday '', Bart and Lisa visit the post office and Nelson asks:
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the waitangi tribunal makes final decisions about grievances under the treaty of waitangi | Waitangi Tribunal - Wikipedia
The Waitangi Tribunal (Māori: Te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti) is a New Zealand permanent commission of inquiry established under the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975. It is charged with investigating and making recommendations on claims brought by Māori relating to actions or omissions of the Crown, in the period largely since 1840, that breach the promises made in the Treaty of Waitangi. The Tribunal is not a court of law; therefore, the Tribunal 's recommendations and findings are not binding on the Crown. They are sometimes ignored, for instance in the foreshore and seabed dispute.
The inquiry process contributes to the resolution of Treaty claims and to the reconciliation of outstanding issues between Māori and Pākehā. In 2014 the Tribunal found that Maori did not give up their sovereignty when they signed the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.
In 1975 protests from indigenous peoples about unresolved Treaty of Waitangi grievances had been increasing for some time, and the Tribunal was set up to provide a legal process for the investigation of those grievances. The Honourable Matiu Rata was Minister of Māori Affairs in the early 1970s and the politician most responsible for the Tribunal 's creation.
Originally the Tribunal could investigate grievances only since 1975, but in 1985 a law change meant the Tribunal 's jurisdiction was extended back to 1840, the date of the Waitangi Treaty. The subsequent findings of many Treaty breaches by the Crown in various inquiries led to a public backlash against the Tribunal. The Tribunal has often been a political issue in the 1990s and 2000s.
Originally a Tribunal investigation and report was a prerequisite for a Treaty settlement with the New Zealand Government. But in 1999, to speed up settlements, the government changed the process so that claimants could go straight to settlement with the Office of Treaty Settlements without engaging in the Tribunal process. This was an increasingly popular short - cut to settlement in the face of the slow Tribunal process. The deadline for submitting historical claims was 1 September 2008, but contemporary claims can still be filed.
In June 1986, the Waitangi Tribunal received the Wai 26 claim that the Treaty of Waitangi was breached by the Crown proceeding to introduce legislation related to Māori language before the delivery of the Tribunal 's Report on the Te Reo Maori Claim. As a consequence, the Māori people would be denied their claims for radio frequencies and a television channel.
In June 1990 claim Wai 150 was lodged by Sir Graham Latimer on behalf of the New Zealand Māori Council. The claim was in respect of the Rangatiratanga over the allocation of radio frequencies; the claim being that in the absence of an agreement with the Māori, the sale of frequency management licences under the Radiocommunications Act 1989 would be in breach of the Treaty of Waitangi. The Waitangi Tribunal amalgamated the Wai 26 with the Wai 150 claim. The final report of the Tribunal recommended that the Crown suspend the radio frequency tender process and proceed to negotiate with the Iwi.
The Ngāi Tahu Maori Trust Board filed the claim with the Waitangi Tribunal in 1986. The claim covered nine different areas and was heard over two years from 1987. The Tribunal released its three - volume report in 1991 -- at that time it was the tribunal 's most comprehensive inquiry. It found that ' the Crown acted unconscionably and in repeated breach of the Treaty of Waitangi ' in its land dealings with the tribe, and recommended substantial compensation. Ngāi Tahu also filed a claim in regards to commercial fisheries, in regards to which the Tribunal released its report in 1993. Ngāi Tahu settled with the Crown in 1998, and received $170 million in compensation, an apology, and the return of its sacred mountain Aoraki / Mount Cook (the tribe later gifted this back to the Nation).
On 2 July 2011 the Tribunal released its long - awaited report into the Wai 262 claim: "Ko Aotearoa Tēnei '' (' This is Aotearoa ' or ' This is New Zealand '). The Wai 262 claim concerns the ownership of, and rights to, mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) in respect of indigenous flora and fauna. The Wai 262 claim, and the subsequent Ko Aotearoa Tēnei report, is unusual in Tribunal terms because of its wide scope and the contemporary nature of the issues being grappled with. It was the Tribunal 's first ' whole - of - government ' inquiry, and considers more than 20 government departments and agencies, and makes recommendations as to reforms of "laws, policies or practices relating to health, education, science, intellectual property, indigenous flora and fauna, resource management, conservation, the Māori language, arts and culture, heritage, and the involvement of Māori in the development of New Zealand 's positions on international instruments affecting indigenous rights. ''
In the cover letter of the report, the Tribunal argues that:
The New Zealand Māori Council brought the claim before the Tribunal in early 2012, arguing that the sale of 49 per cent of Mighty River Power (now Mercury Energy), Meridian Energy, and Genesis Energy would prejudice any possible future recognition of Māori rights in water and geothermal resources. On 1 August 2012, the Tribunal released a memorandum finding that the government should temporarily halt its asset sales programme until it had released its interim full report. The pre-publications report was subsequently released on 24 August, and suggested that the government should postpone the asset sales programme until the issue had been resolved with Māori around the country. This finding was reached on the basis that, if the government were to proceed with the partial - privatisation programme, it would reduce its ability to resolve outstanding claims to water and geothermal rights. In terms of potential avenues for resolution, the Tribunal recommended a national hui be called so that all parties to the dispute could voice their positions.
In response to the findings of The Tribunal, the National Government postponed the float of Mighty River Power until early 2013, but rejected calls for a national hui and the "shares plus '' idea. Nevertheless, a hui was called for September 2012, but no representatives from the Government or the National Party attended. The issue was taken to court, with the courts ultimately ruling that the partial privatisation programme would not affect the Crown 's ability to provide redress to Maori, so the sales could continue.
The Tribunal, Te Paparahi o te Raki inquiry (Wai 1040) is in the process of considering the Māori and Crown understandings of He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga / The Declaration of Independence 1835 and Te Tiriti o Waitangi / the Treaty of Waitangi 1840. This aspect of the inquiry raises issues as to the nature of sovereignty and whether the Māori signatories to the Treaty of Waitangi intended to transfer sovereignty.
The first stage of the report was released in November 2014. It found that Māori chiefs never agreed to give up their sovereignty when they signed the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Tribunal manager Julie Tangaere said at the report 's release to the Ngapuhi claimants:
The Waitangi Tribunal is not a court. Because it was established as a permanent commission of inquiry, its method of investigation differs significantly from that of a court in several important respects:
The Tribunal process is inquisitorial, not adversarial. It seeks to get to the truth of the matter. The aim is to determine whether a claim is well founded.
The Tribunal may have a chairperson and up to 20 members at any one time. Members are appointed by the Governor - General on behalf of the Queen on the recommendation of the Minister of Māori Affairs in consultation with the Minister of Justice, for a renewable term of up to three years. For specific inquiries, a panel is composed of three to seven members, at least one of whom must be Māori. The chairperson of the Waitangi Tribunal can also appoint a Māori Land Court judge to act as presiding officer. This panel is then known as the Tribunal for that inquiry, for example the Central North Island Tribunal or the Taranaki Tribunal.
As of September 2012, the membership of the Tribunal was:
Chairperson
Deputy Chairperson
Ordinary members
The Waitangi Tribunal Unit is a special jurisdiction unit of the Ministry of Justice which provides support and services necessary for the Tribunal to do its work. Approximately 60 full - time staff work at the Tribunal, who are divided into the Research, Corporate and Support Services, Claims and Registrarial, Report Writing, and Editorial Teams.
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who sings with darius rucker on wagon wheel | Wagon Wheel (song) - wikipedia
"Wagon Wheel '' is a song co-written by Bob Dylan and Ketch Secor of Old Crow Medicine Show. Dylan recorded the chorus in 1973; Secor added verses 25 years later. Old Crow Medicine Show 's final version was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in April 2013.
The song has been covered numerous times, notably by Nathan Carter in 2012 and Darius Rucker in 2013. Rucker 's version reached No. 1 on the Hot Country Songs chart and was certified triple Platinum by the RIAA in March 2014.
The song describes a hitchhiking journey south along the eastern coast of the United States, from New England in the northeast, through Roanoke, Virginia, with the intended destination of Raleigh, North Carolina, where the narrator hopes to see his lover. As the narrator is walking south of Roanoke, he catches a ride with a trucker who is traveling from Philadelphia through Virginia westward toward the Cumberland Gap and Johnson City, Tennessee.
Old Crow Medicine Show 's version of the song is in 2 / 4 time signature, with an approximate tempo of 76 half notes per minute. It uses the I -- V -- vi -- IV pattern in the key of A major, with the main chord pattern of A -- E -- F ♯ m -- D.
Chris "Critter '' Fuqua
"Wagon Wheel '' is composed of two different parts. The chorus and melody for the song come from a demo recorded by Bob Dylan during the Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid sessions in February 1973. Although never officially released, the Dylan song was released on a bootleg, usually named after the chorus and its refrain, "Rock Me Mama ''. Dylan left the song an unfinished sketch.
Ketch Secor of Old Crow Medicine Show wrote verses for the song around Dylan 's original chorus (and melody):
So rock me mama like a wagon wheel Rock me mama any way you feel Hey mama rock me Rock me mama like the wind and the rain Rock me mama like a south - bound train Hey mama rock me
Chris "Critter '' Fuqua, Secor 's school friend and future bandmate, first brought home a Bob Dylan bootleg from a family trip to London containing the rough outtake called "Rock Me, Mama ''. Not "so much a song as a sketch, crudely recorded featuring most prominently a stomping boot, the candy - coated chorus and a mumbled verse that was hard to make out '', the tune kept going through Secor 's mind.
A few months later, while attending Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, and "feeling homesick for the South, '' he added verses about "hitchhiking his way home full of romantic notions put in his head by the Beat poets and, most of all, Dylan. '' Secor 's verses tell "the story of a man who travels from New England, through Philadelphia, PA, and Roanoke, VA, down the eastern coast of the United States, ending up in Raleigh, North Carolina, where he hopes to see his lover. ''
The Secor lyrics contain a geographic impossibility: heading "west from the Cumberland Gap '' to Johnson City, Tennessee "you 'd have to go east. '' As Secor explains: "I got some geography wrong, but I still sing it that way. I just wanted the word ' west ' in there. ' West ' has got more power than ' east. ' ''
Secor saw the Dylan contribution as "an outtake of something he had mumbled out on one of those tapes. I sang it all around the country from about 17 to 26, before I ever even thought, ' Oh, I better look into this. ' '' When Secor sought copyright on the song in 2003 to release it on O.C.M.S. in (2004), he discovered Dylan credited the phrase "Rock me, mama '' to bluesman Arthur "Big Boy '' Crudup, who recorded a song with this title in 1944. He likely got it from a Big Bill Broonzy recording "Rockin ' Chair Blues '' from 1940 using the phrase "rock me, baby ''. The phrase "like a wagon wheel '' is used in the 1939 Curtis Jones song "Roll Me Mama '' that includes the lines "Now roll me over, just like I 'm a wagon wheel '' and "just like I ai n't got no bone ''. He re-recorded it in 1963 as "Roll Me Over '', with some of the lyrics. In the meantime, Lil ' Son Jackson came up with "Rockin ' and Rollin '' in 1950 using the phrase "Roll me, baby, like you roll a wagon wheel ''. As Secor says: "In a way, it 's taken something like 85 years to get completed. '' Secor and Dylan signed a co-writing agreement, and share copyright on the song; agreeing to a "50 -- 50 split in authorship. ''
Secor recalls that "I met (Dylan 's son) Jakob, and Jakob said it made sense that I was a teenager when I did that because no one in their 30s would have the guts to try to write a Bob Dylan song. ''
Ketch Secor
As Old Crow Medicine Show 's signature song, "Wagon Wheel '' is in some ways bigger than the group itself -- even though the song 's origins predate formation of the musical act. The song was an early entry in the group 's catalog when it formed a few years after Secor penned it.
The group reportedly performed the song at the Station Inn in Nashville in 2001, as part of a series of songs commemorating Bob Dylan 's 60th birthday. The song has become extremely popular since its inclusion on Old Crow Medicine Show 's major label debut, O.C.M.S. in 2004, although the song appeared in an earlier form on the now out - of - print EP Troubles Up and Down the Road in 2001. The group 's version of the song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in April 2013. To celebrate they released a limited edition 7 '' vinyl record of the song with "' All Night Long ' Live At The Station Inn '' (2003) on the B - side.
Asked in mid-2008 if he gets "sick of playing it every night, '' Secor responded: "I do n't mind playing it every night. I like to see what it does to people, and it 's nice to have something that 's guaranteed, especially when you 're shuffling through new material. ''
This "catchy country - infused sing - along '' has "taken on the status of ' Free Bird ' '' -- "in that it has become a bar room staple that drunks love to loudly request at every show, regardless of who the band is '' John Cranford with music label Swampfire Records -- who organize a regular jam session on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina called Swampfire Sessions -- says "It has become our generation 's ' Freebird. ' ''
Lately, it 's been open season on "Wagon Wheel, '' which has become the acoustic musician 's "Freebird, '' one of the very few songs that people actually know well enough to find it funny to request.
The song has become such a popular cover song at musical gatherings, venues and events that some discourage its performance. At the Swampfire Sessions, Cranford states: "We banned it. (We) literally put signs up that said ' Absolutely No Wagon Wheel. ' '' "Man, some of us hate that song, '' he said. "Others play it all the time. '' Cranford, who used to play "Wagon Wheel '' on request, quit doing so after Rucker 's cover. "This song was great when Dylan wrote it and Old Crow played it, but once Darius Rucker flooded the airwaves with his version, all hope was lost, '' he said.
The New England Americana Festival sells a shirt with an image of a wagon wheel with a line through it -- creating a "no ' Wagon Wheel ' zone '' -- and "hipster bar owners ' ban ' it. ''
The song is basically inescapable. It 's as much a part of country music as the classics like "Hello Walls '' or "Islands In The Stream. '' That 's a big claim, sure, but how many other country songs actually get banned from clubs they 're played and requested so much?
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone
The English Irish singer Nathan Carter covered the song in a release June 15, 2012, a few weeks before the song became a hit for Darius Rucker in the United States. The Carter version was the title track taken from his 2012 album, Wagon Wheel. He appeared with a live version of the song on the popular The Late Late Show on RTÉ, being his first appearance on the show. He also engaged on a tour in Ireland, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland to promote the album.
Although released independently on Sharpe Music, the song became a huge hit for Carter and was his first hit song on the Irish Singles Chart. The single spent 47 weeks on the chart in its initial release. It was the biggest commercial success of any Country and Irish release in 2012 and considered a crossover hit in the mainstream pop charts. With its re-entry in the charts later in 2013, it has totaled 52 weeks in the Irish Singles Chart (as of December 5, 2013).
Various versions are available through iTunes including:
Carter released a music video of the song which features an outing on the beach where Carter sings the song with his band to his friends on the beach with those present joining in clapping and dancing. The video was filmed in Donegal, Ireland.
Darius Rucker recorded a country version of the song with Lady Antebellum as the second single on his third solo project, True Believers, released on Capitol Records. He joined Old Crow Medicine Show at the Grand Ole Opry July 6, 2012, "for a special rendition of ' Wagon Wheel ' '' where the fans "went crazy over Rucker 's cover of the Old Crow Medicine Show hit. '' After this reception he tweeted out: "Secret out after @ opry perf. I recorded a version of ' Wagon Wheel ' for my new record and @ ladyantebellum sings on track. ''
The song did not at first appeal to Rucker. "Somebody had played ' Wagon Wheel ' for me years ago, '' he said. "It was one of those things that I did n't really get. '' The faculty band at his daughter 's high school performing had a different effect, as he relates,
We were watching my daughter, and the faculty band gets up. It 's just the faculty from her school, and they play "Wagon Wheel. '' I 'm sitting in the audience, and they get to the middle of the chorus, and I turned to my wife, and I go, "I 've got to cut this song. ''
With guidance from Frank Liddell, Rucker cut the song with Lady Antebellum on backing vocals. He told Taste of Country: "Lady Antebellum took the song to a new level. Up until they added their vocals, I thought it was another song on the record. ''
Rucker had been introduced to Fuqua 's source for Dylan 's outtake years prior: "I got turned onto the Pat Garrett soundtrack when I worked retail back in the day. It 's so different from a lot of his other stuff. It 's such a cool record. '' Rucker also previously had had some experience with crediting Dylan on a song he 'd performed. His group Hootie and the Blowfish 's 1995 hit single "Only Wanna Be With You '' quotes an entire verse from Dylan 's 1975 song "Idiot Wind ''. When the record began selling big, the "Dylan camp '' took issue, and Dylan was ultimately credited as a co-writer. As Rucker remembers, "They wanted some money, and they got it. We were n't trying to rip anybody off. ''
For Rucker it was largely an issue of musical genre and the high school group changing his thinking on it: "I knew the song, and to me it was such a perfect bluegrass tune that I did n't think I could do it. But they did a country version of it, with drums and pedal steel. I was like, ' Wait a minute. That would be a great country song. ' '' On deciding to go country with it, Rucker says:
It 's such the perfect country song. When we were cutting it, all we had (to model it on) was this perfect bluegrass song. I could n't do it as a bluegrass song. It 's just not me. So if we were going to do it, we had to make it a 1950s country song. I 'm not shocked at how successful it 's been, but I did n't expect it.
Chris Talbott (on Rucker version)
When asked if he thought his recording would be nominated for a Grammy Award, Rucker responded: "If ' Wagon Wheel ' does n't get nominated for a GRAMMY, country music is screwed. It 's as simple as that. I 'm not saying I should win it, but it should be nominated. ''
Matt Bjorke of Roughstock gave Rucker 's version a five - star rating. Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave Rucker 's version four and a half stars out of five. As to the reaction of the originating group, Rucker says, "I think the Old Crow Medicine Show guys are very happy about it, and that 's all that matters to me. '' On Rucker 's version of the song, Chris ' Critter ' Fuqua of Old Crow Medicine Show says:
I love it. He actually played with us at (The Grand Ole) Opry, and it was great. I think he sees something special in that song and understands it. He 's a country music fan and, more than that, he just loves music and loves playing. I 'm really glad he cut the track. It 's been good for him and good for us, but I 'm just waiting for the time when people come up to me and say, "I love when you guys played that Darius Rucker cover. ''
Rucker 's version was nominated as Single of the Year for the 47th Country Music Association Awards along with Florida Georgia Line ("Cruise ''), Tim McGraw with Taylor Swift and Keith Urban ("Highway Do n't Care ''), Miranda Lambert ("Mama 's Broken Heart '') and Kacey Musgraves ("Merry Go ' Round ''). Rucker closed the televised awards show with the song November 6, 2013.
Darius Rucker
Rucker won the Grammy Award for Best Country Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards (held January 26, 2014) for his version of "Wagon Wheel ''. Rucker 's win makes him only the second African American after Charley Pride to be both nominated for and win a vocal performance Grammy award in a country music category. Other nominees up for the same award were Lee Brice for "I Drive Your Truck '', Hunter Hayes for "I Want Crazy '', Miranda Lambert for "Mama 's Broken Heart '' and Blake Shelton for "Mine Would Be You ''.
In August 2016 Taste of Country placed the Rucker version of "Wagon Wheel '' 17th on its list of "Top Country Songs of the Century ''.
Rucker released a music video of the song on March 21, 2013, which features several members of the television show Duck Dynasty, along with Charles Kelley of Lady Antebellum. It was filmed in Watertown, Tennessee.
The most popular song of his career, solo or otherwise, Rucker 's "Wagon Wheel '' debuted at No. 51 on the U.S. Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week of January 19, 2013. It also debuted at number 32 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of January 26, 2013. It debuted at No. 96 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of February 6, 2013; it debuted at 72 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of February 13, 2013. In its 10th chart week, March 20, 2013, Rucker 's version made "a strong move '' on Hot Country Songs, going from 11 to 5, and to 18 on Country Airplay (to 14.7 million, up 20 %). Old Crow 's original (from 2004) sold 15,000 and ranked 28 on Country Digital Songs the same week. The song reached number one on Hot Country Songs in its 12th week. It is his most successful song as a solo artist on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 15, as well as the Canadian Hot 100, where it peaked at number 23. By March 2014, the song has sold 2,678,000 copies in the United States, making it then the fifth best - selling song by a male country solo artist. As of November 2017, the song has sold 3,612,000 copies in the US.
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone
Blues singer Matt Andersen and Against Me! covered the song in 2005, Jeremy McComb in 2007, Red Wanting Blue in 2009, Mumford & Sons in 2010, and Chad Brownlee in 2012.
Timeflies released an online version with new adapted lyrics using the refrain from the song.
Rockabilly singer Jason Lee Wilson covered the song with directionally - correct lyrics on his 2010 album Big Gun.
Scottish folk musician Norrie MacIver covered the song in both English and Scottish Gaelic on his 2015 solo album Dans na Rathad (The Road Dance).
Irish duo Neil Byrne and Ryan Kelly covered the song on their album, Live in Australia.
South Dakota Democratic U.S. Senate candidate Rick Weiland sang a parody of the song "with lyrics rewritten to match his campaign message '' at a campaign "folk - rock concert '' at the Strawbale Winery north of Sioux Falls in October 2014. Parody lyrics included the line: "I ca n't run a nine million - dollar campaign, but I do n't have EB - 5 to explain ''. Democratic vice presidential candidate Tim Kaine played the song on harmonica with local act Nikki Talley and Jason Sharp at the Catawba Brewing Company in Asheville, North Carolina on August 15, 2016.
In 2015, New Zealand rugby legend and then All Blacks captain Richie McCaw was quoted as saying Wagon Wheel was his fourth favorite song. "He loves Wagon Wheel, '' Kieran Read revealed. "As soon as that comes on in the bus he will be tapping away and singing. '' The song itself was played on the lead up to matches, played frequently on the tour bus.
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who lives on the 50th floor of trump tower new york | Trump Tower - wikipedia
Trump Tower is a 58 - story, 664 - foot - high (202 m) mixed - use skyscraper at 721 -- 725 Fifth Avenue between 56th and 57th Streets in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Trump Tower serves as the headquarters for The Trump Organization. Additionally, it houses the penthouse condominium residence of the building 's namesake and developer, U.S. President Donald Trump, who was a businessman and real estate developer when the tower was developed. Several members of the Trump family also live, or have resided, in the building. The tower stands on a plot where the flagship store of department - store chain Bonwit Teller was formerly located.
Der Scutt of Poor, Swanke, Hayden & Connell designed Trump Tower, and Trump and the Equitable Life Assurance Company (now the AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company) developed it. Although it is in one of Midtown Manhattan 's special zoning districts, the tower was approved because it was to be built as a mixed - use development. Trump was permitted to add more stories to the tower because of the atrium on the ground floor. There were controversies during construction, including the destruction of historically important sculptures from the Bonwit Teller store; Trump 's alleged underpaying of contractors; and a lawsuit that Trump filed because the tower was not tax - exempt.
Construction on the building began in 1979. The atrium, apartments, offices, and stores opened on a staggered schedule from February to November 1983. At first, there were few tenants willing to move in to the commercial and retail spaces; the residential units were sold out within months of opening. Since 2016, the tower has seen a large increase in visitation because of Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign and subsequent election -- both his 2016 and 2020 campaigns are headquartered in the tower.
Donald Trump, a prominent New York City real estate developer, had envisioned building a tower at 56th Street and Fifth Avenue since childhood, but he only formulated plans to develop the site in the mid-1970s, when he was in his thirties. At the time, the Bonwit Teller flagship store, an architecturally renowned building built in 1929, occupied the lot. The site was next to Tiffany 's flagship store on 57th Street, which Trump considered the city 's best real - estate property. Approximately twice every year, Trump contacted Bonwit Teller 's parent company, Genesco, to ask whether they were willing to sell Bonwit Teller 's flagship store. Trump said the first time he contacted Genesco, "they literally laughed at me. '' Genesco continued to decline his offers and, according to Trump, "they thought I was kidding. ''
In 1977, John Hanigan became the new chairman of Genesco. He looked to sell off some assets to pay debts, and Trump approached him with an offer to buy the Bonwit Teller building. In February 1979, Genesco sold off many of the Bonwit Teller locations to Allied Stores, and sold the brand 's flagship building to the Trump Organization. At the time, the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States owned the land, while Genesco had a long - term lease on the land, with 29 years remaining. If Trump were to buy the land, his tower 's ownership could be transferred to Equitable in 2008, once the lease expired. Equitable initially refused to sell the land to Trump, but the Trump Organization bought the lease instead, and Equitable donated the land in return for a 50 % stake in the construction project itself. This was more profitable for Equitable, since they were only getting $100,000 per year from Genesco for the use of the land, while a single condominium in the tower could make millions of dollars. Trump also bought the air rights around Tiffany 's flagship store to prevent another developer from tearing down the store and building a taller building.
Trump then needed to convince the New York City Department of City Planning, Manhattan Community Board 5, and the New York City Board of Estimate to rezone the area for his planned tower. In 1979, the New York Committee for a Balanced Building Boom had opposed the planned rezoning over fears Fifth Avenue 's character would be changed by the construction of skyscrapers. Trump later said that a positive review of the building by the famed architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable had played a part in securing the support of some of the more skeptical members on each committee. The deal attracted some criticism from the media. A writer for New York magazine said that the approval of Trump Tower has "legitimized a pushy kid nobody took seriously, '' while The Wall Street Journal wrote that Trump combined "a huckster 's flair for hyperbole with a shrewd business and political sense, '' and The Village Voice said that Trump "turn (s) political connections into private profits at public expense. ''
The Trump Organization closed Bonwit Teller 's flagship store in May 1979, and the store was demolished by 1980. Trump hired Der Scutt, the architect of Trump Tower, in July 1978, a year before the Bonwit Teller site was purchased. Scutt had collaborated with Trump before to develop Grand Hyatt New York and several other projects. The architect initially proposed a design similar to Boston 's John Hancock Tower, but Trump objected strongly. He preferred a building that was both very tall and expensive, with a design that critics and potential tenants would approve of. The real - estate mogul later stated that "the marble in Trump Tower would cost more than the entire rent from one of my buildings in Brooklyn. ''
Two major factors affected Trump Tower 's construction. One was the decision to build it around a concrete frame, in contrast to many other skyscrapers, which were built on steel frames. Scutt said that a concrete frame was easier to build and was more rigid than a steel frame was. The other was the decision to design Trump Tower as a mixed - use building with retail, office, and residential units. Originally, Trump only wanted to build an office building on the site, but the plot was located in a special zoning district, which specified height limits for most office towers in the area. However, mixed - use towers with public space were exempt from the height limit. The Trump Organization built a five - story, 15,000 - square - foot (1,400 m) atrium, which was legally designated a "public space '' according to city code, in exchange for permission to add 20 stories to the planned tower. The Trump Organization also constructed terraces on the building 's setbacks, as well as a pedestrian arcade at ground level through the middle of the block, which connected to IBM 's 590 Madison Avenue tower to the east. At the time, the building was the only skyscraper on Fifth Avenue with its own retail space.
As originally planned, the tower was to have 60 stories consisting of 13 office floors, 40 condominium floors, and two floors for mechanical uses, but this was later amended. The base was to be made of limestone, while the building 's elevators were to be in a separate glass structure outside the main tower. The final plan called for the building to contain 58 stories. The lowest six floors were to be occupied by the atrium, followed by 13 office floors above it, and 39 condominium floors above the office floors.
While creating the final design for Trump Tower, Scutt studied the designs of other skyscrapers, almost all having a similar architectural form. To make Trump Tower stand out from the "boxy '' International Style buildings being erected at the time, Scutt designed the tower as a 28 - faced edifice with an "inverted pyramid of cubes '' at the base. This design received mixed reviews from critics: although it was widely praised as creative, many reviewers also believed the tower could be covered in masonry to blend in with neighboring buildings, or that its height should be reduced for the same reason. The city ultimately accepted this design.
HRH Construction was hired as the contractor on Trump Tower. The company would go on to build many of Trump 's other real - estate developments. HRH hired several dozen subcontractors to work on different aspects of the building. Barbara Res, who had worked on some of Trump 's other projects, was hired as the construction executive in October 1980. She had previously worked for HRH Construction during the building of the Citigroup Center and the Grand Hyatt. Res was the first woman assigned to oversee a major New York City construction site. She was often ignored by subcontractors and suppliers who were new to the project, as they thought the person in charge of construction was a man.
The head superintendent of the project was Anthony "Tony Raf '' Rafaniello, who worked for HRH Construction. He was in charge of coordinating construction based on the site 's blueprints. Rafaniello was supported by five assistant superintendents, including Jeff Doynow, who was one of the first "concrete supervisors '' to be hired for the construction of a skyscraper. After Rafaniello was hired for the Trump Tower project in September 1980, he spent a week planning a three - phase construction schedule. Once the subcontractors were hired, Rafaniello made sure they met once a week ensure they were working on the same phase.
Trump Tower 's proposed mixed - use status posed obstacles during construction since there were different regulations for residential, commercial, and retail spaces. Several prospective commercial and residential tenants requested custom - made features, including the installation of a swimming pool for one unit, and the removal of a wall with utilities inside it for another. Trump 's then - wife, Ivana Trump, was involved in selecting some of the tower 's minor details. Donald Trump and Res agreed to fulfill many of these requests, but they did not always agree on matters of design. In one case, Trump so hated the marble slabs at some of the tower 's corners that he demanded they be removed completely, even at great cost; he eventually decided that bronze panels should be placed over the marble, but Res later said she refused to buy them.
Trump Tower was also the first skyscraper with a concrete frame, and so the contractors had to complete a floor before they started erecting the floor above it. Concrete was more expensive in New York City than anywhere else in the United States, which raised the construction costs. All of the floors above the 20th used a roughly similar design, and each of these floors could be completed within two days. However, the floors below the 20th floor were all different, so each took several weeks to erect. Trump Tower was topped out by July 1982, two - and - a-half years after the start of construction.
Originally, it was estimated the tower would cost $100 million to build. The total cost ended up being approximately twice that; this included $125 million in actual construction costs and $75 million for other expenditures such as insurance.
Trump Tower had a low number of worker fatalities during construction. One worker died during the tower 's excavation after a neighboring sidewalk collapsed. Another incident occurred when the tower 's 25th through 27th floors accidentally caught fire, slightly damaging a construction crane. Firefighters had to rescue the crane 's operator. The fire delayed construction for two months.
In May 1983, a glass windowpane fell from a crane installing windows on the tower, hitting two pedestrians. One of them later died from a skull fracture.
The art dealer Robert Miller owned a gallery across Fifth Avenue from the Bonwit Teller Building. When Miller heard the building was to be demolished, he contacted Penelope Hunter - Stiebel, a curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In December 1979, Stiebel and Trump agreed that the Art Deco limestone bas - relief sculptures of semi-nude goddesses on the Bonwit Teller Building 's facade, as well as the massive ornate 15 by 25 feet (4.6 by 7.6 m) grille above the store 's entrance, would be removed and donated to the Metropolitan Museum. Miller had appraised the sculptures at between $200,000 and $250,000. In February 1980, Trump wrote a letter to an official at the museum, in which he stated, "Our contractor plans to begin demolition on the exterior of the building in approximately three to four weeks. He has been instructed to save these artifacts and take all necessary measures to preserve them. '' Every week, the Trump Organization and Stiebel would meet to discuss the transport of the sculptures. However, Stiebel later said the Trump Organization never seemed to be able to agree on a specific date for their transport, and the organization had repeatedly dismissed her concerns about not having received the letter.
On April 16, 1980, the grille and sculptures were removed from the building. They were set to be transported to a junkyard and destroyed because, according to Trump, there were general hazard concerns, expense, and a possible 10 - day construction delay due to the difficulty of removing them. Stiebel rode by taxicab to the building site and attempted to pay the workmen for the sculptures, but she was rebuffed. The workers in charge of demolition told her that she could make an appointment to go see the sculptures, but they then canceled several appointments that Stiebel made. The workers later told her that the building 's decorative grille had been transported to a New Jersey warehouse, but it was never recovered, and on May 28, Stiebel was informed the grille had been "lost ''. On June 5, the sculptures were destroyed. Stiebel had received notice of the sculptures ' pending demolition, but by the time she reached the Trump Tower site, the workmen told her that they had been ordered to "destroy it all. '' Trump later acknowledged he had personally ordered the destruction of the sculptures and grille. Trump said that these "so - called Art Deco sculptures, which were garbage by the way, '' had been informally appraised by three different individuals as "not valuable, '' and they had pegged the sculptures ' value at $4,000 to $5,000. He also told the media that carefully removing the sculptures would have cost him an extra $500,000 and would have delayed his project. In a New York Magazine article in November 1980, Trump said that the decor of his Grand Hyatt New York included "real art, not like the junk I destroyed at Bonwit Teller. ''
The New York Times condemned Trump 's actions as "esthetic vandalism, '' and a spokesman for Mayor Ed Koch said Trump had failed his "moral responsibility to consider the interests of the people of the city. '' Scutt was outraged by the destruction, having initially hoped to incorporate the goddess sculptures into the new building 's lobby design; Trump had rejected the plan, preferring something "more contemporary. '' Miller lamented that such things would "never be made again, '' and Peter M. Warner, a researcher who worked across the street, called the destruction "regrettable. '' However, Trump later said he used the notoriety of that act to advertise more residential units in the tower.
In 1983, a class - action lawsuit was filed against the Trump Organization concerning unpaid pension and medical obligations to labor unions that helped build the towers. Trump had paid $774,000 to a window - cleaning company that employed undocumented Polish immigrants during the renovation of an adjoining building. According to the laborers, they were paid $4 an hour for 12 - hour shifts, and were not told about asbestos in the under - construction structure.
Trump testified in 1990 he was unaware that 200 undocumented Polish immigrants, some of whom lived at the site during a 1980 transit strike, and worked round - the - clock shifts, were involved in the destruction of the Bonwit Teller building and the Trump Tower project. Trump said he rarely visited the demolition site and never noticed the laborers, who were visually distinct for their lack of hard hats. A labor consultant and FBI informant testified that Trump was aware of the illegal workers ' status. Trump testified that he and an executive used the pseudonym "John Baron '' in some of his business dealings, although Trump said he did not do so until years after Trump Tower was constructed. A labor lawyer testified that he was threatened over the phone with a $100 million lawsuit by a John Baron who supposedly worked for the Trump Organization. Donald Trump later told a reporter, "Lots of people use pen names. Ernest Hemingway used one. ''
After the laborers filed for a mechanic 's lien over unpaid wages, they said a Trump Organization lawyer threatened to have the Immigration and Naturalization Service deport them. A judge ruled in favor of the Polish laborers in 1991, saying that the organization had to pay the workers. The contractor was ultimately ordered to pay the laborers $254,000.
The case went through several appeals by both sides as well as non-jury trials, and was reassigned to different judges several times. The original named plaintiff, plaintiffs ' attorney, and two co-defendants, died during the litigation, leading Judge Kevin Duffy to compare it unfavorably to Charles Dickens ' fictional case Jarndyce and Jarndyce in June 1998, when he was assigned the case after the death of the previous presiding judge. The lawsuit was ultimately settled in 1999, with its records sealed. In November 2017, U.S. District Judge Loretta A. Preska ordered the settlement documents unsealed. In the settlement, Trump agreed to pay a total of $1.375 million, which, according to the plaintiffs ' lawyer, was the full amount that could have been recovered at trial.
There were several other controversies related to the construction process. In one case, Trump sued a contractor for "total incompetence. '' Construction was also halted twice because minority rights ' groups protested outside the Trump Tower site to condemn the dearth of minority construction workers.
Trump was also involved in a disagreement with Mayor Koch about whether the tower should get a tax exemption. In 1985, Trump was one of the plaintiffs in a lawsuit against the state in the New York State Court of Appeals concerning the payment of a 10 % state tax in the event that a real estate property is transacted for $1 million or more. The exemption was worth between $15 million and $20 million. The tax on Trump Tower was upheld in a 4 to 1 decision.
The City of New York granted Trump permission to build the top 20 stories of the building in exchange for operating the atrium as a city - administered, privately owned public space. In the lobby of the building are two Trump merchandise kiosks (one of which replaced a long public bench) operating out of compliance with city regulations. The city issued a notice of violation in July 2015, demanding the bench be put back in place. Although the Trump Organization initially said that the violation was without merit, a lawyer speaking for Trump 's organization stated in January 2016 that the kiosks would be removed in two to four weeks, before an expected court ruling.
In 2015, journalist David Cay Johnston questioned the particular use of concrete and suggested there was a connection with organized crime. Johnston stated that a 1992 book by journalist Wayne Barrett had also come to similar conclusions: "Trump did n't just do business with mobbed - up concrete companies: he also probably met personally with (Anthony) Salerno at the townhouse of notorious New York fixer Roy Cohn... at a time when other developers in New York were pleading with the FBI to free them of mob control of the concrete business. '' Barrett himself questioned some of Trump 's business dealings in a Daily Beast article in 2011, and that concrete was one of "several dozen '' suspected mob connections that Trump had.
Trump bought full - page advertisements in multiple newspapers and magazines to advertise his new tower. The first tenants included Asprey and Ludwig Beck, who moved into the building before its planned opening in early 1983. The grand opening of the atrium and stores was held on February 14, 1983, with the apartments and offices following shortly afterwards. The tower 's 40 ground - level stores opened for business on November 30, 1983. At the building 's dedication, Mayor Koch said, "This is not your low - income housing project (...) of which we need many. But we also need accommodations, uh, for those who can afford to pay a lot of money and bring a lot of taxes into the city. '' By August 1983, the construction loan for Trump Tower 's construction had been paid off using the $260 million revenue from the sale of 85 % the 263 condominium units. Ninety - one units, representing over a third of the tower 's total housing stock, had sold more than $1 million. The first residents were set to begin moving in that month.
Despite the destruction of the Bonwit Teller store 's building, the flagship store itself was able to keep operating at the site, having signed a lease for 80,000 square feet (7,400 m) within the lower - levels ' shopping area. The controversy over the destruction of the Bonwit Teller decorations had largely passed: in August 1983, one New York Times reporter wrote that "the only negative comments about Donald Trump these days are given off the record. '' By then, there were forty high - end outfits that had opened stores in the tower. These included Buccellati, Charles Jourdan brands, Mondi, and Fila. Trump said in 1985 that there were more than 100 stores wanting to move into a space in the tower. Around this time, he began describing the tower as "something of a New York landmark. ''
By 1986, between 15 % and 20 % of the tower 's original stores had closed or moved to another location. The commercial rents were the highest of any building along Fifth Avenue at the time, with retail space in the atrium costing $450 per square foot ($4,800 / m) per year. One writer for Vanity Fair magazine noted that as tenants were evicted from the tower 's atrium due to high rents, several of them sued the Trump Organization for issues such as overbilling and illegal lease termination.
The residential units were more successful, and 95 % of the condominiums were sold in the first four months after it opened, despite their high prices. The cost of condominiums at the tower started at $600,000 and ranged up to $12 million, and the penthouse was sold for $15 million in 1985. The tower attracted many rich and famous residents, including Johnny Carson, David Merrick, Sophia Loren, and Steven Spielberg. At least one unidentified resident, who lived on the same floor as Johnny Carson, built a private swimming pool in their unit. In total, Trump received $300 million from the sale of the condominiums, which more than offset the $200 million cost of construction. However, by 1991, Trump was already involved in lawsuits against residents: in October of that year, he successfully sued actor Pia Zadora and her husband, businessman Meshulam Riklis, to collect $1 million in unpaid rent.
The flagship Bonwit Teller store remained as one of Trump Tower 's retail offerings until March 1990, when its parent company declared bankruptcy and closed the Trump Tower location. In July of that year, Galeries Lafayette announced that it would sign a 25 - year lease to move into the space previously occupied by Bonwit Teller, a move that expanded its business to the United States while helping Trump pay off the debts incurred by the tower 's construction and operation. The new store opened in September 1991 after a $13.7 million renovation, but was unprofitable and lost a net $3.6 million in the first year alone because it had only made $8.4 million in sales. Galeries Lafayette announced that it would be closing the Trump Tower location in August 1994, less than three years after it opened, due to its inability to pay the $8 million annual rent and taxes. However, critics cited other factors, including the decision not to include merchandise from top French designers as the company 's French locations had done.
The Galeries Lafayette store was replaced with a Niketown location. By this time, most of the high - end retailers had moved out of Trump Tower, having been replaced with more upper - middle - class outlets such as Coach and Dooney & Bourke. The Niketown store still remained in the tower as of the 2016 election with a lease at that location until 2022. Nike also leased some space at 6 East 57th Street next to the tower, but in November 2016, it signed a $700 million contract for a new retail space a few blocks south, having intended to move out of 6 East 57th since 2013. During and after the election, there were petitions to relocate the Niketown store, created by advocacy organizations who opposed Trump 's election.
In 2006, Forbes magazine valued the 300,000 square feet (28,000 m) of office space at up to $318 million; the tower itself was valued at $288 million, since the Trump Organization had a $30 million mortgage on the property. As of 2013, that mortgage had risen to $100 million. The valuation of the building rose from $490 million in 2014 to $600 million in 2015 due to increased rent payments by anchor store Gucci. This revaluation made the tower the single most expensive property under Trump 's ownership.
In 2016, however, the tower 's value dropped sharply from $630 million to $471 million, losing $159 million of valuation due to a 20 % reduction in the tower 's operating income and a further 8 % decline in the overall value of real estate in Manhattan. Due to a $100 million debt incurred on Trump Tower, Forbes magazine calculated the tower 's net worth at $371 million, excluding the Trumps ' three - story penthouse, which has a net floor area of 10,996 square feet (1,021.6 m).
In March 2017, after Trump was elected president, he wrote several posts on Twitter claiming that former President Barack Obama had wiretapped phones in the tower toward the end of the 2016 campaign. An Obama spokesperson refuted the claims and, during a subsequent meeting with the House of Representatives ' Intelligence Committee that discussed the issue, FBI Director James Comey informed the committee that there was no evidence of wiretapping in the tower. In response to allegations that the Trump campaign colluded with Russia, media outlets such as The Guardian and The Wall Street Journal have referred to Trump Tower as "Russia House, '' especially after the wiretapping claims.
Trump also claimed to own the painting Two Sisters (On the Terrace), an 1881 work by French Impressionist artist Pierre - Auguste Renoir. The original work hangs in the Art Institute of Chicago. In October 2017, Timothy L. O'Brien said that during his interviews with Trump for the book TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald, he asked Trump about the copy of Two Sisters, which was then on Trump 's plane. Trump repeatedly said that his copy was the genuine work, despite O'Brien's statements to the contrary. By then, the Renoir copy was hanging in Trump 's penthouse office. The Art Institute of Chicago released a statement refuting Trump 's claim that his Renoir copy was the genuine one.
On August 9, 2016, a man posted a YouTube video where he said he was an independent researcher wishing to speak to Donald Trump. It went viral. The next day, a man, suspected to be the one who had posted the YouTube video, climbed the outside of Trump Tower from the 5th to the 21st floors. He was aid climbing using industrial suction cups. During the incident, the police attempted to "safely isolate '' the climber, breaking and removing windows to try to capture him. After climbing for two hours and 45 minutes, the NYPD Emergency Service Units (ESU) apprehended him at the 21st floor of the tower. The man identified himself as Stephen Rogata, a 20 - year - old Virginia resident. Rogata was arrested for endangerment and criminal trespassing and taken to Bellevue Hospital for psychiatric evaluation.
At around 5: 30 p.m. (EDT) on April 7, 2018, a 4 - alarm fire broke out in a condominium in the tower 's 50th floor, killing a resident and injuring six firefighters; the apartment was almost entirely engulfed in flames by the time the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) arrived. In a Twitter post, Trump attributed the fire 's limited damage to the building 's design. The sole fatality was 67 - year - old Todd Brassner, an art dealer known for his association with Andy Warhol, who had endured debilitating medical problems for several years. Brassner 's apartment, as well as the rest of the residential units in Trump Tower, did not contain sprinklers because the structure had been built before 1999, when the city passed a law requiring sprinklers in residential units; Trump had lobbied against the proposal. The FDNY later announced that the fire had been accidentally caused by power wires that had overheated. The April 2018 fire followed a minor electrical fire at the tower earlier that year, which had injured three people.
Serious issues concerning safety and security in the building arose after Trump was declared president - elect of the United States on November 8, 2016. Trump Tower had served as a rallying point for protests against Trump in the days after the election 's results were announced, thus requiring extra deployment of security officials. The Federal Aviation Administration imposed a no - fly zone over Trump Tower until January 20, 2017, and the NYPD stated that it expected to spend $35 million to provide security to the tower, of which $7 million would be repaid by Congress. The NYPD later revised its estimate to $24 million.
Street closures were imposed along the east side of Fifth Avenue and on the north side of 56th Street, and NYPD officers started stopping and questioning pedestrians about their destinations. The block of 56th Street between Fifth and Madison Avenues was closed completely to vehicular traffic, but the eastern part of the street, located west of Madison Avenue, was later reopened to allow local deliveries. Customers of the Gucci and Tiffany stores in Trump Tower 's lobby were allowed to proceed, while other pedestrians were redirected to the opposite side of the street. During presidential visits, dump trucks from the New York City Department of Sanitation were parked outside the tower to prevent car bombs. Fire protection was also provided for the tower whenever Trump visited it. The press nicknamed the now - heavily secured building "White House North '', comparing it to the White House 's West Wing.
As a result of the heavy security, businesses around the tower saw decreased patronage due to less foot traffic in the heavily secured area. Protests around the tower subsided after Trump 's inauguration in January 2017, and by summer 2017, security measures around the tower had been loosened somewhat, owing to the fact that most of them were implemented only when Trump was actually in the tower. However, several businesses at the tower 's base had closed by then because of a reduction in the number of customers.
Despite the heavy security after the 2016 election, there have been some detentions and arrests related to the increased security at the tower. On December 6, a woman managed to bypass security and go to the 24th floor -- two floors below Donald Trump 's office -- before being stopped by Secret Service officers. A week later on December 13, a Baruch College student who was arrested at Trump Tower was found to have multiple weapons, including knives, a garrote, and firecrackers. The next day, NYPD detained another man who reportedly got angry after he wanted to meet Donald Trump at the tower, and threw a wine glass on the lobby floor.
Trump Tower is located at 721 -- 725 Fifth Avenue in north Midtown, on the east side of Fifth Avenue between 56th and 57th Streets. The building 's main entrance is on Fifth Avenue, with a side entrance on 56th Street only for residents. Above the main entrance is a logo with 34 - inch - high (86 cm) brass capital letters in Stymie Extra Bold font, which reads "TRUMP TOWER ''. On the sidewalk opposite the main entrance, there is also a four - sided brown - and - beige clock, which was created by the Electric Time Company and is nearly 16 feet (4.9 m) tall. Retail outlets include Gucci 's flagship store at ground floor retail. A Tiffany & Co. store is next door in its own Art Deco building at 1 East 57th Street. The tower is well - served by public transportation, being about 600 feet (180 m) from three New York City Subway stations: Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street, Fifth Avenue -- 59th Street, and 57th Street -- Sixth Avenue.
The 58 - story Trump Tower is 664 feet (202 m) high, making it the 64th tallest building in New York City. The top story is marked as "68 '' because, according to Trump, the five - story - tall public atrium occupied the height of 10 ordinary stories. However, several Bloomberg L.P. writers later determined that Trump 's calculations did not account for the fact the ceiling heights in Trump Tower were much taller than in comparable buildings, and the tower did not have any floors numbered 6 -- 13.
The tower is a reinforced concrete shear wall core structure. At the time of its completion, it was the tallest structure of its type in the world. Trump Tower used 45,000 cubic yards (34,000 m) of concrete and 3,800 tons of steelwork.
The 28 - sided structure, with a stepped facade, was intended to give the tower more window exposure. A concrete hat - truss at the top of the building, similar to one used in the Trump World Tower, ties exterior columns with the concrete core. This hat - truss increases the effective dimensions of the core to that of the building allowing the building to resist the overturning of lateral forces such as those caused by wind, minor earthquakes, and other impacts perpendicular to the building 's height.
The tower 's public spaces are clad in 240 tons of Breccia Pernice, a pink white - veined marble. Four gold - painted elevators transport visitors from the lobby to higher floors; a dedicated elevator leads directly to the penthouse where the Trump family lives. Mirrors and brass are used throughout the well - furnished apartments and the kitchens are outfitted with "standard suburban '' cabinets. The building has thirteen office floors on levels 14 to 26, then another 39 condominium floors containing 263 condominiums on levels 30 -- 68. Trump later stated that he had placed the first residential floor on the level numbered 30 as part of a marketing strategy for all of his towers, and that he "did not see why he should be forced to call the first residential floor something mundane like the second floor, or even the 20th floor. '' Many of the apartments are furnished, but some of the upper - floor commercial spaces come unfurnished.
The design extends to the office lobby, located off Fifth Avenue, and the five - level atrium, which features a 60 - foot - high (18 m) internal waterfall along the eastern wall that is spanned by a suspended walkway, shops, and cafes. The atrium, legally a privately operated public space (POPS), is bedecked in marble, which has been described as "rosy and yellow, '' and is crowned with a skylight. The atrium was originally supposed to be furnished with multiple 40 - foot (12 m), 3,000 - pound (1,400 kg) trees, which were transported at a cost of $75,000, but Trump, who supposedly did not like how the trees looked, personally cut them down after impatiently waiting for contractors to painstakingly remove them via a tunnel. The atrium comprises the northern part of a two - block pedestrian plaza between Fifth and Madison Avenues, connecting to the atrium at 550 Madison Avenue (then the AT&T Building) to the south. When the tower opened, the Fifth Avenue Association awarded the first - prize "mixed use building '' award to the atrium, marking the association 's first award in five years.
The tower has two outdoor terraces as part of Trump 's agreement with the city during construction. There is a terrace on the fifth floor on the northern (57th Street) side of the building, with a smaller fourth - floor terrace on the southern (56th Street) side. The fifth - floor north - side terrace has several trees and a fountain, while the fourth - floor south - side terrace has little more than a few granite benches. There is also a passageway to a glass - roofed POPS at 590 Madison Avenue.
The building contains four establishments for eating or drinking: Trump Bar, Trump 's Ice Cream Parlor, Trump Cafe, and Trump Grill. Of these, Trump Bar is the only establishment at the atrium level; the other three are located in the basement.
Trump Grill was generally panned as gaudy - looking and the food bland - tasting. Vanity Fair called it a contender for "the worst restaurant in America, '' with different menus for different customers and "steakhouse classics doused with unnecessarily high - end ingredients. '' Eater rated the food as "totally unadventuresome and predictable, though competently prepared, like food you might find in a country club. '' New York magazine wrote that "despite what the sign reads, countless restaurants trump this spot. '' In December 2016, Yelp reviews of Trump Grill averaged two - and - a-half out of five stars, while Google reviews averaged three of five stars.
Eater reviewed the three other establishments as well, finding them to be commonplace compared to Trump Tower 's stature. The ice cream was described as "almost too soft to be scooped, '' and the cafe contained food such as a "rubbery and overcooked '' hamburger patty and some "inedible '' steak fries. The reviewers at Eater also wrote that the bar offered a small, overpriced drink menu and snacks that "do little to affirm the luxury that the place aspires to. '' Vice magazine also reviewed the bar and found it to be overpriced, with "a strong pour of watered - down vodka and a few Manzanilla olives '' costing twenty dollars. New York magazine, reviewing the cafe, found the food to be "safe classics '' that contrasted with the cafe 's grandeur.
In the 2012 presidential election, Republican nominee Mitt Romney earned over 50 % of the vote in the precinct that included Trump Tower, one of two Manhattan voting precincts to do so (the other being the precinct that included the Waldorf Astoria New York hotel). However, although Trump received 23 votes in the district during the 2016 Republican primary, signifying the most votes of any Republican candidate there, there were 67 votes for his opponent Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic primary. In 2016, within the precinct that contained Trump Tower, 200 people voted for Clinton as opposed to 95 for Trump.
Since the launch of Trump 's presidential campaign in 2015, the number of visits to the tower had risen drastically, with many of the visitors being supporters of Trump 's candidacy. The tower gained popularity among New York City tourists in 2016, especially after Trump was elected president. There are stores selling Trump merchandise in the atrium. During Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign, the stores sold campaign memorabilia such as hats, with the proceeds going toward funding his campaign. In 2017, the city ordered the removal of two unauthorized kiosks in Trump Tower selling Trump 's merchandise.
The NBC television show The Apprentice was filmed in Trump Tower, on the fifth floor, in a fully functional television studio. The set of The Apprentice included the famous boardroom, which was prominently featured in the television show, where at least one person was fired at the end of each episode. Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., founded in 2015, is headquartered within part of the space where The Apprentice was filmed; unlike the former boardroom, the headquarters is unfurnished, with some offices containing "only drywall and no door. '' After Trump 's successful election in 2016, he indicated that Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., would remain in Trump Tower to organize his 2020 re-election campaign.
President of the United States
Presidency
Appointments
Policy positions
Donald Trump, his wife Melania, and their son Barron maintain a three - story residence on the penthouse floors. Until 2017, the tower was their main residence, among the family 's other homes at Mar - a-Lago in Florida; Seven Springs in Bedford, New York; and part of an estate in Charlottesville, Virginia. Since January 2017, Trump lives primarily at the White House. Melania and Barron lived in Trump Tower until June 2017, when they moved into the White House. Barron is reported to live on his own floor. Before Trump became president, his offices were located on the 26th floor, and he had a private elevator between the penthouse and his office. In an 1984 article in GQ magazine, Trump 's then - wife Ivana said that the first floor of the penthouse had the living, dining, and entertainment rooms and kitchen; the second had a balcony over the living room as well as their bedrooms and bathrooms; and the third contained bedrooms for the children, maids, and guests. Angelo Donghia provided the original black - and - white, brass - and - mahogany design for the penthouse, which was later replaced with a gold - and - Greek - column design after Trump reportedly saw the more lavish house of Saudi businessman Adnan Khashoggi.
Noted soccer organizations and players have rented space or lived in Trump Tower. CONCACAF, the governing body of association football in North and Central America and the Caribbean, occupies the entire 17th floor. Chuck Blazer, the former president of CONCACAF, used to live in two apartments on the 49th floor. One of these apartments, a $6,000 - per - month suite, was occupied mainly by his cats, while Blazer lived in an adjoining $18,000 - per - month apartment. The apartments and office space were described as part of an "extravagant '' lifestyle that ultimately resulted in Blazer being apprehended and becoming an FBI informant in a corruption investigation against association soccer organizations worldwide, including CONCACAF and FIFA. Another noted soccer figure living in Trump Tower is José Maria Marin, former president of the Brazilian Football Confederation, who is currently under house arrest in his apartment for FIFA - related corruption charges. As well, Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo bought an $18.5 million apartment in the tower in August 2015 and planned to buy another $23 million apartment in 2016.
Other residents include former Trump campaign manager Paul Manafort, who lived in the tower when he was Trump 's campaign manager; art dealer Hillel "Helly '' Nahmad, who bought a second apartment in the tower in July 2010; pharmaceutical entrepreneur Stewart Rahr, who has a corporate space on the 24th floor; Juan Beckmann Vidal, the owner of tequila brand Jose Cuervo; Prince Mutaib bin Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia, who reportedly lives on an entire floor in the tower; and actor Bruce Willis, who bought a $4.26 million apartment in 2007 from one of Trump 's opponents. Additionally, Qatar Airways, owned by the Qatari government, has had a corporate campus in the tower since at least 2008, a fact that news media outlets noted when one of Trump 's executive orders, EO 13769, banned immigration from seven majority - Muslim Middle Eastern countries, but not from Qatar.
Past tenants include Jean - Claude "Baby Doc '' Duvalier, the ex-president of Haiti who died in 2014, who was discovered to have lived in a $2 million apartment on the 54th floor in 1989, when public records in Haiti showed that he had forgotten to pay his bills. The singer Michael Jackson rented an apartment on the 63rd floor during the 1990s. The composer Andrew Lloyd Webber, known for musicals such as Cats, moved out of his 59th and 60th floor apartment in 2010 after 17 years of stating his intention to do so. Carlos Peralta, a billionaire businessman from Mexico, sold an apartment in Trump Tower in 2009 for $13.5 million. In addition, Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. 's headquarters were on the fifth floor. Trump 's parents, Fred and Mary, had a second home on the 63rd floor they sometimes used when visiting Manhattan.
In February 2017, the United States Department of Defense announced it was looking to lease space in Trump Tower, to house "personnel and equipment '' dedicated to protecting President Trump. This followed precedents where the DOD bought space in other presidents ' properties, but the difference in this case was that the DOD 's plan would directly profit Trump 's business holdings. Later that month, a controversial Indiegogo campaign launched to house refugees in Trump Tower in response to EO 13769, which barred nationals of several majority - Muslim countries from entering the United States before being superseded by EO 13780.
Fodor 's New York City 2010 described Trump Tower 's "ostentatious atrium '' as an example of the "unbridled luxury '' of the 1980s, characterized by "expensive boutiques and gaudy brass everywhere. '' The tower 's public atrium, along with that of Citigroup Center a few blocks away, was described as a convenient public area.
Frommer 's called the tower a "bold and brassy place '' whose golden sign "practically screams ' Look at me! ' '', with more evidence of the tower 's gaudiness provided by its spacious atrium, pink - marble waterfall, and interior mall. Meanwhile, Insight Guides ' 2016 edition recommended Trump Tower as an example of the "opulence synonymous with Manhattan in the 1980s. '' The tower 's atrium and waterfall was described as distinguishable for those who watched The Apprentice.
In a 1982 review of the building, New York Times architecture critic Paul Goldberger contrasted the "reflective '' Trump Tower with the nearby postmodern 550 Madison Avenue building. In a later review just before the tower opened, Goldberger said that the tower was "turning out to be a much more positive addition to the cityscape than the architectural oddsmakers would have had it, '' and that the indoor atrium might become "the most pleasant interior public space to be completed in New York in some years. '' However, he criticized the "hyperactive '' exterior of the tower, contrasting it with Tiffany 's "serene, '' solid facade next door, as well as the narrowness of passageways within the atrium, saying that it created "little room for milling or casual strolling. ''
Before the atrium opened, Ada Louise Huxtable, an architectural critic for the New York Times, said that the building was a "dramatically handsome structure. '' However, she reversed her opinion on the opening of the atrium, saying that the tower was really a "monumentally undistinguished one '' and commenting that her earlier comments were taken out of context. Huxtable also called the atrium a "pink - marble maelstrom '' and publicly requested in one of her editorials that Trump remove one of her quotes from his building 's lobby. Another writer for that newspaper described the tower in 1984 as "preposterously lavish '' and "showy, even pretentious. '' Architect Gregory Stanford described the atrium as "pretty horrible. '' By contrast, a review from 1983 had predicted that it could be New York City 's "most pleasant interior public space '' to be built in recent history.
The fifth edition of the AIA Guide to New York City, published in 2010, described Trump Tower as a "fantasyland for the affluent shopper '' hidden by "folded glass, '' with the Trump theme evident throughout the building. Comparing the building 's interior design to alcoholic drink brands, the authors wrote that the design was less like a high - end "Veuve Clicquot '' and more like a generic "malt liquor. ''
Trump Tower served as the location for Wayne Enterprises in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Rises. In a 2012 vlog post, comprising one of the few movie reviews on the Trump Organization 's YouTube channel, Trump referred to the movie as "really terrific '' and that "most importantly Trump Tower -- my building -- plays a role. ''
Trump Tower, a romance novel by Jeffrey Robinson, chronicles the sexual activities of fictional characters living in the tower. News media reported on the novel 's existence during the last week of the 2016 presidential campaign. The novel was never formally published but is registered as having an International Standard Book Number. For unknown reasons, some versions of the novel are advertised with Trump as the author.
Trump Tower is featured on the cover of the 1997 video game Grand Theft Auto and is depicted in the 2008 sequel Grand Theft Auto IV.
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do you really wanna touch it song | Touch it (Monifah song) - Wikipedia
"Touch It '' was the lead single from Monifah 's second album, Mo'hogany. The R&B / dance hybrid was produced and written by Jack Knight and Screwface, who used a sample of Laid Back 's 1983 hit, "White Horse ''.
Released as a single in the summer of 1998, the song became a worldwide hit, and was a top - 40 hit in several countries. In the U.S., it went reached number 9 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and on the R&B charts. "Touch It '' was Monifah 's highest peak position on the U.S. charts (though it did not reach a gold certification like her 1996 hit "You '') and was her only single to reach the Billboard Year - End charts, reaching 77 on the Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1998. The song may also be remembered for its colorful music video that featured Monifah performing the song in front of the United States armed forces.
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who wrote a song for you leon russell or donny hathaway | A song for You - wikipedia
"A Song for You '' is a song written and originally recorded by rock singer and pianist Leon Russell for his first solo album Leon Russell, which was released in 1970 on Shelter Records. A slow, pained plea for forgiveness and understanding from an estranged lover, the tune is one of Russell 's best - known compositions. It has been performed and recorded by an array of artists, spanning many musical genres. Elton John has called the song an American classic.
One of the first versions of the song that brought it broader attention was by Andy Williams, whose single peaked at # 29 on the adult contemporary chart and # 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1971. Ray Charles recorded a version that earned him the 1994 Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance.
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who has been judges on america's got talent | America 's Got Talent - Wikipedia
America 's Got Talent (often abbreviated as AGT) is a televised American talent show competition, broadcast on the NBC television network. It is part of the global Got Talent franchise created by Simon Cowell, and is produced by FremantleMedia North America and SYCOtv, with distribution done by Freemantle. Since its premiere in June 2006, each season is run during the network 's summer schedule, with the show having featured various hosts - it is currently hosted by Tyra Banks, since 2017. It is the first global edition of the franchise, after plans for a British edition in 2005 were suspended, following a dispute between Paul O'Grady, the planned host, and the British broadcaster ITV; production of this edition later resumed in 2007.
The show attracts a variety of participants, from across the United States and abroad, to take part and who possess some form of talents, with acts ranging from singing, dancing, comedy, magic, stunts, variety, and other genres. Each participant who auditions attempts to secure a place in the live episodes of a season by impressing a panel of judges - the current line - up consists of Cowell, Howie Mandel, Mel B, and Heidi Klum. Those that make it into the live episodes compete against each other for both the judges ' and public 's vote in order to reach the live final, where the winner receives a large cash prize, paid over a period of time, and, since the third season, a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip.
Since its premiere, America 's Got Talent has helped to unearth new talent and kickstart / boost the careers of various performers who took part in the competition, while the show itself has been a rating success for NBC, drawing in on average around 10 million viewers per season. In 2013, a book was entitled Inside AGT: The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent, was released, providing a description of the seasons, contestants, judges, and production techniques of the show, along with detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons, up to the date of the book 's of publication. At present, the show is currently airing its thirteenth season, which premiered on May 29, 2018. A winter - spin off edition is currently being planned, entitled America 's Got Talent: The Champions, featuring acts from previous seasons, as well as acts from international Got Talent shows.
The general selection process of each season is begun by the production team with open auditions held in various cities across the United States. Dubbed "Producers ' Auditions '', they are held months before the main stage of auditions are held. Those that make it through the initial stage, become participants in the "Judges ' Auditions '', which are held in select cities across the country, and attended by the judges. Each participant is held offstage and awaits their turn to perform before the judges, whereupon they are given 90 seconds to demonstrate their act, with a live audience present for all performances. At the end of a performance, the judges give constructive criticism and feedback about what they saw, whereupon they each give a vote - a participant who receives a majority vote approving their performance, moves on to the next stage, otherwise they are eliminated from the programme at that stage. Each judge is given a buzzer, and may use it during a performance if they are unimpressed, hate what is being performed, or feel the act is a waste of their time; if a participant is buzzed by all judges, their performance is automatically over and they are eliminated without being given a vote. Many acts that move on may be cut by producers and may forfeit due to the limited slots available for the second performance. Filming for each season always takes place when the Judges ' Auditions are taking place, with the show 's presenter standing in the wings of each venue 's stage to interview and give personal commentary on a participant 's performance.
Between the fifth and seventh season, acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube. Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the "live shows '' part of the season, prior to the semi-finals. Before the inclusion of this round, the show had a separate audition episode in Seasons 3 and 4 (2008 -- 2009) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace.
In the ninth season, the show added a new format to the auditions in the form of the "Golden Buzzer '', which began to make appearances within the Got Talent franchise, since it was first introduced on Germany 's Got Talent. During auditions, each judge is allowed to use the Golden Buzzer to send an act automatically into the live shows, regardless of the opinion of the other judges; when it was initially used, the buzzer simply saved an act from elimination. The only rule to the buzzer was that a judge could use it only once per season; the host was later allowed to use the Golden Buzzer for an act from the eleventh season.
Following auditions, successful entries take part in a second stage of the talent competition, in which they are separated out into a number of groups. Over the course of several weeks, each group performs per week, at a fixed venue, in which that group 's participants each attempt to secure a place in the live show by performing a new variation of their act for the judges. Of these acts, the judges chose around 10 from each group to perform in the live shows; in some seasons, participants eliminated at this stage were given a chance to still appear in the live shows by being selected as a "wildcard '' act. The judges have access to their buzzers and if an act is buzzed by all of them, they are immediately eliminated from the competition. Until the second season, acts did not have to perform a second time, instead moving on into the live shows, with the judges given a list of the acts who would appear in each live episode. From the second season to the eighth, this stage was dubbed as the "Las Vegas '' due to the fixed venue being situated upon the Las Vegas Strip, while in the ninth series, acts performed in New York, with the stage dubbed "Judgement Week ''.
From the tenth season, the stage 's format was changed and renamed as "Judge Cuts ''. In each round, the judging panel were joined by a guest judge who helped with making decisions on which act could move on to the live shows. Like the auditions, the guest judge could use a Golden Buzzer for an act, but once used, it could not be used again. Unlike previous seasons, the Judge Cuts featured twenty acts per round, with seven acts advancing into the live shows, including the one chosen by the guest 's golden buzzer. Unlike the previous format for the stage, the venue used varied, but included the CBS Studio Center and the NBC Universal Back Lot.
During the live shows, the final selection of participants, which has ranged from between 20 to 60 acts and include those that were chosen as Wildcards by the judges or received the Golden Buzzer, are divided into groups and compete against each other for viewers ' and judges ' votes. The general structure of the live episodes focuses first on four quarterfinals, and then two semi-finals, aimed at finding that season 's finalists. Additional rounds are conducted when required (such as a "Top 8 '' or a "Top 10 '', depending on the season). Live episodes are broadcast weekly, and featured performances by guest stars, including previous winners of America 's Got Talent. During these stages, the judges still provide feedback on an act 's performance when it is over, and can use buzzers to prematurely end an performance before it is over; in the first season, the judges could not end a performance before it was over. Acts which do n't secure a sufficient amount of votes by the public and / or the judges, are eliminated from the competition.
Those that make it into the season 's final compete against each other to secure the most votes from the public, with the number of finalists varying between seasons. The act which does is declared the winner for that season, in which they secure the programme 's cash prize of $1 million, and, since Season 3 (2008), a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip. Between the fifth and eighth season, the winner was also made the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show, stopping in 25 cities. For season nine, however (2014), there was no tour; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts. (See # America 's Got Talent Live, below.)
In its first season, the judging panel consisted originally of David Hasselhoff, Brandy Norwood, and Piers Morgan, with the program hosted by Regis Philbin. Prior to the start of the second season, Norwood was forced to step down due to a legal matter she was caught up in, leading to her being replaced by Sharon Osbourne, while Philbin was replaced by Jerry Springer as the show 's host. Further changes were made to the panel and show 's host, as a direct result of each respective member having a need to focus on other TV commitments - Springer was forced to leave after the third season, and was replaced by Nick Cannon for the fourth season; Hasselhoff left the show after the fourth season, and so was replaced by Howie Mandel for the fifth season as a direct result; Morgan left after the sixth season, leading to him being replaced by Howard Stern for the seventh season.
In August 2012, Osbourne left the program following a dispute with NBC. While the network replaced her with former Spice Girls member Mel B in February 2013, the production staff decided to expand the number of judges in the panel to four - such a format change had already been occurring in other international versions of the competition, such as on Britain 's Got Talent two years prior. In March 2013, supermodel Heidi Klum was announced as joining the panel for the eighth season, confirming reports that the show would include a fourth judge into its format. In October 2015, Stern was replaced by Simon Cowell for the eleventh season. After his eighth year hosting America 's Got Talent, Cannon announced plans to retire from the show due to comments he made about the network; despite being under contract to continue his hosting duties, NBC eventually replaced him with Tyra Banks for the twelfth season.
In May 2006, NBC announced the new show. The audition tour took place in June. Auditions were held in the following locations: Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago. Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino, possibly in Las Vegas; however, this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas, should one become a champion. More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere (which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002). The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 (the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers), Nielsen Media Research reported.
On the season finale, there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ. The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically. Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience, shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below.
In season one, the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff, singer Brandy Norwood, and journalist Piers Morgan.
The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan, and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers.
After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights, with no separate results show, the network changed that, pushing the show back to the summer, where the first season had enjoyed great success. This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol, which had a similar premise and was more popular.
In AGT 's place, another reality - based talent show, Grease: You 're The One That I Want, began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January. In March, NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show, and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host, with Sharon Osbourne (formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge.
The season finale was shown Tuesday, August 21, with the winner being Terry Fator, a singing impressionist ventriloquist. The runner - up was singer Cas Haley.
Season three premiered on June 17, 2008. Auditions took place in Charlotte, Nashville, Orlando, New York, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Chicago from January to April. A televised MySpace audition also took place.
Season three differed from the previous two in many ways. Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation, and a new title card was introduced, featuring the American flag as background. The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table. Like the previous season, the Las Vegas callbacks continued, but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds, instead of twenty. This season also contained several results episodes, but not on a regular basis. The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics, but returned with the live rounds on August 26.
Neal E. Boyd, an opera singer, was named the winner on October 1. Eli Mattson, a singer and pianist, was runner - up.
Season four premiered on Tuesday, June 23, 2009. It was the first to be broadcast in high definition. Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Miami, Tacoma, Boston, and Houston. Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center, followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions. New York and Miami auditions were held during March. Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26. In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape, season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration. This year 's host was Nick Cannon. Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments.
The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season, but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts '. This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis. The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo.
On September 16, country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner. The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla, an opera singer.
For season five, the network had considered moving the show to the fall, after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009. NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show.
Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Orlando, and Portland (Oregon). Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia. For the first time, online auditions were also held via YouTube.
David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel. This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show. The show premiered Tuesday, June 1, 2010, at 8 pm ET. Afterward, Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season.
On September 15, singer Michael Grimm was named the winner. He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho, Fighting Gravity, Prince Poppycock, and the other top ten finalists.
Season six premiered on Tuesday, May 31, 2011, with a two - hour special. Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk, respectively. On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27, 2010, Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent.
The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles, New York, Minneapolis, Atlanta, Seattle, and Houston. Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago. Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26. Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run, beginning on May 4. Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9.
On Wednesday, September 14, Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr., a Frank Sinatra - style singer, was named the winner. Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up.
Season seven premiered on May 14, 2012. The first round of auditions, which are judged by producers, were held in New York, Washington, D.C., Tampa, Charlotte, Austin, Anaheim, St. Louis, and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012. The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27.
Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven, due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight, and he was replaced by Howard Stern. Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City, the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark, New Jersey. In December 2011, Simon Cowell, the show 's executive producer, announced that the show would be receiving a "top - to - bottom makeover '', confirming that there would be new graphics, lighting, theme music, show intro, logo, and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark. On July 2, at the first live performance show of the season, their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special. A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the "X ''.
On August 6, Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season, in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes.
On September 13, Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season, becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win. Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up.
Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday, June 4, 2013. The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show. Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season, but later said that she was staying with the show "for now. '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6, 2012.
On February 20, 2013, it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members, Mel B (Melanie Brown), would be joining the show as the new fourth judge. Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added. On March 3, it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge.
An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11, 2012. The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland (Oregon), New Orleans, Birmingham, Memphis, Nashville, Savannah, Raleigh, Norfolk, San Antonio, New York, Columbus (Ohio), and Chicago. This season, the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before. America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight. Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4. The show traveled to New Orleans, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Antonio.
On September 18, 2013, martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season, the first dance act to win the competition. Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up.
Season nine premiered on Tuesday, May 27, 2014, at 8 pm ET. The producers ' auditions began on October 26, 2013, in Miami. Other audition sites included Atlanta, Baltimore, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, and New York. Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online. Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark, which also hosted the live shows during season seven. Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26.
The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29. There was also a new twist in the show, where "Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas. Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience, but after three acts performed, the producers scrapped the live audience concept. This season also came with the addition of a "Golden Buzzer, '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent. Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act, typically used when there is a tie.
For this season, contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June, and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23, 2014. The performer with the most votes, Cornell Bhangra, filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals.
On September 17, magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season, the first magic act to win the competition. Singer Emily West was the runner - up.
Season ten premiered on May 26, 2015. Producer auditions began on November 2, 2014, in Tampa. Other audition sites included Nashville, Richmond (Virginia), New York, Chicago, St. Louis, San Antonio, Albuquerque, San Francisco, Seattle, Boise, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles. Online submissions were also accepted.
Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1, 2014, that he might not return, but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season. Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host. On February 9, 2015, Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well. It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning.
It was announced on December 4, 2014, that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout. He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes, and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge.
Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2, 2015, at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center. They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles. A special "extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona, California, where danger acts performed outside for the judges, who were seated at an outdoor stage.
During NBC 's summer press tour, it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their "Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows. An official trailer for the season was released, which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season, with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk. Dunkin replaced Snapple, which sponsored the show since season seven.
On June 24, Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge. Stern said, "In all seriousness, I 've told you, I 'm just too f * cking busy... something 's got to give... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year, whether or not I 'd come back, I kind of have told them I think this is my last season. Not I think, this is my last season ''.
On September 16, Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season, making him the second ventriloquist to win. Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up, and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place.
America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1, 2015. The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit, New York, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, San Jose, San Diego, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Orlando, and Dallas. As in years past, hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online.
On October 22, 2015, it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11. Mel B, Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges, with Nick Cannon returning as host. The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles, due to Stern 's departure, at the Dolby Theatre.
Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3, 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California. The season premiered on May 31, 2016.
On September 14, 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player Grace VanderWaal was announced as the second female and second child to win America 's Got Talent (Bianca Ryan, age 11, was first). Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners - up, and magician Jon Dorenbos placed third.
On August 2, 2016, it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12. Later that year, on October 4, Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 (Season 14).
On February 13, 2017, Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season, citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC. The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special Stand Up, Do n't Shoot. NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12, which premiered on Tuesday, May 30, 2017.
On September 20, Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season, becoming the third ventriloquist, third child act and the third female act to win the competition (second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016). Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up, and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place. Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five.
On February 21, 2018, it was announced that judges Simon Cowell, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel along with Tyra Banks would all be returning. The season premiered on May 29, 2018.
America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance.
In 2009, America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner, runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors. It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four (2009) finale. Jerry Springer emceed, commuting weekly between Stamford, Connecticut, tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas.
In 2010, on the first live show of season five, the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists. Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show.
In 2012, the tour returned, featuring winners Olate Dogs, Spencer Horsman, Joe Castillo, Lightwire Theater, David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's, Jarrett and Raja, Tom Cotter, and other fan favorites.
In 2013, after the success of the 2012 tour, another tour was scheduled, featuring season eight 's winner, Kenichi Ebina, and finalists Collins Key, Jimmy Rose, Taylor Williamson, Cami Bradley, The KriStef Brothers, and Tone the Chiefrocca. Tone hosted the tour.
In 2014, America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson, the season eight (2013) runner - up, and the top finalists for season nine: Mat Franco, Emily West, Quintavious Johnson, AcroArmy, Emil and Dariel, Miguel Dakota, and Sons of Serendip.
In 2015, no tour was held. Instead, three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin, runner - up Drew Lynch, and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon.
In 2016, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured the top two finalists for season 11, Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants, as well as finalist Tape Face.
In 2017, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured winner Darci Lynne, runner - up Angelica Hale, third - placed Light Balance, and finalist Preacher Lawson.
NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19, 2016, hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal, Jackie Evancho, Andra Day, Penn & Teller, Pentatonix, Terry Fator, Mat Franco, Piff the Magic Dragon, Olate Dogs, Professor Splash, Jon Dorenbos and others, and featuring the Season 11 judges, including Klum, who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti. The special drew 9.5 million viewers.
Since the show began, its ratings have been very high, ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers, generally averaging around 11 million viewers. The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic, usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run. Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows.
Although the show 's ratings have been high, the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years, where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks.
The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four (2009). The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five (2010), with 16.41 million viewers. The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six (2011) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49, both having a 4.6 rating.
Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only.
Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent but were ultimately eliminated before the final round have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows, most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew.
The following America 's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on American Idol (AI):
The following America 's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew (ABDC):
The following America 's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on these other shows:
In Indonesia, the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET. since October 22, 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB. But, since Monday, October 31, in addition to the weekend slot, the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama, the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta, which was concluded on Friday, October 28, 2016.
In the United Kingdom, TruTV, along with simulcasts on the Local Television Limited network, show America 's Got Talent, with TruTV showing it from the tenth season.
The thirteenth season of the show will air on AXN Asia, together with the twelfth series of Britain 's Got Talent.
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who was the first man to be inducted in the rock and roll hall of fame | List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, established in 1983 and located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians, bands, producers, and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry, particularly in the area of rock and roll. Originally, there were four categories of induction: performers, non-performers, early influences, and lifetime achievement. In 2000, "sidemen '' was introduced as a category.
The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category. Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are then sent to 600 "rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2010, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees. As of 2017, new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland; prior to that, the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland, New York, and Los Angeles.
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals, nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock, ignoring entire rock genres, and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters. The Sex Pistols, who were inducted in 2006, refused to attend the ceremony; John Lydon writing a note, read out by Jann Wenner, calling the museum a "piss stain. ''
The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have "influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll. '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are sent to 600 "rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2011, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees. In 2012, six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee, due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted. "There was a lot of discussion about this, '' said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. "There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result. ''
^ Note 1. These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee, and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees.
^ Note 2. This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else.
^ Note 3. This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else.
Artists inducted into the early influences category are those "whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists. '' Unlike the performers category, these inductees are selected by a committee. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.
^ A. Inducted members: Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, and Orville "Hoppy '' Jones. ^ B. Inducted members: Roy Crain Sr., R.H. Harris, Jesse Farley, and E.A. Rundless. ^ C. Inducted members: Sonny Til, Tommy Gaither, George Nelson, Johnny Reed, and Alexander Sharp. ^ D. Inducted members: Bob Wills, Tommy Duncan, Leon McAuliffe, Johnny Gimble, Joe "Jody '' Holley, Tiny Moore, Herb Remington, Eldon Shamblin, and Al Stricklin. ^ E. Nominated as a performer. ^ F. Inducted members: John L. Tanner, Eugene Tanner, James E. Moore, Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling, Jr
The non-performer category honors "songwriters, producers, disc jockeys, record executives, journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll. '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well. The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee. This category has been criticized for inducting those that have "been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria. In 2008, this category was renamed the "Ahmet Ertegün Award ''.
This category, which replaced sidemen, "honors those musicians, producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers. ''
^ G. Inducted members: Garry Tallent, Roy Bittan, Max Weinberg, Steven Van Zandt, Nils Lofgren, Patti Scialfa, Clarence Clemons, Danny Federici, Vini Lopez, David Sancious.
Established in 2000, the sidemen category "honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight, performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert. '' A separate committee, composed mainly of producers, chooses the inductees. In 2010, the category was renamed to "Award for Musical Excellence ''. According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, "This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized. ''
The following were inducted for "Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category. ''
As of 2017, 22 performers have been inducted twice or more; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with Cream and The Yardbirds. Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. Crosby, Stills & Nash, inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010. The Beatles, inducted in 1988, is the second band to have all of its members be inducted, as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction. Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories (The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015). He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions, at 27 years. Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years (1987 / 88 for McPhatter, 1992 / 93 for Clapton, as well as his solo induction in 2000). The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted: Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987, Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988, George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004, Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002, and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017.
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where does the flavor of cola come from | Cola - wikipedia
Cola is a sweetened, carbonated soft drink flavored with vanilla, cinnamon, citrus oils and other flavorings. Most contain caffeine, which was originally sourced from the kola nut, leading to the drink 's name, though other sources are now also used. Cola became popular worldwide after pharmacist John Pemberton invented Coca - Cola in 1886. His non-alcoholic recipe was inspired by the coca wine of pharmacist Angelo Mariani, created in 1863.
Most modern colas usually contain caramel color, and are sweetened with sugar or high - fructose corn syrup. They now come in numerous different brands. Among them, the most popular are Coca - Cola and Pepsi. These two companies have been competing since the 1890s, but their rivalry has intensified since the 1980s.
The primary modern flavoring ingredients in a cola drink are citrus oils (from oranges, limes, or lemon fruit peel), cinnamon, vanilla, and an acidic flavorant. Manufacturers of cola drinks add trace flavorings to create distinctively different tastes for each brand. Trace flavorings may include a wide variety of ingredients, such as spices like nutmeg or coriander, but the base flavorings that most people identify with a cola taste remain citrus, vanilla and cinnamon. Acidity is often provided by phosphoric acid, sometimes accompanied by citric or other isolated acids. Coca - Cola 's recipe is maintained as a corporate trade secret.
A variety of different sweeteners may be added to cola, often partly dependent on local agricultural policy. High - fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is predominantly used in the United States and Canada due to the lower cost of government - subsidized corn. In Europe, however, HFCS is subject to production quotas designed to encourage the production of sugar; sugar is thus typically used to sweeten sodas. In addition, stevia or an artificial sweetener may be used; "sugar - free '' or "diet '' colas typically contain artificial sweeteners only.
In the 1940s, Coca - Cola produced White Coke at the request of Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov.
Clear colas were again produced during the Clear Craze of the early 1990s. Brands included Crystal Pepsi, Tab Clear, and 7 Up Ice Cola. Crystal Pepsi has been repeatedly reintroduced in the 2010s.
In Denmark, a popular clear cola was made by the Cooperative FDB in 1976. It was especially known for being the "Hippie Cola '' because of the focus of the harmful effects the color additive could have on children and the boycott of multinational brands. It was inspired by a campaign on harmful additives in Denmark by the Environmental - Organisation NOAH, an independent Danish division of Friends of the Earth. This was followed up with a variety of sodas without artificial coloring. Today many organic colas are available in Denmark, but, for nostalgic reasons, clear cola has still maintained its popularity to a certain degree.
A 2007 study found that consumption of colas, both those with natural sweetening and those with artificial sweetening, was associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease. The phosphoric acid used in colas was thought to be a possible cause.
Studies indicate "soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in (the) American diet '', so most nutritionists advise that Coca - Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of calcium, magnesium, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin A.
The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of caffeine, which can cause physical dependence (caffeine addiction). A link has been shown between long - term regular cola intake and osteoporosis in older women (but not men). This was thought to be due to the presence of phosphoric acid, and the risk was found to be the same for caffeinated and noncaffeinated colas, as well as the same for diet and sugared colas.
Many soft drinks are sweetened mostly or entirely with high - fructose corn syrup, rather than sugar. Some nutritionists caution against consumption of corn syrup because it may aggravate obesity and type - 2 diabetes more than cane sugar.
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who is the president and ceo of hooters | Coby G. Brooks - wikipedia
Coby George Brooks (born May 17, 1969) is the former President and CEO of Hooters, Inc. and Naturally Fresh, Inc. Brooks was promoted to these positions in 2003, three years before the death of his father, Hooters founder Robert H. Brooks.
After his father 's death, Brooks gained a controlling interest in his father 's companies and was named chairman of his father 's estate. He became embroiled in a dispute with his father 's widow, Tami, over the distribution of the elder Brooks ' estate. Brooks was left 30 percent of his father 's estate.
Brooks appeared on an episode of the CBS reality TV show Undercover Boss featuring Hooters on February 14, 2010. Brooks left Hooters after the sale of the company in 2011 and is now a franchisee of Twin Peaks, another "breastaurant '' chain. Brooks also made a cameo alongside Twin Peaks CEO Randy DeWitt on another episode of Undercover Boss. After Brooks 's departure from Hooters, he was replaced by Terrance M. Marks.
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what is the tallest building in duluth mn | List of tallest buildings in Duluth - wikipedia
The city of Duluth, Minnesota, is home to 17 completed high - rises standing over 115ft (35m) tall. The tallest building in Duluth is the 16 - story, 247 - foot - tall Alworth Building, which at the time of its construction, was the tallest building in Minnesota outside Minneapolis.
The history of high - rises in Duluth begins with the Torrey Building. Completed in 1892, it is Duluth 's first high - rise. It was the first building outside the Twin Cities to reach 12 floors.
The newest high - rise constructed in Duluth is the 11 - story, 207 ft tall Maurices Headquarters Building, completed in 2016.
High - rises with unknown heights (12 stories or greater).
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who formed labour party in france and england | Ramsay MacDonald - wikipedia
James Ramsay MacDonald, FRS (né James McDonald Ramsay; 12 October 1866 -- 9 November 1937) was a British statesman who was the first Labour Party politician to become Prime Minister, leading minority Labour governments in 1924 and in 1929 -- 31. He headed a National Government from 1931 to 1935, dominated by the Conservative Party and supported by only a few Labour members. MacDonald was later vehemently denounced by and expelled from the party he had helped to found.
MacDonald, along with Keir Hardie and Arthur Henderson, was one of the three principal founders of the Labour Party. He was chairman of the Labour MPs before 1914 and, after an eclipse in his career caused by his opposition to the First World War he was Leader of the Labour Party from 1922. The second Labour Government (1929 -- 31) was dominated by the Great Depression. He formed the National Government to carry out spending cuts to defend the gold standard; the gold standard had to be abandoned after the Invergordon Mutiny and he called a general election in 1931 seeking a "doctor 's mandate '' to fix the economy. The National coalition won an overwhelming landslide and the Labour Party was reduced to a rump of around 50 seats in the House of Commons. His health deteriorated and he stood down as Prime Minister in 1935 and remained as Lord President of the Council until retiring in 1937. He died later that year.
MacDonald 's speeches, pamphlets and books made him an important theoretician. Historian John Shepherd states that, "MacDonald 's natural gifts of an imposing presence, handsome features and a persuasive oratory delivered with an arresting Highlands accent made him the iconic Labour leader. '' After 1931 MacDonald was repeatedly and bitterly denounced by the Labour movement as a traitor to their cause. Since the 1960s historians have defended his reputation, emphasising his earlier role in building up the Labour Party, dealing with the Great Depression, and as a forerunner of the political realignments of the 1990s and 2000s.
MacDonald was born at Gregory Place, Lossiemouth, Morayshire, Scotland, the illegitimate son of John MacDonald, a farm labourer, and Anne Ramsay, a housemaid. Registered at birth as James McDonald (sic) Ramsay, he was known as Jaimie MacDonald. Illegitimacy could be a serious handicap in 19th century Presbyterian Scotland, but in the north and northeast farming communities, this was less of a problem; in 1868, a report of the Royal Commission on the Employment of Children, Young Persons and Women in Agriculture noted that the illegitimacy rate was around 15 %, meaning that nearly every sixth person was born out of wedlock. MacDonald 's mother had worked as a domestic servant at Claydale farm, near Alves, where his father was also employed. They were to have been married, but the wedding never took place, either because the couple quarrelled and chose not to marry, or because Anne 's mother, Isabella Ramsay, stepped in to prevent her daughter from marrying a man she deemed unsuitable.
Ramsay MacDonald received an elementary education at the Free Church of Scotland school in Lossiemouth from 1872 to 1875, and then at Drainie parish school. He left school at the end of the summer term in 1881, at the age of 15, and began work on a nearby farm. In December 1881, he was appointed a pupil teacher at Drainie parish school. In 1885, he left to take up a position as an assistant to Mordaunt Crofton, a clergyman in Bristol who was attempting to establish a Boys ' and Young Men 's Guild at St Stephen 's Church. It was in Bristol that Ramsay MacDonald joined the Democratic Federation, a Radical organisation. This federation changed its name a few months later to the Social Democratic Federation (SDF). He remained in the group when it left the SDF to become the Bristol Socialist Society. In early 1886 he moved to London.
Following a short period of work addressing envelopes at the National Cyclists ' Union in Fleet Street, he found himself unemployed and forced to live on the small amount of money he had saved from his time in Bristol. MacDonald eventually found employment as an invoice clerk in the warehouse of Cooper, Box and Co. During this time he was deepening his socialist credentials, and engaged himself energetically in C.L. Fitzgerald 's Socialist Union which, unlike the SDF, aimed to progress socialist ideals through the parliamentary system. MacDonald witnessed the Bloody Sunday of 13 November 1887 in Trafalgar Square, and in response, had a pamphlet published by the Pall Mall Gazette, entitled Remember Trafalgar Square: Tory Terrorism in 1887.
MacDonald retained an interest in Scottish politics. Gladstone 's first Irish Home Rule Bill inspired the setting - up of a Scottish Home Rule Association in Edinburgh. On 6 March 1888, MacDonald took part in a meeting of London - based Scots, who, upon his motion, formed the London General Committee of the Scottish Home Rule Association. For a while he supported home rule for Scotland, but found little support among London 's Scots. However, MacDonald never lost his interest in Scottish politics and home rule, in Socialism: critical and constructive, published in 1921, he wrote: "The Anglification of Scotland has been proceeding apace to the damage of its education, its music, its literature, its genius, and the generation that is growing up under this influence is uprooted from its past. ''
Politics in the 1880s was still of less importance to MacDonald than furthering his education. He took evening classes in science, botany, agriculture, mathematics, and physics at the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution but his health suddenly failed him due to exhaustion one week before his examinations. This put an end to any thought of a scientific career. In 1888, MacDonald took employment as private secretary to Thomas Lough who was a tea merchant and a Radical politician. Lough was elected as the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for West Islington, in 1892. Many doors now opened to MacDonald: he had access to the National Liberal Club as well as the editorial offices of Liberal and Radical newspapers; he made himself known to various London Radical clubs among Radical and labour politicians. MacDonald gained valuable experience in the workings of electioneering. At the same time he left Lough 's employment to branch out as a freelance journalist. Elsewhere as a member of the Fabian Society for some time, MacDonald toured and lectured on its behalf at the London School of Economics and elsewhere.
The Trades Union Congress had created the Labour Electoral Association (LEA) and entered into an unsatisfactory alliance with the Liberal Party in 1886. In 1892, MacDonald was in Dover to give support to the candidate for the LEA in the General Election who was well beaten. MacDonald impressed the local press and the Association and was adopted as its candidate, announcing that his candidature would be under a Labour Party banner. He denied the Labour Party was a wing of the Liberal Party but saw merit in a working political relationship. In May 1894, the local Southampton Liberal Association was trying to find a labour - minded candidate for the constituency. Two others joined MacDonald to address the Liberal Council: one was offered but turned down the invitation, while MacDonald failed to secure the nomination despite strong support among Liberals.
In 1893, Keir Hardie had formed the Independent Labour Party (ILP) which had established itself as a mass movement. In May 1894 MacDonald applied for membership, and was accepted. He was officially adopted as the ILP candidate for one of the Southampton seats on 17 July 1894 but was heavily defeated at the election of 1895. MacDonald stood for Parliament again in 1900 for one of the two Leicester seats and although he lost was generously accused of splitting the Liberal vote to allow the Conservative candidate to win. That same year he became Secretary of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), the forerunner of the Labour Party, allegedly in part because many delegates confused him with prominent London trade unionist Jimmie MacDonald when they voted for "Mr. James R. MacDonald ''. MacDonald retained membership of the ILP; while it was not a Marxist organisation it was more rigorously socialist than the once and future Labour Party in which the ILP members would operate as a "ginger group '' for many years.
As Party Secretary, MacDonald negotiated an agreement with the leading Liberal politician Herbert Gladstone (son of the late Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone), which allowed Labour to contest a number of working class seats without Liberal opposition, thus giving Labour its first breakthrough into the House of Commons. He married Margaret Ethel Gladstone, who was unrelated to the Gladstones of the Liberal Party, in 1896. Although not wealthy, Margaret MacDonald was comfortably off, and this allowed them to indulge in foreign travel, visiting Canada and the United States in 1897, South Africa in 1902, Australia and New Zealand in 1906 and India several times.
It was during this period that MacDonald and his wife began a long friendship with the social investigator and reforming civil servant Clara Collet with whom he discussed women 's issues. She was an influence on MacDonald and other politicians in their attitudes towards women rights. In 1901, he was elected to the London County Council for Finsbury Central as a joint Labour -- Progressive Party candidate, but he was disqualified from the register in 1904 due to his absences abroad.
In 1906, the LRC changed its name to the "Labour Party '', amalgamating with the ILP. In that same year, MacDonald was elected MP for Leicester along with 28 others, and became one of the leaders of the Parliamentary Labour Party. These Labour MPs undoubtedly owed their election to the ' Progressive Alliance ' between the Liberals and Labour, a minor party supporting the Liberal governments of Henry Campbell - Bannerman and H.H. Asquith. MacDonald became the leader of the left wing of the party, arguing that Labour must seek to displace the Liberals as the main party of the left.
In 1911 MacDonald became Party Leader (formally "Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party ''). He was the chief intellectual leader of the party, paying little attention to class warfare and much more to the emergence of a powerful state as it exemplified the Darwinian evolution of an ever more complex society. He was an Orthodox Edwardian progressive, keen on intellectual discussion, and adverse to agitation.
Within a short period his wife became ill with blood poisoning and died. This deeply and permanently affected MacDonald.
MacDonald had always taken a keen interest in foreign affairs and knew from his visit to South Africa, just after the Boer War had ended, what the effects of modern conflict would be. Although the Parliamentary Labour Party generally held an anti-war opinion, when war was declared in August 1914, patriotism came to the fore. The Party supported the government in its request for £ 100,000,000 of war credits and, as MacDonald could not, he resigned the party Chairmanship. Arthur Henderson became the new leader while MacDonald took the party Treasurer 's post. During the early part of the war he was extremely unpopular and was accused of treason and cowardice. Former Liberal Party MP and publisher Horatio Bottomley attacked him through his magazine John Bull in September 1915 by publishing an article carrying details of MacDonald 's birth and his so - called deceit in not disclosing his real name. His illegitimacy was no secret and he had not seemed to have suffered by it, but according to the journal he had, by using a false name, gained access to parliament falsely and should suffer heavy penalties and have his election declared void. MacDonald received much internal support, but the way in which the disclosures were made public had affected him. He wrote in his diary:
... I spent hours of terrible mental pain. Letters of sympathy began to pour in upon me... Never before did I know that I had been registered under the name of Ramsay, and can not understand it now. From my earliest years my name has been entered in lists, like the school register, etc. as MacDonald.
Despite opposition to the war, MacDonald visited the Western Front in December 1914 with the approval of Lord Kitchener. MacDonald and General Seeley set off for the front at Ypres and soon found themselves in the thick of an action in which both behaved with the utmost coolness. Later, MacDonald was received by the Commander - in - Chief at St Omer and made an extensive tour of the front. Returning home, he paid a public tribute to the courage of the French troops, but said nothing then or later of having been under fire himself.
As the war dragged on, his reputation recovered but he still lost his seat in the 1918 "Coupon Election '', which saw the Liberal David Lloyd George 's coalition government win a large majority.
MacDonald stood for Parliament in the 1921 Woolwich East by - election and lost. In 1922, MacDonald was returned to the House as MP for Aberavon in Wales, With a vote of 14,318 against 11,111 and 5,328 for his main opponents. His rehabilitation was complete; the Labour New Leader magazine opined that his election was, "enough in itself to transform our position in the House. We have once more a voice which must be heard. ''
By now, the party was reunited and MacDonald was re-elected as Leader. Historian Kenneth O. Morgan examines his newfound stature:
At the 1922 election, Labour replaced the Liberals as the main opposition party to the Conservative government of Stanley Baldwin, making MacDonald Leader of the Opposition. By now, he had moved away from the Labour left and abandoned the socialism of his youth: he strongly opposed the wave of radicalism that swept through the labour movement in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a determined enemy of Communism. Unlike the French Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party of Germany, the Labour Party did not split and the Communist Party of Great Britain remained small and isolated.
MacDonald became noted for "woolly '' rhetoric such as the occasion at the Labour Party Conference of 1930 at Llandudno when he appeared to imply unemployment could be solved by encouraging the jobless to return to the fields "where they till and they grow and they sow and they harvest ''. Equally, there were times it was unclear what his policies were. There was already some unease in the party about what he would do if Labour was able to form a government.
At the 1923 election, the Conservatives had lost their majority, and when they lost a vote of confidence in the House in January 1924 King George V called on MacDonald to form a minority Labour government, with the tacit support of the Liberals under Asquith from the corner benches. He became the first Labour Prime Minister, the first from a working class background and one of the very few without a university education.
MacDonald had never held office but demonstrated energy, executive ability, and political astuteness. He consulted widely within his party, making the Liberal Lord Haldane the Lord Chancellor, and Philip Snowden Chancellor of the Exchequer. He took the foreign office himself. Besides himself, ten other cabinet members came from working class origins, a dramatic breakthrough in British history. His first priority was to undo the perceived damage caused by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, by settling the reparations issue and coming to terms with Germany. The king noted in his diary, "He wishes to do the right thing... Today 23 years ago dear Grandmama died. I wonder what she would have thought of a Labour Government! ''
While there were no major labour strikes during his term, MacDonald acted swiftly to end those that did erupt. When the Labour Party executive criticised the government, he replied that, "public doles, Poplarism (local defiance of the national government), strikes for increased wages, limitation of output, not only are not Socialism, but may mislead the spirit and policy of the Socialist movement ''. The Government lasted only nine months and did not have a majority in either House of the Parliament, but it was still able to support the unemployed with the extension of benefits and amendments to the Insurance Acts. In a personal triumph for John Wheatley, Minister for Health, a Housing Act was passed, which greatly expanded municipal housing for low paid workers.
MacDonald had long been a leading spokesman for internationalism in the Labour movement; at first he verged on pacifism. He founded the Union of Democratic Control in early 1914 to promote international socialist aims, but it was overwhelmed by the war. His 1916 book, National Defence, revealed his own long - term vision for peace. Although disappointed at the harsh terms of the Versailles Treaty, he supported the League of Nations -- but by 1930 he felt that the internal cohesion of the British Empire and a strong, independent British defence programme might turn out to be the wisest British government policy.
MacDonald moved in March 1924 to end construction work on the Singapore military base despite strong opposition from the Admiralty. He believed the building of the base would endanger the disarmament conference; the First Sea Lord Lord Beatty considered the absence of such a base as dangerously imperilling British trade and territories east of Aden and could mean the security of the British Empire in the Far East being dependent on the goodwill of Japan.
In June 1924, MacDonald convened a conference in London of the wartime Allies and achieved an agreement on a new plan for settling the reparations issue and French occupation of the Ruhr. German delegates joined the meeting, and the London Settlement was signed. It was followed by an Anglo - German commercial treaty. Another major triumph for MacDonald was the conference held in London in July and August 1924 to deal with the implementation of the Dawes Plan. MacDonald, who accepted the popular view of the economist John Maynard Keynes of German reparations as impossible to pay, pressured French Premier Édouard Herriot until many concessions were made to Germany.
A British onlooker commented, "The London Conference was for the French ' man in the street ' one long Calvary... as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French - Belgian railroad Régie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. '' MacDonald was proud of what had been achieved, which was the pinnacle of his short - lived administration 's achievements. In September, he made a speech to the League of Nations Assembly in Geneva, the main thrust of which was for general European disarmament which was received with great acclaim.
MacDonald recognised the Soviet Union and MacDonald informed Parliament in February 1924 that negotiations would begin to negotiate a treaty with the Soviet Union. The treaty was to cover Anglo - Soviet trade and the repayment of the British bondholders, who had lent billions to the pre-revolutionary Russian government and been rejected by the Bolsheviks. There were in fact two proposed treaties: one would cover commercial matters, and the other would cover a fairly vague future discussion on the problem of the bondholders. If the treaties were signed, the British government would conclude a further treaty and guarantee a loan to the Bolsheviks. The treaties were popular neither with the Conservatives nor with the Liberals, who, in September, criticised the loan so vehemently that negotiation with them seemed impossible. However, the Government 's fate was determined by the "Campbell Case '', the abrogation of prosecuting the left - wing newspaper the Workers ' Weekly for inciting servicemen to mutiny. The Conservatives put down a censure motion, to which the Liberals added an amendment. MacDonald 's Cabinet resolved to treat both motions as matters of confidence. The Liberal amendment was carried, and the King granted MacDonald a dissolution of Parliament the following day. The issues that dominated the election campaign were the Campbell case and the Russian treaties which soon combined into the single issue of the Bolshevik threat.
On 25 October 1924, just four days before the election, the Daily Mail reported that a letter had come into its possession which purported to be a letter sent from Grigory Zinoviev, the President of the Communist International, to the British representative on the Comintern Executive. The letter was dated 15 September and so before the dissolution of parliament; it stated that it was imperative for the agreed treaties between Britain and the Bolsheviks to be ratified urgently. The letter said that those Labour members who could apply pressure on the government should do so. It went on to say that a resolution of the relationship between the two countries would "assist in the revolutionising of the international and British proletariat... make it possible for us to extend and develop the ideas of Leninism in England and the Colonies ''. The government had received the letter before the publication in the newspapers and had protested to the Bolsheviks ' London chargé d'affaires and had already decided to make public the contents of the letter with details of the official protest but had not been swift - footed enough. Historians mostly agree the letter was a forgery, but it closely reflected attitudes current in the Comintern. In any case, it had little impact on the Labour vote, which actually increased. It was the collapse of the Liberal Party that led to the Conservative landslide. However, many Labourites for years blamed their defeat on the Letter by misunderstanding the political forces at work. Despite all that had gone on, the result of the election was not disastrous for Labour. The Conservatives were returned decisively gaining 155 seats for a total of 413 members of parliament. Labour lost 40 seats but held on to 151. The Liberals lost 118 seats (leaving them with only 40) and their vote fell by over a million. The real significance of the election was that the Liberals, whom Labour had displaced as the second largest political party in 1922, were now clearly the third party.
The strong majority held by the Conservatives gave Baldwin a full term during which the government had to deal with the 1926 General Strike. Unemployment remained high but relatively stable at just over 10 % and, apart from 1926, strikes were at a low level. At the May 1929 election, Labour won 288 seats to the Conservatives ' 260, with 59 Liberals under Lloyd George holding the balance of power. MacDonald was increasingly out of touch with his supposedly safe Welsh seat at Aberavon; he largely ignored the district, and had little time or energy to help with its increasingly difficult problems regarding coal disputes, strikes, unemployment and poverty. The miners expected a wealthy man who would fund party operations, but he had no money. He disagreed with the increasingly radical activism of party leaders in the district, as well as the permanent agent, and the South Wales Mineworkers ' Federation. He moved to Seaham Harbour in County Durham, a safer seat, in order to avoid a highly embarrassing defeat.
Baldwin resigned and MacDonald again formed a minority government, at first with Lloyd George 's cordial support. This time MacDonald knew he had to concentrate on domestic matters. Arthur Henderson became Foreign Secretary, with Snowden again at the Exchequer. JH Thomas became Lord Privy Seal with a mandate to tackle unemployment, assisted by the young radical Oswald Mosley. MacDonald appointed the first ever woman cabinet minister Margaret Bondfield as Minister of Labour.
MacDonald 's second government was in a stronger parliamentary position than his first, and in 1930 he was able to raise unemployment pay, pass an act to improve wages and conditions in the coal industry (i.e. the issues behind the General Strike) and pass a housing act which focused on slum clearances. However, an attempt by the Education Minister Charles Trevelyan to introduce an act to raise the school - leaving age to 15 was defeated by opposition from Roman Catholic Labour MPs, who feared that the costs would lead to increasing local authority control over faith schools.
In international affairs, he also convened a conference in London with the leaders of the Indian National Congress, at which he offered responsible government, but not independence, to India. In April 1930 he negotiated a treaty limiting naval armaments with the United States and Japan.
MacDonald 's government had no effective response to the economic crisis which followed the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Philip Snowden was a rigid exponent of orthodox finance and would not permit any deficit spending to stimulate the economy, despite the urgings of Oswald Mosley, David Lloyd George and the economist John Maynard Keynes. Mosley put forward a memorandum in January 1930, calling for the public control of imports and banking as well as an increase in pensions to boost spending power. When this was repeatedly turned down, Mosley resigned from the government in February 1931 and formed the New Party. He later converted to Fascism.
By the end of 1930, unemployment had doubled to over two and a half million. The government struggled to cope with the crisis and found itself attempting to reconcile two contradictory aims: achieving a balanced budget to maintain the pound on the Gold standard, and maintaining assistance to the poor and unemployed, at a time when tax revenues were falling. During 1931 the economic situation deteriorated, and pressure from orthodox economists for sharp cuts in government spending increased. Under pressure from its Liberal allies as well as the Conservative opposition who feared that the budget was unbalanced, Snowden appointed a committee headed by Sir George May to review the state of public finances. The May Report of July 1931 urged large public - sector wage cuts and large cuts in public spending (notably in payments to the unemployed) to avoid a budget deficit.
Although there was a narrow majority in the Cabinet for drastic reductions in spending, the minority included senior ministers such as Arthur Henderson who made it clear they would resign rather than acquiesce in the cuts. With this unworkable split, on 24 August 1931 MacDonald submitted his resignation and then agreed, on the urging of King George V to form a National Government with the Conservatives and Liberals. With Henderson taking the lead, MacDonald, Snowden, and Thomas were quickly expelled from the Labour Party. They responded by forming a new National Labour group, which provided a nominal party base for the expelled MPs but received little support in the country or the unions. Great anger in the labour movement greeted MacDonald 's move. Riots took place in protest in Glasgow and Manchester. Many in the Labour Party viewed this as a cynical move by MacDonald to rescue his career, and accused him of ' betrayal '. MacDonald, however, argued that the sacrifice was for the common good.
In the 1931 general election, the National Government won 554 seats, comprising 473 Conservatives, 13 National Labour, 68 Liberals (Liberal National and Liberal) and various others, while Labour, now led by Arthur Henderson won only 52 and the Lloyd George Liberals four. Henderson and his deputy J.R. Clynes both lost their seats in Labour 's worst - ever rout. Labour 's disastrous performance at the 1931 election greatly increased the bitterness felt by MacDonald 's former colleagues towards him. MacDonald was genuinely upset to see the Labour Party so badly defeated at the election. He had regarded the National Government as a temporary measure, and had hoped to return to the Labour Party.
The National Government 's huge majority left MacDonald with the largest mandate ever won by a British Prime Minister at a democratic election, but MacDonald had only a small following of National Labour men in Parliament. He was ageing rapidly, and was increasingly a figurehead. In control of domestic policy were Conservatives Stanley Baldwin as Lord President and Neville Chamberlain the chancellor of the exchequer, together with National Liberal Walter Runciman at the Board of Trade. MacDonald, Chamberlain and Runciman devised a compromise tariff policy, which stopped short of protectionism while ending free trade and, at the 1932 Ottawa Conference, cementing commercial relations within the Commonwealth.
Besides his preference for a cohesive British Empire and a protective tariff, he felt an independent British defence programme would be the wisest policy. However, budget pressures and a strong popular pacifist sentiment, forced a reduction in the military and naval budgets. MacDonald involved himself heavily in foreign policy. Assisted by the National Liberal leader and Foreign Secretary John Simon, he continued to lead British delegations to international conferences, including the Geneva Disarmament Conference and the Lausanne Conference in 1932, and the Stresa Conference in 1935. He went to Rome in March 1933 in order to facilitate Nazi Germany 's return to the concert of European powers and to continue the policy of appeasement. On 16 August 1932 he granted the Communal Award upon India, partitioning it into separate electorates for Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and Untouchables. Most important of all, he presided at the world economic conference in London in June 1933. Nearly every nation was represented, but no agreement was possible. The American president torpedoed the conference with a bombshell message that the US would not stabilise the depreciating dollar. The failure marked the end of international economic co-operation for another decade.
MacDonald was deeply affected by the anger and bitterness caused by the fall of the Labour government. He continued to regard himself as a true Labour man, but the rupturing of virtually all his old friendships left him an isolated figure. One of the only other leading Labour figures to join the government, Philip Snowden, was a firm believer in free trade and resigned from the government in 1932 following the introduction of tariffs after the Ottawa agreement.
By 1933 MacDonald 's health was so poor that his doctor had to personally supervise his trip to Geneva. By 1934 MacDonald 's mental and physical health declined further, and he became an increasingly ineffective leader as the international situation grew more threatening. His speeches in Commons and at international meetings became incoherent. One observer noted how "Things... got to the stage where nobody knew what the Prime Minister was going to say in the House of Commons, and, when he did say it, nobody understood it ''. Newspapers did not report MacDonald denying to reporters that he was seriously ill because he only had "loss of memory ''. His pacifism, which had been widely admired in the 1920s, led Winston Churchill and others to accuse him of failure to stand up to the threat of Adolf Hitler. His government began the negotiations for the Anglo - German Naval Agreement. MacDonald was aware of his fading powers, and in 1935 he agreed to a timetable with Baldwin to stand down as Prime Minister after George V 's Silver Jubilee celebrations in May 1935. He resigned on 7 June in favour of Baldwin, and remained in the cabinet, taking the largely honorary post of Lord President vacated by Baldwin.
After Hitler 's re-militarisation of the Rhineland in 1936, MacDonald declared that he was "pleased '' that the Treaty of Versailles was "vanishing '', expressing his hope that the French had been taught a "severe lesson ''.
At the 1935 election MacDonald was defeated at Seaham by Emanuel Shinwell. Shortly after he was elected at a by - election in January 1936 for the Combined Scottish Universities seat, but his physical and mental health collapsed in 1936. King George V died a week before voting began in the Scottish by - election and MacDonald deeply mourned his death, paying tribute to him in his diary as "a gracious and kingly friend whom I have served with all my heart ''. There had been a genuine mutual affection between the two; the King is said to have regarded MacDonald as his favourite prime minister.
A sea voyage was recommended to restore MacDonald 's health, but he died on board the liner MV Reina del Pacifico at sea on 9 November 1937, aged 71 when with his youngest daughter Sheila. His funeral was in Westminster Abbey on 26 November. After cremation, his ashes were buried alongside his wife Margaret at Spynie in his native Morayshire.
For half a century, MacDonald was demonised by the Labour Party as a turncoat who consorted with the enemy and drove the Labour Party to its nadir. In the last quarter century, however, scholarly opinion has raised his status as an important founder and leader of the Labour Party, and a man who held Britain together during its darkest economic times.
MacDonald 's expulsion from Labour along with his National Labour Party 's coalition with the Conservatives, combined with the decline in his physical and mental powers after 1931, left him a discredited figure at the time of his death, destined to receive years of unsympathetic treatment from generations of Labour - inclined British historians. The events of 1931, with the downfall of the Labour government and his coalition with the Conservatives, led to MacDonald becoming one of the most reviled figures in the history of the Labour Party, with many of his former supporters accusing him of betraying the party he had helped create. Lachlan MacNeill Weir, MacDonald 's former parliamentary private secretary, published the first major biography The Tragedy of Ramsay MacDonald in 1938. Weir demonised MacDonald for obnoxious careerism, class betrayal and treachery. Clement Attlee in his autobiography As it Happened (1954) called MacDonald 's decision to abandon the Labour government in 1931 "the greatest betrayal in the political history of the country ''. The coming of war in 1939 led to a search for the politicians who had appeased Hitler and failed to prepare Britain; MacDonald was grouped among the "Guilty Men ''.
By the 1960s, while union activists maintained their hostile attitude, scholars wrote with more appreciation of his challenges and successes. Finally in 1977 he received a long scholarly biography that historians have judged to be "definitive. '' Labour MP David Marquand, a trained historian who later became a professor of politics, wrote Ramsay MacDonald with the stated intention of giving MacDonald his due for his work in founding and building the Labour Party, and in trying to preserve peace in the years between the two world wars. He argued also to place MacDonald 's fateful decision in 1931 in the context of the crisis of the times and the limited choices open to him. Marquand praised the prime minister 's decision to place national interests before that of party in 1931. He also emphasised MacDonald 's lasting intellectual contribution to socialism and his pivotal role in transforming Labour from an outside protest group to an inside party of government.
Scholarly analysis about the economic decisions taken in the inter-war period such as the return to the Gold Standard in 1925, and MacDonald 's desperate efforts to defend it in 1931, has changed. Robert Skidelsky, in his classic account of the 1929 -- 31 government, Politicians and the Slump (1967), compared the orthodox policies advocated by leading politicians of both parties unfavourably with the more radical, proto - Keynesian measures proposed by David Lloyd George and Oswald Mosley. But in the preface to the 1994 edition Skidelsky argued that recent experience of currency crises and capital flight made it hard to be critical of politicians who wanted to achieve stability by cutting labour costs and defending the value of the currency. In 2004 Marquand advanced a similar argument:
In the harsher world of the 1980s and 1990s it was no longer obvious that Keynes was right in 1931 and the bankers wrong. Pre-Keynesian orthodoxy had come in from the cold. Politicians and publics had learned anew that confidence crises feed on themselves; that currencies can collapse; that the public credit can be exhausted; that a plummeting currency can be even more painful than deflationary expenditure cuts; and that governments which try to defy the foreign exchange markets are apt to get their -- and their countries ' -- fingers burnt. Against that background MacDonald 's response to the 1931 crisis increasingly seemed not just honourable and consistent, but right... he was the unacknowledged precursor of the Blairs, the Schröders, and the Clintons of the 1990s and 2000s.
Ramsay MacDonald married Margaret Ethel Gladstone (no relation to 19th - century Prime Minister William Gladstone) in 1896. The marriage was a very happy one, and they had six children, including Malcolm MacDonald (1901 -- 81), who had a distinguished career as a politician, colonial governor and diplomat, and Ishbel MacDonald (1903 -- 82), who was very close to her father. Another son, Alister Gladstone MacDonald (1898 -- 1993) was a conscientious objector in the First World War, serving in the Friends ' Ambulance Unit; he became a prominent architect who worked on promoting the planning policies of his father 's government, and specialised in cinema design. MacDonald was devastated by Margaret 's death from blood poisoning in 1911, and had few significant personal relationships after that time, apart from with Ishbel, who cared for him for the rest of his life. Following his wife 's death, MacDonald commenced a relationship with Lady Margaret Sackville.
In the 1920s and 1930s he was frequently entertained by the society hostess Lady Londonderry, which was much disapproved of in the Labour Party since her husband was a Conservative cabinet minister.
MacDonald 's unpopularity in the country following his stance against Britain 's involvement in the First World War spilled over into his private life. In 1916, he was expelled from Moray Golf Club in Lossiemouth for supposedly bringing the club into disrepute because of his pacifist views. The manner of his expulsion was regretted by some members but an attempt to re-instate him by a vote in 1924 failed. However, a Special General Meeting held in 1929 finally voted for his reinstatement. By this time, MacDonald was Prime Minister for the second time. He felt the initial expulsion very deeply and refused to take up the final offer of membership.
In 1930, MacDonald was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) under Statute 12. He was awarded honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) degrees by the universities of Wales, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Oxford, and McGill.
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what season does amy and ricky start dating | The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 2) - wikipedia
The second season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager, an American television series created by Brenda Hampton, debuted on the ABC Family television network on Monday, June 22, 2009 at 8: 00PM. Season two regular cast members include Shailene Woodley, India Eisley, Daren Kagasoff, Francia Raisa, Kenny Baumann, Molly Ringwald, Mark Derwin, Megan Park, and Greg Finley II. Following the first season, Jorge Pallo and Luke Zimmerman were demoted to recurring guest stars. Jorge returned for a select number of episodes to wrap up his character 's storyline and eventually departed the series after its January return.
Following the success of its first season, ABC Family announced on January 31, 2009, plans to renew Secret Life, following the cancellation of its hit sci - fi TV show, Kyle XY. The official press release was released on February 9 with ABC Family ordering 24 episodes for season two. Season 2 began with 12 episodes broadcast starting June 22, 2009. Though marketed as the season finale, the mid season finale aired on September 7, 2009, with the second half of the season returning on January 4, 2010. The second 12 episodes finished their run on March 22, 2010.
The season premiere of Secret Life brought in the largest audience for the show so far, with a record breaking 4.68 million viewers. It brought in the second largest audience in adults 18 - 34 with 1.40 million viewers, behind season one 's mid-season finale. 2.10 million adults 18 - 49 watched "The Big One '' along with 1.60 million females between the ages 18 -- 34. The season premiere remains the number one scripted original premiere of Summer 2009 in Adults 18 - 34. Furthermore, the mid-season premiere became ABC Family 's most watched telecast of all time with viewers ages 12 -- 34 with more than three million viewers watching. The mid-season premiere also brought in the show 's second largest audience in total viewers, with more than 4.55 million people watching.
This season, Amy Juergens must deal with juggling motherhood and high school, while her family and friends experience relationship challenges of their own.
Though it came as a surprise, writers of The Secret Life were faced with a challenge when writing began for the second season. In January 2009, Molly Ringwald announced that she was expecting twins of her own. She told People Magazine that Brenda Hampton was working on writing her character 's pregnancy into the storyline of the show.
Kenny Baumann, the actor who plays Ben Boykewich, confirmed that someone would die in the second season of Secret Life. The character would be a "significant male character '' and the death would be a terrible tragedy. It was later revealed that John Schneider, who portrayed the role as Grace 's father, Marshall, left the show due to multiple shows and projects he has. Marshall was written out of the series in "The Big One ''.
Actor Brando Eaton was cast as Ashley 's new gay sidekick, Griffin, who has a recurring role in the season. Actress Rumer Willis, appeared in The Secret Life as Heather, a pregnant girl in the episode "Knocked Up Who 's There? ''. She interacted with Ben in a way that got Amy jealous. Actor Austin Stowell was cast as Lauren 's new boyfriend, Jesse, who has a recurring role in the season. Their relationship sparks the discussion of interracial dating, as Jesse believes that Lauren is not interested in having sex with him because of his race.
On Monday, June 22, 2009, Secret Life opened its second season with the largest audience so far, posting a series high in Total Viewers with 4.68 million viewers, and second - best numbers ever in Adults 18 - 34 with 1.4 million viewers, behind season one 's mid-season finale, Adults 18 - 49 with 2.1 million viewers and Viewers 11 - 34 with 2.9 million viewers. In June 2009, Secret Life ranked as cable 's No. 1 scripted telecast in Females 11 - 34, and the No. 1 scripted series telecast in Viewers 11 - 34 and Female Teens. Additionally, Secret Life stood as ad - supported cable 's No. 1 telecast this month in Female Teens. Impressively, the season debut became cable 's No. 1 scripted series premiere of the 2008 / 2009 season to date in Women 18 - 34, Women 18 - 49'and Viewers 11 - 34, and the No. 1 scripted original premiere of Summer 2009 so far in Adults 18 - 34.
Secret Life 's second season debut now stands as cable 's No. 1 scripted original series / season premiere this summer in Adults ages 18 -- 34 and across core female 18 - 34, 18 - 49 and 11 - 34 demos, ahead of such high - profile series as USA 's Royal Pains and Burn Notice and TNT 's The Closer.
Some critics praised the new developments of the show, saying they could be "interesting material to build on. '' Jean Bently of EW Popwatch says that now that the whole "teen going through a pregnancy '' plot has played out and the "frustrated young mother '' thing is going on, we have room to explore some other topics. She remained hopeful that the writers wo n't just turn these new problems into issues of the week, instead allowing time for the characters to grieve Marshall 's death, deal with Anne 's accidental pregnancy, and explore the more emotionally complex aspects of teenage sex.
With more than 4.55 million people watching the season two mid-season premiere, the episode became ABC Family 's most - watched telecast ever in key 12 - 34 and teen demos. The episode stands as the series ' 2nd-most - watched episode in viewers and is TV 's No. 1 telecast of the season in female teens, cable 's No. 1 telecast in females 12 - 34 and cable 's No. 1 scripted telecast in viewers 12 - 34. The season two mid-season premiere remains cable 's No. 1 scripted premiere of the 2009 / 10 season. It improved nearly one million total viewers over its season two mid-season finale, and was No. 1 in all target demos for the hour.
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list of food items of different regions of india | List of Indian dishes - wikipedia
This is a list of Indian dishes. Indian cuisine encompasses a wide variety of regional cuisines native to India. Given the range of diversity in soil type, climate and occupations, these cuisines vary significantly from each other and use locally available spices, herbs, vegetables and fruits. The dishes are then served according to taste in either mild, medium or hot. Indian food is also heavily influenced by religious and cultural choices and traditions. Some Indian dishes are common in more than one region of India.
The North - East of India includes Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.
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what age can you start working in retail | Legal working age - wikipedia
The legal working age is the minimum age required by law for a person to work, in each country or jurisdiction.
Some types of labor are commonly prohibited even for those above the working age, if they have not reached yet the age of majority. Activities that are dangerous, harmful to the health or that may affect the morals of minors fall into this category.
18: Unrestricted.
18: Unrestricted.
14: (Light work only. Must have parental permission. Restricted working hours and shortened working week, must not interfere with school education) 16: (Light work only. Full school education required. Restricted working hours) 18: Unrestricted
13: (Light work only. Must have parent permission. Restricted working hours and shortened working week.) 16: (Light work only. Restricted working hours) 18: (Unrestricted)
Age 15: (Must have parental permission)
Age 16: Minimum age to serve someone in restaurants, café or hotels. Minimum age to work in a circus or cinema.
Age 18: Unrestricted (and the minimum age to work in: Bars, Discos, Dancinghalls and Nightclubs)
16: (For full - time work and national working age to be able to claim legal minimum wage) 18: (To work at a licensed premises that primarily sells alcoholic beverages such as pubs, bars and night clubs)
14: (Restricted working hours and the type of work) 18: (Unrestricted)
Occupation Standards:
Hours - Time Standards
None: (21 years of age to serve alcoholic beverages for the consumption on premises (19 if licensee is RVP certified); 18 years of age to work in that part of an establishment where alcoholic beverages are sold or served for consumption on premises; 14 / 15 year olds may not work in an establishment where alcoholic beverages are sold, served, or dispensed for consumption on premises.)
Working hours:
Working hours: See federal law
See federal law (some additional restrictions by state law)
Working hours:
Additional Working Restrictions:
Working hours:
Additional working restrictions
Working hours
Work hour restriction:
Work hour restriction:
Work hour restriction:
Work hour restriction:
Work hour restriction:
None (18 years of age to sell alcoholic beverages and to work as a barkeeper)
Work hour restrictions:
Work hour restrictions:
None (19 years of age to handle sales of alcohol or to serve it in a restaurants)
Work hour restrictions:
None (18 years of age to sell tobacco products; 19 years of age can "ring - up '' the sale of alcoholic beverages in the course of their employment at a drug or grocery store if there is at least one other employee on the licensed premise who is twenty - one years of age or older)
Work hour restrictions:
None (16 years of age to sell liquor, wine, or beer in original unopened containers for off - premises consumption (grocery stores, convenience stores, liquor stores, etc.); 18 years of age to sell and dispense liquor, wine, or beer for on - premises consumption (restaurants, bars, clubs, etc.); 21 years of age to deliver liquor, wine, or beer in original unopened containers to a home or other designated location for personal use (licensees and permittees authorized to sell liquor, wine, or beer for off - premises consumption))
Work hour restrictions:
None (18 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant serving alcohol, and to sell 3.2 ABV beer; 21 years of age Unrestricted)
Work hour restrictions: None (see federal law)
Minors under the age of 18 are prohibited from working in / as: Occupations in or about Plants or Establishments Manufacturing or Storing Explosives or Articles Containing Explosive Components; Motor - vehicle Driver and outside helper on a motor vehicle; Coal Mine Occupations; Logging or Sawmill Operations; Operation of Power - Driven Woodworking machines; Exposure to Radioactive Substances; Power - driven hoisting apparatus, including forklifts; Operation of Power - Driven Metal Forming, punching, and shearing machines; Mining, other than coal mining; Operation of Power - driven bakery machines including vertical dough or batter mixers; Manufacturing bricks, tile, and kindred products; Wrecking, demolition, and shipbreaking operations; Roofing operations and all work on or about a roof; In, about or in connection with any establishment where alcoholic liquors are distilled, rectified, compounded, brewed, manufactured, bottled, sold for consumption or dispensed unless permitted by the rules and regulations of the Alcoholic Beverage Control Board (except they may be employed in places where the sale of alcoholic beverages by the package is merely incidental to the main business actually conducted); Pool or Billiard Room.
Work hour restrictions:
None (18 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol or as a bartender. Age is not a factor in working for any business for which selling alcohol is not their primary purpose as long as that business holds an off - premises license, meaning alcohol can not be consumed on the property.)
Work hour restrictions:
None (17 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that serves alcohol or as a bartender and handle, transport, and sell beer, wine, and spirits. The presence of a supervisor over the age of 21 is required)
Work hour restrictions:
None (18 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol and to sell wine and beer in retail stores)
Work hour restrictions:
Work hour restrictions:
Minors may not work:
(A licensee shall not allow any person who is less than 18 years of age to sell or serve alcoholic liquor.)
Special requirements:
Work hour restrictions:
Work hour restrictions:
(18: To serve alcoholic beverages in Restaurants; 21: To work as a bartender or to handle alcohol in a liquor store.)
Work hour restrictions:
Work hour restrictions:
None (18 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol and to sell alcohol in retail stores)
Work hour restrictions:
None (19 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol and to sell alcohol in retail stores)
Work hour restrictions:
None (See federal law)
(The minimum age to serve or sell alcohol in a grocery store or convenience mart is 16 as long as the minor is supevised by someone over the age of 21; The minimum age to work as a bartender or in a restaurant that sells alcohol is 21.)
Work hour restrictions:
None (17 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol and to sell alcohol in retail stores)
Work hour restrictions:
(18 years of age to work as a bartender, serve alcohol in a restaurant, and work in a liquor store if supervised by someone over 21.)
Work hour restrictions:
Work hour restrictions:
(21 to work as a bartender or to sell alcohol in a liquor store; 19 to serve alcohol in a restaurant if supervised by someone 21 or older)
Work hour restrictions:
(21 years of age to work as a bartender; 19 years of age to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol; 18 is the minimum age to work in a liquor store or transport alcohol)
Work hour restrictions:
None (18 to work as a bartender, to transport alcohol, or to work as a server in a restaurant that sells alcohol)
(18 to perform any work that involves selling or handling alcohol)
Work hour restrictions:
Work hour restrictions:
(18: To serve, sell or handle alcohol)
Work hour restrictions:
Work hour restrictions:
(Federal laws create requirements that are more stringent in many cases!)
Work hour restrictions:
(Federal laws create requirements that are more stringent in many cases!)
None - see federal laws.
Work hour restrictions:
12: Contract work (for a boss) with parent permission and government supervision; no more than 6 hours per day, not during school hours, and if it does not interfere with schooling
It is forbidden to employ workers under 18 years of age for arduous, unhealthy, or hazardous work. 14: The working week for young workers between 14 and under 16 years of age should be not more 6 hours per day and 36 hours per week. 16: Young workers aged over 16 but under 18 years of age, have the right to work during normal business hours! 18: Unrestricted
In Brazil, any work for minors under 16 years of age is forbidden, except the apprentices, who can start working at 14 years old. Until the age of 18, it is strictly prohibited for the teenagers to work at night or in dangerous or unhealthy conditions. 14: Only apprentices can start working. It 's forbidden to work in any other job. 16: Teenagers are allowed to work in any job, but they are prohibited to work at night or in dangerous or unhealthy conditions. 18: Unrestricted.
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who has won album of the year twice | Grammy award for Album of the Year - wikipedia
The Grammy Award for Album of the Year is presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales, chart position, or critical reception. '' Album of the Year is the most prestigious award category at the Grammys having been presented since 1959.
Although it was originally presented to the artist alone, the award is now presented to the main artist, the featured artist (s), the producer, the engineer and / or mixer and the mastering engineer. In 1962, the award name was extended to Album of the Year (other than classical) but, in 1965, the shorter name returned. It was not until 1968, 1969, 1999, 2011, and 2014 that the award was won by a rock, country, hip hop, indie, or electronic music album respectively. As of 2012, classical albums are eligible for this award, with the award for Best Classical Album being discontinued (although no classical album has been nominated in this category since).
Tom Coyne (as mastering engineer) is the biggest winner in this category with four wins. He is followed by Frank Sinatra, Stevie Wonder, Paul Simon (as performers), Daniel Lanois, Ryan Tedder (as record producers), Bob Ludwig (as mastering engineer), Tom Elmhirst, Serban Ghenea & John Hanes (as an engineers / mixers) with three victories each. Ludwig, Coyne, Serban Ghenea and John Hanes are the only people to win the award three consecutive years. Paul McCartney leads all performers with nine nominations: five as a member of The Beatles, three for solo albums, and one as a member of Wings. Sinatra leads solo performers with eight nominations, seven for solo albums and one for a duet album. McCartney and Simon are the only artists with nominations in every decade from the 1960s to the 2010s.
The first woman to win the award was Judy Garland in 1962, for Judy at Carnegie Hall. Taylor Swift and Adele are the only women to win the award more than once for their own albums (winning for Fearless and 1989 and 21 and 25, respectively; Swift was also nominated for Red). In addition, Lauryn Hill, Norah Jones and Alison Krauss are all tied with Swift and Adele with two wins overall, each winning as lead artist for their respective albums, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, Come Away with Me and Raising Sand (Krauss ' collaboration album with Robert Plant); Hill won her second as a producer of her collaboration on Santana 's Supernatural (featured artists on non-soundtrack albums did not share in the award before 2008), while the other two also won as featured artists (Jones on Herbie Hancock 's River: The Joni Letters and Krauss on the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack). Also, for their own albums, besides Swift and Adele, only two female artists have received nominations after previously winning (Bonnie Raitt nominated again for Luck of the Draw and Longing in Their Hearts, after winning previously for Nick of Time, and Barbra Streisand nominated again for People, My Name Is Barbra, Color Me Barbra, Guilty and The Broadway Album, after winning previously for The Barbra Streisand Album).
Taylor Swift is also the youngest main artist to win in the category, winning for Fearless in 2010 at the age of 20, surpassing Alanis Morissette 's win for Jagged Little Pill in 1996 when she was 21. The Peasall Sisters, Sarah, Hannah and Leah, are the category 's youngest credited winners, winning for their contributions to the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack at the ages of 13, 9, and 7 respectively. Leah Peasall is the youngest winner of any Grammy in any category. The youngest person to make an appearance on an Album of the Year is Stevie Wonder 's daughter Aisha Morris who appeared on "Is n't She Lovely? '' off the album Songs in the Key of Life as an infant.
The Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band was the first album by a rock and roll artist to win, Glen Campbell 's By The Time I Get To Phoenix was the first by a country artist, Lauryn Hill 's The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill the first by a hip hop artist, Arcade Fire 's The Suburbs the first by an indie rock artist, and Daft Punk 's Random Access Memories the first by an electronic music artist.
Only two artists have won the award in two consecutive years, Frank Sinatra and Stevie Wonder. Sinatra had wins in 1966 and 1967 and Wonder followed with wins in 1974 and 1975. (Lauryn Hill also won as a producer in 2000, after winning previously in 1999 as an artist and producer; Bruno Mars won as an artist and producer in 2018, after winning previously in 2017 as a producer) Wonder and Sinatra both won the most Grammys for Album of the Year within a decade. Sinatra had wins in 1960, 1966 and 1967, while Wonder had wins in 1974, 1975 and 1977.
Frank Sinatra, The Beatles, Barbra Streisand and Lady Gaga are the only artists to receive three nominations for consecutive albums in this category. Gaga and Kanye West being the only solo artists to receive nomination for their first three albums. Additionally, The Beatles hold the record for most consecutive years being nominated for Album of the Year, with five.
To date, there have been two "live '' albums to win the award: Judy at Carnegie Hall and The Concert for Bangladesh, though two "MTV Unplugged '' albums (Eric Clapton 's and Tony Bennett 's) have won the award as well, which were performed in front of an intimate, live audience. One television soundtrack recording was also the very first recipient: The Music from Peter Gunn. Two comedy albums have also triumphed in this category: The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart and The First Family. There have been three soundtrack compilation albums that have been successful, as well: Saturday Night Fever, The Bodyguard (though only Whitney Houston won for it as an artist) and O Brother, Where Art Thou?.
As of 2018, only six artists have won Album of the Year more than once as the main credited artist: Frank Sinatra (1960, 1966, 1967), Stevie Wonder (1974, 1975, 1977), Paul Simon (1976, 1987), U2 (1988, 2006), Taylor Swift (2010, 2016) and Adele (2012, 2017). Sinatra and Wonder both won the award three times as the main credited artist.
Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.
Notes:
General
Specific
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who built the san francisco de asis mission | Mission San Francisco de Asís - wikipedia
Francisco Palóu;
Mission San Francisco de Asís, or Mission Dolores, is the oldest surviving structure in San Francisco and the sixth religious settlement established as part of the California chain of missions. The Mission was founded on June 29, 1776, by Lieutenant José Joaquin Moraga and Francisco Palóu (a companion of Junípero Serra), both members of the de Anza Expedition, which had been charged with bringing Spanish settlers to Alta (upper) California, and evangelizing the local Natives, the Ohlone.
The settlement was named for St. Francis of Assisi, the founder of the Franciscan Order, but was also commonly known as "Mission Dolores '' owing to the presence of a nearby creek named Arroyo de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, meaning "Our Lady of Sorrows Creek. '' During the expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza, this site was identified by Pedro Font as the most suitable site for a mission in the San Francisco area.
The original Mission was a small structure dedicated on October 9, 1776, after the required church documents arrived. It was located near what is today the intersection of Camp and Albion Streets (according to most sources), about a block - and - a-half east of the surviving Adobe Mission building, and on the shores of a lake (supposedly long since filled) called Laguna de Los Dolores. A historical marker at that location depicts this lake, but whether it ever actually existed is a matter of some dispute. (Creek geologists Janet Sowers and Christopher Richard propose that the legendary lake is the result of misunderstandings of Juan Bautista de Anza 's 1776 writings. According to their 2011 hydrological map, there were no lakes in the area, only creeks.)
The present Mission church, near what is now the intersection of Dolores and 16th Streets, was dedicated in 1791. At the time of dedication, a mural painted by native labor adorned the focal wall of the chapel. The Mission was constructed of Adobe and part of a complex of buildings used for housing, agricultural and manufacturing enterprises (see architecture of the California missions). Though most of the Mission complex, including the quadrangle and Convento, has either been altered or demolished outright during the intervening years, the façade of the Mission chapel has remained relatively unchanged since its construction in 1782 -- 1791.
According to Mission historian Brother Guire Cleary, the early 19th century saw the greatest period of activity at San Francisco de Asís:
At its peak in 1810 -- 1820, the average Indian population at Pueblo Dolores was about 1,100 persons. The California missions were not only houses of worship. They were farming communities, manufacturers of all sorts of products, hotels, ranches, hospitals, schools, and the centers of the largest communities in the state... in 1810 the Mission owned 11,000 sheep, 11,000 cows, and thousands of horses, goats, pigs, and mules. Its ranching and farming operations extended as far south as San Mateo and east to Alameda. Horses were corralled on Potrero Hill, and the milking sheds for the cows were located along Dolores Creek at what is today Mission High School. Twenty looms were kept in operation to process wool into cloth. The circumference of the mission 's holdings was said to have been about 125 miles.
The Mission chapel, along with "Father Serra 's Church '' at Mission San Juan Capistrano, is one of only two surviving buildings where Junípero Serra is known to have officiated (although "Dolores '' was still under construction at the time of Serra 's visit). In 1817, Mission San Rafael Arcángel was established as an Asistencia to act as a hospital for the Mission, though it would later be granted full mission status in 1822. The Mexican War of Independence (1810 -- 1821) strained relations between the Mexican government and the California missions. Supplies were scant, and the Indians who worked at the missions continued to suffer terrible losses from disease and cultural disruption (more than 5,000 Indians are thought to have been buried in the cemetery adjacent to the Mission). In 1834, the Mexican government enacted secularization laws whereby most church properties were sold or granted to private owners. In practical terms, this meant that the missions would hold title only to the churches, the residences of the priests and a small amount of land surrounding the church for use as gardens. In the period that followed, Mission Dolores fell on very hard times. By 1842, only eight Christian Indians were living at the Mission.
The California Gold Rush brought renewed activity to the Mission Dolores area. In the 1850s, two plank roads were constructed from what is today downtown San Francisco to the Mission, and the entire area became a popular resort and entertainment district. Some of the Mission properties were sold or leased for use as saloons and gambling halls. Racetracks were constructed, and fights between bulls and bears were staged for crowds. The Mission complex also underwent alterations. Part of the Convento was converted to a two - story wooden wing for use as a seminary and priests ' quarters, while another section became the "Mansion House, '' a popular tavern and way station for travelers. By 1876, the Mansion House portion of the Convento had been razed and replaced with a large Gothic Revival brick church, designed to serve the growing population of immigrants who were now making the Mission area their home.
During this period, wood clapboard siding was applied to the original adobe chapel walls as both a cosmetic and a protective measure; the veneer was later removed when the Mission was restored. During the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the adjacent brick church was destroyed. By contrast, the original adobe Mission, though damaged, remained in relatively good condition. However, the ensuing fire touched off by the earthquake reached almost to the Mission 's doorstep. To prevent the spread of flames, the Convent and School of Notre Dame across the street was dynamited by firefighters; nevertheless, nearly all the blocks east of Dolores Street and north of 20th street were consumed by flames. In 1913, construction began on a new church (now known as the Mission Dolores Basilica) adjacent to the Mission, which was completed in 1918. This structure was further remodeled in 1926 with churrigueresque ornamentation inspired by the Panama - California Exposition held in San Diego 's Balboa Park. A sensitive restoration of the original adobe Mission was undertaken in 1917 by architect Willis Polk. In 1952, San Francisco Archbishop John J. Mitty, announced that Pope Pius XII had elevated Mission Dolores to the status of a Minor Basilica. This was the first designation of a basilica west of the Mississippi and the fifth basilica named in the United States. Today, the larger, newer church is called "Mission Dolores Basilica '' while the original adobe structure retains the name of Mission Dolores.
The San Francisco de Asís cemetery, which adjoins the property on the south side, was originally much larger than its present boundaries, running west almost to Church Street and north into what is today 16th Street. It was reduced in various stages, starting with the extension of 16th Street through the former mission grounds in 1889, and later by the construction of the Mission Dolores Basilica Center and the Chancery Building of the Archdiocese of San Francisco in the 1950s. Some remains were reburied on - site in a mass grave, while others were relocated to various Bay Area cemeteries. Today, most of the former cemetery grounds are covered by a paved playground behind the Mission Dolores School. The cemetery that currently remains underwent a careful restoration in the mid-1990s. The mission is still an active church, and hosts mass and other services in the mission church and the larger adjacent basilica. The mission is open to visitors, and is located on Dolores Street near its intersection with 16th Street. The San Francisco neighborhood closely surrounding the historic Mission is known as Mission Dolores, and the much larger Mission District is named for it as well. The current Pastor of Mission Dolores is Reverend Francis Mark P. Garbo. The current Curator of Mission Dolores is Andrew A. Galvan.
A full - length portrait sculpture of Junípero Serra is on the property of the mission. The cast stone sculpture, by Arthur Putnam, was completed in 1909, cast between 1916 -- 1917 and installed in 1918 when the mission was remodeled. Funding for the piece came from D.J. McQuarry and it cost $500 to cast. It is approximately H. 6 ft. 6 in. The sculpture depicts Serra wearing a monk 's robe belted at the waist with a knotted rope and a rosary around his neck. He looks down, with his head bowed and eyes downward. The sculpture is on a concrete base. It is one of a series of allegorical figures commissioned by the estate of E.W. Scripps to depict California history. In 1993 it was examined by the Smithsonian Institution 's Save Outdoor Sculpture! program. The program determined that the sculpture was well maintained.
Asistencias
Estancias
Military districts
See also
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when were nutrition labels introduced in the us | Nutrition Facts label - wikipedia
The nutrition facts label (also known as the nutrition information panel, and other slight variations) is a label required on most packaged food in many countries. Most countries also release overall nutrition guides for general educational purposes. In some cases, the guides are based on different dietary targets for various nutrients than the labels on specific foods.
Nutrition facts labels are only one of many types of food label required by regulation or applied by manufacturers.
Australia and New Zealand use a nutritional information panel of the following format:
Servings per package:
Serving size: g
Other items are included as appropriate, and the units may be varied as appropriate (e.g. substituting ml for g, or mmol for mg in the ' Sodium ' row). In April 2013 the New Zealand government introduced rules around common claims made on food packaging, such as ' low in fat '.
In Canada, a standardized "Nutrition Facts '' label was introduced as part of regulations passed in 2003, and became mandatory for most prepackaged food products on December 12, 2005. (Smaller businesses were given until December 12, 2007 to make the information available.). In accordance with food packaging laws in the country, all information, including the nutrition label, must be written in both English and French, the country 's two official languages.
Canadian regulation tightly controls the manner in which the nutrition fact table (NFT) data are laid out. There is a wide variety of possible formats for use on a given food package. A selection hierarchy is used to select among the many formats (28 main formats, and 2 - 7 sub formats for each). This results in standard (vertical) formats being considered for use before horizontal and linear formats. The selection hierarchy also allows the NFT to occupy no more than 15 % of the physical package 's available display area (ADS), but never to be smaller than a format that would be < = 15 % of ADS. In practice, determining the ADS of a package, and selecting the appropriate NFT format, can be a detailed calculation.
In 2011 the Chinese Ministry of Health released the National Food Safety Standard for Nutrition Labeling of Prepackaged Foods (GB 28050 - 2011). The core nutrients that must be on a label are: protein, fat, carbohydrate and sodium. Energy is noted in kJ. And all values must be per 100g / 100ml.,
It was regulated by the Commission Directive 2008 / 100 / EC of 28 October 2008 amending Council Directive 90 / 496 / EEC on nutrition labelling for foodstuffs as regards recommended daily allowances, energy conversion factors and definitions. A new regulation is now in force (Regulation 1169 / 2011). Nutritional labelling becomes mandatory for most pre-packaged foods as from December 2016.
In the European Union, along the "old '' rules (Directive 90 / 496, amended), the information (usually in panel format) is most often labelled "Nutrition Information '' (or equivalent in other EU languages). An example is shown on the right. The panel is optional, but if provided, the prescribed content and format must be followed. It will always give values for a set quantity -- 100 g (3.5 oz) or 100 ml (3.5 imp fl oz; 3.4 US fl oz) of the product -- and often also for a defined "serving '', as an option. First will come the energy values, in both kilocalories and kilojoules.
Then will come a breakdown of constituent elements: usually most or all of protein, carbohydrate, starch, sugar, fat, fibre and sodium. The "fat '' figure is likely to be further broken down into saturated and unsaturated fat, while the "carbohydrate '' figure is likely to give a subtotal for sugars. With the "new '' rules, the mandatory information is: energy, fat, saturates, carbohydrates, sugars, protein and salt, in that particular order, with options to extend this list to: mono - unsaturates, polyunsaturates, polyols, starch, fibre, and vitamins and minerals.
With regards to health claims and nutrition (composition) claims, these are harmonised in the EU through Regulation 1924 / 2006, amended. In November 2012, the European Commission published two new regulations: Regulation (EC) No. 1047 / 2012 and Regulation (EC) No. 1048 / 2012. Certain nutrition claim groups as of Regulation (EC) No 1924 / 2006 had to be changed. Moreover, the health claims associated to barley beta - gluten were amended (e.g. lowering blood cholesterol).
Within Regulation 1924, there are legal definitions of terms such as "low fat '', "high fibre '', "reduced calories ''.
All health claims have been harmonised in the European Union. They can be used if they have been approved by EFSA. The list of approved and rejected claims is available on a web site.
Provided the full nutrition information is shown on the packet, additional nutritional information and formats (e.g. a traffic light rating system) may be included and this falls outside the scope of regulation.
The United Kingdom regulations are given in Schedules 6 and 7 of the Food Labelling Regulations 1996.
In Hong Kong nutrition facts labels are regulated by the subsidiary legislation Food and Drugs (Composition and Labelling) (Amendment: Requirements for Nutrition Labelling and Nutrition Claim) Regulation 2008.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare had, on September 19, 2008, notified the Prevention of Food Adulteration (5th Amendment) Rules, 2008, mandating packaged food manufacturers to declare on their product labels nutritional information and a mark from the F.P.O or Agmark (Companies that are responsible for checking food products) to enable consumers make informed choices while purchasing. Prior to this amendment, disclosure of nutritional information was largely voluntary though many large manufacturers tend to adopt the international practice.
Food products sold in Mexico use the NOM - 051 - SCFI - 1994 "Información nutrimental '' product labelling standard, very similar to "Nutrition Facts '' in the US. The Official Mexican Standard, or NOM (Norma Oficial Mexicana), was developed by the Mexican Secretary of Commerce and Industrial Promotion (Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial), now a part of the Secretary of the Economy (SECOFI). It entered into effect on January 24, 1996 and defines "General specifications for labelling foods and pre-bottled non-alcoholic beverages. ''
In the United States, the Nutritional Facts label lists the percentage supplied that is recommended to be met, or to be limited, in one day of human nutrients based on a daily diet of 2,000 calories.
With certain exceptions, such as foods meant for babies, the following Daily Values are used. These are called Reference Daily Intake (RDI) values and were originally based on the highest 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for each nutrient in order to assure that the needs of all age and sex combinations were met. These are older than the current Recommended Dietary Allowances of the Dietary Reference Intake. For vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese, the current highest RDAs are up to 50 % higher than the older Daily Values used in labeling, whereas for other nutrients the recommended needs have gone down. A side - by - side table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. As of October 2010, the only micronutrients that are required to be included on all labels are vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. To determine the nutrient levels in the foods, companies may develop or use databases, and these may be submitted voluntarily to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for review.
Additionally, there is a requirement for ingredients to be listed in order from highest to lowest quantity, according to their weight.
The label was mandated for most food products under the provisions of the 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), per the recommendations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. It was one of several controversial actions taken during the tenure of FDA Commissioner Dr. David Kessler. The law required food companies to begin using the new food label on packaged foods beginning May 8, 1994. (Meat and poultry products were not covered by NLEA, though the U.S. Department of Agriculture proposed similar regulations for voluntary labeling of raw meat and poultry.) Foods labeled before that day could use the old label. This appeared on all products in 1995. The old label was titled "Nutrition Information Per Serving '' or simply, "Nutrition Information ''.
The label begins with a standard serving measurement, calories are listed second, and then following is a breakdown of the constituent elements. Always listed are total fat, sodium, carbohydrates and protein; the other nutrients usually shown may be suppressed, if they are zero. Usually all 15 nutrients are shown: calories, calories from fat, fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, sugars, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron.
Products containing less than 5 g of fat show amounts rounded to the nearest 0.5 g. Amounts less than 0.5 g are rounded to 0 g. For example, if a product contains 0.45 g of trans fat per serving, and the package contains 18 servings, the label would show 0 g of trans fat, even though the product actually contains a total of 8.1 g of trans fat.
In addition to the nutrition label, products may display certain nutrition information or health claims on packaging. These health claims are only allowed by the FDA for "eight diet and health relationships based on proven scientific evidence '', including: calcium and osteoporosis, fiber - containing grain products, fruits and vegetables and cancer, fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain fiber -- particularly soluble fiber -- and the risk of coronary heart disease, fat and cancer, saturated fat and cholesterol and coronary heart disease, sodium and hypertension, and folate and neural tube defects. The Institute of Medicine recommended these labels contain the most useful nutritional information for consumers: saturated fats, trans fats, sodium, calories, and serving size. In January 2011, food manufacturers and grocery stores announced plans to display some of this nutrition information on processed food.
The nutrition facts label currently appears on more than 6.5 billion food packages. President Bill Clinton issued an award of design excellence for the nutrition facts label in 1997 to Burkey Belser in Washington, DC.
The FDA does not require any specific typeface be used in the Nutrition Facts label, mandating only that the label "utilize a single easy - to - read type style '', though its example label uses Helvetica. However, as regulated by the FDA and the USDA, it is mandatory for certain information listed in the label to be written in English, including: name of the product, net quantity, serving size and number of servings per package, nutrition facts, ingredient list, and name of manufacturer or distributor. The smallest lettering should be at least 1 / 16th of an inch tall (1.5875 millimeters), based on the height of a lowercase "o ''.
In January 2006, Trans fat was required to be listed under saturated fat. This was the first significant change to the Nutrition Facts panel since it was introduced in 1993.
In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration proposed several simultaneous improvements to nutrition labeling for the first time in over 20 years. The proposed changes were based on trends of consumption of nutrients of public health importance. However, studies had shown that the majority of the U.S. population could not understand the information in the then current Nutrition Facts Label. Nutrition label numeracy is particularly low in older individuals, of black and Hispanic race / ethnicity, who are unemployed, born outside of the US, have lower English proficiency, lower education achievement, lower income, or live in the South.
Proposed changes included a new design requiring serving sizes to more accurately reflect how many servings the average individual is actually consuming. The new recommendation also proposed removing "calories from fat '', and instead focusing on total calories and type of fats being consumed in a product. The proposed labels were to also list how much sugar is added (rather than inherent) to a product, as well as declaring the amount of Vitamin D and potassium in a product. Some of these changes sparked a major debate between the food industry and public health agencies. The proposal to indicate sugar added during food production, in particular, was brought forward by the FDA as a measure to counter the increase in per capita sugar consumption in the US, which over the last decades exceeded the limits recommended by scientific institutions and governmental agencies. Major American food associations opposed the label change, indicating "lack of merit '' and "no preponderance of evidence '' to justify the inclusion of sugar added in the new label.
The rules for the new design were finalized on May 20, 2016. Manufacturers were initially given until July 26, 2018 to comply (or July 26, 2019 if they have less than $10 million in annual food sales). A proposed rule by the FDA would extend the compliance deadline to January 1, 2020 (or January 1, 2021 for qualified small business). For food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amounts of vitamins and nutritionally essential minerals in a serving are expressed as a percent of Daily Value (% DV). Many of the definitions of 100 % Daily Value were changed as part of the revision. A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake.
In the United States, alcoholic beverages are regulated by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB). As of 2012, the TTB does not require alcoholic beverage packaging to have a nutrition facts label. Since at least 2003, consumer groups have lobbied the TTB to require labelling disclosing Nutrition Facts information. Some marketing terms, such as "light '' and "table wine '', must follow TTB guidelines. Packaging must disclose alcohol content in some circumstances.
Mandatory information on the label varies by type of beverage, and includes:
Health researchers have called for the mandatory labelling of food products with added caffeine, which is a psychoactive nervous system stimulant. If over-consumed, caffine can cause seizures, kidney problems, liver problems, heart arrhythmia, and death. The Coca - Cola Company and PepsiCo began labelling caffeine content in 2007.
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where is the part of the brain that controls speech | Broca 's area - wikipedia
Broca 's area or the Broca area / broʊˈkɑː / or / ˈbroʊkə / is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere (usually the left) of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production.
Language processing has been linked to Broca 's area since Pierre Paul Broca reported impairments in two patients. They had lost the ability to speak after injury to the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the brain. Since then, the approximate region he identified has become known as Broca 's area, and the deficit in language production as Broca 's aphasia, also called expressive aphasia. Broca 's area is now typically defined in terms of the pars opercularis and pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, represented in Brodmann 's cytoarchitectonic map as areas 44 and 45 of the dominant hemisphere. Studies of chronic aphasia have implicated an essential role of Broca 's area in various speech and language functions. Further, fMRI studies have also identified activation patterns in Broca 's area associated with various language tasks. However, slow destruction of the Broca 's area by brain tumors can leave speech relatively intact suggesting its functions can shift to nearby areas in the brain.
Broca 's area is often identified by visual inspection of the topography of the brain either by macrostructural landmarks such as sulci or by the specification of coordinates in a particular reference space. The currently used Talairach and Tournoux atlas projects Brodmann 's cytoarchitectonic map onto a template brain. Because Brodmann 's parcelation was based on subjective visual inspection of cytoarchitectonic borders and also Brodmann analyzed only one hemisphere of one brain, the result is imprecise. Further, because of considerable variability across brains in terms of shape, size, and position relative to sulcal and gyral structure, a resulting localization precision is limited.
Nevertheless, Broca 's area in the left hemisphere and its homologue in the right hemisphere are designations usually used to refer to pars triangularis (PTr) and pars opercularis (POp) of the inferior frontal gyrus. The PTr and POp are defined by structural landmarks that only probabilistically divide the inferior frontal gyrus into anterior and posterior cytoarchitectonic areas of 45 and 44, respectively, by Brodmann 's classification scheme.
Area 45 receives more afferent connections from prefrontal cortex, the superior temporal gyrus, and the superior temporal sulcus, compared to area 44, which tends to receive more afferent connections from motor, somatosensory, and inferior parietal regions.
The differences between area 45 and 44 in cytoarchitecture and in connectivity suggest that these areas might perform different functions. Indeed, recent neuroimaging studies have shown that the PTr and Pop, corresponding to areas 45 and 44, respectively, play different functional roles in the human with respect to language comprehension and action recognition / understanding.
For a long time, it was assumed that the role of Broca 's area was more devoted to language production than language comprehension. However, there is evidence to demonstrate that Broca 's area also plays a significant role in language comprehension. Patients with lesions in Broca 's area who exhibit agrammatical speech production also show inability to use syntactic information to determine the meaning of sentences. Also, a number of neuroimaging studies have implicated an involvement of Broca 's area, particularly of the pars opercularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus, during the processing of complex sentences. Further, it has recently been found in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments involving highly ambiguous sentences result in a more activated inferior frontal gyrus. Therefore, the activity level in the inferior frontal gyrus and the level of lexical ambiguity are directly proportional to each other, because of the increased retrieval demands associated with highly ambiguous content.
There is also specialisation for particular aspects of comprehension within Broca 's area. Work by Devlin et al. (2003) showed in a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) study that there was an increase in reaction times when performing a semantic task under rTMS aimed at the pars triangularis (situated in the anterior part of Broca 's area). The increase in reaction times is indicative that that particular area is responsible for processing that cognitive function. Disrupting these areas via TMS disrupts computations performed in the areas leading to an increase in time needed to perform the computations (reflected in reaction times). Later work by Nixon et al. (2004) showed that when the pars opercularis (situated in the posterior part of Broca 's area) was stimulated under rTMS there was an increase in reaction times in a phonological task. Gough et al. (2005) performed an experiment combining elements of these previous works in which both phonological and semantic tasks were performed with rTMS stimulation directed at either the anterior or the posterior part of Broca 's area. The results from this experiment conclusively distinguished anatomical specialisation within Broca 's area for different components of language comprehension. Here the results showed that under rTMS stimulation:
To summarise, the work above shows anatomical specialisation in Broca 's area for language comprehension, with the anterior part of Broca 's area responsible for understanding the meaning of words (semantics) and the posterior part of Broca 's area responsible for understanding how words sound (phonology).
Recent experiments have indicated that Broca 's area is involved in various cognitive and perceptual tasks. One important contribution of Brodmann 's area 44 is also found in the motor - related processes. Observation of meaningful hand shadows resembling moving animals activates frontal language area, demonstrating that Broca 's area indeed plays a role in interpreting action of others. An activation of BA 44 was also reported during execution of grasping and manipulation.
It has been speculated that because speech - associated gestures could possibly reduce lexical or sentential ambiguity, comprehension should improve in the presence of speech - associated gestures. As a result of improved comprehension, the involvement of Broca 's area should be reduced.
Many neuroimaging studies have also shown activation of Broca 's area when representing meaningful arm gestures. A recent study has shown evidence that word and gesture are related at the level of translation of particular gesture aspects such as its motor goal and intention. This finding helps explain why, when this area is defective, those who use sign language also suffer from language deficits. This finding that aspects of gestures are translated in words within Broca 's area also explains language development in terms of evolution. Indeed, many authors have proposed that speech evolved from a primitive communication that arose from gestures. (See below.)
Damage to Broca 's area is commonly associated with telegraphic speech made up of content vocabulary. For example, a person with Broca 's aphasia may say something like, "Drive, store. Mom. '' meaning to say, "My mom drove me to the store today. '' Therefore, the content of the information is correct, but the grammar and fluidity of the sentence is missing.
The essential role of the Broca 's area in speech production has been questioned since it can be destroyed while leaving language nearly intact. In one case of a computer engineer, a slow - growing glioma tumor was removed. The tumor and the surgery destroyed the left inferior and middle frontal gyrus, the head of the caudate nucleus, the anterior limb of the internal capsule, and the anterior insula. However, there were minimal language problems three months after removal and the individual returned to his professional work. These minor problems include the inability to create syntactically complex sentences including more than two subjects, multiple causal conjunctions, or reported speech. These were explained by researchers as due to working memory problems. They also attributed his lack of problems to extensive compensatory mechanisms enabled by neural plasticity in the nearby cerebral cortex and a shift of some functions to the homologous area in the right hemisphere.
Communication, both verbal and nonverbal, requires that the interacting individuals stay "tuned '' to one another. Mirror neurons were discovered in the 1990s in frontal area F5 of the monkey cortex. These neurons are active during execution of object - related hand actions, but they are also active, importantly, when the monkey is just observing similar acts. For example, the mirror neurons are activated when the monkey takes a raisin from a tray and also when he views another monkey or the human experimenter doing the same. No information is yet available about possible hemispheric lateralization of the monkey mirror neurons.
Mirror neurons have visuomotor properties, being sensitive to goal - related motor acts, but they can also be activated by sounds that imply actions. Importantly, the mirror neurons do not only react to visual input and then project, via some transformational step, to motor - output - related neurons but are also part of a system that forms a neuronal representation of the observed motor acts. Similar to F5, the rostral part of the inferior parietal cortex contains neurons that are active during action observation and execution; this region receives input from the STS, which is known to contain neurons responding to biological motion
A speech disorder known as stuttering is seen to be associated with underactivity in Broca 's area.
Aphasia is an acquired language disorder affecting all modalities such as writing, reading, speaking, and listening and results from brain damage. It is often a chronic condition that creates changes in all areas of one 's life.
Patients with expressive aphasia, also known as Broca 's aphasia, are individuals who know "what they want to say, they just can not get it out ''. They are typically able to comprehend words, and sentences with a simple syntactic structure (see above), but are more or less unable to generate fluent speech. Other symptoms that may be present include problems with fluency, articulation, word - finding, word repetition, and producing and comprehending complex grammatical sentences, both orally and in writing.
This specific group of symptoms distinguishes those who have expressive aphasia from individuals with other types of aphasia. There are several distinct "types '' of aphasia, and each type is characterized by a different set of language deficits. Although those who have expressive aphasia tend to retain good spoken language comprehension, other types of aphasia can render patients completely unable to understand any language at all, unable to understand any spoken language (auditory verbal agnosia), whereas still other types preserve language comprehension, but with deficits. People with expressive aphasia may struggle less with reading and writing (see alexia) than those with other types of aphasia. Although individuals with expressive aphasia tend to have a good ability to self - monitor their language output (they "hear what they say '' and make corrections), other types of aphasics can seem entirely unaware of their language deficits.
In the classical sense, expressive aphasia is the result of injury to Broca 's area; it is often the case that lesions in specific brain areas cause specific, dissociable symptoms, although case studies show there is not always a one - to - one mapping between lesion location and aphasic symptoms. The correlation between damage to certain specific brain areas (usually in the left hemisphere) and the development of specific types of aphasia makes it possible to deduce (albeit very roughly) the location of a suspected brain lesion based only on the presence (and severity) of a certain type of aphasia, though this is complicated by the possibility that a patient may have damage to a number of brain areas and may exhibit symptoms of more than one type of aphasia. The examination of lesion data in order to deduce which brain areas are essential in the normal functioning of certain aspects of cognition is called the deficit - lesion method; this method is especially important in the branch of neuroscience known as aphasiology. Cognitive science - to be specific, cognitive neuropsychology - are branches of neuroscience that also make extensive use of the deficit - lesion method.
It is presently perceived that the relationship between Broca 's area and Broca 's aphasia is not as consistent as once thought. Lesions to Broca 's area alone do n't result in a Broca 's aphasia, nor do Broca 's aphasic patients necessarily have lesions in Broca 's area. Lesions to Broca 's area alone are known to produce just a transient mutism that resolves inside 3 -- 6 weeks. This discovery suggests that Broca 's area may be included in some aspect of verbalization or articulation; however, it does not address its part in sentence comprehension. Still, Broca 's area frequently emerges in functional imaging studies of sentence processing. However, it also becomes activated in word - level tasks. This suggests that Broca 's area is not dedicated to sentence processing but supports a function common to both. In fact, Broca 's area can show activation in such non-linguistic tasks as imagery of motion.
Considering the hypothesis that Broca 's area may be most involved in articulation, its activation in all of these tasks may be due to subjects ' covert articulation while formulating a response. Despite this caveat, a consensus seems to be forming that whatever role Broca 's area may play, it may relate to known working memory functions of the frontal areas. (There is a wide distribution of Talairach coordinates reported in the functional imaging literature that are referred to as part of Broca 's area.) The processing of a passive voice sentence, for example, may require working memory to assist in the temporary retention of information while other relevant parts of the sentence are being manipulated (i.e. to resolve the assignment of thematic roles to arguments). Miyake, Carpenter, and Just have proposed that sentence processing relies on such general verbal working memory mechanisms while Caplan and Waters consider Broca 's area to be involved in working memory specifically for syntactic processing. Friederici (2002) breaks Broca 's area into its component regions and suggests that Brodmann 's area 44 is involved in working memory for both phonological and syntactic structure. This area becomes active first for phonology and later for syntax as the time course for the comprehension process unfolds. Brodmann 's area 45 together with Brodmann 's area 47 is viewed as being specifically involved in working memory for semantic features and thematic structure where processes of syntactic reanalysis and repair are required. These areas come online after Brodmann 's area 44 has finished its processing role and where comprehension of complex sentences must rely on general memory resources. All of these theories indicate a move towards a view that syntactic comprehension problems arise from a computational rather than a conceptual deficit. Newer theories are taking a more dynamic view of how the brain integrates different linguistic and cognitive components and are examining the time course of these operations.
Neurocognitive studies have already implicated frontal areas adjacent to Broca 's area as important for working memory in non-linguistic as well as linguistic tasks. Cabeza and Nyberg 's analysis of imaging studies of working memory supports the view that BA45 / 47 is recruited for selecting or comparing information, while BA9 / 46 might be more involved in the manipulation of information in working memory. Since large lesions are typically required to produce a Broca 's aphasia, it is likely that these regions may also become compromised in some patients and may contribute to their comprehension deficits for complex morphosyntactic structures.
Broca 's area has been previously associated with a variety of processes, including phonological segmentation, syntactic processing, and unification, all of which involve segmenting and linking different types of linguistic information. Although repeating and reading single words do not engage semantic and syntactic processing, they do require an operation linking phonemic sequences with motor gestures. Findings indicate that this linkage is coordinated by Broca 's area through reciprocal interactions with temporal and frontal cortices responsible for phonemic and articulatory representations, respectively, including interactions with motor cortex before the actual act of speech. Based on these unique findings, it has been proposed that Broca 's area is not the seat of articulation per se, but rather is a key node in manipulating and forwarding neural information across large - scale cortical networks responsible for key components of speech production.
In a study published in 2007, the preserved brains of both Leborgne and Lelong (patients of Broca) were reinspected using high - resolution volumetric MRI. The purpose of this study was to scan the brains in three dimensions and to identify the extent of both cortical and subcortical lesions in more detail. The study also sought to locate the exact site of the lesion in the frontal lobe in relation to what is now called Broca 's area with the extent of subcortical involvement.
Leborgne was a patient of Broca 's. At 30 years old, he was almost completely unable to produce any words or phrases. He was able to repetitively produce only the word tan. After his death, a neurosyphilitic lesion was discovered on the surface of his left frontal lobe.
Lelong was another patient of Broca 's. He also exhibited reduced productive speech. He could only say five words, ' yes ', ' no ', ' three ', ' always ', and ' lelo ' (a mispronunciation of his own name). A lesion within the lateral frontal lobe was discovered during Lelong 's autopsy. Broca 's previous patient, Leborgne, had this lesion in the same area of his frontal lobe. These two cases led Broca to believe that speech was localized to this particular area.
Examination of the brains of Broca 's two historic patients with high - resolution MRI has produced several interesting findings. First, the MRI findings suggest that other areas besides Broca 's area may also have contributed to the patients ' reduced productive speech. This finding is significant because it has been found that, though lesions to Broca 's area alone can possibly cause temporary speech disruption, they do not result in severe speech arrest. Therefore, there is a possibility that the aphasia denoted by Broca as an absence of productive speech also could have been influenced by the lesions in the other region. Another finding is that the region, which was once considered to be critical for speech by Broca, is not precisely the same region as what is now known as Broca 's area. This study provides further evidence to support the claim that language and cognition are far more complicated than once thought and involve various networks of brain regions.
The pursuit of a satisfying theory that addresses the origin of language in humans has led to the consideration of a number of evolutionary "models ''. These models attempt to show how modern language might have evolved, and a common feature of many of these theories is the idea that vocal communication was initially used to complement a far more dominant mode of communication through gesture. Human language might have evolved as the "evolutionary refinement of an implicit communication system already present in lower primates, based on a set of hand / mouth goal - directed action representations. ''
"Hand / mouth goal - directed action representations '' is another way of saying "gestural communication '', "gestural language '', or "communication through body language ''. The recent finding that Broca 's area is active when people are observing others engaged in meaningful action is evidence in support of this idea. It was hypothesized that a precursor to the modern Broca 's area was involved in translating gestures into abstract ideas by interpreting the movements of others as meaningful action with an intelligent purpose. It is argued that over time the ability to predict the intended outcome and purpose of a set of movements eventually gave this area the capability to deal with truly abstract ideas, and therefore (eventually) became capable of associating sounds (words) with abstract meanings. The observation that frontal language areas are activated when people observe Hand Shadows is further evidence that human language may have evolved from existing neural substrates that evolved for the purpose of gesture recognition. The study, therefore, claims that Broca 's area is the "motor center for speech '', which assembles and decodes speech sounds in the same way it interprets body language and gestures. Consistent with this idea is that the neural substrate that regulated motor control in the common ancestor of apes and humans was most likely modified to enhance cognitive and linguistic ability. Studies of speakers of American Sign Language and English suggest that the human brain recruited systems that had evolved to perform more basic functions much earlier; these various brain circuits, according to the authors, were tapped to work together in creating language.
Another recent finding has showed significant areas of activation in subcortical and neocortical areas during the production of communicative manual gestures and vocal signals in chimpanzees. Further, the data indicating that chimpanzees intentionally produce manual gestures as well as vocal signals to communicate with humans suggests that the precursors to human language are present at both the behavioral and neuronanatomical levels. More recently, the neocortical distribution of activity - dependent gene expression in marmosets provided direct evidence that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which comprises Broca 's area in humans and has been associated with auditory processing of species - specific vocalizations and orofacial control in macaques, is engaged during vocal output in a New World monkey. These findings putatively set the origin of vocalization - related neocortical circuits to at least 35 million years ago, when the Old and New World monkey lineages split.
Broca 's area (shown in red). Animation.
Approximate location of Broca 's area highlighted in gray.
Arcuate fasciculus connects Broca 's area and Wernicke 's area.
Human brain dissection video (24 sec). Demonstrating the location of Broca 's area in inferior frontal gyrus.
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celebrities who have been on strictly come dancing | List of Strictly Come Dancing contestants - wikipedia
The following is a list of Strictly Come Dancing contestants to date along with their age at the time of competing, professional partners, competition finish, number of dances, highest and lowest scores, total scores and average scores. It does not include any results from any of the Christmas specials or other special editions held for Children in Need or Sport Relief.
The scores and their averages do not include any guest judges (such as Donny Osmond in series 12) or from any dances that were not scored on the same scale, such as the Swing - a-thon. For Week 5 of Series 15, Bruno Tonioli was absent, and the scores were out of 30; these scores have been weighted to work on the same scale.
Iveta Lukosiute was a replacement partner for Johnny Ball in series 10 after his original partner, Aliona Vilani, who was the incumbent champion, was injured in training. Jason Wood, Lynda Bellingham and Paul Daniels are the only contestants to have since died.
Key:
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who plays the lawyer in the marvelous mrs maisel | The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel - wikipedia
The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel is an American period comedy - drama television series, created by Amy Sherman - Palladino and starring Rachel Brosnahan. Sherman - Palladino and her husband Daniel Palladino serve as executive producers. The series follows a housewife in 1958 New York City who discovers she has a knack for stand - up comedy. The series 's pilot premiered as a part of Amazon Studios 's spring pilot season on March 17, 2017, to critical acclaim, and was picked up by Amazon for a two - season order on April 10, 2017.
The first season was released on November 29, 2017, to generally favorable reviews. The series has won two Golden Globe Awards (Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actress -- Musical or Comedy for Brosnahan) and received three nominations with two wins at the Critics ' Choice Television Awards (won Best Comedy Series and Best Actress in a Comedy Series for Brosnahan while Alex Borstein received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series).
The series includes fictional depictions of several prominent comedians, including Lenny Bruce and Bob Newhart, and drew inspiration from trailblazing female comedians like Joan Rivers and Totie Fields.
Miriam "Midge '' Maisel (Rachel Brosnahan) is a Jewish housewife living in New York City in 1958. Her husband, Joel, is a businessman who moonlights as a struggling comedian at The Gaslight Cafe. Midge supports Joel, providing feedback about his sets, but becomes disillusioned when she discovers that Joel has stolen one of his best routines from Bob Newhart.
One night, after a particularly unsuccessful performance, Joel confesses to Midge that he has been having an affair and leaves her. Midge goes to her parents for support but instead receives criticism for choosing to marry Joel and also the demand to persuade Joel to return.
After drinking too much alcohol, Midge returns to the Gaslight Cafe and impulsively goes on stage, delivering an impromptu set about her predicament which the audience finds hilarious. After baring her breasts in an attempt to demonstrate how attractive she is, Midge is arrested and taken to jail for indecent exposure and performing without a cabaret license.
The squad car contains another comedian who was also arrested: Lenny Bruce (Luke Kirby). Midge, who had seen Lenny perform, returns to jail the next morning to bail him out and ask him if he loves performing stand - up comedy. Bruce warns Midge that the comedy business is terrible, but Midge takes his warning as encouragement and teams with Susie (Alex Borstein), a comedy club employee, to hone her act.
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 96 % based on 67 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2 / 10. The website 's critical consensus reads, "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel is an upbeat addition to Amazon 's original offerings, propelled by a playful yet poignant performance by Rachel Brosnahan. '' On Metacritic the series has an average weighted score of 80 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''.
The pilot episode of The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel was one of Amazon Video 's most successful ever, achieving an average viewer rating of 4.9 (out of 5). The review of the pilot in The Guardian praised the "combination of (Sherman - Palladino 's) banging dialogue and the utterly winning charm of Brosnahan '', while The AV Club praised the "outstanding '' production design and said "this is a series that 's as confident as its heroine -- and what a heroine she is. Midge is already layered, conflicted, hilarious, and charming. '' A critic for Slate called the episode "a knockout '', stating that the stand - up element "introduces a welcome streak of discipline, both verbal and thematic, into Sherman - Palladino 's charming but manic work. ''
The Jerusalem Post highlighted the exceptionally well done "Jewishness '' of the work, calling it a "comedic delight of a show, combining Sherman - Palladino 's knack for witty dialogue with the colorful, rich world of 1950s New York and the intensity of family drama and changing times. '' NPR similarly highlighted the effectiveness of the comedy in the show, writing "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel is n't aiming for realism. It 's a heroic fantasy. And Midge 's humor, one might say, is the ultimate version of staircase wit. Recklessly honest, she says what female comedians would 've said half a century ago -- if they had only been free to say it. ''
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who originated the role of dolly in hello dolly | Hello, Dolly! (Musical) - wikipedia
1964 Broadway 1965 West End
Hello, Dolly! is a 1964 musical with lyrics and music by Jerry Herman and a book by Michael Stewart, based on Thornton Wilder 's 1938 farce The Merchant of Yonkers, which Wilder revised and retitled The Matchmaker in 1955. The musical follows the story of Dolly Levi (a strong - willed matchmaker), as she travels to Yonkers, New York, to find a match for the miserly "well - known unmarried half - a-millionaire '' Horace Vandergelder. In doing so she convinces his niece, his niece 's intended, and Horace 's two clerks to travel to New York City.
Hello, Dolly! was first produced on Broadway by David Merrick in 1964, winning a record - tying (tied with South Pacific) 10 Tony Awards, including Best Musical, a record held for 37 years. The show album Hello, Dolly! An Original Cast Recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2002. The album reached number one on the Billboard album chart on June 6, 1964 and was replaced the next week by Louis Armstrong 's album Hello, Dolly!
The show has become one of the most enduring musical theatre hits, with four Broadway revivals and international success. It was also made into the 1969 film Hello Dolly! that was nominated for seven Academy Awards, and won three.
The plot of Hello, Dolly! originated in an 1835 English play, A Day Well Spent by John Oxenford, which Johann Nestroy adapted into the farce Einen Jux will er sich machen (He Will Go on a Spree or He 'll Have Himself a Good Time). Thornton Wilder adapted Nestroy 's play into his 1938 farcical play The Merchant of Yonkers, a flop which he revised and retitled The Matchmaker in 1955, expanding the role of Dolly, played by Ruth Gordon. The Matchmaker became a hit and was much revived and made into a 1958 film of the same name starring Shirley Booth. The story of a meddlesome widow who strives to bring romance to several couples and herself in a big city restaurant also features prominently in the 1891 hit musical A Trip to Chinatown.
The role of Dolly Levi in the musical was originally written for Ethel Merman, but Merman turned it down, as did Mary Martin (although each eventually played it). Merrick then auditioned Nancy Walker. Eventually, he hired Carol Channing, who then created in Dolly her signature role. Director Gower Champion was not the producer 's first choice, as Hal Prince and others (among them Jerome Robbins and Joe Layton) all turned down the job of directing the musical.
Hello, Dolly! had rocky out - of - town tryouts in Detroit and Washington, D.C. After receiving the reviews, the creators made major changes to the script and score, including the addition of the song "Before the Parade Passes By ''. The show was originally entitled Dolly, A Damned Exasperating Woman and Call on Dolly but Merrick changed the title immediately upon hearing Louis Armstrong 's version of "Hello, Dolly ''. The show became one of the most iconic Broadway shows of its era, the latter half of the 1960s, running for 2,844 performances, and was for a time the longest - running musical in Broadway history. During that decade, ten "blockbuster '' musicals played over 1,000 performances and three played over 2,000, helping to redefine "success '' for the Broadway musical genre.
Sources: Tams - Witmark Guide to Musical Theatre Masterworks Broadway
As the 19th becomes the 20th century, all of New York City is excited because widowed but brassy Dolly Gallagher Levi is in town ("Call On Dolly ''). Dolly makes a living through what she calls "meddling '' -- matchmaking and numerous sidelines, including dance instruction and mandolin lessons ("I Put My Hand In ''). She is currently seeking a wife for grumpy Horace Vandergelder, the well - known half - a-millionaire, but it becomes clear that Dolly intends to marry Horace herself. Ambrose Kemper, a young artist, wants to marry Horace 's weepy niece Ermengarde, but Horace opposes this because Ambrose 's vocation does not guarantee a steady living. Ambrose enlists Dolly 's help, and they travel to Yonkers, New York to visit Horace, who is a prominent citizen there and owns Vandergelder 's Hay and Feed.
Horace explains to his two clerks, Cornelius Hackl and Barnaby Tucker, that he is going to get married because "It Takes a Woman '' to cheerfully do all the household chores. He plans to travel with Dolly to New York City to march in the Fourteenth Street Association Parade and propose to the widow Irene Molloy, who owns a hat shop there. Dolly arrives in Yonkers and "accidentally '' mentions that Irene 's first husband might not have died of natural causes, and also mentions that she knows an heiress, Ernestina Money, who may be interested in Horace. Horace leaves for New York and leaves Cornelius and Barnaby to run the store.
Cornelius decides that he and Barnaby need to get out of Yonkers. They 'll go to New York, have a good meal, spend all their money, see the stuffed whale in Barnum 's museum, almost get arrested, and each kiss a girl! They blow up some tomato cans to create a terrible stench and a good alibi to close the store. Dolly mentions that she knows two ladies in New York they should call on: Irene Molloy and her shop assistant, Minnie Fay. She tells Ermengarde and Ambrose that she 'll enter them in the polka competition at the upscale Harmonia Gardens Restaurant in New York City so Ambrose can demonstrate his ability to be a breadwinner to Horace. Cornelius, Barnaby, Ambrose, Ermengarde and Dolly take the train to New York ("Put On Your Sunday Clothes '').
Irene and Minnie open their hat shop for the afternoon. Irene wants a husband, but does not love Horace Vandergelder. She declares that she will wear an elaborate hat to impress a gentleman ("Ribbons Down My Back ''). Cornelius and Barnaby arrive at the shop and pretend to be rich. Horace and Dolly arrive at the shop, and Cornelius and Barnaby hide from him. Irene inadvertently mentions that she knows Cornelius Hackl, and Dolly tells her and Horace that even though Cornelius is Horace 's clerk by day, he 's a New York playboy by night; he 's one of the Hackls. Minnie screams when she finds Cornelius hiding in the armoire. Horace is about to open the armoire himself, but Dolly, Irene and Minnie distract him with patriotic sentiments related to subjects like Betsy Ross and The Battle of the Alamo shown in the famous lyrics "Alamo, remember the Alamo! '' ("Motherhood March ''). Cornelius sneezes, and Horace storms out, realizing there are men hiding in the shop, but not knowing they are his clerks.
Dolly arranges for Cornelius and Barnaby, who are still pretending to be rich, to take the ladies out to dinner to the Harmonia Gardens restaurant to make up for their humiliation. She teaches Cornelius and Barnaby how to dance since they always have dancing at such establishments ("Dancing ''). Soon, Cornelius, Irene, Barnaby, and Minnie are happily dancing. They go to watch the great 14th Street Association Parade together. Alone, Dolly decides to put her dear departed husband Ephram behind her and to move on with life "Before the Parade Passes By ''. She asks Ephram 's permission to marry Horace, requesting a sign from him. Dolly catches up with the annoyed Vandergelder, who has missed the whole parade, and she convinces him to give her matchmaking one more chance. She tells him that Ernestina Money would be perfect for him and asks him to meet her at the swanky Harmonia Gardens that evening.
Cornelius is determined to get a kiss before the night is over, but Barnaby is n't so sure. As the clerks have no money for a carriage, they tell the girls that walking to the restaurant shows that they 've got "Elegance ''. At the Harmonia Gardens Restaurant, Rudolph, the head waiter, prepares his service crew for Dolly Levi 's return: their usual lightning service, he tells them, must be "twice as lightning '' ("The Waiters ' Gallop ''). Horace arrives with his date, but she proves neither as rich nor as elegant as Dolly had implied; furthermore she is soon bored by Horace and leaves, as Dolly had planned she would.
Cornelius, Barnaby, and their dates arrive, unaware that Horace is also dining at the restaurant. Irene and Minnie, inspired by the restaurant 's opulence, order the menu 's most expensive items. Cornelius and Barnaby grow increasingly anxious as they discover they have little more than a dollar left. Dolly makes her triumphant return to the Harmonia Gardens and is greeted in style by the staff ("Hello, Dolly! '') She sits in the now - empty seat at Horace 's table and proceeds to eat a large, expensive dinner, telling the exasperated Horace that no matter what he says, she will not marry him. Barnaby and Horace hail waiters at the same time, and in the ensuing confusion each drops his wallet and inadvertently picks up the other 's. Barnaby is delighted that he can now pay the restaurant bill, while Horace finds only a little spare change. Barnaby and Cornelius realize that the wallet must belong to Horace. Cornelius, Irene, Barnaby and Minnie try to sneak out during "The Polka Contest '', but Horace recognizes them and spots Ermengarde and Ambrose as well. The ensuing free - for - all culminates in a trip to night court.
Cornelius and Barnaby confess that they have no money and have never been to New York before. Cornelius declares that even if he has to dig ditches the rest of his life, he 'll never forget the day because he had met Irene. Cornelius, Barnaby, and Ambrose then each profess their love for their companion ("It Only Takes A Moment ''). Dolly convinces the judge that their only crime was being in love. The judge finds everyone innocent and cleared of all charges, but Horace is declared guilty and forced to pay damages. Dolly mentions marriage again, and Horace declares that he would n't marry her if she were the last woman in the world. Dolly angrily bids him "So Long, Dearie '', telling him that while he 's bored and lonely, she 'll be living the high life.
The next morning, back at the hay and feed store, Cornelius and Irene, Barnaby and Minnie, and Ambrose and Ermengarde each set out on new life 's paths. A chastened Horace Vandergelder finally admits that he needs Dolly in his life, but Dolly is unsure about the marriage until her late husband sends her a sign. Vandergelder spontaneously repeats a saying of Ephram 's: "Money is like manure. It 's not worth a thing unless it 's spread about, encouraging young things to grow. '' Horace tells Dolly life would be dull without her, and she promises in return that she 'll "never go away again '' ("Hello, Dolly '' (reprise)).
* Song cut before Broadway Opening, reinstated when Ethel Merman joined to play Dolly. * * Song replaced "Come and Be My Butterfly '' during Broadway Run.
Horace Vangergelder 's solo "Penny in my Pocket '', although it received rave responses out of town, was cut prior to the Broadway opening for reasons of time. For the 2017 Broadway Revival, it was added back in as the opening of Act Two in front of the curtain.
The song "Elegance '', though credited to Herman, was written by Bob Merrill for the 1957 show New Girl in Town but deleted from the original production.
The musical, directed and choreographed by Gower Champion and produced by David Merrick, opened on January 16, 1964, at the St. James Theatre and closed on December 27, 1970, after 2,844 performances. Carol Channing starred as Dolly, with a supporting cast that included David Burns as Horace, Charles Nelson Reilly as Cornelius, Eileen Brennan as Irene, Jerry Dodge as Barnaby, Sondra Lee as Minnie Fay, Alice Playten as Ermengarde, and Igors Gavon as Ambrose. Although facing competition from Funny Girl with Barbra Streisand, Hello, Dolly! swept the Tony Awards that year, winning awards in ten categories (out of eleven nominations) that tied the musical with the previous record keeper South Pacific, a record that remained unbroken for 37 years until The Producers won twelve Tonys in 2001.
After Channing left the show, Merrick employed a string of prominent actresses to play Dolly, including Ginger Rogers, Martha Raye, Betty Grable, Pearl Bailey (in an all - black version with Cab Calloway), Mabel King, Clifton Davis, Ernestine Jackson and a young Morgan Freeman), Phyllis Diller, and Ethel Merman after having turned down the lead at the show 's inception. Two songs cut prior to the opening -- typical Mermanesque belt style songs "World, Take Me Back '' and "Love, Look in My Window '' -- were restored for her run. Thelma Carpenter played Dolly at all matinees during the Pearl Bailey production and subbed more than a hundred times, at one point playing all performances for seven straight weeks. Bibi Osterwald was the standby for Dolly in the original Broadway production, subbing for all the stars, including Bailey, despite the fact that Osterwald was a blue - eyed blonde. Bailey received a Special Tony Award in 1968.
The show received rave reviews, with "praise for Carol Channing and particularly Gower Champion. '' The original production became the longest - running musical (and third longest - running show) in Broadway history up to that time, surpassing My Fair Lady and then being surpassed in turn by Fiddler on the Roof. The Broadway production of Hello Dolly grossed $27 million. Hello, Dolly! and Fiddler remained the longest - running Broadway record holders for nearly ten years until Grease surpassed them.
Dorothy Lamour, Eve Arden, Ann Sothern, Michele Lee, Edie Adams, and Yvonne De Carlo played the role on tour. Betty White appeared with the Kenley Players as Dolly in the summer of 1979. Molly Picon appeared as Dolly in a 1971 production by the North Shore Music Theatre of Beverly, Massachusetts. Lainie Kazan starred in a production at the Claridge Atlantic City. Both Tovah Feldshuh and Betsy Palmer played Dolly in productions by the Paper Mill Playhouse. Marilyn Maye also starred in several regional productions and recorded a full album of the score.
Hello, Dolly! premiered in the West End at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on December 2, 1965 and ran for 794 performances. Champion directed and choreographed, and the cast starred Mary Martin as Dolly (after she, as well as Merman, had turned down the role for the original run of the show), Loring Smith as Horace Vandergelder (Smith had created the Horace role in the original production of The Matchmaker), Johnny Beecher as Barnaby, Garrett Lewis as Cornelius, Mark Alden as Ambrose Kemper, and Marilynn Lovell as Irene Molloy. Dora Bryan replaced Martin during the run.
The show has been revived four times on Broadway:
In the West End the show has been revived three times:
In 1989, there was a UK tour of the show directed and choreographed by Paul Kerryson, starring Dora Bryan. Kerryson went on to direct the show again in 2014 at the Curve Theatre in Leicester UK, starring Janie Dee.
On January 19, 2016, it was announced that Bette Midler would play the title role in a Broadway revival of Hello, Dolly!. Previews began March 15, 2017, officially opening on April 20, 2017, at the Shubert Theatre.
The production is produced by Scott Rudin, directed by Jerry Zaks and choreographed by Warren Carlyle. David Hyde Pierce plays Horace Vandergelder. Other principal casting for this revival includes: Kate Baldwin as Irene Molloy, Gavin Creel as Cornelius Hackl, Jennifer Simard as Ernestina Money, Taylor Trensch as Barnaby Tucker, Will Burton as Ambrose Kemper, Melanie Moore as Ermengarde, and Beanie Feldstein as Minnie Fay. Donna Murphy plays the role of Dolly at Tuesday evening performances beginning in June 2017, as well as covering Midler 's holiday dates. Midler will leave the production as of January 9, 2018. Bernadette Peters will take over the role of Dolly, officially starting on February 22, 2018 (with previews from January 20, 2018), and Victor Garber will take over the role of Horace Vandergelder. Charlie Stemp will assume the role of Barnaby Tucker on January 20, 2018.
Opening night reviews of the original production were generally positive, and Carol Channing 's performance as Dolly Levi was greatly acclaimed; however, some reviewers criticized the score and the libretto, implying that Channing 's performance was responsible for the efficacy of the show. In his review of the opening night performance, The New York Times theatre critic Howard Taubman wrote
"Hello, Dolly!... has qualities of freshness and imagination that are rare in the run of our machine - made musicals. It transmutes the broadly stylized mood of a mettlesome farce into the gusto and colors of the musical stage... Mr. Herman 's songs are brisk and pointed and always tuneful... a shrewdly mischievous performance by Carol Channing... Making the necessary reservations for the unnecessary vulgar and frenzied touches, one is glad to welcome Hello, Dolly! for its warmth, color and high spirits. ''
John Chapman of the New York Daily News lauded Carol Channing 's performance, declaring her "the most outgoing woman on the musical stage today -- big and warm, all eyes and smiles, in love with everybody in the theatre and possessing a unique voice ranging somewhat upward from a basso profundo. '' He also wrote, "I would n't say that Jerry Herman 's score is memorable. '' New York Post critic Richard Watts, Jr., wrote,
"The fact that (Hello, Dolly!) seems to me short on charm, warmth, and the intangible quality of distinction in no way alters my conviction that it will be an enormous popular success. Herman has composed a score that is always pleasant and agreeably tuneful, although the only number that comes to mind at the moment is the lively title song. His lyrics could be called serviceable. ''
In the New York Herald Tribune, Walter Kerr wrote,
"Hello, Dolly! is a musical comedy dream, with Carol Channing the girl of it... Channing opens wide her big - as - millstone eyes, spreads her white - gloved arms in ecstatic abandon, trots out on a circular runway that surrounds the orchestra, and proceeds to dance rings around the conductor... With hair like orange sea foam, a contralto like a horse 's neighing, and a confidential swagger, (she is) a musical comedy performer with all the blowzy glamor of the girls on the sheet music of 1916. ''
Kerr perceived deficiencies in the libretto, though, stating that the "lines are not always as funny as Miss Channing makes them ''. John McClain of the New York Journal American particularly praised the staging of the musical, saying that
"Gower Champion deserves the big gong for performance beyond the call of duty. Seldom has a corps of dancers brought so much style and excitement to a production which could easily have been pedestrian... It is difficult to describe the emotion (the song "Hello, Dolly! '') produces. Last night the audience nearly tore up the seats as she led the parade of waiters in a series of encores over the semi-circular runway that extends around the orchestra pit out into the audience,... a tribute to the personal appeal of Miss Channing and the magical inventiveness of Mr. Champion 's staging. ''
The RCA Victor cast recording of the original Broadway production was released in 1964. It was the number - one album on the Billboard pop albums chart for seven weeks and the top album of the year on the Year - End chart. In 1965, a recording of the original London production was released. In 1967, RCA Victor released a recording of the all - black Broadway replacement cast, featuring Pearl Bailey, who also starred in the unrecorded 1975 revival. The movie soundtrack was released in 1969. On November 15, 1994, the 1994 revival cast recording was released.
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who wrote natasha pierre and the great comet of 1812 | Natasha, Pierre & the Great Comet of 1812 - wikipedia
Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 is a sung - through musical adaptation of a segment of Leo Tolstoy 's War and Peace written by composer / lyricist Dave Malloy and directed by Rachel Chavkin. It is based on Volume 2, Part 5 of Tolstoy 's novel, focusing on Natasha 's affair with Anatole and Pierre 's search for meaning in his life.
After its original run at the Ars Nova in 2012, a staging in both the Meatpacking District and the Theater District of Manhattan in 2013, a 2014 Spanish - language staging in Quito, Ecuador, and a remounting at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 2015, the musical premiered on Broadway in November 2016 at the Imperial Theatre.
The musical received positive reviews, particularly for Phillipa Soo, Denée Benton, and Josh Groban 's leading performances, as well as for the production 's score and direction. The show was nominated for 12 awards -- the highest number of nominations in the 2016 -- 2017 season -- for the 2017 Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Original Score, Best Book of a Musical, Best Actress in a Musical for Benton, Best Actor in a Musical for Groban, Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Lucas Steele, and Best Direction of a Musical for Chavkin. It won two awards: Best Scenic Design and Best Lighting Design in a Musical.
The story is set in Moscow, 1812, just before Napoleon 's invasion of Russia and the burning of the city. As the story begins ("Prologue ''), Pierre, a wealthy aristocrat, is having an existential crisis, living a slothful life of wine, philosophy, and inaction ("Pierre ''). He is best friends with Prince Andrey Bolkonsky, who has left to go to war. Andrey has recently become engaged to the young, beautiful countess Natasha Rostova. Natasha and her cousin Sonya arrive in Moscow to stay the winter with Natasha 's godmother, Marya D., while Natasha waits for Andrey to return from the war. Marya D. is an old friend of Pierre 's ("Moscow ''). Marya D. advises Natasha that she must visit her future in - laws, the demented old Prince Bolkonsky and his pitiable spinster daughter Mary ("The Private and Intimate Life of the House ''), to win their affection in advance of the marriage, which is critical to the status and fortune of the Rostov family. However, Natasha 's visit with Mary and Bolkonsky ends in disaster ("Natasha & Bolkonskys ''), as Mary finds Natasha vain, Natasha finds Mary cold, and Bolkonsky behaves bizarrely. Natasha leaves their home missing Andrey more than ever ("No One Else '').
The next night Natasha is introduced to decadent Moscow society after an extravagant performance at "The Opera ''. There she meets Prince Anatole Kuragin, a young and handsome man and, it turns out, a notorious rogue ("Natasha & Anatole ''); their interaction leaves them both feeling confused.
Anatole, his friend Dolokhov, and Pierre go out drinking; they are met by Pierre 's unpleasant wife, Hélène (Anatole 's sister), who taunts Pierre and flirts with Dolokhov. Anatole plots with Dolokhov and Hélène to have the young woman he just met, although he is already married. Dolokhov taunts Pierre, toasting to the wives of society and their lovers. Pierre finds his wife 's familiarity with Dolokhov offensive and drunkenly challenges him to a duel, accidentally wounding Dolokhov. When it is Dolokhov 's turn to shoot, Pierre stands openly in front of the bullet, but Dolokhov miraculously misses him ("The Duel ''). Alone, Pierre reflects on his near - death experience and realizes that despite wasting his life, he wishes to live ("Dust and Ashes '').
Natasha and her family go to church ("Sunday Morning ''). Hélène finds it amusing to encourage her brother Anatole 's conquest of the young countess Natasha, which she knows would lead to Natasha 's ruin. Hélène visits Natasha and invites her to the ball that night ("Charming ''). That night, Natasha is scared of what she feels for Anatole, Anatole tells her he loves her. He then kisses Natasha, leading her to fall in love with him in return ("The Ball '').
Anatole and Natasha make plans to elope (she still does not know that he is married), and Natasha tearfully breaks off her engagement with Andrey ("Letters ''). Sonya finds out about the plan and realizes it will mean Natasha 's ruin ("Sonya & Natasha ''); Sonya determines to save Natasha from herself even if it means she will lose her closest friend ("Sonya Alone ''). That evening Anatole and Dolokhov plan for the elopement ("Preparations ''), and Dolokhov tries to change Anatole 's mind with no success. Balaga, their trusted troika driver ("Balaga ''), soon arrives to take them to Natasha 's house and a wild party ensues as Anatole bids farewell to his friends. However, they are thwarted at the last moment by Marya D. ("The Abduction ''). Marya D. scolds Natasha but then tries to comfort her with Sonya 's help. Natasha screams at them, breaks down and waits for Anatole to come back for her all night ("In My House '').
Marya D. calls on Pierre in the middle of the night ("A Call to Pierre ''), begging him to handle the crisis, and Pierre finally learns that the object of Anatole 's conquest is Natasha. Marya D. finds out that Anatole is married and tells a grief - stricken Natasha. Pierre, outraged, searches for Anatole ("Find Anatole ''). When Pierre finds Anatole, he comes close to attacking him in rage, but instead gives him money and orders him to leave Moscow ('' Pierre & Anatole ''). Natasha poisons herself with arsenic ("Natasha Very Ill '') but lives. The next day Andrey returns. Pierre explains the scandal to him and asks him to be compassionate, but Andrey is unable to forgive Natasha and will not ask for her hand in marriage again ("Pierre & Andrey ''). Finally, Pierre visits Natasha ("Pierre & Natasha '') and he comforts the distraught girl, giving her hope. After their meeting, Pierre experiences a moment of enlightenment himself while seeing The Great Comet of 1812 in the night sky.
Malloy 's original score (orchestrated by the composer) merges Russian folk and classical music with indie rock and EDM influences. The piece is described by the composer as an "electropop opera '' and is through - composed, with just one line of spoken dialogue, in Pierre and Natasha 's only scene together. On stage, nearly all of the actors play musical instruments augmenting the show 's orchestra. Groban plays the accordion briefly, and plays large sections of the score on the orchestra 's piano.
The libretto contains many passages taken word - for - word from Aylmer and Louise Maude 's 1922 translation of Tolstoy 's novel.
Act I
Act II
Note: An aria for Natasha, "Natasha Lost '', was cut from the Broadway production but is included on the original cast recording between number 8 ("Natasha & Anatole '') and number 9 ("The Duel ''). In addition, "Dust and Ashes '' was added for the Broadway production.
The musical premiered on October 16, 2012, at Ars Nova; directed by Rachel Chavkin the show was staged as an immersive production, with action happening around and among the audience. The set designed by Mimi Lien and lights by Bradley King transformed Ars Nova into a Russian supper club. The creative team was completed by Paloma Young as costume designer, Matt Hubbs as sound designer, and Dave Malloy as musical director. The cast included Malloy as Pierre, Phillipa Soo as Natasha, Lucas Steele as Anatole, Amber Gray as Hélène, Brittain Ashford as Sonya, Nick Choksi as Dolokhov, Shaina Taub as Mary, Blake DeLong as Andrey / Prince Bolkonsky, Amelia Workman as Marya D. and Paul Pinto (who also served as associate music director) as Balaga. The show was the first production of Ars Nova to ever transfer to Broadway.
In May 16, 2013, the show opened in the Meatpacking District at Kazino, a temporary structure designed as an opulent Russian club, where the immersive production was staged, again by the same creative team. The cast reprised their roles, except Choksi, now replaced by Ian Lassiter, and Workman, replaced by Grace McLean. David Abeles took over the role of Pierre on July 9, 2013. The show closed on September 1, 2013.
The show opened for a 14 - week limited engagement in September 2013 at the Kazino and moved to the Theater District, with the final cast of the previous production. On December 10, 2013, the two - disc cast recording was released. The show was extended and ran until March 2, 2014.
The team behind the original production remounted the show at the American Repertory Theatre (A.R.T.) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with performances beginning December 1, 2015 to January 2016. Now expanded to a proscenium stage, the set put audience onstage, with unique seating options, with banquette and dining tables added. Scott Stangland took over the role of Pierre, Denée Benton starred as Natasha, Lilli Cooper as Hélène, Nicholas Belton as Andrey / Prince Bolkonsky and the rest of the cast reprised their roles.
The Broadway production at the Imperial Theatre began previews on October 18, 2016 and opened on November 14, 2016, starring Josh Groban as Pierre and Denée Benton as Natasha, both making their Broadway debuts, with choreography by Sam Pinkleton, sets by Mimi Lien, costumes by Paloma Young, lights by Bradley King, sound by Nicholas Pope and music direction by Or Matias. With sets similar to the A.R.T. remounting, the production took the proscenium stage, but removed almost 200 seats from the audience to accommodate the design. Again, the options of stage seats, in banquettes or dining tables is available. The Broadway production cost about $14 million to stage.
Following Groban 's departure on July 2, 2017, Dave Malloy assumed the role of Pierre from July 3 to 9, 2017. Okieriete Onaodowan and Ingrid Michaelson assumed the roles of Pierre and Sonya on July 11 through August 13; Onaodowan was originally supposed to begin performances on July 3. Mandy Patinkin was set to replace Onaodowan as Pierre on August 15 through September 3, 2017, but withdrew after criticism from Black Twitter.
The Broadway production played its final performance on September 3, 2017, having played 32 previews and 336 performances.
Plans for a national tour of The Great Comet are underway with an expected launch in 2019
In September 2014, the show had its South American premiere, at Teatro Parapluie in Quito, Ecuador, in a Spanish language production.
G3 -- F # 5
G2 -- B4
C3 -- C # 5
F # 3 -- E5
E3 -- F5
G3 -- E5
D3 -- F4
Ab3 -- Eb4
"Old Prince Bolkonsky is crazy '' and suffering from many age - related ailments. He is taken care of by his daughter Mary, but he torments her regardless.
G3 -- F5
A2 -- E4
(Lines in quotations are lyrics from the opening song, "Prologue, '' which introduces the characters)
The piece was very well received by the New York press; Charles Isherwood in the New York Times called it "a vibrant, transporting new musical, '' and both Times theater critics included the show on their Best of the Year lists. The Times ' classical critic, Anthony Tommasini, called it "a breathless, roughish and ravishing quasi-opera. This is a pastiche score of a cavalier sort. Mr. Malloy lifts styles with such abandon, making willful shifts -- from punk riffs to agitated Broadway ballads, mock - pompous recitative to gritty Russian folk songs or drinking choruses with klezmer clarinets -- that you lose track of what is being appropriated and really do n't care. '' Time Out New York gave the piece five out of five stars, and also included it on both critics ' Best of lists, stating "this is theater like no other in New York. It grounds you and transports you at once, and leaves you beaming with pleasure. ''
Sources: TheaterMania Internet Off - Broadway Database Village Voice
On December 10, 2013 Ghostlight Records released a two - disc original cast album of the entire score. Later, another disc containing highlights from the show was released.
The original Broadway cast recording was released on May 19, 2017.
On November 22, 2016 the book Natasha, Pierre, and the Great Comet of 1812: The Journey of a New Musical to Broadway was released. The book, edited and compiled by Steven Suskin, includes interviews with many of the original cast members, as well as the annotated script and photos of both the Kazino and Broadway casts. The book also includes a CD with five songs from the show: three from the original cast recording, and two featuring Josh Groban and a 25 piece orchestra.
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who wrote love won't let me wait | Love Wo n't Let Me Wait - wikipedia
"Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' is a hit 1975 single by Major Harris, a former member of R&B / soul group The Delfonics. Written by Vinnie Barrett and Bobby Eli, the single is considered to be a staple of classic soul playlists, and was Harris ' only entry into the top five on both the soul and pop charts. The single hit number five on the pop chart, and also hit number one on the soul chart for one week. Billboard ranked it as the No. 24 song for 1975. It was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. on 25 June 1975.
Cover versions of the song have been recorded by:
Jazz vocalist Nancy Wilson performed a cover version of the song in a 1994 episode of the Fox police drama television series New York Undercover. This version also appeared on her 1994 Columbia album, Love, Nancy.
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when does silicon valley season 5 episode 2 air | List of Silicon Valley episodes - wikipedia
Silicon Valley is an American television sitcom created by Mike Judge, John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky. The series focuses on five young men who found a startup company in Silicon Valley. The series premiered on April 6, 2014, on HBO.
As of May 13, 2018, 46 episodes of Silicon Valley have aired, concluding the fifth season. On April 12, 2018, it was announced that HBO had renewed the series for a sixth season.
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is puerto rico in the atlantic or caribbean | Geography of Puerto Rico - wikipedia
The geography of Puerto Rico consists of an archipelago located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of the Virgin Islands. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest and most eastern of the Greater Antilles. With an area of 3,515 square miles (9,104 km), it is the third largest island in the United States and the 82nd largest island in the world. Various smaller islands and cays, including Vieques, Culebra, Mona, Desecheo, and Caja de Muertos comprise the remainder of the archipelago with only Culebra and Vieques being inhabited year - round. Mona is uninhabited through large parts of the year except for employees of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources.
The mainland measures some 96 nautical miles (110.5 mi; 177.8 km) by 35 nautical miles (40.3 mi; 64.8 km), an area slightly less than three times the size of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south regions of the island. Some popular beaches on the north - west side of the island are Jobos Beach, Maria 's Beach, Domes Beach and Sandy Beach. The main mountainous range is called La Cordillera Central (The Central Range). The highest elevation point of Puerto Rico, Cerro de Punta (4,390 feet or 1,338 meters), is located in this range. Another important peak is El Yunque, located in the Sierra de Luquillo at the El Yunque National Forest, with a maximum elevation of 3,494 feet (1,065 m). The capital, San Juan, is located on the main island 's north coast.
The archipelago of Puerto Rico is located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of the Virgin Islands. Located in the northeastern Caribbean Sea, Puerto Rico was key to the Spanish Empire since the early years of exploration, conquest and colonization of the New World.
The topography of the main island is divided into three major regions: the mountainous region, which includes the Cordillera Central, Sierra de Luquillo, Sierra de Cayey and Sierra Bermeja, the coastal plains and the northern karst region. The Cordillera Central extends through the entire island, dividing it into the northern and southern region. The mountain region accounts for approximately 60 % of the land area.
The archipelago of Culebra, located east of Puerto Rico, north of Vieques, and west of the Virgin Islands, is composed of the main island of Culebra and 28 uninhabited islets. Mainly mountainous, the island of Culebra possesses renowned beaches.
Located in the tropics, Puerto Rico enjoys an average temperature of 27 ° C (80.6 ° F) throughout the year. The seasons do not change very drastically. The temperature in the south is usually a few degrees higher than the north and temperatures in the central interior mountains are always cooler than the rest of the island. The highest temperature record was in the Town of San German with 105 ° F (41 ° C) and the minimum registration is 39 ° F (4 ° C) in Aibonito. The dry season spans from November to May while the wet season coincides with the Atlantic hurricane season from June to November.
Puerto Rico has lakes (none of them natural) and more than 50 rivers. Most of these rivers are born in the Cordillera Central, Puerto Rico 's principal mountain range located across the center of the island. The rivers in the north of the island are bigger and with higher flow capacity than those of the south. The south is thus drier and hotter than the north. These rivers make up 60 watersheds throughout the island, where over 95 % of the runoff goes back to sea.
As of 1998, 239 plants, 16 birds and 39 amphibians / reptiles have been discovered that are endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico. The majority of these (234, 12 and 33 respectively) are found on the main island. The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride are the coquís (Eleutherodactylus spp.), small frogs easily recognized by the sound from which they get their name. El Yunque National Forest, a tropical rainforest, is home to the majority (13 of 16) of species of coquí. It is also home to more than 240 plants, 26 of which are endemic, and 50 bird species, including the critically endangered Puerto Rican amazon (Amazona vittata).
Forests of Puerto Rico are well represented by the flora of the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF), a Long Term Ecological Research Network site managed by the United States Forest Service and University of Puerto Rico. At this site, there are four main life zones, delineated on the basis of temperature and precipitation (Holdridge System), in the Luquillo Mountains: subtropical wet and subtropical rain forests are found at low and mid elevations, lower montane rain and lower montane wet forests at high elevations. There is also an area of subtropical moist forest at low elevations on the southwest slope.
Tabonuco forest, so named for the dominant tabonuco tree (Dacryodes excelsa), covers lower slopes to about 600 m (2,000 ft). In well - developed stands the larger trees exceed 30 m (98 ft) in height, there is a fairly continuous canopy at 20 m (66 ft), and the shaded understory is moderately dense. Tabonuco trees are especially large on ridges, where they are firmly rooted in the rocky substrate and connected by root grafts with each other. There are about 168 tree species in the tabonuco forest.
The Colorado forest, named for the large Colorado tree (Cyrilla racemiflora), begins above the tabonuco forest and extends up to about 900 m (3,000 ft). Its canopy reaches only about 15 m (49 ft). Soils are saturated and root mats above the soil are common. There are some 53 tree species in this forest type. At this same elevation, but in especially steep and wet areas, is palm forest, heavily dominated by the sierra palm (Prestoea montana). Patches of palm forest are also found in saturated riparian areas in the tabonuco forest. The palm forest reaches about 15 m in height.
At the highest elevations is dwarf forest, a dense forest as short as 3 m (9.8 ft), on saturated soils. Here the trees are covered with epiphytic mosses and vascular plants, especially bromeliads, and these also cover large areas of the ground. Ascending the Luquillo Mountains through these forest types, the average tree height and diameter, number of tree species, and basal area (cross sectional area of tree stems) tend to decrease, while stem density increases.
There are more than 89 tree species in the LEF. The most common are Prestoea acuminata, Casearia arborea, Dacryodes excelsa, Manilkara bidentata, Inga laurina, and Sloanea berteroana. Common shrub species are Palicourea croceoides, Psychotria berteriana, and Piper glabrescens. Grasses, ferns, and forbs are frequent on the ground, especially in canopy gaps; epiphytes are fairly common, and vines are uncommon.
Puerto Rican dry forests are dominated by plants in the families Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Myrtaceae. In this regard they are similar to Jamaican dry forests, but differ sharply from dry forests on the mainland of South and Central America, which are dominated by Fabaceae and Bignoniaceae
Mario Javier Fernandez - Vega is a Puerto Rican forester who uses silvicultural techniques. Fernandez is currently developing cutting edge forestry methods known as the "Borincano Model ''. The model capitalizes on the diversity of ecological niches in Puerto Rican forests and native disturbance regimes to formulate practices uniquely suited to the forests of the territory. About his model Fernandez has been known to comment, "Soy de aquí como el coquí '' I am from here just like the coqui, a common patriotic axiom that is used to demonstrate their native ties to the island. It should be noted, although incorrect, many believe that the Coqui and its unique vocalizations are indigenous to the island of Puerto Rico. In fact however, there are thriving populations of Coquis that, like the people of Puerto Rico, have been transported to the island of Hawaii. Sadly, the Coqui a source of pride to its people, is viewed as an ecological menace in Hawaii where its song of co kee co kee is found to be an irritant by many. Needless to say that efforts to eradicate its presence in Hawaii is not a popular issue among Puerto Ricans.
Puerto Rico is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south. The main mountain range is called "La Cordillera Central '' (The Central Range). The highest elevation in Puerto Rico, Cerro de Punta 1,339 meters (4,393 ft), is located in this range. Another important peak is El Yunque, one of the highest in the Sierra de Luquillo at the El Yunque National Forest, with an elevation of 1,065 m (3,494 ft).
Puerto Rico is composed of Cretaceous to Eocene volcanic and plutonic rocks, which are overlain by younger Oligocene to recent carbonates and other sedimentary rocks. Most of the caverns and karst topography on the island occurs in the northern Oligocene to recent carbonates. The oldest rocks are approximately 190 million years old (Jurassic) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island. These rocks may represent part of the oceanic crust and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm. Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates. This means that it is currently being deformed by the tectonic stresses caused by the interaction of these plates. These stresses may cause earthquakes and tsunamis. These seismic events, along with landslides, represent some of the most dangerous geologic hazards in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean. The most recent major earthquake occurred on October 11, 1918, with seismic moment estimated at 7.5 on the moment magnitude scale. It originated off the coast of Aguadilla and was accompanied by a tsunami.
Lying about 120 km (75 mi) north of Puerto Rico in the Atlantic Ocean at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates is the Puerto Rico Trench, the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic. The trench is 1,754 km (1,090 mi) long and about 97 km (60 mi) wide. At its deepest point, named Milwaukee Depth, it is 8,380 m (27,493 ft) deep, or about 8.38 km (5.21 mi).
As an unincorporated territory of the United States, Puerto Rico does not have any first - order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. Government, but there are 78 municipalities at the second level. Municipalities are further subdivided into barrios, and those into sectors. Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected for a 4 - year term.
The first municipality (previously called "town '') of Puerto Rico, San Juan, was founded in 1521. In the 16th century two more municipalities were established, Coamo (1570) and San Germán (1570). Three more municipalities were established in the 17th century. These were Arecibo (1614), Aguada (1692) and Ponce (1692). The 18th and 19th century saw an increase in settlement in Puerto Rico with 30 municipalities being established in the 18th century and 34 more in the 19th century. Only six municipalities were founded in the 20th century with the last, Florida, being founded in 1971.
Under Spanish rule, as of the 1880s, Puerto Rico was subdivided into regional districts (or "departamentos '') that contained smaller ayuntamientes (municipalities):
Coordinates: 18 ° 15 ′ N 66 ° 30 ′ W / 18.250 ° N 66.500 ° W / 18.250; - 66.500
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who are muckrakers and what did they do | Muckraker - wikipedia
The term muckraker was used in the Progressive Era to characterize reform - minded American journalists who attacked established institutions and leaders as corrupt. They typically had large audiences in some popular magazines. In the US, the modern term is investigative journalism -- it has different and more pejorative connotations in British English -- and investigative journalists in the USA today are often informally called ' muckrakers '.
The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era period, 1890s -- 1920s. Muckraking magazines -- notably McClure 's of the publisher S.S. McClure -- took on corporate monopolies and political machines while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor.
In contemporary American use, the term describes either a journalist who writes in the adversarial or alternative tradition, or a non-journalist whose purpose in publication is to advocate reform and change. Investigative journalists view the muckrakers as early influences and a continuation of watchdog journalism. In British English the term muckraker is more likely to mean a journalist (often on a tabloid newspaper) who specialises in scandal and malicious gossip about celebrities or well - known personalities and is generally used in a derogatory sense.
The term is a reference to a character in John Bunyan 's classic Pilgrim 's Progress, "the Man with the Muck - rake '', who rejected salvation to focus on filth. It became popular after President Theodore Roosevelt referred to the character in a 1906 speech; Roosevelt acknowledged that "the men with the muck rakes are often indispensable to the well being of society; but only if they know when to stop raking the muck... ''
While a literature of reform had already appeared by the mid-19th century, the kind of reporting that would come to be called "muckraking '' began to appear around 1900. By the 1900s, magazines such as Collier 's Weekly, Munsey 's Magazine and McClure 's Magazine were already in wide circulation and read avidly by the growing middle class. The January 1903 issue of McClure 's is considered to be the official beginning of muckraking journalism, although the muckrakers would get their label later. Ida M. Tarbell ("The History of Standard Oil ''), Lincoln Steffens ("The Shame of Minneapolis '') and Ray Stannard Baker ("The Right to Work ''), simultaneously published famous works in that single issue. Claude H. Wetmore and Lincoln Steffens ' previous article "Tweed Days in St. Louis '' in McClure 's October 1902 issue was called the first muckraking article.
The muckrakers would become known for their investigative journalism, evolving from the eras of "personal journalism '' -- a term historians Emery and Emery used in The Press and America (6th ed.) to describe the 19th century newspapers that were steered by strong leaders with an editorial voice (p. 173) -- and yellow journalism.
One of the biggest urban scandals of the post-Civil War era was the corruption and bribery case of Tammany boss William M. Tweed in 1871 that was uncovered by newspapers. In his first muckraking article "Tweed Days in St. Louis, '' Lincoln Steffens exposed the graft, a system of political corruption, that was ingrained in St. Louis. While some muckrakers had already worked for reform newspapers of the personal journalism variety, such as Steffens who was a reporter for the New York Evening Post under Edwin Lawrence Godkin, other muckrakers had worked for yellow journals before moving on to magazines around 1900, such as Charles Edward Russell who was a journalist and editor of Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World. Publishers of yellow journals, such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, were more intent on increasing circulation through scandal, crime, entertainment and sensationalism.
Just as the muckrakers became well known for their crusades, journalists from the eras of "personal journalism '' and "yellow journalism '' had gained fame through their investigative articles, including articles that exposed wrongdoing. Note that in yellow journalism, the idea was to stir up the public with sensationalism, and thus sell more papers. If, in the process, a social wrong was exposed that the average man could get indignant about, that was fine, but it was not the intent (to correct social wrongs) as it was with true investigative journalists and muckrakers.
Julius Chambers, New York Tribune, could be considered to be the original muckraker. Chambers undertook a journalistic investigation of Bloomingdale Asylum in 1872, having himself committed with the help of some of his friends and his newspaper 's city editor. His intent was to obtain information about alleged abuse of inmates. When articles and accounts of the experience were published in the Tribune, it led to the release of twelve patients who were not mentally ill, a reorganization of the staff and administration of the institution and, eventually, to a change in the lunacy laws. This later led to the publication of the book A Mad World and Its Inhabitants (1876). From this time onward, Chambers was frequently invited to speak on the rights of the mentally ill and the need for proper facilities for their accommodation, care and treatment.
Nellie Bly, another yellow journalist, used the undercover technique of investigation in reporting Ten Days in a Mad - House, her 1887 exposé on patient abuse at Bellevue Mental Hospital, first published as a series of articles in The World newspaper and then as a book. Nellie would go on to write more articles on corrupt politicians, sweat - shop working conditions and other societal injustices.
The muckrakers appeared at a moment when journalism was undergoing changes in style and practice. In response to yellow journalism, which had exaggerated facts, objective journalism, as exemplified by The New York Times under Adolph Ochs after 1896, turned away from sensationalism and reported facts with the intention of being impartial and a newspaper of record. The growth of wire services had also contributed to the spread of the objective reporting style. Muckraking publishers like Samuel S. McClure, also emphasized factual reporting, but he also wanted what historian Michael Schudson had identified as one of the preferred qualities of journalism at the time, namely, the mixture of "reliability and sparkle '' to interest a mass audience. In contrast with objective reporting, the journalists, whom Roosevelt dubbed "muckrakers '', saw themselves primarily as reformers and were politically engaged. Journalists of the previous eras were not linked to a single political, populist movement as the muckrakers were associated with Progressive reforms. While the muckrakers continued the investigative exposures and sensational traditions of yellow journalism, they wrote to change society. Their work reached a mass audience as circulation figures of the magazines rose on account of visibility and public interest.
Magazines were the leading outlets for muckraking journalism. Samuel S. McClure and John Sanborn Phillips started McClure 's Magazine in May 1893. McClure led the magazine industry by cutting the price of an issue to 15 cents, attracting advertisers, giving audiences illustrations and well - written content and then raising ad rates after increased sales, with Munsey 's and Cosmopolitan following suit.
McClure sought out and hired talented writers, like the then unknown Ida M. Tarbell or the seasoned journalist and editor Lincoln Steffens. The magazine 's pool of writers were associated with the muckraker movement, such as Ray Stannard Baker, Burton J. Hendrick, George Kennan (explorer), John Moody (financial analyst), Henry Reuterdahl, George Kibbe Turner, and Judson C. Welliver, and their names adorned the front covers. The other magazines associated with muckraking journalism were American Magazine (Lincoln Steffens), Arena (G.W. Galvin and John Moody), Collier 's Weekly (Samuel Hopkins Adams, C.P. Connolly, L.R. Glavis, Will Irwin, J.M. Oskison, Upton Sinclair), Cosmopolitan (Josiah Flynt, Alfred Henry Lewis, Jack London, Charles P. Norcross, Charles Edward Russell), Everybody 's Magazine (William Hard, Thomas William Lawson, Benjamin B. Lindsey, Frank Norris, David Graham Phillips, Charles Edward Russell, Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens, Merrill A. Teague, Bessie and Marie Van Vorst), Hampton 's (Rheta Childe Dorr, Benjamin B. Hampton, John L. Mathews, Charles Edward Russell, and Judson C. Welliver), The Independent (George Walbridge Perkins, Sr.), Outlook (William Hard), Pearson 's Magazine (Alfred Henry Lewis, Charles Edward Russell), Twentieth Century (George French), and World 's Work (C.M. Keys and Q.P.). Other titles of interest include Chatauquan, Dial, St. Nicholas. In addition, Theodore Roosevelt wrote for Scribner 's Magazine after leaving office.
After President Theodore Roosevelt took office in 1901, he began to manage the press corps. To do so, he elevated his press secretary to cabinet status and initiated press conferences. The muckraking journalists who emerged around 1900, like Lincoln Steffens, were not as easy for Roosevelt to manage as the objective journalists, and the President gave Steffens access to the White House and interviews to steer stories his way.
Roosevelt used the press very effectively to promote discussion and support for his Square Deal policies among his base in the middle - class electorate. When journalists went after different topics, he complained about their wallowing in the mud. In a speech on April 14, 1906 on the occasion of dedicating the House of Representatives office building, he drew on a character from John Bunyan 's 1678 classic, Pilgrim 's Progress, saying:
... you may recall the description of the Man with the Muck - rake, the man who could look no way but downward with the muck - rake in his hands; who was offered a celestial crown for his muck - rake, but who would neither look up nor regard the crown he was offered, but continued to rake to himself the filth of the floor.
While cautioning about possible pitfalls of keeping one 's attention ever trained downward, "on the muck, '' Roosevelt emphasized the social benefit of investigative muckraking reporting, saying:
There are, in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man whether politician or business man, every evil practice, whether in politics, in business, or in social life. I hail as a benefactor every writer or speaker, every man who, on the platform, or in book, magazine, or newspaper, with merciless severity makes such attack, provided always that he in his turn remembers that the attack is of use only if it is absolutely truthful.
Most of these journalists detested being called muckrakers. They felt betrayed that Roosevelt would coin them with such a term after they had helped him with his election. Muckraker David Graham Philips believed that the tag of muckraker brought about the end of the movement as it was easier to group and attack the journalists.
The term eventually came to be used in reference to investigative journalists who reported about and exposed such issues as crime, fraud, waste, public health and safety, graft, illegal financial practices. A muckraker 's reporting may span businesses and government.
Some of the key documents that came to define the work of the muckrakers were:
Ray Stannard Baker published "The Right to Work '' in McClure 's Magazine in 1903, about coal mine conditions, a coal strike, and the situation of non-striking workers (or scabs). Many of the non-striking workers had no special training or knowledge in mining, since they were simply farmers looking for work. His investigative work portrayed the dangerous conditions in which these people worked in the mines, and the dangers they faced from union members who did not want them to work.
Lincoln Steffens published "Tweed Days in St. Louis '', in which he profiled corrupt leaders in St. Louis, in October 1902, in McClure 's Magazine. The prominence of the article helped lawyer Joseph Folk to lead an investigation of the corrupt political ring in St. Louis.
Ida Tarbell published The Rise of the Standard Oil Company in 1902, providing insight into the manipulation of trusts. One trust they manipulated was with Christopher Dunn Co. She followed that work with The History of The Standard Oil Company: the Oil War of 1872, which appeared in McClure 's Magazine in 1908. She condemned Rockefeller 's immoral and ruthless business tactics and emphasized "our national life is on every side distinctly poorer, uglier, meaner, for the kind of influence he exercises. '' Her book generated enough public anger that it led to the splitting up of Standard Oil under the Sherman Anti Trust Act.
Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1906, which revealed conditions in the meat packing industry in the United States and was a major factor in the establishment of the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act. Sinclair wrote the book with the intent of addressing unsafe working conditions in that industry, not food safety. Sinclair was not a professional journalist but his story was first serialized before being published in book form. Sinclair considered himself to be a muckraker.
"The Treason of the Senate: Aldrich, the Head of it All '', by David Graham Phillips, published as a series of articles in Cosmopolitan magazine in February 1906, described corruption in the U.S. Senate. This work was a keystone in the creation of the Seventeenth Amendment which established the election of Senators through popular vote.
The Great American Fraud (1905) by Samuel Hopkins Adams revealed fraudulent claims and endorsements of patent medicines in America. This article shed light on the many false claims that pharmaceutical companies and other manufactures would make as to the potency of their medicines, drugs and tonics. This exposure contributed heavily to the creation of the Pure Food and Drug Act alongside Upton Sinclair 's work. Using the example of Peruna in his article, Adams described how this tonic, which was made of seven compound drugs and alcohol, did not have "any great potency ''. Manufacturers sold it at an obscene price and hence made immense profits. His work forced a crackdown on a number of other patents and fraudulent schemes of medicinal companies.
Many other works by muckrakers brought to light a variety of issues in America during the Progressive era. These writers focused on a wide range of issues including the monopoly of Standard Oil; cattle processing and meat packing; patent medicines; child labor; and wages, labor, and working conditions in industry and agriculture. In a number of instances, the revelations of muckraking journalists led to public outcry, governmental and legal investigations, and, in some cases, legislation was enacted to address the issues the writers ' identified, such as harmful social conditions; pollution; food and product safety standards; sexual harassment; unfair labor practices; fraud; and other matters. The work of the muckrakers in the early years, and those today, span a wide array of legal, social, ethical and public policy concerns.
The influence of the muckrakers began to fade during the more conservative presidency of William Howard Taft. Corporations and political leaders were also more successful in silencing these journalists as advertiser boycotts forced some magazines to go bankrupt. The most significant factor in the disappearance of the muckrakers was their success. Through their exposés, the nation was changed by reforms in cities, business, politics, and more. Monopolies such as Standard Oil were broken up and political machines fell apart; the problems uncovered by muckrakers were resolved and thus muckrakers were needed no longer.
According to Fred J. Cook, the muckrakers ' journalism resulted in litigation or legislation that had a lasting impact, such as the end of Standard Oil 's monopoly over the oil industry, the establishment of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, the creation of the first child labor laws in the United States around 1916. Their reports exposed bribery and corruption at the city and state level, as well as in Congress, that led to reforms and changes in election results.
"The effect on the soul of the nation was profound. It can hardly be considered an accident that the heyday of the muckrakers coincided with one of America 's most yeasty and vigorous periods of ferment. The people of the country were aroused by the corruptions and wrongs of the age -- and it was the muckrakers who informed and aroused them. The results showed in the great wave of progressivism and reform cresting in the remarkable spate of legislation that marked the first administration of Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1917. For this, the muckrakers had paved the way. ''
Other changes that resulted from muckraker articles include the reorganization of the U.S. Navy (after Henry Reuterdahl published a controversial article in McClure 's). Articles like David Graham Phillip 's "Treason of the Senate '' were used to change the way Senators were elected by the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Some today use "investigative journalism '' as a synonym for muckraking. Carey McWilliams, editor of the Nation, assumed in 1970 that investigative journalism, and reform journalism, or muckraking, were the same type of journalism. Journalism textbooks point out that McClure 's muckraking standards, "Have become integral to the character of modern investigative journalism. '' Furthermore, the successes of the early muckrakers have continued to inspire journalists. Moreover, muckraking has become an integral part of journalism in American History. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein exposed the workings of the Nixon Administration in Watergate which led to Nixon 's impeachment. More recently, Edward Snowden disclosed the activities of governmental spying, albeit illegally, which gave the public knowledge of the extent of the infringements on their privacy.
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most goals scored in a premier leauge season | Premier League - wikipedia
The Premier League is the top level of the English football league system. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League (EFL).
The Premier League is a corporation in which the member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August to May with each team playing 38 matches (playing each other home and away). Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. It is often known outside England as the English Premier League (EPL).
The competition was formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. The deal was worth £ 1 billion a year domestically as of 2013 -- 14, with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively. The league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights. In 2014 -- 15, teams were apportioned revenues of £ 1.6 billion, rising sharply to £ 2.4 billion in 2016 -- 17.
The Premier League is the most - watched sports league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. In the 2014 -- 15 season, the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000, second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga 's 43,500. Most stadium occupancies are near capacity. The Premier League ranks third in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons, as of 2016.
Forty - nine clubs have competed since the inception of the Premier League in 1992. Six of them have won the title: Manchester United (13), Chelsea (5), Arsenal (3), Manchester City (3), Blackburn Rovers (1) and Leicester City (1). The record of most points is 100 from Manchester City in (2017 -- 18)
Despite significant European success in the 1970s and early 1980s, the late ' 80s marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. The Football League First Division, the top level of English football since 1888, was behind leagues such as Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga in attendances and revenues, and several top English players had moved abroad.
By the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse: at the 1990 FIFA World Cup, England reached the semi-finals; UEFA, European football 's governing body, lifted the five - year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990, resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991, and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards, which proposed expensive upgrades to create all - seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster, was published in January of that year.
The 1980s also saw the major English clubs, led by the likes of Martin Edwards of Manchester United, Irving Scholar of Tottenham Hotspur and David Dein of Arsenal, beginning to be transformed into business ventures that applied commercial principles to the running of the clubs, which led to the increasing power of the elite clubs. By threatening to break away, the top clubs from Division One managed to increase their voting power, and took 50 % share of all television and sponsorship income in 1986. Revenue from television also became more important: the Football League received £ 6.3 million for a two - year agreement in 1986, but by 1988, in a deal agreed with ITV, the price rose to £ 44 million over four years with the leading clubs taking 75 % of the cash. The 1988 negotiations were conducted under the threat of ten clubs leaving to form a "super league '', but were eventually persuaded to stay with the top clubs taking the lion share of the deal. As stadiums improved and match attendance and revenues rose, the country 's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the influx of money into the sport.
In 1990, the managing director of London Weekend Television (LWT), Greg Dyke, met with the representatives of the "big five '' football clubs in England (Manchester United, Liverpool, Tottenham, Everton and Arsenal) over a dinner. The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League. Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television and wanted to establish whether the clubs would be interested in a larger share of television rights money. The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it; however, the league would have no credibility without the backing of The Football Association and so David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea. The FA did not enjoy an amicable relationship with the Football League at the time and considered it as a way to weaken the Football League 's position.
At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall. The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991 by the game 's top - flight clubs, established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League. The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League, giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe. Although Dyke played a significant role in the creation of the Premier League, Dyke and ITV would lose out in the bidding for broadcast rights as BSkyB won with a bid of £ 304 million over five years with the BBC awarded the highlights package broadcast on Match of the Day.
In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association 's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate. This meant a break - up of the 104 - year - old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three. There was no change in competition format; the same number of teams competed in the top flight, and promotion and relegation between the Premier League and the new First Division remained the same as the old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted.
The league held its first season in 1992 -- 93. It was composed of 22 clubs for that season. The first Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2 -- 1 win against Manchester United. The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Coventry City, Crystal Palace, Everton, Ipswich Town, Leeds United, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Middlesbrough, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest, Oldham Athletic, Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday, Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur, and Wimbledon. Luton Town, Notts County, and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991 -- 92 season, and did not take part in the inaugural Premier League season.
One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so - called "Top Four '' clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United. During this decade, they dominated the top four spots, which came with UEFA Champions League qualification, taking all top - four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003 -- 04 to 2008 -- 09 inclusive, while every season during the 2000s saw the "Big Four '' always qualifying for European competition. Arsenal went as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003 -- 04, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League.
During the 2000s, only four sides outside the "Top Four '' managed to qualify for the Champions League: Leeds United (1999 -- 2000), Newcastle United (2001 -- 02 and 2002 -- 03), Everton (2004 -- 05) and Tottenham Hotspur (2009 -- 10) -- each occupying the final Champions League spot, with the exception of Newcastle in the 2002 -- 03 season, who finished third.
In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that "Top Four '' dominance threatened the division, "This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world. '' Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence: "There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you 're at the top, in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting. ''
Between 2005 and 2012, there was a Premier League representative in seven of the eight Champions League finals, with only "Top Four '' clubs reaching that stage. Liverpool (2005), Manchester United (2008) and Chelsea (2012) won the competition during this period, with Arsenal (2006), Liverpool (2007), Chelsea (2008) and Manchester United (2009 and 2011) all losing Champions League finals. Leeds United were the only non - "Top Four '' side to reach the semi-finals of the Champions League, in the 2000 -- 01 season.
Additionally, between the 1999 -- 2000 and 2009 -- 10 seasons, four Premier League sides reached UEFA Cup or Europa League finals, with only Liverpool managing to win the competition in 2001. Arsenal (2000), Middlesbrough (2006) and Fulham (2010) all lost their finals.
The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the "Top Four '' with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four places on a regular basis, turning the "Big Four '' into the "Big Six ''. In the 2009 -- 10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton five years prior. Criticism of the gap between an elite group of "super clubs '' and the majority of the Premier League has continued, nevertheless, due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs. Since the continued presence of Manchester City and Tottenham Hotspur at the top end of the table, no side has won consecutive Premier League titles.
By the end of the 2009 -- 10 season, each of the "Top Four '' clubs had revenues in excess of € 200 million, while Manchester City and Tottenham Hotspur had revenues of roughly € 150 million according to the Deloitte Football Money League. Manchester United had the largest revenue stream in the Premier League at € 349.8 million, while Aston Villa were the closest club to the new "Big Six '' with revenues of € 109.4 million.
Manchester City won the title in the 2011 -- 12 season, becoming the first club outside the "Big Four '' to win since Blackburn Rovers in the 1994 -- 95 season. That season also saw two of the "Big Four '' (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four places for the first time since that season.
With only four UEFA Champions League qualifying places available in the league, greater competition for qualification now exists, albeit from a narrow base of six clubs. In the following five seasons after the 2011 -- 12 campaign, Manchester United and Liverpool both found themselves outside of the top four three times while Chelsea finished 10th in the 2015 -- 16 season. Arsenal finished 5th in 2016 -- 17, ending their record of 20 consecutive top - four finishes.
In the 2015 -- 16 season, the top four was breached by a non-Big Six side for the first time since Everton in 2005. Leicester City were the surprise winners of the league, qualifying for the Champions League as a result.
Off the pitch, the "Big Six '' wield financial power and influence, with these clubs arguing that they should be entitled to a greater share of revenue due to the greater stature of their clubs globally and the attractive football they aim to play. Objectors argue that the egalitarian revenue structure in the Premier League helps to maintain a competitive league which is vital for its future success.
The 2016 -- 17 Deloitte Football Money League report showed the financial disparity between the "Big Six '' and the rest of the division. All of the "Big Six '' had revenues greater than € 350 million, with Manchester United having the largest revenue in the league at € 676.3 million. Leicester City was the closest club to the "Big Six '' in terms of revenue, recording a figure of € 271.1 million for that season -- helped by participation in the Champions League. The eighth largest revenue generator West Ham, who did n't play in European competition, had revenues of € 213.3 million, nearly half of the fifth largest club, Liverpool (€ 424.2 million).
Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football, that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played, the number of clubs was reduced to 20, down from 22, in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted. The top flight had only been expanded to 22 teams at the start of the 1991 -- 92 season -- the year prior to the formation of the Premier League.
On 8 June 2006, FIFA requested that all major European leagues, including Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga, be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007 -- 08 season. The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction. Ultimately, the 2007 -- 08 season kicked off again with 20 teams, as did the other major European leagues with 20 teams.
The league changed its name from the FA Premier League to simply the Premier League in 2007.
The Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs. Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts. The clubs elect a chairman, chief executive, and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league. The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards, who was appointed in April 1999, and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore, appointed in November 1999. The former chairman and chief executive, John Quinton and Peter Leaver, were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance. The Football Association is not directly involved in the day - to - day operations of the Premier League, but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league.
The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA 's European Club Association, the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients. For the 2012 -- 13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association: Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Fulham, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur. The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA 's Club Competitions Committee, which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League.
There are 20 clubs in the Premier League. During the course of a season (from August to May) each club plays the others twice (a double round - robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents ', for a total of 38 games. Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, then goal difference, and then goals scored. If still equal, teams are deemed to occupy the same position. If there is a tie for the championship, for relegation, or for qualification to other competitions, a play - off match at a neutral venue decides rank. The three lowest placed teams are relegated into the EFL Championship, and the top two teams from the Championship, together with the winner of play - offs involving the third to sixth placed Championship clubs, are promoted in their place.
As of the 2009 -- 10 season qualification for the UEFA Champions League changed, the top four teams in the Premier League qualify for the UEFA Champions League, with the top three teams directly entering the group stage. Previously only the top two teams qualified automatically. The fourth - placed team enters the Champions League at the play - off round for non-champions and must win a two - legged knockout tie in order to enter the group stage.
The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League, and the sixth and seventh - placed teams can also qualify, depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the EFL Cup. Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament; if the winner of either the FA Cup or EFL Cup qualifies for the Champions League, then that place will go to the next - best placed finisher in the Premier League.
An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season. UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England five qualifiers. UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing. However, for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League, this meant that if the Champions League winner finished outside the top four in its domestic league, it would qualify at the expense of the fourth - placed team in the league. At that time, no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League. This occurred in 2012, when Chelsea -- who had won the Champions League that summer, but finished sixth in the league -- qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur, who went into the Europa League.
Starting with the 2015 -- 16 season, the Europa League champion automatically qualifies for the following season 's Champions League, and the maximum number of Champions League places for any single association has increased to five. An association with four Champions League places, such as The FA, will only earn a fifth place if a club from that association that does not qualify for the Champions League through its league wins either the Champions League or Europa League.
In 2007, the Premier League became the highest ranking European League based on the performances of English teams in European competitions over a five - year period. This broke the eight - year dominance of the Spanish league, La Liga.
Between the 1992 -- 93 and the 2016 -- 17 seasons, Premier League clubs won the UEFA Champions League four times (and had five runners - up), behind Spain 's La Liga with ten wins, and Italy 's Serie A with five wins; ahead of, among others, Germany 's Bundesliga with three wins. The FIFA Club World Cup (originally called the FIFA Club World Championship) has been won once by a Premier League club (Manchester United in 2008), with two runners - up (Liverpool in 2005, Chelsea in 2012), behind Spain 's La Liga with five wins, Brazil 's Brasileirão with four wins, and Italy 's Serie A with two wins (see table here).
A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Premier League and the EFL Championship. The three lowest placed teams in the Premier League are relegated to the Championship, and the top two teams from the Championship promoted to the Premier League, with an additional team promoted after a series of play - offs involving the third, fourth, fifth and sixth placed clubs. The Premier League had 22 teams when it began in 1992, but this was reduced to the present 20 - team format in 1995.
A total of 49 clubs have played in the Premier League from its inception in 1992, up to and including the 2018 -- 19 season.
The following 20 clubs will compete in the Premier League during the 2018 -- 19 season.
: Founding member of the Premier League: Never been relegated from Premier League: One of the original 12 Football League teams: Club based in Wales
In 2011, a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion. The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City 's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011. In 2012 -- 13, Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup. The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013 -- 14, as Cardiff City gained promotion, but they were relegated after their maiden season. Cardiff were promoted again in 2017 - 18 but the number of Welsh clubs will remain the same as Swansea City were relegated from the Premier League in the same season.
Because they are members of the Football Association of Wales (FAW), the question of whether clubs like Swansea should represent England or Wales in European competitions has caused long - running discussions in UEFA. Swansea took one of England 's three available places in the Europa League in 2013 -- 14 by winning the League Cup in 2012 -- 13. The right of Welsh clubs to take up such English places was in doubt until UEFA clarified the matter in March 2012, allowing them to participate.
Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed, but without result. The idea came closest to reality in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland, but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland. Additionally, the media occasionally discusses the idea that Scotland 's two biggest teams, Celtic and Rangers, should or will take part in the Premier League, but nothing has come of these discussions.
From 1993 to 2016, the Premier League had title sponsorship rights sold to two companies, which were Carling Brewery and Barclays Bank PLC; Barclays was the most recent title sponsor, having sponsored the Premier League from 2001 through 2016 (until 2004, the title sponsorship was held through its Barclaycard brand before shifting to its main banking brand in 2004).
Barclays ' deal with the Premier League expired at the end of the 2015 -- 16 season. The FA announced on 4 June 2015 that it would not pursue any further title sponsorship deals for the Premier League, arguing that they wanted to build a "clean '' brand for the competition more in line with those of major U.S. sports leagues.
As well as sponsorship for the league itself, the Premier League has a number of official partners and suppliers. The official ball supplier for the league is Nike who have had the contract since the 2000 -- 01 season when they took over from Mitre.
The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world, with total club revenues of € 2.48 billion in 2009 -- 10. In 2013 -- 14, due to improved television revenues and cost controls, the Premier League had net profits in excess of £ 78 million, exceeding all other football leagues. In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom 's broadcasting industry.
The Premier League includes some of the richest football clubs in the world. Deloitte 's "Football Money League '' listed seven Premier League clubs in the top 20 for the 2009 -- 10 season, and all 20 clubs were in the top 40 globally by the end of the 2013 -- 14 season, largely as a result of increased broadcasting revenue. From 2013, the league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights.
Premier League clubs agreed in principle in December 2012, to radical new cost controls. The two proposals consist of a break - even rule and a cap on the amount clubs can increase their wage bill by each season. With the new television deals on the horizon, momentum has been growing to find ways of preventing the majority of the cash going straight to players and agents.
Central payments for the 2016 -- 17 season amounted to £ 2,398,515,773 across the 20 clubs, with each team receiving a flat participation fee of £ 35,301,989 and additional payments for TV broadcasts (£ 1,016,690 for general UK rights to match highlights, £ 1,136,083 for each live UK broadcast of their games and £ 39,090,596 for all overseas rights), commercial rights (a flat fee of £ 4,759,404) and a notional measure of "merit '' which was based upon final league position. The merit component was a nominal sum of £ 1,941,609 multiplied by each finishing place, counted from the foot of the table (e.g., Burnley finished 16th in May 2017, five places counting upwards, and received 5 × £ 1,941,609 = £ 9,708,045 merit payment).
Television has played a major role in the history of the Premier League. The League 's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision, but one that has paid off. At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market, as was charging fans to watch live televised football. However, a combination of Sky 's strategy, the quality of Premier League football and the public 's appetite for the game has seen the value of the Premier League 's TV rights soar.
The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis. This is in contrast to some other European Leagues, including La Liga, in which each club sells its rights individually, leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs. The money is divided into three parts: half is divided equally between the clubs; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position, the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club, and equal steps all the way down the table; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television, with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this. The income from overseas rights is divided equally between the twenty clubs.
The first Sky television rights agreement was worth £ 304 million over five seasons. The next contract, negotiated to start from the 1997 -- 98 season, rose to £ 670 million over four seasons. The third contract was a £ 1.024 billion deal with BSkyB for the three seasons from 2001 -- 02 to 2003 -- 04. The league brought in £ 320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three - year period from 2004 -- 05 to 2006 -- 07. It sold the rights itself on a territory - by - territory basis. Sky 's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available. This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company. Sky and Setanta paid a total of £ 1.7 billion, a two - thirds increase which took many commentators by surprise as it had been widely assumed that the value of the rights had levelled off following many years of rapid growth. Setanta also hold rights to a live 3 pm match solely for Irish viewers. The BBC has retained the rights to show highlights for the same three seasons (on Match of the Day) for £ 171.6 million, a 63 per cent increase on the £ 105 million it paid for the previous three - year period. Sky and BT have agreed to jointly pay £ 84.3 million for delayed television rights to 242 games (that is the right to broadcast them in full on television and over the internet) in most cases for a period of 50 hours after 10 pm on matchday. Overseas television rights fetched £ 625 million, nearly double the previous contract. The total raised from these deals is more than £ 2.7 billion, giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around £ 40 million - a-year from 2007 to 2010.
The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel, and a number of court cases have arisen as a result. An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market, but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim that BSkyB had abused its dominant position. In July 1999 the Premier League 's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court, who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest.
The BBC 's highlights package on Saturday and Sunday nights, as well as other evenings when fixtures justify, will run until 2016. Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for £ 1.782 billion. On 22 June 2009, due to troubles encountered by Setanta Sports after it failed to meet a final deadline over a £ 30 million payment to the Premier League, ESPN was awarded two packages of UK rights containing a total of 46 matches that were available for the 2009 -- 10 season as well as a package of 23 matches per season from 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13. On 13 June 2012, the Premier League announced that BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013 -- 14 through 2015 -- 16 seasons at £ 246 million - a-year. The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid £ 760 million - a-year. The total domestic rights have raised £ 3.018 billion, an increase of 70.2 % over the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 rights. The value of the licensing deal rose by another 70.2 % in 2015, when Sky and BT paid a total of £ 5.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018 -- 19 season.
UK highlights
Between the 1998 -- 99 season and the 2012 -- 13 season, RTÉ broadcast highlights on Premier Soccer Saturday and occasionally Premier Soccer Sunday. During then between the 2004 -- 05 season and the 2006 -- 07 season, RTÉ broadcast 15 live matches on a Saturday afternoon with each match being called Premiership Live.
In August 2016, it was announced that the BBC would be creating a new magazine - style show for the Premier League entitled The Premier League Show.
The Premier League is the most - watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people,. The Premier League 's production arm, Premier League Productions, is operated by IMG Productions and produces all content for its international television partners.
The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia, where it is the most widely distributed sports programme. In Australia, Optus telecommunications holds exclusive rights to the Premier League, providing live broadcasts and online access (Fox Sports formerly held rights). In India, the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports. In China, the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six - year agreement that began in the 2013 -- 14 season. As of the 2013 -- 14 season, Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN, with both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season.
The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports. Premier League viewership has increased rapidly, with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014 -- 15 season, up 118 % from 2012 -- 13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN / ESPN2 (220,000 viewers), and NBC Sports has been widely praised for its coverage. NBC Sports reached a six - year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021 -- 22 season in a deal valued at $1 billion (£ 640 million).
There has been an increasing gulf between the Premier League and the Football League. Since its split with the Football League, many established clubs in the Premier League have managed to distance themselves from their counterparts in lower leagues. Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues, many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League. In every season except 2001 -- 02, 2011 -- 12 and 2017 - 18, at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League. In 1997 -- 98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season.
The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of "parachute payments ''. Starting with the 2013 -- 14 season, these payments are in excess of £ 60 million over four seasons. Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues (the average Premier League team receives £ 55 million while the average Football League Championship club receives £ 2 million), critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not, leading to the common occurrence of teams "bouncing back '' soon after their relegation. For some clubs who have failed to win immediate promotion back to the Premier League, financial problems, including in some cases administration or even liquidation have followed. Further relegations down the footballing ladder have ensued for several clubs unable to cope with the gap.
As of the 2017 -- 18 season, Premier League football has been played in 58 stadiums since the formation of the division. The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all - seater. Since the formation of the Premier League, football grounds in England have seen constant improvements to capacity and facilities, with some clubs moving to new - build stadiums. Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished. The stadiums for the 2017 -- 18 season show a large disparity in capacity: Wembley Stadium, the temporary home of Tottenham Hotspur, has a capacity of 90,000 with Dean Court, the home of Bournemouth, having a capacity of 11,360. The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2017 -- 18 season is 806,033 with an average capacity of 40,302.
Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs. For the 2016 -- 17 season, average attendances across the league clubs were 35,838 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,618,596. This represents an increase of 14,712 from the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league 's first season (1992 -- 93). However, during the 1992 -- 93 season the capacities of most stadiums were reduced as clubs replaced terraces with seats in order to meet the Taylor Report 's 1994 -- 95 deadline for all - seater stadiums. The Premier League 's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007 -- 08 season. This record was then beaten in the 2013 -- 14 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million, the highest average in England 's top flight since 1950.
Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day - to - day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and player acquisition. Their influence varies from club - to - club and is related to the ownership of the club and the relationship of the manager with fans. Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available, and follows the completion of the UEFA ' B ' and ' A ' Licences. The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis (i.e. more than 12 weeks -- the amount of time an unqualified caretaker manager is allowed to take control). Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment. Several caretaker managers have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post after performing well as a caretaker; examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur.
The league 's longest - serving manager was Alex Ferguson, who was in charge of Manchester United from November 1986 until his retirement at the end of the 2012 -- 13 season, meaning that he was manager for all of the first 21 seasons of the Premier League. Arsène Wenger is the league 's longest - serving current manager, having been in charge of Arsenal in the Premier League since 1996. In the 2017 -- 18 season, 11 managers were sacked, the most recent being Alan Pardew of West Bromwich Albion.
There have been several studies into the reasoning behind, and effects of, managerial sackings. Most famously, Professor Sue Bridgewater of the University of Liverpool and Dr. Bas ter Weel of the University of Amsterdam, performed two separate studies which helped to explain the statistics behind managerial sackings. Bridgewater 's study found that clubs generally sack their managers upon dropping below an average of 1 point - per - game.
At the inception of the Premier League in 1992 -- 93, just eleven players named in the starting line - ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland. By 2000 -- 01, the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total. In the 2004 -- 05 season the figure had increased to 45 per cent. On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line - up, and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16 - man squad for a match. By 2009, under 40 % of the players in the Premier League were English.
In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players, in 1999, the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union. A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive ' A ' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years, and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years. If a player does not meet those criteria, the club wishing to sign him may appeal.
Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association. The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January. Player registrations can not be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA, usually on an emergency basis. As of the 2010 -- 11 season, the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25 - man squad of players aged over 21, with the squad list only allowed to be changed in transfer windows or in exceptional circumstances. This was to enable the ' home grown ' rule to be enacted, whereby the League would also from 2010 require at least 8 of the named 25 man squad to be made up of ' home - grown players '.
There is no team or individual salary cap in the Premier League. As a result of the increasingly lucrative television deals, player wages rose sharply following the formation of the Premier League when the average player wage was £ 75,000 per year. The average salary stands at £ 1.1 million as of the 2008 -- 09 season. As of 2015, average salaries in the Premier League are higher than for any other football league in the world.
The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition. Prior to the start of the first Premier League season Alan Shearer became the first British player to command a transfer fee of more than £ 3 million. The record rose steadily in the Premier League 's first few seasons, until Alan Shearer made a record breaking £ 15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996. All three of the most expensive transfers in the sport 's history had a Premier League club on the selling or buying end, with Juventus selling Paul Pogba to Manchester United in August 2016 for a fee of £ 89 million, Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for £ 85 million in 2013, Manchester United 's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £ 80 million in 2009, and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for £ 75 million in 2014.
Italics denotes players still playing professional football, Bold denotes players still playing in the Premier League.
The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season. Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260. Twenty - five players have reached the 100 - goal mark. Since the first Premier League season in 1992 -- 93, 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title. Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005 -- 06 season. Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) -- for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively. Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons, having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league.
The Premier League maintains two trophies -- the genuine trophy (held by the reigning champions) and a spare replica. Two trophies are held in the event that two different clubs could win the League on the final day of the season. In the rare event that more than two clubs are vying for the title on the final day of the season -- then a replica won by a previous club is used.
The current Premier League trophy was created by Royal Jewellers Asprey of London. It consists of a trophy with a golden crown and a malachite plinth base. The plinth weighs 33 pounds (15 kg) and the trophy weighs 22 pounds (10.0 kg). The trophy and plinth are 76 cm (30 in) tall, 43 cm (17 in) wide and 25 cm (9.8 in) deep.
Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt, while its plinth is made of malachite, a semi-precious stone. The plinth has a silver band around its circumference, upon which the names of the title - winning clubs are listed. Malachite 's green colour is also representative of the green field of play. The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football. Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy -- the third is symbolised by the captain of the title - winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season. The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year.
In 2004, a special gold version of the trophy was commissioned to commemorate Arsenal winning the title without a single defeat.
In addition to the winner 's trophy and the individual winner 's medals awarded to players who win the title, the Premier League also issues other awards throughout the season.
A man of the match award is awarded to the player who has the greatest impact in an individual match.
Monthly awards are also given for the Manager of the Month, Player of the Month and Goal of the Month. These are also issued annually for Manager of the Season, Player of the Season. and Goal of the Season.
The Golden Boot award is given to the top goalscorer of every season, The Playmaker of the Season award is given to the player who make the most assists of every season and the Golden Glove award is given to the goalkeeper with the most clean sheets at the end of the season.
From the 2017 -- 18 season, players also receive a milestone award for 100 appearances and every century there after and also players who score 50 goals and multiples thereof. Each player to reach these milestones will receive a presentation box from the Premier League containing a special medallion and a plaque commemorating their achievement.
In 2012, the Premier League celebrated its second decade by holding the 20 Seasons Awards:
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what number is fox sports on direct tv | DirecTV - Wikipedia
DirecTV (stylized as DIRECTV or simply DTV) is an American direct broadcast satellite service provider based in El Segundo, California and is a subsidiary of AT&T. Its satellite service, launched on June 17, 1994, transmits digital satellite television and audio to households in the United States, Latin America and the Caribbean. Its primary competitors are Dish Network and cable television providers. On July 24, 2015, after receiving approval from the United States Federal Communications Commission and United States Department of Justice, AT&T acquired DirecTV in a transaction valued at $48.5 billion.
DirecTV provides television and audio services to subscribers through satellite transmissions. Services include the equivalent of many local television stations, broadcast television networks, subscription television services, satellite radio services, and private video services. Subscribers have access to hundreds of channels, so its competitors are cable television service and other satellite - based services.
Most subscribers use reception antennas which are much smaller than the first generation antennas, which were typically a few yards (meters) across. Advances in antenna technology, including fractal antennas, have allowed a general reduction in antenna size across all industries and applications. Receiving equipment includes a satellite dish, an integrated receiver / decoder and a DirecTV access card, which is necessary to operate the receiver / decoder.
Consumers who purchase DirecTV subscribe to various packages of DirecTV programming for which the subscriber pays a monthly fee. Additional monthly fees may include a protection plan (which provides for repair or replacement of consumer - leased equipment from damages caused by lightning, power surges, floods, etc.), DVR, additional receivers, HD channels, and other premium channel packages. A subscriber also can order pay - per - view and video on demand events and movies. DirecTV contracts with and pays program providers such as cable networks, motion picture distributors, sports leagues, event promoters, and other programming rights holders, for the right to distribute their programming to its subscribers. All programming distributed by DirecTV is delivered to its broadcast centers in Castle Rock, Colorado, and Los Angeles, where it is then digitized and compressed. The resulting signal is encrypted by DirecTV to prevent its unauthorized reception. DirecTV then transmits these signals to several satellites located in geostationary orbit.
As of Q1 2017, DirecTV U.S. had 21 million subscribers (26 million if combined with U-verse) and revenues of $12 billion.
In addition to serving residences, DirecTV offers service to bars, restaurants, hotels, dorms, and hospitals through their DirecTV for business service. The company also offered mobile service for cars, boats, and RVs (DirecTV Mobile) as well as aircraft (DirecTV Airborne) in cooperation with Connexion by Boeing. On November 30, 2016, DirecTV Now, an internet streaming TV service was launched.
In 1953, Howard Hughes created the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), to which he transferred full ownership of Hughes Aircraft. Ostensibly created as a non-profit medical research foundation, HHMI was accused of being used by Hughes as a tax shelter. Following Hughes ' death in 1976, HHMI was incorporated in 1977, and litigation ensued to determine whether it would be allowed to maintain its interest in Hughes Aircraft. In 1984, the court appointed a new board for HHMI, which proceeded to sell off Hughes Aircraft to General Motors on December 20, 1985, for an estimated $5.1 billion. General Motors then merged Hughes Aircraft with its subsidiary Delco Electronics to create Hughes Electronics Corporation. The new subsidiary was initially composed of four units: Delco Electronics Company, Hughes Aircraft Company, Hughes Space and Communications Company, and Hughes Network Systems.
Stanley E. Hubbard founded United States Satellite Broadcasting (USSB) in 1981 and was a leading proponent for the development of direct - broadcast satellite service in the United States. USSB was awarded five frequencies by the FCC, at the coveted 101 degree west satellite location. Hughes Communications, Inc. was also awarded 27 frequencies at the same 101 - degree location. After many years, the technology was developed to enable the building of very high - power satellites, and digital compression (MPEG - 2) standards were developed that allowed multiple digital television channels to be sent through each satellite frequency.
Hughes attempted to create a joint venture with NBC, News Corp., and Cablevision in 1990, to launch the first high - power digital television service called Sky Cable. Failing to do so, the company instead created DirecTV as a separate division, and secured an agreement with USSB to build and launch the first high - power direct - broadcast satellite system. DirecTV 's name is a portmanteau of "direct '' and "TV '' (as in direct broadcast satellite television). Hughes / DirecTV then turned to Thomson Consumer Electronics (under the RCA, GE, and ProScan brands) to develop the digital satellite system for the service that would be capable of receiving 175 channels on a small 18 - inch dish. These dishes utilized a new generation of smaller, lighter receiver dishes based on military technology introduced by the Global Broadcast System, which predated DirecTV 's viability by almost ten years. Hughes was awarded the contract to build and launch the new high - powered satellites, and USSB and DirecTV agreed that the new satellites would carry the two separate programming services: USSB and DirecTV.
The USSB and DirecTV programming services were launched on June 17, 1994. Digital Equipment Corporation provided the hardware for DirecTV, Matrixx Marketing (part of Cincinnati Bell) provided customer care via the Matrixx Plus department, and DBS Systems created the billing software. In December 1998, DirecTV acquired USSB for $1.3 billion, and combined the two satellite services. In 1999, DirecTV acquired PrimeStar, a competitor in the satellite television industry, for $1.83 billion, dramatically increasing its share of the satellite television market in the US.
In September 1996, Hughes purchased 70 % of PanAmSat for $3 billion. In 1997, GM spun off Delco Electronics from Hughes and transferred it to Delphi Automotive Systems. That same year, Hughes Aircraft was sold to Raytheon for $9.5 billion. Raytheon filed a lawsuit in 1999 accusing Hughes of overstating the value of Hughes Aircraft by $1 billion. A $635.5 - million settlement was reached in 2001. In 2000, Hughes Space and Communications was sold to Boeing for $3.75 billion, which it later claimed had also been overvalued by Hughes. Hughes later settled with Boeing for $360 million. These sales left DirecTV, PanAmSat and Hughes Network Systems as the remaining components of Hughes Electronics.
Direct satellite broadcaster were mandated in 1992 to set aside 4 % of its channel space for noncommercial educational and informational programming. DirecTV selected C - SPAN, Eternal World Television Network and Trinity Broadcasting Network from its current channel lineup plus request additional proposals from other programmers. DirecTV had given PBS Kids, PBS 's original application, carriage that did not count against the set aside six weeks before the deadline. DirecTV selected an additional six channel, Clara + Vision, Inspirational Life, NASA TV, PBS YOU, StarNet and WorldLink TV, for the mandate.
In September 2000, GM executives, under pressure from GM 's shareholders as a result of its poor performance and the substantially greater market worth of Hughes, authorized Hughes executives to begin seeking buyers. In 2001, News Corporation began negotiations to acquire Hughes Electronics in a deal worth $8 billion, which would allow News Corp. to expand its Sky Global Networks satellite television operations into the United States. Negotiations with News Corp. ultimately failed, and Hughes entered into an agreement on October 28, 2001 to be purchased for $26 billion by EchoStar, owner of Dish Network. However, the deal attracted significant opposition from the Department of Justice and the Federal Communications Commission for antitrust concerns, leading the two companies to withdraw the agreement in December 2002. As part of the merger agreement, EchoStar was required to pay Hughes $600 million for the failure of the merger.
On April 9, 2003, News Corporation agreed to purchase a 34 % controlling interest in Hughes, including GM 's entire share of the company, for $6.6 billion, subject to SEC approval. As part of the financing for the deal, Liberty Media agreed to take a $500 - million option of stock in News Corporation that would be exercised upon the closing of the deal. Liberty, the second - largest shareholder in News Corp. after the Murdoch family with 18 %, had originally planned to bid for DirecTV, but opted not to upon the agreement. The FCC voted 3 - 2 along party lines on December 19, 2003 to approve the deal subject to conditions, forcing News Corp. to agree to arbitration for all disputes with carriers of its media broadcasters, and to provide content through DirecTV neutrally rather than favoring its own networks.
In February 2004, Hughes announced its intent to focus solely on its satellite television operations and divest its other interests, renaming itself The DirecTV Group, Inc. on March 16, 2004 and changing its ticker symbol from "HS '' to "DTV ''. In April of that year, it sold its controlling interest in PanAmSat to a private consortium led by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts for $3.53 billion. On April 22, 2005, DirecTV spun off Hughes Network Systems into a separate entity and sold 50 % of the new entity to SkyTerra, acquiring $157.4 million in the transaction. In January 2006, DirecTV sold its remaining 50 % share in Hughes Network Systems to SkyTerra for $100 million. The sale effectively ended DirecTV 's 20 - year existence through Hughes Electronics as a technology conglomerate, leaving it solely with its satellite television services.
In 2004, DirecTV abandoned the Mexican market, though it maintained 41 % ownership of SKY México. On November 15, 2005, DirecTV stopped carrying Music Choice audio - only channels, replacing it with 73 channels of XM Satellite Radio. In 2007, DirecTV abandoned the Brazilian market, with the customers being migrated to the 74 % DirecTV - owned Brazilian affiliate of SKY Brasil. In 2010, DirecTV increased its stake in Sky Brasil to 93 %.
On January 9, 2007, DirecTV announced they would introduce up to 100 national HD channels during 2007, all of which would be MPEG - 4 encoded. On October 3, 2008, DirecTV announced that it would offer HD local channels in 121 markets by year end.
In December 2006, News Corporation announced its intention to transfer its 38.5 % controlling interest in The DirecTV Group, four regional Fox Sports Net stations and $550 million cash to Liberty Media in exchange for Liberty 's 19 % interest in News Corp., giving the Murdoch family tighter control of the latter firm. The deal, valued at $11 billion, was approved by News Corp. shareholders in April 2007. Following revisions that increased the cash offer to $625 million in exchange for a reduction of Liberty 's divested interest in News Corp. to 16 %, the swap was completed on February 27, 2008 following Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval. One condition placed by the FCC on the deal was that Liberty divest either its DirecTV operations or Liberty Global 's cable operations in Puerto Rico, which Liberty fulfilled by placing DirecTV 's Puerto Rican operations in a trust.
On May 4, 2009, Liberty announced that it would split off Liberty Entertainment, Inc., a subsidiary of Liberty owning the four FSN channels acquired under the swap with News Corp. and Liberty 's 65 % interest in Game Show Network, into a separate company to be merged with The DirecTV Group, reducing Liberty owner John Malone 's stake in DirecTV to 24 %. The merger was completed on November 19, 2009, with The DirecTV Group and Liberty Entertainment becoming subsidiaries of a new company named DirecTV. On June 16, 2010, Malone exchanged his preferred stock in DirecTV with equivalent amounts of common stock, reducing his voting interest in the company from 24 % to 3 %, with Malone resigning as Chairman and ending his managerial role at DirecTV.
On February 9, 2010, DirecTV dropped Sirius XM Radio and replaced the channel lineup with Sonic Tap audio stations. On April 1, 2011, DirecTV announced it would be renaming its three FSN channels as Root Sports, though the channels are still affiliated with FSN.
On May 18, 2014, AT&T announced that it would purchase DirecTV. In the deal, which had been approved by boards of both companies, DirecTV stockholders received $95 a share in cash and stock, valuing the deal at $48.5 billion. Including assumed debt, the total purchase price was about $67.1 billion. The deal was aimed at increasing AT&T 's market share in the pay - TV sector; its existing U-verse brand had modest market share (5.7 million users compared to DirecTV 's 20 million US customers as of 2014) and operates in only 22 states. It also gave AT&T access to fast - growing Latin American markets, where DirecTV has 18 million subscribers.
The deal faced regulatory approval by the FCC, the U.S. Department of Justice, and some Latin American governments. It was expected to take about 12 months to complete. The deal was also contingent on the combined company 's ability to renew its exclusive rights to carry the NFL Sunday Ticket service beyond the 2015 NFL season on "substantially the terms discussed between the parties. ''
The acquisition was officially approved by the FCC on July 24, 2015; it is subject to conditions for four years, requiring AT&T to expand its fiberoptic broadband service to additional customers, public libraries, and schools, and to "refrain from imposing discriminatory usage - based allowances or other discriminatory retail terms and conditions on its broadband internet service ''.
At an analyst meeting in August 2015, AT&T announced plans to converge DirecTV and its IPTV - based U-verse service around a common "home entertainment gateway '' platform based upon DirecTV hardware, with "very thin hardware profiles ''. AT&T Entertainment and Internet Services CEO John Stankey explained that the new platform would offer "single truck roll installation for multiple products, live local streaming, improved content portability, over-the - top integration for mobile broadband, and user interface re-engineering. All of these are steps that are planned to deliver that premium effortless entertainment experience anywhere. ''
In September 2015, AT&T selected Ericsson to be hardware provider for the new platform, and hired former Sirius XM, Cisco Systems and Microsoft executive VP Enrique Rodriguez to be vice president and CTO of the AT&T Entertainment and Internet Services division.
On December 2, 2015, AT&T announced plans to phase out the DirecTV brand as part of the introduction of the new platform, which will be marketed as AT&T Entertainment. The company also adopted a new logo, replacing its previous emblem with that of AT&T.
In February 2016, Bloomberg reported that AT&T was in the process of phasing out the U-verse IPTV service by encouraging new customers to purchase DirecTV satellite service instead, and by ending the production of new set - top boxes for the service. An AT&T spokesperson denied that U-verse was being shut down, and explained that the company was "leading its video marketing approach with DirecTV '' to "realize the many benefits '' of the purchase, but would still recommend U-verse TV if it better - suited a customer 's needs. AT&T CFO John Stephens had also previously stated that DirecTV 's larger subscriber base as a national service gave the service a higher degree of leverage in negotiating carriage deals, thus resulting in lower content costs.
On October 20, 2016, it was reported that AT&T was in talks to acquire Time Warner, in an effort to increase its media holdings. On October 22, 2016, AT&T reached a deal to buy Time Warner for over $80 billion. If approved by federal regulators, the merger would bring DirecTV under the same umbrella as HBO, Turner Broadcasting System and the Warner Bros. studio.
On April 25, 2017, it was reported that AT&T dropped over 230,000 U-verse subscribers.
On July 13, 2017, it was reported that AT&T is going to introduce a cloud - based DVR streaming service as part of its effort to create a unified platform across DirecTV and its DirecTV Now streaming service, with U-verse to be added soon.
On September 12, 2017, it was reported that AT&T is planning to launch a brand new cable TV - like service for delivery over-the - top over its own or a competitor 's broadband network sometime next year.
Because of the merger with Time Warner, AT&T pretends to sell DirecTV Pan-American and Sky Brasil for about US $ 8.0 billion, while keeping their share in Sky Mexico.
On March 1, 2016, AT&T announced plans for several DirecTV - branded over-the - top services, including DirecTV Now -- a contract - free over-the - top internet television service, DirecTV Mobile -- a service which will offer "premium video and made for digital content '' for phones, and DirecTV Preview, an ad - supported service featuring content from Audience Network, Otter Media, and other partners.
DirecTV Now launched on November 30, 2016, and is directly competing against Sling TV and PlayStation Vue. AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson stated of the service that "there is a huge customer base out there that we are convinced, while they do n't subscribe to a bundle of premium content today, at the right price point (delivered) over-the - top, they will. ''
As of June 2016, DirecTV manages a fleet of 13 satellites in geostationary orbit at positions ranging from 95 ° W to 119 ° W, ensuring strong coverage of the North American continent.
In the past, receivers were manufactured by DirecTV and other companies, including Samsung Electronics, Philips, Sony Electronics, Panasonic, Mitsubishi Electronics, and Toshiba. Other companies ' DirecTV receivers have been phased out and DirecTV now designs their own models with companies such as Pace Micro Technology of Britain, LG of South Korea (which had manufactured boxes under the LG and Zenith Electronics names), and Thomson of France (which had previously manufactured boxes under the RCA name, GE (under license), and the ProScan brand). DirecTV and TiVo announced on September 3, 2008, that they will work together to develop a version of the TiVo service for DirecTV 's broadband - enabled HD DVR platform. Originally scheduled to launch in the second half of 2009, it was expected to be available in spring 2010 but delayed again. It was finally released on December 6, 2011. The new unit, model THR22, is now available in select markets. The THR22 DVR does not have all the features of the HR24 DVRs.
DirecTV typically uses a fixed 18 - inch - diameter (460 mm) dish antenna to receive its signals. Traditionally an 18 × 24 - inch elliptical was used; however, most new installations use an 18 × 20 - inch antenna to receive signals from three geostationary satellite positions simultaneously. These systems are becoming more common as DirecTV attempts to squeeze more programming onto its growing systems. DTV is now installing a dish that has five LNBs for HDTV programming and local channels in selected markets. These systems receive signals from up to five separate satellites in both the K band and K band. After the new satellite, DirecTV 11, is fully operational, DirecTV will stop supplying dual, triple, and five - LNB dishes to all customers and move to supplying a three - LNB Ka / Ku dish known as the Slimline3. This dish will see orbital locations 99, 101, and 103 degrees West. The Slimline3 will be the new standard install dish (for HD and SD programming), while the five - LNB Slimline will be used for installs in areas that receive local or international programming from orbital locations 110 or 119. The Slimline3 looks nearly identical to its predecessor, aside from a smaller LNB.
The new DirecTV HD channels require an H20 / HR20 or H21 / HR21 / HR22 / HR23 / H24 / HR24 set top box (STB). In order to receive the new HD channels (channels added after September 2007), all HD receivers except the HR23 must have a B - Band converter installed. If the converter is not installed, viewers can only receive older HD channels (channels 70 -- 99). The B - Band Converter (BBC) is also not required with the new Single Wire Multiswitch (SWM or SWiM) system, which preselects the satellite and transponder tuning and can feed up to 8 tuners via a single coaxial cable. The "HR '' moniker designates the receiver as a HD digital video recorder (DVR) model.
Only the H20 / HR20 support direct reception of over-the - air ATSC broadcasts. The H21 / HR21 / HR22 / HR23 / H24 / HR24 receivers do not have a built in ATSC tuner, but the AM21 external tuner is available. In addition, there is HDMI support for HDTVs with an HDMI port. New STBs also support MPEG - 4 standard for HD * Programming. DirecTV also offers the AM21 (an ATSC add - on for the HR21), the HR21 - Pro (an HD - DVR with 100 hours HD or 400 hours SD recording capacity), and an online DVR scheduler.
AT&T 's planned over-the - top service for DirecTV wo n't require a satellite dish or a receiver to receive DirecTV programming, but simply a high - speed internet connection. DirecTV Now will be available through digital media player devices such as Roku, Amazon Fire TV, Chromecast, and Apple TV.
DirecTV transmits programming with encryption to mitigate signal piracy. The receiver (also known as an IRD, or "integrated receiver - decoder '') utilizes ISO / IEC 7816 smart cards which tell the receiver how to decrypt the programming for viewing. In a continuing effort to combat piracy, an access card generation is created approximately every two years, superseding the old set. DirecTV is now utilizing a fifth generation of access cards.
DirecTV has battled with an active signal piracy underground for many years. One infamous event that temporarily hampered pirates was known as ' Black Sunday ', which took place one week before Super Bowl Sunday in 2001. Hackers saw a string of software updates starting in late 2000 that seemed harmless, but included code that once complete searched for and destroyed 98 % of hacked smart cards. Hacks continued after that event.
Like its competitors, DirecTV offers high - definition television (HDTV) and interactive services.
To handle the proliferation of bandwidth - intensive HDTV broadcasting, DirecTV rebroadcasts local HDTV stations using the H. 264 / MPEG - 4 AVC codec while employing a newer transmission protocol (DVB - S2) over the newer satellites. This allows DirecTV to squeeze much more HD programming over its satellite signal than was previously feasible using the older MPEG - 2 compression and DSS protocol it has been using. This technology will be gradually expanded to the existing satellites as customer equipment is replaced with new MPEG - 4 - capable receivers.
Receiving the channels encoded in MPEG - 4 requires newer receivers, such as the H20 as well as the 5 - LNB K / K dish. DirecTV has contracted with Britain 's Pace Micro Technology, Korea 's LG Electronics and France 's Thomson to manufacture these new receivers. Pace manufactures the DirecTV Plus HD DVR (Model HR20 - 700, and HR21 - 700) and LG Electronics offers the Model H20 - 600 receiver, while Thomson provides the Model H20 - 100 and HR20 - 100 DVR receivers. DirecTV has admitted to software issues with some of the H20 receivers and HR20 DVRs, which have been plagued with random problems since they were released in mid-2006. DirecTV regularly released software updates for the HR20 receivers, in an effort to reduce issues to an acceptable level.
DirecTV has phased out its original TiVo - branded HD DVR, the HR10 - 250, which can only decode the older MPEG - 2 signals. All DirecTV - delivered local HDTV stations (outside of the NYC and LA network stations) are encoded in MPEG - 4. The HR10 - 250 can not receive the MPEG - 4 local HDTV stations in these markets but can still receive over-the - air ATSC broadcasts in these markets. After a multi-year hiatus, TiVo and DirecTV are developing a new TiVo enabled HD DVR that will be able to receive / decode DirecTV 's current MPEG - 4 satellite signals. Originally slated for release in the second half of 2009, it is now available in select markets.
In November 2014, DirecTV became the first television provider to begin offering 4K ultra-high definition content. On launch, 4K content was limited to renting a small library of on - demand films, downloaded to the subscriber 's Genie DVR (some 4K content can also be pre-loaded automatically to the set - top box via the Genie Recommends feature). The 4K service could also only be used on "DirecTV 4K Ready '' televisions, which support RVU protocol; this was limited to selected Samsung 4K televisions released in 2014.
In 2015, DirecTV introduced 4K Genie Mini set - top boxes, which can be connected to any HDMI 2.0 / HDCP 2.2 - compliant devices to provide 4K video.
In April 2016, DirecTV began live sports broadcasts in 4K to eligible subscribers, including coverage from the 2016 Masters Tournament, 25 MLB Network Showcase baseball games in the 2016 season (subject to local blackout restrictions) beginning April 15, 2016, and all Notre Dame college football home games during the 2016 season.
DirecTV also offers local channels like CBS, ABC, NBC, Fox, PBS, The CW, Telemundo, Azteca, Univision, ION Television (in markets that carry that network), and some independent stations in markets covering over 99.2 % of U.S. TV households. In markets that lack an OTA CW affiliate, DirecTV offers WKBD - TV from Detroit or KTLA from Los Angeles. Because DirecTV does not carry local digital subchannels, however, broadcast networks such as MeTV and Antenna TV are not available on DirecTV in most markets.
Subscribers located where they can not receive an adequate terrestrial television signal and / or live in a tiny market that only has a couple of stations can receive feeds from New York and Los Angeles for CBS, ABC, NBC, and Fox, as well as a feed from the Washington, D.C. CW affiliate, though a waiver from the local affiliate stations may be required to allow this, approved at their discretion. National PBS and ION channels are also available.
In the largest markets, local channels are carried on the satellite at 101 ° W. In some smaller markets, the local channels are carried on a second satellite located at 119 ° W which requires a slightly larger dish with two or three LNBs or the newer K / K 5 - LNB dish. In a few smaller markets, local stations are located on a satellite at 72.5 ° W that requires a second dish to be installed.
In late 2005, DirecTV began providing local HDTV channels to the largest markets, requiring newer receivers with a larger dish capable of receiving signals from up to five satellites at once. The K - band signals on the newer K / K dish are received from 101 ° W, 110 ° W, and 119 ° W, while K - band signals are from 99 ° W and 103 ° W.
Local television channels are transmitted over optical fiber links, K - band satellite uplink, microwave, and conventional terrestrial transmission to uplink centers located throughout the United States. DirecTV can provide true HD into hotels (Pro: Idiom). Cable companies have been able to provide true HD to hotels for over 2 years now with the installation of private video networks (FTTP to Coax conversion & Pro: Idiom) or with HFC HD video distribution systems (Pro: Idiom).
DirecTV 's exclusive general entertainment channel Audience Network has dozens of original and acquired programs, most of them unedited and commercial - free. It had its own exclusive 3DTV channel called n3D that launched in 2010 and shut down in 2012. DirecTV serves American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, JetBlue, and United Airlines.
DirecTV owns regional sports networks Root Sports Pittsburgh, Root Sports Northwest, Root Sports Southwest, Root Sports Rocky Mountain, and Root Sports Utah (all under the umbrella of AT&T Sports Networks). It also owns minority shares of Game Show Network and MLB Network. DirecTV is also the exclusive U.S. rights holder to the NFL Sunday Ticket sports package. It also exclusively carries the "DirecTV Experience '', which includes bonus coverage of men 's major golf tournaments and Grand Slam tennis tournaments, including live feeds not available on other networks such as CBS, NBC, ESPN, Golf Channel and Tennis Channel that cover the events. DirecTV was also the exclusive provider of defunct sports packages NASCAR Hot Pass and Mega March Madness.
Beginning in 2006, DirecTV began a series of commercials in which characters from popular movies and television shows break the fourth wall to tout the service 's picture quality and the number of channels available in high definition. Instead of using CGI the original actors normally reprise their roles on recreated sets, and resulting footage is mixed with the original scenes. The productions are recent and appeal to DirecTV 's "male - oriented marketing message. '' These characters include Captain Kirk (William Shatner, Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country), Bill Harding (Bill Paxton, Twister), The Economics Teacher (Ben Stein, Ferris Bueller 's Day Off), Dr. Emmett Brown (Christopher Lloyd, Back to the Future), Burton Guster (Dulé Hill, Psych), C.J. Parker (Pamela Anderson, Baywatch), Rick "Wild Thing '' Vaughn (Charlie Sheen, Major League), Beyoncé (Upgrade U music video), Nadia (Shannon Elizabeth, American Pie), Turtle (Jerry Ferrara, Entourage), Ellen Ripley (Sigourney Weaver, Aliens), Steve Freeling (Craig T. Nelson, Poltergeist), Annie Wilkes (Kathy Bates, Misery), Mini-Me (Verne Troyer, Austin Powers In Goldmember), The Girl in the Ferrari (Christie Brinkley, National Lampoon 's Vacation), Daisy Duke (Jessica Simpson, The Dukes of Hazzard), T - 1000 (Robert Patrick, Terminator 2: Judgment Day), Ann Darrow (Naomi Watts, King Kong), Hellboy (Ron Perlman, Hellboy), Richard Hayden (David Spade, Tommy Boy), The Black Eyed Peas (Meet Me Halfway music video), Christina Aguilera (Keeps Gettin ' Better music video) and Honey Hornee (Kim Basinger, Wayne 's World 2). Also in this series of commercials were Peyton Manning, Eli Manning, and Archie Manning promoting NFL Sunday Ticket, and Dale Earnhardt, Jr. promoting NASCAR Hot Pass. Cartoon characters have also been used in the ads, beginning with Scooby - Doo and the Mystery, Inc. gang. Recent commercials have also featured model Hannah Davis and a "talking '' horse.
DirecTV during that time also ran series of ads that takes shots at cable television 's service (or lack of service). Beginning in March 2010, they did a spoof of the classic game show To Tell The Truth with Alex Trebek hosting the show. The series of commercials both pays homage to the Goodson - Todman game show, and take shots at both cable and DirecTV 's archrival Dish Network, who later sued for false advertising. Another series of commercials, promoting the 2010 NFL Sunday Ticket package of all - football programming, featured neighbors committing uncivil acts to neighbors who watched the "wrong '' football team. One spot had a woman leaving a snack platter for a neighbor on which the food spelled out "DIRT BAG ''; another showed a dog trashing a neighbor 's property; yet another showed an on - duty policeman knocking on a DirecTV customer 's door, stunning him with a taser and leaving him passed out in his open doorway. In August 2011, Deion Sanders began appearing in DirecTV 's ads for NFL Sunday Ticket, urging people to switch from cable. These ads originally claimed NFL Sunday Ticket is now "free '' for new customers for one year with a subscription to their Premiere package and a two - year contract. In response, on August 4, 2011, Comcast sued DirecTV for false advertising. Comcast dropped the case on August 19, 2011 after DirecTV altered the ads to remove the word "free '', changing it to "at no extra charge ''.
The DirecTV blimp named "lefty '' was launched in October 2007 at the MLB World Series in Boston and has been seen all over the United States since its inception. The blimp flies mainly over live sporting events but has also been seen at other entertainment and charitable venues. This second generation A-170LS Video Lightsign Lightship features the state of the art video screen that displays full color video images day or night. This lightsign, the only one of its kind in the world, is used to display messaging and advertising for DirecTV. The blimp has been recently spotted on Twitter as followers track the journeys of the blimp from one event to another. The airship is owned and operated by The Lightship Group, an advertising company based in Orlando, FL.
DirecTV was awarded a J.D. Power award for residential cable and satellite TV customer satisfaction in 2007.
DirecTV 's customer service is provided by many third - party owned call centers both inside and outside the United States. Most of the call centers are contracted to provide agents to answer customer phone calls regarding programming, billing, or technical questions.
As of November 2012, DirecTV does not offer a 30 - day grace period for those who wish to try the service. "If you do not fulfill your Programming Agreements, DirecTV may charge a pro-rated fee of up to $480. ''
In August 2008, The Boston Globe reported that DirecTV received 20,000 complaints in less than three years to the Better Business Bureau on DirecTV slipping in cancellation fees.
In August 2010, the BBB reported that it had received 39,000 complaints against DirecTV in the previous 3 years, and the BBB gave it an F (failing) grade. Many of the complaints concerned DirecTV 's early termination fees, billing and service issues.
As of June 2013, the Better Business Bureau has no rating for DirecTV, though this may be related to problems internal to the BBB.
On December 14, 2009 the Washington Attorney General 's office filed a civil complaint against DirecTV seeking injunctive and other relief. The complaint was filed in the public interest when the Attorney General 's office determined after a one - year investigation by its Consumer Protection Division, that the company allegedly engaged in numerous repeated violations of the state 's Consumer Protection Act.
The complaint alleged unfair or deceptive practices which include, but are not limited to
The Attorney General 's Office asked the court to compel DirecTV to change its business practices, impose civil penalties and provide restitution for consumers.
The case was settled in December 2010, with DirecTV agreeing to pay over $1 million, and to correct many of its business practices. 47 other states joined in a similar suit, the settlement of which required the company to pay over $13 million.
In September 2008, consumers filed a class action lawsuit with the Los Angeles Superior Court to stop DirecTV 's practice of charging early cancellation penalties to subscribers. The lawsuit claims that DirecTV fails to disclose the penalty to new customers or to existing customers who replace their equipment or add a new receiver, and that these practices are unlawful. In September 2009, a motion for a preliminary injunction was filed to block the company from automatically removing the fees from customers ' bank accounts or charging their credit card accounts without their prior knowledge and written consent until the lawsuit is resolved.
In December 2005 the U.S. Federal Trade Commission imposed a $5.3 million penalty on DirecTV for its violations of federal telemarketing regulations. It was the largest civil penalty the FTC had ever announced in a case enforcing any consumer protection law.
On March 11, 2015, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission filed a lawsuit against DirecTV for deceptive advertising. The FTC claims the following:
More than 400,000 television service subscribers.
-- Still in operation, but no longer offers cable or Internet as part of its services
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when does the 5 year jump happen in pll | Pretty Little Liars (season 6) - Wikipedia
The sixth season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars, based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard, was renewed on June 10, 2014 for two additional seasons, making the show ABC Family 's longest running original series.
The sixth and seventh seasons will consist of 20 episodes each. It will begin airing 10 episodes for the first half the season, which began airing on June 2, 2015. Filming for the sixth season began on March 24, 2015, which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King on Twitter. The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and Lijah J. Barasz and was directed by Chad Lowe. The title of the premiere, "Game On, Charles '', was revealed by King after the fifth - season finale. It was previously said that the sixth season will not include a special holiday - themed episode between the first and second half of the season, which is set to air on January 12, 2016, however on October 9, 2015 at New York Comic Con it was announced that there would be a behind - the - scenes special. Previous holiday - themed episodes have been the thirteenth episode of each previous season excluding the first season.
ABC Family promoted the sixth season by creating an online contest in which fans of the show could be a part of the marketing campaign to promote the show by sending in their art for consideration. The promotional poster was released on May 21, 2015 which was included in the June / July cover of Seventeen. For the second part of the season, ABC Family released a promotional poster on December 15, 2015, with the new - launched name for the network, "Freeform ''.
After trying to escape the dollhouse in the season five finale, Charles punishes Emily, Hanna, Spencer, Aria, and Mona, subjecting them to various types of torture while Alison, Ezra, Caleb, and Toby try to find a way to help find the girls. Andrew becomes a suspect after being reported missing. Realizing what Charles is planning to do with Alison, the Liars hatch a plan to get out of the dollhouse by setting his vault on fire. The plan worked successfully, and the girls get out of the dollhouse where they are met by Alison, Ezra, Caleb, Toby, and the police. Andrew is arrested and accused of kidnapping the girls. However, the girls are far from okay, as they all suffer from PTSD from their time in captivity. Another girl, Sara Harvey, who went missing the same time Ali did, is found in the dollhouse, reportedly having been held there for two years. Unable to deal with her home life, she runs away and stays with Emily for a while. Meanwhile, Ali tries to get answers out of her dad about Charles DiLaurentis, but he insists there is no one of that name in their family; however, Jason remembers Charles as his imaginary friend when he was a kid. Later, Andrew is released from police custody because of lack of evidence, and the Liars realize that he is n't Charles after all.
After discovering a photo of Mrs. DiLaurentis with Jason and another boy, Alison and Jason found out that they had an older brother that was, in fact, Charles. Kenneth explains that Charles tried to hurt Alison when she was a kid; he was subsequently admitted to Radley for diagnosis, and he died when he was 16. The Liars then searched Radley for answers, discovering that there was another person who visited Charles in Radley: Alison 's great aunt Carol. Alison, Jason, Hanna, and Spencer later discover Charles ' grave in her backyard. Meanwhile, Mona later returns to Rosewood, heavily questioned by the police about her actions while her friendship with Lesli is strained because of her involvement with Mona 's actions. It is later revealed that Lesli was a former patient at Radley, and was roommates with Bethany Young, leading the girls to suspect that Lesli may be ' A '. Mona, however, tells them that Lesli is only pretending to be stable and that Charles faked his own death.
When the girls found out that Charles was coming to the DiLaurentis household (for his birthday), they plan on catching him as he is set to meet with Jason. However, the plan backfires when the police appeared. Rosewood High ultimately bans the girls from their prom and graduation after an incident at Aria 's photo gallery contest. Hanna discovers that the company who gave her a scholarship is affiliated with Radley (and Mr. DiLaurentis). She and Spencer decided to return the money to the company, where they meet Rhys Matthews, whom they later suspected to be Charles. The girls also became suspicious of Aria 's friend Clark, believing that he may be working for Charles when they saw him following Rhys into a warehouse. Despite being banned, the girls head over to the prom when they discover that Alison was meeting Charles there. Subsequently, Charles kidnaps Alison at the prom; the girls began searching for her, along with Ezra, Toby, Caleb, Sara, Mona, and Clark (who is revealed to be an undercover agent).
Working with Mona and Sara, the girls finally infiltrate A 's lair, where they discover a live feed of Alison coming face to face with Charles, who is revealed to be CeCe Drake. CeCe then begins to explain her story and motives, revealing that she was born as Charles, but was not accepted by her father for believing she was a girl. She was sent to Radley, where she eventually transitioned into Charlotte. She also explains what led to Mrs. Cavanaugh 's death at the hands of Bethany Young, her complicated relationship with Bethany and her subsequent death, the events regarding the night Alison disappeared, the deal she made with Mona, the events at the burning lodge, Wilden 's death, the events in New York, and their mother 's death. She explained that she did everything just to be closer to her family, and she became ' A ' when she thought that the Liars were happy about Alison 's ' death ', so she wanted to make them suffer for it but could n't stop the game because she grew obsessed with it. Cece also reveals that Sara is both the other Red Coat and The Black Widow, working under CeCe 's orders, leaving Emily distraught. CeCe heads for the roof to commit suicide (after her bomb attempt fails and Emily subdues Sara), but Alison and the girls convince her to stop, saying they now understand why she became ' A '. CeCe then surrenders and declares the game over. On Labor Day weekend, the girls say goodbye as they are leaving for college except for Alison who stays in Rosewood.
Five years later, as the girls have each pursued their own path and have started adjusting to a life without ' A ', they are once again called back to Rosewood when Alison asks for their help for her sister Charlotte to be released from the psychiatric hospital. While the girls agree to help, Aria is the only who tells the brutally honest truth: she is still scared of Charlotte and does n't want her released. Eventually, she is, only for her to be murdered the same night and then thrown from the church 's bell tower. At her funeral, the girls are stunned to see Sara show up and begin to question her sudden appearance.
Sara starts stalking Emily. It is later revealed that on the night ' A ' was revealed, after Emily punched Sara, Sara tried to stand up and put her hands on an electrical block, severely injuring her hands and making it difficult for her to touch or hold things. Eventually, a new ' A ' rises, sending threatening messages with creep emojis to the Liars, determined to get answers on the night Charlotte was murdered. Convinced that Sara is ' Uber A ', the girls search for answers. Ali reveals that she and Charlotte 's doctor, Elliott, are dating. Later they are married by Aria. The girls initially suspect Aria killed Charlotte. The suspicion shifts to Ezra and then Byron. Later, the suspicion shifts to Melissa when Spencer discovers Melissa 's suitcase is broken with the missing part matching the description of the alleged murder weapon. Emily eventually finds it and is nearly run over by a truck and the driver steals the weapon. To save Ezra from losing his book deal with Aria 's publishing company, she decides to write and submit some chapters for Ezra 's new book. She 's forced to tell him and they finish it together.
Emily is donating eggs to pay for school and loses her eggs when the clinic encounters a minor shutdown of its freezers; Aria gets burned by a fire caused by a malfunction at Hanna 's bridal shower; and Alison falls down a flight of stairs. The girls build a plan of attack, which offers Hanna as bait. After Ali sees what appears to be her dead mother and Detective Wilden, she starts to question her sanity and checks herself into the same hospital Charlotte attended. Spencer, Toby and Mona work together to catch Sara, but instead they find old medical records for a woman named Mary Drake, and she was the one who gave birth to Charles while a patient at the Radley (now a hotel managed by Ashley Marin) 25 years ago, the DiLaurentis family adopted Charles as she was unable to take care of him.
The girls ' plan is leave Hanna waiting for ' Uber A ' to arrive at Lost Woods Resort, while Aria and the boys are out hiding, but when Hanna goes missing they find out that ' Uber A ' used a secret passage and kidnapped her. Looking over footage from cameras outside, they all are shocked to see what looks to be Mrs. D, asking themselves how this is possible. At Alison 's house, "Wilden '' rips off his mask revealing himself to be Elliott, and Mary Drake, who is revealed to be Jessica 's twin, joins him. They succeeded in committing Alison, and with Ali hospitalized, he has her money and the house as her husband, which is their revenge for what happened to Charlotte, as he was in love with her and Mary always felt an attachment as her birth mother. She glances at a photograph of Charlotte and says it is what she would 've wanted. In the last scene, we see Hanna 's unconscious body being dragged by ' Uber A ' in the church 's bell tower.
Mr. DiLaurentis comes clean to Alison and Jason about the family 's connection to Charles DiLaurentis, revealing that Charles is actually their older brother who he and Jessica sent to Radley because of his troubled behavior, which led him to commit suicide at the age of sixteen. The Liars, Alison and Jason however, doubt that Charles is actually dead and goes to Radley to save Charles ' files from being shredded. They find his file and are able to make a connection between Charles and Alison 's deceased great - aunt Carol. When they arrive at Carol 's old house, they discover a grave marked ' Charles ' which they check is real. Meanwhile, Caleb 's protective nature starts to pinch Hanna and confronts him after finding out he put a tracking device on her car. Spencer 's PTSD worsens when she starts having flashbacks of waking up in her room in the dollhouse covered in blood with no memory of how it happened. She meets the new employer at the Brew, Sabrina, who takes medicinal drugs and, despite Ezra 's warning, Spencer asks Sabrina for pot for her sleeping issues. Aria meets Clark, a photographer who wants to work for National Geographic, while Emily 's mom begins to worry about Sara after finding her on the roof watching the sunset.
Mona returns to Rosewood and is heavily questioned by police about faking her death, in addition to being terrified of Alison. She and Hanna are confronted by Lesli Stone about Lesli 's involvement with Mona faking her death. Emily suggests to Sara about being emancipated from her family, which she manages and they celebrate by getting a tattoo. Alison and Lorenzo grow closer as she looks for support, but her dad disapproves. Spencer and Hanna break into Radley and discover Charles ' files. They meet Mona there, who reveals that Lesli was a patient at Radley and was roommates with Bethany Young. Lesli becomes enraged when she learns what Mona told the girls. Aria finds out that Clark snapped a photo of ' A '. She steals the picture, analyzes it and discovers that ' A ' is in fact a girl. After she texts the girls the news, Sara sees the text and admits to Emily of seeing a girl in a black hoodie before.
The Liars look for clues that Lesli is their hooded tormentor. Mr. DiLaurentis receives a card from Charles where he announced he is coming home for his birthday, which horrifies him. Sara begins her new job at Caleb 's web designer firm, and confides with him about being outside the Liars ' trust. Dean (Spencer 's old sobriety coach) helps Spencer with her valedictorian speech, and reveals that he has feelings for her. Hanna, determined to reveal Lesli, steals her car and takes her I.D., which she uses to break into the lab where Lesli works. While there, they discover that they have been implanted with microchips. Mona saves them from a raccoon, and campus police at the lab, and reveals that Bethany and Charles escaped from Radley, and Charles is alive. Meanwhile, Emily grows closer to Sara after Emily declines an offer from an old friend from her trip to Thailand, and the girls kiss.
After Charles has declared he is coming home for his birthday, Kenneth DiLaurentis wants to take Jason and Alison out of town; except Jason wants to stay to finally justify his childhood memories that he has of "Charlie ''. Spencer and Hanna see this as an opportunity to trap Charles and get the answers they 're looking for, while Aria and Emily want to keep him as far away from them as possible. Meanwhile, Mona and Mike 's relationship is on rocky terms as Mike believes she is shutting him out, and Hanna receives an undesirable surprise. Charles attacks Toby at an arcade and injures him and Lorenzo. Jason and Alison hear Charles asking Jason to come to the attic, and they run upstairs to see an old video playing of Jason, Alison, and Charles when they were younger. It shows Mrs. DiLaurentis calling Freddie, who is Charles, and it shows Freddie talking to Mrs. DiLaurentis. The video shows Freddie aka Charles blowing out candles at his birthday. Alison reads a note that says "I wanted to trust you '' which is from Charles. Jason and Alison are left haunted and confused by the video.
Determined to give the unexpected scholarship money back, Hanna is willing to risk losing her chance at going to her school of choice. Alison learns more about her brother which, in turn, finds it difficult to connect a murderer to the little boy she has seen in photos and her memories. Meanwhile, Rosewood High is considering not letting the Liars attend their senior prom due to high risk security issues. Charles and Red Coat are seen in a room, watching the gallery display and plotting to sabotage Aria 's work. They succeed, and humiliate Aria by displaying a gruesome picture of Aria, Emily, Spencer, and Hanna in the morgue while they were trapped in the dollhouse. Aria is devastated and finds comfort from Ezra. Meanwhile, Hanna and Spencer visit a man named Rhys Matthews to inquire Hanna 's scholarship money and are stunned to notice how similar Rhys is to Jason, as they believe Rhys to be Charles. The Liars, except Aria, follow Rhys to an abandoned dollhouse where they find him working with Clark. When they inform Aria about what they saw, she is disillusioned. Red Coat is seen eavesdropping on Ashley and Ella.
The Liars start to look at one of their own as questions arise regarding Charlotte 's murder. Aria quickly goes back to Boston, despite being told she should n't leave Rosewood quickly and that makes Alison uncomfortable, thinking she might be the suspect killer. Hanna is able to confront Aria about Charlotte 's murder, knowing Aria left the hotel with Ezra for an hour during the time Charlotte was killed. When confronted by her friends, Aria reveals she could n't sleep so she wanted to talk to Ezra and the two went outside; on the time she departed with Ezra, she and Ezra saw Charlotte enter the church before being killed. Knowing what happened, Hanna decides to erase The Radley 's security footage that shows Aria leaving the hotel with Ezra and arriving after Charlotte 's time of death. Spencer finds out that Charlotte was killed in a copycat manner off a murder she wrote an essay about in college. Emily, on the other hand, continues to lie about her life in California and still struggles with her father 's death, while Alison keeps a close eye on her friends by thinking they have something to do with her sister 's death.
To save her mother 's job, Hanna comes up with an alibi with the help of her old high school friend, Lucas. Aria sends the first two chapters of Ezra 's new book to her boss without telling him. When she gets a positive response, she decides to start writing the rest of Ezra 's book and pass it off as his own. Spencer reveals to Hanna that she has feelings for Caleb. Pam finds out the truth about Emily 's school and work. Hanna sees Emily taking medicine and, after asking her, Emily comes clean, revealing that she 's broke and is selling her eggs for money. It is revealed that the night ' A ' was revealed, after Emily punched Sara, Sara tried to stand up and put her hands on an electrical block, severely injuring her hands and making it difficult for her to walk. Meanwhile, Melissa receives a message about a tape, and she begins to fear that the tape she sent Spencer talking about what happened to Bethany Young may have gotten into the wrong hands. As Spencer thinks the tape is The Radley 's security footage the girls confront Ezra, but he refuses to talk. Spencer returns home and Caleb comforts her, revealing their feelings as they kiss. The Liars begin to receive threatening messages from the new stalker.
Hanna comes clean about The Radley security footage. Ashley tells Hanna that all of The Radley 's security footage is backed up by a hardware security drive at a place called The Farm and the police will find out sooner or later that Aria left the hotel. Hanna tells Jordan, who forgives her and enlists the help of a lawyer. When arriving at the police station, Lorenzo tells them that The Farm lost the backup security footage and it is shown that Ashley stole the footage. When the murder weapon is revealed to be a nine iron, Aria, with Emily 's help, tries to find out if Ezra is guilty. Unable to get into Ezra 's loft as he is out of town, Aria breaks in. In the loft, she finds Ezra 's nine iron is n't missing, but then she hears a voicemail coming in from her dad and worries that Byron might have had something to do with Charlotte 's murder. Later, Aria checks Byron 's car to see his golf clubs and its nine iron is missing. Spencer meets Toby 's new girlfriend, Yvonne, who is the daughter of Veronica 's campaign rival.
Byron tells Aria that he and Ella are engaged, and Ella tells Aria that they were together the night Charlotte was murdered. Spencer has a lunch meeting for her mother 's campaign team, but Yvonne shows up instead. Hanna and Caleb devise a plan to recreate the backup hard drive and plant it in a garbage bin, making it look like they have given up the security footage. Meanwhile, Emily has the surgery to remove some of her eggs and donates them. Sara visits Alison at school, making Alison realize that Sara and Charlotte were closer than she thought. Team Sparia reunites to find evidence that Sara Harvey is behind the new threats by breaking into her hotel room. while there, they discover Sara is staying in what was Charlotte 's Radley room. Aria goes investigating into the closet and when she does n't return, Spencer goes after her and discovers a hole in the wall with a ladder leading down into darkness.
Spencer is worried that her mother is keeping secrets from her, regarding her health which could jeopardize her campaign. Aria admits to Liam the truth about Ezra 's new book after she confirms his suspicions. Ali explains to Spencer that she and Elliott are more than just friends and Mona shows where her allegiances lies. Meanwhile, Caleb, Spencer, and Hanna deal with the repercussions of their new relationships. Emily suspects the new stalker had something to do with her missing eggs as the clinic encountered a minor shutdown of its freezers. Detective Tanner suspects the girls were somehow involved in Charlotte 's death. Hanna, Emily and Aria investigate the mysterious alleyway to which the ladder in Sara 's room leads to and uncover a secret passage that leads to somewhere out the back of the hotel which they suspect is how Sara has been getting in and out of the hotel unseen. Spencer discovers that Melissa 's suitcase is broken with the missing part matching the description of the alleged murder weapon.
Aria tells Ezra the truth about his book, which he forgives her for. Ella enlists Hanna to style the wedding, and Hanna begins to wonder about where she and Jordan are in their relationship. Spencer convinces Veronica to come out about her prognosis, but a media leak concerning Yvonne threatens the Hasting 's campaign. The IP is traced back to Spencer but Caleb takes the blame. Hanna relates how she had met Melissa in London years prior and how Melissa had been upset with Charlotte. Emily visits a closed - up diner and discovers the missing part from Melissa 's suitcase, and is nearly run over by a car that steals the weapon. Ella and Byron are married by Aria, and later is asked by Ali and Elliott to marry them as well.
Infuriated by the continual harassment, Hanna builds a plan to come face -- to -- face with the stalker as the rest of the group agrees on it. Emily and Spencer investigate Mona 's involvement as well as Sara 's plans regarding Radley. Aria and Ezra continue writing the book though it is more difficult than anticipated and Aria is forced to tell Ezra about Uber A so he can help in Hanna 's plan. After an accident, Ali is placed in a hospital and receives a visit from her mother in what she believes is a dream. Her mother tells her that Elliott is a good man and loves her very much.
In a desperate attempt to discover Uber A 's true identity, the Liars agree over Hanna 's risky plan to go as a bait. Spencer and Toby work together to catch Sara Harvey and together, followed by Mona, they find a shocking discovery. Ezra gets comforted by Aria as he finishes the last chapter of his book about Nicole and the two also show their feelings to one another. While Caleb works to protect Hanna, they reflect on what could have been but at the end Hanna is captured by the stalker. After the "hallucinations '' she has experienced, Ali decides to enter a psychiatric hold, as she questions her sanity. Elliott and Mrs. DiLaurentis 's twin sister, Mary, are pictured, as Elliott takes off a mask that makes him look like Detective Wilden. It is revealed that Charlotte and Elliott were in a relationship, and that Charlotte was in fact Mary 's daughter, and Ali 's cousin.
The show was renewed for a sixth and seventh season on June 10, 2014, right before the season five premiere aired, making Pretty Little Liars ABC Family 's longest running original series. The sixth and the seventh season will consist of 20 episodes each. Filming for season 6 began on March 24, 2015. It aired 10 episodes for the first half the season, which began airing on June 2, 2015. The table read for the premiere occurred on March 23, 2015, King began writing the mid-season finale, the "summer finale '', which was titled "Game Over, Charles '', on May 12, 2015.
Unlike previous seasons, the sixth season will not include a special holiday - themed episode between the first and second half of the season, just like the first season. Previous holiday - themed episodes have been the thirteenth episode of each previous season excluding the first. The second half of the season will feature a new intro, after using the same intro in the previous seasons, and will feature the characters after the five - year time jump.
Janel Parrish confirmed in an interview that she would be returning to the sixth season as a series regular after her character, Mona Vanderwaal, was supposedly killed in the mid-season finale of season 5. In the fifth - season finale, it was revealed that Mona was alive and had been held prisoner in ' A 's dollhouse. Rumer Willis was announced to be returning to the show as Zoe, Emily 's coach when she was in Haiti building houses. Rebecca Breeds however, playing another friend of Emily from Haiti named Nicole, replaced Willis ' character. It was announced on March 25, 2015, that Project Runway alum Dre Davis was cast as Kimberly Brown. However, it was revealed that Davis will instead be playing Sara Harvey, a girl who went missing the same time as Alison. It was announced on April 21, 2015, that Troian Bellisario 's real life best friend Lulu Brud Zsebe would appear on the show as Sabrina, which Bellisario commented "It 's a pinch me I 'm dreaming scenario. ''
On April 24, 2015, it was announced that actor Titus Makin Jr. had joined the cast, as his audition playing Lorenzo was leaked, however on May 27, 2015, it was announced that Travis Winfrey will be the one playing Lorenzo, who will be a cop assigned to watch over Alison and also her new love interest. On May 28, 2015, Titus revealed on Twitter that he is going to play Clark Wilkins.
For the second half of the season, several castings was announced, and will appear after the five - year time jump. On June 24, 2015, it was announced that two male recurring characters will be introduced in the second half of the season. The description of the characters was a sophisticated - yet - approachable 27 - year - old working in the fashion industry named Jordan, and Liam, a 24 - year - old editorial assistant from Boston. It was later announced that Roberto Aguire was cast as Liam Greene, Aria 's new boyfriend, and that Australian actor David Coussins will recur as Jordan, Hanna 's fiancé. On July 21, 2015, it was announced that one more recurring character will be introduced, the smart and sleek Yvonne, a politician 's daughter who will cause some major drama for one of the Liars. It was later announced that Kara Royster will play Yvonne Phillips, Toby 's new love interest, first appearing in the fourteenth episode. It was reported by TVLine on June 23, 2015, that Blake Berris will appear in one episode in the second half of the season. Kara Royster was cast as Yvonne, a friend of the character Toby. She will play a recurring role and will appear in three episodes starting with the 14th episode.
Executive producer Oliver Goldstick revealed in an interview that the first half of the sixth season would contain 10 episodes instead of 12, like the previous seasons, and would deal almost exclusively with the mystery of Charles DiLaurentis and every unanswered "A '' mystery question since the start of the show. King said that "This is our chance to finally end this great and wonderful story. '' In an interview I. Marlene King said that the sixth season will deal with the mystery of Charles DiLaurentis and the "A '' mystery. She confirmed that a time jump to after college will be included, and will happen after the first ten episodes. King also confirmed that the sixth season will include the liars graduating from high school.
In an interview with Entertainment Online, King said that the sixth season "is about answers and closure for all of them. It is an ending to the story that we started so long ago, but it 's a very fast - paced ending to the story. '' As a regard to the first 10 episodes of the season, executive producer Joseph Dougherty said that they "are going to be like nothing that 's ever happened before on this series. It 's an incredible amount of information in every episode, but if we 've done the job completely right, you should be able to figure the mystery out just before you find out. ''
ABC Family promoted the sixth season by creating an online contest in which fans of the show could be a part of the marketing campaign to promote the show by sending in their art for consideration. After the fifth - season finale, fans could send their art to a website, where they would be given a chance to be used in ABC Family 's summer ad and campaign. More than 3,100 submissions was sent in, and the winner was picked out and was included in the cover of Seventeen on May 21, 2015. ABC Family promoted the season by calling it "Summer of Answers ''. For the second part of the season, ABC Family released a promotional poster on December 15, 2015, with the new - launched name for the network, "Freeform ''.
On July 18, 2015, a handful of information regarding the mid-season finale including the reveal of ' A ' was allegedly leaked on Reddit. The person behind the account claimed to have been fired after being a PA at the set of Pretty Little Liars after failing a drug test, and could therefore reveal information about the show. Showrunner I. Marlene King took to Instagram, where she posted a picture and reassured the audience that the claims were false and that the identity of ' A ' had not been leaked. ABC Family responded to the leaks, stating, "All of the info on the site is false. No crew member was fired from PLL and we believe it is just a fan spreading incorrect information to rile up the fan base. ''
The sixth season was met with positive reviews from critics. The season premiere was down from the previous premiere and down from the season five finale, with a 1.1 at the target 18 -- 49 demographic and 2.38 total viewers, making it the least watched season premiere in the show 's history.
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what network is t mobile on in the usa | T - Mobile US - wikipedia
T - Mobile US, Inc., commonly shortened to T - Mobile, is a United States - based wireless network operator whose majority shareholder is the German telecommunications company Deutsche Telekom (DT). Its headquarters are located in Bellevue, Washington, in the Seattle metropolitan area. T - Mobile is the third largest wireless carrier in the United States with 75.6 million customers as of Q2 2018.
T - Mobile US provides wireless voice and data services in the United States, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands under the T - Mobile and MetroPCS brands (which it acquired in a reverse takeover in 2013, resulting in the company going public on the NASDAQ stock exchange), and also serves as the host network for many mobile virtual network operators. The company has annual revenues of over $40 billion. In 2015, Consumer Reports named T - Mobile the number one American wireless carrier. In 2017, T - Mobile was ranked # 1 in Customer Service Satisfaction by Nielsen.
T - Mobile US traces its roots to the 1994 establishment of VoiceStream Wireless PCS as a subsidiary of Western Wireless Corporation. Spun off from parent Western Wireless on May 3, 1999, VoiceStream Wireless was purchased by Deutsche Telekom AG in 2001 for $35 billion and renamed T - Mobile USA, Inc. in July, 2002. In 2013, T - Mobile and MetroPCS finalized a merger of the two companies. The two companies began trading as T - Mobile US.
VoiceStream Wireless PCS was established in 1994 as a subsidiary of Western Wireless Corporation to provide digital wireless personal communications services (PCS) in 19 FCC - defined metropolitan service areas in several western and southwestern states. VoiceStream Wireless ' digital, urban service areas complemented the analog, rural service areas marketed by Western Wireless under the Cellular One brand.
Western Wireless spun off its VoiceStream Wireless division into a new company called VoiceStream Wireless Corporation in May 1999.
In 2000, VoiceStream Wireless acquired two regional GSM carriers. Omnipoint Corporation, a regional network operator in the Northeastern U.S., was acquired on February 25, 2000. Aerial Communications Inc.; a regional network operator in the Columbus, Houston, Kansas City, Minneapolis - St. Paul, Pittsburgh, and Tampa - St. Petersburg - Orlando markets; was acquired on May 4, 2000. The combined company retired the Omnipoint and Aerial brands and completed integrating the three companies by converting to a single customer billing platform, implementing standard business practices and launching the VoiceStream brand and "GET MORE '' marketing strategy in all markets.
On June 1, 2001, Deutsche Telekom (DT) completed the acquisition of VoiceStream Wireless Inc. for $35 billion and Southern U.S. regional GSM network operator Powertel, Inc. for $24 billion. By the end of 2001, VoiceStream Wireless had 19,000 employees serving 7 million subscribers.
On September 2, 2001, VoiceStream Wireless Inc. took the name, T - Mobile USA, Inc. and began rolling out the T - Mobile brand, starting with locations in California and Nevada. T - Mobile USA, Inc. was an operating entity of T - Mobile International AG, before becoming a direct subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom AG.
On September 17, 2007, the company announced the acquisition of SunCom Wireless Holdings, Inc. for $2.4 billion; the acquisition closed on February 22, 2008. By September 8, 2008, SunCom 's operations were integrated with those of the company. The acquisition added SunCom 's 1.1 million customers to the company 's customer base and expanded the company 's network coverage to include southern Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, eastern Tennessee, northeastern Georgia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
On March 20, 2011, DT accepted a $39 billion stock and cash purchase offer from AT&T for the company. The acquisition was subject to regulatory approvals, a reverse breakup fee in certain circumstances, and customary regulatory and closing conditions.
If the merger had been completed, AT&T Mobility would have had a customer base of approximately 130 million users, making it the largest wireless carrier in the U.S.
On August 31, 2011, the United States Department of Justice sued to block AT&T 's merger with T - Mobile on the grounds that it would "substantially lessen competition '' in the wireless market. Further reports indicated that the FCC would likely oppose the merger.
On December 19, 2011, in the face of this heavy resistance from the U.S. government, AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson announced that the company had officially withdrawn its $39 billion bid. In an official statement, Stephenson addressed the continuing spectrum shortage (due to a significant increase in wireless demand), hinting that the company will continue to seek other options to solve the shortage in the short term.
On October 3, 2012, MetroPCS Communications reached an agreement to merge with T - Mobile USA. MetroPCS shareholders would hold a 26 % stake in the merged company, which retained the T - Mobile brand. While the merged company was still the fourth largest carrier in the United States (at the time), the acquisition gave T - Mobile access to more spectrum and financial resources to maintain competitiveness and expand its LTE network. The merger between T - Mobile USA Inc. and MetroPCS was officially approved by MetroPCS shareholders on April 24, 2013. The deal was structured as a reverse takeover; the combined company went public on the New York Stock Exchange as TMUS and became known as T - Mobile US, Inc., on May 1, 2013. The merger agreement gave Deutsche Telekom the option to sell its 72 % stake in the merged company, valued at around $14.2 billion, to a third party before the end of the 18 - month lock - up period.
In March 2013, T - Mobile introduced a major overhaul of its plan structure, marketed by branding themselves as being "the Un-carrier ''. Among the changes, a new contract - free pricing structure with simpler plans were introduced, in which a phone 's cost is paid over a two - year financing plan. The "Un-carrier '' strategy has since been expanded to encompass other value - added services, such as a plan add - on allowing phone trade - ins for early upgrades twice per year, carrying over unused data allotments for up to a year, and zero - rating of selected music and video services (the latter locked to "DVD quality '') over the mobile network, These moves came as part of an effort under new CEO John Legere to help revitalize the business as it improves its network quality.
Though this system is said to improve network quality, issues surrounding net neutrality infringement have been brought up. The type of zero - rating that is offered by T - Mobile allows it to charge higher rates to third - parties, meaning that ISP can prioritize the company that was able to pay the higher premium. This makes it more difficult for smaller third - parties who are unable to compete with the high premium charged by the ISP.
On June 28, 2013, T - Mobile agreed to buy wireless spectrum for the Mississippi Valley region from competitor U.S. Cellular for around $308 million, allowing the company to expand its 4G network across a further 29 markets.
On January 6, 2014, T - Mobile signed agreements with Verizon Wireless to purchase some 700 MHz A-Block spectrum licenses for $2.365 billion. Further, a transfer of some AWS and PCS spectrum licenses with a value of $950 million has been agreed upon by T - Mobile and Verizon. The acquisition reportedly gave T - Mobile additional coverage for approximately 158 million people in 9 of the top 10 and 21 of the top 30 U.S. markets.
In December 2013, multiple reports indicated that Sprint Corporation and its parent company Softbank were working towards a deal to acquire a majority stake in T - Mobile for at least US $20 billion. The proposed merger, which would result in the country 's major national carriers being controlled by only three companies, would further bolster T - Mobile 's position in the overall market. Members of the government were skeptical that such an acquisition would be approved by regulators, citing antitrust concerns and an explicit goal by FCC chairman Tom Wheeler to maintain four national carriers in the United States. On April 30, 2014, Bloomberg reported that Sprint was in talks with its lenders to ensure that the company would be financially prepared for the bid, now valued at $24 billion and planned for "summer 2014 ''. It was also reported that due to his success within the company, current T - Mobile CEO John Legere was the top contender to be named CEO of a merged Sprint / T - Mobile, and that Sprint had insisted on a low termination fee to prevent regulators from being given an incentive to block the deal, as had occurred with AT&T 's failed attempt to purchase T - Mobile.
On August 1, 2014, Xavier Niel 's Iliad SA publicly announced a US $16 billion all - cash counter-bid to acquire a 56 % stake in T - Mobile US, which would be funded using equity and debt. Iliad is the parent company of French carrier Free Mobile, which had -- similarly to T - Mobile, performed disruptive business moves to undercut its competitors, triggering a "price war '' among them upon its launch in 2012. Credit Suisse analysts felt that the bid would not be "attractive '' to the company 's current shareholders due to its lower value in comparison to Sprint 's bid, but could "put pressure on Sprint to move sooner rather (than) later. ''
On August 4, 2014, Bloomberg reported that Sprint had abandoned its bid to acquire T - Mobile, considering the unlikelihood that such a deal would be approved by the U.S. government and its regulators.
On February 17, 2017, it was reported by Reuters that Softbank was considering selling its majority stake in Sprint to Deutsche Telekom (an effective reversal of the original deal), citing struggling growth in the U.S. market, and a higher likelihood that the deal would be approved by the Trump administration. However, after months of speculation and rumors about a potential deal being reached, both T - Mobile and Sprint announced on November 4, 2017 that while they have had discussions about a merger, they have both decided to end talks about any mergers with each other due to not being able to agree on the terms of the combined deal, due to Softbank 's board of directors reported vote on October 27 where they decided not to give up control of Sprint.
Sprint and T - Mobile once again resumed talks of a merger in April 2018 and announced a merger agreement on the 29th, the merged company to form "New T - Mobile. '' On June 18, 2018, Sprint and T - Mobile filed documents with the FCC which essentially opens the transaction for public commentary and will set the stage for the agency to either issue a red or green light on the merger. FCC docket 18 - 197 will be the official home for documents relating to the proposed merger. The FCC granted the companies request to withhold "competitively sensitive information '' from the proceeding, which was filed in a separate filing.
On December 13, 2017, T - Mobile US announced its intent to acquire the IPTV provider Layer3 TV, which operates in Chicago and Washington, as the basis of its own subscription television service planned to launch in 2018. On January 23, 2018, T - Mobile completed its purchase of Denver - based Layer3 TV and it will take awhile for the service to become active. T - Mobile 's TV Service will target mobile devices as Layer3 targets home users who watch TV on high - definition screens. The service will be offered to both AT&T and Verizon customers. According to the FAQ page for the upcoming TV it states that the "disruptive '' service wo n't force users to pay for channels they do n't want.
The company owns licenses to operate a cellular communications network in the 1900 MHz (PCS) and 1700 MHz (AWS) bands with coverage in many parts of the continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as licenses in the 700 MHz band (block A mostly) available in certain parts of the country. In 2017 T - Mobile also acquired a nationwide 600 MHz license. It expects to deploy this spectrum over the next few years as it is vacated by television stations across the country in stages. With respect to technology, depending on the location, in the 1900 MHz band it deploys GSM, UMTS / HSPA+, and / or LTE (Band 2); in the 1700 MHz band it deploys UMTS / HSPA+ and / or LTE (B4 and B66); and LTE - only in the 700 MHz (B12) and 600 MHz (B71) bands. Its LTE network also supports VoLTE. It provides coverage in areas where it does not own radio frequency spectrum licenses via roaming agreements with other operators of compatible networks.
The company 's predecessor, VoiceStream Wireless, began building a regional, 2G, 1900 MHz GSM, circuit switched, digital cellular network in 1994 and first offered service in 1996 in Honolulu and Salt Lake City. From that starting point, the network has expanded in size through acquisitions of other cellular - network operators and additional spectrum purchases. The network has also expanded in capabilities through the introduction of new technologies. VoiceStream upgraded the 1900 MHz network to include packet switching via General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), then increased packet switched data transmission speeds via Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution. In 2006, the company spent $4.2 billion to purchase 120 D, E or F block 1700 MHz AWS licenses and began rolling out 3G UMTS services in those frequency bands. The company upgraded network equipment and back - haul capabilities to enable HSPA (High Speed Packet Access), and later HSPA+ and LTE services.
Packet - switched data service first became available to users in the form of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Packet - switched data speeds increased when Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) was incorporated into the network. EDGE coverage was available within at least forty percent of the GSM footprint.
Both voice capacity and packet - switched data speeds improved when 3G Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) equipment was installed in the network. On January 5, 2010, the company announced that it had upgraded its entire 3G network to HSPA 7.2 Mbit / s, an improvement from its previous peak of 3.6 Mbit / s. It also said that it planned to be the first U.S. carrier to deploy HSPA+ across its network by mid-2010. The company had finished HSPA+ trials in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and had begun deploying HSPA+ across its network.
In September 2006, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) auctioned licenses in the first Advanced Wireless Services band. This band was an area of wireless spectrum, half in the 1700 MHz (1.7 GHz) and half in the 2100 MHz (2.1 GHz) frequencies, that was already in use by government services. The spectrum was planned to become available after the government users migrated to different frequencies.
The auction made numerous licenses available in overlapping market - areas, economic - areas, and regional levels. Each license was individually bid upon, and T - Mobile USA was the winner in 120 license auctions, at an aggregate price of $4.18 billion. As part of its winnings, T - Mobile USA gained nationwide coverage of 1.7 GHz and 2.1 GHz, with numerous areas being supplemented with additional licenses. Examples include New York City, Chicago, and Boston where T - Mobile USA acquired one - third (33 percent) of the available spectrum, or San Francisco, Houston, and Miami where they acquired 45 percent of the available spectrum.
October 6, 2006, two weeks after confirming its winning bids, the company announced its intentions to create a UMTS third - generation, or 3G, cellular network with the spectrum it had won. It said it would utilize and build on the experience of T - Mobile International 's European subsidiaries, which already implemented 3G networks. At the time of initial roll - out, the company intended to offer 7.2 Mbit / s service, making the company 's 3G network the fastest in the U.S. The upgrade was forecast to cost $2.6 billion, in addition to the $4.12 billion spent to acquire the spectrum licenses.
In the same announcement, the company indicated it had already begun to deploy about half of the upgraded equipment, beginning in major markets such as New York City. With the equipment in place, it would be able to activate its network as soon as the government agencies vacated the spectrum. The company had hoped to have its network activated by mid-2007, but as of September 2007, the government users had not vacated the AWS band.
The company began selling its first 3G - capable phone, the Nokia 6263, in November 2007 and announced in February 2008 that its 3G network would finally be activated "within the next few months ''. and released in the New York City market on May 1, 2008.
By 2009, the company had launched its 3G network in more than 200 markets, covering some 208 million points of presence (POPS). Throughout 2015, T - Mobile began refarming UMTS / HSPA services from the original AWS band to their PCS band to expand bandwidth available for LTE. This rendered a select number of T - Mobile 3G devices inoperable on the 3G network.
On June 28, 2010, the company announced that it would begin to upgrade its network from HSPA+ 21 to HSPA+ 42 beginning sometime in 2011. T - Mobile marketed HSPA+ services as 4G.
On February 23, 2012, during the Q4 Earnings Call, T - Mobile laid out the future of their 4G upgrade path. They would roll out the LTE network on the AWS spectrum, and transition their HSPA+ network to the PCS band. To achieve compatibility with other networks and phones in the USA, T - Mobile began this transition in March 2013, and the rollout of LTE is currently underway as T - Mobile expands to more markets. Due to the failed acquisition of T - Mobile USA by AT&T, T - Mobile USA received additional UMTS frequency band IV (AWS) spectrum. On March 26, 2013, T - Mobile began rolling out LTE in 7 markets: Baltimore, San Jose, Washington, D.C., Phoenix, Las Vegas, Kansas City, and Houston.
On August 21, 2012, the FCC approved a deal between T - Mobile and Verizon in which T - Mobile gained additional AWS spectrum licenses in 125 Cellular Market Areas.
On February 25, 2014, T - Mobile announced in their Q4 2013 earnings call that their 4G LTE network covered 209 million people in 273 metro areas. They also planned to start rolling out their 700 MHz A-Block spectrum by the end of 2014, which by the end of the rollout would cover 158 million people. This spectrum led to improved LTE coverage overall in these areas, particularly indoors.
On March 13, 2014, T - Mobile announced a new plan to upgrade its entire 2G / EDGE network to 4G LTE. They expected 50 % to be done by the end of 2014, and it to be "substantially complete '' by the middle of 2015.
On December 16, 2014, T - Mobile announced during CEO John Legere 's Un-carrier 8.0 interview that their 4G LTE network covered 260 million people and their 700 MHz Band 12 LTE had been rolled out in Cleveland, Colorado Springs, Minneapolis, and Washington, D.C. They expected to cover 280 million with LTE by mid-2015 and 300 million by the end of 2015. They also stated that they covered 121 metro areas with their Wideband LTE.
On October 27, 2015, T - Mobile announced in its Q3 2015 earnings call that they covered over 300 million people with LTE, reaching their 2015 end of year goal months ahead of schedule. They had 245 markets with Wideband (at least 15 + 15 MHz) LTE. They also had 204 markets with Extended Range 700 MHz Band 12 LTE covering around 175 million people. Their coverage map revealed that they now had new native LTE coverage in Montana, the Dakotas, Eastern West Virginia, and Northern Michigan.
On May 25, 2016, T - Mobile announced that it will be purchasing the 700Mhz A-block license (LTE band 12) for the Chicago metro area. When this transaction closes, together with several other pending 700Mhz license acquisitions, T - Mobile expects to possess 700Mhz licenses covering a total of 272 million people, or 84 % of the US population -- including 10 of the top 10 largest US metro areas. T - Mobile refers to its 700Mhz low - band network as ' Extended - range LTE ' and claims it penetrates buildings and reaches out farther than its PCS and AWS only network. In September 2016, T - Mobile launched 4x4 MIMO and 3 channel carrier aggregation allowing theoretical speeds of 400 Mbit / s, and also announced that the company 's LTE network reaches over 312 million potential subscribers.
In early 2017, T - Mobile purchased 45 % of available 600MHz spectrum in the US, covering 100 % geographically of the US. They started rollout of LTE on this band on August 15th, 2017.
As of June 6, 2018, the 600MHz network reaches 900 cities and towns.
In 2018 T - Mobile has stated they will not discontinue rollout and upgrades of LTE in favor of 5G. Instead, they will continue to grow and support their LTE network to work simultaneously with 5G.
As of August 1, 2018, LTE now covers 323 million people.
On February 26, 2018, T - Mobile announced it would roll out 5G to 30 cities by the end of 2018, with compatible handsets delivering early 2019. They also stated their 5G network will be able to work simultaneously with their 4G LTE network, delivering faster speeds and broader range.
On June 25, 2018, T - Mobile and Nokia completed their first bi-directional 5G NR transmission in the 28GHz frequency compliant with 3GPP 5G New Radio (NR) standards, showing a big step forward to building a nationwide 5G Network.
On Jul 30, 2018, T - Mobile and Nokia announced a $3.5 Billion contract to build out a nationwide 5G network that will be compliant with 3GPP 5G New Radio (NR) standards. The network will use the 600MHz and 28GHz frequency bands.
T - Mobile has roaming arrangements with a number of national and regional mobile network operators, including AT&T Mobility.
As of 2008, prepaid customers have almost all of the postpaid domestic roaming privileges and restricted international roaming to Canada and Mexico.
In 2009, T - Mobile USA began removing AT&T Mobility roaming coverage in many locations across the country, and updated its on - line coverage maps to reflect the smaller coverage area. AT&T Mobility roaming remains available in select locations, primarily on smaller carriers that were acquired by AT&T Mobility after long - term roaming contracts were in place between T - Mobile and the smaller carriers, including Centennial Wireless and Edge Wireless.
On June 29, 2010, the company launched voice service in the Gulf of Mexico on GSM via roaming agreement through Broadpoint. T - Mobile USA was scheduled to launch data service in Fall 2010. Also in 2010, T - Mobile US became a member of the FreeMove alliance.
On October 9, 2013, T - Mobile announced Simple Global, a service included with eligible Simple Choice plans. This service allows one to roam in over 100 countries with unlimited text and speed - limited data, and make calls at $0.20 / minute. High - speed data passes will be available for purchase. On March 7, 2014, T - Mobile announced this number will be increasing to 122 countries. If one is connected to WiFi in one of these countries, and their phone supports WiFi calling, all calls and texts to and from the USA are free, and work the same as if they were on the cellular network.
On July 15, 2015, T - Mobile launched Mobile Without Borders, a service included with all new T - Mobile plans and available as an add - on to grandfathered or promotional plans for $10. This service allows the user to use their normal voice, text message, and data allotments while roaming in Mexico and Canada. Most T - Mobile services are available while roaming, with the notable exception of using the data in one 's Data Stash.
In August 2015, T - Mobile joined the Competitive Carriers Association 's Data Services Hub, enabling the company to expand roaming partnerships with over a dozen rural and regional carriers. Smaller carriers will now be able to access T - Mobile 's LTE network for roaming and T - Mobile will be able to expand roaming partnerships and extend its footprint with members whose network technologies had previously been incompatible.
In October 2017, T - Mobile announced that starting November 12, 2017, LTE - speeds will be limited at 5 GB (with speeds going at speeds at 128 KB / s or 256 KB / s on some plans) while data roaming in Canada and Mexico still remains unlimited. However, calling and texting in these countries still remain free from roaming charges. T - Mobile also announced a partnership with US Cellular in California, Iowa, Washington, and Wisconsin to expand 4G LTE coverage. Compatible device required.
The following chart describes radio frequency spectrum bands accessible by the company 's customers.
T - Mobile has used the term "Hotspot '' to represent various products and technologies.
The company operates a nationwide Wi - Fi Internet access network under the T - Mobile HotSpots brand. The T - Mobile HotSpots network consists of thousands of Wi - Fi access points installed in businesses, hotels, and airports throughout the U.S.
The T - Mobile HotSpot service offers access to a nationwide network of approximately 8,350 access points, installed in venues such as Starbucks coffeehouses, FedEx Office Office and Print Centers, Hyatt hotels and resorts, Red Roof Inns, Sofitel hotels, Novotel hotels, the airline clubs of American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines and US Airways, and airports.
The T - Mobile HotSpots network can be traced to the company 's 2002 purchase of bankrupt wireless ISP MobileStar, which began building its network in 1998. After completing the purchase, the company expanded the network into 400 Borders bookstores, as well as 100 of the most - frequented airport clubs and lounges operated by American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and United Airlines.
On September 14, 2014, T - Mobile partnered up with GoGo to provide free texting on airplanes for its customers. GoGo services are provided on Delta Airlines, American Airlines, United Airlines, US Airways, Virgin America and Alaska Airlines.
On June 6, 2016, T - Mobile expanded its partnership with GoGo to offer T - Mobile users one hour of free WiFi on customers phones while T - Mobile One Plus and One Plus International users also get free WiFi throughout the entire flight. T - Mobile also included other messaging apps (iMessage, Google Hangouts, WhatsApp and Viber) in addition to SMS texting being provided since September 2014.
T - Mobile has also used the term to describe Wi - Fi Access Points that it sold to end users to expand their cell phone network to phones equipped to also receive Wi - Fi using a VOIP - like technology. (The models included at least two by Linksys: the WRTU54G - TM and the WRT54G - TM and one by D - Link: the TM - G5240.)
In August 2016, T - Mobile introduced T - Mobile ONE. It will be the only rate plan offered in the future, with plans to gradually phase out Simple Choice. It combines unlimited voice minutes, text messaging, and high - speed data (the top 1 % of users -- currently 50 GB / month -- may be deprioritized under congested conditions), replacing Binge On, Music Freedom, and Data Stash. Video streaming is limited to 1.5 Mbit / s, allowing 480p resolution in most cases, and mobile hotspot (tethering) is limited to 3G speeds. The $10 / line / month ONE Plus add - on allows HD streaming and adds 10 GB of mobile hotspot at 4G LTE speeds; the $25 / line / month ONE Plus International additionally provides international calling and texting and unlimited mobile hotspot at 4G LTE speeds. Subscribers who do not enable auto - pay are charged a $5 / line / month fee; otherwise, as of January 22, 2017, all taxes and regulatory fees are included in the plan cost. The plan has been criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation and others for potentially violating net neutrality rules and making previously - included features paid extras. Subscribers on Simple Choice can keep their current plans.
In response to Verizon launching their new Verizon Unlimited Plan, T - Mobile has their T - Mobile ONE Plus plan to include High Definition (1080p) video streaming and 10 GB of High - Speed Mobile Hotspot data (to be slowed to 3G speeds after using the allowance) at an extra rate of $10 / month per line. Also, their prioritization threshold was raised to 50 GB on all T - Mobile ONE plans.
In March 2013, T - Mobile introduced a new streamlined plan structure known as Simple Choice for new customers. This is part of an initiative called Un-carrier which drops contracts, subsidized phones, overage fees for data, and early termination fees.
On August 31, 2015, T - Mobile announced it will ask users who abuse its unlimited on - smartphone data plan by violating T - Mobile 's Terms & Conditions regarding tethering (which like unlimited on - smartphone data, remains unlimited, however, offers a 14 GB high speed allotment before throttling takes effect), by permanently removing user access to unlimited plans and migrating users to a tiered data plan. By doing so, all plans after a select amount of inclusive high - speed data, result in automatic throttled speeds, preventing unlimited high - speed tethering use and abuse of the network. T - Mobile stated that there are a small handful of users who abuse the tethering plan by altering device software and / or the use of an Android app that masks T - Mobile 's ability monitoring whether data is on - smartphone, or through smartphone mobile hotspot (tethering) by mimicking all data as on - smartphone use, with some customers abusing the service by using as much as 2 TB per month, causing speed issues for all other customers.
The InReach program provides a free cell phone and a limited number of voice minutes each month for low - income - eligible families (one per family) who do not use Lifeline services offered by any other phone or wireless company. It is funded through the Universal Service Fund, but is only operational in a limited number of states and Puerto Rico.
MetroPCS was taken over by T - Mobile in 2013, the new company formed T - Mobile US and currently continues to offer prepaid wireless services under the MetroPCS brand.
GoSmart Mobile was a T - Mobile branded service that launched in beta on December 7, 2012, and became officially available nationwide on February 19, 2013. GoSmart offered no - contract SIM wireless services. GoSmart Mobile was sold to consumers through dealers who worked as independent contractors under their own company name. Such sellers are known as "Authorized Dealers '' with either physical or online stores. In September 2016, T - Mobile sold the brand and 326,000 GoSmart Mobile customers to TracFone Wireless. The customers were reclassified as wholesale subscribers.
On January 22, 2014, T - Mobile announced that it would expand its products into banking. T - Mobile would provide Visa card with banking features and a smartphone money management application with reduced - fee or zero - cost services for T - Mobile wireless customers. In addition, customers would have access to over 42,000 ATMs with no fees.
In early 2016 T - mobile decided to discontinue the banking cards. They can no longer be purchased at T - Mobile.
In 2018, T - Mobile took over Denver, Colorado - based Layer3 TV, with plans to introduce an over-the - top television service, tentatively named T - Mobile TV, later in the year.
From as early as 2004, the company has captured multiple J.D. Power annual awards in the areas of retail sales satisfaction, wireless customer care, and overall customer satisfaction. In 2011, J.D. Power and Associates stated that T - Mobile retail stores achieved the highest ratings among major wireless carriers for customer satisfaction for the fourth consecutive year, performing particularly well in price and promotions. Also in 2011, J.D. Power and Associates ranked T - Mobile USA highest among major providers in wireless customer care for the second consecutive year.
On December 3, 2015, Consumer Reports named T - Mobile the number one American wireless service provider. The results combine data from customer service, voice quality, text messaging services, and data speeds.
On February 6, 2016, T - Mobile was awarded the JD Power Award for customer satisfaction in the full - service wireless category for the second year in a row. T - Mobile received the highest score ever in the wireless industry.
On October 1, 2009, some users of Microsoft 's Sidekick handset temporarily lost personal data, including contacts, notes, and calendars. On October 8, most data services were restored to users. The company and Microsoft announced on October 10 that Sidekick device data "almost certainly has been lost as a result of a server failure at Microsoft / Danger. '' On October 15, Microsoft said it had been able to recover most or all data and would begin to restore it. A few weeks later, all Sidekick customers were able to recover their data via Danger 's sync website using a restore file or had the option to wait until data was restored to the device itself.
On November 9, 2009, some of the company 's subscribers temporarily lost the ability to send and receive calls and text messages for several hours. The company confirmed the outage via Twitter. The company stated that approximately five percent of its subscribers had been affected. It claimed that the problem was caused by a system software error.
On February 13 and March 25, 2015, T - Mobile suffered LTE outages along the east coast causing users to lose data connections.
On May 8, 2018, subscribers throughout Houston, Texas experienced an approximately four - hour interruption in service caused by damage to a fiber - optic cable.
Jamie Lee Curtis was the spokesperson for T - Mobile USA 's predecessor, VoiceStream Wireless, since 1998. VoiceStream 's advertising slogan was: "Get more from life ''. During the transition to the T - Mobile brand, Jamie Lee Curtis continued as a spokesperson for a short time and the slogan was changed to "T - Mobile. Get More. '' Starting in 2002, the company 's spokesperson was Catherine Zeta - Jones who was the main figure in its branding strategy. As of September 2006, Zeta - Jones had officially been dropped as the "face '' of the company for its advertising campaigns due to a corporate rebranding strategy. The company also relied on rapper Snoop Dogg as the spokesperson for its T - Mobile Sidekick in a series of commercials late in 2004, the company also released a series of Sidekick phones known as the D - Wade Edition for basketball player Dwyane Wade.
The company is also an official sponsor of Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the NBA Rookie Challenge and the Women 's National Basketball Association.
In 2009, it changed its approach to advertising and moved from the "Get More '' slogan to a "Stick Together '' slogan to focus more on the personal aspect of staying together with those who matter the most to its customers. The slogan was also meant to promote its MyFaves calling - circle plan. With this, the company also ended its relationship with Zeta - Jones, and now use mainly non-celebrity spokespeople (though Dwyane Wade, Charles Barkley, and Dwight Howard are featured in some commercials, in association with the company 's sponsorship of the NBA as official wireless provider).
In late May 2009, Zeta - Jones was brought back as a company spokesperson to show customers how to pay less for their wireless plan in a new "Mobile Makeovers '' advertising campaign that refers a customer to third - party comparison site BillShrink.com.
In late 2009, commercials for the T - Mobile MyTouch 3G featured the song "If You Want to Sing Out, Sing Out '' by Cat Stevens and celebrities such as Chevy Chase, Molly Shannon, Dana Carvey and Darrell Hammond. Another commercial with the same song performed by a different artist showed Wyclef Jean, Avril Lavigne and Brad Paisley.
Carly Foulkes is the spokeswoman for the myTouch 4G in commercials that parody the Get a Mac campaign. The model is known for Rugby Ralph Lauren ads. Although Foulkes is often identified with the color pink, T - Mobile actually has a color trademark for the color magenta, and markets itself using its corporate colors. Virgin Mobile has, in turn, parodied the Carly Foulkes ads.
In September 2010, the company launched "Kids are free till 2012 '' for family lines.
On December 1, 2011, a group of 100 Chicago - area women, along with Carly Foulkes, were featured in a flash - mob style performance at Woodfield Mall in Schaumburg, Illinois, where the group, dressed in magenta dresses, sang and danced through the mall 's atrium to their cover of (There 's No Place Like) Home for the Holidays. The performance was filmed and edited into a holiday commercial, which was a success.
Starting in 2013, T - Mobile launched the Un-carrier marketing campaign. This movement introduced a slew of new tactics to offer consumers cheaper rate plans, cheaper global coverage, and several other benefits. T - Mobile CEO John Legere laid out an ' Un-Carrier manifesto ' highlighting the approach and goals he wanted the company to pursue. One popular Un-carrier move features T - Mobile Tuesdays, where customers are offered a variety of free products and also able to win prizes. The most recent Un-carrier campaign is titled ' T - Mobile One '. This is a new family plan offering, replacing all previous plans and is an all - inclusive unlimited plan, giving unlimited talk, text and data. The only caveat being video streaming on any device is limited to 480p resolution. CEO John Legere in an interview said "The biggest pain point that a million customers told me about is that they hate data buckets. And we had such success with Binge On that we wanted to turn our company into somebody that 's selling a monthly subscription to the internet, all in, unlimited. '' As of October 7, 2016, about a quarter of the overall account numbers have moved over to T - Mobile One, and about three quarters of new postpaid accounts are activating on T - Mobile One.
T - Mobile US employees and two labor unions have led multiple unionization attempts beginning as early as 2001.
Hundreds of T - Mobile employees, with the backing of the Communications Workers of America (CWA) and the German union ver. di, have joined together as TU to gain representation at T - Mobile. In July, 2011, technicians in Connecticut, voted for representation by the Communications Workers of America - TU. On September 25, 2013, MetroPCS workers in Harlem, NY, voted for a union voice and representation by CWA - TU.
In 2008, the CWA and ver. di launched a coordinated effort to unionize company employees. A spokesman for the CWA called on the company to stop resisting mobilization efforts and allow company employees to unionize as German employees of T - Mobile USA 's parent company, DT, have done. In response, the company released an employee satisfaction study showing that more than seventy percent of the company 's 40,000 workers were "very satisfied '' with their jobs. Through a spokesman, the company stated, "Despite the Communication Workers of America 's periodic organizing efforts for more than nine years, no group of T - Mobile employees has ever chosen to be represented by a union. While our company is always striving to find ways to improve, year after year, employees continue to view T - Mobile as a good place to work where they have no need for, or interest in, a union. ''
In 2009, a number of politicians, in one case acting after lobbying efforts by CWA union activists, wrote letters to René Obermann, DT 's chief executive officer, in an effort to influence T - Mobile USA 's labor practices in the U.S.
In a March 13, 2009, letter, U.S. Senator John Kerry (D - MA) asked "why the company 's approach to labor rights are different in Germany than in the United States ''. In an April 30, 2010, letter sent after lobbying by Communications Workers of America activists, 26 Democratic members of Congress called on DT to protect and respect workers ' rights in the U.S. A separate July 1, 2010, letter from seven Republicans addressed the same issue. On August 10, 2010, U.S. Senator Bob Casey (D - PA) released a statement in support of the worker 's efforts to organize a union at the company. In a letter, dated September 21, 2010, fifteen Californian Members of Congress urged Obermann to take action and implement fair and equitable labor relations.
In a November 5, 2009, letter, Thomas DiNapoli, New York State Comptroller and Trustee of the New York State Common Retirement Fund, stated concerns about "the potential impact on the value of T - Mobile that may result from a disenfranchised workforce and the associated negative publicity that may impact T - Mobile 's profitability. ''
On December 9, 2009, the non-profit organization American Rights at Work published a report written by Prof. John Logan, Director of Labor Studies at San Francisco State University, titled "Lowering the Bar or Setting the Standard? Deutsche Telekom 's U.S. Labor Practices ''. The report details behavior by the company that the author perceives as anti-union including dissemination of anti-union materials, intimidation and threats directed at pro-union workers, "captive audience meetings '' and the retention of anti-union specialists. In the report, which is based on documents from the National Labor Relations Board, internal company memos and handbooks, and interviews with workers, Logan asserts that the company engaged in a systematic campaign to prevent employees from forming a union and that DT was guilty of operating by a double standard. He claims that Deutsche Telekom respects workers ' rights in Germany, where it cooperates closely with unions, but mistreats workers in the United States and interferes with their right to organize.
On September 2, 2010, Human Rights Watch released a report written by Lance Compa titled "A Strange Case: Violations of Workers ' Freedom of Association in the United States by European Multinational Corporations ''. The report concludes that "company policy has translated into practices that leave the workforce fearful about even seeking union representation. '' DT proclaims its adherence to international labor law and standards that are embodied in German domestic laws. But HRW found that "T - Mobile USA 's harsh opposition to workers ' freedom of association in the United States betrays Deutsche Telekom 's purported commitment to social responsibility, impedes constructive dialogue with employee representatives, and in several cases, has violated ILO and OECD labor and human rights standards ''.
At the company 's Allentown, Pennsylvania, call center, security guards were ordered by company managers to write up incident reports whenever union supporters appeared on nearby public grounds and to record the license plate numbers of employees who stopped to take leaflets. In 2006, the National Labor Relations Board found that these activities violated Section 8 (a) (1) of the National Labor Relations Act.
In 2008, company management in the Pacific Northwest and Southwest Retail Divisions sent a memorandum to store managers instructing them to immediately report any union activity to their supervisors. Human Rights Watch states, "The NLRB has long held that such activity interferes with, restrains, and coerces employees in the exercise of Section 7 rights in violation of workers ' right to freedom of association. ''
T - Mobile has also received multiple workplace awards. T - Mobile received a score of 100 on the Disability Equality Index (DEI), which measures disability inclusion. They were also named the Best Place to Work for LGBT Equality by Human Rights Campaign for four consecutive years. T - Mobile was also awarded a Designation for top 100 Military Friendly Employer by Military Friendly in 2017 for the tenth time. It was recognized as one of the World 's Most Ethical Companies by the Ethisphere Institute for the ninth year in a row. In addition to national awards, T - Mobile has also won local awards in many locations, including best place to work in Albuquerque, New Mexico and Wichita, Kansas where the company has call centers located. On February 16, 2018 Fortune announced their 100 best companies to work for, naming T - Mobile 86th. On July 24, 2018, Forbes ranked T - Mobile 182nd on their top 300 Best Places to Work for Women list.
Nicolas Jacobsen was charged with intruding into the company 's internal network in January 2005. Reports indicated that for about a year Jacobsen had access to customer passwords, e-mail, address books, Social Security numbers, birth dates, and Sidekick photos. Affected customers included members of the United States Secret Service. Secret Service informant identified Jacobsen as part of "Operation Firewall '' which provided evidence that Jacobsen had attempted to sell customer information to others for identity theft. T - Mobile USA and the Secret Service did not elaborate on the methods Jacobsen used to gain access but sources close to the case indicated that Jacobsen exploited an unpatched flaw in the Oracle WebLogic Server application software used by the company. Additional SQL injection vulnerabilities with the company 's web site were reported by Jack Koziol of the InfoSec Institute.
T - Mobile offers access to voicemail without the input of a password by default. Parties acting in bad faith may be able to access such voice mailboxes via Caller ID spoofing. To avoid this possibility, T - Mobile recommends that all customers password protect their mailboxes, but still offers the no password configuration by default due to customer demand.
On June 6, 2009, a message posted from an email account "pwnmobile_at_Safe-mail.net '' to the Full Disclosure mailing list claimed that the company 's network had been breached and showed sample data. The sender offered "databases, confidential documents, scripts and programs from their servers, financial documents up to 2009 '' to the highest bidder. On June 9, the company issued a statement confirming the breach but stating that customer data was safe. It claimed to have identified the source document for the sample data and believe it was not obtained by hacking. A later statement claimed that there was not any evidence of a breach.
T - Mobile USA received a portion of the 1.3 million largely warrantless law enforcement requests for subscriber information (including text messages and phone location data) made in 2011, but refused to state how many requests it received. It did say that in the last decade, the number of requests have increased by 12 to 16 percent annually.
According to T - Mobile 's privacy policy highlights, "Retention and Disposal '', information is retained for as long as there is business or tax need or as applicable laws, regulations, or government orders require. T - Mobile notes that it disposes of Personal Information, uses reasonable procedures designed to erase or render it unreadable (for example, shredding documents and wiping electronic media).
In 2010, the Department of Justice (DOJ) released a document entitled, "Retention Periods of Major Cellular Providers, '' to advise law enforcement agents seeking to obtain cell phone records. This document was uncovered by the ACLU 's coordinated records request on cell phone location tracking by police. Notably, the document showed that T - Mobile subscriber information was retained for 5 years and call detail records were kept for 2 years (prepaid) and 5 years (postpaid).
In 2013, Massachusetts Sen. Edward Markey revealed responses from the top four U.S. wireless providers as well as U.S. Cellular, C Spire, and Cricket / Leap Wireless, to his inquiry regarding user information disclosed to law enforcement officials. The following was T - Mobile 's response regarding data retention: T - Mobile US retains customers ' historic cell site information and cell tower dump information (180 days); call details records (7 -- 10 years); text message content, data requests, and geo - location data not stored; voicemail content (up to 21 days); subscriber information (6 years after account is closed).
Comparing the 2010 DOJ memo released by the ACLU and Markey 's 2013 wireless data retention disclosures, it should be noted that T - Mobile increased the retention period for subscriber information from 5 to 6 years. T - Mobile also increased its call detail record retention from 2 years (prepaid) and 5 years (postpaid) to 7 -- 10 years.
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who has won the most grand slam singles tennis titles | List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions - wikipedia
This article details the list of men 's singles Grand Slam tournaments tennis champions. Some major changes have taken place in history and have affected the number of titles that have been won by various players. These have included the opening of the French national championships to international players in 1925, the elimination of the challenge round in 1922, and the admission of professional players in 1968 (the start of the Open era).
Note: All of these tournaments have been listed since they began, rather than when they officially became majors. The Australian and US tournaments have only been officially regarded as majors by the ILTF (now the ITF) since 1924 (though many regarded the US Championships as a major before then). The French Championships have only been a major since 1925 (when it became open to all amateurs internationally). Before 1924 (since 1912 / 1913 to 1923) there were 3 official majors: Wimbledon, the World Hard Court Championships (played on clay) and the World Covered Court Championships (played on an indoor wood surface).
All - time
Open Era
All - time
Open Era
Note: Bold indicates player still active.
Note: * indicates ongoing streak, bold indicates player still active.
These players won all four majors. The year listed is the year the player first won each tournament; the last one is marked in bold. The age listed is the age at the end of that last tournament, i.e., the age at which the player completed his Career Grand Slam.
(Winners of all four Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year)
Note: players with four titles are not included here.
Note: players with more than two titles are not included here.
Bold = Active Streaks
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who sings. in case you didn't know | In Case You Did n't Know (Brett Young song) - wikipedia
"In Case You Did n't Know '' is a song recorded by American country pop singer Brett Young and co-written by Young, Trent Tomlinson, Tyler Reeve, and Kyle Schlienger. Its official release to radio was on January 9, 2017, as the second single from his debut self - titled EP which had been released on February 12, 2016. The song has been certified 2x Platinum by the RIAA, the first song by Brett Young to receive a Platinum certification.
The song was written in 2015 during a working trip to Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Young co-wrote the song at the retreat with Tyler Reeve, Kyle Schlienger and Trent Tomlinson. According to Young, the inspiration for the song came from a story told by Tomlinson about his mother: "(Tomlinson) said when he was a kid, every time he would leave the house, his mom would stop him on his way out the door, and she 'd say, ' Trent, in case you did n't know, I love you, ' ''
The song first entered on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs chart at number 45 for the week of August 6, 2016 after it was featured on The Highway in July 2016, selling 9,000 copies that week. It also peaked at number two for sixteen consecutive weeks but was kept out of the top spot by "Body Like a Back Road '' by Sam Hunt. The song debuted on the Country Airplay chart at number 52 on December 24, 2016 before its official release in January 2017. It peaked at number 1 the week of June 10, 2017, making it Young 's first number one hit of his career. The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA on May 23, 2017, and it has sold 942,000 copies in the United States as of October 2017.
The music video was directed by Jennifer Rothlein and premiered on CMT, GAC and Vevo in 2017.
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone
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when does emission of light from an atom occur | Emission spectrum - wikipedia
The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted due to an atom or molecule making a transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state. The photon energy of the emitted photon is equal to the energy difference between the two states. There are many possible electron transitions for each atom, and each transition has a specific energy difference. This collection of different transitions, leading to different radiated wavelengths, make up an emission spectrum. Each element 's emission spectrum is unique. Therefore, spectroscopy can be used to identify the elements in matter of unknown composition. Similarly, the emission spectra of molecules can be used in chemical analysis of substances.
In physics, emission is the process by which a higher energy quantum mechanical state of a particle becomes converted to a lower one through the emission of a photon, resulting in the production of light. The frequency of light emitted is a function of the energy of the transition. Since energy must be conserved, the energy difference between the two states equals the energy carried off by the photon. The energy states of the transitions can lead to emissions over a very large range of frequencies. For example, visible light is emitted by the coupling of electronic states in atoms and molecules (then the phenomenon is called fluorescence or phosphorescence). On the other hand, nuclear shell transitions can emit high energy gamma rays, while nuclear spin transitions emit low energy radio waves.
The emittance of an object quantifies how much light is emitted by it. This may be related to other properties of the object through the Stefan -- Boltzmann law. For most substances, the amount of emission varies with the temperature and the spectroscopic composition of the object, leading to the appearance of color temperature and emission lines. Precise measurements at many wavelengths allow the identification of a substance via emission spectroscopy.
Emission of radiation is typically described using semi-classical quantum mechanics: the particle 's energy levels and spacings are determined from quantum mechanics, and light is treated as an oscillating electric field that can drive a transition if it is in resonance with the system 's natural frequency. The quantum mechanics problem is treated using time - dependent perturbation theory and leads to the general result known as Fermi 's golden rule. The description has been superseded by quantum electrodynamics, although the semi-classical version continues to be more useful in most practical computations.
When the electrons in the atom are excited, for example by being heated, the additional energy pushes the electrons to higher energy orbitals. When the electrons fall back down and leave the excited state, energy is re-emitted in the form of a photon. The wavelength (or equivalently, frequency) of the photon is determined by the difference in energy between the two states. These emitted photons form the element 's spectrum.
The fact that only certain colors appear in an element 's atomic emission spectrum means that only certain frequencies of light are emitted. Each of these frequencies are related to energy by the formula:
where E photon (\ displaystyle E_ (\ text (photon))) is the energy of the photon, ν (\ displaystyle \ nu) is its frequency, and h (\ displaystyle h) is Planck 's constant. This concludes that only photons with specific energies are emitted by the atom. The principle of the atomic emission spectrum explains the varied colors in neon signs, as well as chemical flame test results (described below).
The frequencies of light that an atom can emit are dependent on states the electrons can be in. When excited, an electron moves to a higher energy level or orbital. When the electron falls back to its ground level the light is emitted.
The above picture shows the visible light emission spectrum for hydrogen. If only a single atom of hydrogen were present, then only a single wavelength would be observed at a given instant. Several of the possible emissions are observed because the sample contains many hydrogen atoms that are in different initial energy states and reach different final energy states. These different combinations lead to simultaneous emissions at different wavelengths.
As well as the electronic transitions discussed above, the energy of a molecule can also change via rotational, vibrational, and vibronic (combined vibrational and electronic) transitions. These energy transitions often lead to closely spaced groups of many different spectral lines, known as spectral bands. Unresolved band spectra may appear as a spectral continuum.
Light consists of electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths. Therefore, when the elements or their compounds are heated either on a flame or by an electric arc they emit energy in the form of light. Analysis of this light, with the help of a spectroscope gives us a discontinuous spectrum. A spectroscope or a spectrometer is an instrument which is used for separating the components of light, which have different wavelengths. The spectrum appears in a series of lines called the line spectrum. This line spectrum is called an atomic spectrum when it originates from an atom in elemental form. Each element has a different atomic spectrum. The production of line spectra by the atoms of an element indicate that an atom can radiate only a certain amount of energy. This leads to the conclusion that bound electrons can not have just any amount of energy but only a certain amount of energy.
The emission spectrum can be used to determine the composition of a material, since it is different for each element of the periodic table. One example is astronomical spectroscopy: identifying the composition of stars by analysing the received light. The emission spectrum characteristics of some elements are plainly visible to the naked eye when these elements are heated. For example, when platinum wire is dipped into a strontium nitrate solution and then inserted into a flame, the strontium atoms emit a red color. Similarly, when copper is inserted into a flame, the flame becomes green. These definite characteristics allow elements to be identified by their atomic emission spectrum. Not all emitted lights are perceptible to the naked eye, as the spectrum also includes ultraviolet rays and infrared lighting. An emission is formed when an excited gas is viewed directly through a spectroscope.
Emission spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique which examines the wavelengths of photons emitted by atoms or molecules during their transition from an excited state to a lower energy state. Each element emits a characteristic set of discrete wavelengths according to its electronic structure, and by observing these wavelengths the elemental composition of the sample can be determined. Emission spectroscopy developed in the late 19th century and efforts in theoretical explanation of atomic emission spectra eventually led to quantum mechanics.
There are many ways in which atoms can be brought to an excited state. Interaction with electromagnetic radiation is used in fluorescence spectroscopy, protons or other heavier particles in Particle - Induced X-ray Emission and electrons or X-ray photons in Energy - dispersive X-ray spectroscopy or X-ray fluorescence. The simplest method is to heat the sample to a high temperature, after which the excitations are produced by collisions between the sample atoms. This method is used in flame emission spectroscopy, and it was also the method used by Anders Jonas Ångström when he discovered the phenomenon of discrete emission lines in the 1850s.
Although the emission lines are caused by a transition between quantized energy states and may at first look very sharp, they do have a finite width, i.e. they are composed of more than one wavelength of light. This spectral line broadening has many different causes.
Emission spectroscopy is often referred to as optical emission spectroscopy because of the light nature of what is being emitted.
Emission lines from hot gases were first discovered by Ångström, and the technique was further developed by David Alter, Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen.
See the history of spectroscopy for details.
The solution containing the relevant substance to be analysed is drawn into the burner and dispersed into the flame as a fine spray. The solvent evaporates first, leaving finely divided solid particles which move to the hottest region of the flame where gaseous atoms and ions are produced. Here electrons are excited as described above. It is common for a monochromator to be used to allow for easy detection.
On a simple level, flame emission spectroscopy can be observed using just a flame and samples of metal salts. This method of qualitative analysis is called a flame test. For example, sodium salts placed in the flame will glow yellow from sodium ions, while strontium (used in road flares) ions color it red. Copper wire will create a blue colored flame, however in the presence of chloride gives green (molecular contribution by CuCl).
Emission coefficient is a coefficient in the power output per unit time of an electromagnetic source, a calculated value in physics. The emission coefficient of a gas varies with the wavelength of the light. It has units of ms sr. It is also used as a measure of environmental emissions (by mass) per MWh of electricity generated, see: Emission factor.
In Thomson scattering a charged particle emits radiation under incident light. The particle may be an ordinary atomic electron, so emission coefficients have practical applications.
If X dV dΩ dλ is the energy scattered by a volume element dV into solid angle dΩ between wavelengths λ and λ + dλ per unit time then the Emission coefficient is X.
The values of X in Thomson scattering can be predicted from incident flux, the density of the charged particles and their Thomson differential cross section (area / solid angle).
A warm body emitting photons has a monochromatic emission coefficient relating to its temperature and total power radiation. This is sometimes called the second Einstein coefficient, and can be deduced from quantum mechanical theory.
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who is juliet visiting in prison gossip girl | Juliet Sharp - wikipedia
Juliet Sharp is a recurring character who exclusively appeared in the Gossip Girl television adaptation. The character was created by Gossip Girl producer Stephanie Savage and is portrayed by actress Katie Cassidy. The series portrays her as a scheming and secretive but caring woman who develops into a formidable antagonist as her agenda against Serena van der Woodsen progressed. The actions of character has drawn comparisons to another villain of Gossip Girl, Georgina Sparks, and received positive reviews for her inclusion in the series. Juliet only appears during the first half of the fourth season, though she returns in the series finale.
Prior to the premiere of the fourth season, former Melrose Place star Katie Cassidy joined the cast as Juliet, a student at Columbia University and a potential love interest for Nate, with an agenda against Serena.
Juliet has displayed moments of hesitation especially with regards to her relationship with Nate as she develops a soft spot for him when she discovers his being different from most Upper East Siders.
When Nate suspects her lying about her residence, he recruits Vanessa and discovers that Juliet is poor and has set up a facade of being a wealthy Upper East Sider, living in a rather small apartment outside of the Upper East Side.
On October 12, 2012, it was reported that Cassidy would reprise her role as Juliet in the Gossip Girl series finale. Her brief cameo featured her, once suspected of being Gossip Girl herself, reacting with astonishment to the revelation of Gossip Girl 's true identity.
-- Katie Cassidy on fans thinking she was Gossip Girl.
During the fourth season premiere, The A.V. Club ' Erik Adams praised the casting of Cassidy and the character of Juliet having "the most intriguing hand to reveal in coming episodes. Introduced as the cultured, compassionate antidote to the bimbos performing a commercial for Rock Band 3 (...) the character leaves ' Belles du Jour ' by flashing a cork - board diagram of the main cast 's social circle that would leave The Wire 's Lester Freamon thoughtfully nodding his head. '' Steve Marsi of TV Fanatic commended her addition to the cast, stating, "There 's chemistry between them, but is it all part of some devious plan to ruin Nate... or Serena? The final shot of Juliet 's bulletin board was awesome. We thought for a split second that she just might be Gossip Girl herself. While that might be a stretch, Juliet is clearly plotting something elaborate and we 're hooked on her. '' An interview with the New York Post dispelled rumors when Cassidy jokingly stated that she was not portraying Gossip Girl but understood how the episode had been set up to make fans assume.
Judy Berman of the Los Angeles Times labeled her as "the season 's most mysterious schemer '' and commended how "her true goal remains the biggest mystery of the season so far. '' With the airing of the mid-season finale, "The Townie '', Berman declared her role in Serena 's storyline as "the best of the season ''.
Following the airing of the Thanksgiving episode, "Gaslit '', Steve Marsi of TV Fanatic named her "one of the best villains in Gossip Girl history ''. Her actions in the episode have earned her notoriety that New York magazine 's Vulture set a poll on whether Georgina or Juliet was the more devious character, stating, "Never before has anyone on Gossip Girl challenged Georgina for sheer evilness, but in last night 's episode, Juliet stepped up. ''
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where does the last name person come from | Surname - wikipedia
A surname or family name is a name added to a given name. In many cases, a surname is a family name and many dictionaries define "surname '' as a synonym of "family name ''. In the English - speaking world, it is commonly synonymous with last name because it is usually placed at the end of a person 's full name, after any given names.
In most Spanish - speaking and Portuguese - speaking countries, two or more surnames may be used. In Romania, Hungary, Hong Kong, Cambodia, China, Japan, Korea, Madagascar, Taiwan, Vietnam, parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and parts of India, the family name is placed before a person 's given name.
The concept of a "surname '' is a relatively recent historical development, evolving from a medieval naming practice called a "byname ''. Based on an individual 's occupation or area of residence, a byname would be used in situations where more than one person had the same name.
A family name is typically a part of a person 's personal name which, according to law or custom, is passed or given to children from one or both of their parents ' family names. The use of family names is common in most cultures around the world, with each culture having its own rules as to how these names are formed, passed and used. However, the style of having both a family name (surname) and a given name (forename) is far from universal. In many countries, it is common for ordinary people to have only one name or mononym, with some cultures not using family names. Also, in most Slavic countries, in Greece and Iceland, for example, there are different family name forms for male and female members of the family. Issues of family name arise especially on the passing of a name to a new - born child, on the adoption of a common family name on marriage, on renouncing of a family name and on changing of a family name.
Surname laws vary around the world. Traditionally in many European countries for the past few hundred years, it was the custom or law that a woman would on marriage use the surname of her husband and that children of a man would have the father 's surname. If a child 's paternity was not known, or if the putative father denied paternity, the new - born child would have the surname of the mother. That is still the custom or law in many countries. The surname for children of married parents is usually inherited from the father. In recent years there has been a trend towards equality of treatment in relation to family names, with women being not automatically required or expected, or in some places even forbidden, to take the husband 's surname on marriage, and children not automatically being given the father 's surname. In this article, family name and surname both mean the patrilineal (literally, father - line) surname, handed down from or inherited from the father 's line or patriline, unless explicitly stated otherwise. Thus, the term "maternal surname '' means the patrilineal surname which one 's mother inherited from either or both of her parents. For a discussion of matrilineal (' mother - line ') surnames, passing from mothers to daughters, see matrilineal surname.
In English - speaking cultures, family names are often used by children when referring to adults, but are also used to refer to someone in authority, the elderly, or in a formal setting, and are often used with a title or honorific such as Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss, Dr, and so on. It is also common in English - speaking cultures for individuals to be referred to by their surname instead of their given name by their friends. Generally the given name, first name, forename, or personal name is the one used by friends, family, and other intimates to address an individual. It may also be used by someone who is in some way senior to the person being addressed. This practice also differs between cultures; see T -- V distinction.
The study of proper names in family names is called onomastics. A one - name study is a collection of vital and other biographical data about all persons worldwide sharing a particular surname.
In many cultures (particularly in European and European - influenced cultures in the Americas, Oceania, etc., as well as the Middle East, South Asia, and most African cultures), the surname or family name ("last name '') is placed after the personal, Christian (in Europe) or given name ("first name ''). In other cultures the surname is placed first, followed by the given name or names. The latter is often called the Eastern order because Europeans are most familiar with the examples from the East Asian cultural sphere, specifically Japan, China and Taiwan, Korea (Republic of Korea and Democratic People 's Republic of Korea) and Vietnam. This is also the case in Hungary, parts of Romania, Bavaria, Austria, Albania and Kosovo, parts of South India, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar.
Since family names are normally written last in European societies (except in Hungary), the term last name is commonly used for family name, while in Japan (with vertical writing) the family name may be referred to as upper name (ue - no - namae (上 の 名前)).
When those from Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong write their personal name in the Latin alphabet, it is common to reverse the order of the given and family names for the convenience of Westerners, so that they know which name is the family name for official / formal purposes. Reversing the order of names for the same reason is also customary for the Baltic Fennic peoples and the Hungarians, but other Uralic peoples traditionally did not have surnames, perhaps because of the clan structure of their societies. Surnames have been imposed by the dominant authorities: evangelists, then administrations. Thus, the Samis saw no change or a transformation of their name. For example: some Sire became Siri, Hætta Jáhkoš Ásslat became Aslak Jacobsen Hætta -- as was the norm. Recently, integration into the EU and increased communications with foreigners prompted many Samis to reverse the order of their full name to given name followed by surname, to avoid their given name being mistaken for and used as a surname.
Indian surnames may often denote caste, profession, and village and are invariably mentioned along with the personal names. However, hereditary last names are not universal. In Indian passports the surname is shown first. In telephone directories the surname is used for collation. In North Indian states the surname is placed after given names where it exists. In parts of south India, surname is placed before personal name and in most cases it is only shown as an initial (for example ' S. ' for Suryapeth).
In English and other languages like Spanish -- although the usual order of names is "first middle last '' -- for the purpose of cataloging in libraries and in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers, the order is changed to "last, first middle, '' with the last and first names separated by a comma, and items are alphabetized by the last name. In France, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Latin America, administrative usage is to put the surname before the first on official documents.
While surnames are usually one word, in some cases a surname comprises more than one word.
In most Spanish - speaking countries, the custom is for people to have two surnames. For instance, Spanish ex-premier José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero has José Luis as his given name, Rodríguez, as his first (i.e. paternal) surname, and Zapatero as his second (i.e. maternal) surname.
This custom is not seen in the Hispanic world as being a true compound surname system per se, since it is widely understood that the first surname denotes one 's father 's family, and the second surname denotes one 's mother 's family. So "Rodríguez Zapatero '' is not considered one surname; it is two distinct surnames. Given that it is not a true compound surname, his children do not inherit the "compound '' surname "Rodríguez Zapatero. '' Only the paternal surname of both father and mother are passed on. The father 's paternal surname becomes the child 's own paternal surname, while the mother 's paternal surname becomes the child 's second surname (as the child 's own maternal surname). Thus, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero would pass on only Rodríguez to his children as their first (i.e. paternal) surname.
Beyond this seemingly "compound '' surname system in the Hispanic world, there are also true compound surnames in the Spanish - speaking countries. These true compound surnames are passed on and inherited as compounds. For instance, former Chairman of the Supreme Military Junta of Ecuador, General Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella, has Luis as his first given name, Telmo as his middle name, the true compound surname Paz y Miño as his first (i.e. paternal) surname, and Estrella as his second (i.e. maternal) surname.
Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella is also known more casually as Luis Paz y Miño, Telmo Paz y Miño, or Luis Telmo Paz y Miño. He would never be regarded as Luis Estrella, Telmo Estrella, or Luis Telmo Estrella, nor as Luis Paz, Telmo Paz, or Luis Telmo Paz. This is because "Paz '' alone is not his surname (although other people use the "Paz '' surname on its own).
In this case, Paz y Miño is in fact the paternal surname, being a true compound surname. His children, therefore, would inherit the compound surname "Paz y Miño '' as their paternal surname, while Estrella would be lost, since the mother 's paternal surname becomes the children 's second surname (as their own maternal surname). "Paz '' alone would not be passed on, nor would "Miño '' alone.
To avoid ambiguity, one might often informally see these true compound surnames hyphenated, for instance, as Paz - y - Miño. This is true especially in the English - speaking world, but also sometimes even in the Hispanic world, since to many Hispanics unfamiliar with this and other compound surnames, "Paz y Miño '' might be inadvertently mistaken as "Paz '' for the paternal surname and "Miño '' for the maternal surname. Although Miño did start off as the maternal surname in this compound surname, it was many generations ago, around five centuries, that it became compounded, and henceforth inherited and passed on as a compound.
Other surnames which started off as compounds of two or more surnames, but which merged into one single word, also exist. An example would be the surname Pazmiño, whose members are related to the Paz y Miño, as both descend from the "Paz Miño '' family of five centuries ago.
Álava, Spain is notorious for its incidence of true compound surnames, known as "apellido compuesto alavés '' (Álava compound surname).
Unlike other true compound surnames, which resulted from the merging of a previously paternal and maternal surname, the Álava compound surname is characterized for having the first portion of the surname as a patronymic, normally a Spanish patronymic (i.e. from the Castilian language) or more unusually a Basque language patronymic, followed by the preposition "de '', with the second part of the surname being a local toponymic surname from Álava. While this form of compound surname can be found in other regions of Spain, albeit scarcely, it is only in Álava that it has persisted. These type of customary compound surnames used to be found throughout Guipúzcoa, Navarra, Soria, Logroño, and most of Green Spain generally (i.e. the Spanish northern maritime façade exposed to the Atlantic Ocean which runs along the coastal strip lying north of the Cantabrian and Basque mountains, along the Bay of Biscay.)
Compound surnames in English and several other European cultures feature two (or occasionally more) words, often joined by a hyphen or hyphens. However, it is not unusual for compound surnames to be composed of separate words not linked by a hyphen, for example Iain Duncan Smith, a former leader of the British Conservative Party, whose surname is "Duncan Smith ''. A surname with the prefix "Fitz '' can be spelled with the prefix as a separate word, as in "Fitz William '', as well as "FitzWilliam '' or "Fitzwilliam ''.
Irish surnames are the oldest surnames in Europe. The common prefixes "Ó '' and "Mac '' can be spelled with the prefix as a separate word, yielding "Ó Briain '' or "Mac Millan '' as well as the anglicized "O'Brien '' and "MacMillan '' or "Macmillan. ''
While given names have been used from the most distant times to identify individuals, the advent of surnames is a relatively recent phenomenon. A four - year study led by the University of the West of England, which concluded in 2016, analysed sources dating from the 11th to the 19th century to explain the origins of the surnames in the British isles. The study found that over 90 % of the 45,602 surnames in the dictionary are native to Britain and Ireland, with the most common in the UK being Smith, Jones, Williams, Brown, Taylor, Johnson, and Lee. The findings have been published in the Oxford English Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland, with Project leader, Professor Richard Coates calling the study "more detailed and accurate '' than those before. He elaborated on the origins; "Some surnames have origins that are occupational - obvious examples are Smith and Baker. Other names can be linked to a place, for example Hill or Green, which relates to a village green. Surnames which are ' patronymic ' are those which originally enshrined the father 's name - such as Jackson, or Jenkinson. There are also names where the origin describes the original bearer such as Brown, Short, or Thin - though Short may in fact be an ironic ' nickname ' surname for a tall person. ''
By 1400, most English and some Scottish people used surnames, but many Scottish and Welsh people did not adopt surnames until the 17th century, or even later. Henry VIII (ruled 1509 -- 1547) ordered that marital births be recorded under the surname of the father. In England and cultures derived from there, there has long been a tradition for a woman to change her surname upon marriage from her birth name to her husband 's family name. (See Maiden and married names.) The first known instance in the United States of a woman insisting on the use of her birth name was that of Lucy Stone in 1855; and there has been a general increase in the rate of women using their birth name. This has gone through periods of flux, however, and the 1990s saw a decline in the percentage of name retention among women. As of 2006, more than 80 % of American women adopted the husband 's family name after marriage.
Many cultures have used and continue to use additional descriptive terms in identifying individuals. These terms may indicate personal attributes, location of origin, occupation, parentage, patronage, adoption, or clan affiliation. These descriptors often developed into fixed clan identifications that in turn became family names as we know them today.
In China, according to legend, family names started with Emperor Fu Xi in 2852 BC His administration standardised the naming system in order to facilitate census - taking, and the use of census information. Originally, Chinese surnames were derived matrilineally, although by the time of the Shang dynasty (1600 to 1046 BCE) they had become patrilineal. Chinese women do not change their names upon marriage. They can be referred to either as their full birth names or as their husband 's surname plus the word for wife. But in the past, women often had no official given name and were referred in official documents by their family name plus the character "Shi '' and when married by their husband 's surname, their birth surname, and the character "Shi. ''
In Japan, family names were uncommon except among the aristocracy until the 19th century.
In Ancient Greece, during some periods, formal identification commonly included place of origin. At other times clan names and patronymics ("son of '') were also common, as in Aristides Lysimachu. For example, Alexander the Great was known as Heracleides (as a supposed descendant of Heracles) and by the dynastic name Karanos / Caranus, which referred to the founder of the dynasty to which he belonged. In none of these cases, though, were these names considered essential parts of the person 's name, nor were they explicitly inherited in the manner that is common in many cultures today.
In the Roman Empire, the bestowal and use of clan and family names waxed and waned with changes in the various subcultures of the realm. (See Roman naming conventions.) The nomen, which was the gens name, was inherited much like last names are, but their purposes were quite different. In later Europe, last names were developed to distinguish between individuals. The nomen were to identify group kinship. The praenomen was literally the "forename '' and was originally used like a first name today. In later times, praenomen became less useful for distinguishing individuals as it was often passed down for boys along with the nomen (like an entire culture where "John Smith, Jr. '' was the norm), and girls, were often given no praenomen at all or functional names like Major and Minor ("Older '' and "Younger '') or Maxima, Maio, and Mino ("Biggest, '' "Middle, '' "Littlest '') or ordinal numbers rather than what we might think of as names: Prima, Secunda, Tertia, Quarta, etc. Around this time, the nomen became followed by one or more additional names called cognomen. It became usual that one of these cognomen was inherited, but as the praenomen and nomen became ever more rigidly used and less useful for identifying individuals, additional personal cognomen were more often used, to the point that the first the praenomen and then the nomen fell out of use entirely. With the gradual influence of Greek / Christian culture throughout the Empire, Christian religious names were sometimes put in front of traditional cognomen, but eventually, people reverted to single names. By the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, family names were uncommon in the Eastern Roman Empire. In Western Europe, where Germanic culture dominated the aristocracy, family names were almost non-existent. They would not significantly reappear again in Eastern Roman society until the 10th century, apparently influenced by the familial affiliations of the Armenian military aristocracy. The practice of using family names spread through the Eastern Roman Empire and gradually into Western Europe, although it was not until the modern era that family names came to be explicitly inherited as they are today.
In Ireland, the use of surnames has a very old history. Ireland was the first country in Europe to use fixed surnames. As noted in the Annals, the first recorded fixed surname was Ó Cleirigh, which recorded the death of Tigherneach Ua Cleirigh, lord of Aidhne in Co. Galway in the year 916.
In England, the introduction of family names is generally attributed to the preparation of the Domesday Book in 1086, following the Norman conquest. Evidence indicates that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and only slowly spread to other parts of society. Some of the early Norman nobility who arrived in England during the Norman conquest differentiated themselves by affixing ' de ' (of) before the name of their village in France. This is what is known as a territorial surname, a consequence of feudal landownership. In medieval times in France, such a name indicated lordship, or ownership, of the village. But some early Norman nobles in England chose to drop the French derivations and call themselves instead after their new English holdings.
Surnames were uncommon prior to the 12th century, and still somewhat rare into the 13th; most European surnames were originally occupational or locational, and served to distinguish one person from another if they happened to live near one another (e.g., two different people named John could conceivably be identified as ' John Butcher ' and ' John Chandler '). This still happens, in some communities where a surname is particularly common, for example on the Isle of Lewis in Scotland, many residents have the family name MacLeod (son of Lewis) and so may still be known by a surname symbolising their occupation such as ' Kevin the post ' and ' Kevin Handbag '.
In the Middle Ages, when a man from a lower - status family married an only daughter from a higher - status family, he would often adopt the wife 's family name. In the 18th and 19th centuries in Britain, bequests were sometimes made contingent upon a man 's changing (or hyphenating) his family name, so that the name of the testator continued. It is rare but not unknown for an English - speaking man to take his wife 's family name, whether for personal reasons or as a matter of tradition (such as among matrilineal Canadian aboriginal groups, such as the Haida and Gitxsan); it is exceedingly rare but does occur in the United States, where a married couple may choose an entirely new last name by going through a legal change of name. As an alternative, both spouses may adopt a double - barrelled name. For instance, when John Smith and Mary Jones marry each other, they may become known as "John Smith - Jones '' and "Mary Smith - Jones. '' A spouse may also opt to use his or her birth name as a middle name. An additional option, although rarely practiced, is the adoption of a last name derived from a blend of the prior names, such as "Simones '', which also requires a legal name change. Some couples keep their own last names but give their children hyphenated or combined surnames.
In medieval Spain, a patronymic system was used. For example, Álvaro, the son of Rodrigo would be named Álvaro Rodríguez. His son, Juan, would not be named Juan Rodríguez, but Juan Álvarez. Over time, many of these patronymics became family names and are some of the most common names in the Spanish - speaking world. Other sources of surnames are personal appearance or habit, e.g. Delgado ("thin '') and Moreno (polysemous word, it can mean "brown skinned '', "dark skinned '', "tanned skinned '', "brunette hair '' or "black hair ''); occupations, e.g. Molinero ("miller ''), Zapatero ("Shoe - maker '') and Guerrero ("warrior ''); and geographic location or ethnicity, e.g. Alemán ("German '').
During the modern era, many cultures around the world adopted family names, particularly for administrative reasons, especially during the age of European expansion and particularly since 1600. Notable examples include the Netherlands (in the south 1795, rest 1811), Japan (1870s), Thailand (1920), and Turkey (1934). Nonetheless, their use is not universal: Icelanders, Tibetans, Burmese, Javanese, and many people groups in East Africa do not use family names.
Family names sometimes change or are replaced by non-family - name surnames under political pressure to avoid persecution. Examples are the cases with Chinese Indonesians and Chinese Thais after migration there during the 20th century, or the Jews who fled to different European countries to avoid persecution from the Nazis during World War II.
The United States followed the naming customs and practices of English common law and traditions until recent times. Beginning in the latter half of the 20th century, traditional naming practices, writes one commentator, were recognized as "com (ing) into conflict with current sensitivities about children 's and women 's rights. '' Those changes accelerated a shift away from the interests of the parents to a focus on the best interests of the child. The law in this area continues to evolve today mainly in the context of paternity and custody actions.
Upon marriage, men in the United States can easily change their surname to that of their wife 's or a combination of their two names with the federal government, through the Social Security Administration, but may face difficulty on the state level in some states. In some places, civil rights lawsuits or constitutional amendments changed the law so that men could also easily change their married names (e.g., in British Columbia and California). Québec law permits neither spouse to change surnames.
In 1979, the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ("CEDAW ''), which declared in effect that women and men, and specifically wife and husband, shall have the same rights to choose a "family name '', as well as a "profession '' and an "occupation. '' For a further description of and treatment of this Convention, see Matriname.
In France, until 1 January 2005, children were required by law to take the surname of their father. Article 311 - 21 of the French Civil code now permits parents to give their children the family name of either their father, mother, or a hyphenation of both -- although no more than two names can be hyphenated. In cases of disagreement, the father 's name applies. This brought France into line with a 1978 declaration by the Council of Europe requiring member governments to take measures to adopt equality of rights in the transmission of family names, a measure that was echoed by the United Nations in 1979. Similar measures were adopted by Germany (1976), Sweden (1982), Denmark (1983) and Spain (1999). The European Community has been active in eliminating gender discrimination. Several cases concerning discrimination in family names have reached the courts. Burghartz v. Switzerland challenged the lack of an option for husbands to add the wife 's surname to his surname, which they had chosen as the family name, when this option was available for women. Losonci Rose and Rose v. Switzerland challenged a prohibition on foreign men married to Swiss women keeping their surname if this option was provided in their national law, an option available to women. Unal Tekeli v. Turkey challenged prohibitions on women using their surname as the family name, an option only available to men. The Court found all these laws to be in violation of the Convention.
Only a fraction of surnames in English - speaking countries around the world come from Britain. English speakers ' surnames come from all parts of Europe, as well as other continents, with varying anglicization. With a few exceptions, Europe 's languages are cognate, so most European surnames have a common etymological origin. Some surnames are monogenetic (derived from one family at a specific place and time); others are polygenetic (coined independently at different places and times).
Basil Cottle classifies European surnames under just four broad categories, depending on their origin: given name (patronymics), occupational name, local name (toponymics), and nickname. This classification can be extended to surnames originating elsewhere. Other name etymologists use a fuller classification, but these four types underlie them.
These are the oldest and most common type of surname. They may be a simple first name such as "Wilhelm, '' a patronymic such as "Andersen, '' a matronymic such as "Beaton, '' or a clan name such as "O'Brien. '' Multiple surnames may be derived from a single given name: e.g. there are thought to be over 90 Italian surnames based on the given name "Giovanni. ''
The Icelandic system, formerly used in much of Scandinavia, does not use family names. A person 's last name indicates the first name of his or her father (patronymic) or in some cases mother (matronymic). Many common family names in other Scandinavian countries are a result of this naming practice, such as Hansen (son of Hans), Johansen (son of Johan) and Olsen (son of Ole / Ola), the three most common surnames in Norway. This also occurs in other cultures: Spanish and Portuguese (López or Lopes, son of Lope; Álvarez or Álvares, son of Álvaro; Domínguez or Domingues, son of Domingo or Domingos; etc.); in English (Johnson, son of John; Richardson, son of Richard), etc.
Patronymic name conventions are similar in some other nations, including Malaysia (see Malaysian name) and other Muslim countries, among most people of the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala (unlike another Indian state Andhra Pradesh, where ancestral origin village names have become surnames for the people), in Mongolia and in the Scottish Gaelic personal naming system. In Russia and Bulgaria, both patronymic and family name are obligatory parts of one 's full name: e.g. if a Russian is called Ivan Andreyevich Sergeyev, that means that his father 's name is Andrey and his family name is Sergeyev. A similar system is used in Greece.
In Ethiopia and Eritrea, a child adopts the given name of one of their parents, usually the father, as a pseudo-surname. For example, Abraham Mesfin 's father 's first name would have been Mesfin, while Abraham Mesfin 's child might be called "Netsanet Abraham. '' Just as in Iceland, referring to Abraham Mesfin as "Mr Mesfin '' would be erroneous: the correct term would be "Mr Abraham. '' Very rarely do children adopt their mother 's given name, who in any case would retain their "pseudo-surname ''.
As part of Hebrew patronymic names, Ben is followed by the father 's name, e.g. ben adam (Hebrew: בן אדם ) or Abraham ben Abraham. Bar -, "son of '' in Aramaic, is used likewise, e.g. Meir Bar - Ilan. Ben (Hebrew: בֶּן , son of) also forms part of Hebrew names, e.g. Benjamin.
There is a wide range of family name affixes with a patronymic function. Some are prefixes (e.g., Gaelic mac) but more are suffixes.
Occupational names include such simple examples as Smith (for a smith), Miller (for a miller), Farmer (for farm tax collectors or sometimes farmers), Thatcher (for a thatcher), Shepherd (for a shepherd), Potter (for a potter), and so on, as well as non-English ones, such as the German Eisenhauer (iron hewer, later Anglicized in America as Eisenhower) or Schneider (tailor) - or indeed, as in English, Schmidt (smith). There are also more complicated names based on occupational titles. In England it was common for servants to take a modified version of their employer 's occupation or first name as their last name, adding the letter s to the word, although this formation could also be a patronymic. For instance, the surname Vickers is thought to have arisen as an occupational name adopted by the servant of a vicar, while Roberts could have been adopted by either the son or the servant of a man named Robert. A subset of occupational names in English are names thought to be derived from the medieval mystery plays. The participants would often play the same roles for life, passing the part down to their oldest sons. Names derived from this may include King, Lord and Virgin. The original meaning of names based on medieval occupations may no longer be obvious in modern English (so the surnames Cooper, Chandler, and Cutler come from the occupations of making barrels, candles, and cutlery, respectively).
Archer, Bailey, Baker, Brewer, Butcher, Carter, Chandler, Clark, Collier, Cooper, Cook, Carpenter, Dempster, Dyer, Farmer, Faulkner, Fisher, Fletcher, Fowler, Fuller, Gardener, Glover, Hayward, Hawkins, Head, Hunt or Hunter, Judge, Knight, Miller, Mason, Page, Palmer, Parker, Porter, Potter, Sawyer, Slater, Smith, Stringer, Taylor, Thatcher, Turner, Walker, Weaver, Woodman and Wright (or variations such as Cartwright and Wainwright).
Location (toponymic, habitation) names derive from the inhabited location associated with the person given that name. Such locations can be any type of settlement, such as: homesteads, farms, enclosures, villages, hamlets, strongholds or cottages. One element of a habitation name may describe the type of settlement. Examples of Old English elements are frequently found in the second element of habitational names. The habitative elements in such names can differ in meaning, according to different periods, different locations, or with being used with certain other elements. For example, the Old English element tūn may have originally meant "enclosure '' in one name, but can have meant "farmstead '', "village '', "manor '', or "estate '' in other names.
Location names, or habitation names, may be as generic as "Monte '' (Portuguese for "mountain ''), "Górski '' (Polish for "hill '') or "Pitt '' (variant of "pit ''), but may also refer to specific locations. "Washington, '' for instance, is thought to mean "the homestead of the family of Wassa, '' while "Lucci '' likely means "resident of Lucca. '' Although some surnames, such as "London, '' "Lisboa '' or "Bialystok '' are derived from large cities, more people reflect the names of smaller communities, as in Ó Creachmhaoil, derived from a village in County Galway. This is thought to be due to the tendency in Europe during the Middle Ages for migration to chiefly be from smaller communities to the cities and the need for new arrivals to choose a defining surname.
In Portuguese - speaking countries, it is not uncommon to find surnames derived from names of countries, such as Portugal, França, Brasil, Holanda.
Many Japanese surnames derive from geographical features; for example, Ishikawa (石川) means "stone river '', Yamamoto (山本) means "the base of the mountain '', and Inoue (井上) means "above the well. ''
Arabic names sometimes contain surnames that denote the city of origin. For example, in cases of Saddam Hussein al Tikriti, meaning Saddam Hussein originated from Tikrit, a city in Iraq. This component of the name is called a nisbah.
This is the broadest class of surnames, encompassing many types of origin. These include names, also known as eke - names, based on appearance such as "Schwartzkopf, '' "Short, '' and possibly "Caesar, '' and names based on temperament and personality such as "Daft, '' "Gutman, '' and "Maiden, '' which, according to a number of sources, was an English nickname meaning "effeminate. ''
Ornamental names used as surnames are more common in communities which adopted (or were forced to adopt) surnames in the 18th and 19th centuries. They occur commonly among Jewish families, Germany, and in Scandinavia. Examples include "Morgenstern '' ("morning star ''), "Safire '' ("sapphire ''), and "Reis '' ("branch ''). In some cases, such as Chinese Indonesians and Chinese Thais, certain ethnic groups are subject to political pressure to change their surnames, in which case surnames can lose their family - name meaning. For instance, Indonesian business tycoon Liem Swie Liong (林绍良) "indonesianised '' his name to Sudono Salim. In this case "Liem '' (林) was rendered by "Salim '', a name of Arabic origin, while "Sudono '', a Javanese name with the honorific prefix "su - '' (of Sanskrit origin), was supposed to be a rendering of "Swie Liong ''. During the era of the Trans - Atlantic slave trade (of Africans) many Africans lost their native names and were forced to take the surnames of their slave masters and any given name the slave master desired. In the Americas, the family names of many African - Americans have their origins in slavery (i.e. slave name). Many of them came to bear the surnames of their former owners. Many freed slaves either created family names themselves or adopted the name of their former master.
In some cultures, such as Greek, Bulgarian, Russian, Slovak, Czech, etc. surnames change form depending on the gender of the bearer. For example, in Greece, if a man called Papadopoulos has a daughter, she will likely be named Papadopoulou (if the couple have decided their offspring will take the father 's surname), since that name has a female version. In Poland, if the husband is named Podwiński, and his wife takes his surname, her last name, and those of their unmarried daughters, would be Podwińska. The sons would be known as Podwiński. In Lithuania, if the husband is named Vilkas, his wife will be named Vilkienė and his daughter will be named Vilkaitė. In Slovakia and Czech Republic alike, if a man is called Novák, the wife adds a feminine suffix "- ová '' to his surname after the marriage, hence Nováková. The same is true for daughters which almost always inherit the father 's surname with the feminine suffix.
The meanings of some names are unknown or unclear. The most common European name in this category may be the Irish name "Ryan '', which means little king in Irish Gaelic. Other surnames may have arisen from more than one source: the name "De Luca, '' for instance, likely arose either in or near Lucania or in the family of someone named Lucas or Lucius; in some instances, however, the name may have arisen from Lucca, with the spelling and pronunciation changing over time and with emigration. The same name may appear in different cultures by coincidence or romanization; the surname Lee is used in English culture, but is also a romanization of the Chinese surname Li. Surname origins have been the subject of much folk etymology.
In French Canada until the 19th century, several families adopted surnames that followed the family name in order to distinguish the various branches of a large family. Such a surname was preceded by the word "dit '' ("said '') and was known as a "nom - dit '' ("said - name ''). (Compare with some Roman naming conventions.) While this tradition is no longer in use, in many cases the nom - dit has come to replace the original family name. Thus the Bourbeau family has split into Bourbeau dit Verville, Bourbeau dit Lacourse, and Bourbeau dit Beauchesne. In many cases Verville, Lacourse, or Beauchesne has become the new family name. Likewise, the Rivard family has split into the Rivard dit Lavigne, Rivard dit Loranger and Rivard dit Lanoie. The origin of the nom - dit can vary. Often it denoted a geographical trait of the area where that branch of the family lived: Verville lived towards the city, Beauchesne lived near an oak tree, Larivière near a river, etc. Some of the oldest noms - dits are derived from the war name of a settler who served in the army or militia: Tranchemontagne ("mountain slasher ''), Jolicœur ("braveheart ''). Others denote a personal trait: Lacourse might have been a fast runner, Legrand was probably tall, etc.
In the United States, 1,712 surnames cover 50 % of the population, and about 1 % of the population has the surname Smith, which is also the most frequent English name and an occupational name ("metal worker ''), a contraction, for instance, of blacksmith or other metalsmiths. Several American surnames are a result of corruptions or phonetic misappropriations of European surnames, perhaps as a result of the registration process at the immigration entry points. Spellings and pronunciations of names remained fluid in the United States until the Social Security System enforced standardization.
Approximately 70 % of Canadians have surnames that are of English, Irish, French, or Scottish derivation.
According to some estimates, 85 % of China 's population shares just 100 surnames. The names Wang, Zhang and Li are the most frequent.
In Spain and in most Spanish - speaking countries, the custom is for people to have two surnames. Usually the first surname comes from the father and the second from the mother, but it could be the other way round. When speaking or in informal situations only the first one is used, although both are needed for legal purpose. A child 's first surname will usually be their father 's first surname, while the child 's second surname will usually be the mother 's first surname. For example, if José García Torres and María Acosta Gómez had a child named Pablo, then his full name would be Pablo García Acosta. One family member 's relationship to another can often be identified by the various combinations and permutations of surnames.
In some instances, when an individual 's given name and first family name are too common (such as in José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero and Mario Vargas Llosa), both family names are used (though not necessarily both given names). A person could even take the maternal name for informal situations instead of the paternal name, for personal preferences or if the maternal name is somehow "special '' (José Luís Rodríguez Zapatero is known in Spanish as "José Luis Zapatero '' or just as "Zapatero ''). In Spain, a new law approved in 1999 allows an adult to change the order of his / her family names, and parents can also change the order of their children 's family names if they (and the child, if over 12) agree.
In Spain, especially Catalonia, the paternal and maternal surnames are often combined using the conjunction y ("and '' in Spanish) or i ("and '' in Catalan), see for example the economist Xavier Sala - i - Martin or painter Salvador Dalí i Domènech.
In Spain, a woman does not change her legal surnames when she marries. In some Spanish - speaking countries in Latin America, a woman may, on her marriage, drop her mother 's surname and add her husband 's surname to her father 's surname using the preposition de ("of ''), del ("of the '', when the following word is masculine) or de la ("of the '', when the following word is feminine). For example, if "Clara Reyes Alba '' were to marry "Alberto Gómez Rodríguez '', the wife could use "Clara Reyes de Gómez '' as her name (or "Clara Reyes Gómez '', or, rarely, "Clara Gómez Reyes ''. She can be addressed as Sra. de Gómez corresponding to "Mrs Gómez ''). In some countries, this form may be mainly social and not an official name change, i.e. her name would still legally be her birth name. This custom of adding the husband 's surname is slowly fading.
Sometimes a father transmits his combined family names, thus creating a new one e.g., the paternal surname of the son of Javier (given name) Reyes (paternal family name) de la Barrera (maternal surname) may become the new paternal surname Reyes de la Barrera. De is also the nobiliary particle used with Spanish surnames. This can not be chosen by the person, as it is part of the surname, for example "Puente '' and "Del Puente '' are not the same surname.
Children take the surnames of both parents, so if the couple above had two children named "Andrés '' and "Ana '', then their names would be "Andrés Gómez Reyes '' and "Ana Gómez Reyes ''. In Spain, a 1995 reform in the law allows the parents to choose whether the father 's or the mother 's surname goes first, although this order must be the same for all their children. For instance, the name of the son of the couple in the example above could be either "Andrés Gómez Reyes '' or "Andrés Reyes Gómez ''. Sometimes, for single mothers or when the father would or could not recognize the child, the mother 's surname has been used twice: for example, "Ana Reyes Reyes ''. In Spain, however, children with just one parent receive both surnames of that parent, although the order may also be changed. In 1973 in Chile, the law was changed to avoid stigmatizing illegitimate children with the maternal surname repeated.
It should be noted that some Hispanic people, after leaving their country, drop their maternal surname, even if not formally, so as to better fit into the non-Hispanic society they live or work in. Dropping the paternal surname is not unusual when it is a very common one. For instance, painter Pablo Ruiz Picasso and Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero are known by their maternal surnames as "Picasso '' and "Zapatero ''. Similarly, Anglophones with just one surname may be asked to provide a second surname on official documents in Spanish - speaking countries. When none (such as the mother 's maiden name) is provided, the last name may simply be repeated.
Traditionally in most countries, and currently in some Spanish - speaking countries, women, upon marrying, keep their own family names. It is considered impolite towards her family for a woman to change her name. The higher class women of Cuba and Spain traditionally never change their names. In certain rare situations, a woman may be addressed with her paternal surname followed by her husband 's paternal surname linked with de. For example, a woman named Ana García Díaz, upon marrying Juan Guerrero Macías, could be called Ana García de Guerrero. This custom, begun in medieval times, is decaying and only has legal validity in Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, Peru, Panama, and to a certain extent in Mexico (where it is optional but becoming obsolete), but is frowned upon by people in Spain, Cuba, and elsewhere. In Peru and the Dominican Republic, women normally conserve all family names after getting married. For example, if Rosa María Pérez Martínez marries Juan Martín De la Cruz Gómez, she will be called Rosa María Pérez Martínez de De la Cruz, and if the husband dies, she will be called Rosa María Pérez Martínez Vda. de De la Cruz (Vda. being the abbreviation for viuda, "widow '' in Spanish). The law in Peru changed some years ago, and all married women can keep their maiden last name if they wish with no alteration.
In some churches, such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints, where the family structure is emphasized, as well as legal marriage, the wife is referred to as "hermana '' (sister) plus the surname of her husband. And most records of the church follow that structure as well.
A new trend in the United States for Hispanics is to hyphenate their father 's and mother 's last names. This is done because American born English - speakers are not aware of the Hispanic custom of using two last names and thus mistake the first last name of the individual for a middle name. In doing so they would, for example, mistakenly refer to Esteban Álvarez Cobos as Esteban A. Cobos. Such confusion can be particularly troublesome in official matters. To avoid such mistakes, Esteban Álvarez Cobos, would become Esteban Álvarez - Cobos, to clarify that both are last names.
In Spanish villages in Catalonia, Galicia, and Asturias and in Cuba, people are often known by the name of their dwelling or collective family nickname rather than by their surnames. For example, Remei Pujol i Serra who lives at Ca l'Elvira would be referred to as "Remei de Ca l'Elvira ''; and Adela Barreira López who is part of the "Provisores '' family would be known as "Adela dos Provisores ''. In the case of Cantabria the family 's nickname is used instead of the surname: if one family is known as "Ñecos '' because of an ancestor who was known as "Ñecu '', they would be "José el de Ñecu '' or "Ana la de Ñecu '' (collective: the Ñeco 's). Some common nicknames are "Rubiu '' (blonde or ginger hair), "Roju '' (reddish, as referred to ginger hair), "Chiqui '' (small), "Jinchu '' (big), and a bunch of names about certain characteristics, family relationship or geographical origin (pasiegu, masoniegu, sobanu, llebaniegu, tresmeranu, pejinu, naveru, merachu, tresneru, troule, mallavia, marotias, llamoso, lipa, ñecu, tarugu, trapajeru, lichón, andarível).
In the case of Portuguese naming customs, the main surname (the one used in alphasorting, indexing, abbreviations, and greetings), appears last.
Each person usually has two family names: though the law specifies no order, the first one is usually the maternal family name, whereas the last one is commonly the paternal family name. In Portugal, a person 's full name has a minimum legal length of two names (one given name and one family name from either parent) and a maximum of six names (two first names and four surnames -- he or she may have up to four surnames in any order desired picked up from the total of his / her parents and grandparents ' surnames). The use of any surname outside this lot, or of more than six names, is legally possible, but it requires dealing with bureaucracy. Parents or the person him / herself must explain the claims they have to bearing that surname (a family nickname, a rare surname lost in past generations, or any other reason one may find suitable). In Brazil there is no limit of surnames used.
In general, the traditions followed in countries like Brazil, Portugal and Angola are somewhat different from the ones in Spain. In the Spanish tradition, usually the father 's surname comes first, followed by the mother 's surname, whereas in Portuguese - speaking countries the father 's name is the last, mother 's coming first. A woman may adopt her husband 's surname (s), but nevertheless she usually keeps her birth names, or at least the last one. Since 1977, a husband can also adopt his wife 's surname. When this happens, usually both spouses change their name after marriage.
The custom of a woman changing her name upon marriage is recent. It spread in the late 19th century in the upper classes, under French influence, and in the 20th century, particularly during the 1930s and 1940, it became socially almost obligatory. Nowadays, fewer women adopt, even officially, their husbands ' names, and among those who do so officially, it is quite common not to use it either in their professional or informal life.
For the children, some bear only the last surnames of the parents. For example, Carlos da Silva Gonçalves and Ana Luísa de Albuquerque Pereira (Gonçalves) (in case she adopted her husband 's name after marriage) would have a child named Lucas Pereira Gonçalves. However, the child may have any other combination of the parents ' surnames, according to euphony, social significance or other reasons.
In ancient times a patronymic was commonly used -- surnames like Gonçalves ("son of Gonçalo ''), Fernandes ("son of Fernando ''), Nunes ("son of Nuno ''), Soares ("son of Soeiro ''), Sanches ("son of Sancho ''), Henriques ("son of Henrique ''), Rodrigues ("son of Rodrigo '') which along with many others are still in regular use as very prevalent family names.
In Medieval times, Portuguese nobility started to use one of their estates ' names or the name of the town or village they ruled as their surname, just after their patronymic. Soeiro Mendes da Maia bore a name "Soeiro '', a patronymic "Mendes '' ("son of Hermenegildo -- shortened to Mendo '') and the name of the town he ruled "Maia ''. He was often referred to in 12th century documents as "Soeiro Mendes, senhor da Maia '', Soeiro Mendes, lord of Maia. Noblewomen also bore patronymics and surnames in the same manner and never bore their husband 's surname. First - born males bore their father 's surname, other children bore either both or only one of them at their will.
Only during the Early Modern Age, lower - class males started to use at least one surname; married lower - class women usually took up their spouse 's surname, since they rarely ever used one beforehand. After the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Portuguese authorities realized the benefits of enforcing the use and registry of surnames. Henceforth, they became mandatory, although the rules for their use were very liberal.
Until the end of the 19th century it was common for women, especially those from a very poor background, not to have a surname and so to be known only by their first names. A woman would then adopt her husband 's full surname after marriage. With the advent of republicanism in Brazil and Portugal, along with the institution of civil registries, all children now have surnames. During the mid-20th century, under French influence and among upper classes, women started to take up their husbands ' surname (s). From the 1960s onwards, this usage spread to the common people, again under French influence, this time, however, due to the forceful legal adoption of their husbands ' surname which was imposed onto Portuguese immigrant women in France.
From the 1974 Carnation Revolution onwards the adoption of their husbands ' surname (s) receded again, and today both the adoption and non-adoption occur, with non-adoption being chosen in the majority of cases in recent years (60 %). Also, it is legally possible for the husband to adopt his wife 's surname (s), but this practice is rare.
Brazilians usually call people only by their given names, omitting family names, even in many formal situations, as in the press referring to authorities, e.g. "Former President Fernando Henrique '', never Former President Cardoso, or even "Former President Lula '' ("Lula '' is actually his nickname). When formality or a prefix requires a family name, the given name usually precedes the surname, e.g. João Santos, or Sr. João Santos.
Jewish names have historically varied, encompassing throughout the centuries several different traditions. The most usual last name for those of the priest tribe is "Cohen '' / "Kahen '' / "Kogan '' / "Kohen '' / "Katz '' (a Hebrew acronym of Kohen Tzedek, or righteous Kohen) and for those of the Levites, "Levi '' / "Levine ''. Those who came from Europe usually have "Rosen '' ("rose ''), "Spiel '', "Gold '', and other German words as their names ' prefixes, and "man '', "wyn '' / "wein '' ("wine ''), "berg '' ("mountain ''), and other German words as their names ' suffixes. Most Sephardic Jews adopted Arabic names, like "Azizi '' ("you 're (someones) love ''), "Hassan '' or added words to their original names, Beizaee ("Iza '', God is perfection), like "Kohenzadeh '' ("(she) bore a Kohen ''). Names like "Johnson '' and "Peterson '' may be used in Jewish tradition as they too used the father 's name as identification. So "Johnson '' in Hebrew is "Ben Yochanon '', meaning "Yochanon (John) 's son ''. Many Yemenite Jews ' family names are consisting of the place in which their ancestors have come to Yemen (like Sana'a) and an "i '' in the end (like the family name "San'ani ''), indicating belonging to the place they have originated from.
The Assyrians (a.k.a. Chaldo - Assyrian) are a distinct ethnic group, descendant largely from the population of ancient Assyria, indigenous to Mesopotamia with deep and long roots in the Middle East, mainly present - day Iraq, northwest Iran, northeast Syria and southeast Turkey.
Surnames come from the Akkadian influenced Eastern Aramaic dialects of the Assyrian (Chaldo - Assyrian) people. Some surnames are connected to East Syrian Rite Christianity, the religion Assyrians currently follow and have followed since the 1st Century AD, with others being of distinctly ancient Assyrian / Mesopotamian origin.
Common surnames include: Aboona, Abraham, Abro, Agajan, Agassi, Aghase, Akkad, Akbalit / Akbalut, Alamasha, Alawerdy, Aldawid, Amo Baba, Amu, Antar, Aprim, Apshu, Afarcan, Arad, Ashai, Ashouri, Ashurian, Ashur, Awdishu, Awikam, Awishalim, Awitor, Awia, Awrohum, Aziz, Azzo, Baba, Bacchus, Badel, Barkha / Barkho, Brikha, Bronit, Balou, Barkoo, Benassi, Benyamin, Bidavid, Bidawid, Bishu, Cabani, Dadashu / Dadasho, Darmu, Dinkha, Daoud, Dayan / Daian, Disho, Duman, Elia, Elias, Enwia, Eshai, Farhad, Gorges / Georgis, Gewargis, Hadad / Adad, Hamsho, Hasso, Harshu, Hormis, Hosanna, Hurmis, Ilshu, Ilishu, Ishmael, Ishai, Isaac, Ishaq, Iskhaq, Iwassi, Jabri, Jelu, Jendo, Juna, Kambar, Karam, Karoukian, Kasri, Khamo, Khanbaba, Khanisho / Khnanisu, Khnaninia, Khedroo, Khoshanu, Khoshaba, Malech, Malek, Malka, Malkai, Malick, Mamendo, Matti, Merza, Mikhael / Mikhail, Mnashi, Nisan, Nimrod, Narsai, Ninweh, Nineveh, Nessar, Odah, Odisha, Odisho, Oraham, Oshana, Qateneh, Raaba, Rabi, Rafael, Ramsin / Rumsin, Rassam, Rifkha, Ronay, Samo, Sargis, Sargon, Sarkis, Sarmas, Sayad, Semma, Shabad, Shamash / Shamasha, Shamshi, Sinharib, Sharrukin, Shimun, Shamoon, Shimon, Shimonaya, Shinu, Shinai, Sleman, Shulman, Sliwoo / Sliwa, Tematheus, Thoma, Thomaya, Tamraz, Tiras, Tiyareh / Tyareh, Urshan, Warda, Warad, Yacoub, Yawalaha, Yalda, Yatrin, Yetron, Yelu, Yoel, Yohannan, Yonan, Yonadam Yoseph, Yoshu, Youkhana, Younan, Yousif, Yukhannan, Zakharia, Zilkha, Zimri.
The majority of Kurds do not hold Kurdish names because the names have been banned in the countries they primarily live in (namely Iran, Turkey and Syria). Kurds in these respective countries tend to hold Turkish, Persian or Arabic names, in the majority of cases, forcefully appointed by the ruling governments. Others hold Arabic names as a result of the influence of Islam and Arab culture.
Kurds holding authentic Kurdish names are generally found in Diaspora or in Iraqi Kurdistan where Kurds are relatively free. Traditionally, Kurdish family names are inherited from the tribes of which the individual or families are members. However, some families inherit the names of the regions they are from.
Common affixes of authentic Kurdish names are "- î '' and "- za '' also "- a '' and "- ê '' by two surnames. e.g.: Name + 1Surname + 2Surname Male:
Baran of Mem of Alan
Female:
Berfin of Sarah of Evin there are also names with the word "Mal (a) '' (House (of)) e.g.:
Baran of House of Alan
Berfin of House of Evin
Some common Kurdish last names, which are also the names of their respective tribes, include Baradost, Barzani, Berwari, Berzinji, Chelki, Diri, Doski, Jaf, Mutki, Rami, Rekani, Rozaki, Sindi, and Tovi. Other names include Akreyi, Alan, Amedi, Botani, Hewrami, Mukri, and Serhati.
Traditionally, Kurdish women did not inherit a man 's last name. Although still not in practice by many Kurds, this can be more commonly found today.
Tibetan people are often named at birth by the local Buddhist Lama or they may request a name from the Dalai Lama. The majority do not have family names. They may change their name throughout life if advised by a Buddhist Lama, for example if a different name removes obstacles. Tibetans who enter monastic life take a name from their ordination Lama, which will be a combination of the Lama 's name and a new name for them.
In the case of Circassians, especially Adyges and Kabardians, hereditary surnames have been borne by people for thousands of years. All Circassian people belong to a Clan.
Most surnames of Adyge origin fall into six types:
Shogen comes from the Christian era, and Yefendi and Mole come from the Muslim era.
Circassian women, even when they marry, do not change their surnames. By keeping their surnames and passing it on to the next generation, children come to distinguish relatives from the maternal side and respect her family as well as those from their father 's side.
On the other hand, children can not marry someone who bears the same surname as they do, no matter how distantly related.
In the Circassian tradition, the formula for surnames is patterned to mean "daughter of... ''
Abkhaz families follow similar naming patterns reflecting the common roots of the Abkhazian, Adygean and Wubikh peoples.
Circassian family names can not be derived from women 's names or from the name of female ancestors.
Notes
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flowers in the attic 2014 brother and sister | Flowers in the Attic (2014 film) - wikipedia
Flowers in the Attic is a 2014 Lifetime movie, starring Kiernan Shipka, Ellen Burstyn, Mason Dye, and Heather Graham. It is the second adaptation of the 1979 novel of the same name by V.C. Andrews. A sequel, Petals on the Wind, based on the novel of the same name, premiered on May 26, 2014, on Lifetime. The network announced the developing of the following books in the series, If There Be Thorns and Seeds of Yesterday, which both aired in 2015.
In the late 1950s, the Dollanganger children -- 14 - year - old Chris, 12 - year - old Cathy, 5 - year - old twins Carrie and Cory -- live happily with their parents, Christopher and Corrine, in Pennsylvania. This changes when Christopher dies in a car crash, leaving the family devastated and heavily in debt. Four months later, Corrine announces they are going to go live with her wealthy parents in Virginia. She explains that she was estranged from her parents and changed her last name because of this.
On arrival at Foxworth Hall, Corrine 's grim and cold - hearted mother, Olivia, takes the children to a small room in the attic. The next day, the children are given a list of rules and Olivia tells them to stay in the attic at all times. Corrine explains that her father, Malcolm, disowned her for eloping with Christopher, who was actually her biological uncle (her father 's younger half - brother) and they were disinherited. She promises the children she will make her father forgive her; once he has forgiven her, she will introduce him to the children, and they will live happily together at Foxworth.
Corrine 's visits to the attic become less frequent as she begins to enjoy her new - found wealth and starts a relationship with her father 's lawyer, Bart Winslow. She informs the children that while her father has forgiven her, she ca n't let them meet him because she claimed that she did n't have any children; thus, they will have to remain in the attic until Malcolm dies. Corrine 's visits all but cease during the next year. Due to lack of fresh air and sunshine, the twins have stopped growing; meanwhile, Cathy and Chris are entering puberty. Chris accidentally walks in on Cathy while she is trying on her first bra. Olivia catches them and calls them sinners and tries to cut off Cathy 's hair as punishment. Chris stops her, but she threatens to starve them for a week if he does n't cut Cathy 's hair himself. Cathy and Chris refuse to comply and give their remaining food to the twins while they rely mostly on water. Olivia appears to relent and leaves them a basket of food; however, Cathy awakens to find tar in her hair the next morning. As Chris reluctantly cuts her hair, he tells her that he finds her beautiful, but knows it is wrong to think of her like that.
Another year passes and Corrine has n't visited in months. Cathy and Chris conclude that their mother has abandoned them and begin planning their escape. When Corrine does return, she happily announces she has married Bart and the reason for her absence was her honeymoon in Europe. She is upset that the children are not more excited and seems oblivious to the deterioration in the twins. Olivia soon brings the children sugar - powdered doughnuts, which she says are a gift from their mother. Olivia beats Chris with a belt after he demands to be called by his name rather than "boy. '' Cathy tends to his wounds and admits her fear of losing him. Chris asssures her nothing will happen to him and they kiss. When Olivia comes to deliver their food, Chris tells her that she was right about them being the "devil 's spawn '' and pleads for forgiveness. After she leaves, Chris reveals the whole scene was a scheme to get an impression of the attic key in soap, and he carves a wooden copy.
Now able to leave the attic, Cathy and Chris begin to steal money from their mother 's room to finance an escape by train. On a night raid, Cathy finds Bart asleep and kisses him. Chris later overhears his mother and Bart talking about a dream of a young, blond - haired girl coming into the room and kissing Bart. Chris angrily confronts Cathy, who assures him that the kiss meant nothing and she only did it out of curiosity. She kisses him and they end up having sex. Cathy suggests they move to Florida and Chris tells her that he loves her and can never love anyone else. Cathy tells Olivia and Corrine that Cory is sick and demands her mother take Cory to a hospital, threatening revenge if she does n't. The next day, Corrine tells them Cory had pneumonia and died, and has already been buried.
Devastated by Cory 's death and in fear for their lives, Cathy and Chris decide to take all the money they have collected and grab as much jewelry as they can to finally escape. During their search for valuables, they discover that Corrine and Bart have left Foxworth Hall. Chris overhears a conversation between the butler and a maid, and learns that Olivia has been leaving poison to kill "the mice '' in the attic and that their grandfather died seven months ago. Cathy shows Chris how Cory 's pet mouse has died after eating a piece of powdered doughnut, revealing that the poison was in their food. Olivia then comes to take their key, and Chris restrains her long enough for Cathy and Carrie to escape. Olivia chases after them, but panics due to her claustrophobia when Chris shuts the door and turns the lights off. Olivia tells them that their mother was the one who poisoned them, not her, but they ignore her and climb out the window, fleeing on foot.
During their escape, they run into the butler, who realizes they are Corrine 's children. Horrified, he tells them to run while he cuts off the electric fence for them. They board a train to Florida and Chris assures her that their ordeal is finally over. Cathy vows revenge on their mother.
Flowers in the Attic was first announced on July 23, 2013 as a television film for the Lifetime network. It was also announced that the film would star Heather Graham as Corrine Dollanganger and Ellen Burstyn as Olivia Foxworth. It was also announced that the film would be directed by Deborah Chow and written by Kayla Alpert.
On August 14 it was announced that Kiernan Shipka and Mason Dye had been cast as Cathy and Chris respectively. During the same month, it was announced that Dylan Bruce had joined the cast as Bart Winslow, Corrine 's love interest.
In its original televised airing, the film was watched by 6.06 million total viewers, and had a rating (percentage) of 1.9 in the 18 - 49 age demographic. At the time, it was cable 's number - one original movie performance since the October 2012 premiere of Steel Magnolias.
On April 15, 2014, Flowers in the Attic was released in DVD format for Region 1. The single disc featured the entire film, as well as a behind - the - scenes featurette with the cast and crew. It was later re-released on June 23, 2015, with Petals on the Wind as a "Double Feature. '' On November 10, 2015, it was included in a "4 - Film Collection '' with Petals on the Wind, If There Be Thorns, and Seeds of Yesterday.
Flowers in the Attic received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 52 % of 23 critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 5.5 out of ten. The film averaged 49 out of 100, based on 22 critics, on Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''.
For her performance, Burstyn was nominated for a Critics ' Choice Television Award, Primetime Emmy Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award. Similarly, Shipka was nominated an Online Film & Television Association Award for her performance.
Based on the next book of the Dollanganger series, Petals on the Wind premiered on Lifetime on May 26, 2014, earning 3.4 million viewers, down from the 6.1 million earned by Flowers. Unlike the book, the film jumped ten years ahead from the events of Flowers. It starred Rose McIver as Cathy, Wyatt Nash as Christopher, replacing Kiernan Shipka and Mason Dye from the previous movie, respectively, and Will Kemp as Julian Marquet, with Heather Graham as Corrine and Ellen Burstyn as Olivia Foxworth. Production for the film began on February 25, 2014, in Los Angeles.
On the premiere of the sequel, Lifetime announced the production of the two following books in the Dollanganger series, If There Be Thorns and Seeds of Yesterday, both which premiered in 2015. Both sequels were shot by cinematographer James Liston. In order to achieve the timeless cinematic look, vintage anamorphic lenses were used to create more depth and atmosphere in the images.
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who benefits from the process of financial intermediation | Financial intermediary - wikipedia
A financial intermediary is an institution or individual that serves as a middleman among diverse parties in order to facilitate financial transactions. Common types include commercial banks, investment banks, stockbrokers, pooled investment funds, and stock exchanges. Financial intermediaries reallocate otherwise uninvested capital to productive enterprises through a variety of debt, equity, or hybrid stakeholding structures.
Through the process of financial intermediation, certain assets or liabilities are transformed into different assets or liabilities. As such, financial intermediaries channel funds from people who have surplus capital (savers) to those who require liquid funds to carry out a desired activity (investors).
A financial intermediary is typically an institution that facilitates the channeling of funds between lenders and borrowers indirectly. That is, savers (lenders) give funds to an intermediary institution (such as a bank), and that institution gives those funds to spenders (borrowers). This may be in the form of loans or mortgages. Alternatively, they may lend the money directly via the financial markets, and eliminate the financial intermediary, which is known as financial disintermediation.
In the context of climate finance and development, financial intermediaries generally refer to private sector intermediaries, such as banks, private equity, venture capital funds, leasing companies, insurance and pension funds, and micro-credit providers. Increasingly, international financial institutions provide funding via companies in the financial sector, rather than directly financing projects.
The hypothesis of financial intermediaries adopted by mainstream economics offers the following three major functions they are meant to perform:
There are two essential advantages from using financial intermediaries:
The cost advantages of using financial intermediaries include:
Various disadvantages have also been noted in the context of climate finance and development finance institutions. These include a lack of transparency, inadequate attention to social and environmental concerns, and a failure to link directly to proven developmental impacts.
According to the dominant economic view of monetary operations, the following institutions are or can act as financial intermediaries:
According to the alternative view of monetary and banking operations, banks are not intermediaries but "fundamentally money creation '' institutions, while the other institutions in the category of supposed "intermediaries '' are simply investment funds.
Financial intermediaries are meant to bring together those economic agents with surplus funds who want to lend (invest) to those with a shortage of funds who want to borrow. In doing this, they offer the benefits of maturity and risk transformation. Specialist financial intermediaries are ostensibly enjoying a related (cost) advantage in offering financial services, which not only enables them to make profit, but also raises the overall efficiency of the economy. Their existence and services are explained by the "information problems '' associated with financial markets.
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how many episodes are in season 1 of kickin it | List of Kickin ' it episodes - wikipedia
The following is a list of episodes in the Disney XD Original Series Kickin ' It. Bobby Wasabi Martial Arts Academy is known as the worst dojo in the under - performing nationwide Bobby Wasabi chain. To improve the dojo 's image the local Bobby Wasabi Crew and their sensei Rudy enlist new kid Jack as a member and to teach them about life, karate and friendship. The series ended on March 25, 2015. Alex Christian Jones left the cast after Season 2, and Olivia Holt left the main cast after Season 3, but guest stars in three episodes as Kim in Season 4.
In Seaford High School, the new kid Jack (Leo Howard) meets three boys, Jerry, Eddie, and Milton. They all do karate and Jack joins the three at lunch, who are soon picked on by red belts from the Black Dragon Dojo. Jack tries to settle things and gets in a fight with kids from the rival dojo, the Black Dragons. Jerry, Eddie, and Milton learn from their sensei, Rudy (Jason Earles), that the Bobby Wasabi Martial Arts Academy is in danger of closing. Jerry, Eddie and Milton convince Rudy to get Jack to join after he crashes through the wall. Rudy lies to Jack and says he will go to juvie, and if Jack does not join and help them get 2 belts, the dojo will close down. Later, Rudy lets his secret slip, causing Jack to quit until he hears the disappointment of his friends. Jack re-joins to help them win a martial arts tournament. Kim, a Black Dragon, competes against Jack, but after the Sensei for the Black Dragon cheats, Kim quits and does not fight Jack. Jack does a Bobby Wasabi move to win the tournament and keep the dojo running. Kim then joins Bobby Wasabi ` s dojo.
Guest stars: Loni Love as Marge, Wayne Dalglish as Frank, Ian Reed Kelser as Sensei Ty, Bryne Offutt as Milton 's dad, Chris Coppola as Officer Bloat, and Steve Terada as nunchuck - wielding Black Dragon (uncredited)
After Milton almost falls trying to place his spelling bee trophy next to Jack 's Gymnastics trophy, he is caught by one of the janitors, who the kids eventually find out is Yoshi Nakmura, a former sumo wrestler. After getting him fired because Milton asked to see his victory dance, the kids decide to help get him back into wrestling by inadvertently having him wrestle the guy who cost him his title. Meanwhile, Rudy fights with Lonnie from Reptile World for a storage space in the basement of the mall, after the closing of a magic store. Lonnie gets the space but later gets crushed by Nakamura.
Guest stars: Peter Oldring as Lonnie and Peter "Navy '' Tuiasosopo as Yoshi Nakamura
Truman, a bratty kid whose dad controls the mall 's security, captures a video of Eddie practicing for the school dance with a punching dummy and uses it as blackmail. In order to protect Eddie from online embarrassment, the crew bands together and uses Jack 's martial arts skills and Jerry 's dog communication skills to sneak into Truman 's dad 's office and obtain the evidence. Meanwhile, Lonnie 's pet iguana eats Rudy 's prized grain of rice that has the Wasabi Code engrave on. They try to trick the iguana to think the season is changing because it defecates once a year and has already done so that year. Rudy and Lonnie regain the grain of rice but is eaten again by the iguana.
Guest star: Reed Alexander as Truman, Peter Oldring as Lonnie and Brooke Dillman as Joan
Arthur, the obnoxious son of the new mall owner, joins the Bobby Wasabi dojo. Rudy bends over backwards to please the owner, but Arthur rubs everyone the wrong way, and after an altercation with Jack, Arthur 's dad forces Rudy to kick Jack out of the dojo or he will bring in a wrecking ball and turn the dojo into a parking lot. Rudy proves his loyalty to Jack and the gang by chaining himself inside the dojo. Mr. Turner brings the wrecking ball to scare them away. The gang does not leave, though, and they get to keep the dojo because Arthur gets in trouble by his dad. Meanwhile, Kim tries to get better stories to document on the news team.
Guest stars: Sterling Beaumon as Arthur, Noelani Bailey as Margaret and Jerry Kernion as Mr. Turner
Milton prepares for a live - action role - playing battle (L.A.R.P.) but his friends do n't want to participate because they think it 's uncool (except for Rudy who thinks it sounds like fun). But after thinking of all the things Milton has done for them, they decide to join him and show up just in time to help him beat the Dark Knights and win the game. Meanwhile, Jerry tries to impress Kelsey Vargas but keeps lying to her.
Guest stars: Harrison Boxley as Sidney (credited as "Dark Knight King '')
Rudy throws himself a birthday party, and an unprepared Jack scrambles for a gift. When Kim reveals her gift to Rudy, an autographed picture of Bobby Wasabi, Jack one - ups her and recruits the former international movie star Bobby Wasabi to make a surprise visit. Unfortunately, Rudy does n't recognize his hero and is fired from his job after he accidentally flips Bobby and is fired. Rudy decides to get a job at Reptile World. Jack and the gang visit Bobby 's mansion to convince Bobby to rehire their sensei. Forced to fight ninjas, Jack and Kim are paired up with each other while Jerry, Eddie, and Milton are a group. Jack and Kim (the others were watching) defeat the ninjas and get Rudy 's job back.
Jerry signs the gang up for the "Hottest Dance Crew Competition '' at the mall, but quickly learns they ca n't dance. Smooth (Roshon Fegan), a member of the Step Brotherz, offers Jerry a spot on his crew and he eagerly joins. But when Smooth steals Jerry 's signature dance move for the competition, Jerry realizes he betrayed his friends. In the end, Jerry and his friends fail to get first place but do get the award for best individual move. Meanwhile, Rudy and Marge host an infomercial for the Pocket Ninja, but Rudy keeps messing up.
Special guest star: Roshon Fegan as Dan "Smooth '' Brennan Guest stars: Loni Love as Marge and Brooke Dillman as Joan
Kim is ecstatic when teen pop sensation Ricky Weaver shows up at the dojo to ask her to dance with him on stage at his upcoming concert. But after Ricky tells Jack that he makes a move on a girl and then dumps her at every concert, Jack tries to warn Kim about Ricky 's intentions. Kim eventually realizes what a jerk Ricky is and apologizes to Jack. In the end, Jack asks Kim if she wants to go out to eat and she says yes. Meanwhile, Rudy and the rest of the gang form a boy band called the "Black Belt Boys '' and try to open for Ricky Weaver to get girls to like them.
Guest stars:: Austin North as Ricky Weaver
As a reward for winning the Bobby Wasabi Inter-Dojo Tournament, Bobby sends over a life - sized wax statue of himself. Once a blackout hits the dojo, Jack and Jerry try to find a way to keep the statue cool. In the end, the wax statue melts but Bobby forgives them. Meanwhile, Kim and Milton turn the mall courtyard into a beach and start charging for chairs and sunblock because Kim needs to pay for her texts. Milton gets tired of being bossed around by Kim and quits.
Absent: Alex Christian Jones as Eddie
Rudy discovers his natural acting ability and hires Jerry as his manager, but when Rudy freaks out during the audition, Jack tries to help him out and ends up booking the lead role of "Pomegranate Man ''. Meanwhile, Milton 's perfect GPA is threatened when a baking assignment leads him to become a crazed tyrant chef.
Guest star: Jonathan Kite as Terrence
The Bobby Wasabi gang is determined to stop the Black Dragons from ruining the mall 's annual Halloween Boo - Stravaganza. Jack assures the others that he 's not afraid of the Black Dragons, or anything else for that matter. But when a sales rep from Circus Burger enters the courtyard, Jack comes unglued, revealing his biggest fear - clowns. When the Dragons use their newfound discovery against him, Jack tries to take down the posses blindfolded with the help of his friends. Meanwhile, Rudy meets a mysterious woman in a cat costume and tries to find out her true identity. In the end of the episode, Rudy finds out she is Jerry 's mother, much to Jerry 's shock.
Guest stars: Wayne Dalglish as Frank, Loni Love as Marge, Dan Ahdoot as Falafel Phil and Stephanie Arellano as Jerry 's mom, A.K.A Catwoman
Milton falls head over heels for Julie, a girl in his chemistry class so Jack and Kim try to get them together. But when Julie 's uncle, Sensei Ty from the Black Dragons, bans them from seeing each other, Milton and Julie decide their feelings for each other outweighs the rivalry between their dojos. Meanwhile, Jerry and Eddie vie to be the best rappers.
Guest stars: Wayne Dalglish as Frank, Hannah Leigh as Julie, Ian Reed Kelser as Sensei Ty and Brooke Dillman as Joan
After Milton accidentally thwarts a robbery in the mall, Joan gives Milton a badge and makes him an honorary security guard, but Milton 's newfound power is put to the test when a band of robbers steal from the dojo. Meanwhile, Jack and Kim teach Rudy to skateboard.
Guest stars: Brooke Dillman as Joan and Dan Ahdoot as Falafel Phil
After Jerry gets detention by taking the heat for Milton 's prank, Jack and the gang try to find a way for Jerry to escape. Problems rise when detention lands on the same day as the big tournament his family is planning to attend, so Milton disguises himself as Jerry so he can compete. Meanwhile, Rudy has to watch Falafel Phil 's goat after doing him a favor and develops feelings for it.
Guest stars: Dan Ahdoot as Falafel Phil and Richard Riehle as Mr. Coburn
When Rudy goes on a road trip with Bobby Wasabi and Falafel Phil, the gang throws a party in the dojo where Rudy 's prized Katana goes missing. Jack, Kim, and Milton need to quickly find a replacement before he returns. They find a replacement, but it 's $500. Milton finds a French horn, trades it with the items they brought in, buys the Katana sword, and becomes the clerk 's new boss. Meanwhile, Jerry and Eddie find a grape juice stain on the wall while cleaning the dojo.
Guest stars: Joel McCrary as Bobby Wasabi, Dan Ahdoot as Falafel Phil and Eddie Pepitone as Lou
While practicing for a speed board breaking competition, Jack accidentally kicks Jerry in the ribs and he ends up at the hospital where Kim volunteers as a candy striper. While visiting, Milton and Eddie find themselves in the maternity ward and accidentally get the babies mixed up. Jack feels guilty for kicking Jerry, so he quits the breaking board competition. Meanwhile, Rudy tries to win free - food - for - life at Falafel Phil 's, but Phil tries to prevent him from winning.
Guest stars: Dan Ahdoot as Falafel Phil and Phyllis, Marc Evan Jackson as Doctor Rose and Travis Johns as Duke Evans
The gang competes in Bobby Wasabi 's new martial arts reality show, ' Wasabi Warrior, ' hosted by Rudy, where the close knit friends form secret alliances without Jack because they worry that he is the biggest threat to all of them. Soon after voting Jack off, Jack finds a way to get back in the game. Meanwhile, Jerry, Milton, and Eddie find out that Kim is planning to get them all voted off the game show.
Jack goes in the Junior world martial arts championships in China. However, there he comes face to face with his cousin Kai, the only person who has ever beaten Jack. Meanwhile, Milton, Eddie and Jerry get lost after trying to find out the meaning of a fortune they got.
Guest stars: Troy Romzek as Kai, Aren Marayuma as Pei Pei and Matthew Moy as Shen
After Jack turns down Kim 's invitation to be her date at the Swan Court Cotillion Ball, she asks Brody (Billy Unger), a new kid in school. But when Jack suspects that Brody is from the Black Dragons, the gang springs into action to tell Kim the truth. Meanwhile, Rudy helps Eddie with the Explorer Scouts ' Pinewood Derby.
Special guest star: Billy Unger as Brody Guest stars: Wayne Dalglish as Frank, Kaylee Bryant as Carrie and Brooke Laver as Jennie
Out of anger, Rudy flips Mondo, a professional wrestler and becomes an Internet sensation. Jack gets in a fight at school under the influence of Rudy and gets detention. To settle things with Mondo, Rudy decides to wrestle against him in a match, but when Rudy is overtaken during the match, Jack jumps in to help. Meanwhile, Kim helps Milton when he thinks that Julie wants to kiss him, and ends up kissing Milton out of pure exasperation.
Special guest star: Jason Sehorn as Announcer Guest stars: Dan Ahdoot as Falafel Phil, Hannah Leigh as Julie and Matthew Willig as Mondo
Rudy must fight for his job when he is replaced as Sensei by a futuristic robot, the Wasabitron 3000. Milton and Eddie build their own robot to try and destroy the Wasabitron 3000.
Milton becomes the Seaford High kicker when, at a try - out, he kicks a fifty - yard field goal. Eddie tries to ask Grace out.
The Wasabi Warriors are saving up to buy a go - kart that is on display in one of the mall 's stores. Jack, Kim, Milton, and Eddie each contribute towards the go - kart and reprimand Jerry for not contributing. Jerry gets a job working for The Meatball King and buys the go - kart himself, much to Jack, Kim, and Milton 's annoyance. Meanwhile, Eddie tells Rudy that thinks he took a pretzel from the pretzel cart without paying for it. Rudy takes Eddie to the pretzel vendor, who hits Rudy in the nose with a pretzel after he calls the pretzels harder than wood, causing his nose to swell up. Rudy then takes Eddie to Joan, who agrees to teach Eddie a lesson. In order to make his experience of jail time realistic, Joan puts on a prison jumpsuit and locks herself in with him to play the role of his cellmate. She accidentally tosses the keys to the cell out with her uniform, forcing Eddie and Joan to break out of the jail cell using the air vents. Phil 's goat, Tootsie, is taken hostage by Jerry 's new boss after Phil fails to repay him for the meatballs that The Meatball King forcibly sold to Phil. With Jerry 's help, Jack, Kim, Milton, Rudy, and Phil come up with a plan to intimidate The Meatball King into returning Tootsie by pretending to be The Schnoz, The Meatball King 's mysterious boss whom he is deathly afraid of, and his crew. The meeting turns into a fight when Tootsie eats Rudy 's fake mustache, revealing his identity.
The gang keeps attempting to win as their school 's basketball team, but they always lose. They soon find out that the world famous Harlem Globetrotters are coming for a special contest. They thought that they might have an advantage because Big Easy, one of the members, is supposedly Eddie 's uncle. But, when Eddie accidentally wins the contest, he is faced with the fact that they are not related. With the help of Jerry, he convinces Big Easy that they are related. At the end of the episode, Eddie finds out that he knew all along that they were not related.
When the gang 's regular skate park closes, they ask Rudy to ask his former classmate, Luke, who owns a bunch of skate parks, to build one for Seaford High. However, the place where it is going to be built is the home of a rare rodent. Kim stands up to protect the rodent 's home and at first Jack disagrees with her, but he later helps her protect the rodent. Luke pretends he is going to protect the rodent but is really going to get rid of it to build the rink to sell his merchandise. Meanwhile, Jerry and Eddie become the testers of skating gear to impress some cute girls.
Eddie is selected to be the head of the Float Committee. When Rudy tells him that kids from Swathmore stole the flag off of his float back when he was in high school and his reputation was ruined, the gang tries to help Rudy gain his reputation back. Meanwhile, a girl from Swathmore challenges Kim to a pageant.
Rudy runs into an old rival from his past at a tournament in San Francisco. Meanwhile, Milton flips Jerry and thinks that he has awakened his inner voice. So he abandons his friends and instead decides to give people advice.
Absent: Olivia Holt as Kim Crawford
When Jack and Jerry save the lead singer of their favorite band, they become his bodyguards. Yhey find out that one of the other members of the band is out to get him. Meanwhile, Rudy, Milton, and Eddie run Phil 's restaurant while he is away.
The boys take care of the Principal 's baby, but he crawls away, making Jerry and Jack scramble to find him. Meanwhile, Rudy and Joan coach Gracie Bell, Joan 's niece, in the Little Miss Seaford pageant.
When Kim tells Jack she is bored of sparring with Milton, Jack begins to spar with her instead. But when Jack lets Kim win, she becomes angry and demands a fair rematch. They fight in "Immortal Splayer '', a virtual world in an arcade where neither of them hold back. Meanwhile, Lonnie gives Jerry and Eddie a prize lizard, telling them to take extra care of it. However, when they lose it, they decide to dress up as a lizard and a moth, in hope of finding it. Rudy and Milton build a miniature train town, and argue what to call it. It ends up being called Rudyville, but it gets crushed by Jerry and Eddie.
Rudy is excited when he learns he may be elected into Seaford High 's Hall of Fame, but he then realizes that he has to finish high school first. Eddie and Milton try to help Rudy get his diploma so he can be in with a chance to be in Seafords Hall of fame. Meanwhile, Jerry falls for Phil 's niece, Mika, and brags to everyone he is dating her. When Phil and Mika find out, they devise a plan to stop him.
Guest stars: Dan Ahdoot as Falafel Phil, Oana Gregory as Mika, Rachel Cannon as Bethany and Eric Nenninger as Funderburk
Co-stars: Michael Naughton as Chairman and Beverly DeLoatch as Dr. Hanft
The whole gang gets an opportunity to spend a weekend with the legendary Shaolin Warriors, and train with them. While they are there, the Grandmaster Po announces that Jerry is the chosen one who is destined to save the temple from a looming dark cloud. Jerry highly doubts this, but when he is treated like a king, does n't protest. While this is going on, Jack and Kim challenge each other to see who can walk the path of fire first. Neither of them manage it. Milton struggles to keep a vow of silence.
Guest stars: James Ryen as Zang Lu, Gerald Okamura as Grandmaster Po, James Sie as Yin Chen and Derek Mio as Wan Chi
After a headmaster sees Jack fighting in a match, he offers him a full scholarship to the world - renowned Otai Academy in Japan. Jack is overjoyed, but when he found out the scholarship was for 4 years, he starts to doubt about going.
Guest stars: Brooke Dillman as Joan, Wayne Dalglish as Frank, Brennan Mejia as Zane and Harrison Boxley as Sydney
When Bobby Wasabi is lonely, Mika suggests he get a girlfriend, but things get awry when he announces he is marrying a woman named Leona that he met the day before. Jack and Jerry get kidnapped by Leona 's ninjas on the wedding day and find out she is the Black Belt Widow, a famous woman who marries then murders martial arts millionaires to steal their money, and that she is planning to kill Bobby and get to his money that same day.
Special guest star: Denise Richards as Leona aka the Black Belt Widow
Guest star: Joel McCrary as Bobby Wasabi, Oana Gregory as Mika
When Kim falls asleep watching a Halloween movie, she dreams that all her friends (except for Milton) have turned into zompyres - a cross between zombies and vampires that multiplies by burping into the faces of humans. Kim has to battle through, which is tricky, because she feels she is hurting her dearest friends - especially Jack. Her mission is to travel to the home of the zompryes, the school, which has the only zompyre antidote.
Jack and Jerry both start working at a shoe store in the mall, but run into trouble when Jerry is promoted to manager and Jack is n't.
While Jack is away on a family reunion in Colorado, Milton (with help from Julie) and Jerry (with help from Eddie) run for class president against each other and Frank of the Black Dragons. Meanwhile, Rudy asks Kim to help him direct the community play of Romeo and Juliet featuring Bobby Wasabi and Joan (whom Rudy was forced to hire by Bobby after she and Bobby discuss about a Peacock parked on the loading bay). In the end the Black Dragons and Wasabi Warriors (Sans Jack) battle during the play, making the critic (an elderly man who bad mouthed his own daughter 's ballet recital) extremely pleased.
Guest star: Hannah Leigh as Julie, Brooke Dillman as Joan Malone, Joel Mccracy as Bobby Wasabi, Wayne Dalglish as Frank
Carson, an old friend of the gang and Rudy 's former star student, returns to Seaford for a visit. His own martial arts moves prompt Rudy to replace Jack with Carson in the upcoming tournament, irking Jack. In a startling turn of events, Jack becomes a Black Dragon in order to compete against Carson in an honest karate bout and ends up competing unaffiliated with a dojo.
Jack and Kim are chosen to star in a new action movie. But they discover that they are not just acting in the movie but they are also living it. Their characters are enemies but they are brought together by a kiss. Meanwhile, Rudy plays a contestant on a game show called "Box That Head ''. A gift from the mayor comes to congratulate Jack and Kim and it 's a machine to help train you in karate. Frank tries to steal it but Jerry and Milton defends themselves and Eddie comes back to help defend the dojo with them in the end. Soon after Rudy gets back to the dojo, he overhears Jerry say that the host has idiots come on to the show, and no matter what box they choose, it 's something unpleasant. After Jerry, Milton, and Eddie get shocked from Rudy 's injured face, Rudy leaves with a bo staff "To see a man named Wink ''
Rudy leaves the dojo because of a new job that he ca n't say no to, and Ty and the Black Dragons end up buying it. They demote all the Wasabi Warriors to white belts and the five say good - bye and leave the dojo. When they meet each other again after three months, they have all grown apart, and Kim has a boyfriend Brett. Ty tells Rudy that in order to gain the dojo back, the two dojos must compete against each other. Milton brings in his Aunt Jillian to get everyone in shape. Later at the tournament, the two dojos are at a tie, and to win the dojo Rudy has to go up against Kofi Kingston. Eventually he beats Kofi, and they win the dojo back. Kim breaks up with Brett telling him she "has feelings for someone else (Jack) ''. Jack overhears, and the episode ends as Jack and Kim skip practice to go on a date.
To teach the gang about the spirit of Christmas, Rudy volunteers Jack, Jerry and Milton to work at Santa 's village. But when they are accused of stealing toys to be given to an orphanage and get banned from the mall, they are labeled as the "kids who stole Christmas ''. While the guys try to prove their innocence, Kim and Eddie battle it out in a holiday window display contest.
On November 5, 2012, Disney XD renewed Kickin ' It for a third season to begin production in 2013.
Milton invents a pair of gloves holding the strength of ten men for a science project and shows them to his role model, Derek Tanner. But when Jack and Jerry suspect that Derek is an evil weapon inventor, troubles arise; Rudy takes Sam to the carnival.
When Kim is elected as school president she believes Frank is guilty for a crime and takes a plan for expulsion. But when Jack suspects Frank is innocent, he goes against Kim and tries to solve the mystery of who took the school mascot. It turns out the guilty person was a cheerleader named Erica who was tired of Frank ruining all of her cheers.
When Rudy rents a monster truck as another plot to get business for the Bobby Wasabi dojo, he crashes it into the Black Dragon dojo forcing them to share the Bobby Wasabi dojo. Things get complicated when Ty and Rudy become friends and Frank keeps flirting with Kim and pretending that they are practically married because of their shared locker. Later, everyone tries to get Rudy and Ty to stop being friends because no one can handle sharing the dojo.
After suffering a humiliating loss, Kim 's entire gymnastics team quits on her, including the coach. With only one week left before the big meet against Seaford 's arch rivals, Kim is ready to accept defeat, until Milton crosses paths with Olympic gold medalist Gabby Douglas and recruits her to coach the team. Meanwhile Rudy and Jack teach inmates how to meditate.
A celebrity karate star, Sloane, joins the dojo but she does not actually like karate. So Kim discovers Sloane has a passion for singing and tries to help her with it. But Rudy and Jack blame Kim for taking away their big catch, by kicking her out of the dojo.
Jack and Milton are touring Washington D.C. but are surprised when the real reason they are there is because Funderberk needs Jack and Milton to join a group of undercover teen spies.
Guest stars: Lulu Antariksa as Grey Cole.
Rudy tells the gang the origin story of the Wasabi Code before they part ways. After the story, Jack and Milton head to Washington D.C. together, Jerry departs for Kenya, Kim gets accepted to the Otai Academy, and Rudy stays in the dojo teaching a new generation of young students.
In August 2013, Disney XD ordered a fourth season of the series and scheduled season four to air in 2014. Production was scheduled to start in November 2013. While initially announce that Olivia Holt would not be returning, due to her starring in a new Disney Channel comedy series I Did n't Do It, which premiered on January 17, 2014.
Jack and Milton return to Seaford and discover that Rudy has opened an impressive two - story dojo in a new mall and Phil has opened a bowling alley, and Jerry is the new manager. While Jerry faces Rudy in a bowling match after making Phil 's customers go away, Jack and Milton return to Washington D.C. to stop Shane, who is revealed to be a double agent.
Jack, Milton and Rudy discover a gold mine on Rudy 's inherited seemingly worthless piece of land, But fight on who gets most of the gold. Meanwhile, Jerry helps Phil achieve the dreams he 've always wanted.
When Milton finds out his ex-girlfriend Julie is going out with another man, he tries to borrow his dad 's classic convertible to impress her. There while driving with Jerry, they come by a guy named Mat to a party and try to impress him too. Meanwhile, Jack and Rudy want more people working at the new dojo so Rudy has ads to wrestlers so can they exercise here. However, they trash it.
When Jack and Jerry learn that Milton is a talented magician, they use his skills to make money as entertainment at birthday parties. But when Milton 's tricks fail to impress, Jack and Jerry go out on their own, with Jack performing the most dangerous trick of all time.
Milton fears his dreams of going to Oxbridge University are ruined until he meets Tom, the president of a powerful brotherhood that can help him. Meanwhile, Jack is mad at Jerry for ignoring a call from Kim that he was expecting.
When Jerry disrespects Jack 's authority as a sensei and throws an unauthorized party at the dojo, Jack suspends him from taking his black belt test. Then, Jerry makes a wish of Jack not coming to the dojo.
Kim returns from Japan with her sensei, Tomo, who 's interested in hiring Rudy for a position at the prestigious Otai.
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how did the twin cities get their name | Minneapolis -- Saint Paul - wikipedia
Minnesota
Minneapolis -- Saint Paul is a major metropolitan area built around the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix rivers in east central Minnesota. The area is commonly known as the Twin Cities after its two largest cities, Minneapolis, the most populous city in the state, and Saint Paul, the state capital. It is an example of twin cities in the sense of geographical proximity. Minnesotans living outside of Minneapolis and Saint Paul often refer to the two together (or the seven - county metro area collectively) as The Cities.
There are several different definitions of the region. Many refer to the Twin Cities as the seven - county region which is governed under the Metropolitan Council regional governmental agency and planning organization. The Office of Management and Budget officially designates 16 counties as the Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- Bloomington MN - WI Metropolitan Statistical Area, the 16th largest in the United States. The entire region known as the Minneapolis -- St. Paul MN - WI Combined Statistical Area, has a population of 3,866,768, the 14th largest, according to 2015 Census estimates.
Despite the Twin moniker, both cities are independent municipalities with defined borders. Minneapolis is somewhat younger with more modern skyscrapers downtown, while Saint Paul has been likened to an East Coast city, with quaint neighborhoods and a vast collection of well - preserved late - Victorian architecture.
Minneapolis was influenced by its early Scandinavian and Lutheran heritage. St. Paul was influenced by its early French, Irish and German Catholic roots.
The Minneapolis - St. Paul metropolitan area includes 16 counties, of which 14 are in Minnesota and two in Wisconsin.
Note: Counties that are bolded are under jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Council. Numbers in parentheses are 2013 census estimates. Counties that are italicized were added to the metropolitan area when the Office of Management and Budget revised its delineations of metropolitan statistical areas in 2013.
There are approximately 218 incorporated municipalities within the Twin Cities metropolitan region. This includes census - designated places along with villages in Wisconsin, but excludes unincorporated towns in Wisconsin, known as civil townships in other states. Estimates are as of 2016 for cities with 25,000 or more inhabitants.
Places with over 100,000 inhabitants (2016 estimates)
Places with 50,000 to 99,999 inhabitants
Places with 25,000 to 49,999 inhabitants
Places with 10,000 to 24,999 inhabitants
Places with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants
The Minneapolis -- St. Paul, MN -- WI Combined Statistical Area is made up of 19 counties in Minnesota and two counties in Wisconsin. The statistical area includes two metropolitan areas and three micropolitan areas. As of the 2010 Census, the CSA had a population of 3,684,928 (though a July 1, 2012 estimate placed the population at 3,691,918). The CSA definition encompasses 11,132.44 sq mi (28,832.9 km) of area.
Minneapolis and St. Paul have competed since they were founded, resulting in some duplication of effort. After St. Paul completed its elaborate Cathedral in 1915, Minneapolis quickly followed up with the equally ornate Basilica of St. Mary in 1926. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the rivalry became so intense that an architect practicing in one city was often refused business in the other. The 1890 United States Census even led to the two cities arresting and / or kidnapping each other 's census takers, in an attempt to keep either city from outgrowing the other.
The rivalry could occasionally erupt into inter-city violence, as happened at a 1923 game between the Minneapolis Millers and the St. Paul Saints, both baseball teams of the American Association. In the 1950s, both cities competed for a major league baseball franchise (which resulted in two rival stadiums being built), and there was a brief period in the mid-1960s where the two cities could not agree on a common calendar for daylight saving time, resulting in a period of a few weeks where people in Minneapolis were one hour "behind '' anyone living or traveling in St. Paul.
The cities ' mutual antagonism was largely healed by the end of the 1960s, aided by the simultaneous arrival in 1961 of the Minnesota Twins of the American League and the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League, both of which identified themselves with the state as a whole (the former explicitly named for both Twin Cities) and not with either of the major cities (unlike the earlier Minneapolis Lakers). Since 1961, it has been common practice for any major sports team based in the Twin Cities to be named for Minnesota as a whole. In terms of development, the two cities remain distinct in their progress, with Minneapolis absorbing new and avant - garde architecture while St. Paul continues to carefully integrate new buildings into the context of classical and Victorian styles.
The Minneapolis - Saint Paul metropolitan area fine art museums include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, and the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum. The Minnesota Orchestra and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra are full - time professional musical ensembles. The Guthrie Theater moved into a new building in 2006 overlooking the Mississippi River. The Minnesota Fringe Festival is an annual celebration of theatre, dance, improvisation, puppetry, kids ' shows, visual art, and musicals.
The Public Radio program A Prairie Home Companion, hosted by Minnesota native Garrison Keillor aired live for many years from the Fitzgerald Theater in Saint Paul. The show ended its run in 2016, with its successor Live from Here also airing from the same venue.
There are numerous lakes in the region, and cities in the area have some very extensive park systems for recreation. Organized recreation includes the Great River Energy bicycle festival, the Twin Cities Marathon, and the U.S. pond hockey championships. Some studies have shown that area residents take advantage of this, and are among the most physically fit in the country, though others have disputed that. Nonetheless, medicine is a major industry in the region and the southeasterly city of Rochester, as the University of Minnesota has joined other colleges and hospitals in doing significant research, and major medical device manufacturers started in the region (the most prominent is Medtronic). Technical innovators have brought important advances in computing, including the Cray line of supercomputers.
It is common for residents of the Twin Cities area to own or share cabins and other properties along lakes and forested areas in the central and northern regions of the state, and weekend trips "up North '' happen through the warmer months. Ice fishing is also a major pastime in the winter, although each year some overambitious fishermen find themselves in dangerous situations when they venture out onto the ice too early or too late. Hunting, snowmobiling, ATV riding and numerous other outdoor activities are also popular. This connectedness with the outdoors also brings a strong sense of environmentalism to many Minnesotans.
In 2011 and 2012, the American College of Sports Medicine named Minneapolis -- Saint Paul the healthiest metropolitan area in America.
Approximately 93.2 % of the metropolitan area 's population was native to the United States. Approximately 92.6 % were born in the U.S. while 0.6 % were born in Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, or born abroad to American parents. The rest of the population (6.8 %) were foreign - born.
The highest percentages of immigrants came from Asia (38.2 %), Latin America (25.4 %), and Africa (20.1 %); smaller percentages of newcomers came from Europe (13.1 %), other parts of North America (3.0 %), and Oceania (0.2 %).
Minneapolis -- Saint Paul is also a major center for religion in the state, especially Christianity. The state headquarters of five major Christian churches are found here: the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, the Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota, the Presbyterian Synod of Lakes and Prairies, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints (LDS Church). The Presbyterian and LDS churches both have missions in Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Bloomington as well as the orthodox church in America
The headquarters of the former American Lutheran Church (ALC), Evangelical Lutheran Church, Lutheran Free Church and the Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church were located in Minneapolis; the headquarters of Augsburg Fortress publishing house still is. The Minneapolis Area Synod and the Saint Paul Area Synod are the first and third largest synods of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), respectively.
The Evangelical Free Church of America has its headquarters in Bloomington, and the Association of Free Lutheran Congregations is headquartered in Plymouth, along with its seminary and a Bible School.
The Twin Cities are home to several synagogues serving the Jewish population, which is concentrated in the western Minneapolis suburbs of Golden Valley, St. Louis Park, Plymouth and Minnetonka. There is also a Hindu temple located in the Twin Cities suburb of Maple Grove. A recent influx of immigrants from Laos and Northern Africa has brought many more religions to the area. There are several Islamic Masjids in the area. There is a temple for the religion of Eckankar in the suburb of Chanhassen known as the Temple of Eck. In addition, many Hmong and Tibetan Buddhist peoples live in Saint Paul; a Hmong Buddhist temple opened in suburban Roseville in 1995. The LDS St. Paul Minnesota Temple opened in Oakdale, a suburb east of Saint Paul, in 2000. There are several very strong Unitarian Universalist communities such as the First Unitarian Society of Minneapolis, as well as several Pagan and Buddhist groups. The cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis have been called Paganistan due to the large numbers of Pagans living there. There are an estimated 20,000 Pagans living in the Twin Cities area.
Minneapolis is where the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association started and was its home for more than fifty years.
The following table shows the professional sports teams in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul MSA:
The Twin Cities is one of thirteen American metropolitan areas to have teams in all four major sports -- MLB, NFL, NBA and NHL. Including Major League Soccer (MLS), it is one of ten metro areas to have five major sports. To avoid favoring either of the Twin Cities, most teams based in the area use only the word Minnesota in their name, rather than Minneapolis or St. Paul.
Minneapolis was the site of two Super Bowls - Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 and Super Bowl LII in 2018. It was the farthest north that a Super Bowl has ever been played.
The World Series has been played in the Twin Cities three times - 1965, 1987 and 1991 as well as three MLB All - Star Games - 1965, 1985 and 2014. All - Star games in the NHL were hosted in 1972 and 2004, the NBA in 1994 and the WNBA in 2018.
The Final Four Men 's NCAA basketball tournament has been hosted by Minneapolis four times - 1951, 1992, 2001 and 2019 and Women 's one time - 1995.
Major golf tournaments hosted in the Twin Cities include - US Open - 1916, 1930, 1970, 1991; US Women 's Open - 1966, 1977, 2008; PGA Championship - 1932, 1954, 2002, 2009; Walker Cup - 1957; Solheim Cup - 2002 and the Ryder Cup - 2016. The Ryder Cup is scheduled to return in 2028.
The 1998 World Figure Skating Championships was held at Target Center in Minneapolis.
The Twin Cities host three nationally competing Roller Derby leagues: The Minnesota RollerGirls of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association Division 1, the North Star Roller Girls of WFTDA Division 2, and Minnesota Men 's Roller Derby, a league of the Men 's Roller Derby Association. MNRG and NSRG possess four home teams each: the Dagger Dolls, Garda Belts, Rockits, and Atomic Bombshells of MNRG and the Banger Sisters, Delta Delta Di, Kilmore Girls and Violent Femmes of NSRG, as well as two traveling teams each. MMRD possesses three home teams: The Gentlemen 's Club, Destruction Workers, and Thunderjacks, and two traveling teams.
The annual Twin Cities Marathon is held in the fall with a course running through Minneapolis and St. Paul. Minneapolis was the birthplace of Rollerblade and is a center for inline skating, as well as home to the most golfers per capita of any city in the U.S. Additionally, water skiing got its start on Lake Pepin, a short distance southeast of the metropolitan area.
Some other sports teams gained their names from being in Minnesota before relocating. The Los Angeles Lakers get their name from once being based in Minneapolis, the City of Lakes. The Dallas Stars also derived their present name from their tenure as a Minnesota team, the Minnesota North Stars.
The 2008 Republican National Convention was held at the Xcel Energy Center in St. Paul. Minneapolis and St. Paul submitted combined bids to host the 2008 Democratic National Convention and the Republican National Convention. Minneapolis was host to the 1892 Republican National Convention.
The Minneapolis -- Saint Paul area is home to 16 of Minnesota 's 17 Fortune 500 headquarters - UnitedHealth Group, Target, Best Buy, CHS, 3M, US Bancorp, Supervalu, General Mills, Land O'Lakes, Ecolab, CH Robinson Worldwide, Ameriprise Financial, Xcel Energy, Thrivent Financial, Mosaic, and Patterson. A number of private companies are also headquartered in the Twin Cities area, including Cargill, the country 's largest private company, Carlson, Mortenson, Holiday Stationstores, and Andersen. Foreign companies with U.S. headquarters in the Twin Cities include Aimia, Allianz, Canadian Pacific, Coloplast, Medtronic, Pearson VUE, Pentair and RBC.
The Twin Cities 's economy is the 13th largest in the U.S. and ranks second in the Midwest. The Minneapolis - St. Paul area also ranks as the second largest medical device manufacture center in North America and the fourth - biggest U.S. banking center, based on total assets of banks headquartered in the metro area, ranking behind the New York, San Francisco, and Charlotte, N.C. metropolitan areas.
The first European settlement in the region was near what is now known as the town of Stillwater, Minnesota. The city is approximately 20 miles (30 km) from downtown Saint Paul and lies on the western bank of the St. Croix River, which forms the border of central Minnesota and Wisconsin. Another settlement that began fueling early interest in the area was the outpost at Fort Snelling, which was constructed from 1820 to 1825 at the confluence of the Minnesota River and the Mississippi River.
Fort Snelling held jurisdiction over the land south of Saint Anthony Falls, thus a town known as Saint Anthony grew just north of the river. For several years, the only European resident to live on the south bank of the river was Colonel John H. Stevens, who operated a ferry service across the river. As soon as the land area controlled by Fort Snelling was reduced, new settlers began flocking across to the new village of Minneapolis. The town grew quickly, and Minneapolis and Saint Anthony eventually merged. On the eastern side of the Mississippi, a few villages such as Pig 's Eye and Lambert 's Landing developed and would soon grow to become Saint Paul.
Natural geography played a role in the settlement and development of the two cities. The Mississippi River Valley in this area is defined by a series of stone bluffs that line both sides of the river. Saint Paul grew up around Lambert 's Landing, the last place to unload boats coming upriver at an easily accessible point, some seven miles (11 km) downstream from Saint Anthony Falls, the geographic feature that, due to the value of its immense water power for industry, defined the location of Minneapolis and its prominence as the Mill City. The falls can be seen today from the Mill City Museum, housed in the former Washburn "A '' Mill, which was among the world 's largest mills in its time.
The oldest farms in the state are located in Washington County, the eastern most county on the Minnesota side of the metropolitan area. Joseph Haskell was Minnesota 's first farmer, harvesting the first crops in the state in 1840 on what is now part of Afton Township on Trading Post Trail.
The Grand Excursion, a trip into the Upper Midwest sponsored by the Rock Island Railroad, brought more than a thousand curious travelers into the area by rail and steamboat in 1854. The next year, in 1855, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow published The Song of Hiawatha, an epic poem based on the Ojibwe legends of Hiawatha. A number of natural area landmarks were included in the story, such as Lake Minnetonka and Minnehaha Falls. Tourists inspired by the coverage of the Grand Excursion in eastern newspapers and those who read Longfellow 's story flocked to the area in the following decades.
At one time, the region also had numerous passenger rail services, including both interurban streetcar systems and interstate rail. Due to the width of the river at points further south, the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul area was briefly one of the few places where the Mississippi could be crossed by railroad. A great amount of commercial rail traffic also ran through the area, often carrying grain to be processed at mills in Minneapolis or delivering other goods to Saint Paul to be transported along the Mississippi. Saint Paul had long been at the head of navigation on the river, prior to a new lock and dam facility being added upriver in Minneapolis.
Passenger travel hit its peak in 1888 with nearly eight million traversing to and from the Saint Paul Union Depot. This amounted to approximately 150 trains daily. Before long, other rail crossings were built farther south and travel through the region began to decline. In an effort by the rail companies to combat the rise of the automobile, some of the earliest streamliners ran from Chicago to Minneapolis / Saint Paul and eventually served distant points in the Pacific Northwest. Today, the only vestige of this interstate service comes by Amtrak 's Empire Builder train, running once daily in each direction. It is the railroad 's busiest long - distance train and is named after James J. Hill, a railroad tycoon who settled on Summit Avenue in Saint Paul at what is now known as the James J. Hill House.
Like many Northern cities that grew up with the Industrial Revolution, Minneapolis and St. Paul experienced shifts in their economic base as heavy industry declined, especially in the 1960s and 1970s. Along with the economic decline of the 60s and 70s came population decline in the central city areas, white flight to suburbs, and, in the summer of 1967, race riots on Minneapolis 's North Side. By the 1980s and 1990s, however, Minneapolis and St. Paul were frequently cited as former Rust Belt cities that had made successful transitions to service, high - technology, finance, and information economies.
Along with much of Minnesota, the Twin Cities area was shaped by water and ice over the course of millions of years. The land of the area sits on top of thick layers of sandstone and limestone laid down as seas encroached upon and receded from the region. Erosion caused natural caves to develop, which were expanded into mines when white settlers came to the area. In the time of Prohibition, at least one speakeasy was built into these hidden spaces -- eventually refurbished as the Wabasha Street Caves in Saint Paul.
Lakes across the area were formed and altered by the movement of glaciers. This left many bodies of water in the region, and unusual shapes may appear. For example, Lake Minnetonka out toward the western side of the Twin Cities consists of a complex arrangement of channels and large bays. Elevations in the metropolitan area range from 1,376 feet (419 m) above sea level in the northwest metro to 666 feet (203 m) at the edge of the Mississippi River in the southeast.
Because it is comparatively easy to dig through limestone and there are many natural and man - made open spaces, it has often been proposed that the area should examine the idea of building subways for public transportation. In theory, it could be less expensive in the Twin Cities than in many other places, but the cost would still be much greater than surface projects.
Owing to its northerly latitude and inland location, the Twin Cities experience the coldest climate of any major metropolitan area in the United States. However, due to its southern location in the state and aided further by the urban heat island, the Twin Cities is one of the warmest locations in Minnesota. The average annual temperature at the Minneapolis -- St. Paul International Airport is 45.4 ° F (7.4 ° C); 3.5 ° F (1.9 ° C) colder than Winona, Minnesota, and 8.8 ° F (4.9 ° C) warmer than Roseau, Minnesota. Monthly average daily high temperatures range from 21.9 ° F (− 5.6 ° C) in January to 83.3 ° F (28.5 ° C) in July; the average daily minimum temperatures for the two months are 4.3 ° F (− 15.4 ° C) and 63.0 ° F (17.2 ° C) respectively.
Minimum temperatures of 0 ° F (− 18 ° C) or lower are seen on an average of 29.7 days per year, and 76.2 days do not have a maximum temperature exceeding the freezing point. Temperatures above 90 ° F (32 ° C) occur an average of 15 times per year. High temperatures above 100 ° F (38 ° C) have been common in recent years; the last occurring on July 6, 2012. The lowest temperature ever reported at the Minneapolis -- St. Paul International Airport was − 34 ° F (− 37 ° C) on January 22, 1936; the highest, 108 ° F (42 ° C), was reported on July 14 of the same year. Early settlement records at Fort Snelling show temperatures as low as − 42 ° F (− 41 ° C). Recent records include − 40 ° F (− 40 ° C) at Vadnais Lake on February 2, 1996 (National Climatic Data Center)
Precipitation averages 29.41 inches (74.7 cm) per year, and is most plentiful in June (4.34 inches (11.0 cm)) and February (0.79 inches (2.0 cm)) the least so. The greatest one - day rainfall amount was 9.15 inches (23.2 cm), reported on July 23, 1987. The city 's record for lowest annual precipitation was set in 1910, when 11.54 inches (29.3 cm) fell throughout the year; coincidentally, the opposite record was set the following year, which observed a total 40.15 inches (1,020 mm). At an average of 56.3 inches (1,430 mm) per year, snowfall is generally abundant (though some recent years have proved an exception).
The Twin Cities area takes the brunt of many types of extreme weather, including high - speed straight - line winds, tornadoes, flash floods, drought, heat, bitter cold, and blizzards. The costliest weather disaster in Twin Cities history was a derecho event on May 15, 1998. Hail and Wind damage exceeded $ 950 million, much of it in the Twin Cities. Other memorable Twin Cities weather - related events include the tornado outbreak on May 6, 1965, the Armistice Day Blizzard on November 11, 1940, and the Halloween Blizzard of 1991. In 2014, Minnesota experienced temperatures below those in areas of Mars when a polar vortex dropped temperatures as low as − 40 ° F (− 40 ° C) in Brimson and Babbitt with a windchill as low as − 63 ° F (− 53 ° C) in Grand Marais.
A normal growing season in the metro extends from late April or early May through the month of October. The USDA places the area in the 4a plant hardiness zone.
The four tallest buildings in the area are located in downtown Minneapolis. The first skyscraper built west of the Mississippi in 1929 was the Foshay Tower. Today there is some contention over exactly which building is the tallest -- most Minnesotans would immediately think of the IDS Center if queried on the point, although most sources seem to agree that Capella Tower is slightly taller. But in early 2005, it was found that the IDS Center is taller by a 16 - foot (5 m) washroom garage on top, which brings its total height to 792 feet (241 m). Capella Tower and the Wells Fargo Center only differ in height by a foot or two, a rather negligible amount.
Buildings have gone up and been torn down rapidly across the region. Some city blocks have been demolished six or seven times since the mid-19th century, and will undoubtedly reach an eighth or ninth cycle in short order. No single architectural style dominates the region. Instead, the cities have a mish - mash of different designs, although structures from a few eras stand out. There were once a great many stone buildings constructed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style (or at least Romanesque - inspired variants). Minneapolis City Hall is one prominent example of this, though buildings of all types -- including personal residences such as the James J. Hill House -- were similarly designed. A few decades later, Art Deco brought several structures that survive today, including St. Paul City Hall, the Foshay Tower, and the Minneapolis Post Office. The style of buildings in the two cities varies greatly. In Minneapolis, the trend has been buildings with sleek lines and modern glass facades while St. Paul tends to follow a more traditional style of buildings so as to better accompany its older structures.
St. Paul and Minneapolis in particular went through some massive urban renewal projects in the post-World War II era, so a vast number of buildings are now lost to history. Some of the larger and harder to demolish structures have survived. In fact, the area might be signified more by bridges than buildings. A series of reinforced concrete arch spans crossing the Mississippi River were built in the 1920s and 1930s. They still carry daily traffic, but remain pleasing to the eye despite their age (a number have undergone major repair work, but retain the original design). Several of the bridges are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. They include the 10th Avenue Bridge, Intercity Bridge (Ford Parkway), Robert Street Bridge, and the longest, the 4119 ft (1255 m) Mendota Bridge next to Fort Snelling. The area is also noted for having the first known permanent crossing of the Mississippi. That structure is long gone, but a series of Hennepin Avenue Bridges have been built since then at the site. Both downtowns have extensive networks of enclosed pedestrian bridges known as skyways.
Several prominent buildings in Minneapolis have helped modernize the city. These include the Walker Art Center, Central Public Library, Weisman Art Museum and the Guthrie Theater. Opened in April 2005, the new Walker Art Center, nearly double in size, includes increased indoor and outdoor facilities. The Walker is recognized internationally as a singular model of a multidisciplinary arts organization and as a national leader for its innovative approaches to audience engagement. The Guthrie received a large amount of media coverage for its opening in June, 2006. The design is the work of architect Jean Nouvel and is a 285,000 square foot (26,500 m2) facility that houses three theaters: (1) the theater 's signature thrust stage, seating 1,100, (2) a 700 - seat proscenium stage, and (3) a black - box studio with flexible seating. In 2002 the National Trust for Historic Preservation put the old Guthrie building on its list of the most endangered historic properties in the United States in response to plans announced by the Walker Art Center to expand on the land occupied by the theater. However, the original Guthrie building was torn down in 2006. These building projects have rejuvenated the downtown area.
In the 20th century, the Twin Cities area expanded outward significantly. Automobiles made it possible for suburbs to grow greatly. The area now has a number of freeways to transport people by car. The area incorporates a large number of traffic cameras and ramp meters to monitor and manage traffic congestion. There is some use of HOV (high - occupancy vehicle) express lanes, which is becoming much more common. In order to use an express lane, you need to own a MNPASS or have multiple people in the car. MNPASS rates are determined by the amount of traffic on the road and / or the time of day. During non-peak times, the MNPASS express lanes are open to all traffic.
Interstate 94 comes into the area from the east and heads northwest from Minneapolis. Two spur routes form the I - 494 / I - 694 loop, and I - 394 continues west when I - 94 turns north. Additionally, Interstate 35 splits in Burnsville in the southern part of the Twin Cities region, bringing I - 35E into St. Paul and I - 35W into Minneapolis. They join together again to the north in Columbus, (just south of Forest Lake) and continue to the highway 's terminus in Duluth. This is one of only two examples of an Interstate highway splitting off into branches and then rejoining into one again; the other split occurs in Dallas - Fort Worth, where I - 35 splits into I - 35E for motorists going to Dallas and I - 35W for traffic heading into Fort Worth.
On Wednesday, August 1, 2007, a large portion of the I - 35W Mississippi River bridge near University Avenue in the city of Minneapolis collapsed into the Mississippi River around 6: 05pm CDT. A replacement bridge opened on Thursday, September 18, 2008.
The main airport in the region is Minneapolis -- St. Paul International Airport (MSP), which is a major hub for Delta Air Lines. The airport is also the main hub and operating base for Sun Country Airlines. A number of other smaller airports are also in the area, a number of which are owned and operated by the Metropolitan Airports Commission (the same agency operates the main MSP airport). Some people even commute by air to the Twin Cities from the northern part of the state.
Metro Transit, by far the biggest bus service provider in the area, owes its existence to the old streetcar lines that ran in the area. Metro Transit provides about 95 % of the public transit rides in the region with nearly 900 buses, although some suburbs have other bus services. The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities operates a free bus system between its campuses. This system includes the Campus Connector Bus Rapid Transit line which travels between the Minneapolis and St. Paul Campuses by a dedicated bus line, and throughout the two campuses on normal access roads. The METRO Blue Line LRT (light rail) began operations in June 2004, connecting downtown Minneapolis, Minneapolis - St. Paul International Airport and the Mall of America in Bloomington. It was followed by the METRO Red Line BRT (bus rapid transitway) in 2013 connecting the Mall of America with Lakeville along Cedar Avenue through the southern suburbs. The METRO Green Line LRT connecting downtown Minneapolis, the University of Minnesota campus and downtown St. Paul along University Avenue opened in June 2014. All three lines are operated by Metro Transit. Additionally, the Northstar Line commuter rail line connecting Minneapolis with Big Lake opened in November 2009; the line may be extended to St. Cloud as ridership numbers warrant.
In many ways the light rail of today is a return to the streetcars that existed in the past, it is being used as a stepping - stone to other projects.
A variety of rail services are currently being pondered by state and local governments, including neighborhood streetcar systems, intercity light rail service, and commuter rail options out to exurban regions. In addition, Minnesota is one of several states in the Midwest examining the idea of setting up high - speed rail service using Chicago as a regional hub.
The Minneapolis -- St. Paul area has been criticized for inadequate public transportation. Compared to many other cities its size, the public transportation system in the Minneapolis -- St. Paul area is less robust. As the metropolitan area has grown, the roads and highways have been updated and widened, but traffic volume is growing faster than the projects needed to widen them, and public transportation has not expanded enough to commensurate with the population. The Minneapolis -- St. Paul metropolitan area is ranked as the fifth worst for congestion growth of similar - sized U.S. metropolitan areas. Additional lines and spurs are needed to upgrade public transportation in the Twin Cities. Plans are underway for Green Line extension connecting downtown Minneapolis to the southwest suburb of Eden Prairie. A northwest LRT (Blue Line extension) along Bottineau Boulevard is being planned from downtown Minneapolis to Brooklyn Park. The METRO Orange Line BRT will open in 2019, connecting downtown Minneapolis with Lakeville to the south along I - 35W. The METRO Gold Line BRT is planned to connect downtown St. Paul to the eastern suburbs within the next few years.
The Twin Cities have two major daily newspapers: the Star Tribune and the Saint Paul Pioneer Press. Additionally, the Minnesota Daily serves the University of Minnesota 's Twin Cities campus and surrounding neighborhoods. There is one general - interest neighborhood weekly newspaper still in the cities: The East Side Review, devoted to the 90,000 residents in the eastern third of St. Paul. Other weekly papers are devoted to specific audiences / demographics including City Pages.
The region is currently ranked as the 15th largest television market according to Nielson Media Research. Three duopolies exist in the Twin Cities: Twin Cities PBS operates both KTCA and KTCI, Hubbard Broadcasting (built by Stanley E. Hubbard) owns both ABC affiliate KSTP - TV and independent station KSTC - TV, and Fox Television Stations operates both Fox owned - and - operated station KMSP - TV and MyNetworkTV O&O WFTC. Diversified from radio, KSTP - TV became the first television channel to air in the region with a show reaching 3,000 television sets in 1948, and the 17th station to broadcast in the U.S.
The only station with its main studios in Minneapolis is CBS O&O WCCO, while St. Paul is host to KSTP / KSTC, KTCA / KTCI, and CW affiliate WUCW. NBC affiliate KARE has a sprawling broadcasting complex in west suburban Golden Valley. KMSP is located in southwest suburban Eden Prairie. Other stations are located in the suburbs. For much of the last two decades, WCCO and KARE have shared in having the most popular evening newscasts of the area channels. On the other end, KSTP has struggled to maintain ratings on its news programs. KMSP has had a 9 o'clock newscast since at least the early 1990s when it was an independent channel.
Communities in the region have their own Public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable television channels. One channel, the Metro Cable Network, is available on channel 6 on cable systems across the seven - county region.
Several television programs originating in the Twin Cities have been aired nationally on terrestrial and cable TV networks. KTCA created the science program Newton 's Apple and distributes a children 's program today. A few unusual comedic shows also originated in the area. In the 1980s, KTMA (predecessor to WUCW) created a number of low - budget shows, including cult classic Mystery Science Theater 3000. The short - lived Let 's Bowl started on KARE, and PBS series Mental Engineering originated on the St. Paul cable access network.
The radio market in the Twin Cities is considered to be somewhat smaller than for TV, ranked 16th. For decades, WCCO radio was the most well - known and most popular broadcaster in the region, with an all - day talk format. WCCO was eventually pushed out of the top spot by KQRS - FM, a classic rock station with a popular morning show.
KSTP also has some fairly popular radio stations, with pop music format on FM and ESPN Radio on AM. KSTP - AM and FM are owned by Hubbard Broadcasting. In 1985, Hubbard -- valued at $400 million -- was one of the larger corporate media companies in the United States; in 2005, valued at US $1.2 billion, Hubbard is a fairly small major - market media operation.
The Twin Cities have a peculiar mix of commercial and non-commercial radio. The city 's market is dominated by iHeartRadio which operates seven stations, but two small independent stations are award winners -- KUOM operated by the University of Minnesota and KFAI public access radio in Cedar Riverside.
Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) is also a major player in the state and across the country, best known across the U.S. for the variety show A Prairie Home Companion. Doing business under the name American Public Media, the company is the second largest producer of National Public Radio content, behind National Public Radio (of which MPR is an affiliate). The Current is an affiliate of MPR, as well, and it is member supported. The station gives the audience a taste of the local music scene and it is widely popular among indie listeners.
The Twin Cities is also home to many independent media organizations, including The UpTake, MinnPost and Twin Cities Daily Planet.
The United States Navy currently has one ship named for the region, the USS Minneapolis -- Saint Paul, a Los Angeles - class submarine launched in 1983. Previously, two sets of two ships each had carried the names USS Minneapolis and USS Saint Paul.
Coordinates: 44 ° 57 ′ N 93 ° 12 ′ W / 44.950 ° N 93.200 ° W / 44.950; - 93.200
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who covered the 2014 olympics for nbc news | Olympics on NBC commentators - wikipedia
This article includes a list of hosts and commentators of the Olympic Games on NBC.
Source (please note that the paragraph containing the anchors for the 2008 Olympics was accidentally copied and pasted into the capsule for the 2010 Olympics):
Skeleton
Source for all other commentators without individual sources:
Skeleton
Bob Costas had health problems with his eyes so, the following substituted for him:
Source:
* These announcers called the action in their respective sports from NBC Sports Group 's International Broadcast Center in Stamford, Connecticut.
Skeleton
* These announcers were to call the action in their respective sports from NBC 's headquarters in New York City.
* These announcers called the action in their respective sports from NBC 's headquarters in New York City.
* These announcers called the action in their respective sports from NBC Sports Group 's International Broadcast Center in Stamford, Connecticut.
Source:
* Source for all commentators, hosts, and reporters; please note that the press release does not specify which sports Knapp, Watson, and Corey are covering during the Games: * All commentary for sports and ceremonies is being done from the NBC Sports Group International Broadcast Center in Stamford, Connecticut.
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who sings in the eye of the sun | Other Voices (the Doors album) - wikipedia
Other Voices is the seventh studio album by The Doors, released in October 1971. It was the first album released by the band following the death of the lead singer Jim Morrison.
The album was not released on CD until October 23, 2006, by the Timeless Holland label, along with the final Doors album, Full Circle. For years the Doors largely disregarded the last two studio albums that were recorded without Morrison, and had no plans of reissuing the albums on CD. At the time, the Doors stated that they were not in possession of the master tapes, but remastered material from both the albums has appeared on various compilations, most notably the 1997 Box Set and the 2000 compilation The Best of the Doors. On September 27, 2011, The Doors finally gave Other Voices (along with Full Circle) its first official reissue, though made available only via digital download at sites such as the iTunes Store, Amazon.com and eMusic. The original master tapes were confirmed to have been used in these reissues. On May 29, 2015 it was announced that Other Voices would be re-released on CD and 180 - gram vinyl.
While Other Voices inside gatefold cover states "All songs written by Krieger, Densmore, Manzarek '', a lyric sheet was included with early LP editions of the album that listed individual writing credits, and some early versions of the LP include these credits on the LP record labels as well. These individual credits are listed below.
The Doors
Additional personnel
Production
Billboard (North America)
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when was harry potter and the chamber of secrets published | Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets - wikipedia
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is a fantasy novel written by British author J.K. Rowling and the second novel in the Harry Potter series. The plot follows Harry 's second year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, during which a series of messages on the walls of the school 's corridors warn that the "Chamber of Secrets '' has been opened and that the "heir of Slytherin '' would kill all pupils who do not come from all - magical families. These threats are found after attacks which leave residents of the school "petrified '' (frozen like stone). Throughout the year, Harry and his friends Ron and Hermione investigate the attacks.
The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury and later, in the United States on 2 June 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Although Rowling says she found it difficult to finish the book, it won high praise and awards from critics, young readers and the book industry, although some critics thought the story was perhaps too frightening for younger children. Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self - sacrifice and on the way in which a person 's character is the result of the person 's choices.
Several commentators have noted that personal identity is a strong theme in the book, and that it addresses issues of racism through the treatment of non-human, non-magical and non-living people. Some commentators regard the diary as a warning against uncritical acceptance of information from sources whose motives and reliability can not be checked. Institutional authority is portrayed as self - serving and incompetent.
The film adaptation of the novel, released in 2002, became (at that time) the seventh highest - grossing film ever and received generally favourable reviews. Video games loosely based on Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets were also released for several platforms, and most obtained favourable reviews.
On Harry Potter 's twelfth birthday, the Dursley family -- Harry 's uncle Vernon, aunt Petunia, and cousin Dudley -- hold a dinner party for a potential client of Vernon 's drill - manufacturing company. Harry is not invited, but is content to spend the evening quietly in his bedroom, although he is confused why his school friends have not sent cards or presents. However, when he goes to his room, a house - elf named Dobby warns him not to return to Hogwarts and admits to intercepting Harry 's post from his friends. Having failed to persuade Harry to voluntarily give up his place at Hogwarts, Dobby then attempts to get him expelled by using magic to smash Petunia 's dessert on a dinner party guest and framing it on Harry, who is not allowed to use magic out of school. Uncle Vernon 's business deal falls through, but Harry is given a second chance from the Ministry of Magic, and allowed to return at the start of the school year.
In the meantime, Uncle Vernon punishes Harry, fitting locks to his bedroom door and bars to the windows. However, Ron Weasley arrives with his twin brothers Fred and George, in their father Arthur 's enchanted Ford Anglia. They rescue Harry, who stays at their family home, the Burrow, for the remainder of his holidays. Harry and the other Weasleys -- mother Molly, third eldest son Percy, and daughter Ginny (who has a crush on Harry) -- travel to Diagon Alley. They are then reunited with Hermione Granger and introduced to Lucius Malfoy, father of Harry 's school nemesis Draco, and Gilderoy Lockhart, a conceited autobiographer who has been appointed Defence Against the Dark Arts professor after the death of Professor Quirrell. When Harry and Ron approach Platform 9 3 / 4 in King 's Cross station it refuses to allow them to pass. They decide to fly Arthur 's car to Hogwarts, where they crash into a sentient willow tree on the grounds.
In trouble for the crash, Ron is punished by having to clean the school trophies and Harry by helping the celebrity teacher Professor Lockhart, whose classes are chaotic, with addressing his fan mail. Harry learns of some wizards ' prejudice about blood status in terms of "pure '' blood (only wizarding heritage) and those with Muggle parentage. He is alone in hearing an unnerving voice seemingly coming from the walls of the school itself. During a deathday party for Gryffindor House 's ghost Nearly Headless Nick, he, Ron, and Hermione run into the school caretaker Argus Filch 's petrified cat, Mrs. Norris, along with a warning scrawled across one of the walls: "The Chamber of Secrets has been opened. Enemies of the heir, beware. ''
Rumours fly around the school regarding the Chamber of Secrets ' history. Harry and his friends discover from Cuthbert Binns, the ghostly professor of History of Magic, that it houses a terrible monster and was created by one of the school 's founders, Salazar Slytherin, after a fundamental disagreement with the other founders (Godric Gryffindor, Helga Hufflepuff, and Rowena Ravenclaw). Slytherin believed that students of non-magical parentage should be refused entry to the school. During a Quidditch game, a Bludger, one of the balls involved in Quidditch, chases after Harry instead of zigzagging toward any player it can hit, breaking his arm. Dobby returns in the middle of the night to visit Harry in the hospital wing, revealing that it was he who charmed the Bludger and sealed the gateway at King 's Cross and that the Chamber of Secrets had been opened before. Another attack occurs, this time to a first - year Gryffindor named Colin Creevey who idolises Harry, and the school goes into a state of panic. A duelling class is then set up for the students (led by Lockhart and Potions master / Head of Slytherin House Severus Snape), during which it is revealed that Harry is a ' Parselmouth ', meaning he has the rare gift to speak to snakes.
This sparks rumours yet again, as students around the school suspect Harry of being the Heir of Slytherin (as Slytherin was also a parselmouth), and circumstantial evidence to support this theory arrives in the form of another attack. This time on Hufflepuff second - year Justin Finch Fletchley and the Gryffindor ghost. Harry, Ron, and Hermione begin to suspect that Draco is behind the attacks, given his family history of remaining well within Slytherin ranks and open hostility toward Muggle - born students. After talking about their speculations, Hermione concocts Polyjuice potion, which allows them to become Draco 's boorish lackeys, Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle, for an hour to interrogate him. This comes to nothing, as Draco 's father only told his son the general facts of the previous opening of the Chamber and that it occurred fifty years previously. Meanwhile, Myrtle Warren, an existentially mopey ghost that haunts a bathroom, unwittingly provides a new clue in the form of a book deposited in her stall -- a diary. The trio discover the diary belonged to Tom Riddle, a student who knows all too well about the Chamber, having been witness to a fellow student 's death fifty years ago. The culprit, he reveals to Harry, was none other than Rubeus Hagrid, now gamekeeper for Hogwarts School. When Hermione is attacked next, alongside a Ravenclaw prefect, the school is put on lockdown, and Dumbledore and Hagrid are forced to leave the premises.
Fortunately for Harry and Ron, Hagrid left a set of instructions: to follow the spiders currently fleeing into the Forbidden Forest. They do this, only to find the monster that was blamed for the attacks fifty years before, a massive spider named Aragog, who explains to the duo that the real monster is one that spiders fear above all others. Hermione provides the last set of clues that inform them of the monster 's identity: It is a basilisk, (hence Harry 's ability to understand it) that kills with a stare (although no one is dead because of various devices through which they indirectly saw the monster) and which spiders (such as Aragog and his offspring) fear above all others. Harry figures out from hints Aragog dropped that a student who died during the previous attacks is Myrtle, and when Ginny is taken by the monster into the Chamber, they discover that the entrance is in the bathroom they have been using to make Polyjuice Potion. Harry, Ron, and Lockhart enter the Chamber, but the dunderheaded professor (who reveals that he is a fraud) causes a rockfall while attempting to modify the boys ' memories with Ron 's damaged wand.
Separated from Ron, Harry enters the Chamber of Secrets alone to find an unconscious Ginny and Tom Riddle who claims to be a memory preserved in his diary for the last fifty years. Tom Riddle shows Harry that his full name, Tom Marvolo Riddle, can be made into the anagram "I am Lord Voldemort. '' Tom Riddle is in fact Voldemort 's true name and it was he who opened the Chamber fifty years before, and framed Hagrid as Riddle is the true Heir of Slytherin. By possessing Ginny through his diary, Riddle has been continuing what he started fifty years before. Harry 's loyalty to Dumbledore in the face of Riddle summons Dumbledore 's phoenix, Fawkes, who arrives with the Sorting Hat. Fawkes blinds the basilisk, allowing Harry to remove the Sword of Godric Gryffindor from the Sorting Hat and slay the creature. Though fatally poisoned by the basilisk, Fawkes saves Harry who uses a basilisk fang to stab Riddle 's diary. Both the diary and Riddle are destroyed and Ginny is restored.
Harry, Ron, Ginny, and Lockhart return to the main castle and reunite with McGonagall, Dumbledore, and Mr. and Mrs. Weasley. Ginny, whose possession by Voldemort caused all of the petrification and troubles over the course of the year, is given a reprieve by Dumbledore. He reasons that greater wizards have been duped by Voldemort before, and takes great interest in the qualities of the diary, which Harry gives to him. Lucius Malfoy bursts in after this meeting, demanding to know why and how Dumbledore has returned to the school. He is accompanied by Dobby, revealing the family to whom he is enslaved. The house - elf also provides Harry with unspoken cues regarding the diary 's ownership: While it was Tom Riddle 's, it had been in the Malfoys ' possession. While in Diagon Alley over the summer, Lucius, a follower of Voldemort, had slipped the diary into Ginny 's cauldron to ensure the reopening of the Chamber of Secrets. Harry returns the diary, devising a scenario involving his own sock that frees Dobby from the Malfoys ' employment, hence provoking an attack on Harry, only for Dobby to jump in and save him. The petrified students are cured, the end - of - year exams are cancelled (much to Hermione 's chagrin), Hagrid comes back in the middle of the final feast, Lockheart is discharged from his job as Defence Against the Dark Arts Teacher, and Harry returns to Privet Drive in higher spirits than he last left it.
Rowling found it difficult to finish Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets because she was afraid it would not live up to the expectations raised by Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone (Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone in the US). After delivering the manuscript to Bloomsbury on schedule, she took it back for six weeks of revision.
In early drafts of the book, the ghost Nearly Headless Nick sang a self - composed song explaining his condition and the circumstances of his unknown death. This was cut as the book 's editor did not care for the poem, which has been subsequently published as an extra on J.K. Rowling 's official website. The family background of Dean Thomas was removed because Rowling and her publishers considered it an "unnecessary digression '', and she considered Neville Longbottom 's own journey of discovery "more important to the central plot ''.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. It immediately took first place in UK best - seller lists, displacing popular authors such as John Grisham, Tom Clancy, and Terry Pratchett, and making Rowling the first author to win the British Book Awards Children 's Book of the Year for two years in succession. In June 1999, it went straight to the top of three US best - seller lists, including The New York Times '.
First edition printings had several errors, which were fixed in subsequent reprints. Initially Dumbledore said that Voldemort was the last remaining ancestor of Salazar Slytherin, instead of his descendant. Gilderoy Lockhart 's book on werewolves is entitled Weekends with Werewolves at one point and Wanderings with Werewolves later in the book.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was met with near universal acclaim. In The Times, Deborah Loudon described it as a children 's book that would be "re-read into adulthood '' and highlighted its "strong plots, engaging characters, excellent jokes and a moral message which flows naturally from the story ''. Fantasy author Charles de Lint agreed, and considered the second Harry Potter book to be just as good as Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone, a rare achievement among series of books. Thomas Wagner regarded the plot as very similar to that of the first book, based on searching for a secret hidden under the school. However, he enjoyed the parody of celebrities and their fans that centres round Gilderoy Lockhart, and approved of the book 's handling of racism. Tammy Nezol found the book more disturbing than its predecessor, particularly in the rash behaviour of Harry and his friends after Harry withholds information from Dumbledore, and in the human - like behaviour of the mandragoras used to make a potion that cures petrification. Nevertheless, she considered the second story as enjoyable as the first.
Mary Stuart thought the final conflict with Tom Riddle in the Chamber was almost as scary as in some of Stephen King 's works, and perhaps too strong for young or timid children. She commented that "there are enough surprises and imaginative details thrown in as would normally fill five lesser books. '' Like other reviewers, she thought the book would give pleasure to both children and adult readers. According to Philip Nel, the early reviews gave unalloyed praise while the later ones included some criticisms, although they still agreed that the book was outstanding.
Writing after all seven books had been published, Graeme Davis regarded Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as the weakest of the series, and agreed that the plot structure is much the same as in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone. He described Fawkes 's appearance to arm Harry and then to heal him as a deus ex machina: he said that the book does not explain how Fawkes knew where to find Harry; and Fawkes 's timing had to be very precise, as arriving earlier would probably have prevented the battle with the basilisk, while arriving later would have been fatal to Harry and Ginny.
Rowling 's Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was the recipient of several awards. The American Library Association listed the novel among its 2000 Notable Children 's Books, as well as its Best Books for Young Adults. In 1999, Booklist named Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as one of its Editors ' Choices, and as one of its Top Ten Fantasy Novels for Youth. The Cooperative Children 's Book Center made the novel a CCBC Choice of 2000 in the "Fiction for Children '' category. The novel also won Children 's Book of the Year British Book Award, and was shortlisted for the 1998 Guardian Children 's Award and the 1998 Carnegie Award.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize 1998 Gold Medal in the 9 -- 11 years division. Rowling also won two other Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes for Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. The Scottish Arts Council awarded their first ever Children 's Book Award to the novel in 1999, and it was also awarded Whitaker 's Platinum Book Award in 2001. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 23 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets continues to examine what makes a person who he or she is, which began in the first book. As well as maintaining that Harry 's identity is shaped by his decisions rather than any aspect of his birth, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets provides contrasting characters who try to conceal their true personalities: as Tammy Nezol puts it, Gilderoy Lockhart "lacks any real identity '' because he is nothing more than a charming liar. Riddle also complicates Harry 's struggle to understand himself by pointing out the similarities between the two: "both half - bloods, orphans raised by Muggles, probably the only two Parselmouths to come to Hogwarts since the great Slytherin. ''
Opposition to class, death and its impacts, experiencing adolescence, sacrifice, love, friendship, loyalty, prejudice, and racism are constant themes of the series. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry 's consideration and respect for others extends to the lowly, non-human Dobby and the ghost Nearly Headless Nick. According to Marguerite Krause, achievements in the novel depend more on ingenuity and hard work than on natural talents.
Edward Duffy, associate professor at Marquette University, says that one of the central characters of Chamber of Secrets is Tom Riddle 's enchanted diary, which takes control of Ginny Weasley -- just as Riddle planned. Duffy suggests Rowling intended this as a warning against passively consuming information from sources that have their own agendas. Although Bronwyn Williams and Amy Zenger regard the diary as more like an instant messaging or chat room system, they agree about the dangers of relying too much on the written word, which can camouflage the author, and they highlight a comical example, Lockhart 's self - promoting books.
Immorality and the portrayal of authority as negative are significant themes in the novel. Marguerite Krause states there are few absolute moral rules in Harry Potter 's world, for example Harry prefers to tell the truth, but lies whenever he considers it necessary -- very like his enemy Draco Malfoy. At the end of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Dumbledore retracts his promise to punish Harry, Ron, and Hermione if they break any more school rules -- after Professor McGonagall estimates they have broken over 100 -- and lavishly rewards them for ending the threat from the Chamber of Secrets. Krause further states that authority figures and political institutions receive little respect from Rowling. William MacNeil of Griffith University, Queensland, Australia states that the Minister for Magic is presented as a mediocrity. In his article "Harry Potter and the Secular City '', Ken Jacobson suggests the Ministry as a whole is portrayed as a tangle of bureaucratic empires, saying that "Ministry officials busy themselves with minutiae (e.g. standardising cauldron thicknesses) and coin politically correct euphemisms like ' non-magical community ' (for Muggles) and ' memory modification ' (for magical brainwashing). ''
This novel implies it begins in 1992: the cake for Nearly - Headless Nick 's 500th deathday party bears the words "Sir Nicholas De Mimsy Porpington died 31 October 1492 ''.
The film version of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was released in 2002. Chris Columbus directed the film, and the screenplay was written by Steve Kloves. It became the third film to exceed $600 million in international box office sales, preceded by Titanic, released in 1997, and Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone, released in 2001. The film was nominated for a Saturn Award for the Best Fantasy Film, According to Metacritic, the film version of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets received "generally favourable reviews '' with an average score of 63 %, and another aggregator, Rotten Tomatoes, gave it a score of 82 %.
Five unique video games by different developers were released between 2002 and 2003 by Electronic Arts, loosely based on the book:
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where does the pacific coast highway start and finish | California State Route 1 - wikipedia
State Route 1 (SR 1) is a major north -- south state highway that runs along most of the Pacific coastline of the U.S. state of California. At a total of just over 655.8 miles (1,055.4 km), it is the longest state route in California. SR 1 has several portions designated as either Pacific Coast Highway (PCH), Cabrillo Highway, Shoreline Highway, or Coast Highway. Its southern terminus is at Interstate 5 (I - 5) near Dana Point in Orange County and its northern terminus is at U.S. Route 101 (US 101) near Leggett in Mendocino County. SR 1 also at times runs concurrently with US 101, most notably through a 54 - mile (87 km) stretch in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, and across the Golden Gate Bridge.
The highway is designated as an All - American Road. In addition to providing a scenic route to numerous attractions along the coast, the route also serves as a major thoroughfare in the Greater Los Angeles Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, and several other coastal urban areas.
SR 1 was built piecemeal in various stages, with the first section opening in the Big Sur region in the 1930s. However, portions of the route had several names and numbers over the years as more segments opened. It was not until the 1964 state highway renumbering that the entire route was officially designated as SR 1. Although SR 1 is a popular route for its scenic beauty, frequent landslides and erosion along the coast have caused several segments to be either closed for lengthy periods for repairs, or re-routed inland.
SR 1 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System. However, only a few stretches between Los Angeles and San Francisco have officially been designated as a scenic highway. The Big Sur section from San Luis Obispo to Carmel is an official National Scenic Byway.
The entire route is designated as a Blue Star Memorial Highway to recognize those in the United States armed forces. In Southern California, the California State Legislature has designated the segment between Interstate 5 (I - 5) in Dana Point and US 101 near Oxnard as the Pacific Coast Highway (commonly referred to as "PCH ''). Between US 101 at the Las Cruces junction (8 miles south of Buellton) and US 101 in Pismo Beach, and between US 101 in San Luis Obispo and Interstate 280 in San Francisco, the legislature has designated SR 1 as the Cabrillo Highway, after the Portuguese explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. The legislature has also designated the route as the Shoreline Highway between the Manzanita Junction near Marin City and Leggett. Smaller segments of the highway have been assigned several other names by the state and municipal governments. The legislature has also relinquished state control of segments within Dana Point, Newport Beach, Santa Monica, and Oxnard; those segments are now maintained by those respective municipalities.
In addition to connecting the coastal cities and communities along its path, SR 1 provides access to beaches, parks, and other attractions along the coast, making it a popular route for tourists. The route annually helps bring several billion dollars to the state 's tourism industry. The route runs right besides the coastline, or close to it, for the most part, and it turns several miles inland to avoid several federally controlled or protected areas such as Vandenberg Air Force Base, Diablo Canyon Power Plant and Point Reyes National Seashore.
Segments of SR 1 range from a rural two - lane road to an urban freeway. Because of the former, long distance thru traffic traveling between the coastal metropolitan areas are instead advised to use faster routes such as US 101 or I - 5.
At its southernmost end in Orange County, SR 1 terminates at I - 5 in Capistrano Beach in Dana Point. It then travels west into the city center. After leaving Dana Point, SR 1 continues northwest along the coast through Laguna Beach (where it meets the southern terminus of SR 133) and Crystal Cove State Park.
SR 1 then enters Newport Beach, where it is known as simply Coast Highway. It passes through several affluent neighborhoods, including Newport Coast and Corona Del Mar, spans the entrance to the Upper Newport Bay, which marks the boundary between East Coast Highway and West Coast Highway, and crosses California State Route 55 near its southern terminus. Upon entering Huntington Beach, SR 1 regains the Pacific Coast Highway designation. It passes Huntington State Beach and the southern terminus of California State Route 39 before reaching Bolsa Chica State Beach and the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve. PCH then continues along the coast into Seal Beach, the final city on its journey in Orange County.
PCH enters Los Angeles County and the city of Long Beach after crossing the San Gabriel River. SR 1 then continues northwest through the city to its junction with Lakewood Boulevard (State Route 19) and Los Coyotes Diagonal at the Los Alamitos Circle, more than 2 miles (3.2 km) from the coast. From the traffic circle, it continues inland west through Long Beach, including approximately one mile adjacent to the southern boundary of Signal Hill. PCH is marked as such in Long Beach, but originally bore the name of Hathaway Avenue east of the traffic circle and State Street west of there. PCH then passes through the Los Angeles districts of Wilmington and Harbor City. While bypassing the immediate coastline of Palos Verdes, SR 1 continues to head west into the cities of Lomita and Torrance along the route of the former Redondo - Wilmington Boulevard.
PCH then turns north through Redondo Beach and Hermosa Beach. Upon entering Manhattan Beach, it becomes Sepulveda Boulevard and continues through El Segundo and Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), passing under two runways via the Sepulveda Boulevard Tunnel.
After leaving LAX, SR 1 turns northwest, becoming Lincoln Boulevard and passing through the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Westchester, Playa Vista, Marina Del Rey, and Venice. It then enters the city of Santa Monica, where SR 1 turns southwest, merging onto the final segment of the Santa Monica Freeway. Passing through the McClure Tunnel, SR 1 emerges along the beachfront in Santa Monica and continues along the coast; it is known locally also as Palisades Beach Road and formerly as Roosevelt Highway. Upon leaving Santa Monica, it once again regains the name PCH as it follows the coast, curving west through the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles before becoming Malibu 's main thoroughfare, spanning the entire 21 miles (34 km) of that city.
After leaving Malibu, SR 1 crosses into Ventura County and continues along the coast through Point Mugu State Park and passes through a notch in the mountain that forms Point Mugu just before entering the Oxnard Plain. The road cut left a very large rock formation at the tip of the point that is called the Mugu Rock. At that point, PCH leaves the coast and heads north, and then northwest as a freeway along the northeastern boundary of Naval Base Ventura County Point Mugu for several miles to an interchange at Rice Avenue, Pleasant Valley Road, and Oxnard Boulevard in Oxnard. The reconstructed interchange at Rice Avenue and Pleasant Valley Road channels traffic north on the surface street, Rice Avenue, towards the interchange with US 101. The historic route along Oxnard Boulevard was relinquished in 2014. Truck traffic to and from the Port of Hueneme also uses this designated route at the Rice Avenue / Hueneme Road connector to connect with Route 101 at the Rice Avenue Interchange.
After traveling through Ventura, SR 1 separates from US 101 to travel along the historic beach route that was originally opened up by the construction of the Railroad Coastal Route from Emma Wood State Beach to the Mobil Pier Undercrossing near Sea Cliff, where it rejoins US 101 about 3 miles (4.8 km) south of the Santa Barbara County line near La Conchita.
The US 101 / SR 1 concurrency (although actual signage mentioning SR 1 through this segment is nonexistent) from the Mobil Pier Undercrossing runs for 54 miles (87 km), passing through the City of Santa Barbara and its neighboring communities along the coast of Santa Barbara County. The route then turns away from the coast at Gaviota, avoiding Point Conception, and heads due north through Gaviota State Park and the Gaviota Tunnel. In Las Cruces, SR 1, now named Cabrillo Highway, splits again from US 101 and heads northwest to the city of Lompoc. It is briefly joined with SR 246 along Lompoc 's east - west Ocean Avenue, before turning north as H Street to Harris Grade Road, where it then regains the Cabrillo Highway name.
After reaching the main entrance to Vandenberg Air Force Base, SR 1 turns northeast, away from the immediate coastline of the base, to join SR 135. Route 135 then splits from Route 1 south of Orcutt, and the Cabrillo Highway turns northwest back towards the coast to Guadalupe. It enters San Luis Obispo County, avoiding the immediate coastline of the protected Guadalupe - Nipomo Dunes, before passing through Grover Beach and subsequently joining US 101 for the third time at Pismo Beach. The US 101 / SR 1 concurrency then avoids the immediate coastline of Avila Beach and Diablo Canyon Power Plant, and instead heads straight inland to San Luis Obispo.
SR 1 splits from US 101 at Santa Rosa Street in San Luis Obispo and then resumes as a four lane road as the Cabrillo Highway. It rejoins the coast in Morro Bay, running through that city as a freeway, where it crosses Morro Creek at the site of a prehistoric Chumash settlement dating to the Millingstone Horizon. From there, SR 1 proceeds north to Cayucos until it again becomes a winding, two lane road with occasional passing lanes. It then continues along the coast through Cambria and San Simeon, and past the elephant seal colony at Piedras Blancas Light Station. SR 1 provides access to Hearst Castle in San Simeon in Northern San Luis Obispo County.
SR 1 then enters the Big Sur region, crossing the San Carpóforo Creek just south of the Monterey County line. For about 90 miles (140 km) from the San Carpóforo Creek to the Carmel River, the road winds and hugs the cliffs of Big Sur, passing various coastal parks in the area. The road briefly leaves the coast for a few miles and goes through a redwood forest in the Big Sur River valley. This segment of the highway, built between 1919 and 1937, also crosses several historic bridges, including the scenic Bixby Creek Bridge, a reinforced concrete arch with a 320 - foot (98 m) span that passes over the Bixby Creek gorge, and the Rocky Creek Bridge.
After crossing the Carmel River, SR 1 turns inland and runs along just between the eastern boundary of Carmel and the western boundary of Carmel Valley before becoming a freeway in Monterey. After bypassing the immediate coastline of Pebble Beach and the rest of the Monterey Peninsula, the freeway heads north along the coast of Monterey Bay through Sand City, Seaside, and Marina. At the interchange with SR 156 near Castroville, SR 1 continues north as a two - lane rural road to Moss Landing.
SR 1 becomes a freeway once again just before entering into Santa Cruz County. This four - lane freeway continues up the Monterey Bay coast through Watsonville to its interchange with SR 17 in Santa Cruz. (This trumpet interchange is locally known as The Fishhook due to its tight loop ramps that resemble a fishhook when viewed from above). Upon reaching downtown Santa Cruz, it continues as Mission Street and Coast Road, before regaining the Cabrillo Highway name after it leaves the city and continues north as a two - lane road up the coast.
Entering San Mateo County, SR 1 follows the west coast of the San Francisco Peninsula, passing by the marine mammal colonies at Año Nuevo State Park, and the historic Pigeon Point Lighthouse, before reaching Half Moon Bay. Between Half Moon Bay and Pacifica, the highway bypasses a treacherous stretch known as Devil 's Slide via the Tom Lantos Tunnels.
SR 1 then becomes a freeway once again at Sharp Park in Pacifica before turning inland to join Interstate 280 in Daly City. Just short of reaching the City and County of San Francisco, SR 1 splits from Interstate 280, where the road becomes Junipero Serra Boulevard. Shortly thereafter, the highway makes a slight left, becoming the six - lane wide 19th Avenue; the San Francisco Municipal Railway 's M Ocean View streetcar line runs in the median from this point until a junction to a rail only right - of - way near Rossmoor Drive. SR 1 then turns into Park Presidio Boulevard after it passes through the city 's Golden Gate Park. Then after entering the Presidio of San Francisco, it goes through the MacArthur Tunnel before joining US 101 for a fourth time on the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge known as Doyle Drive.
After crossing the bridge and entering Marin County, SR 1 then splits from US 101 again near Marin City, where it leaves the city and, as the Shoreline Highway, returns to a winding, two lane road as it passes over the Marin Hills to rejoin the coast at Muir Beach. After passing Stinson Beach and the Bolinas Lagoon, SR 1 avoids the immediate coastline of Point Reyes National Seashore and the rest of the Point Reyes Peninsula, and instead heads towards, and then along, the eastern shore of Tomales Bay.
Leaving Tomales Bay, SR 1 heads further inland to intersect with Valley Ford Road just north of the Sonoma County border. It then rejoins the coast in Bodega Bay, where its name changes to Coast Highway past the Sonoma Coast State Beaches. After bridging the Russian River at Jenner, SR 1 continues to wind along the rugged coast to Fort Ross, Salt Point State Parks, and the planned community of Sea Ranch.
SR 1 then crosses the Gualala River and enters Mendocino County. The highway enters the city of Point Arena, in which it becomes Main Street, before following School Street to the northwest and then becoming Shoreline Highway once again. It bridges the Garcia River and then, near Elk, the Navarro River, where it meets SR 128.
At the town of Albion, the Albion River is spanned by the Albion River Bridge, the only remaining wooden trestle bridge on the highway. SR 1 then passes through Little River and Van Damme State Park, crosses Big River and passes through Mendocino Headlands State Park and the Victorian community of Mendocino. Continuing north, SR 1 crosses Russian Gulch State Park on the Frederick W. Panhorst Bridge, and passes through the town of Caspar. It passes through a roundabout just south of the intersection with the western terminus of SR 20, where it widens to two lanes, then bridges the Noyo River at Noyo, becomes Main Street of Fort Bragg, and crosses the California Western Railroad.
North of Fort Bragg as a two - lane highway again, SR 1 passes MacKerricher State Park and the towns of Cleone and Inglenook before crossing Ten Mile River. After passing Westport - Union Landing State Beach, the road goes through a series of redwood - forested switchbacks before reaching Rockport. North of Rockport, the highway turns away from the Lost Coast to avoid steep and unstable highlands created by Mendocino Triple Junction uplift. The highway follows Cottaneva Creek inland through redwood - forested mountainous terrain before terminating at US 101 just outside Leggett.
SR 1 has become famous worldwide, but the highway was signed as several other routes prior to 1964. When the road was first envisioned in the World War I era, California highways were referred to either by a highway name or by a "Route Number ''. The route numbers were used by state highway planners and the Legislature from 1915 until 1964, but were never posted on highways, referred to by the auto clubs or public, nor used on maps. The SR 1 designation was first assigned in 1939. Various portions of SH 1 have been posted and referred to by various names and numbers over the years. State construction of what became SR 1 started after the state 's third highway bond issue passed before 1910.
Eager for a direct coastal route between Ventura and Santa Barbara, civic boosters used locally raised funds to begin building the Rincon Sea Level Road in 1911. The route between the Ventura River and Carpenteria had been an unimproved route along small alluvial fan beaches that skirted coastal bluff rock outcroppings at low tide. Construction of the Southern Pacific Coast Line railroad had created a road flanked by riprap along this area. In order to make this part of the first coastal route for motorists driving from San Francisco to Los Angeles, they paved the road and built wooden causeways where the route flooded from the ocean waves. Local funding ran out, but the newly formed State Highway Commission took over and completed the road in 1913.
One of the most difficult routes to build was along the Big Sur coast. The state first approved building Route 56, or the Carmel - San Simeon Highway, to connect Big Sur to the rest of California in 1919. Federal funds were appropriated and in 1921 voters approved additional state funds. San Quentin State Prison set up three temporary prison camps to provide unskilled convict labor to help with road construction. One was set up by Little Sur River, one at Kirk Creek and a third was later established in the south at Anderson Creek. Inmates were paid 35 cents per day and had their prison sentences reduced in return. The route necessitated construction of 33 bridges, the largest of which was the Bixby Creek Bridge. Six more concrete arch bridges were built between Point Sur and Carmel.
After 18 years of construction, aided by New Deal funds during the Great Depression, the paved two - lane road was completed and opened on June 17, 1937. The road was initially called the Carmel - San Simeon Highway (Route 56), but was better known as the Roosevelt Highway, honoring the current President Franklin D. Roosevelt. A 1921 law extended Route 56 south over the county road to Cambria.
Route 60, from Oxnard via the coast to San Juan Capistrano, was extended from Oxnard to El Rio (midway to Ventura, now the site of the Oxnard Boulevard interchange with US 101), in 1925. At Point Mugu, a path for the highway was cut through the mountains using surplus World War I explosives, thus creating Mugu Rock. The 1921 legislation, in theory, made Route 60 a continuous coastal loop, with both ends at what became US 101 in Oxnard and at Capistrano Beach (since 1964 the southern terminus of SR 1 at Interstate 5 in Orange County). Route 56 was extended further south from Cambria to connect to present - day US 101 in San Luis Obispo in 1931.
The route from San Simeon to Carmel (connecting with existing county highways at each end) was one of two sections designated as SR 1. It and Route 60 were intended as links in a continuous coastal roadway from Oregon to Mexico,
A large expansion of the state highway system in 1933 resulted in Route 56 being extended in both directions. To the south, a second section was added, beginning at Pismo Beach on US 101 (Route 2) and heading south through Guadalupe and Lompoc to rejoin US 101 at a junction called Los Cruces (sic), just north of Gaviota Pass. (A short piece near Orcutt and Los Alamos had been part of Route 2, which originally followed present SR 135 from Los Alamos to Santa Maria.) To the north, Route 56 was continued along the coast from Carmel through Santa Cruz to San Francisco. Several discontinuous pieces were added north of San Francisco, one from Route 1 (US 101) north of the Golden Gate to the county line near Valley Ford, another from the Russian River near Jenner (where the new Route 104 ended) to Westport, and a third from Ferndale to Route 1 near Fernbridge. Except for the gaps in Route 56 north of San Francisco, these additions completed the coastal highway, with other sections formed by Routes 1, 2, and 71.
The section of SR 1 from Santa Monica to Oxnard, via Malibu, went out to contract in 1925 as "Coast Boulevard '', but was designated "Theodore Roosevelt Highway '' when it was dedicated in 1929. Before the completion of its present alignment in 1937, a narrow, winding, steep road known as Pedro Mountain Road connected Montara with Pacifica. That highway was completed in 1914 and provided competition to the Ocean Shore Railroad, which operated between San Francisco and Tunitas Creek from 1907 to 1920. SR 1 also used to run along the coast between Pacifica and Daly City, but this segment was damaged and rendered unusable after a 5.3 magnitude earthquake on March 22, 1957. A small stub remains near Thornton Beach.
Route 56 along Big Sur was incorporated into the state highway system and re-designated as SR 1 in 1939. The section of road along the Big Sur Coast was declared the first State Scenic Highway in 1965, and in 1966 the first lady, Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson, led the official designation ceremony at Bixby Creek Bridge. The route was designated as an All American Road by the US Government.
SR 1 signs first went up after California decided to number its highways, in 1934. But only the section from Santa Barbara County north was posted as SR 1, that section of the road known Route 56 (Las Cruces to Fernbridge, including the gaps). In Ventura, Los Angeles and Orange counties, Route 60 (San Juan Capistrano to the Oxnard area) became California Highway 3, and a few Route 3 signs were actually posted. The Route 3 signs were replaced by "U.S. Route 101 Alternate '' shields and strips by 1936, as the road was built out; this change also allowed the extension of U.S. Route 66 to end at another U.S. Route, in Santa Monica.
The gaps of non-state highway along the northern coast were finally filled in by the Legislature in 1951, though the State Department of Public Works was not required to maintain the newly added portions immediately. A short connection from near Rockport to SR 1 at Leggett was also included, as the existing county road north from Rockport to Ferndale had not yet been paved. The Leggett connection became State Route 208.
The state Legislature in 1963 tossed out the old conflicting Legislative Route Numbers (1964 renumbering), got rid of some famous old U.S. routes, and renumbered many state highways. It abolished US 101A in Los Angeles, Orange and Ventura counties and renumbered it as SR 1. The cover of "California Highways '' magazine in fall 1964 shows state engineers posting the new shield at Point Mugu. The same year, the Legislature by state law named SR 1 "Pacific Coast Highway '' in Orange, Los Angeles and Ventura counties, "Cabrillo Highway '' from Santa Barbara north to San Francisco, and "Shoreline Highway '' from Marin County to its northern terminus. Many cities, however, did not change the name of city streets that are part of SR 1, such as Lincoln and Sepulveda boulevards in Los Angeles, Santa Monica and El Segundo; and Junipero Serra and Park Presidio boulevards in San Francisco. Several other cities and communities like Newport Beach and Bodega Bay merely named their respective city streets as "Coast Highway ''.
The freeway portion of SR 1 from Highway 68 in Monterey to Munras Avenue opened in 1956 -- 1960. The segment from Munras Avenue to the northern border of Sand City and Seaside opened in 1968, and bypasses the original highway alignment of Munras Avenue and Fremont Street in Monterey, and Fremont Boulevard through Seaside. North of Seaside, the freeway was built over the original SR 1 alignment through Fort Ord in 1973. North of Fort Ord, SR 1 now veers to the left of the original alignment and bypasses Marina to the west. This segment including the interchange with SR 156 and the short, 2 - lane Castroville Bypass opened in 1976. Originally SR 1 followed the SR 156 alignment to the SR 183 intersection in Castroville, then turned northwest, following the present - day SR 183 through Castroville before rejoining its existing alignment at the northern terminus of the Castroville Bypass.
Plans to upgrade SR 1 to a freeway from its southern terminus all the way to Oxnard, including building an offshore causeway from the Santa Monica Pier to Topanga Canyon Boulevard south of Malibu, were ultimately killed by 1971 due to local opposition. In 1980, another section was added northwest of Ventura near Emma Wood State Beach, when several miles of the old two - lane alignment of U.S. Route 101 were posted as SR 1 where the freeway had bypassed it in about 1960. Then in 1988, the segment from Purisima Road in Lompoc to SR 135 was re-routed from Harris Grade Road to the former County Route S20 so it could directly serve Vandenberg Air Force Base.
Construction to bridge the gap in the Lost Coast region between Rockport and Ferndale was eventually abandoned. The steepness and related geotechnical challenges of the coastal mountains made this stretch of coastline too costly for highway builders to establish routes through the area. In 1984, SR 1 was then re-routed to replace State Highway 208, connecting Rockport and Leggett, while the segment between Ferndale and Fernbridge was renumbered as State Highway 211. Most of the coastline in the area is now part of Sinkyone Wilderness State Park and the King Range National Conservation Area.
The roadway along Devil 's Slide, south of Pacifica, became the site of frequent deadly crashes and roadway - closing landslides. Beginning in 1958, Caltrans supported a plan to construct an inland bypass over Montara Mountain as an alternate route, but was eventually opposed by community and environmental groups who supported a tunnel instead. After decades of legal disputes, the Federal Highway Administration ordered Caltrans in 1995 to re-evaluate the proposed tunnel. Then on November 5, 1996, San Mateo County voters approved Measure T to change the county 's official preference from the bypass to the tunnel. Ground eventually broke in 2005, and the Tom Lantos Tunnels opened in April 2013.
In 2014, two - way traffic was restored along the original PCH segment from Copper Lantern to Blue Lantern streets in the Dana Point city center after 25 years of one - way operation. During that period, only northbound traffic had flowed along this section of PCH while southbound traffic had been diverted onto the parallel Del Prado Avenue.
SR 1 has never been planned to extend south into San Diego, or north into Crescent City, where I - 5 (which replaced the US 101 designation and signage between Los Angeles and San Diego) and US 101 serve as the coastal highways in those areas, respectively.
For the 1932 Summer Olympics, the segment of the SR 1 between Oxnard and Santa Monica (then known as the Theodore Roosevelt Highway) hosted part of the road cycling events. Portions of SR 1 have also hosted stages of the Tour of California.
California 's coastline is constantly changing and continually presents us with challenges. Through hard work and determination, we continue to keep this scenic highway open.
Frequent California landslides and erosion along the coast have caused portions of SR 1 to either be closed for long periods of time, or be re-routed entirely. Some of these examples include:
In 2014, Caltrans relinquished the portion of SR 1 in Oxnard along Oxnard Boulevard. The plan is then for PCH between Pleasant Valley Road and US 101 to be re-routed from Oxnard Boulevard onto Rice Avenue. That segment of Rice Avenue includes a railroad grade crossing at 5th Avenue that was the site of the February 2015 Oxnard train derailment, which eventually led to one death and 29 injuries. This was the twelfth accident at the crossing in ten years. An overpass has been planned at that site for almost two decades, but funding has not been available in Ventura County for the estimated $35 million grade separation project.
In 2015, a $20 million project was proposed to add over 150 safety improvements to the stretch of the highway in Malibu. This follows a string of fatal accidents in the area, including one involving Caitlyn Jenner that claimed another person 's life.
The Calera Parkway project proposes to widen the non-freeway segment in Pacifica between the Rockaway Beach and Vallemar districts, but faces opposition by local residents and environmentalists.
Except where prefixed with a letter, postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964, based on the alignment that existed at the time, and do not necessarily reflect current mileage. R reflects a realignment in the route since then, M indicates a second realignment, L refers an overlap due to a correction or change, and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary (for a full list of prefixes, see the list of postmile definitions). Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted. The numbers reset at county lines; the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column.
Route map: Google
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who plays the special prosecutor in house of cards | Elizabeth Marvel - wikipedia
Elizabeth Marvel (born November 27, 1969) is an American actress.
Marvel was born in Orange County, California, and was raised in Mohnton, Pennsylvania. She attended Juilliard School and since the early 1990s has appeared in off - Broadway plays.
Marvel appeared in many stage productions throughout her career. She has won Obie Awards for her work in Thérèse Raquin and Misalliance (1998), A Streetcar Named Desire (2000) and Hedda Gabler (2005). She returned to the role she originated Off - Broadway of Brooke Wyeth in Other Desert Cities, which was played by Rachel Griffiths in its Broadway premiere. In 2009, for her performance in Fifty Words, she was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play.
Marvel first gained widespread attention on television, with her four seasons playing the regular role of Nancy Parras in the CBS series The District (2000 -- 04). She played a variety of guest and recurring roles on Lights Out, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Nurse Jackie, Person of Interest, 30 Rock, The Good Wife, and The Newsroom.
In film, Marvel has appeared in Burn After Reading (2008), directed by the Coen brothers, and in True Grit (2010), as the adult Mattie Ross. She appeared in The Bourne Legacy (2012), Lincoln (2012), and Hyde Park on Hudson (2012).
In 2013, she was cast as lead in the CW family drama pilot Blink, opposite John Benjamin Hickey. She most recently was noted for portraying Heather Dunbar in Netflix 's political drama House of Cards. In 2016, she was cast as President - elect Elizabeth Keane for the sixth season of Showtime drama series Homeland.
Marvel married actor Bill Camp on September 4, 2004. The couple has one child.
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the type and level of formal charge to file against a criminal suspect is solely the decision of the | Plea bargain - wikipedia
The plea bargain (also plea agreement, plea deal, copping a plea, or plea in mitigation) is any agreement in a criminal case between the prosecutor and defendant whereby the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a particular charge in return for some concession from the prosecutor. This may mean that the defendant will plead guilty to a less serious charge, or to one of the several charges, in return for the dismissal of other charges; or it may mean that the defendant will plead guilty to the original criminal charge in return for a more lenient sentence.
A plea bargain allows both parties to avoid a lengthy criminal trial and may allow criminal defendants to avoid the risk of conviction at trial on a more serious charge. For example, in the U.S. legal system, a criminal defendant charged with a felony theft charge, the conviction of which would require imprisonment in state prison, may be offered the opportunity to plead guilty to a misdemeanor theft charge, which may not carry a custodial sentence.
In cases such as an automobile collision when there is a potential for civil liability against the defendant, the defendant may agree to plead no contest or "guilty with a civil reservation '', which essentially is a guilty plea without admitting civil liability.
Plea bargaining can present a dilemma to defense attorneys, in that they must choose between vigorously seeking a good deal for their present client, or maintaining a good relationship with the prosecutor for the sake of helping future clients.
In charge bargaining, defendants plead guilty to a less serious crime than the original charge. In count bargaining, they plead guilty to a subset of multiple original charges. In sentence bargaining, they plead guilty agreeing in advance what sentence will be given; however, this sentence can still be denied by the judge. In fact bargaining, defendants plead guilty but the prosecutor agrees to stipulate (i.e., to affirm or concede) certain facts that will affect how the defendant is punished under the sentencing guidelines.
Plea bargaining has been defended as a voluntary exchange that leaves both parties better off, in that defendants have many procedural and substantive rights, but by pleading guilty, defendants "sell '' these rights to the prosecutor, receiving concessions that they value more highly than the rights surrendered. It has been argued that plea bargaining benefits society by ensuring that the guilty are less likely to be acquitted.
Plea bargaining is criticized, particularly outside the United States, on the grounds that its close relationship with rewards, threats and coercion potentially endanger the correct legal outcome.
Author Martin Yant discusses the use of coercion in plea bargaining:
Even when the charges are more serious, prosecutors often can still bluff defense attorneys and their clients into pleading guilty to a lesser offense. As a result, people who might have been acquitted because of lack of evidence, but also who are in fact truly innocent, will often plead guilty to the charge. Why? In a word, fear. And the more numerous and serious the charges, studies have shown, the greater the fear. That explains why prosecutors sometimes seem to file every charge imaginable against defendants.
This tactic is prohibited in some other countries -- for example in the United Kingdom the prosecutor 's code states:
Prosecutors should never go ahead with more charges than are necessary just to encourage a defendant to plead guilty to a few. In the same way, they should never go ahead with a more serious charge just to encourage a defendant to plead guilty to a less serious one.
although it adds that in some kinds of complex cases such as major fraud trials:
The over-riding duty of the prosecutor is... to see that justice is done. The procedures must command public and judicial confidence. Many defendants in serious and complex fraud cases are represented by solicitors experienced in commercial litigation, including negotiation. This means that the defendant is usually protected from being put under improper pressure to plead. The main danger to be guarded against in these cases is that the prosecutor is persuaded to agree to a plea or a basis that is not in the public interest and interests of justice because it does not adequately reflect the seriousness of the offending... Any plea agreement must reflect the seriousness and extent of the offending and give the court adequate sentencing powers. It must consider the impact of an agreement on victims and also the wider public, whilst respecting the rights of defendants.
John H. Langbein argues that the modern American system of plea bargaining is comparable to the medieval European system of torture:
There is, of course, a difference between having your limbs crushed if you refuse to confess, or suffering some extra years of imprisonment if you refuse to confess, but the difference is of degree, not kind. Plea bargaining, like torture, is coercive. Like the medieval Europeans, the Americans are now operating a procedural system that engages in condemnation without adjudication.
Theoretical work based on the prisoner 's dilemma is one reason that, in many countries, plea bargaining is forbidden. Often, precisely the prisoner 's dilemma scenario applies: it is in the interest of both suspects to confess and testify against the other suspect, irrespective of the innocence of the accused. Arguably, the worst case is when only one party is guilty: here, the innocent one has no incentive to confess, while the guilty one has a strong incentive to confess and give testimony (including false testimony) against the innocent.
A 2009 study by the European Association of Law and Economics observed that innocent defendants are consistently more likely than guilty defendants to reject otherwise - favorable pleas proposals, even when theoretically disadvantageous to do so, because of perceived unfairness, and would do so even if the expected sanction would be worse if they proceeded to trial. The study concluded that "(t) his somewhat counterintuitive ' cost of innocence, ' where the preferences of innocents lead them collectively to fare worse than their guilty counterparts, is further increased by the practice of imposing much harsher sentences at trial on defendants who contest the charges. This "trial penalty '' seeks to facilitate guilty pleas by guilty defendants (... and ironically...) disproportionately, collectively, penalizes innocents, who reject on fairness grounds some offers their guilty counterparts accept. ''
The extent to which innocent people will accept a plea bargain and plead guilty is contentious and has been subjected to considerable research. Much research has focused on the relatively few actual cases where innocence was subsequently proven, such as successful appeals for murder and rape based upon DNA evidence, which tend to be atypical of trials as a whole (being by their nature only the most serious kinds of crime). Other studies have focused on presenting hypothetical situations to subjects and asking what choice they would make. More recently some studies have attempted to examine actual reactions of innocent persons generally, when faced with actual plea bargain decisions. A study by Dervan and Edkins (2013) attempted to recreate a real - life controlled plea bargain situation, rather than merely asking theoretical responses to a theoretical situation -- a common approach in previous research. It placed subjects in a situation where an accusation of academic fraud (cheating) could be made, of which some subjects were in fact by design actually guilty (and knew this), and some were innocent but faced seemingly strong evidence of guilt and no verifiable proof of innocence. Each subject was presented with the evidence of guilt and offered a choice between facing an academic ethics board and potentially a heavy penalty in terms of extra courses and other forfeits, or admitting guilt and accepting a lighter "sentence ''. The study found that as expected from court statistics, around 90 % of accused subjects who were actually guilty chose to take the plea - bargain and plead guilty. It also found that around 56 % of subjects who were actually innocent (and privately knew it) also to take the plea - bargain and plead guilty, for reasons including avoiding formal quasi-legal processes, uncertainty, possibility of greater harm to personal future plans, or deprivation of home environment due to remedial courses. The authors stated:
Previous research has argued that the innocence problem is minimal because defendants are risk - prone and willing to defend themselves before a tribunal. Our research, however, demonstrates that when study participants are placed in real, rather than hypothetical, bargaining situations and are presented with accurate information regarding their statistical probability of success, just as they might be so informed by their attorney or the government during a criminal plea negotiation, innocent defendants are highly risk - averse.
More pressure to plea bargain may be applied in weak cases (where there is less certainty of both guilt and jury conviction) than strong cases. Prosecutors tend to be strongly motivated by conviction rates, and "there are many indications that prosecutors are willing to go a long way to avoid losing cases, (and that) when prosecutors decide to proceed with such weak cases they are often willing to go a long way to assure that a plea bargain is struck ''. Prosecutors often have great power to procure a desired level of incentive, as they select the charges to be presented. For this reason,
(P) lea bargains are just as likely in strong and weak cases. Prosecutors only need to adjust the offer to the probability of conviction in order to reach an agreement. Thus, weaker cases result in more lenient plea bargains, and stronger ones in relative harshness, but both result in an agreement. (... W) hen the case is weak, the parties must rely on charge bargaining... But (charge bargaining) is hardly an obstacle. Charge bargaining in weak cases is not the exception; it is the norm all around the country. Thus, even if the evidence against innocent defendants is, on average, weaker, the likelihood of plea bargains is not dependent on guilt.
Another situation in which an innocent defendant may plead guilty is in the case of a defendant who can not raise bail, and who is being held in custody in a jail or detention facility. Because it may take months, or even years, for criminal cases to come to trial or even indictment in some jurisdictions, an innocent defendant who is offered a plea bargain that includes a sentence of less time than he would otherwise spend in jail awaiting an indictment or a trial may choose to accept the plea arrangement and plead guilty.
Agency problems sometimes arise in plea bargaining in that although the prosecutor represents the people and the defense attorney represents the defendant, these agents ' goals may be far from congruent with those of their principals. Moreover, prosecutors and defense attorneys often view each other as colleagues and generally wish to maintain good relations with one another. A defense attorney often receives a flat fee or in any event will not receive enough additional money if he goes to trial to cover the costs of doing so; this can create an incentive to plea bargain, even at the expense of the defense attorney 's client 's interests.
On the other hand, the prosecutor may wish to maintain a high conviction rate and avoid losing high - profile trials; thus, settling a case by plea bargain may further his interests, even if the resulting sentence would not effectively deter crime. As many crimes have very narrow sentencing bands, a prosecutor often has scope to propose whatever degree of "discounted '' charges, or substitution of misdemeanor rather than felony charges, to whatever extent they believe would incentivise a defendant to make a guilty plea and accept a speedy conviction, regardless of actual guilt.
Another argument against plea bargaining is that it may not actually reduce the costs of administering justice. For example, if a prosecutor has only a 25 % chance of winning his case and sending the defendant away to prison for 10 years, he may make a plea agreement for a sentence of one year; but if plea bargaining is unavailable, a prosecutor may drop the case completely.
Plea bargaining is a significant part of the criminal justice system in the United States; the vast majority (roughly 90 %) of criminal cases in the United States are settled by plea bargain rather than by a jury trial. Plea bargains are subject to the approval of the court, and different States and jurisdictions have different rules. The Federal Sentencing Guidelines are followed in federal cases and have been created to ensure a standard of uniformity in all cases decided in the federal courts. A two - or three - level offense level reduction is usually available for those who accept responsibility by not holding the prosecution to the burden of proving its case; this usually amounts to a complete sentence reduction had they gone to trial and lost.
The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure provide for two main types of plea agreements. An 11 (c) (1) (B) agreement does not bind the court; the prosecutor 's recommendation is merely advisory, and the defendant can not withdraw his plea if the court decides to impose a sentence other than what was stipulated in the agreement. An 11 (c) (1) (C) agreement, however, binds the court once the court accepts the agreement. When such an agreement is proposed, the court can reject it if it disagrees with the proposed sentence, in which case the defendant has an opportunity to withdraw his plea.
Plea bargains are so common in the Superior Courts of California (the general trial courts) that the Judicial Council of California has published an optional seven - page form (containing all mandatory advisements required by federal and state law) to help prosecutors and defense attorneys reduce such bargains into written plea agreements.
Certain aspects of the American justice system serve to promote plea bargaining. For example, the adversarial nature of the U.S. criminal justice system puts judges in a passive role, in which they have no independent access to information with which to assess the strength of the case against the defendant. The prosecutor and defense may thus control the outcome of a case through plea bargaining. The court must approve a plea bargain as being within the interests of justice.
The lack of compulsory prosecution also gives prosecutors greater discretion as well as the inability of crime victims to mount a private prosecution and their limited ability to influence plea agreements. Defendants who are held in custody -- who either do not have the right to bail or can not afford bail, or who do not qualify for release on their own recognizance -- may get out of jail immediately following the judge 's acceptance of a plea.
Generally, once a plea bargain is made and accepted by the courts, the matter is final and can not be appealed. However, a defendant may agree to a "conditional '' plea bargain, whereby s / he pleads guilty and accepts a sentence, but reserves the right to appeal a specific matter (such as violation of a constitutional right). If the defendant does not win on appeal the agreement is carried out; if the defendant is successful on appeal the bargain is terminated. The defendant in Doggett v. United States made such a bargain, reserving the right to appeal solely on the grounds that he was not given a speedy trial as required by the United States Constitution; Doggett 's claim was upheld by the United States Supreme Court and he was freed.
In Canada, the courts always have the final say with regard to sentencing. Nevertheless, plea bargaining has become an accepted part of the criminal justice system although judges and Crown attorneys are often reluctant to refer to it as such. In most Canadian criminal proceedings, the Crown has the ability to recommend a lighter sentence than it would seek following a guilty verdict in exchange for a guilty plea.
Like other common law jurisdictions, the Crown can also agree to withdraw some charges against the defendant in exchange for a guilty plea. This has become standard procedure for certain offences such as impaired driving. Note that in the case of hybrid offences, the Crown must make a binding decision as to whether to proceed summarily or by indictment prior to the defendant making his or her plea. If the Crown elects to proceed summarily and the defendant then pleads not guilty, the Crown can not change its election. Therefore, the Crown is not in a position to offer to proceed summarily in exchange for a guilty plea.
Canadian judges are not bound by the Crown 's sentencing recommendations and could impose harsher (or more lenient) penalties. Therefore, the Crown and the defence will often make a joint submission with respect to sentencing. While a joint submission can entail both the Crown and defence recommending exactly the same disposition of a case, this is not common except in cases that are sufficiently minor that the Crown is willing to recommend a discharge. In more serious cases, a joint submission normally call for a sentence within relatively narrow range, with the Crown arguing for a sentence at the upper end of the range and the defence arguing for a sentence at the lower end, so as to maintain the visibility of the judge 's ability to exercise discretion.
Judges are not bound to impose a sentence within the range of a joint submission, and a judge 's disregard for a joint submission is not in itself grounds for the sentence to be altered on appeal. However, if a judge routinely disregards joint submissions, that judge would compromise the ability of the Crown to offer meaningful incentives for defendants to plead guilty. Defence lawyers would become reluctant to enter into joint submissions if they were thought to be of little value with a particular judge, which would thus result in otherwise avoidable trials. For these reasons, Canadian judges will normally impose a sentence within the range of any joint submission.
Following a Supreme Court of Canada ruling that imposes strict time limits on the resolution of criminal cases (eighteen months for cases in provincial court and thirty months for cases in Superior Court), several provinces have initiated and / or intensified measures intended to maximize the number of minor criminal cases resolved by a plea bargain.
Largely unique to the Canadian justice system is that further negotiations concerning the final disposition of a criminal case may also arise even after a sentence has been passed. This is because in Canada the Crown has (by common law standards) a very broad right to appeal acquittals, and also a right to appeal for harsher sentences except in cases where the sentence imposed was maximum allowed. Therefore, in Canada, after sentencing the defence sometimes has an incentive to try and persuade the Crown to not appeal a case, in exchange for the defence also declining to appeal. While, strictly speaking, this is not plea bargaining, it is done for largely the same reasons.
Plea bargaining in Magistrates ' Court trials is permitted only to the extent that the prosecutors and the defence can agree that the defendant will plead guilty to some charges and the prosecutor will drop the remainder. However, although this is not conducting a plea bargain, in cases before the Crown Court, the defence can request an indication from the judge of the likely maximum sentence that would be imposed should the defendant decide to plead guilty.
In the case of hybrid offences in England and Wales, the decision whether to deal with a case in Magistrates Court or Crown Court is not made by magistrates until after a plea has been entered. A defendant is thus unable to plead guilty in exchange for having a case dealt with in Magistrates ' Court (which has lesser sentencing powers).
Plea bargaining was introduced in India by The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005, which amended the Code of Criminal Procedure and introduced a new chapter XXI (A) in the code, enforceable from July 5, 2006. It allows plea bargaining for cases in which the maximum punishment is imprisonment for 7 years; however, offenses affecting the socio - economic condition of the country and offenses committed against a woman or a child below 14 are excluded.
In 2007, Sakharam Bandekar case became the first such case in India where the accused Sakharam Bandekar requested lesser punishment in return for confessing to his crime (using plea bargaining). However, the court rejected his plea and accepted CBI 's argument that the accused was facing serious charges of corruption. Finally, the court convicted Bandekar and sentenced him to 3 years imprisonment.
Plea bargain as a formal legal provision was introduced in Pakistan by the National Accountability Ordinance 1999, an anti-corruption law. A special feature of this plea bargain is that the accused applies for it, accepting guilt, and offers to return the proceeds of corruption as determined by investigators / prosecutors. After an endorsement by the Chairman National Accountability Bureau, the request is presented before the court, which decides whether it should be accepted or not. If the request for plea bargain is accepted by the court, the accused stands convicted but neither is sentenced if in trial nor undergoes any sentence previously pronounced by a lower court if in appeal. The accused is disqualified to take part in elections, hold any public office, or obtain a loan from any bank; the accused is also dismissed from service if a government official.
In other cases, formal plea bargains in Pakistan are limited, but the prosecutor has the authority to drop a case or a charge in a case and, in practice, often does so, in return for a defendant pleading guilty on some lesser charge. No bargaining takes place over the penalty, which is the court 's sole privilege.
In some common law jurisdictions, such as Singapore and the Australian state of Victoria, plea bargaining is practiced only to the extent that the prosecution and the defense can agree that the defendant will plead guilty to some charges and / or to reduced charges in exchange for the prosecutor withdrawing the remaining and / or more serious charges. In New South Wales, a 10 - 25 % discount on the sentence is customarily given in exchange for an early guilty plea, but this concession is expected to be granted by the judge as a way of recognizing the utilitarian value of an early guilty plea to the justice system - it is never negotiated with a prosecutor. The courts in these jurisdictions have made it plain that they will always decide what the appropriate penalty is to be. No bargaining takes place between the prosecution and the defence over criminal penalties.
Plea bargaining is extremely difficult in jurisdictions based on the civil law. This is because unlike common law systems, civil law systems have no concept of plea -- if the defendant confesses; a confession is entered into evidence, but the prosecution is not absolved of the duty to present a full case. A court may decide that a defendant is innocent even though they presented a full confession. Also, unlike common law systems, prosecutors in civil law countries may have limited or no power to drop or reduce charges after a case has been filed, and in some countries their power to drop or reduce charges before a case has been filed is limited, making plea bargaining impossible. Since the 1980s, many civil law nations have adapted their systems to allow for plea bargaining.
In the Central African Republic, witchcraft carries heavy penalties but those accused of it typically confess in exchange for a modest sentence.
In 2009, in a case about whether witness testimony originating from a plea deal in the United States was admissible in a Danish criminal trial (297 / 2008 H), the Supreme Court of Denmark (Danish: Højesteret) unanimously ruled that plea bargains are prima facie not legal under Danish law, but that the witnesses in the particular case would be allowed to testify regardless (with the caveat that the lower court consider the possibility that the testimony was untrue or at least influenced by the benefits of the plea bargain). The Supreme Court did however point out that Danish law contains mechanisms similar to plea bargains, such as § 82.10 of the Danish Penal Code (Danish: Straffeloven) which states that a sentence may be reduced if the perpetrator of a crime provides information that helps solve a crime perpetrated by others, or § 23. a of the Danish Competition Law (Danish: Konkurrenceloven) which states that someone can apply to avoid being fined or prosecuted for participating in a cartel if they provide information about the cartel that the authorities did not know at the time.
If a defendant admits to having committed a crime, the prosecution does n't have to file charges against them, and the case can be heard as a so - called "admission case '' (Danish: tilståelsessag) under § 831 of the Law on the Administration of Justice (Danish: Retsplejeloven) provided that: the confession is supported by other pieces of evidence (meaning that a confession is not enough to convict someone on its own); both the defendant and the prosecutor consent to it; the court does not have any objections; § § 68, 69, 70 and 73 of the Penal Code do not apply to the case.
In Estonia, plea bargaining was introduced in the 1990s: the penalty is reduced in exchange for confession and avoiding most of the court proceedings. Plea bargaining is permitted for the crimes punishable by no more than four years of imprisonment. Normally, a 25 % reduction of the penalty is given.
The introduction of a limited form of plea bargaining (comparution sur reconnaissance préalable de culpabilité or CRPC, often summarized as plaider coupable) in 2004 was highly controversial in France. In this system, the public prosecutor could propose to suspects of relatively minor crimes a penalty not exceeding one year in prison; the deal, if accepted, had to be accepted by a judge. Opponents, usually lawyers and leftist political parties, argued that plea bargaining would greatly infringe on the rights of defense, the long - standing constitutional right of presumption of innocence, the rights of suspects in police custody, and the right to a fair trial.
For instance, Robert Badinter argued that plea bargaining would give too much power to the public prosecutor and would encourage defendants to accept a sentence only to avoid the risk of a bigger sentence in a trial, even if they did not really deserve it. Only a minority of criminal cases are settled by that method: in 2009, 77,500 out of the 673,700 or 11.5 % of the decisions by the correctional courts.
Plea bargaining (Georgian: საპროცესო შეთანხმება, literally "plea agreement '') was introduced in Georgia in 2004. The substance of the Georgian plea bargaining is similar to the United States and other common law jurisdictions.
A plea bargaining, also called a plea agreement or negotiated plea, is an alternative and consensual way of criminal case settlement. A plea agreement means settlement of case without main hearing when the defendant agrees to plead guilty in exchange for a lesser charge or for a more lenient sentence and / or for dismissal of certain related charges. (Article 209 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia)
The main principle of the plea bargaining is that it must be based on the free will of the defendant, equality of the parties and advanced protection of the rights of the defendant:
a) In order to avoid fraud of the defendant or insufficient consideration of his / her interests, legislation foresees obligatory participation of the defense council; (Article 210 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia) b) The defendant has the right to reject the plea agreement on any stage of the criminal proceedings before the court renders the judgment. (Article 213 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia) c) In case of refusal, it is prohibited to use information provided by the defendant under the plea agreement against him in the future. (Article 214 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia) d) The defendant has the right to appeal the judgment rendered consequent to the plea agreement if the plea agreement was concluded by deception, coercion, violence, threat, or violence. (Article 215 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia)
While concluding the plea agreement, the prosecutor is obliged to take into consideration public interest, severity of the penalty, and personal characteristics of the defendant. (Article 210 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia) To avoid abuse of powers, legislation foresees written consent of the supervisory prosecutor as necessary precondition to conclude plea agreement and to amend its provisions. (Article 210 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia)
Plea agreement without the approval of the court does n't have the legal effect. The court must satisfy itself that the plea agreement is concluded on the basis of the free will of the defendant, that the defendant fully acknowledges the essence of the plea agreement and its consequences. (Article 212 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia)
Guilty plea of the defendant is not enough to render guilty judgment. (Article 212 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia) Consequently, court is obliged to discuss 2 important issues:
a) Whether irrefutable evidence is presented which proves the defendant 's guilt beyond reasonable doubt. b) Whether sentence provided for in the plea agreement is legitimate. (Article 212 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia) After both criteria are satisfied the court additionally checks whether formalities related to the legislative requirements are followed and only then makes decision.
If the court finds that presented evidence is not sufficient to support the charges or that a motion to render a judgment without substantial consideration of a case is submitted in violation of the requirements stipulated by the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia, it shall return the case to the prosecution. The court before returning the case to the prosecutor offers the parties to change the terms of the agreement. If the changed terms do not satisfy the court, then it shall return the case to the prosecution. (Article 213 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia)
If the court satisfies itself that the defendant fully acknowledges the consequences of the plea agreement, and he / she was represented by the defense council, his / her will is expressed in full compliance with the legislative requirements without deception and coercion, also if there is enough body of doubtless evidence for the conviction and the agreement is reached on legitimate sentence - the court approves the plea agreement and renders guilty judgment. If any of the abovementioned requirements are not satisfied, the court rejects to approve the plea agreement and returns the case to the prosecutor. (Article 213 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia)
The plea agreement is concluded between the parties - the prosecutor and the defendant. Notwithstanding the fact that the victim is not party to the criminal case and the prosecutor is not a tool in the hands of the victim to obtain revenge against the offender, the attitude of the victim in relation to the plea agreement is still important.
Under Article 217 of the Criminal procedure Code of Georgia, the prosecutor is obliged to consult with the victim prior to concluding the plea agreement and inform him / her about this. In addition, under the Guidelines of the Prosecution Service of Georgia, the prosecutor is obliged to take into consideration the interests of the victim and as a rule conclude the plea agreement after the damage is compensated.
Plea agreements have made a limited appearance in Germany. However, there is no exact equivalent of a guilty plea in German criminal procedure.
Italy has a form of bargaining, popularly known as "patteggiamento '' but that has a technical name of penalty application under request of the parts. In fact, the bargaining is not about the charges, but about the penalty applied in sentence, reduced up to one third.
When the defendant deems that the punishment that would, concretely, be handed down is less than a five - year imprisonment (or that it would just be a fine), the defendant may request to plea bargain with the prosecutor. The defendant is rewarded with a reduction on the sentence and has other advantages (such as that the defendant does not pay the fees on the proceeding). The defendant must accept the penalty for the charges (even if the plea - bargained sentence has some particular matters in further compensation proceedings), no matter how serious the charges are.
Sometimes, the prosecutor agrees to reduce a charge or to drop some of multiple charges in exchange for the defendant 's acceptance of the penalty. Defendant, in the request, could argue with the penalty and aggravating and extenuating circumstancing with the prosecutor, that can accept or refuse. The request could also be made by the prosecutor. The plea bargaining could be granted if the penalty that could be concretely applied is, after the reduction of one third, inferior to five - year imprisonment (so called "patteggiamento allargato '', wide bargaining); When the penalty applied, after the reduction of one third, is inferior of two years imprisonment or is only a fine (so called "patteggiamento ristretto '' limited bargaining), the defendant can have other advantages, like sentence suspended and the effacement of the crime if in five year of the sentence, the defendant does n't commit a similar crime.
In the request, when it could be applied the conditional suspension of the penalty according to the article 163 and following of Italian penal code, the defendant could subordinate the request to the grant of the suspension; if the judge rejects the suspension, the bargaining is refused. When both the prosecutor and the defendant have come to an agreement, the proposal is submitted to the judge, who can refuse or accept the plea bargaining.
According to Italian law, a bargain does n't need a guilty plea (in Italy there is no plea declaration); for this reason, a bargaining sentence is only an acceptance of the penalty in exchange with the stop of investigation and trial and has no binding cogency in other trials, especially in civil trials in which parts argue of the same facts at the effects of civil liability and in other criminal trials in which are processed the accomplices of the defendant that had requested and got a bargaining sentence.
Poland also adopted a limited form of plea bargaining, which is applicable only to minor felonies (punishable by no more than 10 years of imprisonment). The procedure is called "voluntary submission to a penalty '' and allows the court to pass an agreed sentence without reviewing the evidence, what significantly shortens the trial. There are some specific conditions that have to be simultaneously met:
However, the court may object to the terms of proposed plea agreement (even if already agreed between the defendant, victim and prosecutor) and suggest changes (not specific but rather general). If the defendant accepts these suggestions and changes his penalty proposition, the court approves it and passes the verdict according to the plea agreement. In spite of the agreement, all the parties of the trial: prosecution, defendant and the victim as an auxiliary prosecutor (in Poland, the victim may declare that he wants to act as an "auxiliary prosecutor '' and consequently gains the rights similar to official prosecutor) - have the right to appeal.
In Japan, plea bargaining is forbidden by law. Sources report that prosecutors illegally have offered defendants plea bargains in exchange for their confessions.
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did it snow in tampa florida in 1989 | Snow in Florida - wikipedia
It is very rare for snow to fall in the U.S. state of Florida, especially in the central and southern portions of the state. With the exception of the far northern areas of the state and the Jacksonville area, most of the major cities of Florida have never recorded measurable snowfall, have only recorded trace (T) amounts, or have only reported flurries in the air, usually just a few times each century. In the Florida Keys and Key West there is no known occurrence of snow flurries since the settlement of the region.
Due to Florida 's low latitude and subtropical climate, temperatures cold enough to support significant snowfall are infrequent and their duration is fleeting. In general, frost is more common than snow, requiring temperatures of 32 ° F (0 ° C) or less at 2 m (7 ft) above sea level, a cloudless sky, and a relative humidity of 65 % or more. Generally, for snow to occur, the polar jet stream must move southward through Texas and into the Gulf of Mexico, with a stalled cold front across the southern portion of the state curving northeastward to combine freezing air into the frontal clouds. While light snowfall occurs a few times each decade across the northern panhandle, most of the state is too far south of the cold continental air masses responsible for generating snowfall in the rest of the country. The mean maximum monthly snowfall in most parts of Florida is zero. The only other areas in the continental United States with this distinction are extreme southern Texas and parts of coastal southern California.
Much of the known information on snow in Florida prior to 1900 is from climatological records provided by the National Weather Service meteorological station in Jacksonville, and information for other locations is sparse. The earliest recorded instance of snow in Florida occurred in 1774; being unaccustomed to snow, some Jacksonville residents called it "extraordinary white rain. '' The first White Christmas in northeastern Florida 's history resulted from a snow event that occurred on December 23, 1989.
Due to larger populations and more advanced communication networks, snow events are witnessed and reported much more frequently in recent years than in historical eras. Interpretations of this timeline must therefore be made with caution, as observed patterns may not reflect actual climate - related trends in annual snowfall but rather improved reporting.
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what episode do donna and eric get engaged | That ' 70s Show (season 5) - wikipedia
The fifth season of That ' 70s Show, an American television series, began September 17, 2002, and ended on May 14, 2003. It aired on Fox. The region 1 DVD was released on October 17, 2006. This season is set entirely in the year 1978. All episodes are named after songs by Led Zeppelin.
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which region of the brain is responsible for motor aspects of speech | Broca 's area - wikipedia
Broca 's area or the Broca area / broʊˈkɑː / or / ˈbroʊkə / is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left, of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production.
Language processing has been linked to Broca 's area since Pierre Paul Broca reported impairments in two patients. They had lost the ability to speak after injury to the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the brain. Since then, the approximate region he identified has become known as Broca 's area, and the deficit in language production as Broca 's aphasia, also called expressive aphasia. Broca 's area is now typically defined in terms of the pars opercularis and pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, represented in Brodmann 's cytoarchitectonic map as areas 44 and 45 of the dominant hemisphere. Studies of chronic aphasia have implicated an essential role of Broca 's area in various speech and language functions. Further, fMRI studies have also identified activation patterns in Broca 's area associated with various language tasks. However, slow destruction of the Broca 's area by brain tumors can leave speech relatively intact, suggesting its functions can shift to nearby areas in the brain.
Broca 's area is often identified by visual inspection of the topography of the brain either by macrostructural landmarks such as sulci or by the specification of coordinates in a particular reference space. The currently used Talairach and Tournoux atlas projects Brodmann 's cytoarchitectonic map onto a template brain. Because Brodmann 's parcelation was based on subjective visual inspection of cytoarchitectonic borders and also Brodmann analyzed only one hemisphere of one brain, the result is imprecise. Further, because of considerable variability across brains in terms of shape, size, and position relative to sulcal and gyral structure, a resulting localization precision is limited.
Nevertheless, Broca 's area in the left hemisphere and its homologue in the right hemisphere are designations usually used to refer to pars triangularis (PTr) and pars opercularis (POp) of the inferior frontal gyrus. The PTr and POp are defined by structural landmarks that only probabilistically divide the inferior frontal gyrus into anterior and posterior cytoarchitectonic areas of 45 and 44, respectively, by Brodmann 's classification scheme.
Area 45 receives more afferent connections from prefrontal cortex, the superior temporal gyrus, and the superior temporal sulcus, compared to area 44, which tends to receive more afferent connections from motor, somatosensory, and inferior parietal regions.
The differences between area 45 and 44 in cytoarchitecture and in connectivity suggest that these areas might perform different functions. Indeed, recent neuroimaging studies have shown that the PTr and Pop, corresponding to areas 45 and 44, respectively, play different functional roles in the human with respect to language comprehension and action recognition / understanding.
For a long time, it was assumed that the role of Broca 's area was more devoted to language production than language comprehension. However, there is evidence to demonstrate that Broca 's area also plays a significant role in language comprehension. Patients with lesions in Broca 's area who exhibit agrammatical speech production also show inability to use syntactic information to determine the meaning of sentences. Also, a number of neuroimaging studies have implicated an involvement of Broca 's area, particularly of the pars opercularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus, during the processing of complex sentences. Further, it has recently been found in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments involving highly ambiguous sentences result in a more activated inferior frontal gyrus. Therefore, the activity level in the inferior frontal gyrus and the level of lexical ambiguity are directly proportional to each other, because of the increased retrieval demands associated with highly ambiguous content.
There is also specialisation for particular aspects of comprehension within Broca 's area. Work by Devlin et al. (2003) showed in a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) study that there was an increase in reaction times when performing a semantic task under rTMS aimed at the pars triangularis (situated in the anterior part of Broca 's area). The increase in reaction times is indicative that that particular area is responsible for processing that cognitive function. Disrupting these areas via TMS disrupts computations performed in the areas leading to an increase in time needed to perform the computations (reflected in reaction times). Later work by Nixon et al. (2004) showed that when the pars opercularis (situated in the posterior part of Broca 's area) was stimulated under rTMS there was an increase in reaction times in a phonological task. Gough et al. (2005) performed an experiment combining elements of these previous works in which both phonological and semantic tasks were performed with rTMS stimulation directed at either the anterior or the posterior part of Broca 's area. The results from this experiment conclusively distinguished anatomical specialisation within Broca 's area for different components of language comprehension. Here the results showed that under rTMS stimulation:
To summarise, the work above shows anatomical specialisation in Broca 's area for language comprehension, with the anterior part of Broca 's area responsible for understanding the meaning of words (semantics) and the posterior part of Broca 's area responsible for understanding how words sound (phonology).
Recent experiments have indicated that Broca 's area is involved in various cognitive and perceptual tasks. One important contribution of Brodmann 's area 44 is also found in the motor - related processes. Observation of meaningful hand shadows resembling moving animals activates frontal language area, demonstrating that Broca 's area indeed plays a role in interpreting action of others. An activation of BA 44 was also reported during execution of grasping and manipulation.
It has been speculated that because speech - associated gestures could possibly reduce lexical or sentential ambiguity, comprehension should improve in the presence of speech - associated gestures. As a result of improved comprehension, the involvement of Broca 's area should be reduced.
Many neuroimaging studies have also shown activation of Broca 's area when representing meaningful arm gestures. A recent study has shown evidence that word and gesture are related at the level of translation of particular gesture aspects such as its motor goal and intention. This finding helps explain why, when this area is defective, those who use sign language also suffer from language deficits. This finding that aspects of gestures are translated in words within Broca 's area also explains language development in terms of evolution. Indeed, many authors have proposed that speech evolved from a primitive communication that arose from gestures. (See below.)
Damage to Broca 's area is commonly associated with telegraphic speech made up of content vocabulary. For example, a person with Broca 's aphasia may say something like, "Drive, store. Mom. '' meaning to say, "My mom drove me to the store today. '' Therefore, the content of the information is correct, but the grammar and fluidity of the sentence is missing.
The essential role of the Broca 's area in speech production has been questioned since it can be destroyed while leaving language nearly intact. In one case of a computer engineer, a slow - growing glioma tumor was removed. The tumor and the surgery destroyed the left inferior and middle frontal gyrus, the head of the caudate nucleus, the anterior limb of the internal capsule, and the anterior insula. However, there were minimal language problems three months after removal and the individual returned to his professional work. These minor problems include the inability to create syntactically complex sentences including more than two subjects, multiple causal conjunctions, or reported speech. These were explained by researchers as due to working memory problems. They also attributed his lack of problems to extensive compensatory mechanisms enabled by neural plasticity in the nearby cerebral cortex and a shift of some functions to the homologous area in the right hemisphere.
Communication, both verbal and nonverbal, requires that the interacting individuals stay "tuned '' to one another. Mirror neurons were discovered in the 1990s in frontal area F5 of the monkey cortex. These neurons are active during execution of object - related hand actions, but they are also active, importantly, when the monkey is just observing similar acts. For example, the mirror neurons are activated when the monkey takes a raisin from a tray and also when he views another monkey or the human experimenter doing the same. No information is yet available about possible hemispheric lateralization of the monkey mirror neurons.
Mirror neurons have visuomotor properties, being sensitive to goal - related motor acts, but they can also be activated by sounds that imply actions. Importantly, the mirror neurons do not only react to visual input and then project, via some transformational step, to motor - output - related neurons but are also part of a system that forms a neuronal representation of the observed motor acts. Similar to F5, the rostral part of the inferior parietal cortex contains neurons that are active during action observation and execution; this region receives input from the STS, which is known to contain neurons responding to biological motion.
A speech disorder known as stuttering is seen to be associated with underactivity in Broca 's area.
Aphasia is an acquired language disorder affecting all modalities such as writing, reading, speaking, and listening and results from brain damage. It is often a chronic condition that creates changes in all areas of one 's life.
Patients with expressive aphasia, also known as Broca 's aphasia, are individuals who know "what they want to say, they just can not get it out ''. They are typically able to comprehend words, and sentences with a simple syntactic structure (see above), but are more or less unable to generate fluent speech. Other symptoms that may be present include problems with fluency, articulation, word - finding, word repetition, and producing and comprehending complex grammatical sentences, both orally and in writing.
This specific group of symptoms distinguishes those who have expressive aphasia from individuals with other types of aphasia. There are several distinct "types '' of aphasia, and each type is characterized by a different set of language deficits. Although those who have expressive aphasia tend to retain good spoken language comprehension, other types of aphasia can render patients completely unable to understand any language at all, unable to understand any spoken language (auditory verbal agnosia), whereas still other types preserve language comprehension, but with deficits. People with expressive aphasia may struggle less with reading and writing (see alexia) than those with other types of aphasia. Although individuals with expressive aphasia tend to have a good ability to self - monitor their language output (they "hear what they say '' and make corrections), other types of aphasics can seem entirely unaware of their language deficits.
In the classical sense, expressive aphasia is the result of injury to Broca 's area; it is often the case that lesions in specific brain areas cause specific, dissociable symptoms, although case studies show there is not always a one - to - one mapping between lesion location and aphasic symptoms. The correlation between damage to certain specific brain areas (usually in the left hemisphere) and the development of specific types of aphasia makes it possible to deduce (albeit very roughly) the location of a suspected brain lesion based only on the presence (and severity) of a certain type of aphasia, though this is complicated by the possibility that a patient may have damage to a number of brain areas and may exhibit symptoms of more than one type of aphasia. The examination of lesion data in order to deduce which brain areas are essential in the normal functioning of certain aspects of cognition is called the deficit - lesion method; this method is especially important in the branch of neuroscience known as aphasiology. Cognitive science - to be specific, cognitive neuropsychology - are branches of neuroscience that also make extensive use of the deficit - lesion method.
Since studies carried out in the late 1970 's it has been understood that the relationship between Broca 's area and Broca 's aphasia is not as consistent as once thought. Lesions to Broca 's area alone do n't result in a Broca 's aphasia, nor do Broca 's aphasic patients necessarily have lesions in Broca 's area. Lesions to Broca 's area alone are known to produce just a transient mutism that resolves inside 3 -- 6 weeks. This discovery suggests that Broca 's area may be included in some aspect of verbalization or articulation; however, it does not address its part in sentence comprehension. Still, Broca 's area frequently emerges in functional imaging studies of sentence processing. However, it also becomes activated in word - level tasks. This suggests that Broca 's area is not dedicated to sentence processing but supports a function common to both. In fact, Broca 's area can show activation in such non-linguistic tasks as imagery of motion.
Considering the hypothesis that Broca 's area may be most involved in articulation, its activation in all of these tasks may be due to subjects ' covert articulation while formulating a response. Despite this caveat, a consensus seems to be forming that whatever role Broca 's area may play, it may relate to known working memory functions of the frontal areas. (There is a wide distribution of Talairach coordinates reported in the functional imaging literature that are referred to as part of Broca 's area.) The processing of a passive voice sentence, for example, may require working memory to assist in the temporary retention of information while other relevant parts of the sentence are being manipulated (i.e. to resolve the assignment of thematic roles to arguments). Miyake, Carpenter, and Just have proposed that sentence processing relies on such general verbal working memory mechanisms while Caplan and Waters consider Broca 's area to be involved in working memory specifically for syntactic processing. Friederici (2002) breaks Broca 's area into its component regions and suggests that Brodmann 's area 44 is involved in working memory for both phonological and syntactic structure. This area becomes active first for phonology and later for syntax as the time course for the comprehension process unfolds. Brodmann 's area 45 together with Brodmann 's area 47 is viewed as being specifically involved in working memory for semantic features and thematic structure where processes of syntactic reanalysis and repair are required. These areas come online after Brodmann 's area 44 has finished its processing role and where comprehension of complex sentences must rely on general memory resources. All of these theories indicate a move towards a view that syntactic comprehension problems arise from a computational rather than a conceptual deficit. Newer theories are taking a more dynamic view of how the brain integrates different linguistic and cognitive components and are examining the time course of these operations.
Neurocognitive studies have already implicated frontal areas adjacent to Broca 's area as important for working memory in non-linguistic as well as linguistic tasks. Cabeza and Nyberg 's analysis of imaging studies of working memory supports the view that BA45 / 47 is recruited for selecting or comparing information, while BA9 / 46 might be more involved in the manipulation of information in working memory. Since large lesions are typically required to produce a Broca 's aphasia, it is likely that these regions may also become compromised in some patients and may contribute to their comprehension deficits for complex morphosyntactic structures.
Broca 's area has been previously associated with a variety of processes, including phonological segmentation, syntactic processing, and unification, all of which involve segmenting and linking different types of linguistic information. Although repeating and reading single words do not engage semantic and syntactic processing, they do require an operation linking phonemic sequences with motor gestures. Findings indicate that this linkage is coordinated by Broca 's area through reciprocal interactions with temporal and frontal cortices responsible for phonemic and articulatory representations, respectively, including interactions with motor cortex before the actual act of speech. Based on these unique findings, it has been proposed that Broca 's area is not the seat of articulation per se, but rather is a key node in manipulating and forwarding neural information across large - scale cortical networks responsible for key components of speech production.
In a study published in 2007, the preserved brains of both Leborgne and Lelong (patients of Broca) were reinspected using high - resolution volumetric MRI. The purpose of this study was to scan the brains in three dimensions and to identify the extent of both cortical and subcortical lesions in more detail. The study also sought to locate the exact site of the lesion in the frontal lobe in relation to what is now called Broca 's area with the extent of subcortical involvement.
Leborgne was a patient of Broca 's. At 30 years old, he was almost completely unable to produce any words or phrases. He was able to repetitively produce only the word tan. After his death, a neurosyphilitic lesion was discovered on the surface of his left frontal lobe.
Lelong was another patient of Broca 's. He also exhibited reduced productive speech. He could only say five words, ' yes ', ' no ', ' three ', ' always ', and ' lelo ' (a mispronunciation of his own name). A lesion within the lateral frontal lobe was discovered during Lelong 's autopsy. Broca 's previous patient, Leborgne, had this lesion in the same area of his frontal lobe. These two cases led Broca to believe that speech was localized to this particular area.
Examination of the brains of Broca 's two historic patients with high - resolution MRI has produced several interesting findings. First, the MRI findings suggest that other areas besides Broca 's area may also have contributed to the patients ' reduced productive speech. This finding is significant because it has been found that, though lesions to Broca 's area alone can possibly cause temporary speech disruption, they do not result in severe speech arrest. Therefore, there is a possibility that the aphasia denoted by Broca as an absence of productive speech also could have been influenced by the lesions in the other region. Another finding is that the region, which was once considered to be critical for speech by Broca, is not precisely the same region as what is now known as Broca 's area. This study provides further evidence to support the claim that language and cognition are far more complicated than once thought and involve various networks of brain regions.
The pursuit of a satisfying theory that addresses the origin of language in humans has led to the consideration of a number of evolutionary "models ''. These models attempt to show how modern language might have evolved, and a common feature of many of these theories is the idea that vocal communication was initially used to complement a far more dominant mode of communication through gesture. Human language might have evolved as the "evolutionary refinement of an implicit communication system already present in lower primates, based on a set of hand / mouth goal - directed action representations. ''
"Hand / mouth goal - directed action representations '' is another way of saying "gestural communication '', "gestural language '', or "communication through body language ''. The recent finding that Broca 's area is active when people are observing others engaged in meaningful action is evidence in support of this idea. It was hypothesized that a precursor to the modern Broca 's area was involved in translating gestures into abstract ideas by interpreting the movements of others as meaningful action with an intelligent purpose. It is argued that over time the ability to predict the intended outcome and purpose of a set of movements eventually gave this area the capability to deal with truly abstract ideas, and therefore (eventually) became capable of associating sounds (words) with abstract meanings. The observation that frontal language areas are activated when people observe Hand Shadows is further evidence that human language may have evolved from existing neural substrates that evolved for the purpose of gesture recognition. The study, therefore, claims that Broca 's area is the "motor center for speech '', which assembles and decodes speech sounds in the same way it interprets body language and gestures. Consistent with this idea is that the neural substrate that regulated motor control in the common ancestor of apes and humans was most likely modified to enhance cognitive and linguistic ability. Studies of speakers of American Sign Language and English suggest that the human brain recruited systems that had evolved to perform more basic functions much earlier; these various brain circuits, according to the authors, were tapped to work together in creating language.
Another recent finding has showed significant areas of activation in subcortical and neocortical areas during the production of communicative manual gestures and vocal signals in chimpanzees. Further, the data indicating that chimpanzees intentionally produce manual gestures as well as vocal signals to communicate with humans suggests that the precursors to human language are present at both the behavioral and neuronanatomical levels. More recently, the neocortical distribution of activity - dependent gene expression in marmosets provided direct evidence that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which comprises Broca 's area in humans and has been associated with auditory processing of species - specific vocalizations and orofacial control in macaques, is engaged during vocal output in a New World monkey. These findings putatively set the origin of vocalization - related neocortical circuits to at least 35 million years ago, when the Old and New World monkey lineages split.
Broca 's area (shown in red). Animation.
Approximate location of Broca 's area highlighted in gray.
Arcuate fasciculus connects Broca 's area and Wernicke 's area.
Human brain dissection video (24 sec). Demonstrating the location of Broca 's area in inferior frontal gyrus.
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who plays mike in the movie the boss | The Boss (2016 film) - wikipedia
The Boss is a 2016 American comedy film directed by Ben Falcone and written by Falcone, Melissa McCarthy and Steve Mallory. The film stars McCarthy, Kristen Bell, Ella Anderson, Tyler Labine, Kathy Bates, Annie Mumolo, Timothy Simons, and Peter Dinklage. The film follows a wealthy woman who, after being arrested and losing her fortune, uses her assistant 's daughter 's Dandelion Girls cookie sales to return to the top. The film was released on April 8, 2016, by Universal Pictures, received generally negative reviews from critics and grossed $78 million worldwide.
The story follows Michelle Darnell, a titan of industry who is sent to prison for insider trading, denounced by her former lover, Renault, who still holds a heavy grudge towards her for their breakup, after getting a promotion a few years ago. After doing her time, Michelle emerges, ready to rebrand herself as America 's latest sweetheart, but not everyone she steamrolled is not so quick to forgive and forget. With nowhere to go and no one to scam, Michelle is forced to move in with former assistant Claire and her young daughter, Rachel. Now at her lowest point, Michelle wastes no time in devising a winner - take - all plan to rebuild her empire.
Initially announced as Michelle Darnell, the film is based on a character McCarthy created for the comedy troupe Groundlings. Universal was at first unable to decide on the gender of the film 's antagonist. Before Peter Dinklage was finally cast, the studio also considered Oprah Winfrey, Jon Hamm and Sandra Bullock as possibilities. Kathy Bates plays Ida Marquette, Darnell 's mentor, and Kristen Bell plays Claire, Darnell 's former personal assistant.
Set in Chicago, the movie began filming in Chicago on March 12, 2015. In addition to filming in Chicago, the movie was also filmed throughout various locations in the Atlanta, Georgia area, including Agnes Scott College, Crescent Avenue in Midtown, Glenwood Park, and the Buckhead Loop area.
The first official full - length trailer was released on November 19, 2015. The film was released on April 8, 2016.
The Boss grossed $63.3 million in the United States and Canada, plus $15.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $78.8 million against a budget of $29 million.
In the United States and Canada, pre-release tracking suggested the film would gross $20 -- 24 million from 3,480 theaters in its opening weekend, besting fellow newcomers Hardcore Henry ($7 -- 10 million projection) and Demolition ($2 -- 3 million projection). The film grossed $985,000 from its early Thursday screenings and $8.1 million on its first day. It went on to gross $23.6 million in its opening weekend, finishing first at the box office.
The Boss received generally negative reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 22 %, based on 182 reviews, with an average of 4.4 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Melissa McCarthy remains as fiercely talented as ever, but her efforts are n't enough to prop up the baggy mess of inconsistent gags and tissue - thin writing that brings down The Boss. '' On Metacritic, the film has a score of 40 out of 100, based on reviews from 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C + '' on an A+ to F scale.
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who sang love lifts us up where we belong lyrics | Up Where We Belong - wikipedia
"Up Where We Belong '' is a Platinum - certified, Grammy Award - winning hit song written by Jack Nitzsche, Buffy Sainte - Marie, and Will Jennings. It was recorded by Joe Cocker (lead vocals) and Jennifer Warnes (lead and background vocals) for the 1982 film An Officer and a Gentleman.
Richard Gere balked at shooting the ending of the film, in which Zack arrives at Paula 's factory wearing his naval dress whites and carries her off the factory floor; he thought that would n't work because it was too sentimental. Director Taylor Hackford agreed with Gere until, during a rehearsal, the extras playing the workers began to cheer and cry. When Gere saw the scene later, with the song added, he said it gave him chills. Gere was later convinced Hackford made the right decision.
Producer Don Simpson unsuccessfully demanded "Up Where We Belong '' be cut from An Officer and a Gentleman, saying, "The song is no good. It is n't a hit. '' He reportedly said of Warnes, "She has a sweet voice, but she 'll never have a hit song, and this definitely is n't it. '' (This overlooked the fact that Warnes already had a hit in 1977 with "Right Time of the Night '' and had another modest hit in 1979 with the song "It Goes Like It Goes '' in the film Norma Rae, which won an Oscar. It was proven even more wrong when Warnes recorded the huge hit "(I 've Had) The Time of My Life '' only a few years later with Bill Medley for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing.) Simpson even made a bet with the film 's soundtrack supervisor that the song would flop and paid off his loss after the Oscars, where he still insisted the song was rotten and that it should never have become successful.
However, the American Top 40 radio stations disagreed with Simpson 's comments, as the single, released by Island Records in 1982, hit # 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on November 6, 1982 and held the top chart position for three consecutive weeks, also reaching number 7 in the UK Singles Chart. It was certified Platinum by the RIAA for sales of over two million copies in the United States.
"Up Where We Belong '' won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1983. It also won the BAFTA Film Awards for Best Original Song in 1984. Cocker and Warnes also won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1983 for their rendition of this song. In 2004 it finished at # 75 in AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.
shipments figures based on certification alone
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cast of two guys a girl and a pizza shop | Two Guys and a Girl - wikipedia
Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place
Two Guys and a Girl (originally titled Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place) is an American sitcom created by Kenny Schwartz and Danny Jacobson. It was originally broadcast on ABC from March 10, 1998, to May 16, 2001. Eighty - one episodes were aired over four seasons.
The series stars Ryan Reynolds, Traylor Howard and Richard Ruccolo as the title characters. The second season saw the arrival of two additional recurring characters, Johnny Donnelly (Nathan Fillion) and Ashley Walker (Suzanne Cryer). In 2000, ABC bounced the sitcom from midweek to Friday night, leading to a steep drop in ratings. After the show moved back to Wednesday for a two - week trial in an unsuccessful attempt to regain ratings, it was canceled in May 2001. The series finale was titled "The Internet Show '', an episode in which fans of the show voted on the outcome online.
Focusing on the lives of twenty - somethings Pete Dunville, Michael Bergen and Sharon Carter, the show was originally based on the life of its creator. The fictional "Beacon Street Pizza '' was based on a real pizza restaurant named Theo 's Pizza in Teele Square, Somerville, Massachusetts, where show creator Kenny Schwartz worked while attending nearby Tufts University. The show is set in Boston, but was filmed at CBS Studio Center in Studio City, Los Angeles, California.
The series stars Ryan Reynolds as Michael Leslie "Berg '' Bergen, Richard Ruccolo as Peter "Pete '' Dunville and Traylor Howard, as campus beauty Sharon Carter (later Carter - Donnelly). In the first two seasons, Berg, a slacker, works at a Boston pizza parlor, Beacon Street Pizza, with Pete. They both attend Tufts University, with Sharon, who after graduation, works as the spokesperson (or apologist) for Immaculate Chemicals.
The format of the initial season varied considerably from that of subsequent seasons. The first season features Jennifer Westfeldt as Melissa, Pete 's girlfriend, and David Ogden Stiers as Mr. Bauer, a delusional old man who frequents the pizza place, pretending that experiences from films are his own. The second season abandons these two characters, focusing on the interplay between Pete and Berg and their relationship with Sharon, who lives in the apartment above them. Berg eventually decides to attend medical school and become a doctor, while Pete drops out of architecture classes to become a career counselor. The second season also introduces Johnny (Nathan Fillion), a jukebox repairman who starts dating Sharon, and Ashley (Suzanne Cryer), a medical school classmate of Berg 's who competes with him to be top of the class.
At the start of season three, the pizza place is abandoned entirely (hence the change in the show 's title at this time), and Berg begins his medical residency. Pete becomes a vice president of a cosmetics company, and then a firefighter. Johnny and Sharon marry and become the superintendents of the apartment building they live in. Berg goes on to date Irene (Jillian Bach), the eccentric neighbour across the hall, and Pete begins dating a fellow firefighter named Marti (Tiffani Thiessen).
The series premiered on March 10, 1998, as Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place. The episode entitled "The Pilot '' was watched by almost 18 million viewers.
The story of season 1 centers around the pizza place. Actors such as Jennifer Westfeldt (Melissa), and Julius Carry (Bill) were credited as secondary cast members to principals Ryan Reynolds, Richard Ruccolo and Traylor Howard. Mr. Bauer, played by David Ogden Stiers, frequently appeared around the pizza place, telling stories of life events which actually occurred in movies. Pete and Berg share an apartment, on which Peter pays the rent every month, with Berg testing experimental drugs to supplement their income. Pete structures his life around architecture and grad school, while Sharon, their friend upstairs, works for an evil corporation who exploit the Earth 's natural resources, much to her dislike.
The episodes contained storylines including: Pete preparing for a presentation which Berg ruins; Berg stealing the Celtics ' ' 81 championship banner; Sharon joining the softball team; and the story of how they all met. Because the episodes aired out of order, the season seems very disjointed. This is demonstrated by the status of Pete 's relationship with Melissa: in episode 8 -- "Party '' Melissa and Pete are still together despite having previously broken up in episode 5 -- "Apartment ''. On the DVD release these were episodes 2 and 7 respectively.
Season 2 had a more structured basis for each episode. Two additional primary characters arrived, Ashley Walker (Suzanne Cryer) and Johnny Donnelly (Nathan Fillion), as well as the dismissal of characters Bill, Mr. Bauer and Pete 's long - time girlfriend Melissa.
The season starts with Berg 's realization that someone in his class, Walker, is cleverer than he is. This leads to an anticipated romance between Berg and Ashley as they both head down the path of becoming physicians. Jukebox repairman Johnny Donnelly begins a relationship with Sharon. Other secondary characters (Irene, Kamen, Shaun) are introduced throughout the season. Episodes of season 2 include: "Two Guys, a Girl and an Engagement '', "Two Guys, a Girl and a Valentine 's Day '' and "Two Guys, a Girl and Ashley 's Return, '' all of which mark turning points in the story of the show. Johnny and Sharon break up on Valentine 's Day due to Sharon 's jealousy of Shaun, Johnny 's best friend. Berg and Ashley finally get together in "... And Ashley 's Return, '' Pete confesses his feelings towards Sharon, and Johnny proposes in "... And an Engagement ''. The season ends with Sharon not giving Johnny an answer as well as her realizing she may have feelings for Pete. This left the show with a cliffhanger after ABC had renewed it for another season.
The pizza place is completely abandoned in the third season so that the characters can pursue different dreams. The premiere resolves the season two cliffhanger, with Sharon answering Johnny 's proposal with ' Yes, in theory ', although she is still holding out on her feelings for Pete. Evidently, Pete flew to Paris after the night 's events and returns completely over Sharon, with a new girlfriend who speaks only French and is revealed to be extremely racist. Berg and Ashley continue to build on their relationship and finally become doctors involved in Psych rotations. The season portrays their relationship as unsteady and completely built on hate of one another. This leads to Berg breaking up with Ashley during the middle of the season.
Ashley lives with Pete and Berg before moving into her own apartment, which was originally Sharon and Johnny 's, who move to the basement to become the new supers. She starts dating Boston Red Sox baseball star Nomar Garciaparra, who appears as himself. Pete finds his true calling by becoming a firefighter. He enjoys the experiences of being an honorary firefighter until the feisty Marti, played by Tiffani Thiessen, comes along to thwart him at every turn. The two continue to take shots at each other until she starts dating Berg, to Pete 's dislike. Pete and Berg get into a huge fight concerning Marti and consider not being roommates anymore.
When Pete gets his acceptance letter to Fireman Boot Camp, he goes to Marti with open arms and they become an item. Pete continues to hate Berg throughout the final episodes of the season. Sharon and Johnny bicker at one another until Johnny calls off the wedding. When they get back together, they decide that a quickie wedding is the best idea. Irene, Pete 's alleged stalker, agrees to throw Sharon and Johnny a wedding on the roof of the building. This results in her inviting Robert Goulet, who conducts the ceremony and brings Pete and Berg back together as friends during the wedding.
At the end of the two part season finale, Pete and Marti leave to go to Fireman Boot Camp, Sharon and Johnny go on their honeymoon, and Ashley leaves to sort out a joke that Pete told Nomar, causing him and Ashley to break up. Berg and Irene are left alone at the wedding and start to dance. The series ends with another cliffhanger as the audience is led to believe something will happen between Berg and Irene. The series was renewed for another season due to its 10.2 million average viewers during season 3.
In 2001, ABC moved the sitcom from mid-week to Friday and the show 's average viewers dropped from 10.2 to 6.7 million.
Season 4 continues the story arc from the end of Season 3. Johnny and Sharon are married, Pete and Marti are now firefighters and Berg and Irene are sleeping together. After Berg gets over being on academic probation, he continues to be Irene 's "sex buddy ''. The two start sleeping together secretly, hoping that Pete wo n't find out.
Johnny continues to be the superintendent until Sharon makes him an honorary fireman for the day on his birthday. Johnny decides that he wants to be a fireman, much to Sharon 's dislike. Meanwhile, Berg and Irene become a couple and Pete and Marti break up. Marti leaves Pete for Ashley 's ex, Nomar. Sharon feels unfulfilled after leaving her evil corporate job and decides that she wants to be a lawyer.
When Berg tells Irene that he loves her and she has no reply, Berg goes out and meets someone else. Katie, the girl he meets, admits that she 's been following him for 8 years. However, the two of them kiss and Berg tells Irene. Berg apologizes and Irene breaks up with him for the mailman Roger. In the final episode, Berg assumes that Irene may be pregnant and decides that he must win her back.
The series finale is titled "The Internet Show '', and was an episode in which fans of the show voted on the outcome online. The episode aired on May 16, 2001. It was written by Donald Beck and Vince Calandra and directed by Michael Lembeck.
In the episode, Sharon thinks she may be pregnant and Ashley realizes she could be too. Ashley goes into denial, despite showing symptoms, but agrees to take a pregnancy test with Sharon. When Berg finds out from a news report that a glow - in - the - dark condom he used was defective he thinks Irene could be pregnant. Not wanting to worry her, he tries to get a urine sample from her without telling her. Pete is still annoyed at Ashley for giving up on their relationship to go to Stanford.
Four different endings were filmed for viewers to decide which of the central female characters (Sharon, Ashley, or Irene) should become pregnant, while the fourth possible ending had no pregnancies at all. The plan was to have the pregnant one (which ultimately ended up being Ashley) give birth at the end of the proposed fifth season. However, a fifth season of the show never materialized; by the time the fourth - season finale aired in May 2001, the show had been cancelled due to low ratings.
The show had strong ratings success during its run, peaking in season 2 with an average of 12.0 million viewers. The series premiere, titled "The Pilot '', was watched by 17.94 million viewers, airing after The Drew Carey Show. The episode got a 15.61 Nielsen rating and won its 18 - 49 adult demographic. This was ABC 's biggest opening since Spin City. The eleventh episode of season 1, "Two Guys, a Girl and How They Met '', got a 6.7 Nielsen rating, a big drop from the series premiere. The estimated number of viewers was 7.69 million.
The show continued to have success during the first few seasons but never reached the high rating of "The Pilot ''. Its key adult 18 -- 49 audience was predominantly female (55 %). It was ranked # 1 in its time period with Total Viewers, outperforming Beverly Hills, 90210, The Nanny and Dawson 's Creek. It was also # 1 in its time slot with key adults 18 -- 49 and with all male demographics. It was the # 3 sitcom on ABC with key adults 18 - 34.
The title sequence for the first two seasons consists of a short collection of images of the three main characters, and a few cartoon images of them drinking and eating pizza at the pizza place, which alternated with a logo saying Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place. The title screen is accompanied by an instrumental cover of the song "Blister in the Sun '' by the Violent Femmes.
The title sequence for Seasons 3 and 4 shows Pete, Berg and Sharon dancing to a more modern piece of music in front of a plain white backdrop, wearing suits and dresses. The newly adapted logo (the show 's name having changed) is seen overlaying the footage as the three dance and laugh.
The music for the series was composed by Freddy Curci, Tom Rizzo and Mark Vogel. The music for Seasons 1 and 2 included numerous variations on the title theme, a prime example of which is "Two Guys, a Girl and a Vacation '' where the cast members do a short rendition of "Kokomo '' by The Beach Boys. Steel drums and Caribbean instruments were used to vary the title theme within the scenes of the episode.
On June 28, 2016, Shout! Factory released Two Guys and A Girl: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 for the first time. The 11 - disc set features all 81 episodes of the series, as well as the series ' alternate finale.
On June 24, 2013, Revelation Films released all four seasons on DVD in the UK (Region 2).
After being canceled by ABC, the series re-aired in syndication on WE: Women 's Entertainment in the United States. In 2010 / 2011, the showed aired on 5 * in the UK. In 2011 it aired on the ETC cable channel in the Philippines, and TVtropolis in Canada. It aired on Norwegian TV 2 as Pizzagjengen. In 2012, it was being shown in Mexico through Latin America Comedy Central and in India through Comedy Central (India).
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what do you call a hamster in afrikaans | Hamster - wikipedia
Mesocricetus Phodopus Cricetus Cricetulus Allocricetulus Cansumys Tscherskia
Hamsters are rodents (order Rodentia) belonging to the subfamily Cricetinae, which contains about 25 species classified in six or seven genera. They have become established as popular small house pets, but, because they are easy to breed in captivity, hamsters are also often used as laboratory animals.
Hamsters are more crepuscular than nocturnal and, in the wild, remain underground during the day to avoid being caught by predators. They feed primarily on seeds, fruits, and vegetation, and will occasionally eat burrowing insects. As one of their more prominent characteristics, they have elongated cheek pouches extending to their shoulders, which they use to carry food back to their burrows.
Although the Syrian hamster or golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) was first described scientifically by George Robert Waterhouse in 1839, researchers were not able to successfully breed and domesticate hamsters until 1939. The entire laboratory and pet populations of Syrian hamsters appear to be descendants of a single brother -- sister pairing. These littermates were captured and imported in 1930 from Aleppo in Syria by Israel Aharoni, a zoologist of the University of Jerusalem. In Jerusalem, the hamsters bred very successfully. Years later, animals of this original breeding colony were exported to the USA, where Syrian hamsters became one of the most popular pets and laboratory animals. Comparative studies of domestic and wild Syrian hamsters have shown reduced genetic variability in the domestic strain. However, the differences in behavioral, chronobiological, morphometrical, hematological, and biochemical parameters are relatively small and fall into the expected range of interstrain variations in other laboratory animals.
In 1774, Friedrich Gabriel Sulzer, a companion of Johann - Wolfgang von Goethe, devoted an academic monograph in the domain of social sciences and natural history to hamsters, entitled "An approach to a natural history of the hamster '' ("Versuch einer Naturgeschichte des Hamsters ''). In several instances, he used the hamster to document the equal rights of all beings, including Homo sapiens.
The name "hamster '' is a loanword from the German, which itself derives from earlier Middle High German hamastra. It is possibly related to Old Church Slavonic khomestoru, which is either a blend of the root of Russian хомяк (khomyak) "hamster '' and a Baltic word (cf. Lithuanian staras "hamster ''); or of Persian origin (cf. Av hamaēstar "oppressor '').
Hamsters are typically stout - bodied, with tails shorter than body length, and have small, furry ears, short, stocky legs, and wide feet. They have thick, silky fur, which can be long or short, colored black, grey, honey, white, brown, yellow, red, or a mix, depending on the species. Two species of hamster belonging to the genus Phodopus, Campbell 's dwarf hamster (P. campbelli) and the Djungarian hamster (P. sungorus), and two of the genus Cricetulus, the Chinese striped hamster (C. barabensis) and the Chinese hamster (C. griseus) have a dark stripe down their heads to their tails. The species of genus Phodopus are the smallest, with bodies 5.5 to 10.5 cm (2.2 to 4.1 in) long; the largest is the European hamster (Cricetus cricetus), measuring up to 34 cm (13.4 in) long, not including a short tail of up to 6 cm (2.4 in).
The hamster tail can be difficult to see, as it is usually not very long (about 1 / 6 the length of the body), with the exception of the Chinese hamster, which has a tail the same length as the body. One rodent characteristic that can be highly visible in hamsters is their sharp incisors; they have an upper pair and lower pair which grow continuously throughout life, so must be regularly worn down. Hamsters are very flexible, but their bones are somewhat fragile. They are extremely susceptible to rapid temperature changes and drafts, as well as extreme heat or cold.
Hamsters have poor eyesight; they are nearsighted and colorblind. Hamsters have scent glands on their flanks (and abdomens in Chinese and dwarf hamsters) which they rub against the substrate, leaving a scent trail. Hamsters also use their sense of smell to distinguish between the sexes, and to locate food. They are also particularly sensitive to high - pitched noises and can hear and communicate in the ultrasonic range.
Hamsters are omnivores. Although pet hamsters can survive on a diet of exclusively commercial hamster food, other items, such as vegetables, fruits, seeds, and nuts, can be given. Hamsters in the Middle East have been known to hunt in packs to find insects for food. Hamsters are hindgut fermenters and eat their own feces (coprophagy) to recover nutrients digested in the hindgut, but not absorbed.
A behavioral characteristic of hamsters is food hoarding. They carry food in their spacious cheek pouches to their underground storage chambers. When full, the cheeks can make their heads double, or even triple in size.
Most hamsters are strictly solitary. If housed together, acute and chronic stress may occur, and they may fight fiercely, sometimes fatally. Dwarf hamster species may tolerate conspecifics. Russian hamsters form close, monogamous bonds with their mates, and if separated, they may become very depressed. This happens especially in males. Males will become inactive, eat more, and even show some behavioral changes similar to some types of depression in humans. This can even cause obesity in the hamster.
Evidence conflicts as to whether hamsters are crepuscular or nocturnal. Khunen writes, "Hamsters are nocturnal rodents who (sic) are active during the night... '', but others have written that because hamsters live underground during most of the day, only leaving their burrows about an hour before sundown and then returning when it gets dark, their behavior is primarily crepuscular. Fritzsche indicated although some species have been observed to show more nocturnal activity than others, they are all primarily crepuscular.
Wild Syrian hamsters are true hibernators and allow their body temperature to fall close to ambient temperature (but not below 20 ° C). This kind of thermoregulation diminishes the metabolic rate to about 5 % and helps the animal to considerably reduce the need for food during the winter. Hamsters may not hibernate per se, but instead reduce the rate of a number of physiological systems, such as breathing and heart rate, for short periods of time. These periods of torpor (defined as "a state of mental or physical inactivity or insensibility '') can last up 10 days.
All hamsters are excellent diggers, constructing burrows with one or more entrances, with galleries connected to chambers for nesting, food storage, and other activities. They use their fore - and hindlegs, as well as their snouts and teeth, for digging. In the wild, the burrow buffers extreme ambient temperatures, offers relatively stable climatic conditions, and protects against predators. Syrian hamsters dig their burrows generally at a depth of 0.7 m. A burrow includes a steep entrance pipe (4 -- 5 cm in diameter), a nesting and a hoarding chamber and a blind - ending branch for urination. Laboratory hamsters have not lost their ability to dig burrows; in fact, they will do this with great vigor and skill if they are provided with the appropriate substrate.
Wild hamsters will also appropriate tunnels made by other mammals; the Djungarian hamster, for instance, uses paths and burrows of the pika.
Hamsters become fertile at different ages depending on their species. Both Syrian and Russian hamsters mature quickly and can begin reproducing at a young age (4 -- 5 weeks), whereas Chinese hamsters will usually begin reproducing at two to three months of age, and Roborovskis at three to four months of age. The female 's reproductive life lasts about 18 months, but male hamsters remain fertile much longer. Females are in estrus about every four days, which is indicated by a reddening of genital areas, a musky smell, and a hissing, squeaking vocalisation she will emit if she believes a male is nearby.
When seen from above, a sexually mature female hamster has a trim tail line; a male 's tail line bulges on both sides. This might not be very visible in all species. Male hamsters typically have very large testes in relation to their body size. Before sexual maturity occurs, it is more difficult to determine a young hamster 's sex. When examined, female hamsters have their anal and genital openings close together, whereas males have these two holes farther apart (the penis is usually withdrawn into the coat and thus appears as a hole or pink pimple).
Hamsters are seasonal breeders and will produce several litters a year with several pups in each litter. The breeding season is from April to October in the Northern Hemisphere, with two to five litters of one to 13 young being born after a gestation period of 16 to 23 days. Gestation lasts 16 to 18 days for Syrian hamsters, 18 to 21 days for Russian hamsters, 21 to 23 days for Chinese hamsters and 23 to 30 for Roborovski hamsters. The average litter size for Syrian hamsters is about seven pups, but can be as great as 24, which is the maximum number of pups that can be contained in the uterus. Campbell 's dwarf hamsters tend to have four to eight pups in a litter, but can have up to 13. Djungarian hamsters tend to have slightly smaller litters, as do Chinese and Roborovski hamsters.
Female Chinese and Syrian hamsters are known for being aggressive toward the male if kept together for too long after mating. In some cases, male hamsters can die after being attacked by the female. If breeding hamsters, separation of the pair after mating is recommended, or they will attack each other.
Female hamsters are also particularly sensitive to disturbances while giving birth, and may even eat their own young if they think they are in danger, although sometimes they are just carrying the pups in their cheek pouches. If captive female hamsters are left for extended periods (three weeks or more) with their litter, they may cannibalize the litter, so the litter must be removed by the time the young can feed and drink independently.
Hamsters are born hairless and blind in a nest the mother will have prepared in advance. After one week, they begin to explore outside the nest. They are completely weaned after three weeks, or four for Roborovski hamsters. Most breeders will sell the hamsters to shops when they are three to nine weeks old.
Syrian hamsters typically live no more than two to three years in captivity, and less in the wild. Russian hamsters (Campbell 's and Djungarian) live about two to four years in captivity, and Chinese hamsters 2 ⁄ -- 3 years. The smaller Roborovski hamster often lives to three years in captivity.
The best - known species of hamster is the golden or Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), which is the type most commonly kept as pets. It is also sometimes called a "fancy '' hamster. The pet trade and fanciers have given names to several color variations, including "honey bear '', "panda bear '', "black bear '', "European black bear '', "polar bear '', "teddy bear '', and "Dalmatian ''. Several variations, including long - haired varieties, grow hair several centimeters long and often require special care. British zoologist Leonard Goodwin claimed most hamsters kept in the United Kingdom were descended from the colony he introduced for medical research purposes during the Second World War.
Other hamsters kept as pets are the various species of "dwarf hamster ''. Campbell 's dwarf hamster (Phodopus campbelli) is the most common -- they are also sometimes called "Russian dwarfs ''; however, many hamsters are from Russia, so this ambiguous name does not distinguish them from other species appropriately. The coat of the Djungarian or winter - white Russian dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus) turns almost white during winter (when the hours of daylight decrease). The Roborovski hamster (Phodopus roborovskii) is extremely small and fast, making it difficult to keep as a pet. The Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus), although not technically a true "dwarf hamster '', is the only hamster with a prehensile tail (about 4 cm long) -- most hamsters have very short, nonprehensile tails.
Many breeders also show their hamsters, so breed towards producing a good, healthy, show hamster with a view to keeping one or two themselves, so quality and temperament are of vital importance when planning the breeding.
A sable, short - haired golden hamster
A Russian dwarf hamster
A Roborovski hamster
A hamster show is an event in which people gather hamsters to judge them against each other. Hamster shows are also places where people share their enthusiasm for hamsters among attendees. Hamster shows feature an exhibition of the hamsters participating in the judging.
The judging of hamsters usually includes a goal of promoting hamsters which conform to natural or established varieties of hamsters. By awarding hamsters which match standard hamster types, hamster shows encourage planned and careful hamster breeding.
Taxonomists generally disagree about the most appropriate placement of the subfamily Cricetinae within the superfamily Muroidea. Some place it in a family Cricetidae that also includes voles, lemmings, and New World rats and mice; others group all these into a large family called Muridae. Their evolutionary history is recorded by 15 extinct fossil genera and extends back 11.2 million to 16.4 million years to the Middle Miocene Epoch in Europe and North Africa; in Asia it extends 6 million to 11 million years. Four of the seven living genera include extinct species. One extinct hamster of Cricetus, for example, lived in North Africa during the Middle Miocene, but the only extant member of that genus is the European or common hamster of Eurasia.
Neumann et al. (2006) conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 12 of the above 17 species using DNA sequence from three genes: 12S rRNA, cytochrome b, and von Willebrand factor. They uncovered the following relationships:
The genus Phodopus was found to represent the earliest split among hamsters. Their analysis included both species. The results of another study suggest Cricetulus kamensis (and presumably the related C. alticola) might belong to either this Phodopus group or hold a similar basal position.
The genus Mesocricetus also forms a clade. Their analysis included all four species, with M. auratus and M. raddei forming one subclade and M. brandti and M. newtoni another.
The remaining genera of hamsters formed a third major clade. Two of the three sampled species within Cricetulus represent the earliest split. This clade contains C. barabensis (and presumably the related C. sokolovi) and C. longicaudatus.
The remaining clade contains members of Allocricetulus, Tscherskia, Cricetus, and C. migratorius. Allocricetulus and Cricetus were sister taxa. Cricetulus migratorius was their next closest relative, and Tscherskia was basal.
Some similar rodents sometimes called "hamsters '' are not currently classified in the hamster subfamily Cricetinae. These include the maned hamster, or crested hamster, which is really the maned rat (Lophiomys imhausi). Others are the mouse - like hamsters (Calomyscus spp.), and the white - tailed rat (Mystromys albicaudatus).
Richard Hammond, former host of Top Gear has the nickname of Hamster, which is name made by BBC motoring expert Zog Ziegler because of his short height, and how his surname is Hammond, and also that he eats an award paper in Season 7 Episode 6, and also a sun visor in Ukraine.
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who beat ohio state in the big ten | Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry - Wikipedia
The Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry, referred to as The Game by some followers, is an American college football rivalry game played annually between the University of Michigan Wolverines and the Ohio State University Buckeyes. It gathered particular national interest as most of the games from the 1970s through the mid-2000s determined the Big Ten Conference title and the resulting Rose Bowl Game match ups, and many influenced the outcome of the national college football championship. The game was ranked by ESPN in 2000 as the greatest North American sports rivalry.
The two Midwest state schools first met in 1897, and the rivalry has been played annually since 1918. The game has been played at the end of the regular season since 1935 (with exceptions in 1942, 1986, and 1998). Since 1918, the game 's site has alternated between Columbus, Ohio, and Ann Arbor, Michigan (Michigan hosts it in odd years and Ohio State in even years), and has been played in Ohio Stadium since 1922 and Michigan Stadium since 1927. Through 2010, Ohio State and Michigan have decided the Big Ten Conference championship between themselves on 22 different occasions, and have affected the determination of the conference title an additional 27 times.
For many years, the game aired on ABC, usually in the 12 p.m. time slot. Beginning with the 2017 season, the game aired on Fox as a result of that network acquiring the Big Ten 's tier 1 rights in the most recent broadcasting contract.
When the University of Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time in 1897, the Toledo War was within the memories of some still living, and the short - lived border war may have fueled the rivalry between the two opposing teams. The inaugural game, held at Ann Arbor, resulted in a lopsided victory for Michigan, with the Wolverines posting a 34 -- 0 win over Ohio State 's Buckeyes. The teams did not meet in 1898 or 1899, but played again in 1900.
The first game foretold a long Michigan winning streak, with Michigan winning or tying every game from 1897 to 1912 and thereby compiling a 12 -- 0 -- 2 record before the contest was postponed for several years. The Ohio State Alma Mater "Carmen Ohio '' was written on the train ride home to Columbus following the 1902 contest, which saw Ohio State lose to Michigan 86 -- 0. The lyrics and melody (Spanish Chant) have remained largely unchanged since its conception.
Ohio State became a member of the Big Ten Conference in 1912. In 1917, Michigan rejoined the conference after a ten - year absence. In 1918, the teams played their first conference matchup, with Michigan prevailing 14 -- 0 and lodging its eleventh shutout over the Buckeyes. The rivalry has been renewed annually every year since then. In 1919, the Buckeyes (led by legendary halfback Chic Harley) won their first game in the series, beating the Wolverines 13 -- 3. The Buckeyes won the following two contests as well, to bring the series record to 13 -- 3 -- 2.
Harley 's prowess spurred the university to campaign to build a stadium for Ohio State football. The stadium was completed in 1922, and the first of many historic games in Ohio Stadium took place on October 21, 1922, the day the stadium was dedicated in Columbus. In front of a record 71,000 fans, the Wolverines posted another shutout of the home team Buckeyes, 19 -- 0. According to lore, there was a wager on the outcome of this game, and yellow flowers on a blue background still exist today in the upper part of the stadium 's rotunda. Michigan won the next five games before OSU picked up the final two victories of the decade. At the end of the 1920s, the series stood at 19 -- 5 -- 2 in favor of Michigan.
Michigan won three of four contests between 1930 and 1933, claiming the national championship twice. In 1934, Francis Schmidt came on as the head coach for Ohio State. The team had lost nine of the previous 12 Michigan - OSU contests, and when a reporter asked Schmidt if Ohio State could beat Michigan that year, he replied, "Of course we can win, Michigan puts their pants on one leg at a time just like we do ''. The Buckeyes thereupon ran off four straight shutout victories against Michigan, outscoring the Wolverines 114 -- 0 from 1934 to 1937. Schmidt 's quote spawned an OSU tradition -- since 1934, every Ohio State player receives a gold pants pendant after a victory against Michigan.
Michigan won the three games from 1938 to 1940. The 1940 game, won by Michigan, 40 -- 0, was the benchmark performance of what some consider to be the greatest Michigan team in history, and was the final collegiate game of the tailback tandem of Tom Harmon and Paul Kromer.
In 1941, Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time with each team ranked in the AP Poll, which had started in 1936. The 14th - ranked Buckeyes played the 5th - ranked Wolverines to a 20 -- 20 tie in Ann Arbor.
In 1945, Michigan quarterback Howard Yerges led Michigan to a 7 -- 3 victory over Ohio State. Yerges played for Ohio State in 1943 as a freshman (freshmen were eligible to play during wartime) and then transferred to Michigan in 1944, making him one of three players to play on both sides in the rivalry. Five more times during the 1940s, the teams were both ranked for their annual matchup. Michigan won five of the next seven games before playing to their second tie of the decade in 1949. The series record stood at 30 -- 12 -- 4 at the mid-century mark.
One of the more famous games in the rivalry is the 1950 contest, colloquially known as the Snow Bowl. Eighth - ranked Ohio State, coached by Wes Fesler, was scheduled to host the game on November 25 in Columbus amidst one of the worst blizzards on Ohio record. The Buckeyes, who led the Big Ten, were granted the option to cancel the game against Michigan, which would have, by default, given the Buckeyes the Big Ten title outright. Ohio State refused, and the game was set to be played. Amid howling snow and wind, in a famous example of a "field position '' game, the teams exchanged 45 punts, often on first down, in hopes that the other team would fumble the ball near or into their own end zone. Ohio State 's Vic Janowicz, who would claim the Heisman Trophy that year, punted 21 times for 685 yards and also kicked a field goal in the first quarter for the Buckeyes ' only points. Michigan capitalized on two blocked punts, booting one out of the back of the end zone for a safety and recovering another one in the end zone for a touchdown just before halftime. Despite failing to gain a single first down or complete a single forward pass, Michigan gained a 9 -- 3 victory, securing the Big Ten title and a Rose Bowl berth. Heavy criticism of Fesler 's play calling led to his resignation and the hiring of Woody Hayes as his successor.
Between 1951 and 1968 under Hayes, the Buckeyes won 12 of 18 contests, including a 1957 victory in Michigan Stadium, the first game in the series attended by over 100,000 fans. In 1958, Ohio State had a 20 -- 14 lead towards the end of the game. On the final play, Michigan fullback Gene Sisinyak ran the ball from the one - yard line for what might have been a game - winning touchdown, but Ohio State defensive tackle Dick Schafrath hit Sisinyak, forcing a fumble. In the 1968 game, Ohio State won 50 -- 14, outscoring its foe 29 -- 0 in the second half and attempting an unsuccessful two - point conversion attempt on its final touchdown. In the post-game interview Hayes was asked why he went for two points with an already insurmountable 50 -- 14 lead and he replied, "because I could n't go for three ''. The victory gave top - ranked Ohio State the Big Ten title for the first time in seven years en route to an AP national championship. The Buckeyes had also narrowed the series margin to 37 -- 24 -- 4.
Wolverines coach Bump Elliott resigned after the 1968 loss and Michigan hired Miami (Ohio) head coach Bo Schembechler, who had previously been an assistant at Ohio State under Hayes, to revitalize its football program. On November 22, 1969, Hayes led his top - ranked Buckeyes into Michigan Stadium to face Schembechler 's Wolverines in the first matchup between two coaches who would come to define the rivalry between the two programs. The Buckeyes brought a 22 - game winning streak into Ann Arbor, but behind an inspiring 60 - yard punt return by Barry Pierson that set up a Wolverine touchdown in the second quarter, and a defense that intercepted Ohio State six times (three by Pierson), the Wolverines won a defensive battle (both teams were scoreless in the second half) for a 24 -- 12 upset.
The contest was the first in the famous "Ten - Year War '' between Hayes and Schembechler, which pitted some of OSU 's and UM 's strongest teams against one another. Four times between 1970 and 1975, Ohio State and Michigan were both ranked in the top five of the AP Poll before their matchup. The Wolverines entered every game during those years undefeated and won only once, a 10 -- 7 victory in Ann Arbor on November 20, 1971. The Michigan graduating class of 1975 shared or won the Big Ten championship every season, yet went to the Rose Bowl only once, in 1972. They only lost or tied with Ohio State during the regular season in that period.
In 1973, both teams entered undefeated, with the winner guaranteed a trip to the Rose Bowl. The rivals played to a 10 -- 10 tie in Ann Arbor on November 24, and the athletic directors of the other Big Ten institutions were forced to vote on the Big Ten representative for the bowl game. In a secret ballot, Ohio State won the vote, to the outrage of Michigan athletic officials and fans. Schembechler argued that Michigan was robbed of its on - field achievements, and for months afterward, Ohio State newspapers were flooded with angry Wolverine letters and threats of lawsuits.
Woody coined the phrase "That state up north '' and "That team up north '', so he would not have to say the word "Michigan ''. He was famous for his intense hatred of all things Michigan and according to legend, once refused to get gas in an empty tank, saying: "No, goddammit! We do NOT pull in and fill up. And I 'll tell you exactly why we do n't. It 's because I do n't buy one goddam drop of gas in the state of Michigan! We 'll coast and PUSH this goddam car to the Ohio line before I give this state a nickel of my money! ''
During the "Ten - Year War, '' Ohio State and Michigan shared the Big Ten title six times. Between 1976 and 1978, Michigan won the game each year, and Ohio State failed to score a touchdown in each of those contests. Woody Hayes was fired at the end of the 1978 season after punching a Clemson player during the Gator Bowl, which ended the "War. '' The 1978 game was won by Michigan, 14 -- 3, giving Schembechler a record of 5 -- 4 -- 1 against Hayes. At the end of the Hayes tenure, the series stood at 42 -- 28 -- 5.
Earle Bruce took over for Hayes and led the Buckeyes to a 5 -- 4 record against Schembechler 's Wolverines between 1979 and 1987, perhaps the most balanced stretch of the rivalry, during which neither team won more than two consecutive games. In 1987, Bruce was fired in the week before the Michigan game due to a poor season record, but was allowed to coach anyway, and the inspired Buckeyes (each wearing a sweatband labeled "Earle '') won an upset over the heavily favored Wolverines. After the game, Bo Schembechler told Bruce, "I always mind losing to Ohio State but I did n't mind so much today. '' After 1987, the series stood at 46 -- 33 -- 5 in favor of UM.
The 13 games during John Cooper 's tenure as Buckeye coach were dominated by Michigan, as the Wolverines went 10 -- 2 -- 1 during the stretch. Schembechler coached Michigan through the 1989 season and then turned over the reins to one of his assistants, Gary Moeller, who led the team for five seasons before another longtime Michigan assistant, Lloyd Carr, became the head coach in 1995.
The most notorious matchups of the era took place in 1993, 1995, and 1996, in which Ohio State entered the game each year undefeated. The Buckeyes had a 9 -- 0 -- 1 record heading into the 1993 game and were looking to claim an outright Big Ten title against a Michigan team that had already lost four times. Michigan receiver Mercury Hayes and running backs Jon Ritchie, Che Foster, and Ed Davis each scored a touchdown as the Wolverines shocked the Buckeyes, 28 -- 0. After the game, Cooper said: "This is one of the most embarrassing games I 've ever been involved with. '' "They outplayed us on offense, on defense, and in the kicking game. If you 'd told me we would come up here and get beat 28 -- 0, I 'd have probably stayed home. ''
In 1995, # 2 Ohio State was led by eventual Heisman Trophy winner Eddie George and future National Football League (NFL) stars Orlando Pace, Terry Glenn, Mike Vrabel, Shawn Springs, and Rickey Dudley. Glenn insisted there was n't anything special about the Wolverines: "Michigan 's nothing, '' he said. Perhaps inspired by this remark, the Wolverines manhandled the Buckeyes at the line of scrimmage from the very first play. Michigan senior running back Tim Biakabutuka amassed 313 yards rushing in Michigan 's 31 -- 23 upset.
The Buckeyes had high expectations again entering the 1996 contest. They boasted an unblemished 10 -- 0 record and were ranked # 2 in the nation as they entered the finale with 7 -- 3 Michigan. When Ohio State jumped to a 9 -- 0 halftime lead, the OSU crowd sensed a special finish and perhaps a rise to # 1. The Wolverines ' defense shut the Buckeyes out in the second half while Brian Griese replaced the struggling Scott Dreisbach and led Michigan to 13 unanswered points and another victory over their rivals, 13 -- 9. The game would turn out to be the Buckeyes ' only loss of the season and ended up costing them a chance of the national championship.
In 1997, Ohio State hoped to return the favor: the 10 -- 0 Wolverines sat atop the AP Poll entering their matchup with the 10 -- 1 Buckeyes, who were ranked # 4. Spearheaded by the play of eventual Heisman winner Charles Woodson, who ran a punt back for a touchdown, intercepted a pass in the Ohio State end zone, and caught a 37 - yard pass that set up freshman running back Anthony Thomas ' touchdown run, the Wolverines prevailed, 20 -- 14. The Wolverines then defeated Washington State in the Rose Bowl by a 21 -- 16 score, winning their first national championship since 1948.
Ohio State came back with a win in the 1998 contest, but Michigan went on to win in 1999 and 2000. Senior quarterback Tom Brady hit sophomore receiver Marquise Walker for the game - winning touchdown pass with five minutes to go to for a 24 -- 17 victory in 1999. In the 2000 game, Michigan grabbed a 31 -- 12 lead and held on to win, 38 -- 26. Michigan junior quarterback Drew Henson went 14 for 25 passing for 303 yards and three scores and added a touchdown run. At the end of the 2000 season, Cooper was fired. While he consistently fielded strong teams, his 2 -- 10 -- 1 record against Michigan, including his failure to ever win in Ann Arbor, was, along with disciplinary problems and a losing record in bowl games, a major contributor to his dismissal. Michigan students held a "John Cooper Day '' celebration in Ann Arbor on February 10, 2001 in mock celebration of Cooper 's record in the rivalry.
In 2001, Youngstown State head football coach Jim Tressel took over as Buckeye head coach. Unlike his predecessor John Cooper, Tressel put a special emphasis on the rivalry. In his introductory speech at halftime of a January basketball game, against Michigan, he said "I can assure you that you will be proud of our young people, in the classroom, in the community, and most especially in 310 days in Ann Arbor, Michigan on the football field. '' In his first year, Tressel registered the Buckeyes ' first defeat of the Wolverines in Ann Arbor in 14 years, by a 26 -- 20 score. Led by senior running back Jonathan Wells, the Buckeyes raced to a 23 -- 0 halftime lead. With Wells out, Michigan mounted a second half comeback that fell just short. The next year, Tressel achieved what Cooper could not: Beating Michigan in consecutive years with a 14 -- 9 victory. The game was decided on the last play when defensive back Will Allen intercepted a pass at the two yard line as time expired to clinch the victory. The Buckeyes were led by freshman running back Maurice Clarett, who ran for 119 yards and one touchdown. He also had a key reception to set up Maurice Hall 's game - winning score. The Buckeyes went on to win the national championship that season, as they defeated Miami in the Fiesta Bowl.
In 2003, Michigan struck back and won the 100th meeting between the historical rivals by a score of 35 -- 21 in Ann Arbor. Senior running back Chris Perry, a Heisman finalist, had 154 yards rushing and two touchdowns to lead the Wolverines to the victory. Braylon Edwards contributed seven catches for 130 yards and two big touchdowns. The game 's attendance was 112,118, the largest crowd ever for an NCAA football game at the time. In 2004, the 6 -- 4 Buckeyes defeated the heavily favored 9 -- 1 Wolverines, 37 -- 21, behind the leadership of quarterback Troy Smith and true freshman receiver Ted Ginn, Jr. The Buckeyes added another win in the 2005 game by overcoming a 21 -- 12 deficit with less than eight minutes in the game. In the closing minutes of the game, the Buckeye offense scored two touchdowns to claim a 25 -- 21 victory. Smith threw for 300 yards and completed 73 % of his passes. Ginn had a game high nine catches for 89 yards.
On November 18, 2006, Ohio State and Michigan met for their annual showdown, each carrying an 11 -- 0 record. For the first time in the history of the rivalry, the two rivals faced off while holding the top two spots in the Bowl Championship Series rankings. Ohio State won the game by a score of 42 -- 39 and became the outright Big Ten champion, earning the right to play for a national championship at the BCS National Championship Game in Glendale, Arizona. Michigan struck first with a touchdown run by junior running back Mike Hart, but the Buckeyes then scored 21 unanswered points, and at halftime, they were up 28 -- 14. Thanks to an interception and a fumble recovery by junior defensive tackle Alan Branch, Michigan made it 35 -- 31 Ohio State with 14 minutes to go in the fourth quarter. But after appearing to have forced Ohio State into a fourth - down situation with six minutes to go, junior outside linebacker Shawn Crable was called for roughing the passer, giving the Buckeyes a fresh set of downs. Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith then passed to Brian Robiskie for a touchdown, increasing the Buckeyes ' lead to 42 -- 31 with five minutes remaining in the game. After Ohio State was called for pass interference on a failed fourth - down attempt, giving Michigan an automatic first down, junior quarterback Chad Henne found senior tight end Tyler Ecker for a 16 - yard touchdown with two minutes to go to cut the OSU lead to 42 -- 37. Senior wide receiver Steve Breaston caught the two - point conversion to bring the Wolverines within a field goal. Michigan needed to recover the ensuing onside kick, but they failed to do so. The Buckeyes ran out the clock for the victory, and a trip to the BCS national championship game. Troy Smith completed 71 % of his passes for 316 yards and four touchdowns, essentially clinching the Heisman trophy. Ginn caught eight passes for 104 yards and a touchdown. Ohio State running back Antonio Pittman ran for 139 yards on 18 carries for a 7.7 yards - per - carry average. Michigan running back Mike Hart carried the ball 23 times for 142 yards and three touchdowns against a stout Buckeye defense. Chad Henne had 267 yards, two touchdowns, and no turnovers on a 60 % completion percentage. Neither performance was, however, sufficient to turn the tide in favor of the Wolverines. The game was highly touted by ESPN / ABC (there was a game countdown clock for a week before kickoff) and was viewed by the largest television audience for a regular - season college football game since 1993, averaging 21.8 million viewers. The victory marked the first time in 43 years that the Buckeyes had won three consecutive games in the series. The game gained even more significance when, on the eve of the meeting, Michigan head coach and former Ohio State assistant coach Bo Schembechler died. Schembechler was honored with a video tribute at Ohio Stadium as well as a moment of silence before kickoff. Half an hour after the game ended, the Ohio Lottery PICK 4 evening drawing was 4 -- 2 -- 3 -- 9, matching the final score of the game and paying out up to $5,000 per winner, for a total payout of $2.2 million.
Following the game, there was a chance of a rematch in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game, but Florida was chosen over Michigan to be Ohio State 's opponent.
Lloyd Carr retired as coach at Michigan following the 2007 season and another loss to Ohio State. Tressel had compiled a 6 -- 1 record against Carr 's Michigan teams, leaving Carr with a 6 -- 7 career record against Ohio State. In December 2007, Michigan hired West Virginia head coach Rich Rodriguez to take over the football program. Rodriguez, known for his expertise in the spread offense, represented a significant departure from the Wolverines ' traditional offensive style. Furthermore, both Carr and his predecessor Gary Moeller had been apprenticed by the now - legendary Schembechler, and Rodriguez 's hiring marked the first time in 40 years that a Michigan football team would not be coached by a member of the "Schembechler school. ''
The 2008 game, Rodriguez 's first against the Buckeyes, featured an Ohio State team that needed a win to secure at least a share of the Big Ten championship for the fourth straight year. Michigan by contrast entered the game with a 3 -- 8 record, having already suffered more losses than in any other season in its history. The Buckeyes posted a 42 -- 7 win, and scored their largest margin of victory over Michigan since 1968.
Ohio State won 21 -- 10 in the 2009 game to extend their winning streak against Michigan to six games, their longest in the rivalry 's history, and improve Jim Tressel 's record versus Michigan to 8 -- 1. Ohio State wore throwback uniforms to commemorate their 1954 national championship team. The 2009 meeting also saw Buckeye guard Justin Boren, who had transferred to Ohio State from Michigan in 2008, become the third player in school history to play for both teams (J.T. White and Howard Yerges, Jr. being the others) and only the second to play for both teams in the rivalry game. In 2010, Ohio State again prevailed, 37 -- 7 but had to vacate all wins from the 2010 season.
Rodriguez was fired following Michigan 's 2010 season, ending Michigan 's flirtation with the spread -- and with non - "Michigan Man '' coaches. Rodriguez was succeeded by Brady Hoke, who served as Michigan 's defensive line coach from 1995 to 2002. Hoke held head coaching positions at Ball State from 2003 to 2008 and San Diego State from 2009 to 2010 before returning to Michigan. Meanwhile, in Columbus, the Ohio State football program came under NCAA investigation in early 2011 for an incident in which several prominent players were discovered to have traded memorabilia for tattoos. Evidence surfaced that Tressel had known about the situation but had not reported it to school compliance officials, and that the abuses were more widespread and longstanding than originally reported. On May 30, 2011, Tressel resigned as head coach and former Buckeye player and assistant coach Luke Fickell was appointed interim head coach for the 2011 season. In July 2011, in response to the ongoing NCAA investigation, Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season, including the win over Michigan, leaving Tressel with a final record against Michigan of 8 -- 1, with a win streak of six.
Michigan won the 2011 meeting, 40 -- 34, which was the first between two first - year coaches since the 1929 match - up of Harry Kipke and Sam Willaman. The Wolverines were led by junior quarterback Denard Robinson who accounted for 337 total yards rushing and passing, and five touchdowns.
On November 28, 2011, Urban Meyer, who had served as an assistant at Ohio State from 1986 to 1987, was named the 24th head coach for the Buckeyes, replacing Fickell. In the 2012 matchup, OSU 's junior running back Carlos Hyde ran for 146 yards and the fourth - ranked Buckeyes, trailing at halftime, shut down No. 20 Michigan 's offense in the second half to prevail 26 -- 21 and cap a 12 -- 0 season.
In 2013, Ohio State came to Michigan Stadium with an 11 -- 0 record (7 -- 0 Big Ten) and ranked # 3 in the BCS standings. Michigan was a disappointing 7 -- 4 (3 -- 4 Big Ten). In spite of the seeming mismatch, the game remained close and with 32 seconds remaining Michigan scored to bring the score to 42 -- 41. Michigan attempted a two - point conversion for the lead, but Devin Gardner 's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Tyvis Powell, and Ohio State escaped with the win.
Michigan entered the 2014 contest with a 5 -- 6 record and needed a win against Ohio State to become bowl eligible. Ohio State had a 10 -- 1 record (7 -- 0 in the Big Ten), and was holding onto hope that they would be selected as one of the top four teams in the nation and gain a spot in the first ever College Football Playoff. The game was tied at 21 until the fourth quarter when Ohio State scored three touchdowns (two on offense and one on defense) to go up 42 -- 21. The Game ended 42 -- 28. During the contest, OSU quarterback J.T. Barrett suffered a broken ankle and left the game in favor of third - string sophomore quarterback, Cardale Jones. Ohio State would go on to win the inaugural College Football Playoff and national championship.
Three days after the game, Michigan head coach Brady Hoke was fired and Michigan began searching for Hoke 's successor. On December 30, 2014, Jim Harbaugh, former quarterback for Michigan from 1983 to 1986, was introduced by the University of Michigan as the school 's new head football coach.
The 2015 game in Ann Arbor marked Harbaugh 's first game as a head coach in the rivalry. His Michigan team was 9 -- 2 coming into the game and Ohio State was 10 -- 1. For the first time since 2006, both teams were ranked in the top 10, with Ohio State at # 8 and Michigan at # 10. The first half was close, with Michigan scoring a touchdown shortly before halftime to narrow Ohio State 's lead to 14 -- 10. Ohio State, however, scored touchdowns on each of its first 4 possessions in the second half, while Michigan could only muster a single field goal. The final score was 42 -- 13, in favor of Ohio State.
The 2016 game pitted the third - ranked Wolverines against the second - ranked Buckeyes, only the second time that the matchup featured programs both ranked in the nation 's top three. Michigan led 10 -- 7 at halftime and extended its lead to 17 -- 7 early in the third quarter. An Ohio State touchdown cut the deficit to 17 -- 14 heading to the fourth quarter. The Buckeyes kicked a field goal in the final seconds of regulation to tie the game and force overtime. The game marked the first overtime in the series between the two teams. Ohio State defeated Michigan for the fifth consecutive time, winning 30 -- 27 in two overtimes.
The 2017 game, held in Ann Arbor, drew a crowd of more than 112,000, and featured the ninth - ranked Buckeyes against the unranked Wolverines. Michigan took an early lead and led 14 - 0 at the end of the first quarter but Ohio State tied the game at 14 - 14 before half time. Michigan 's offense was limited to six points in the second half, and Ohio State scored 17, winning the game 31 - 20. The victory was the Buckeyes ' sixth win in six years under head coach Urban Meyer. J.T. Barrett, Ohio State 's starting quarterback, recorded 4 wins in 4 years as a starting quarterback -- the first Ohio State QB to do so. Until this game, Ohio State had never come back and won a game against Michigan once down 14 or more points.
In 2010, the Big Ten Conference announced that the University of Nebraska would be joining the Big Ten the following year, and that the Big Ten would be split into two divisions. When rumors surfaced that Ohio State and Michigan would be placed in different divisions, concerns arose that the teams might no longer play the last game of the regular season to avoid potential back - to - back games if each team won their division and earned the right to play in the Big Ten Championship Game. Fans bombarded the athletic directors of both schools, as well as the Big Ten commissioner with emails, creating pressure to keep The Game as the regular season finale. Ultimately, Michigan was placed in the Legends Division and Ohio State in the Leaders Division. The Michigan -- Ohio State game became a "protected crossover '' game, to be played every year at the end of the regular season.
The game became a division matchup in 2014 under the Big Ten 's geographical realignment. Michigan and Ohio State were both placed in the East Division.
During the mid-2000s, ESPN aired several commercials describing certain situations that would be "normal, if it was n't for sports ''. One commercial featured a man in an Ohio State shirt making out with a woman wearing a Michigan shirt. An ESPNU commercial air portrayed a couple on a blind date that appears to be successful until it becomes clear that she is from Michigan and he is a fan of Ohio State.
In 2006, as part of their "Midwest Midterm Midtacular '', The Daily Show visited Ohio State University and made fun of the rivalry on the final night by having correspondent Rob Riggle report while wearing a Michigan sweatshirt. This brought boos, jeers, and a few laughs from the OSU audience. After the sketch was over, Jon Stewart compared the rivalry to the disputes between Sunni and Shiite Muslims.
The 2007 HBO documentary Michigan vs. Ohio State: The Rivalry focused on the rivalry, chiefly the "Ten - Year War '' through the present.
The book Myth Directions by Robert Asprin, who attended Michigan, features a thinly veiled version of the Ohio State vs. Michigan game, parodying both sides and their fanaticism regarding the event.
The 1942 movie The Male Animal, based on a play of the same name by Ohio State alumni James Thurber and Elliott Nugent, also features a version of the game.
In 2011, 10 - year - old Grant Reed of Columbus was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. Not liking to use the word "cancer '', Reed (whose parents are both Ohio State alums and himself is an Ohio State fan) decided to call his cancer "Michigan '', since "Ohio State is always going to beat Michigan ''. The move of calling his cancer "Michigan '' got the support of his parents, Ohio State head coach Urban Meyer (who Reed later got to meet), and even some Michigan fans, including Michigan head coach Brady Hoke. After his last chemotherapy treatment in 2013 which placed him in remission, Reed now tells people that he "beat Michigan ''.
Rankings are from the AP Poll.
In Big Ten Conference play, Ohio State leads the series 49 -- 46 -- 4 through the 2017 meeting. Michigan was a charter member of the Big Ten in 1896 before leaving the league after the 1906 football season. Ohio State began league play with the 1913 season, and Michigan returned for the 1917 season. The 1918 matchup between the two schools was the first between them with both as Big Ten members.
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how long is the runway at kennedy space center | Shuttle landing facility - wikipedia
The Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) (ICAO: KTTS, FAA LID: TTS) is an airport located on Merritt Island in Brevard County, Florida, USA. It is a part of the John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC), and was used by NASA 's Space Shuttle for landing until the program 's end in 2011. It was also used for takeoffs and landings for NASA training jets such as the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and for civilian aircraft.
Starting in 2015, Space Florida manages and operates the facility under a 30 - year lease from NASA. Private companies have been utilizing the SLF for its unique properties since 2011 and will continue to do so via Space Florida.
The Shuttle Landing Facility covers 500 acres (200 ha) and has a single runway, 15 / 33. It is one of the longest runways in the world, at 4,572 m (15,000 ft), and is 91.4 meters (300 ft) wide. (Despite its length, astronaut Jack R. Lousma stated that he would have preferred the runway to be "half as wide and twice as long ''.) Additionally, the SLF has 305 meters (1,000 ft) of paved overruns at each end. The Mate - Demate Device (MDD), for use when the shuttle was transported by the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, was located just off the runway.
The runway is designated runway 15, or 33, depending on the direction of use. The runway surface consists of an extremely high - friction concrete strip designed to maximize the braking ability of the Space Shuttle at its high landing speed, with a paving thickness of 40.6 cm (16.0 in) at the center. It uses a grooved design to provide drainage and further increase the coefficient of friction. The original groove design was found to actually provide too much friction for the rubber used in the Shuttle 's tires, causing failures during several landings. This issue was resolved by grinding down the pavement, reducing the depth of the grooves significantly.
A local nickname for the runway is the "gator tanning facility '', as some of the 4,000 alligators living at Kennedy Space Center regularly bask in the sun on the runway.
The landing facility is managed by contractor EG&G, which provides air traffic control services, as well as managing potential hazards to landing aircraft, such as bird life. The Bird Team kept the facility clear of both local and migratory birds during shuttle landings using pyrotechnics, blank rounds fired from shotguns and a series of 25 propane cannons arranged around the facility.
Columbia was the first shuttle to arrive at the SLF via the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft on March 24, 1979.
The runway was first used by a space shuttle on 11 February 1984, when the STS - 41 - B mission returned to Earth. This also marked the first - ever landing of a spacecraft at its launch site. Prior to this, all shuttle landings were performed at Edwards Air Force Base in California (with the exception of STS - 3, which landed at White Sands Space Harbor) while the landing facility continued testing and shuttle crews developed landing skills at White Sands and Edwards, where the margin for error is much greater than SLF and its water hazards. On September 22, 1993, Discovery was the first space shuttle to land at night at the SLF. A total of 78 shuttle missions landed at the SLF.
The final landing of a space shuttle occurred on July 21, 2011 by Atlantis for STS - 135. Discovery and Endeavour took off from the SLF on top of the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft for museums in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles.
In 2012, NASA 's Johnson Space Center 's Project Morpheus 's first vehicle arrived at KSC. Prior to arrival at KSC and throughout the project, Morpheus vehicle tests were performed at other NASA centers; KSC was the site for advanced testing. Multiple tests, including free flight, were performed at the SLF in 2013 - 2014. Multiple vehicles and iterations of the vehicles were tested, due to upgrades and damages during this experimental test program. During the August 9, 2012 test at the SLF, a vehicle exploded; no one was injured.
The SLF has also been used by commercial users. Zero Gravity Corporation, which offers flights where passengers experience brief periods of microgravity, has operated from the SLF, as have record - setting attempts by the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer. NASCAR teams have also used the facility for vehicle testing.
In 2012, Performance Power 's Johnny Bohmer did set the Guinness World Record for the Fastest Standing Mile - Street Car when his Ford GT broke the 275 mph (443 km / h) barrier, setting the record at 283 mph (455 km / h).
In 2014, the Hennessey Venom GT recorded a top speed of 270.49 mph (435.31 km / h).
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law and order special victims unit season 16 episode 7 | Chicago crossover - Wikipedia
"Chicago Crossover '' is the seventh episode of the sixteenth season of the American police procedural - legal drama, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and the 350th overall episode of the long - running series. It originally aired on National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in the United States on November 12, 2014. In this episode, the SVU team meets up with the Intelligence Unit of Chicago P.D. to solve a decades - old child pornography ring case, which is personal for CPD 's Detective Erin Lindsay (Sophia Bush).
The episode was written by Ed Zuckerman, Warren Leight, and Dick Wolf, and directed by Steve Shill. This episode marks an unprecedented crossover in Law & Order franchise history where three shows (all three created by Wolf) crossover with one main storyline. The story began in the 7th episode of season 3 "Nobody Touches Anything '' of Chicago Fire where a fire victim was found with child pornography. The Fire Department turn the case over to the Chicago Police, who take on the initial investigation that leads them to Manhattan, NY where the detectives from Chicago P.D. team up with the SVU in "Chicago Crossover ''. The story concludes in the episode "((They 'll Have To Go Through Me) Season 2, episode 7) '' back to Chicago where the main suspect returns after leaving behind clues in New York. Filming on "Chicago Crossover '' began on October 9, 2014 in New York City. NBC began using the hashtag "# CrossoverWeek '' in their on - air promos for the three shows ' episodes.
"Chicago Crossover '' was seen by 10.01 million viewers making the second most viewed program of the night on NBC and the second ranked program in the time slot. Critical response to the SVU episode of the crossover was generally positive, many critics praising the tension - filled scenes and ' fireworks ' between lead actors Mariska Hargitay and Jason Beghe, who portrayed Sgts. Olivia Benson and Hank Voight, respectively; Lou Taylor Pucci was also praised for his portrayal of Teddy Courtney.
The case opens up where the Chicago Fire episode "Nobody Touches Anything '', left off; where the CFD firefighters rescued a man from a burning building and in his possession, he held a box full of child pornography, a box which was dropped during Lieutenant Kelly Severide 's (Taylor Kinney) attempt to save the man 's life. The CFD then turned this evidence over to the Chicago police. Detective Erin Lindsay has a personal stake in the case: her half - brother is involved somehow and in New York City. Benson gets a call from Voight that his team is on a plane to Manhattan to help the SVU solve the case.
Lindsay explains to the SVU about how her half - brother Teddy Courtney (Lou Taylor Pucci) went missing when they were younger and how her mother thought that somehow he ran away to New York. Benson tells Lindsay that NCMEC ran Teddy 's face through their system and they found more images, and concluded that he was connected to a pedophile ring. While searching for Teddy they learn from the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children that another young boy, Henry Thorne (Christian Godwin), is being victimized on a live stream, although at the time no one could track down where the feed originated from. They learn from the photos found in the Chicago fire that the ring is called the "Chess and Checkers Club '' and it originated out of Chicago back in 2004; NCMEC pushing the federal government to shut down the website, but to no avail.
Later the detectives discover through advanced facial recognition that Teddy has a juvenile record and went under the name Teddy Voight, who five years prior was arrested for solicitation. Lindsay explains to Detective Jay Halstead (Jesse Lee Soffer) that they knew Sgt. Voight before. SVU detectives Nick Amaro (Danny Pino) and Amanda Rollins (Kelli Giddish) go to a youth center where Teddy was remanded and learn that Teddy frequently ran away from the center. Security guard George Turner (Danny Mastrogiorgio) does n't remember Teddy, but Miss Bagley (Donnetta Lavinia Grays) recommends that the detectives talk to Jocelyn Cerpaski (Isabel Shill), who left the center to start a better life. Jocelyn initially does n't want to talk to the detectives, but she directs them to the piers where Teddy solicits. Rollins and Halstead find him and bring him in.
Lindsay tries to talk to Teddy, but he refuses. Benson tells Lindsay that they have him on narcotics possession. Benson tries to get Teddy to open up about what happened to him by letting him know that another boy is in danger, but he remains silent. Amaro and Rollins go back to Jocelyn, and learn that Teddy assaulted her. Later, Benson and Lindsay push Teddy, reassuring that he raped Jocelyn because his abusers forced him to. Teddy breaks down and admits what he did, reasoning that if he had n't, the pedophile ring would have had someone else hurt her worse. Teddy explains to Benson and Lindsay there was someone they were all afraid of and that at the youth center, one of the security guards helped him escape -- George Turner.
Benson, Halstead and Lindsay go back to the center to pick up Turner for questioning. He tries to run from them, and in the ensuing struggle Lindsay is injured by a passing bicyclist and hospitalized. When she awakes, Voight is at her bedside, telling her to go back to Chicago and vowing to help Teddy. Voight later shows up at SVU and immediately bursts into the interrogation room, where Amaro and Rollins are trying to question Turner. Voight threatens Turner, causing Benson to intervene; she threatens to have Voight arrested if he touches Turner again. However, Benson lets Turner believe that she is going to let Voight hurt him in order to scare him into revealing what he knows. Turner tells them some details involving toll fees that their prime suspect had to pay in order to get back into the city. Voight and Benson go to Teddy, who still refuses to remember that part of his life, so they go back to Jocelyn, undercover as Henry 's parents in order to get her to talk. They take her back to SVU, where the detectives put her in an interrogation room with Teddy and a live feed of Henry. She remembers that they drove her across a long bridge, that she was blindfolded, and that she heard the sound of tires on metal. She and Teddy also remember a name: Bob Clinton (Mark H. Dold).
The detectives soon learn that Clinton is somewhere on Staten Island, and Benson and Voight rescue Henry and arrest Clinton. Meanwhile, Detectives Amaro and Fin Tutuola (Ice - T) arrest two others that seem to be involved. At the squad room, Rollins comes up with a laptop, showing video of another child who had been abducted by the ring, this time a young girl. Benson and Voight try to lean on Clinton, who asks for full immunity before he divulges anything. Benson decides to lock him up instead.
Hours after Benson sends Clinton to The Tombs, Clinton is shived in a shower while in protective custody by a Lester Davis, who was awaiting trial on armed robbery. SVU learns that Davis got a phone call from a no - name cell phone purchased in Chicago. Voight was told by Linsday that in Chicago, Andrew Llewellyn (the fire victim who had the child porn photos), and the officer guarding him were shot and killed. Benson comments that their suspect fled back to Chicago.
"Chicago Crossover '' was written by long - time Law & Order franchise writer Ed Zuckerman (teleplay), SVU executive producer / show runner Warren Leight and Law & Order: SVU creator Dick Wolf, and was directed by Steve Shill. This episode marks the first episode to credit Dick Wolf as a writer since the 100th episode of SVU, "Control '', back in the fifth season. In this episode, Raúl Esparza (Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba) and newcomer Peter Scanavino (Detective Sonny Carisi) were absent.
In May 2014, NBC President, Robert Greenblatt announced that Chicago PD, Chicago Fire, and also SVU, could have another crossover episode, after SVU and CPD briefly crossed - over with SVU 's fifteenth season 's episode, "Comic Perversion '' which guest starred Sophia Bush, who portrayed her CPD character, Detective Erin Lindsay; while Ice - T & Kelli Giddish briefly portrayed their characters respectively in the episode "Conventions '' of Chicago PD, two episodes which Leight and Olmstead would n't call a true ' crossover '.
On September 29, creator Dick Wolf said of the crossover, "Warren Leight and Matt Olmstead are two of the best writers in the business. We wanted to figure out a way to create a crime that connects all three shows. Warren, Matt and I came up with a story that was big and unique enough to transit to all three. '' SVU show runner / EP Warren Leight noted the three - show crossover was Wolf 's idea, although Leight said that both he and Chicago Fire / PD show runner / EP Matt Olmstead had their uncertainties about the crossover. Leight admitted, "I think my first reaction was anxiety, I know the fans will like it, but I know how much extra work is involved and also, legitimately these are two different kinds of police shows and I was n't sure how the cross-pollination would work. ''
Olmstead said of crafting the crossover, "What Warren and I did was jump in, I knew what I was going to hand off to him at the end of (Chicago) Fire and he told me what he was going to hand back over to me at PD and then we fine - tuned and figured out the logistics. '' Leight explained that each show 's writers wrote for their own show and said that he and Olmstead were on the phone a lot for the plotting stages. "We sent the (Chicago PD) script to Warren to vet since he knows the (SVU) characters better than we do, '' said Olmstead, Leight jumped in adding, "If there was something I felt was wrong for one of our characters in the PD part, I made my opinions known. '' Olmstead assured that it was the same with Leight in writing for the CPD characters, "There was a respectful vetting of both scripts. When I read the SVU script of our characters, it sounded very true, so there were n't any doubts. ''
Leight and Olmstead however worried about having the audience have to tune in to three shows, "That 's a big fear, '' admits Leight, "But this is still in the Dick Wolf universe where each episode has to stand alone and also link. You do n't want to have a three minute ' previously on Chicago Fire ' to open up ' SVU. ' You want that to be as short and clear as possible. Our episode is stand alone yet the baton passes and there are enough unresolved parts for PD to get another hour out of it. That 's an interesting writing challenge -- how much to reveal when and how to stage the investigation and the information over 80 minutes. One good thing what we have is that our episode goes right into PD. Our hope that the audience comes and stays for two hours and that we 've made it compelling enough for them to do that. ''
Olmstead and Leight noted about tension and ' fireworks ' between Sgts. Benson and Voight, both showrunners were also anxious to pair the two commanding officers on - screen, "There are two very different types of fireworks that we could be talking about. '' SVU 's Leight started, "They have two very different approaches to interrogations and procedure. I think we all know Voight can be more physical and Olivia is a more empathetic detective. Those kind of fireworks take place in both episodes and they are among the most fun scenes in SVU and CPD. '' Olmstead added with Leight, "When the Benson character shows up the first time during a pretty grim investigation there 's a smile on (Voight 's) face, he 's happy to see her. There 's this immediate chemistry, immediate shared affection between two very similar characters. There 's a real bond right away between those two characters. '' Olmstead said in a separate interview with TV Guide, "More than anybody he 's ever encountered, I think he respects this person because it 's almost like a female version of Voight, '' Olmstead says. "When the case is starting to go south on the Chicago side and she calls to check in and says, ' What do you need? ' he says, ' I need your help. ' And he would never admit that to anybody. He 's being vulnerable. And her response is, ' I 'll get on the next flight out. ' So, they just have an affinity towards each other. ''
The case is very personal for Detective Lindsay (Bush) because her missing half - brother Teddy (Pucci) might be somehow involved. "It really knocks her sideways, '' Olmstead says of Lindsay 's personal connection to the case. "She admits that she 's just trying to keep her head on straight because she has so many competing emotions while trying to be objective and do her job... There 's some hard - earned advice that Benson is able to impart to Lindsay. ''
There is a slow - burning relationship between Detectives Lindsay and Halstead, Olmstead teased, "(There will be) further slow burning, because, as has been made clear to them by Voight, he does n't tolerate in house romances. '' And showrunner Leight teased about sexual tension in TV Guide on November 11, "Lindsay and Halstead have this unrequited crush on each other, and you have Rollins and Amaro with a down - low affair going on. There 's a moment or two when it seems like one group notices something about the other. We tease a little bit with that. '' Leight adds that going to Chicago will bring out a new side to the characters, particularly Amaro. "(He is) much more physical than he gets to be on our show, '' he adds.
The cast members of all three shows spoke highly of the event. Pino called the crossover "a Dick Wolf universe, colliding. '' Mariska Hargitay was excited when she got the script, "For me reading the Chicago PD script, I was very, very excited about it. Sort of not knowing what it was going to be. And he (Jason Beghe) kept saying ' have you read it, it 's so great ', and then I read it, and I was absolutely thrilled. '' Kelli Giddish noted how unprecedented a move the three - show crossover was, "People are really going to enjoy seeing us all kind of mix - and - match. And it 's really lucky that we 've got three shows on the air right now that we can all do that with, I mean that 's really cool. ''
The shooting of the SVU episode "Chicago Crossover '' began on October 9, 2014 in New York City. SVU cast members Hargitay, Pino, and Giddish shot the CPD conclusion episode starting October 22 in Chicago.
Leight said of the tight filming schedule in Observer, "We had Kelly and Danny in Chicago for four days and Mariska there for two days. Then we had Halstead (Soffer) and Voight (Beghe) here for four days and Lindsay (Bush) here for two days. It made production very difficult and it meant our next (SVU) episode had to be a legal one to allow for scheduling. ''
It was announced on September 29, 2014 that three members of Chicago P.D. 's cast would be guest starring in the SVU hour; Sophia Bush (portraying Detective Erin Lindsay), Jesse Lee Soffer (portraying Detective Jay Halstead), and Jason Beghe (portraying Sergeant Henry "Hank '' Voight). On November 10, 2014, TV Guide noted that Lou Taylor Pucci would be portraying Lindsay 's estranged half - brother, Teddy Courtney. Pucci guest starred in a Warren Leight written episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent, "Cruise to Nowhere '' as Joey Frost.
The showrunners mention in their interviews that the same togetherness the cast showed on - screen, they had it behind the scenes as well. "The most unexpected and rewarding development in filming the crossover episodes was seeing how close the actors from the different shows became, '' says CPD 's Olmstead, "Between set - ups they stuck together as a group and they socialized after wrap. It brought the shows closer. '' In TV Guide Olmstead continued, "One thing that I did n't really expect was the camaraderie with the actors, you never saw actors standing by themselves, waiting for their line. They were always in groups. They hung out as a group after they filmed. There was a lot of travel and working weekends, but the feedback I got from everybody was what a special event it was for them just as actors. I know that when we do it again -- and I 'm sure that we 'll do it at some point down the road -- it will not be a hard sell. ''
Danny Mastrogiorgio who portrayed George Turner in "Chicago Crossover ''; the actor has guest starred on SVU three times before, in the season thirteen episode, "Home Invasions '' as a young boy 's father, tenth season episode, "Lunacy '' as ' the Cabbie Rapist ', Orlando McTeer, and in the second season episode "Noncompliance '' as Earl Miller / Gilmore as well. Prior to that, Mastrogiorgio has worked with SVU show runner Warren Leight, guest starring on Law & Order: CI as a murderous drug lord named Testarossa in the episode "Purgatory ''.
In its original American broadcast on November 12, 2014, "Chicago Crossover '' was viewed by 10.01 million viewers and acquired a 2.4 rating / 7 % share in the age 18 -- 49 demographic. "Chicago Crossover '' was the second watched program on NBC that night, retaining more than 95 % viewership of its lead - in for the night, The Voice. "Chicago Crossover '' was the second ranked program in that timeslot, under ABC 's Modern Family, but above Criminal Minds on CBS by 0.1 in the 18 - 49 age demo.
The crossover in its entirety got extremely positive reviews from both critics and fans alike, praising how the show were meshed together to make the three - hour crossover along with praising the cast and crew members of the shows as well. Narsimha Chintaluri of TV Fanatic said in a positive review, "It was a bold, and probably complicated, move to tie these three shows together, but the premise definitely delivered a strong episode of SVU. '' Chintaluri also noted how the characters interacted in scenes, "The interpersonal dynamics were entertaining to be privy too. There were subtle moments, such Rollins and Amaro saying "we get it, '' after Halstead denied any sort of relationship with Lindsay, and then there were the not so subtle moments where Voight almost simulated raping a suspect to get his point across. ''
Matt Carter of cartermatt.com gave the episode a "B + '' rating, commenting "This story was about chasing a criminal ring doing unspeakable things to New York City, and there were a number of memorable moments that we saw throughout this. Obviously, seeing Benson completely take some of these people (including Voight) to task was a highlight, but there were some very cool moments that came out of seeing most of these people together. '' Carter compared this season 's crossover to last with, "some of the crossovers between "SVU '' and "Chicago PD '' just did n't feel right, and mostly because we did not know many of the people well enough yet. This hour really changed that, and we felt the weight of the investigation. Plus, it is so much easier to root for many of the people when you know who they are. '' The showrunners of both shows promised to deliver true crossover, "They were true to their word here as the episode zipped along and every character was successfully integrated into the narrative in a satisfying and in a manner that kept each character completely true to his / her nature. Well done, gentlemen. '' said Anne Easton of Observer.
Easton continued, "While the intermingling of established SVU and CPD characters was great to watch, it would be a huge oversight not to give a commendation of some sort to actor Lou Taylor Pucci whose performance as Lindsay 's extremely damaged brother, Teddy, really tied the two shows together. His portrayal of the fragile victim, and victimizer, was equal parts cringe worthy and heat wrenching, a combination that is incredibly difficult to pull off. Watching him struggle to come to terms with the direction his life had taken gave the narrative a deeper meaning than had this just been a case of the week. '' Easton commented on the chemistry between Sgts. Benson (Hargitay) and Voight (Beghe), "They butted heads, they worked things out, and they made things happen, all in the name of protecting their respective turfs and solving the case. It was fun to see these two go toe - to - toe, each pushing the other to explore new tactics in interrogation. Their chemistry, while not really ignited on the personal side, was clearly the type of which ' work husband and wife ' partnerships are made. ''
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what does this article require of all elected officials in the us | Article one of the United States Constitution - wikipedia
Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government, the United States Congress. The Congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate.
All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Section 1 is a vesting clause that bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress. Similar clauses are found in Articles II and III. The former confers executive power upon the President alone, and the latter grants judicial power solely to the federal judiciary. These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government. This separation of powers, by which each department may exercise only its own constitutional powers and no others, is fundamental to the idea of a limited government accountable to the people.
The separation of powers principle is particularly noteworthy in regard to the Congress. The Constitution declares that the Congress may exercise only those legislative powers "herein granted '' within Article I (as later limited by the Tenth Amendment). It also, by implied extension, prohibits Congress from delegating its legislative authority to either of the other branches of government, a rule known as the nondelegation doctrine. However, the Supreme Court has ruled that Congress does have latitude to delegate regulatory powers to executive agencies as long as it provides an "intelligible principle '' which governs the agency 's exercise of the delegated regulatory authority. That the power assigned to each branch must remain with that branch, and may be expressed only by that branch, is central to the theory. The nondelegation doctrine is primarily used now as a way of interpreting a congressional delegation of authority narrowly, in that the courts presume Congress intended only to delegate that which it certainly could have, unless it clearly demonstrates it intended to "test the waters '' of what the courts would allow it to do.
Although not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, Congress has also long asserted the power to investigate and the power to compel cooperation with an investigation. The Supreme Court has affirmed these powers as an implication of Congress 's power to legislate. Since the power to investigate is an aspect of Congress 's power to legislate, it is as broad as Congress 's powers to legislate. However, it is also limited to inquiries that are "in aid of the legislative function; '' Congress may not "expose for the sake of exposure. '' It is uncontroversial that a proper subject of Congress 's investigation power is the operations of the federal government, but Congress 's ability to compel the submission of documents or testimony from the President or his subordinates is often - discussed and sometimes controversial (see executive privilege), although not often litigated. As a practical matter, the limitation of Congress 's ability to investigate only for a proper purpose ("in aid of '' its legislative powers) functions as a limit on Congress 's ability to investigate the private affairs of individual citizens; matters that simply demand action by another branch of government, without implicating an issue of public policy necessitating legislation by Congress, must be left to those branches due to the doctrine of separation of powers. The courts are highly deferential to Congress 's exercise of its investigation powers, however. Congress has the power to investigate that which it could regulate, and the courts have interpreted Congress 's regulatory powers broadly since the Great Depression.
The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
Section Two provides for the election of the House of Representatives every second year. Since Representatives are to be "chosen... by the People, '' State Governors are not allowed to appoint temporary replacements when vacancies occur in a state 's delegation to the House of Representatives; instead, the Governor of the state is required by clause 4 to issue a writ of election calling a special election to fill the vacancy.
At the time of its creation, the Constitution did not explicitly give citizens an inherent right to vote. Rather, it provided that those qualified to vote in elections for the largest chamber of a state 's legislature may vote in Congressional (House of Representatives) elections. Since the Civil War, several constitutional amendments have been enacted that have curbed the states ' broad powers to set voter qualification standards. Though never enforced, clause 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty - one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty - one years of age in such State. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex. The Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax. The Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens, eighteen years of age or older, to vote on account of age.
Moreover, since the Supreme Court has recognized voting as a fundamental right, the Equal Protection Clause places very tight limitations (albeit with uncertain limits) on the states ' ability to define voter qualifications; it is fair to say that qualifications beyond citizenship, residency, and age are usually questionable.
In the 1960s, the Supreme Court started to view voting as a fundamental right covered by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In a dissenting opinion of a 1964 Supreme Court case involving reapportionment in the Alabama state legislature, Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan II included Minor in a list of past decisions about voting and apportionment which were no longer being followed.
In Oregon v. Mitchell (1970), the Supreme Court held that the Qualifications clause did not prevent Congress from overriding state - imposed minimum age restrictions for voters in Congressional elections.
Since clause 3 provides that Members of the House of Representatives are apportioned state - by - state and that each state is guaranteed at least one Representative, exact population equality between all districts is not guaranteed and, in fact, is currently impossible, because while the size of the House of Representatives is fixed at 435, several states had less than 1 / 435 of the national population at the time of the last reapportionment in 2010. However, the Supreme Court has interpreted the provision of Clause One that Representatives shall be elected "by the People '' to mean that, in those states with more than one member of the House of Representatives, each congressional election district within the state must have nearly identical populations.
No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
The Constitution provides three requirements for Representatives: A Representative must be at least 25 years old, must be an inhabitant of the state in which he or she is elected, and must have been a citizen of the United States for the previous seven years. There is no requirement that a Representative reside within the district in which he or she represents; although this is usually the case, there have been occasional exceptions.
The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a house of Congress exercising its Section 5 authority to "judge... the... qualifications of its own members '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section 4 authority to prescribe the "times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives. '' The Supreme Court, as well as other federal courts, have repeatedly barred states from additional restrictions, such as imposing term limits on members of Congress, allowing members of Congress to be subject to recall elections, or requiring that Representatives live in the congressional district in which they represent. A 2002 Congressional Research Service report also found that no state could implement a qualification that a Representative not be a convicted felon or incarcerated.
However, the United States Supreme Court has ruled that certain ballot access requirements, such as filing fees and submitting a certain number of valid petition signatures do not constitute additional qualifications and thus few Constitutional restrictions exist as to how harsh ballot access laws can be.
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse (sic) three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode - Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New - York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
After much debate, the framers of the Constitution decided to make population the basis of apportioning the seats in the House of Representatives and the tax liability among the states. To facilitate this, the Constitution mandates that a census be conducted every ten years to determine the population of each state and of the nation as a whole and establishes a rule for who shall be counted or excluded from the count. As the new form of government would become operational prior to the completion of a national census, the Constitution also provides for a temporary apportionment of seats.
Originally, the population of each state and of the nation as a whole was ascertained by adding to the whole number of free Persons, three - fifths the number of all other Persons (i.e. slaves), but excluding non-taxed Native Americans. This Constitutional rule, known as the three - fifths compromise, was a compromise between Southern and Northern states in which three - fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes and for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and of taxes among the states. It was, according to Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story (writing in 1833), a "matter of compromise and concession, confessedly unequal in its operation, but a necessary sacrifice to that spirit of conciliation, which was indispensable to the union of states having a great diversity of interests, and physical condition, and political institutions ''.
Following the completion of each census, Congress is empowered to use the aggregate population in all the states (according to the prevailing Constitutional rule for determining population) to determine the relative population of each state to the population of the whole, and, based on its calculations, to establish the appropriate size of the House and to allocate a particular number of representatives to each state according to its share of the national population.
Since enactment of the Reapportionment Act of 1929, a constant 435 House seats have been apportioned among the states according to each census, and determining the size of the House is not presently part of the apportionment process. With one exception, the apportionment of 1842, the House of Representatives had been enlarged by various degrees from sixty - five members in 1788 to 435 members by 1913. The determination of size was made based on the aggregate national population, so long as the size of the House did not exceed 1 member for every 30,000 of the country 's total population nor the size of any state 's delegation exceed 1 for every 30,000 of that state 's population. With the size of the House still fixed at 435, the current ratio, as of the 2010 Census, is around 1 Representative: 700,000 Citizens.
Although the first sentence in this clause originally concerned apportionment of both House seats and taxes among the several states, the Fourteenth Amendment sentence that replaced it in 1868 mentioned only the apportionment of House seats. Even so, the constraint placed upon Congress 's taxation power remained, as the restriction was reiterated in Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4. The amount of direct taxes that could be collected by the federal government from the people in any State would still be tied directly to that state 's share of the national population.
Due to this restriction, application of the income tax to income derived from real estate and specifically income in the form of dividends from personal property ownership such as stock shares was found to be unconstitutional because it was not apportioned among the states; that is to say, there was no guarantee that a State with 10 % of the country 's population paid 10 % of those income taxes collected, because Congress had not fixed an amount of money to be raised and apportioned it between the States according to their respective shares of the national population. To permit the levying of such an income tax, Congress proposed and the states ratified the Sixteenth Amendment, which removed the restriction by specifically providing that Congress could levy a tax on income "from whatever source derived '' without it being apportioned among the States or otherwise based on a State 's share of the national population.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.
Section two, Clause four, provides that when vacancies occur in the House of Representatives, it is not the job of the House of Representatives to arrange for a replacement, but the job of the State whose vacant seat is up for refilling. Moreover, the State Governor may not appoint a temporary replacement, but must instead arrange for a special election to fill the vacancy. The original qualifications and procedures for holding that election are still valid.
The House of Representatives shall chuse (sic) their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
Section Two further provides that the House of Representatives may choose its Speaker and its other officers. Though the Constitution does not mandate it, every Speaker has been a member of the House of Representatives. The Speaker rarely presides over routine House sessions, choosing instead to deputize a junior member to accomplish the task.
Finally, Section Two grants to the House of Representatives the sole power of impeachment. Although the Supreme Court has not had an occasion to interpret this specific provision, the Court has suggested that the grant to the House of the "sole '' power of impeachment makes the House the exclusive interpreter of what constitutes an impeachable offense.
This power, which is analogous to the bringing of criminal charges by a grand jury, has been used only rarely. The House of Representatives has initiated impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789, and nineteen federal officials have been formally impeached as a result, including: two Presidents (Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton), one Cabinet Secretary (William W. Belknap), one Senator (William Blount), one Supreme Court Associate Justice (Samuel Chase), and fourteen federal judges.
The Constitution does not specify how impeachment proceedings are to be initiated. Until the early 20th century, a House member could rise and propose an impeachment, which would then be assigned to a committee for investigation. Presently, it is the House Judiciary Committee that initiates the process and then, after investigating the allegations, prepares recommendations for the whole House 's consideration. If the House votes to adopt an impeachment resolution, the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee recommends a slate of "managers, '' whom the House subsequently approves by resolution. These Representatives subsequently become the prosecution team in the impeachment trial in the Senate (see Section 3, Clause 6 below).
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
The first Clause of Section Three provides that each state is entitled to have two Senators, who would be elected by its state legislature (now by the people of each state), serve for staggered six - year terms, and have one vote each. By these provisions, the framers of the Constitution intended to protect the interests of the states as states. This clause has been superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, which, in part, provides as amended, that
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
Article Five specifies the means by which the Constitution of the United States can be amended. It ends by temporarily shielding three Article I clauses from being amended. This clause is among them. (The others are first and fourth clauses in Section 9.) Article Five provides that "no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate ''. Thus, no individual state may have its individual representation in the Senate adjusted without its consent. That is to say, an amendment that changed this clause to provide that all states would get only one Senator (or three Senators, or any other number) could become valid as part of the Constitution if ratified by three - fourths of the states; however, one that provided for some basis of representation other than strict numerical equality (for example, population, wealth, or land area), would require the unanimous consent of all the states.
Denying the states their intended role as joint partners in the federal government by abolishing their equality in the Senate would, according to Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase (in Texas v. White), destroy the grounding of the Union. This Article V provision has been employed by those opposed to contemplated constitutional amendments that would grant the District of Columbia full representation in the Congress without also granting it statehood. Their argument is that an amendment that would allow a non-state district to have two Senators would deprive the states of their equal suffrage in the Senate and would therefore require unanimous ratification by all the states. Whether unanimous consent of the 50 states would be required for such an amendment to become operative remains an unanswered political question.
Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
After the first group of Senators was elected to the First Congress (1789 -- 1791), the Senators were divided into three "classes '' as nearly equal in size as possible, as required by this section. This was done in May 1789 by lot. It was also decided that each state 's Senators would be assigned to two different classes. Those Senators grouped in the first class had their term expire after only two years; those Senators in the second class had their term expire after only four years, instead of six. After this, all Senators from those States have been elected to six - year terms, and as new States have joined the Union, their Senate seats have been assigned to two of the three classes, maintaining each grouping as nearly equal in size as possible. In this way, election is staggered; approximately one - third of the Senate is up for re-election every two years, but the entire body is never up for re-election in the same year (as contrasted with the House, where its entire membership is up for re-election every 2 years).
As originally established, Senators were elected by the Legislature of the State they represented in the Senate. If a senator died, resigned, or was expelled, the legislature of the state would appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the senator 's term. If the State Legislature was not in session, its Governor could appoint a temporary replacement to serve until the legislature could elect a permanent replacement. This was superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment, which provided for the Popular Election of Senators, instead of their appointment by the State Legislature. In a nod to the less populist nature of the Senate, the Amendment tracks the vacancy procedures for the House of Representatives in requiring that the Governor call a special election to fill the vacancy, but (unlike in the House) it vests in the State Legislature the authority to allow the Governor to appoint a temporary replacement until the special election is held. Note, however, that under the original Constitution, the Governors of the states were expressly allowed by the Constitution to make temporary appointments. The current system, under the Seventeenth Amendment, allows Governors to appoint a replacement only if their state legislature has previously decided to allow the Governor to do so; otherwise, the seat must remain vacant until the special election is held to fill the seat, as in the case of a vacancy in the House.
No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
A Senator must be at least 30 years of age, must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years before being elected, and must reside in the State he or she will represent at the time of the election. The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a House of Congress exercising its Section. 5. authority to "Judge... the... Qualifications of its own Members, '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section. 4. authority to prescribe the "Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives,... ''
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
Section Three provides that the Vice President is the President of the Senate. Excepting the duty to receive the tally of electoral votes for President, this is the only regular responsibility assigned to the office of the Vice President by the Constitution. When serving in this capacity, the Vice President, who is not a member of the Senate, may cast tie - breaking votes. Early in the nation 's history, Vice Presidents frequently presided over the Senate. In modern times, the Vice President usually does so only during ceremonial occasions or when a tie in the voting is anticipated. Through March 30, 2017, a tie - breaking vote has been cast 258 times by 36 different Vice Presidents.
The Senate shall chuse (sic) their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of the President of the United States.
Clause five provides for a President pro tempore of the Senate, a Senator elected to the post by the Senate, to preside over the body when the Vice President is either absent or exercising the Office of the President.
Although the Constitutional text seems to suggest to the contrary, the Senate 's current practice is to elect a full - time President pro tempore at the beginning of each Congress, as opposed to making it a temporary office only existing during the Vice President 's absence. Since World War II, the senior (longest serving) member of the majority party has filled this position. As is true of the Speaker of the House, the Constitution does not require that the President pro tempore be a senator, but by convention, a senator is always chosen.
The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.
Clause Six grants to the Senate the sole power to try impeachments and spells out the basic procedures for impeachment trials. The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause to mean that the Senate has exclusive and unreviewable authority to determine what constitutes an adequate impeachment trial. Of the nineteen federal officials formally impeached by the House of Representatives, eleven were acquitted and seven were convicted by the Senate. On one occasion the Senate declined to hold a trial.
The constitution 's framers vested the Senate with this power for several reasons. First, they believed Senators would be better educated, more virtuous, and more high - minded than Members of the House of Representatives and thus uniquely able to decide responsibly the most difficult of political questions. Second, they believed that the Senate, being a numerous body, would be well suited to handle the procedural demands of an impeachment trial, in which it, unlike judges and the judiciary system, would "never be tied down by such strict rules, either in the delineation of the offense by the prosecutor, or in the construction of it by judges, as in the common cases serve to limit the discretion of courts in favor of personal security. '' (Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist No. 65).
There are three Constitutionally mandated requirements for impeachment trials. The provision that Senators must sit on oath or affirmation was designed to impress upon them the extreme seriousness of the occasion. The stipulation that the Chief Justice is to preside over presidential impeachment trials underscores the solemnity of the occasion and aims to avoid the possible conflict of interest of a Vice President 's presiding over the proceeding for the removal of the one official standing between him (or her) and the presidency. The specification that a two - thirds supermajority vote of those Senators present is necessary in order to convict designed to facilitate serious deliberation and to make removal possible only through a consensus that cuts across factional divisions.
Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
If any officer is convicted on impeachment, he or she is immediately removed from office, and may be barred from holding any public office in the future. No other punishments may be inflicted pursuant to the impeachment proceeding, but the convicted party remains liable to trial and punishment in the courts for civil and criminal charges.
The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing (sic) Senators.
The purpose of this clause is twofold. First, it makes clear the division of responsibility with respect to the conduct of the election of federal Senators and Representatives. That responsibility lies primarily with the states and secondarily with Congress. Second, the clause lodges the power to regulate elections in the respective legislative branches of the states and the federal government, not with the executive or judicial. As authorized by this clause, Congress has set a uniform date for federal elections: the Tuesday following the first Monday in November.
Presently, as there are no on - point federal regulations, the states retain the authority to regulate the dates on which other aspects of the election process are held (registration, primary elections, etc.) and where elections will be held. As for regulating the "manner '' of elections, the Supreme Court has interpreted this to mean "matters like notices, registration, supervision of voting, protection of voters, prevention of fraud and corrupt practices, counting of votes, duties of inspectors and canvassers, and making and publication of election returns. '' The Supreme Court has held that States may not exercise their power to determine the "manner '' of holding elections to impose term limits on their congressional delegation.
One of the most significant ways that each state regulates the "manner '' of elections is through their power to draw electoral districts. Although in theory Congress could draw the district map for each State, it has not exercised this level of oversight. Congress has, however, required the States to conform to certain practices when drawing districts. States are currently required to use a single - member district scheme, whereby the State is divided into as many election districts for Representatives in the House of Representatives as the size of its representation in that body (that is to say, Representatives can not be elected at - large from the whole State unless the State has only one Representative in the House, nor can districts elect more than 1 Representative). The Supreme Court has interpreted "by the Legislature thereof '' to include voters using the initiative process, in those state whose constitutions provide it, to create an independent redistricting commission.
Congress first exercised its power to regulate elections nation - wide 1842, when the 27th Congress passed a law requiring the election of Representatives by districts. In subsequent years, Congress expanded on the requirements, successively adding contiguity, compactness, and substantial equality of population to the districting requirements. These standards were all later deleted in the Reapportionment Act of 1929. Congress subsequently reinstated the requirement that districts be composed of contiguous territory, be "compact, '' and have equal populations within each State. Congress has allowed those requirements to lapse, but the Supreme Court has re-imposed the population requirement on the States under the Equal Protection Clause and is suspicious of districts that do not meet the other "traditional '' districting criteria of compactness and contiguity.
In 1866, Congress legislated a remedy for a situation under which deadlocks in state legislatures over the election of Senators were creating vacancies in the office. The act required the two houses of each legislature to meet in joint session on a specified day and to meet every day thereafter until a Senator was selected. The first comprehensive federal statute dealing with elections was adopted in 1870 as a means of enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment 's guarantee against racial discrimination in granting suffrage rights. Under the Enforcement Act of 1870, and subsequent laws, false registration, bribery, voting without legal right, making false returns of votes cast, interference in any manner with officers of election, and the neglect by any such officer of any duty required by state or federal law were made federal offenses. Provision was made for the appointment by federal judges of persons to attend at places of registration and at elections with authority to challenge any person proposing to register or vote unlawfully, to witness the counting of votes, and to identify by their signatures the registration of voters and election tally sheets.
Beginning with the Tillman Act of 1907, Congress has imposed a growing number of restrictions on elections and campaign financing. The most significant piece of legislation has been the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act. It was this legislation that was at issue in the Supreme Court 's seminal decision, Buckley v. Valeo (1976), which, in the face of a First Amendment challenge, set the ground rules for campaign finance legislation, generally disallowing restrictions on expenditures by candidates, but permitting restrictions on contributions by individuals and corporations.
In addition to statutory constraints, Congress and the States have altered the electoral process through amending the Constitution (first in the above mentioned Fifteenth Amendment). The Seventeenth Amendment altered the manner of conducting the elections of Senators; establishing that they are to be elected by the people of the states. Also, the Nineteenth Amendment prohibits any U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex; the Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax; and the Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to U.S. citizens who are at least eighteen years old.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
Clause 2 fixes an annual date upon which Congress must meet. By doing so, the Constitution empowers Congress to meet, whether or not the President called it into session. Article II, Section 3 does grant the president limited authority to convene and adjourn both Houses (or either of them) and mandates that it will meet at least once in a year to enact legislation on behalf of the people. Some delegates to the 1787 constitutional convention believed yearly meetings were not necessary, for there would not be enough legislative business for Congress to deal with annually. Nathaniel Gorham of Massachusetts argued that the time should be fixed to prevent disputes from arising within the legislature, and to allow the states to adjust their elections to correspond with the fixed date. A fixed date also corresponded to the tradition in the states of having annual meetings. Finally, Gorham concluded that the legislative branch should be required to meet at least once a year to act as a check upon the executive department.
Although this clause provides that the annual meeting was to be on the first Monday in December, the government established by the 1787 Constitution did not begin operations until March 4, 1789. As the 1st Congress held its initial meeting on March 4, that became the date on which new representatives and senators took office in subsequent years. Therefore, every other year, although a new Congress was elected in November, it did not come into office until the following March, with a "lame duck '' session convening in the interim. This practice was altered in 1933 following ratification of the Twentieth Amendment, which states (in Section 2) that, "The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the third day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day ''. This change virtually eliminated the necessity of there being a lame duck session of Congress.
Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
Section Five states that a majority of each House constitutes a quorum to do business; a smaller number may adjourn the House or compel the attendance of absent members. In practice, the quorum requirement is all but ignored. A quorum is assumed to be present unless a quorum call, requested by a member, proves otherwise. Rarely do members ask for quorum calls to demonstrate the absence of a quorum; more often, they use the quorum call as a delaying tactic.
Sometimes, unqualified individuals have been admitted to Congress. For instance, the Senate once admitted John Henry Eaton, a twenty - eight - year - old, in 1818 (the admission was inadvertent, as Eaton 's birth date was unclear at the time). In 1934, a twenty - nine - year - old, Rush Holt, was elected to the Senate; he agreed to wait six months, until his thirtieth birthday, to take the oath. The Senate ruled in that case that the age requirement applied as of the date of the taking of the oath, not the date of election.
Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.
Each House can determine its own Rules (assuming a quorum is present), and may punish any of its members. A two - thirds vote is necessary to expel a member. Section 5, Clause 2 does not provide specific guidance to each House regarding when and how each House may change its rules, leaving details to the respective chambers.
Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the Journal.
Each House must keep and publish a Journal, though it may choose to keep any part of the Journal secret. The decisions of the House -- not the words spoken during debates -- are recorded in the Journal; if one - fifth of those present (assuming a quorum is present) request it, the votes of the members on a particular question must also be entered.
Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Neither House may adjourn, without the consent of the other, for more than three days. Often, a House will hold pro forma sessions every three days; such sessions are merely held to fulfill the constitutional requirement, and not to conduct business. Furthermore, neither House may meet in any place other than that designated for both Houses (the Capitol), without the consent of the other House.
The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
Senators and Representatives set their own compensation. Under the Twenty - seventh Amendment, any change in their compensation will not take effect until after the next congressional election.
Members of both Houses have certain privileges, based on those enjoyed by the members of the British Parliament. Members attending, going to or returning from either House are privileged from arrest, except for treason, felony or breach of the peace. One may not sue a Senator or Representative for slander occurring during Congressional debate, nor may speech by a member of Congress during a Congressional session be the basis for criminal prosecution. The latter was affirmed when Mike Gravel published over 4,000 pages of the Pentagon Papers in the Congressional Record, which might have otherwise been a criminal offense. This clause has also been interpreted in Gravel v. United States, 408 U.S. 606 (1972) to provide protection to aides and staff of sitting members of Congress, so long as their activities relate to legislative matters.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.
Senators and Representatives may not simultaneously serve in Congress and hold a position in the executive branch. This restriction is meant to protect legislative independence by preventing the president from using patronage to buy votes in Congress. It is a major difference from the political system in the British Parliament, where cabinet ministers are required to be members of parliament.
Furthermore, Senators and Representatives can not resign to take newly created or higher - paying political positions; rather, they must wait until the conclusion of the term for which they were elected. If Congress increases the salary of a particular officer, it may later reduce that salary to permit an individual to resign from Congress and take that position (known as the Saxbe fix). The effects of the clause were discussed in 1937, when Senator Hugo Black was appointed an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court with some time left in his Senate term. Just prior to the appointment, Congress had increased the pension available to Justices retiring at the age of seventy. It was therefore suggested by some that the office 's emolument had been increased during Black 's Senatorial term, and that therefore Black could not take office as a Justice. The response, however, was that Black was fifty - one years old, and would not receive the increased pension until at least 19 years later, long after his Senate term had expired.
All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
This establishes the method for making Acts of Congress that involve taxation. Accordingly, any bill may originate in either House of Congress, except for a revenue bill, which may originate only in the House of Representatives. In practice, the Senate sometimes circumvents this requirement by substituting the text of a revenue bill previously passed by the House with a substitute text. Either House may amend any bill, including revenue and appropriation bills.
This clause of the U.S. Constitution stemmed from an English parliamentary practice that all money bills must have their first reading in the House of Commons. This practice was intended to ensure that the power of the purse is possessed by the legislative body most responsive to the people, although the English practice was modified in America by allowing the Senate to amend these bills. The clause was part of the Great Compromise between small and large states; the large states were unhappy with the lopsided power of small states in the Senate, and so the clause theoretically offsets the unrepresentative nature of the Senate, and compensates the large states for allowing equal voting rights to Senators from small states.
Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.
This clause is known as the Presentment Clause. Before a bill becomes law, it must be presented to the President, who has ten days (excluding Sundays) to act upon it. If the President signs the bill, it becomes law. If he disapproves of the bill, he must return it to the House in which it originated together with his objections. This procedure has become known as the veto, although that particular word does not appear in the text of Article One. The bill does not then become law unless both Houses, by two - thirds votes, override the veto. If the President neither signs nor returns the bill within the ten - day limit, the bill becomes law, unless the Congress has adjourned in the meantime, thereby preventing the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated. In the latter case, the President, by taking no action on the bill towards the end of a session, exercises a "pocket veto '', which Congress may not override. In the former case, where the President allows a bill to become law unsigned, there is no common name for the practice, but recent scholarship has termed it a "default enactment. ''
What exactly constitutes an adjournment for the purposes of the pocket veto has been unclear. In the Pocket Veto Case (1929), the Supreme Court held that "the determinative question in reference to an ' adjournment ' is not whether it is a final adjournment of Congress or an interim adjournment, such as an adjournment of the first session, but whether it is one that ' prevents ' the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated within the time allowed. '' Since neither House of Congress was in session, the President could not return the bill to one of them, thereby permitting the use of the pocket veto. In Wright v. United States (1938), however, the Court ruled that adjournments of one House only did not constitute an adjournment of Congress required for a pocket veto. In such cases, the Secretary or Clerk of the House in question was ruled competent to receive the bill.
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
In 1996, Congress passed the Line Item Veto Act, which permitted the President, at the time of the signing of the bill, to rescind certain expenditures. The Congress could disapprove the cancellation and reinstate the funds. The President could veto the disapproval, but the Congress, by a two - thirds vote in each House, could override the veto. In the case Clinton v. City of New York, the Supreme Court found the Line Item Veto Act unconstitutional because it violated the Presentment clause. First, the procedure delegated legislative powers to the President, thereby violating the nondelegation doctrine. Second, the procedure violated the terms of Section Seven, which state, "if he approve (the bill) he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it. '' Thus, the President may sign the bill, veto it, or do nothing, but he may not amend the bill and then sign it.
Every bill, order, resolution, or vote that must be passed by both Houses, except on a question of adjournment, must be presented to the President before becoming law. However, to propose a constitutional amendment, two - thirds of both Houses may submit it to the states for the ratification, without any consideration by the President, as prescribed in Article V.
Some Presidents have made very extensive use of the veto, while others have not used it at all. Grover Cleveland, for instance, vetoed over four hundred bills during his first term in office; Congress overrode only two of those vetoes. Meanwhile, seven Presidents have never used the veto power. There have been 2,560 vetoes, including pocket vetoes.
Congress 's legislative powers are enumerated in Section Eight:
The Congress shall have power
Many powers of Congress have been interpreted broadly. Most notably, the Taxing and Spending, Interstate Commerce, and Necessary and Proper Clauses have been deemed to grant expansive powers to Congress.
Congress may lay and collect taxes for the "common defense '' or "general welfare '' of the United States. The U.S. Supreme Court has not often defined "general welfare, '' leaving the political question to Congress. In United States v. Butler (1936), the Court for the first time construed the clause. The dispute centered on a tax collected from processors of agricultural products such as meat; the funds raised by the tax were not paid into the general funds of the treasury, but were rather specially earmarked for farmers. The Court struck down the tax, ruling that the general welfare language in the Taxing and Spending Clause related only to "matters of national, as distinguished from local, welfare ''. Congress continues to make expansive use of the Taxing and Spending Clause; for instance, the social security program is authorized under the Taxing and Spending Clause.
Congress has the power to borrow money on the credit of the United States. In 1871, when deciding Knox v. Lee, the Court ruled that this clause permitted Congress to emit bills and make them legal tender in satisfaction of debts. Whenever Congress borrows money, it is obligated to repay the sum as stipulated in the original agreement. However, such agreements are only "binding on the conscience of the sovereign '', as the doctrine of sovereign immunity prevents a creditor from suing in court if the government reneges its commitment.
The Necessary and Proper Clause, as well as the Commerce and General Welfare Clauses have been interpreted so broadly that to this day, the Federal Government of the United States exercises many powers that are not expressly delegated by the States in the Federal Government by the Constitution, like the different social programs of the American Welfare State. However, James Madison, who wrote much of the Constitution, disagrees that Congress exercises powers that are not expressly granted in the Constitution; Madison, when he held the Office of President of the United States, exercised his Veto power against the Federal Public Works Bill of 1817, calling it Unconstitutional, since to him, the Federal Government does not have the power to build infrastructure.
To the House of Representatives of the United States:
Having considered the bill this day presented to me entitled "An act to set apart and pledge certain funds for internal improvements, '' and which sets apart and pledges funds "for constructing roads and canals, and improving the navigation of water courses, in order to facilitate, promote, and give security to internal commerce among the several States, and to render more easy and less expensive the means and provisions for the common defense, '' I am constrained by the insuperable difficulty I feel in reconciling the bill with the Constitution of the United States to return it with that objection to the House of Representatives, in which it originated. The legislative powers vested in Congress are specified and enumerated in the eighth section of the first article of the Constitution, and it does not appear that the power proposed to be exercised by the bill is among the enumerated powers, or that it falls by any just interpretation with the power to make laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution those or other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States.
The Congress shall have Power (...) To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
The Supreme Court has seldom restrained the use of the commerce clause for widely varying purposes. The first important decision related to the commerce clause was Gibbons v. Ogden, decided by a unanimous Court in 1824. The case involved conflicting federal and state laws: Thomas Gibbons had a federal permit to navigate steamboats in the Hudson River, while the other, Aaron Ogden, had a monopoly to do the same granted by the state of New York. Ogden contended that "commerce '' included only buying and selling of goods and not their transportation. Chief Justice John Marshall rejected this notion. Marshall suggested that "commerce '' included navigation of goods, and that it "must have been contemplated '' by the Framers. Marshall added that Congress 's power over commerce "is complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution ''.
The expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause was restrained during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when a laissez - faire attitude dominated the Court. In United States v. E.C. Knight Company (1895), the Supreme Court limited the newly enacted Sherman Antitrust Act, which had sought to break up the monopolies dominating the nation 's economy. The Court ruled that Congress could not regulate the manufacture of goods, even if they were later shipped to other states. Chief Justice Melville Fuller wrote, "commerce succeeds to manufacture, and is not a part of it. ''
The U.S. Supreme Court sometimes ruled New Deal programs unconstitutional because they stretched the meaning of the commerce clause. In Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, (1935) the Court unanimously struck down industrial codes regulating the slaughter of poultry, declaring that Congress could not regulate commerce relating to the poultry, which had "come to a permanent rest within the State. '' As Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes put it, "so far as the poultry here in question is concerned, the flow of interstate commerce has ceased. '' Judicial rulings against attempted use of Congress 's Commerce Clause powers continued during the 1930s.
In 1937, the Supreme Court began moving away from its laissez - faire attitude concerning Congressional legislation and the Commerce Clause, when it ruled in National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Company, that the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (commonly known as the Wagner Act) was constitutional. The legislation under scrutiny, prevented employers from engaging in "unfair labor practices '' such as firing workers for joining unions. In sustaining this act, the Court, signaled its return to the philosophy espoused by John Marshall, that Congress could pass laws regulating actions that even indirectly influenced interstate commerce.
This new attitude became firmly set into place in 1942. In Wickard v. Filburn, the Court ruled that production quotas under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 were constitutionally applied to agricultural production (in this instance, home - grown wheat for private consumption) that was consumed purely intrastate, because its effect upon interstate commerce placed it within the power of Congress to regulate under the Commerce Clause. This decision marked the beginning of the Court 's total deference to Congress ' claims of Commerce Clause powers, which lasted into the 1990s.
United States v. Lopez (1995) was the first decision in six decades to invalidate a federal statute on the grounds that it exceeded the power of the Congress under the Commerce Clause. The Court held that while Congress had broad lawmaking authority under the Commerce Clause, the power was limited, and did not extend so far from "commerce '' as to authorize the regulation of the carrying of handguns, especially when there was no evidence that carrying them affected the economy on a massive scale. In a later case, United States v. Morrison (2000), the justices ruled that Congress could not make such laws even when there was evidence of aggregate effect.
In contrast to these rulings, the Supreme Court also continues to follow the precedent set by Wickard v. Filburn. In Gonzales v. Raich it ruled that the Commerce Clause granted Congress the authority to criminalize the production and use of home - grown cannabis even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes. The court held that, as with the agricultural production in the earlier case, home - grown cannabis is a legitimate subject of federal regulation because it competes with marijuana that moves in interstate commerce.
Congress may establish uniform laws relating to naturalization and bankruptcy. It may also coin money, regulate the value of American or foreign currency and punish counterfeiters. Congress may fix the standards of weights and measures. Furthermore, Congress may establish post offices and post roads (the roads, however, need not be exclusively for the conveyance of mail). Congress may promote the progress of science and useful arts by granting copyrights and patents of limited duration. Section eight, clause eight of Article One, known as the Copyright Clause, is the only instance of the word "right '' used in the original constitution (though the word does appear in several Amendments). Though perpetual copyrights and patents are prohibited, the Supreme Court has ruled in Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003) that repeated extensions to the term of copyright do not constitute perpetual copyright; also note that this is the only power granted where the means to accomplish its stated purpose is specifically provided for. Courts inferior to the Supreme Court may be established by Congress.
Congress has several powers related to war and the armed forces. Under the War Powers Clause, only Congress may declare war, but in several cases it has, without declaring war, granted the President the authority to engage in military conflicts. Five wars have been declared in United States ' history: the War of 1812, the Mexican -- American War, the Spanish -- American War, World War I and World War II. Some historians argue that the legal doctrines and legislation passed during the operations against Pancho Villa constitute a sixth declaration of war. Congress may grant letters of marque and reprisal. Congress may establish and support the armed forces, but no appropriation made for the support of the army may be used for more than two years. This provision was inserted because the Framers feared the establishment of a standing army, beyond civilian control, during peacetime. Congress may regulate or call forth the state militias, but the states retain the authority to appoint officers and train personnel. Congress also has exclusive power to make rules and regulations governing the land and naval forces. Although the executive branch and the Pentagon have asserted an ever - increasing measure of involvement in this process, the U.S. Supreme Court has often reaffirmed Congress 's exclusive hold on this power (e.g. Burns v. Wilson, 346 U.S. 137 (1953)). Congress used this power twice soon after World War II with the enactment of two statutes: the Uniform Code of Military Justice to improve the quality and fairness of courts martial and military justice, and the Federal Tort Claims Act which among other rights had allowed military service persons to sue for damages until the U.S. Supreme Court repealed that section of the statute in a divisive series of cases, known collectively as the Feres Doctrine.
Congress has the exclusive right to legislate "in all cases whatsoever '' for the nation 's capital, the District of Columbia. Congress chooses to devolve some of such authority to the elected mayor and council of District of Columbia. Nevertheless, Congress remains free to enact any legislation for the District so long as constitutionally permissible, to overturn any legislation by the city government, and technically to revoke the city government at any time. Congress may also exercise such jurisdiction over land purchased from the states for the erection of forts and other buildings.
The Congress shall have Power (...) To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
Finally, Congress has the power to do whatever is "necessary and proper '' to carry out its enumerated powers and, crucially, all others vested in it. This has been interpreted to authorize criminal prosecution of those whose actions have a "substantial effect '' on interstate commerce in Wickard v. Filburn; however, Thomas Jefferson, in the Kentucky Resolutions, supported by James Madison, maintained that a penal power could not be inferred from a power to regulate, and that the only penal powers were for treason, counterfeiting, piracy and felony on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations.
The necessary and proper clause has been interpreted extremely broadly, thereby giving Congress wide latitude in legislation. The first landmark case involving the clause was McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), which involved the establishment of a national bank. Alexander Hamilton, in advocating the creation of the bank, argued that there was "a more or less direct '' relationship between the bank and "the powers of collecting taxes, borrowing money, regulating trade between the states, and raising and maintaining fleets and navies ''. Thomas Jefferson countered that Congress 's powers "can all be carried into execution without a national bank. A bank therefore is not necessary, and consequently not authorized by this phrase ''. Chief Justice John Marshall agreed with the former interpretation. Marshall wrote that a Constitution listing all of Congress 's powers "would partake of a prolixity of a legal code and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind ''. Since the Constitution could not possibly enumerate the "minor ingredients '' of the powers of Congress, Marshall "deduced '' that Congress had the authority to establish a bank from the "great outlines '' of the general welfare, commerce and other clauses. Under this doctrine of the necessary and proper clause, Congress has sweepingly broad powers (known as implied powers) not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution. However, the Congress can not enact laws solely on the implied powers, any action must be necessary and proper in the execution of the enumerated powers.
The ninth section of Article One places limits on Congress ' powers:
The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.
No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.
No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.
No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.
The first clause in this section prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808. Congress could however, levy a per capita duty of up to ten Spanish milled dollars for each slave imported into the country. This clause was further entrenched into the Constitution by Article V, where it is explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808. On March 2, 1807, Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the United States, which went into effect January 1, 1808, the first day permitted by the Constitution.
A writ of habeas corpus is a legal action against unlawful detainment that commands a law enforcement agency or other body that has a person in custody to have a court inquire into the legality of the detention. The court may order the person released if the reason for detention is deemed insufficient or unjustifiable. The Constitution further provides that the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus may not be suspended "unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it ''. In Ex parte Milligan (1866), the Supreme Court ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus in a time of war was lawful, but military tribunals did not apply to citizens in states that had upheld the authority of the Constitution and where civilian courts were still operating.
A bill of attainder is a law by which a person is immediately convicted without trial. An ex post facto law is a law which applies retroactively, punishing someone for an act that was only made criminal after it was done. The ex post facto clause does not apply to civil matters.
Section Nine reiterates the provision from Section Two that direct taxes must be apportioned by state populations. This clause was also explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 by Article V. In 1913, the 16th Amendment exempted all income taxes from this clause. This overcame the ruling in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. that the income tax could only be applied to regular income and could not be applied to dividends and capital gains. Furthermore, no tax may be imposed on exports from any state. Congress may not, by revenue or commerce legislation, give preference to ports of one state over those of another; neither may it require ships from one state to pay duties in another. All funds belonging to the Treasury may not be withdrawn except according to law. Modern practice is that Congress annually passes a number of appropriations bills authorizing the expenditure of public money. The Constitution requires that a regular statement of such expenditures be published.
The Title of Nobility Clause prohibits Congress from granting any title of nobility. In addition, it specifies that no civil officer may accept, without the consent of Congress, any gift, payment, office or title from a foreign ruler or state. However, a U.S. citizen may receive foreign office before or after their period of public service.
No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
States may not exercise certain powers reserved for the federal government: they may not enter into treaties, alliances or confederations, grant letters of marque or reprisal, coin money or issue Bills of credit (such as currency). Furthermore, no state may make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts, which expressly forbids any state government (but not the federal government) from "making a tender '' (i.e., authorizing something that may be offered in payment) of any type or form of money to meet any financial obligation, unless that form of money is coins made of gold or silver (or a medium of exchange backed by and redeemable in gold or silver coins, as noted in Farmers & Merchants Bank v. Federal Reserve Bank). Much of this clause is devoted to preventing the States from using or creating any currency other than that created by Congress. In Federalist no. 44, Madison explains that "it may be observed that the same reasons which shew the necessity of denying to the States the power of regulating coin, prove with equal force that they ought not to be at liberty to substitute a paper medium in the place of coin. Had every State a right to regulate the value of its coin, there might be as many different currencies as States; and thus the intercourse among them would be impeded ''. Moreover, the states may not pass bills of attainder, enact ex post facto laws, impair the obligation of contracts, or grant titles of nobility.
The Contract Clause was the subject of much contentious litigation in the 19th century. It was first interpreted by the Supreme Court in 1810, when Fletcher v. Peck was decided. The case involved the Yazoo land scandal, in which the Georgia legislature authorized the sale of land to speculators at low prices. The bribery involved in the passage of the authorizing legislation was so blatant that a Georgia mob attempted to lynch the corrupt members of the legislature. Following elections, the legislature passed a law that rescinded the contracts granted by the corrupt legislators. The validity of the annulment of the sale was questioned in the Supreme Court. In writing for a unanimous court, Chief Justice John Marshall asked, "What is a contract? '' His answer was: "a compact between two or more parties ''. Marshall argued that the sale of land by the Georgia legislature, though fraught with corruption, was a valid "contract ''. He added that the state had no right to annul the purchase of the land, since doing so would impair the obligations of contract.
The definition of a contract propounded by Chief Justice Marshall was not as simple as it may seem. In 1819, the Court considered whether a corporate charter could be construed as a contract. The case of Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward involved Dartmouth College, which had been established under a Royal Charter granted by King George III. The Charter created a board of twelve trustees for the governance of the College. In 1815, however, New Hampshire passed a law increasing the board 's membership to twenty - one with the aim that public control could be exercised over the College. The Court, including Marshall, ruled that New Hampshire could not amend the charter, which was ruled to be a contract since it conferred "vested rights '' on the trustees.
The Marshall Court determined another dispute in Sturges v. Crowninshield. The case involved a debt that was contracted in early 1811. Later in that year, the state of New York passed a bankruptcy law, under which the debt was later discharged. The Supreme Court ruled that a retroactively applied state bankruptcy law impaired the obligation to pay the debt, and therefore violated the Constitution. In Ogden v. Saunders (1827), however, the court decided that state bankruptcy laws could apply to debts contracted after the passage of the law. State legislation on the issue of bankruptcy and debtor relief has not been much of an issue since the adoption of a comprehensive federal bankruptcy law in 1898.
No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it 's (sic) inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul (sic) of the Congress.
Still more powers are prohibited of the states. States may not, without the consent of Congress, tax imports or exports except for the fulfillment of state inspection laws (which may be revised by Congress). The net revenue of the tax is paid not to the state, but to the federal Treasury.
No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.
Under the Compact Clause, states may not, without the consent of Congress, keep troops or armies during times of peace. They may not enter into alliances nor compacts with foreign states, nor engage in war unless invaded. States may, however, organize and arm a militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. (Article I, Section 8, enumerated powers of Congress.) The National Guard, whose members are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U.S.C. § 311, fulfill this function, as do persons serving in State Militias with federal oversight under 32 U.S.C. § 109.
The idea of allowing Congress to have say over agreements between states traces back to the numerous controversies that arose between various colonies. Eventually compromises would be created between the two colonies and these compromises would be submitted to the Crown for approval. After the American Revolutionary War, the Articles of Confederation allowed states to appeal to Congress to settle disputes between the states over boundaries or "any cause whatever ''. The Articles of Confederation also required Congressional approval for "any treaty or alliance '' in which a state was one of the parties.
There have been a number of Supreme Court cases concerning what constitutes valid congressional consent to an interstate compact. In Virginia v. Tennessee, 148 U.S. 503 (1893), the Court found that some agreements among states stand even when lacking the explicit consent of Congress. (One example the court gave was a state moving some goods from a distant state to itself, it would not require Congressional approval to contract with another state to use its canals for transport.) According to the Court, the Compact Clause requires congressional consent only if the agreement among the states is "directed to the formation of any combination tending to the increase of political power in the States, which may encroach upon or interfere with the just supremacy of the United States ''. The congressional consent issue is at the center of the current debate over the constitutionality of the not yet effective National Popular Vote Interstate Compact entered into by several states plus the District of Columbia.
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what county is atlantic city new jersey in | Atlantic City, New Jersey - wikipedia
Atlantic City is a resort city in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States, known for its casinos, boardwalk, and beaches. In 2010, it had a population of 39,558. The city was incorporated on May 1, 1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township. It borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City, West Atlantic City, and the Atlantic Ocean.
Atlantic City inspired the U.S. version of the board game Monopoly, especially the street names. Since 1921, Atlantic City has been the home of the Miss America pageant. In 1976, New Jersey voters legalized casino gambling in Atlantic City. The first casino opened two years later.
Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a potential resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, the Belloe House, was built at the intersection of Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenues. The city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the direct link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, was approved, with work initiated the next year. By 1874, almost 500,000 passengers a year were coming to Atlantic City by rail. In Boardwalk Empire: The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City, "Atlantic City 's Godfather '' Nelson Johnson describes the inspiration of Dr. Jonathan Pitney (the "Father of Atlantic City '') to develop Atlantic City as a health resort, his efforts to convince the municipal authorities that a railroad to the beach would be beneficial, his successful alliance with Samuel Richards (entrepreneur and member of the most influential family in southern New Jersey at the time) to achieve that goal, the actual building of the railroad, and the experience of the first 600 riders, who "were chosen carefully by Samuel Richards and Jonathan Pitney '':
After arriving in Atlantic City, a second train brought the visitors to the door of the resort 's first public lodging, the United States Hotel. The hotel was owned by the railroad. It was a sprawling, four - story structure built to house 2,000 guests. It opened while it was still under construction, with only one wing standing, and even that was n't completed. By year 's end, when it was fully constructed, the United States Hotel was not only the first hotel in Atlantic City but also the largest in the nation. Its rooms totaled more than 600, and its grounds covered some 14 acres.
The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season. Because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and width, and modified several times in subsequent years. The historic length of the boardwalk, before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, was about 7 miles (11 km) and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport, through Ventnor and Margate.
The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30 - cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland available without a toll.
By 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City. At this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming houses, had sprung up all over town. The United States Hotel took up a full city block between Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues. These hotels were not only impressive in size, but featured the most updated amenities, and were considered quite luxurious for their time.
In the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels. Two of the city 's most distinctive hotels were the Marlborough - Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel.
In 1903, Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House. The hotel was a hit and, in 1905 -- 06, he chose to expand the hotel and bought another parcel of land next door to his Marlborough House. In an effort to make his new hotel a source of conversation, White hired the architectural firm of Price and McLanahan. The firm made use of reinforced concrete, a new building material invented by Jean - Louis Lambot in 1848 (Joseph Monier received the patent in 1867). The hotel 's Spanish and Moorish themes, capped off with its signature dome and chimneys, represented a step forward from other hotels that had a classically designed influence. White named the new hotel the Blenheim and merged the two hotels into the Marlborough - Blenheim. Bally 's Atlantic City was later constructed at this location.
The Traymore Hotel was located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk. Begun in 1879 as a small boarding house, the hotel grew through a series of uncoordinated expansions. By 1914, the hotel 's owner, Daniel White, taking a hint from the Marlborough - Blenheim, commissioned the firm of Price and McLanahan to build an even bigger hotel. Rising 16 stories, the tan brick and gold - capped hotel would become one of the city 's best - known landmarks. The hotel made use of ocean - facing hotel rooms by jutting its wings farther from the main portion of the hotel along Pacific Avenue.
One by one, additional large hotels were constructed along the boardwalk, including the Brighton, Chelsea, Shelburne, Ambassador, Ritz Carlton, Mayflower, Madison House, and the Breakers. The Quaker - owned Chalfonte House, opened in 1868, and Haddon House, opened in 1869, flanked North Carolina Avenue at the beach end. Over the years, their original wood - frame structures would be enlarged, and even moved closer to the beach. The modern Chalfonte Hotel, eight stories tall, opened in 1904. The modern Haddon Hall was built in stages and was completed in 1929, at eleven stories. By this time, they were under the same ownership and merged into the Chalfonte - Haddon Hall Hotel, becoming the city 's largest hotel with nearly 1,000 rooms. By 1930, the Claridge, the city 's last large hotel before the casinos, opened its doors. The 400 - room Claridge was built by a partnership that included renowned Philadelphia contractor John McShain. At 24 stories, it would become known as the "Skyscraper By The Sea. '' The city became known as "The World 's Playground ''.
In 1883, salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley. The traditional story is that Bradley 's shop was flooded after a major storm, soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water. He sold some "salt water taffy '' to a girl, who proudly walked down to the beach to show her friends. Bradley 's mother was in the back of the store when the sale was made, and loved the name, and so salt water taffy was born.
The 1920s, with tourism at its peak, are considered by many historians as Atlantic City 's golden age. During Prohibition, which was enacted nationally in 1919 and lasted until 1933, much liquor was consumed and gambling regularly took place in the back rooms of nightclubs and restaurants. It was during Prohibition that racketeer and political boss Enoch L. "Nucky '' Johnson rose to power. Prohibition was largely unenforced in Atlantic City, and, because alcohol that had been smuggled into the city with the acquiescence of local officials could be readily obtained at restaurants and other establishments, the resort 's popularity grew further. The city then dubbed itself as "The World 's Playground ''. Nucky Johnson 's income, which reached as much as $500,000 annually, came from the kickbacks he took on illegal liquor, gambling and prostitution operating in the city, as well as from kickbacks on construction projects.
During this time, Atlantic City was under the mayoral reign of Edward L. Bader, known for his contributions to the construction, athletics and aviation of Atlantic City. Despite the opposition of many others, he purchased land that became the city 's municipal airport and high school football stadium, both of which were later named Bader Field in his honor. He led the initiative, in 1923, to construct the Atlantic City High School at Albany and Atlantic Avenues. Bader, in November 1923, initiated a public referendum, during the general election, at which time residents approved the construction of a Convention Center. The city passed an ordinance approving a bond issue for $1.5 million to be used for the purchase of land for Convention Hall, now known as the Boardwalk Hall, finalized September 30, 1924. Bader was also a driving force behind the creation of the Miss America competition.
From May 13 to May 16 in 1929, Johnson hosted a conference for organized crime figures from all across America that created a nationwide crime syndicate. The men who called this meeting were Masseria family lieutenant Charles "Lucky '' Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny "the Fox '' Torrio, with heads of the Bugs and Meyer Mob, Meyer Lansky and Benjamin Siegel, being used as muscle for the meeting.
The 1930s through the 1960s were a heyday for nightclub entertainment. Popular venues on the white - populated south side included the 500 Club, the Clicquot Club, and the Jockey Club. On the north side, home to African Americans in the racially segregated city, a black entertainment district reigned on Kentucky Avenue. Four major nightclubs -- Club Harlem, the Paradise Club, Grace 's Little Belmont, and Wonder Gardens -- drew both black and white patrons. During the summer tourist season, jazz and R&B music could be heard into the wee hours of the morning. Soul food restaurants and ribs joints also lined Kentucky Avenue, including Wash 's Restaurant, Jerry 's and Sap 's.
Like many older east coast cities after World War II, Atlantic City became plagued with poverty, crime, corruption, and general economic decline in the mid-to - late 20th century. The neighborhood known as the "Inlet '' became particularly impoverished. The reasons for the resort 's decline were multi-layered. First, the automobile became more readily available to many Americans after the war. Atlantic City had initially relied upon visitors coming by train and staying for a couple of weeks. The car allowed them to come and go as they pleased, and many people would spend only a few days, rather than weeks. The advent of suburbia also played a significant role. With many families moving to their own private houses, luxuries such as home air conditioning and swimming pools diminished their interest in flocking to the luxury beach resorts during the hot summer. But perhaps the biggest factor in the decline in Atlantic City 's popularity came from cheap, fast jet service to other premier resorts, such as Miami Beach and the Bahamas.
The city hosted the 1964 Democratic National Convention which nominated Lyndon Johnson for President and Hubert Humphrey as Vice President. The convention and the press coverage it generated, however, cast a harsh light on Atlantic City, which by then was in the midst of a long period of economic decline. Many felt that the friendship between Johnson and Governor of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes led Atlantic City to host the Democratic Convention.
By the late 1960s, many of the resort 's once great hotels were suffering from embarrassing vacancy rates. Most of them were either shut down, converted to cheap apartments, or converted to nursing home facilities by the end of the decade. Prior to and during the advent of legalized gambling, many of these hotels were demolished. The Breakers, the Chelsea, the Brighton, the Shelburne, the Mayflower, the Traymore and the Marlborough - Blenheim were demolished in the 1970s and 1980s. Of the many pre-casino resorts that bordered the boardwalk, only the Claridge, the Dennis, the Ritz - Carlton, and the Haddon Hall survive to this day as parts of Bally 's Atlantic City, a condo complex, and Resorts Atlantic City. The old Ambassador Hotel was purchased by Ramada in 1978 and was gutted to become the Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City, only reusing the steelwork of the original building. Smaller hotels off the boardwalk, such as the Madison also survived.
In an effort at revitalizing the city, New Jersey voters in 1976 passed a referendum, approving casino gambling for Atlantic City; this came after a 1974 referendum on legalized gambling failed to pass. Immediately after the legislation passed, the owners of the Chalfonte - Haddon Hall Hotel began converting it into the Resorts International. It was the first legal casino in the eastern United States when it opened on May 26, 1978. Other casinos were soon constructed along the Boardwalk and, later, in the marina district for a total of eleven today. The introduction of gambling did not, however, quickly eliminate many of the urban problems that plagued Atlantic City. Many people have suggested that it only served to exacerbate those problems, as attested to by the stark contrast between tourism intensive areas and the adjacent impoverished working - class neighborhoods. In addition, Atlantic City has been less popular than Las Vegas as a gambling city in the United States. Donald Trump helped bring big name boxing bouts to the city to attract customers to his casinos. The boxer Mike Tyson had most of his fights in Atlantic City in the 1980s, which helped Atlantic City achieve nationwide attention as a gambling resort. Numerous highrise condominiums were built for use as permanent residences or second homes. By end of the decade it was one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United States.
With the redevelopment of Las Vegas and the opening of two casinos in Connecticut in the early 1990s, along with newly built casinos in the nearby Philadelphia metro area in the 2000s, Atlantic City 's tourism began to decline due to its failure to diversify away from gaming. Determined to expand, in 1999 the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partnered with Las Vegas casino mogul Steve Wynn to develop a new roadway to a barren section of the city near the Marina. Nicknamed "The Tunnel Project '', Steve Wynn planned the proposed ' Mirage Atlantic City ' around the idea that he would connect the $330 million tunnel stretching 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from the Atlantic City Expressway to his new resort. The roadway was later officially named the Atlantic City - Brigantine Connector, and funnels incoming traffic off of the expressway into the city 's marina district and Brigantine, New Jersey.
Although Wynn 's plans for development in the city were scrapped in 2002, the tunnel opened in 2001. The new roadway prompted Boyd Gaming in partnership with MGM / Mirage to build Atlantic City 's newest casino. The Borgata opened in July 2003, and its success brought an influx of developers to Atlantic City with plans for building grand Las Vegas style mega casinos to revitalize the aging city.
Owing to economic conditions and the late 2000s recession, many of the proposed mega casinos never went further than the initial planning stages. One of these developers was Pinnacle Entertainment, who purchased the Sands Atlantic City, only to close it permanently November 11, 2006. The following year, the resort was demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion, the first of its kind in Atlantic City. While Pinnacle Entertainment intended to replace it with a $1.5 -- 2 billion casino resort, the company canceled its construction plans and plans to sell the land. The biggest disappointment was when MGM Resorts International announced that it would pull out of all development for Atlantic City, effectively ending their plans for the MGM Grand Atlantic City.
In 2006, Morgan Stanley purchased 20 acres (8.1 ha) directly north of the Showboat Atlantic City Hotel and Casino for a new $2 billion plus casino resort. Revel Entertainment Group was named as the project 's developer for the Revel Casino. Revel was hindered with many problems, the biggest setback occurring in April 2010 when Morgan Stanley, the owner of 90 % of Revel Entertainment Group, decided to discontinue funding for continued construction and put its stake in Revel up for sale. Early in 2010 the New Jersey state legislature passed a bill offering tax incentives to attract new investors and complete the job, but a poll by Fairleigh Dickinson University 's PublicMind released in March 2010 showed that 60 % of voters opposed the legislation, and two of three of those who opposed it "strongly '' opposed it. Ultimately, Governor Chris Christie offered Revel $261 million in state tax credits to assist the casino once it opened. As of March 2011, Revel had completed all of the exterior work and had continued work on the interior after finally receiving the funding necessary to complete construction. It had a soft opening in April 2012, and was fully open by May 2012. Ten months later, in February 2013, after serious losses and a write - down in the value of the resort from $2.4 billion to $450 million, Revel filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It was restructured but still could not carry on and re-entered bankruptcy on June 19, 2014. It was put up for sale, however as no suitable bids were received the resort closed its doors on September 2, 2014.
In the wake of the closures and declining revenue from casinos, Governor Christie said in September 2014 that the state would consider a 2015 referendum to end the 40 - year - old monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling and allowing gambling in other municipalities. With casino revenue declining from $5.2 billion in 2006 to $2.9 billion in 2013, the state saw a drop in money from its 8 % tax on those earnings, which is used to fund programs for senior citizens and the disabled.
"Superstorm Sandy '' struck Atlantic City on October 29, 2012, causing flooding and power - outages but left minimal damage to any of the tourist areas including the Boardwalk and casino resorts, despite widespread belief that the city 's boardwalk had been destroyed. The source of the misinformation was a widely circulated photograph of a damaged section of the Boardwalk that was slated for repairs, prior to the storm, and incorrect news reports at the time of the disaster. The storm produced an all - time record low barometric pressure reading of 943 mb (27.85 ") for not only Atlantic City, but the state of New Jersey.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 17.037 square miles (44.125 km), including 10.747 square miles (27.835 km) of land and 6.290 square miles (16.290 km) of water (36.92 %).
The city is located on 8.1 - mile - long (13.0 km) Absecon Island, along with Ventnor City, Margate City and Longport to the southwest.
It is 60 miles (97 km) southeast of Philadelphia and 125 miles (201 km) south of New York City.
Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Chelsea, City Island, Great Island and Venice Park.
Atlantic City has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with some maritime moderation, especially during the summer.
Summers are typically warm and humid with a July daily average of 75.6 ° F (24.2 ° C). During this time, the city gets a sea breeze off the ocean that often makes daytime temperatures much cooler than inland areas, making Atlantic City a prime place for beating the summer heat from June through September. Average highs even just a few miles west of Atlantic City exceed 85 ° F (29 ° C) in July. Near the coast, temperatures reach or exceed 90 ° F (32 ° C) on an average of only 6.8 days a year, but this reaches 21 days at nearby Atlantic City International Airport. Winters are cool, with January averaging 35.5 ° F (2 ° C). Spring and autumn are erratic, although they are usually mild with low humidity. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 20 to March 25, allowing a growing season of 239 days. Extreme temperatures range from − 9 ° F (− 23 ° C) on February 9, 1934 to 104 ° F (40 ° C) on August 7, 1918.
Annual precipitation is 40 inches (1,020 mm) which is fairly spread throughout the year. Owing to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its location in South Jersey, Atlantic City receives less snow than a good portion of the rest of New Jersey. Even at the airport, where low temperatures are often much lower than along the coast, snow averages only 16.5 inches (41.9 cm) each winter. It is very common for rain to fall in Atlantic City while the northern and western parts of the state are receiving snow.
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 39,558 people, 15,504 households, and 8,558 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,680.8 per square mile (1,421.2 / km). There were 20,013 housing units at an average density of 1,862.2 per square mile (719.0 / km). The racial makeup of the city was 26.65 % (10,543) White, 38.29 % (15,148) Black or African American, 0.61 % (242) Native American, 15.55 % (6,153) Asian, 0.05 % (18) Pacific Islander, 14.03 % (5,549) from other races, and 4.82 % (1,905) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 30.45 % (12,044) of the population.
There were 15,504 households out of which 27.3 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.9 % were married couples living together, 22.2 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.8 % were non-families. 37.5 % of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.34.
In the city, the population was spread out with 24.6 % under the age of 18, 10.2 % from 18 to 24, 26.8 % from 25 to 44, 25.8 % from 45 to 64, and 12.7 % who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.3 years. For every 100 females there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 94.4 males.
The Census Bureau 's 2006 -- 10 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation - adjusted dollars) median household income was $30,237 (with a margin of error of + / - $2,354) and the median family income was $35,488 (+ / - $2,607). Males had a median income of $32,207 (+ / - $1,641) versus $29,298 (+ / - $1,380) for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,069 (+ / - $2,532). About 23.1 % of families and 25.3 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.6 % of those under age 18 and 16.8 % of those age 65 or over.
As of the 2000 United States Census there were 40,517 people, 15,848 households, and 8,700 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,569.8 people per square mile (1,378.3 / km). There were 20,219 housing units at an average density of 1,781.4 per square mile (687.8 / km). The racial makeup of the city was 44.16 % black or African American, 26.68 % White, 0.48 % Native American, 10.40 % Asian, 0.06 % Pacific Islander, 13.76 % other races, and 4.47 % from two or more races. 24.95 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.44 % of the population was non-Hispanic whites.
There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.8 % were married couples living together, 23.2 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1 % were non-families. 37.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 15.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.26.
In the city the age distribution of the population shows 25.7 % under the age of 18, 8.9 % from 18 to 24, 31.0 % from 25 to 44, 20.2 % from 45 to 64, and 14.2 % who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $26,969, and the median income for a family was $31,997. Males had a median income of $25,471 versus $23,863 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,402. About 19.1 % of families and 23.6 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.1 % of those under age 18 and 18.9 % of those age 65 or over.
As of September 2014, the greater Atlantic City area has one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 13.8 %, out of labor force of around 141,000.
In July 2010, Governor Chris Christie announced that a state takeover of the city and local government "was imminent ''. Comparing regulations in Atlantic City to an "antique car '', Atlantic City regulatory reform is a key piece of Governor Chris Christie 's plan, unveiled on July 22, to reinvigorate an industry mired in a four - year slump in revenue and hammered by fresh competition from casinos in the surrounding states of Delaware, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and more recently, Maryland. In January 2011, Chris Christie announced the creation of the Atlantic City Tourism District, a state - run district encompassing the boardwalk casinos, the marina casinos, the Atlantic City Outlets, and Bader Field. Fairleigh Dickinson University 's PublicMind poll surveyed New Jersey voters ' attitudes on the takeover. The February 16, 2011 survey showed that 43 % opposed the measure while 29 % favored direct state oversight. Interestingly, the poll also found that even South Jersey voters expressed opposition to the plan; 40 % reported they opposed the measure and 37 % reported they were in favor of it.
On April 29, 2011, the boundaries for the state - run tourism district were set. The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements. The CRDA would oversee all functions of the district and make changes to attract new businesses and attractions. New construction will be ambitious and may resort to eminent domain.
The tourism district would comprise several key areas in the city; the Marina District, Ducktown, Chelsea, South Inlet, Bader Field, and Gardner 's Basin. Also included are 10 roadways that lead into the district, including several in the city 's northern end, or North Beach. Gardner 's Basin, which is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium, was initially left out of the tourism district, while a residential neighborhood in the Chelsea section was removed from the final boundaries, owing to complaints from the city. Also, the inclusion of Bader Field in the district was controversial and received much scrutiny from mayor Lorenzo Langford, who cast the lone "no '' vote on the creation of the district citing its inclusion.
In 1974, New Jersey voters voted 60 % - 40 % against legalizing casino gambling at four sites statewide, but two years later approved by 56 % - 44 % a new referendum which legalized casinos, but restricted them to Atlantic City. Resorts Atlantic City was the first casino to open, in May 1978, with a ribbon - cutting ceremony featuring Governor of New Jersey Brendan Byrne. Atlantic City is considered the "Gambling Capital of the East Coast '', and currently has seven large casinos. In 2011, New Jersey 's then 12 casinos employed approximately 33,000 employees, had 28.5 million visitors, made $3.3 billion in gaming revenue, and paid $278 million in taxes. They are regulated by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement.
In the wake of the United States ' economic downturn and the legalization of gambling in adjacent and nearby states (including Delaware, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania), four casino closures took place in 2014: the Atlantic Club on January 13; the Showboat on August 31; the Revel, which was Atlantic City 's second - newest casino, on September 2; and Trump Plaza, which originally opened in 1984, and was the poorest performing casino in the city, on September 16.
Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts, whose sole remaining property at the time was the Trump Taj Mahal, said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business. Trump Taj Mahal closed October 10, 2016 after failing to come to terms with union workers.
Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties (Bally 's, Caesars and Harrah 's), in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company 's casino operating unit in January 2015.
The Atlantic City Boardwalk opened on June 26, 1870, a temporary structure erected for the summer season that was the first boardwalk in the United States.
The Boardwalk starts at Absecon Inlet in the north and runs along the beach south - west to the city limit 4 miles (6.4 km) away then continues 1 ⁄ miles (2.4 km) into Ventnor City. Casino / hotels front the boardwalk, as well as retail stores, restaurants, and amusements. Notable attractions include the Boardwalk Hall, House of Blues, and the Ripley 's Believe It or Not! museum.
In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy destroyed the northern part of the boardwalk fronting Absecon Inlet, in the residential section called South Inlet. The oceanfront boardwalk in front of the Atlantic City casinos survived the storm with minimal damage.
The Boardwalk has been home to several piers over the years. The first pier, Ocean Pier, was built in 1882. It eventually fell into disrepair and was demolished. Another famous pier built during that time was Steel Pier, opened in 1898, which once billed itself as "The Showplace of the Nation ''. It now operates as an amusement pier across from the Hard Rock. Captain John Lake Young opened "Young 's Million Dollar Pier '' as an arcade hall in 1903, and on the seaward side "erected a marble mansion '', fronted by a formal garden, with lighting and landscaping designed by Young 's longtime friend Thomas Alva Edison. Young 's Million Dollar Pier, Atlantic City 's largest amusement pier during its time ", was transformed into a shopping mall in the 1980s, known as "Shops on Ocean One ''. In 2006, the Ocean One mall was bought, renovated and re-branded as "The Pier Shops at Caesars '' and in 2015, it was renamed "Playground Pier. '' Garden Pier, located opposite Revel Atlantic City, once housed a movie theater, and is now home to the Atlantic City Historical Museum.
Two other piers, an amusement pier named Steeplechase Pier and a Heinz 57 - owned pier named Heinz Pier were destroyed in the 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane. Steeplechase was rebuilt after the hurricane, and survived into the casino era. The "Steeplechase Pier Heliport '' on Steel Pier is named in its honor. The last of the four piers still standing is Schiff 's Central Pier, which is the only one still offering the same attractions it did when it opened -- a few stores, and the playcade, having reopened in 1990 after an $8 million renovation.
Atlantic City has many different shopping districts and malls, many of which are located inside or adjacent to the casino resorts. Several smaller themed retail and dining areas in casino hotels include the Borgata Shops and The Shoppes at Water Club inside the Borgata, the Waterfront Shops inside of Harrah 's, Spice Road inside the Trump Taj Mahal, while Resorts Casino Hotel has a small collection of stores and restaurants. Major shopping malls are also located in and around Atlantic City.
In Atlantic City, shops include:
Boardwalk Hall, formally known as the "Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall '', is an arena in Atlantic City along the boardwalk. Boardwalk Hall was Atlantic City 's primary convention center until the opening of the Atlantic City Convention Center in 1997. The Atlantic City Convention Center includes 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m) of showroom space, 5 exhibit halls, 45 meeting rooms with 109,000 sq ft (10,100 m) of space, a garage with 1,400 parking spaces, and an adjacent Sheraton hotel. Both the Boardwalk Hall and Convention Center are operated by the Atlantic City Convention & Visitors Authority.
Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City '') has become well - known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City. While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlantic City, it was in Indianapolis that Ruth Hoskins learned the game, and took it back to Atlantic City. After she arrived, Hoskins made a new board with Atlantic City street names, and taught it to a group of friends, who ultimately passed in on to Charles Darrow, who made some modifications to the game and claimed it as his own invention.
Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, "Marven Gardens ''. The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home - made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers. It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling, although the spelling error was not corrected.
Some of the actual locations that correspond to board elements have changed since the game 's release. Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. in the 1980s. St. Charles Place no longer exists, as the Showboat Casino Hotel was developed where it once ran.
The "Short Line '' is believed to refer to the Shore Fast Line, a streetcar line that served Atlantic City. The B&O Railroad did not serve Atlantic City. A booklet included with the reprinted 1935 edition states that the four railroads that served Atlantic City in the mid-1930s were the Jersey Central, the Seashore Lines, the Reading Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad.
The actual "Electric Company '' and "Water Works '' serving the city are the Atlantic City Electric Company and the Atlantic City Municipal Utilities Authority, respectively.
Ever since Atlantic City 's growth as a resort town, numerous attractions and tourist traps have originated in the city. A popular fixture in the early 20th century at the Steel Pier was horse diving, which was introduced by William "Doc '' Carver. The Steel Pier featured several other novelty attractions, including the Diving Bell, human high - divers and a water circus. Advertisements for the Steel Pier in its heyday featured plaster sculptures set upon wooden bases along roads leading up to Atlantic City. By the end of World War II, many animal demonstrations declined in popularity after criticisms of animal abuse and neglect.
Rolling chairs, which were introduced in 1876 and in continuous use since 1887, have been a boardwalk fixture to this day. While powered carts appeared in the 1960s, the original and most common were made of wicker. The wicker canopied chairs - on - wheels are manually pushed the length of the boardwalk by attendants, much like a Rickshaw.
The Absecon Lighthouse is a coastal lighthouse located in the South Inlet section of Atlantic City overlooking Absecon Inlet. It is the tallest lighthouse in the state of New Jersey and is the third tallest masonry lighthouse in the United States. Construction began in 1854, with the light first lit on January 15, 1857. The lighthouse was deactivated in 1933 and although the light still shines every night, it is no longer an active navigational aid. Gardner 's Basin, which is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium as well as small shops and restaurants, is located a short distance north of Absecon Light.
Since 2003, Atlantic City has hosted Thunder over the Boardwalk, an annual airshow over the boardwalk. The yearly event, a joint venture between the New Jersey Air National Guard 's 177th Fighter Wing along with several casinos, attracts over 750,000 visitors each year.
While located 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Atlantic City in Margate City, Lucy the Elephant has become almost an icon for the Atlantic City area. Lucy is a six - story elephant - shaped example of novelty architecture, constructed of wood and tin sheeting in 1882 by James V. Lafferty in an effort to sell real estate and attract tourism. Over the years, Lucy had served as a restaurant, business office, cottage, and tavern (the last closed by Prohibition). Lucy had fallen into disrepair by the 1960s and was scheduled for demolition. The structure was moved and refurbished as a result of a "Save Lucy '' campaign in 1970 and received designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and is open as a museum.
Atlantic City is the home of the Miss America competition, however it was moved to Las Vegas for seven years before returning. The Miss America competition originated on September 7, 1921, as a two - day beauty contest, and it included state contestants as well as women from various cities around the country. The event that year was called the "Atlantic City Pageant '', and the winner of the grand prize, Margaret Gorman, took home the 3 - foot Golden Mermaid trophy. Gorman was not called "Miss America '' until 1922, when she re-entered the pageant and lost to Mary Campbell. The pageant was initiated to extend the tourist season after the Labor Day weekend. The pageant has been nationally televised since 1954. It peaked in the early 1960s, when it was repeatedly the highest - rated program on American television. It was seen as a symbol of the United States, with Miss America often being referred to as the female equivalent of the President. The pageant 's longtime emcee, Bert Parks, hosted the event from 1955 to 1979. At the Atlantic City Convention Center, there is a 400 - pound (180 kg) interactive statue of Parks holding a crown. When a visitor puts their head inside the crown, sensors activate a recorded playback of his "There She Is... '' line through speakers hidden behind nearby bushes.
An LGBT event known as the "Miss 'd America Pageant '' is held annually. Originally started in 1994 as a fundraiser for local LGBT charities, the event features drag queens on the runway in a similar manner to the Miss America pageant.
Since 2010, Boardwalk Empire, an American television series from cable network HBO set in Atlantic City during the Prohibition era, has cast a new light on the city. Starring Steve Buscemi, the show was adapted from a chapter about historical criminal kingpin Enoch "Nucky '' Johnson (who is renamed "Enoch Thompson '' in the show) in Nelson Johnson 's book, Boardwalk Empire: The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City. The series was filmed in New York City at various locations that captured Atlantic City 's period architecture and on a set built to resemble the Atlantic City boardwalk in the 1920s.
Around the same time of the September 2010 premiere of the show, the Press of Atlantic City created Boss of the Boardwalk, a 45 - minute documentary which premiered on August 21, 2010 on NBC TV - 40 and aired six additional times in the following weeks.
After the premiere of Boardwalk Empire, interest in Roaring Twenties - era Atlantic City has grown. In October 2010, a plan was revealed to renovate the ailing Resorts Casino Hotel into a Roaring Twenties theme. The re-branding was proposed by current owner Dennis Gomes, and was initiated in December 2010 when he took over the casino. The changes accentuate the resort 's existing art deco design, as well as presenting new 20s - era uniforms for employees and music from the time period. The casino also introduced drinks and shows reminiscent of the period. The actual building where he lived, The Ritz - Carlton, offer tours.
In 2011, Academy Bus began a trolley tour called "Nucky 's Way '', a tour bus service that features actors portraying Nucky, as well as other characters, as it loops around the city. Nucky 's Way is the second trolley tour to capitalize off of Boardwalk Empire, after The Great American Trolley company started a weekly tour of Atlantic City with a Roaring Twenties theme in early June 2011.
On August 1, 2011, a façade modeled after the set of Boardwalk Empire was unveiled on the boardwalk in front of an empty lot at the former site of the Trump World 's Fair resort. The façade of storefronts, which consists of vinyl tacked onto three large sections of plywood, was the brainchild of longtime area radio host Pinky Kravitz, who was also a columnist for The Press of Atlantic City and host of WMGM Presents Pinky on NBC40.
In 2014, it was announced that Atlantic City would host two major beach concerts. The two headliners were Blake Shelton, which took place on July 31, 2015 and Lady Antebellum, which took place on August 3, 2014. On June 22, 2015, it was announced that Maroon 5 with special guest Nick Jonas and Matt McAndrew would headline on August 16, 2015. A few weeks later, it was announced that Rascal Flatts would play the second major beach concert of the summer season on August 20, 2015, with special guest Ashley Monroe. This concert would be part of their Riot Tour. Both concerts charged admission.
On November 16, 2006, Hal Handel, CEO of Greenwood Racing, announced that the Atlantic City Race Course in Hamilton Township would increase live racing dates from four days per year, to up to 20 days per year.
The ShopRite LPGA Classic is an LPGA Tour women 's golf tournament held near Atlantic City since 1986.
Atlantic City is one of five municipalities in the state -- and the only one outside of Cape May County -- that offer free public access to oceanfront beaches monitored by lifeguards, joining Wildwood, North Wildwood, Wildwood Crest and Upper Township 's Strathmere section.
Atlantic City is governed within the Faulkner Act (formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law) under the Mayor - Council system of municipal government (Plan D), implemented by direct petition effective as of July 1, 1982. The City Council is the governing body of Atlantic City. There are nine Council members, who are elected to serve for a term of four years, one from each of six wards and three serving at - large. The City Council exercises the legislative power of the municipality for the purpose of holding Council meetings to introduce ordinances and resolutions to regulate City government. In addition, Council members review budgets submitted by the Mayor; provide for an annual audit of the City 's accounts and financial transactions; organize standing committees and hold public hearings to address important issues which impact Atlantic City. Former Mayor Bob Levy created the Atlantic City Ethics Board in 2007, but the Board was dissolved two years later by vote of the Atlantic City Council.
As of 2017, the Mayor is Don Guardian, whose term of office ends on December 31, 2017. Members of the City Council are Council President Marty Small Sr. (2nd Ward, 2019), Chuen "Jimmy '' Cheng (5th Ward, 2019), Moisse "Mo '' Delgado (At - Large, 2017), Frank M. Gilliam Jr. (At - Large, 2017), Jesse O. Kurtz (6th Ward, 2019), William "Speedy '' Marsh (4th Ward, 2019), Aaron "Sporty '' Randolph (1st Ward, 2019), Kaleem Shabazz (3rd Ward, 2019) and George Tibbitt (At - Large, 2017).
Following questions about false claims he had made about his military record, Mayor Bob Levy left City Hall in September 2007 in a city - owned vehicle for an unknown destination. After a 13 - day absence, his lawyer revealed that Levy was in Carrier Clinic, a rehabilitation hospital. Levy resigned in October 2007 and then - Council President William Marsh assumed the office of Mayor and served six weeks until an interim mayor was named.
Atlantic City is located in the 2nd Congressional district and is part of New Jersey 's 2nd state legislative district.
New Jersey 's Second Congressional District is represented by Frank LoBiondo (R, Ventnor City). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2021) and Bob Menendez (Paramus, 2019).
For the 2018 -- 2019 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 2nd Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Chris A. Brown (R, Ventnor City) and in the General Assembly by Vince Mazzeo (D, Northfield) and John Armato (D, Buena Vista Township). The Governor of New Jersey is Phil Murphy (D, Middletown Township). The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey is Sheila Oliver (D, East Orange).
Atlantic County is governed by a directly elected county executive and a nine - member Board of Chosen Freeholders, responsible for legislation. The executive serves a four - year term and the freeholders are elected to staggered three - year terms, of which four are elected from the county on an at - large basis and five of the freeholders represent equally populated districts. As of 2017, Atlantic County 's Executive is Republican Dennis Levinson, whose term of office ends December 31, 2019. Members of the Board of Chosen Freeholders are Chairman Frank D. Formica, Freeholder At - Large (R, 2018, Margate), Vice Chairman John W. Risley, Freeholder At - Large (R, 2017, Egg Harbor Township), James A. Bertino, Freeholder District 5, including Buena Borough, Buena Vista Township, Corbin City, Egg Harbor City, Estell Manor, Folsom, Hamilton Township (part), Hammonton, Mullica Township and Weymouth Township (R, 2018, Hammonton), John L. Carman, Freeholder District 3, including Egg Harbor Township (part) and Hamilton Township (part) (R, 2017, Egg Harbor Township), Ernest D. Coursey, Freeholder District 1, including Atlantic City (part), Egg Harbor Township (part) and Pleasantville (D, 2019, Atlantic City), Richard Dase, Freeholder District 4, including Absecon, Brigantine, Galloway Township and Port Republic (R, 2019, Galloway Township), Amy Gatto, Freeholder At - Large (R, 2019, Mays Landing in Hamilton Township), Maureen Kern, Freeholder District 2, including Atlantic City (part), Egg Harbor Township (part), Linwood, Longport, Margate, Northfield, Somers Point and Ventnor (R, 2018, Somers Point) and Alexander C. Marino, Freeholder At - Large (R, 2017, Linwood). Atlantic County 's constitutional officers are County Clerk Edward P. McGettigan (D, 2021; Linwood), Sheriff Michael Petuskey, Acting Sheriff (2017) and Surrogate James Curcio (D, 2020, Hammonton).
As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 20,001 registered voters in Atlantic City, of which 12,063 (60.3 % vs. 30.5 % countywide) were registered as Democrats, 1,542 (7.7 % vs. 25.2 %) were registered as Republicans and 6,392 (32.0 % vs. 44.3 %) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 4 voters registered to other parties. Among the city 's 2010 Census population, 50.6 % (vs. 58.8 % in Atlantic County) were registered to vote, including 67.0 % of those ages 18 and over (vs. 76.6 % countywide).
In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 9,948 votes (86.6 % vs. 57.9 % countywide), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 1,548 votes (13.5 % vs. 41.1 %) and other candidates with 49 votes (0.4 % vs. 0.9 %), among the 11,489 ballots cast by the city 's 21,477 registered voters, for a turnout of 53.5 % (vs. 65.8 % in Atlantic County). In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 10,975 votes (82.1 % vs. 56.5 % countywide), ahead of Republican John McCain with 2,175 votes (16.3 % vs. 41.6 %) and other candidates with 82 votes (0.6 % vs. 1.1 %), among the 13,370 ballots cast by the city 's 26,030 registered voters, for a turnout of 51.4 % (vs. 68.1 % in Atlantic County). In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 8,487 votes (74.5 % vs. 52.0 % countywide), ahead of Republican George W. Bush with 2,687 votes (23.6 % vs. 46.2 %) and other candidates with 96 votes (0.8 % vs. 0.8 %), among the 11,389 ballots cast by the city 's 23,310 registered voters, for a turnout of 48.9 % (vs. 69.8 % in the whole county).
In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 4,293 ballots cast (52.6 % vs. 34.9 % countywide), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 2,897 votes (35.5 % vs. 60.0 %) and other candidates with 63 votes (0.8 % vs. 1.3 %), among the 8,155 ballots cast by the city 's 23,049 registered voters, yielding a 35.4 % turnout (vs. 41.5 % in the county). In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 4,988 ballots cast (69.9 % vs. 44.5 % countywide), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 1,578 votes (22.1 % vs. 47.7 %), Independent Chris Daggett with 157 votes (2.2 % vs. 4.8 %) and other candidates with 99 votes (1.4 % vs. 1.2 %), among the 7,141 ballots cast by the city 's 22,585 registered voters, yielding a 31.6 % turnout (vs. 44.9 % in the county).
The New Jersey Casino Control Commission is a New Jersey state governmental agency that was founded in 1977 as the state 's gaming control board, responsible for administering the Casino Control Act and its regulations to assure public trust and confidence in the credibility and integrity of the casino industry and casino operations in Atlantic City. Casinos operate under licenses granted by the Commission. The Commission is headquartered in the Arcade Building at Tennessee Avenue and Boardwalk in Atlantic City.
The New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement is a division of the New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety and is responsible for certifying casino gaming revenue, registering casino employees and non-gaming vendors, licensing gaming vendors, and handling all casino patron complaints.
The CRDA was founded in 1984 and is responsible for directing the spending of casino reinvestment funds in public and private projects to benefit Atlantic City and other areas of the state. From 1985 through April 2008, CRDA spent US $1.5 billion on projects in Atlantic City and US $300 million throughout New Jersey.
The Convention & Visitors Authority (ACCVA) was in charge of advertising and marketing for the city as well as promoting economic growth through convention and leisure tourism development. The ACCVA managed the Boardwalk Hall and Atlantic City Convention Center, as well as the Boardwalk Welcome Center inside Boardwalk Hall and a welcome center on the Atlantic City Expressway. In 2011, the ACCVA was absorbed into the CRDA as part of the state takeover that created the tourism district.
The Atlantic City Special Improvement District (SID) was a nonprofit organization created in 1992, funded by a special assessment tax on businesses within the improvement district. It carried out various activities to improve the city 's business community, including street cleaning and promotional efforts. In 2011, the SID was absorbed by the CRDA; the former SID boundaries would be expanded to the include all areas in the newly formed tourism district. Under the new structure, established by state legislation, the CRDA assumed responsibility for the staff, equipment and programs of the SID. The new SID division includes a SID committee made up of CRDA board members and an advisory council consisting of the current trustees and others.
The Atlantic City Fire Department (ACFD) provides fire protection and first responder emergency medical services to the city. The ACFD operates out of six fire stations, located throughout the city in one battalion, under the command of a Battalion Chief, who in - turn reports to an on - duty Deputy Chief, or Tour Commander per shift.
Below is a complete listing of all fire station and fire apparatus locations in the city.
The city is protected by the Atlantic City Police Department, which handles 150,000 calls per year. The Chief of Police is Henry White.
The Atlantic City School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grades. As of the 2014 - 15 school year, the district and its 11 schools had an enrollment of 7,143 students and 728.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student -- teacher ratio of 9.8: 1. Schools in the district (with 2014 - 15 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Venice Park School (90 students in PreK), Brighton Avenue School (334 students in grades K - 5), Chelsea Heights School (357; PreK - 8), Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. School Complex (679; PreK - 8), New York Avenue School (617; PreK - 8), Pennsylvania Avenue School (604; PreK - 8), Richmond Avenue School (648; PreK - 8), Sovereign Avenue School (734; K - 8), Texas Avenue School (586; K - 8), Uptown School Complex (601; PreK - 8) and Atlantic City High School (2,010; 9 - 12). Pennsylvania Avenue School opened for the 2012 - 13 school year, with most students shifting from New Jersey Avenue School, which had been one of the district 's oldest and most rundown schools.
Students from Brigantine, Longport, Margate City and Ventnor City attend Atlantic City High School as part of sending / receiving relationships with the respective school districts.
City public school students are also eligible to attend the Atlantic County Institute of Technology in the Mays Landing section of Hamilton Township or the Charter - Tech High School for the Performing Arts, located in Somers Point.
Oceanside Charter School, which offered pre-Kindergarten through eighth grade, was founded in 1999 and closed in June 2013 when its charter was n't renewed by the New Jersey Department of Education.
Founded in 1908, Our Lady Star of the Sea Regional School is a Catholic elementary school, operated under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Camden.
Nearby college campuses include those of Atlantic Cape Community College and Stockton University, the latter of which offers classes and resources in the city such as the Carnegie Library Center.
Atlantic City is part of the Philadelphia television market. There, six stations licensed in the area.
As of May 2010, the city had a total of 103.67 miles (166.84 km) of roadways, of which 88.26 miles (142.04 km) were maintained by the municipality, 1.29 miles (2.08 km) by Atlantic County and 5.32 miles (8.56 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and 8.80 miles (14.16 km) by the South Jersey Transportation Authority.
The three roadways into Atlantic City are the Black Horse Pike / Harding Highway (US 322 / 40 via the Albany Avenue drawbridge), White Horse Pike (US 30), and the Atlantic City Expressway. Atlantic City is roughly 132 miles (212 km) south of New York City by road (via the Garden State Parkway) and 55 miles (89 km) southeast of Philadelphia.
Atlantic City is connected to other cities in several ways. NJ Transit 's Atlantic City Rail Terminal at the Atlantic City Convention Center provides service from 30th Street Station in Philadelphia through several smaller South Jersey communities via the Atlantic City Line.
On June 20, 2006, the board of NJ Transit approved a three - year trial of express train service between New York Penn Station and the Atlantic City Rail Terminal. The line, known as ACES (Atlantic City Express Service), ran from February 2009 to March 2012. The approximate travel time was 2 ⁄ hours, with a stop at Newark 's Penn Station, and was part of the casinos ' multimillion - dollar investments in Atlantic City. Most of the funding for the transit line was provided by Harrah 's Entertainment (owners of both Harrah 's Atlantic City and Caesars Atlantic City) and the Borgata.
The Atlantic City Bus Terminal is the home to local, intrastate and interstate bus companies including NJ Transit, Academy and Greyhound bus lines. The Greyhound Lucky Streak Express offers service to Atlantic City from New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, and Washington, D.C.
Within the city, public transportation is provided by NJ Transit along 13 routes, including service between the city and the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan on the 319 route, and service to and from Atlantic City on routes 501 (to Brigantine Beach), 502 (to Atlantic Cape Community College), 504 (to Ventnor Plaza), 505 (to Longport), 507 (to Ocean City), 508 (to the Hamilton Mall), 509 (to Ocean City), 551 (to Philadelphia), 552 (to Cape May), 553 (to Upper Deerfield Township), 554 (to the Lindenwold PATCO station) and 559 (to Lakewood Township).
The Atlantic City Jitney Association (ACJA) offers service on four fixed - route lines and on shuttles to and from the rail terminal.
Commercial airlines serve Atlantic City via Atlantic City International Airport, located 9 miles (14 km) northwest of the city in Egg Harbor Township. Many travelers also fly into Philadelphia International Airport, Trenton - Mercer Airport, or Newark Liberty International Airport, where there are wider selections of carriers from which to choose. The historic downtown Bader Field airport is now permanently closed and plans are in the works to redevelop the land.
Atlantic City International Airport is a focus city for Spirit Airlines. The airport is also served by Air Canada Express, as well as various scheduled chartered flight companies.
The AtlantiCare Regional Medical Center is a health system based in Atlantic City. Founded in 1898, it includes two hospitals; the Atlantic City Campus and the Mainland Campus in Pomona, New Jersey. It has Atlantic City 's only cancer institute, heart institute, and neonatal intensive care unit.
South Jersey Industries provides natural gas to the city under the South Jersey Gas division. Marina Energy and its subsidiary, Energenic, a joint business venture with a long - time business partner, operate two thermal power stations in the city. The Marina Thermal Plant serves the Borgata while a second plant serves the Resorts Hotel and Casino. Another thermal plant is the Midtown Thermal Control Center on Atlantic and Ohio Avenues built by Conectiv, which opened in 1997 and provides chilled water for hotels and other facilities along the Boardwalk.
Electrical power in Atlantic City as well as the surrounding area is primarily served by Atlantic City Electric, which was incorporated in 1924 and provides power from the Beesley 's Point Generating Station in Upper Township, as well as other locations.
The Jersey - Atlantic Wind Farm, opened in 2005, is the first onshore coastal wind farm in the United States. In October 2010, North American Offshore Wind Conference was held in the city and included tours of the facility and potential sites for further development. In February 2011, the state passed legislation permitting the construction of windmills for electricity along pre-existing piers, such as the Steel Pier. The first phase of the Atlantic Wind Connection, a planned electrical transmission backbone along the Jersey Shore was planned to be operational in 2013.
In addition to the city 's exposure in the HBO series Boardwalk Empire, Atlantic City has been featured in several other aspects of pop culture.
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Atlantic City include:
Atlantic City boardwalk
Boardwalk in 1917
Boardwalk on a rainy day
Boardwalk facing north
Atlantic Ocean shore in Atlantic City, New Jersey
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i'll have it my way frank sinatra | My Way - wikipedia
"My Way '' is a song popularized in 1969 by Frank Sinatra. Its lyrics were written by Paul Anka and set to the music of the French song "Comme d'habitude '' co-composed and co-written (with Jacques Revaux), and performed in 1967 by Claude François. Anka 's English lyrics are unrelated to the original French song. The song was a success for a variety of performers including Sinatra, Elvis Presley, and Sid Vicious. Sinatra 's version of "My Way '' spent 75 weeks in the UK Top 40, a record which still stands.
Paul Anka heard the original 1967 French pop song, Comme d'habitude (As Usual) performed by Claude François, while on holiday in the south of France. He flew to Paris to negotiate the rights to the song. In a 2007 interview, he said, "I thought it was a shitty record, but there was something in it. '' He acquired adaptation, recording, and publishing rights for the mere nominal, but formal, consideration of one dollar, subject to the provision that the melody 's composers would retain their original share of royalty rights with respect to whatever versions Anka or his designates created or produced. Some time later, Anka had a dinner in Florida with Frank Sinatra and "a couple of Mob guys '' during which Sinatra said "I 'm quitting the business. I 'm sick of it; I 'm getting the hell out. ''
Back in New York, Anka re-wrote the original French song for Sinatra, subtly altering the melodic structure and changing the lyrics:
"At one o'clock in the morning, I sat down at an old IBM electric typewriter and said, ' If Frank were writing this, what would he say? ' And I started, metaphorically, ' And now the end is near. ' I read a lot of periodicals, and I noticed everything was ' my this ' and ' my that '. We were in the ' me generation ' and Frank became the guy for me to use to say that. I used words I would never use: ' I ate it up and spit it out. ' But that 's the way he talked. I used to be around steam rooms with the Rat Pack guys -- they liked to talk like Mob guys, even though they would have been scared of their own shadows. ''
Anka finished the song at 5 in the morning. "I called Frank up in Nevada -- he was at Caesar 's Palace -- and said, ' I 've got something really special for you. ' '' Anka claimed, "When my record company caught wind of it, they were very pissed that I did n't keep it for myself. I said, ' Hey, I can write it, but I 'm not the guy to sing it. ' It was for Frank, no one else. '' Despite this, Anka would later record the song in 1969 (very shortly after Sinatra 's recording was released). Anka recorded it four other times as well: in 1996 (as a duet with Gabriel Byrne, performed in the movie Mad Dog Time), in 1998 in Spanish as "A Mi Manera '' (duet with Julio Iglesias), in 2007 (as a duet with Jon Bon Jovi) and in 2013 (as a duet with Garou).
A few hours before going to celebrate New Year 's Eve at the Casino SANDS, Frank Sinatra recorded his version of the song on December 30, 1968, which was released in early 1969 on the ' ' My Way ' ' LP and as a single. It reached No. 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 2 on the Easy Listening chart in the US. In the UK, the single achieved a still unmatched record, becoming the recording with the most weeks inside the Top 40, spending 75 weeks from April 1969 to September 1971. It spent a further 49 weeks in the Top 75 but never bettered the No. 5 slot achieved upon its first chart run.
Although this work became Frank Sinatra 's signature song, his daughter Tina says the legendary singer came to hate the song. "He did n't like it. That song stuck and he could n't get it off his shoe. He always thought that song was self - serving and self - indulgent. ''
sales figures based on certification alone
In the midst of Sinatra 's multiple runs on the UK Singles Chart, Welsh singer Dorothy Squires also released a rendition of "My Way '' in Summer 1970. Her recording reached number 25 on the UK Singles Chart and re-entered the chart twice more during that year.
Elvis Presley began performing the song in concert during the mid-1970s, despite Anka 's suggestions that the song did not suit him. Nevertheless, on January 12 and 14, 1973, Presley sang the song during his satellite show Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite, beamed live and on deferred basis (for European audiences, who also saw it in prime time), to 43 countries via Intelsat.
On October 3, 1977, several weeks after Presley 's death, his live recording of "My Way '' (recorded for the Elvis In Concert CBS - TV special on June 21, 1977) was released as a single. In the U.S., it reached number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in late - 1977 / early - 1978 (higher than Frank Sinatra 's peak position), number 6 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, and went Gold for its successful sales of over a million copies. The following year the single reached number 2 on the Billboard Country singles chart but went all the way to number 1 on the rival Cash Box Country Singles chart. In the UK, it reached number 9 on the UK Singles Chart.
shipments figures based on certification alone
Sex Pistols ' bassist Sid Vicious did a punk rock version of the song, in which a large body of the words were changed and the arrangement was sped up. The orchestral backing was arranged by Simon Jeffes.
Interviewed in 2007, Paul Anka said he had been "somewhat destabilized by the Sex Pistols ' version. It was kind of curious, but I felt he (Sid Vicious) was sincere about it. ''
Vicious did not know all the lyrics to the song when it was recorded, so he improvised several lyrics, including use of the swear words "cunt '' and "fuck '' as well as the word "queer '' (slang for a gay man). Vicious ' reference to a "prat who wears hats '' was an in - joke directed towards Vicious ' friend and Sex Pistols bandmate Johnny Rotten, who was fond of wearing different kinds of hats he would pick up at rummage sales.
An edited version of Vicious 's cover is played during the closing credits of the films Goodfellas and Juan of the Dead.
In her album The End, released in conjunction with the film Nana 2, singer and actress Mika Nakashima performs a cover of Vicious ' version of the song with what sounds like an audience singing background vocals.
In 2012 Anka revised the lyrics of the song for Chris Mann 's debut album Roads. In Mann 's version the song is presented from the perspective of a young man looking to the future instead of an older man reflecting on his life.
In 1970, British singer Samantha Jones won the music festival held in Belgian Knokke - Heist with a version of "My Way '', which subsequently reached # 4 on the Dutch charts.
The Pogues ' Shane MacGowan recorded a punk cover of the song, reaching No. 29 on the UK singles chart.
In 2002, American rapper Jay - Z released a hip - hop version of "My Way '' titled "I Did It My Way '' on his album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse.
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who sang g l o r i a | Gloria (Them song) - wikipedia
"Gloria '' is a song written by Northern Irish singer - songwriter Van Morrison and originally recorded by Morrison 's band Them in 1964 and released as the B - side of "Baby, Please Do n't Go ''. The song became a garage rock staple and a part of many rock bands ' repertoires. It is particularly memorable for its "Gloria! '' chorus. It is easy to play, as a simple three - chord song, and thus is popular with those learning to play guitar.
Morrison said that he wrote "Gloria '' while he performed with the Monarchs in Germany in the summer of 1963, at just about the time he turned 18 years old. He started to perform it at the Maritime Hotel when he returned to Belfast and joined up with the Gamblers to form the band Them. He would ad - lib lyrics as he performed, sometimes stretching the song to 15 or 20 minutes. After signing a contract with Dick Rowe and Decca, Them went to London for a recording session at Decca Three Studios in West Hampstead on 5 April 1964; "Gloria '' was one of the seven songs recorded that day. Besides Morrison, present were Billy Harrison on guitar, Alan Henderson on bass, Ronnie Millings on drums and Patrick John McCauley on keyboards. Rowe brought in session musicians Arthur Greenslade on organ and Bobby Graham on drums, since he considered the Them members too inexperienced. There remains some dispute about whether Millings and McCauley were miked up, but Alan Henderson contends that Them constituted the first rock group to use two drummers on a recording. Although some sources claim that Jimmy Page played second guitar, other sources deny this.
"Gloria '' was the B - side when "Baby, Please Do n't Go '' was released in the U.K. on 6 November 1964. It was re-released in 1973 on the Deram label, but did not chart.
One explanation for the timeless popularity of the song was offered in AllMusic 's review by Bill Janovitz:
The beauty of the original is that Van Morrison needs only to speak - sing, in his Howlin ' Wolf growl, "I watch her come up to my house / She knocks upon my door / And then she comes up to my room / I want to say she makes me feel all right / G-L-O-R-I-A! '' to convey his teenage lust. The original Latin meaning of the name is not lost on Morrison. Them never varies from the three chords, utilizing only dynamic changes to heighten the tension.
"Gloria '' was rated number 69 on Dave Marsh 's list in the 1989 book The Heart of Rock & Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made. He described the song as "one of the few rock songs that 's actually as raunchy as its reputation. ''
In his book Rock and Roll: The 100 Best Singles, Paul Williams said about the two sides of the "Baby Please Do n't Go / Gloria '' recording: "Into the heart of the beast... here is something so good, so pure, that if no other hint of it but this record existed, there would still be such a thing as rock and roll... Van Morrison 's voice a fierce beacon in the darkness, the lighthouse at the end of the world. Resulting in one of the most perfect rock anthems known to humankind. ''
Humourist Dave Barry joked that "You can throw a guitar off a cliff, and as it bounces off rocks on the way down, it will, all by itself, play Gloria. ''
In 1999, "Gloria '' by Them received the Grammy Hall of Fame Award. In 2000, "Gloria '' by Them was listed as number 81 on VH1 's list of The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time. In 2004, "Gloria '' by Them was ranked # 208 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, moving down to # 211 in the 2010 updated list. "Gloria '' was also included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll twice: by Patti Smith and by Shadows of Knight.
Them 's recording of the song appeared in an episode of TV series The Sopranos, "Pine Barrens '', accompanying the appearance of Annabella Sciorra 's character Gloria Trillo. "Gloria '' by Them was played a number of times in the 1983 film The Outsiders and also sung while fending off the monster in the jukebox musical, Return to the Forbidden Planet. It was also professional skateboarder Jim Greco 's song in the video "Baker 2g ''.
Them
Shadows of Knight
Van Morrison and John Lee Hooker
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who wrote the song get here if you can | Get Here - wikipedia
"Get Here '' is a pop ballad written by American singer and songwriter Brenda Russell. The title track of her fourth studio album Get Here (1988), it became a moderate hit on the Billboard R&B chart on the heels of the album 's massive first hit, "Piano in the Dark ''. American vocalist Oleta Adams recorded the song in 1990, making it a major international hit that reached the top 5 in both the US and the UK. Adams ' version of "Get Here '', co-produced by Roland Orzabal from the band Tears for Fears (for whom she had performed the female vocals on the hit single, "Woman in Chains '' a year earlier), became her signature song.
Brenda Russell had written the song while staying at a penthouse in Stockholm: the tune came to her as she viewed some hot air balloons floating over the city, a sight Russell recalls set her "really tripping on how many ways you can get to a person '' (the eventual song 's lyrics include the line: "You can make it in a big balloon but you 'd better make it soon ''). Although Russell did not pursue the musical ideas that came to her as her current record label saw her as a dance artist and she thought would not be interested in a song such as the one which became "Get Here '', the song was still in the singer 's mind when she woke up the next day: "I do n't read or write music (therefore) it 's extraordinary if a song is still in my head that I have n't jotted down or recorded. So if it 's still in my head overnight, I think that 's something extra special, it 's like somebody trying to tell me something. '' Russell recorded the song as the title cut of her 1988 album from which it was issued as a single - the album 's third - reaching # 37 on the Billboard R&B charts.
It was while Oleta Adams was visiting Stockholm that she heard Russell 's song playing in a record store and was sufficiently impressed with the song to record it for her 1990 album Circle of One. Adams ' version of "Get Here '' was issued as a single in early 1991. World events at this time gave the song a resonance as an anthem for the US troops in the Gulf War -- underscored by the lyrics "You can reach me by caravan / Cross the desert like an Arab man '' -- which sent Adams ' single into the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 in the spring of 1991.
The Beautiful South 's album Gaze included a song with the same title and, partially, similar lyrics - but reversed the theme, with Paul Heaton protesting his unwillingness to travel any distance at all for his lover. (Sample lyric: "You can get here by helicopter '' / "I can barely make Blackpool sands '').
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which state is a member of the seven sisters | Northeast India - Wikipedia
Northeast India (officially North Eastern Region, NER) is the easternmost region of India representing both a geographic and political administrative division of the country. It comprises eight states -- Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. The Siliguri Corridor in West Bengal, with a width of 21 to 40 kilometres (13 to 25 mi), connects the North Eastern Region with East India. The region shares an international border of 5,182 kilometres (3,220 mi) (about 99 percent of its total geographical boundary) with the neighbouring countries -- 1,395 kilometres (867 mi) with Tibet Autonomous Region, China in the north, 1,640 kilometres (1,020 mi) with Myanmar in the east, 1,596 kilometres (992 mi) with Bangladesh in the south - west, 97 kilometres (60 mi) with Nepal in the west and 455 kilometres (283 mi) with Bhutan in the north - west. It comprises an area of 262,230 square kilometres (101,250 sq mi), almost 8 percent of that of India, and is one of the largest salient (panhandle) in the world.
The states of North Eastern Region are officially recognised under the North Eastern Council (NEC), constituted in 1971 as the acting agency for the development of the north eastern states. Long after induction of NEC, Sikkim formed part of the North Eastern Region as the eighth state in 2002. India 's Look - East connectivity projects connect Northeast India to China and ASEAN.
The earliest settlers may have been Austro - Asiatic speakers from Southeast Asia, followed by Tibeto - Burmese from China and by 500 B.C. Indo - Aryans speakers from Gangetic Plains. Due to the bio - and crop diversity of the region, archaeological researchers believe that early settlers of Northeast India had domesticated several important plants. Writers believe that the 100 BC writings of Chinese explorer, Zhang Qian indicate an early trade route via Northeast India. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mention a people called Sêsatai in the region, who produced malabathron, so prized in the old world.
In the early historical period (most of first millennium), Kamarupa straddled most of present - day Northeast India, besides Bhutan and Sylhet in Bangladesh. Xuanzang, a travelling Chinese Buddhist monk, visited Kamarupa in the 7th century. He described the people as "short in stature and black - looking '', whose speech differed a little from mid-India and who were of simple but violent disposition. He wrote that the people in Kamarupa knew of Sichuan, which lay to the kingdom 's east beyond a treacherous mountain. For many of the tribal peoples, their primary identification is with subtribes and villages, which have distinct dialects and cultures.
The northeastern states were established during the British Raj of the 19th and early 20th centuries, when they became relatively isolated from traditional trading partners such as Bhutan and Myanmar. Many of the peoples in present - day Mizoram, Meghalaya and Nagaland converted to Christianity under the influence of British (Welsh) missionaries.
In the early 19th century, both the Ahom and the Manipur kingdoms fell to a Burmese invasion. The ensuing First Anglo - Burmese War resulted in the entire region coming under British control. In the colonial period (1826 -- 1947), North East India was made a part of Bengal Province from 1839 to 1873, when Assam became its own province.
After Indian Independence from British Rule in 1947, the Northeastern region of British India consisted of Assam and the princely states of Manipur and Tripura. Subsequently, Nagaland in 1963, Meghalaya in 1972, Arunachal Pradesh in 1975 (capital changed to Itanagar) (formed on 20 February 1987) and Mizoram in 1987 were formed out of the large territory of Assam. Manipur and Tripura remained as Union Territories of India between 1956 until 1972, when they attained fully - fledged statehood. Sikkim was integrated as the eighth North Eastern Council state in 2002.
The city of Shillong served as the capital of the Assam province created during British Rule. It remained as the capital of undivided Assam until formation of the state of Meghalaya in 1972. The capital of Assam was shifted to Dispur, a part of Guwahati, and Shillong was designated as the capital of Meghalaya.
The Seven Sister States is a popular term for the contiguous states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura prior to inclusion of the state of Sikkim into the North Eastern Region of India. The sobriquet ' Land of the Seven Sisters ' was coined to coincide with the inauguration of the new states in January 1972 by Jyoti Prasad Saikia, a journalist in Tripura, in the course of a radio talk show. He later compiled a book on the interdependence and commonness of the Seven Sister States, and named it the Land of Seven Sisters. It has been primarily because of this publication that the nickname has caught on.
In 1944, the Japanese planned a daring attack on India. Traveling through Burma, its forces were stopped at Kohima and Imphal by British and Indian troops. This marked the furthest western expansion of the Japanese Empire; its defeat in this area presaged Allied victory.
Arunachal Pradesh, a state in the Northeastern tip of India, is claimed by China as South Tibet. Sino - Indian relations degraded, resulting in the Sino - Indian War of 1962. The cause of the escalation into war is still disputed by both Chinese and Indian sources. During the war in 1962, the PRC (China) captured much of the NEFA (North - East Frontier Agency) created by India in 1954. But on 21 November 1962, China declared a unilateral ceasefire, and withdrew its troops 20 kilometres (12 mi) behind the McMahon Line. It returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963.
The Northeast region can be physiographically categorised into the Eastern Himalaya, the Patkai and the Brahmaputra and the Barak valley plains. Northeast India (at the confluence of Indo - Malayan, Indo - Chinese, and Indian biogeographical realms) has a predominantly humid sub-tropical climate with hot, humid summers, severe monsoons, and mild winters. Along with the west coast of India, this region has some of the Indian sub-continent's last remaining rain forests, which support diverse flora and fauna and several crop species. Reserves of petroleum and natural gas in the region are estimated to constitute a fifth of India 's total potential.
The region is covered by the mighty Brahmaputra - Barak river systems and their tributaries. Geographically, apart from the Brahmaputra, Barak and Imphal valleys and some flat lands in between the hills of Meghalaya and Tripura, the remaining two - thirds of the area is hilly terrain interspersed with valleys and plains; the altitude varies from almost sea - level to over 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) above MSL. The region 's high rainfall, averaging around 10,000 millimetres (390 in) and above, creates problems of ecosystem, high seismic activity, and floods. The states of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim have a montane climate with cold, snowy winters and mild summers.
Kangchenjunga, the third highest mountain peak in the world rising to an altitude of 8,586 m (28,169 ft), lies in - between the state Sikkim and adjacent country Nepal.
Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River in Northeast India:
Northeast India has a subtropical climate that is influenced by its relief and influences from the southwest and northeast monsoons. The Himalayas to the north, the Meghalaya plateau to the south and the hills of Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur to the east influences the climate. Since monsoon winds originating from the Bay of Bengal move northeast, these mountains force the moist winds upwards, causing them to cool adiabatically and condense into clouds, releasing heavy precipitation on these slopes. It is the rainiest region in the country, with many places receiving an average annual precipitation of 2,000 mm (79 in), which is mostly concentrated in summer during the monsoon season. Cherrapunji, located on the Meghalaya plateau is one of the rainiest place in the world with an annual precipitation of 11,777 mm (463.7 in). Temperatures are moderate in the Brahmaputra and Barak valley river plains which decreases with altitude in the hilly areas. At the highest altitudes, there is permanent snow cover.
Temperature Temperatures vary by altitude with the warmest places being in the Brahmaputra and Barak River plains and the coldest at the highest altitudes. It is also influenced by proximity to the sea with the valleys and western areas being close to the sea, which moderates temperatures. Generally, temperatures in the hilly and mountainous areas are generally lower than the plains which lie at a lower altitude. Summer temperatures tend to be more uniform than winter temperatures due to high cloud cover and humidity.
In the Brahmaputra and Barak valley river plains, mean winter temperatures vary between 16 to 17 ° C (61 to 63 ° F) while mean summer temperatures are around 28 ° C (82 ° F). The highest summer temperatures occur in the West Tripura plain with Agartala, the capital of Tripura having mean maximum summer temperatures ranging between 33 to 35 ° C (91 to 95 ° F) in April. The highest temperatures in summer occur before the arrival of monsoons and thus eastern areas have the highest temperatures in June and July where the monsoon arrives later than western areas. In the Cachar Plain, located south of the Brahmaputra plain, temperatures are higher than the Brahmaputra plain although the temperature range is smaller owing to higher cloud cover and the monsoons that moderate night temperatures year round.
In the mountainous areas of Arunachal Pradesh, the Himalayan ranges in the northern border with India and China experience the lowest temperatures with heavy snow during winter and temperatures that drop below freezing. Areas with altitudes exceeding 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) receive snowfall during winters and have cool summers. Below 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) above sea level, winter temperatures reach up to 15 ° C (59 ° F) during the day with nights dropping to zero while summers are cool, with a mean maximum of 25 ° C (77 ° F) and a mean minimum of 15 ° C (59 ° F). In the hilly areas of Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram, winters are cold while summers are cool.
The plains in Manipur has colder winter minimums than what is warranted by its elevation owing to being surrounded by hills on all sides. This is due to temperature inversions during winter nights when cold air descends from the hills into the valleys below and its geographic location which prevents winds that bring hot temperatures and humidity from coming into the Manipur plain.
Rainfall The southwest monsoon is responsible for bringing 90 % of the annual rainfall to the region. April to late October are the months where most of the rainfall in Northeast India occurs with June and July being the rainiest months. Southern areas are the first to receive the monsoon (May or June) with the Brahmaputra valley and the mountainous north receiving later (later May or June). In the hilly parts of Mizoram, the closer proximity to the Bay of Bengal causes it to experience early monsoons with June being the wettest season.
The North Eastern Region of India is a mega-earthquake prone zone caused by active fault planes beneath formed by the convergence of three tectonic plates viz. India Plate, Eurasian Plate and Burma Plate. Historically the region has suffered from two great earthquakes (M > 8.0) -- 1897 Assam earthquake and 1950 Assam - Tibet earthquake -- and about 20 large earthquakes (8.0 > M > 7.0) since 1897. The 1950 Assam - Tibet earthquake is still the largest earthquake in India.
WWF has identified the entire Eastern Himalayas as a priority Global 200 Ecoregion. Conservation International has upscaled the Eastern Himalaya hotspot to include all the eight states of Northeast India, along with the neighbouring countries of Bhutan, southern China and Myanmar.
The region has been identified by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research as a centre of rice germplasm. The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), India, has highlighted the region as being rich in wild relatives of crop plants. It is the centre of origin of citrus fruits. Two primitive variety of maize, Sikkim Primitive 1 and 2, have been reported from Sikkim (Dhawan, 1964). Although jhum cultivation, a traditional system of agriculture, is often cited as a reason for the loss of forest cover of the region, this primary agricultural economic activity practised by local tribes supported the cultivation of 35 varieties of crops. The region is rich in medicinal plants and many other rare and endangered taxa. Its high endemism in both higher plants, vertebrates, and avian diversity has qualified it as a biodiversity hotspot.
The following figures highlight the biodiversity significance of the region:
The International Council for Bird Preservation, UK identified the Assam plains and the Eastern Himalaya as an Endemic Bird Area (EBA). The EBA has an area of 220,000 km following the Himalayan range in the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Myanmar and the Indian states of Sikkim, northern West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, southern Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram. Because of a southward occurrence of this mountain range in comparison to other Himalayan ranges, this region has a distinctly different climate, with warmer mean temperatures and fewer days with frost, and much higher rainfall. This has resulted in the occurrence of a rich array of restricted - range bird species. More than two critically endangered species, three endangered species, and 14 vulnerable species of birds are in this EBA. Stattersfield et al. (1998) identified 22 restricted range species, out of which 19 are confined to this region and the remaining three are present in other endemic and secondary areas. Eleven of the 22 restricted - range species found in this region are considered as threatened (Birdlife International 2001), a number greater than in any other EBA of India.
WWF has identified the following priority ecoregions in North - East India:
The total population of Northeast India is 46 million with 68 percent of that living in Assam alone. Assam also has a higher population density of 397 persons per km2 than the national average of 382 persons per km2. The literacy rates in the states of the Northeastern region, except those in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, are higher than the national average of 74 percent. As per 2011 census, Meghalaya recorded the highest population growth of 27.8 percent among all the states of the region, higher than the national average at 17.64 percent; while Nagaland recorded the lowest in the entire country with a negative 0.5 percent.
According to 2011 Census of India, the largest cities in Northeast India are
UA: Urban Agglomeration
Northeast India constitutes a single linguistic region within the Indian national context, with about 220 languages in multiple language families (Indo - European, Trans - Himalayan / Sino - Tibetan, Kra -- Dai, Austroasiatic, as well as some creole languages) that share a number of features that set them apart from most other areas of the Indian subcontinent (such as alveolar consonants rather than the more typical dental / retroflex distinction). Assamese, an Indo - Aryan language spoken mostly in the Brahmaputra Valley, developed as a lingua franca for many speech communities. Assamese - based pidgin / creoles have developed in Nagaland (Nagamese) and Arunachal (Nefamese), though their use has been on a decline in recent times. The Austro - Asiatic family is represented by the Khasi, Jaintia and War languages of Meghalaya. A small number of Tai -- Kadai languages (Ahom, Tai Phake, Khamti, etc.) are also spoken. Trans - Himalayan / Sino - Tibetan is represented by a number of languages that differ significantly from each other, some of which are: Bodo, Rabha, Karbi, Mising, Tiwa, Deori, Biate etc. (Assam); Garo, Biate (Meghalaya) Ao, Angami, Sema, Lotha, Konyak etc. (Nagaland); Mizo, Hmar, Chakma (Mizoram); Hrusso, Tanee, Nisi, Adi, Abor, Nocte, Apatani, Misimi etc. (Arunachal). Meitei is the official language in Manipur, the dominant language of the Imphal Valley; while "Naga '' languages such as Poumai, Mao, Maram, Rongmei (Kabui) and Tangkul, and Kuki - Chin languages such as Thadou, Hmar, Simte and Paite predominate in individual hill areas of the state.
Among other Indo - Aryan languages, Bengali is spoken in South Assam in the Barak Valley. Besides the Sino - Tibetan Tripuri language, Bengali is a majority language in Tripura. Nepali, an Indo - Aryan language, is dominant in Sikkim, besides the Sino - Tibetan languages Limbu, Bhutia and Lepcha. Bengali was the official language of Colonial Assam for about forty years from the 1830s.
Given the diverse population in the region with only a few widely spoken ones recognised as the official languages by both the state and central governments, a large number of languages from the North Eastern Region of India have become vulnerable. Without proper teaching and preservation efforts, the already underdeveloped literature of the endangered languages are on the verge of extinction. Additionally, the younger generation are rapidly adopting the widely spoken languages to secure employment and livelihood.
Religion in Northeast India (2011)
Northeast India has over 220 ethnic groups and equal number of dialects in which Bodo form the largest indegenous ethnic group. The hills states in the region like Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland are predominantly inhabited by tribal people with a degree of diversity even within the tribal groups. The region 's population results from ancient and continuous flows of migrations from Tibet, Indo - Gangetic India, the Himalayas, present Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Sattriya (from Assam) and Manipuri dance (from Manipur) have been listed as classical dances of India. Besides these, all tribes in the Northeast India have their own folk dances associated with their religion and festivals. The tribal heritage in the region is rich with the practice of hunting, land cultivation and indigenous crafts. The rich culture is vibrant and visible with the traditional attires of each community.
All states in Northeast India share the handicrafts of bamboo and cane, wood carving, making traditional weapons and musical instruments, pottery and handloom weaving. Traditional tribal attires are made of thick fabrics primarily with cotton. Assam silk is a famous industry in the region.
The northeastern states, having 3.8 % of India 's total population, are allotted 25 out of a total of 543 seats in the Lok Sabha. This is 4.6 % of the total number of seats.
In 1947 Indian independence and partition resulted in the North East becoming a landlocked region. This exacerbated the isolation that has been recognised, but not studied. East Pakistan controlled access to the Indian Ocean. The mountainous terrain has hampered the construction of road and railways connections in the region.
The militant groups have formed an alliance to fight against the governments of India, Bhutan, and Myanmar, and now use the term "Western Southeast Asia '' (WESEA) to refer to the region. The separatist groups include the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (KYKL), People 's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK), People 's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak - Pro (PREPAK - Pro), Revolutionary People 's Front (RPF) and United National Liberation Front (UNLF) of Manipur, Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (HNLC) of Meghalaya, Kamatapur Liberation Organization (KLO), which operates in Assam and North Bengal, National Democratic Front of Bodoland and ULFA of Assam and the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT).
Some political groups have argued for creating states independent of India. On 2 November 2000, in Malom, a town in the Imphal Valley of Manipur, ten civilians were shot and killed while waiting at a bus stop. The incident, known as the "Malom Massacre '', was allegedly committed by the Assam Rifles, one of the Indian Paramilitary forces operating in the state. This incident resulted in continuing unrest in the area.
The Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) is the deciding body under Government of India for socio - economic development in the region. The North Eastern Council under MDoNER serves as the regional governing body for Northeast India. The North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. (NEDFi) is a Public Limited Company providing assistance to micro, small, medium and large enterprises within the north eastern region (NER). Other organisations under MDoNER include North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation Limited (NERAMAC), Sikkim Mining Corporation Limited (SMC) and North Eastern Handlooms and Handicrafts Development Corporation (NEHHDC).
The economy is agrarian. Little land is available for settled agriculture. Along with settled agriculture, jhum (slash - and - burn) cultivation is still practised by a few indigenous groups of people. The inaccessible terrain and internal disturbances has made rapid industrialisation difficult in the region.
Living Root Bridges
Northeast India is also the home of many Living root bridges. In Meghalaya, these can be found in the southern Khasi and Jaintia Hills. They are still widespread in the region, though as a practice they are fading out, with many examples having been destroyed in floods or replaced by more standard structures in recent years. Living root bridges have also been observed in the state of Nagaland, near the Indo - Myanmar border.
States in the North Eastern Region are well connected by air - transport conducting regular flights to all major cities in the country. The states also own several small airstrips for military and private purposes which may be accessed using Pawan Hans helicopter services. The region currently has two international airpots viz. Lokapriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport and Bir Tikendrajit International Airport conducting flights to Thailand, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan. While the airport in Sikkim is under - construction, Bagdogra Airport (IATA: IXB, ICAO: VEBD) remains the closest domestic airport to the state.
Railway in Northeast India is delineated as Northeast Frontier Railway zone of Indian Railways. The regional network is poor with the states of Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim remaining almost disconnected till date (11 June 2017). Projects are underway to extend the network and connect all the capital cities in the region.
In the 21st century, there has been recognition among policy makers and economists of the region that the main stumbling block for economic development of the Northeastern region is the disadvantageous geographical location. It was argued that globalisation propagates deterritorialisation and a borderless world which is often associated with economic integration. With 98 percent of its borders with China, Myanmar, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal, Northeast India appears to have a better scope for development in the era of globalisation. As a result, a new policy developed among intellectuals and politicians that one direction the Northeastern region must be looking to as a new way of development lies with political integration with the rest of India and economic integration with the rest of Asia, with East and Southeast Asia in particular, as the policy of economic integration with the rest of India did not yield much dividends. With the development of this new policy the Government of India directed its Look East policy towards developing the Northeastern region. This policy is reflected in the Year End Review 2004 of the Ministry of External Affairs, which stated that: "India 's Look East Policy has now been given a new dimension by the UPA Government. India is now looking towards a partnership with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN countries, both within BIMSTEC and the India - ASEAN Summit dialogue as integrally linked to economic and security interests, particularly for India 's East and North East region. ''
Northeast India travel guide from Wikivoyage
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bhalobasa bhalobasa 1985 bengali movie mp3 songs free download | Bhalobasa Bhalobasa (1985 film) - Wikipedia
Bhalobasa Bhalobasa (Bengali: ভালবাসা ভালবাসা) is a 1985 Bengali romantic film directed by Tarun Majumdar. The film stars Tapas Paul and Debashree Roy.
Keya (Debashree Roy) is a college student who also goes for music classes in Kolkata. She stays in a girls ' hostel whereas Keya 's parents and cousin brother (Anup Kumar) stay in Shimultala (Bihar). Arup (Tapas Paul) is a small business man dealing in poultry and also helps poor people with free medicine and education. His mother (Madhabi Mukherjee) was a noted singer who was had recently died from cancer. His father had left his mother for another rich woman when she was expecting Arup. Keya has a fight with Arup when he comes to her hostel to supply poultry. Later Keya comes to know that Arup is also a famous singer like his mother and both Keya and Arup fall in love with each other. Keya starts visiting Arup 's house and helps him in his work. Arup is approached by Keya on behalf of the Gramophone Company for recording Rabindrasangeet but Arup does not agree for some unknown reason and instead throws out Keya from his house. Later, he repents for his mistake and starts singing. The couple eventually sorts their differences. When Keya goes to Shimultala on Durga Puja vacation, Arup follows Keya as per pre-plan. There, they come to know that Keya 's father (Utpal Dutt) has already fixed up her marriage with an Engineer (Kaushik Banerjee) who is also the son of a rich Barrister (Satya Banerjee) from Patna. Arup by his good - nature tries to win the favours of Keya 's parents and brother. However, Arup comes to know the true identity of the Barrister and his son and at the behest of Keya 's mother (Ruma Guha Thakurta) decides to leave the place without informing Keya. However, before leaving Shimultala he decides to sing his last song at the Bijoya Sammilani. Through the song he narrates the whole sad life of his mother, her lifelong struggle and how he was ill - treated by his father (the Barrister) when Arup had requested his father to come and meet his dying mother. After hearing the song, Arup 's father realises his biggest mistake of life and requests forgiveness from his son. Both the parents decide to get Keya and Arup married to each other and eventually the movie ends with a happy note.
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why noble prize is not given in the field of mathematics | Nobel prize controversies - wikipedia
After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes. Nobel 's will specified that annual prizes are to be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes. Since the first award in 1901, the prizes have occasionally engendered criticism and controversy.
Nobel sought to reward "those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind ''. One prize, he stated, should be given "to the person who shall have made the most important ' discovery ' or ' invention ' within the field of physics ''. Awards committees have historically rewarded discoveries over inventions: 77 % of Nobel Prizes in physics have been given to discoveries, compared with only 23 % to inventions. In addition, the scientific prizes typically reward contributions over an entire career rather than a single year.
No Nobel Prize was established for mathematics and many other scientific and cultural fields. An early theory that jealousy led Nobel to omit a prize to mathematician Gösta Mittag - Leffler was refuted because of timing inaccuracies. Another possibility is that Nobel did not consider mathematics as a practical discipline. Both the Fields Medal and the Abel Prize have been described as the "Nobel Prize of mathematics ''.
The most notorious controversies have been over prizes for Literature, Peace and Economics. Beyond disputes over which contributor 's work was more worthy, critics most often discerned political bias and Eurocentrism in the result.. The interpretation of Nobel 's original words concerning the Literature prize has also undergone repeated revisions.
The 2008 prize was awarded to Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien for their work on green fluorescent protein or GFP. However, Douglas Prasher was the first to clone the GFP gene and suggested its use as a biological tracer. Martin Chalfie stated, "Douglas Prasher 's work was critical and essential for the work we did in our lab. They could 've easily given the prize to Douglas and the other two and left me out. '' Prasher 's accomplishments were not recognized, and he eventually found himself out of a science career. When the Nobel was awarded in 2008, Prasher was working as a courtesy shuttle bus driver in Huntsville, Alabama. Roger Tsien had advocated for Prasher from the beginning, even offering him a job when Prasher 's academic career stalled. Eventually, Prasher accepted the offer and moved in 2013 to UCSD to join Tsien 's lab.
Gerhard Ertl, who received the entire 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies of the catalytic effects of metal surfaces, has expressed surprise and disappointment that Gábor Somorjai, a foundational pioneer in modern surface science and catalysis, did not share the prize. Somorjai and Ertl had previously shared the Wolf Prize for Chemistry in 1998. The Nobel Prize committee 's decision to exclude Somorjai was criticized in the surface - science community and remains mysterious.
The 1993 prize credited Kary Mullis with the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. This is a central technique in molecular biology which allows for the amplification of specified DNA sequences. However, others claimed that Norwegian scientist Kjell Kleppe, together with 1968 Nobel Prize laureate H. Gobind Khorana, had an earlier and better claim to the discovery dating from 1969. Mullis ' co-workers at that time denied that he was solely responsible for the idea of using Taq polymerase in the PCR process. Rabinow raised the issue of whether or not Mullis "invented '' PCR or "merely '' came up with the concept of it. However, Khudyakov and Howard Fields claimed "the full potential (of PCR) was not realized '' until Mullis ' work in 1983.
The 1961 prize for carbon assimilation in plants awarded to Melvin Calvin was controversial because it ignored the contributions of Andrew Benson and James Bassham. While originally named the Calvin cycle, many biologists and botanists now refer to the Calvin - Benson, Benson - Calvin, or Calvin - Benson - Bassham (CBB) cycle. Three decades after winning the Nobel, Calvin published an autobiography titled "Following the trail of light '' about his scientific journey which did n't mention Benson.
Economics was not on Nobel 's original list of prize disciplines. The Bank of Sweden created it in 1969. Although it is governed by the same rules as the others, many, including members of the Nobel Family, criticized this prize for violating Nobel 's intent. As of 2010, the faculty of the University of Chicago had garnered nine Prizes -- far more than any other university. This led to claims of bias against alternative or heterodox economics.
The 2008 prize went to economist Paul Krugman "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity ''. Krugman was a fierce critic of George W. Bush. The award produced charges of a left - wing bias, with headlines such as "Bush critic wins 2008 Nobel for economics '', prompting the prize committee to deny "the committee has ever taken a political stance. ''
The 1994 prize to John Forbes Nash and others "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games '' caused controversy within the selection committee because of Nash 's mental illness and alleged anti-Semitism. The controversy resulted in a change to the governing committee: members served three year instead of unlimited terms and the prize 's scope expanded to include political science, psychology, and sociology.
The 1976 prize was awarded to Milton Friedman "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilisation policy ''. The award caused international protests, mostly by the radical left, because of Friedman 's association with Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. During March 1975, Friedman visited Chile and gave lectures on inflation, meeting with Pinochet and other government officials.
The Prize in Literature has a history of controversial awards and notorious snubs. Many indisputably major authors have been ignored by the Nobel Committee, often for political or extra-literary reasons. Conversely, many writers whom subsequent criticism regarded as minor, inconsequential or transitional have won the prize.
From 1901 to 1912, the committee 's work reflected an interpretation of the "ideal direction '' stated in Nobel 's will as "a lofty and sound idealism '', which caused Leo Tolstoy, Henrik Ibsen, Émile Zola and Mark Twain to be rejected. Sweden 's historic antipathy towards Russia was cited as the reason neither Tolstoy nor Anton Chekhov took the prize. During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favoring writers from non-combatant countries.
Another notable omission for the Prize is R.K. Narayan, an Indian writer known for his works set in the fictional South Indian town of Malgudi and the abridged versions of the Indian epics - The Ramayana and The Mahabharata. Despite being nominated and shortlisted for the Nobel Prize in Literature multiple times, Narayan never won the honor. Graham Greene who took it upon himself to work as Narayan 's agent for his works, in the 60 's expressed confidence that Narayan would one day win the Nobel Prize. Agreeing with Greene 's views, Lord Jeffrey Archer as much as recently, echoed that R.K. Narayan should have indeed won the Nobel Prize. One of the jokes in the literary circles was that the Nobel Literary Committee ignored his books or was confused because of the misleading titles. Many people apparently thought that they were self - help books on various subjects - The Guide, The English Teacher, The Painter of Signs, The Vendor of Sweets etc. Other humorous speculations on what might have tripped him, "His writing is too simple, and too readable, requiring no effort on the part of the reader. He has created a new map called Malgudi in which his characters live and die. Story after story is set in the same place, which is not progressive, a rather stagnant background. ''
The heavy focus on European authors, and Swedes in particular, is the subject of mounting criticism, including from major Swedish newspapers. The majority of the laureates have been European. Swedes have received more prizes than all of Asia. In 2008, Horace Engdahl, then the permanent secretary of the Academy, declared that "Europe still is the center of the literary world '' and that "the US is too isolated, too insular. They do n't translate enough and do n't really participate in the big dialogue of literature. '' In 2009, Engdahl 's replacement, Peter Englund, rejected this sentiment ("In most language areas... there are authors that really deserve and could get the Nobel Prize and that goes for the United States and the Americas, as well, '') and acknowledged the Eurocentric bias of the selections, saying that, "I think that is a problem. We tend to relate more easily to literature written in Europe and in the European tradition. ''
The 2010 prize awarded to Mario Vargas Llosa stirred controversy, mainly due to his right - wing political views. Vargas Llosa was even dubbed "king of controversies '' for focusing more on politics than literature.
The 2009 prize awarded to Herta Müller was attacked because many US literary critics and professors had never heard of Müller before. This reignited criticism that the committee was too Eurocentric.
The 2005 prize went to Harold Pinter "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression 's closed rooms ''... The award was delayed for some days, apparently due to Knut Ahnlund 's resignation. In turn, this renewed speculation about a "political element '' existing in the Swedish Academy 's awarding of the Prize. Although poor health prevented him from giving his controversial Nobel Lecture, "Art, Truth and Politics '', in person, he appeared on video, which was simultaneously transmitted on Britain 's Channel Four. The issue of "political stance '' was also raised in response to Orhan Pamuk and Doris Lessing, prizewinners in 2006 and 2007, respectively.
The 2004 prize was awarded to Elfriede Jelinek. Inactive since 1996 Academy member Knut Ahnlund resigned, alleging that selecting Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage '' to the prize 's reputation.
The 1997 prize went to Italian actor - playwright Dario Fo who was initially considered "rather lightweight '' by some critics, as he was seen primarily as a performer and had previously been censured by the Roman Catholic Church. Salman Rushdie and Arthur Miller had been favored to receive the Prize, but a committee member was later quoted as saying that they would have been "too predictable, too popular. ''
The 1974 prize was denied to Graham Greene, Vladimir Nabokov, and Saul Bellow in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson -- both Nobel judges and unknown outside their home country. Bellow won in 1976; neither Greene nor Nabokov took home the prize.
The 1970 prize was awarded to Soviet dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who did not attend the ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the Soviet Union would prevent his return. His works there were available only in samizdat - published, clandestine form. After the Swedish government refused to hold a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were "an insult to the Nobel Prize itself. '' Solzhenitsyn later accepted the award on 10 December 1974, after the Soviet Union banished him. Critics suggest that Solzhenitsyn was awarded the prize because of his political stance, not his writing.
Czech writer Karel Čapek 's War With the Newts was considered too offensive to the German government, and he declined to suggest a non-controversial publication that could be cited in its stead ("Thank you for the good will, but I have already written my doctoral dissertation ''). He never received a prize.
French novelist and intellectual André Malraux was considered for the Literature prize in the 1950s, according to Swedish Academy archives studied by newspaper Le Monde on their opening in 2008. Malraux was competing with Albert Camus, but was rejected several times, especially in 1954 and 1955, "so long as he does not come back to novel '', while Camus won the prize in 1957.
W.H. Auden 's missing prize was attributed to errors in his translation of 1961 Peace Prize winner Dag Hammarskjöld 's Vägmärken (Markings) and to statements that Auden made during a Scandinavian lecture tour suggesting that Hammarskjöld was, like Auden, homosexual.
Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was nominated several times but never won. Edwin Williamson, Borges 's biographer, stated that the author 's support of Argentine and Chilean right - wing military dictators may have been a factor. Borges ' failure to win the Nobel Prize contrasts with awards to writers who openly supported left - wing dictatorships, including Joseph Stalin, in the case of Jean - Paul Sartre and Pablo Neruda.
The academy 's refusal to express support for Salman Rushdie in 1989, after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini issued a fatwā on his life led two Academy members to resign.
Nobel Peace Prize controversies often reach beyond the academic community. Criticism that have been levelled against some of the awards include allegations that they were politically motivated, premature, or guided by a faulty definition of what constitutes work for peace.
The 2012 prize went to the European Union for "over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe ''. Among other objections, some former laureates disputed the award, claiming that the EU is "clearly not a champion of peace ''.
The 2010 prize went to Liu Xiaobo "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China ''. Liu was imprisoned at the time of the award and neither he nor his family were allowed to attend the ceremony. The Chinese government alleged that Liu did not promote "international friendship, disarmament, and peace meetings '', the prize 's stated goal. They further alleged that Liu Xiaobo had participated in organizations that received funding from the National Endowment for Democracy, which they claimed brought his status and the prize itself into question. The award led to a diplomatic dispute between Norway and China. Relations were normalized in December 2016.
Pro-Chinese government and state - control media had criticized Liu 's selection due to his low profile and obscurity within China and among Chinese youth. Critics such as Tariq Ali, Barry Sautman, and Yan Hairong also criticized Liu 's selection for his long support of American involvement in wars in other nations, particularly Vietnam, Korea, Afghanistan, and Iraq. A Chinese group responded by creating a rival award -- the Confucius Peace Prize.
The 2009 prize went to Barack Obama "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples ''. The award, given just nine months into Obama 's first term as president, received criticism that it was undeserved, premature and politically motivated. Obama himself said that he felt "surprised '' by the win and did not consider himself worthy of the award, but nonetheless accepted it. Obama 's peace prize was called a "stunning surprise '' by The New York Times. Much of the surprise arose from the fact that nominations for the award had been due by 1 February 2009, only 12 days after Obama took office. In an October 2011 interview, Thorbjørn Jagland, chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, was asked whether Obama had lived up to the prize, and replied:
In 2015, Geir Lundestad, director of the Norwegian Nobel Institute (who sat in on the committee 's meetings but did not have a vote), wrote in his memoir, Secretary of Peace, that he regretted giving the prize to Obama. The committee "thought it would strengthen Obama and it did n't have this effect '', Lundestad told the Associated Press, though he fell short of calling the award a mistake. "In hindsight, we could say that the argument of giving Obama a helping hand was only partially correct, '' Lundestad wrote. Also criticism argued that the award was a symbolic rejection of the internationally disliked George W. Bush administration.
The 2007 prize went to Al Gore and the IPCC, "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man - made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change ''. The award received criticism on the grounds of political motivation and because the winners ' work was not directly related to ending conflict.
The 2004 prize went to Wangari Maathai "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace ''. Controversially, she was reported by the Kenyan newspaper Standard and Radio Free Europe to have stated that HIV / AIDS was originally developed by Western scientists in order to depopulate Africa. She later denied these claims, although the Standard stood by its reporting. Additionally, in a Time magazine interview, she hinted at HIV 's non-natural origin, saying that someone knows where it came from and that it "... did not come from monkeys. ''
The 2002 prize went to Jimmy Carter for "decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development. '' The announcement of the award came shortly after the US House and Senate authorized President George W. Bush to use military force against Iraq in order to enforce UN Security Council resolutions requiring that Baghdad give up weapons of mass destruction. Asked if the selection of the former president was a criticism of Bush, Gunnar Berge, head of the Nobel Prize committee, said: "With the position Carter has taken on this, it can and must also be seen as criticism of the line the current US administration has taken on Iraq. '' Carter declined to comment on the remark in interviews, saying that he preferred to focus on the work of the Carter Center.
The 2000 prize went to Kim Dae - jung "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular ''. Criticisms argued that Kim made a historical event in North Korea, which was tainted significantly by allegations that at least several hundred million dollars had been paid to Pyongyang. His Chief of Staff, Park Ji - Won, was sentenced to twelve years in prison in 2003 for, among other charges, his role in the Hyundai payment to North Korea for the North -- South summit. Also in order to persuade North Korea to attend the summit, several "unconverted long - term prisoners '' kept by South Korea were released and returned to North Korea.
The 1994 prize went to Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, and Yitzhak Rabin "for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East ''. Arafat 's critics have referred to him as an "unrepentant terrorist with a long legacy of promoting violence '' Kåre Kristiansen, a Norwegian member of the Nobel Committee, resigned in protest at Arafat 's award, citing his sponsorship of terrorism through the PLO and calling him the "world 's most prominent terrorist ''. On the other hand, Edward Said was critical of Peres and Rabin and the entire Oslo Accords.
The 1992 prize went to Rigoberta Menchú for "her work for social justice and ethno - cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples ''. The prize was controversial because the prize - winner 's memoirs, which had brought her to fame, turned out to be partly fictitious.
The 1991 prize went to Aung San Suu Kyi "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights ''. The 1991 prize was awarded to Aung San Suu Kyi, the Leader of the opposition in Burma, who was home arrested by the Burmese military junta. The committee 's selection was opposed by the Burmese military junta and decided not to allow her to attend the awarded ceremony.
The 1990 prize went to Mikhail Gorbachev "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community ''. Criticism for this award was due to the fact that the Soviet President destabilised the Eastern bloc and caused the economic collapse and fall of the Soviet Union.
The 1989 prize went to the 14th Dalai Lama. The committee 's selection was opposed by the Chinese government, which opposes the Dalai Lama 's activities regarding Tibet. The Chinese Government Additionally, the Nobel Prize Committee cited their intention to put pressure on China, due to the Tiananmen incident which happened in June 1989.
The 1978 prize went to Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt during the 1973 Yom Kippur War against Israel, and Menachem Begin, the Prime Minister of Israel "for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel ''. The prize was controversial because both had fought against British rule of their respective countries, and Begin was involved in a failed plot to assassinate German chancellor Konrad Adenauer.
The 1973 prize went to North Vietnamese communist leader Lê Đức Thọ and United States Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger "for the 1973 Paris Peace Accords intended to bring about a cease - fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the American forces ''. Thọ later declined the prize, on grounds that such "bourgeois sentimentalities '' were not for him and that the Paris Peace Accords were not being adhered to in full. Kissinger was also privately sceptical about sharing the prize, saying to Soviet ambassador Dobrynin "I figure it like Groucho Marx said ' any club that took him in he would not want to join. ' I would say that anything Lê Đức Thọ is eligible for, there must be something wrong with it. ''
North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam in April 1975 and reunified the country whilst Lê Đức Thọ was still in government. Kissinger 's history included the secret 1969 -- 1975 bombing campaign against Khmer Rouge and North Vietnamese Army troops in Cambodia, the alleged U.S. complicity in Operation Condor -- a mid-1970s campaign of kidnapping and murder coordinated among the intelligence and security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile (see details), Paraguay, and Uruguay -- as well as the death of French nationals under the Chilean junta. He also supported the Turkish Intervention in Cyprus resulting in the de facto partition of the island. According to Irwin Abrams, this prize was the most controversial to date. Two Norwegian Nobel Committee members resigned in protest.
The American press also reacted with consternation to the award: the New York Times dubbed it the "Nobel War Prize ''; the Washington Post quoted retired diplomat George Ball as saying that on the evidence "The Norwegians must have a sense of humour. '' The well - known comedian and political satirist Tom Lehrer said: "Political satire became obsolete when Henry Kissinger was awarded the Nobel peace prize. '' When the award was announced, hostilities were continuing.
Kissinger did not attend the award ceremony in Oslo over concern that it would be targeted by anti-war protest groups. He requested that the prize money be donated to a scholarship fund for US servicemen killed or missing in Indochina. In 1975, as Saigon fell to North Vietnamese forces he offered to return the medal, an offer not accepted by the Nobel Committee.
The 1945 prize went to Cordell Hull as "Former Secretary of State; Prominent participant in the originating of the UN ''. The prize was controversial because Hull was Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's Secretary of State during the SS St. Louis Crisis. St. Louis sailed from Hamburg in the summer of 1939 carrying over 950 Jewish refugees, seeking asylum from Nazi persecution. Initially, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt showed some willingness to take in some of those on board, but Hull and Southern Democrats voiced vehement opposition, and some of them threatened to withhold their support of Roosevelt in the 1940 election. On 4 June 1939 Roosevelt denied entry to the ship, which was waiting in the Florida strait between Florida and Cuba. The passengers began negotiations with the Cuban government, but those broke down. Forced to return to Europe, over a quarter of its passengers subsequently died in the Holocaust.
One of the most controversial prizes was the prize of 1935 that was retroactively awarded one year later to Carl von Ossietzky, a German pacifist who had been convicted of high treason and espionage for exposing German re-armament. In an unprecedented move, King Haakon VII of Norway was absent from the award ceremony, two committee members resigned in protest, and the Norwegian conservative press, including leading daily Aftenposten, condemned giving the award to a convicted criminal. Ossietzky, interned in the concentration camp Esterwegen and severely ill with tuberculosis, accepted the award by letter but was prevented from traveling to Oslo. The award led to Adolf Hitler forbidding any German to receive any of the Nobel Prizes in the future, and his prize was not allowed to be mentioned in the German press.
Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948. In 1948 Gandhi received six letters of nomination and was on the short list for the Peace Prize but he was assassinated on 30 January 1948, two days before the closing date for nominations. The Nobel Committee decided against awarding the prize, saying the laureate could only be awarded posthumously if he / she died after the Committee 's decision had been made. Decades later, a Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the omission. Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106 year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question ''. In 1948 (the year of Gandhi 's death) the Nobel Committee made no award, stating "there was no suitable living candidate ''.
The 2014 Nobel Prize for Physics, awarded to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura for the blue light - emitting diode, did not recognize the decades of incremental work in developing the LED by other pioneers like Oleg Losev and Nick Holonyak.
The 2010 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov of the University of Manchester "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two - dimensional material graphene ''. Several problems with the factual accuracy of the supporting documents issued by the Nobel committee have been pointed out, including that they seem to wrongly attribute the discovery of graphene to Geim and Novoselov, and they did n't take into account other contributions to graphene research.
The 2009 prize went to Willard Boyle and George E. Smith for developing the CCD. However, Eugene I. Gordon and Michael Francis Tompsett claimed that it should have been theirs for establishing that the technology could be used for imaging.
Half of the 2008 prize went to Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa for their 1972 work on quark mixing. This postulated the existence of three additional quarks beyond the three then known to exist and used this postulate to provide a possible mechanism for CP violation, which had been observed 8 years earlier. Their work expanded and reinterpreted research by the Italian physicist Nicola Cabibbo, dating to 1963, before the quark model was even introduced. The resulting quark mixing matrix, which described probabilities of different quarks to turn into each other under the action of the weak force, is known as CKM matrix, after Cabibbo, Kobayashi, and Maskawa. Cabibbo arguably merited a share of the award. The recipient of the other half of the 2008 prize was Yoichiro Nambu for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics. The fundamental step in this field is the Nambu -- Jona - Lasinio model (NJL model), developed together with the Italian theoretical physicist Giovanni Jona - Lasinio, who was left out of the prize like Cabibbo. In recognition to his colleague 's work, Nambu asked Jona - Lasinio to hold the Nobel Lecture at the Stockholm University in his place. As the prize is awarded each year to at most three people for no more than two different research works, the committee was forced to skip one member each from both the CKM and the NJL workgroups (incidentally, both of them Italians).
The 2006 prize was won by John C. Mather and George F. Smoot (leaders of the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite experiment) for "discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). '' However, in July 1983 an experiment launched aboard the Prognoz 9 satellite, studied CMBR via a single frequency. In January 1992, Andrei A. Brukhanov presented a seminar at Sternberg Astronomical Institute in Moscow, where he first reported on the discovery.
Half of the 2005 prize went to Roy J. Glauber "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence ''. This research involved E.C. George Sudarshan 's relevant 1960 work in quantum optics, which was allegedly slighted in this award. Glauber, who initially derided the former representations and later produced the same P - representation under a different name, namely, Sudarshan -- Glauber representation (or Sudarshan diagonal representation) - became the winner instead. According to others, the deserving Leonard Mandel and Daniel Frank Walls were passed over because posthumous nominations are not accepted.
The 1997 prize went to Steven Chu, Claude Cohen - Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light. '' The award was disputed by Russian scientists who questioned the awardees ' priority in the acquired approach and techniques, which the Russians claimed to have carried out more than a decade before.
The 1983 prize went to William Alfred Fowler "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe ''. Fowler acknowledged Fred Hoyle as the pioneer of the concept of stellar nucleosynthesis but that was not enough for Hoyle to receive a share. Hoyle 's obituary in Physics Today notes that "Many of us felt that Hoyle should have shared Fowler 's 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics, but the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences later made partial amends by awarding Hoyle, with Edwin Salpeter, its 1997 Crafoord Prize ''.
The 1979 prize went to Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg for the electroweak interaction unification theory. However, E.C. George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak were the first proponents of the successful V-A (vector minus axial vector, or left - handed) theory for weak interactions in 1957. It was essentially the same theory as that proposed by Richard Feynman and Murray Gell - Mann in their "mathematical physics '' paper on the structure of the weak interaction. Actually, Gell - Mann had been let in on the Sudarshan / Marshak work on Sudarshan 's initiative, but no acknowledgment appeared in the later paper, except for an informal allusion. The reason given was that the originators ' work had not been published in a formal or ' reputable enough ' science journal at the time. A similar reason was also said of the DNA x-ray crystallography work of Rosalind Franklin, used without permission by Watson and Crick in their work that eventually led to their 1962 Nobel Prize for medicine. The theory is popularly known in the west as the Feynman - Gell - Mann theory. The V-A theory for weak interactions was, in effect, a new Law of Nature. It was conceived in the face of a series of apparently contradictory experimental results, including several from Chien - Shiung Wu. It was also aided along by a sprinkling of other evidence, like the muon. Discovered in 1936, the muon had a curious and colorful history all to itself and would itself lead on to a new revolution in the 21st century. This breakthrough has to date not yet won a Nobel Prize award. The V-A theory would form the foundation for the electroweak interaction theory later on. Sudarshan regarded the V-A theory as his finest work. The Sudarshan - Marshak (or V-A theory) - preferably and favorably assessed as "beautiful '' by J. Robert Oppenheimer, - was only to be disparaged later on as "less complete '' and "inelegant '' by John Gribbin.
The 1978 prize was awarded for the chanced "detection of Cosmic microwave background radiation ''. The joint winners, Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson, had their discovery elucidated by others. Many scientists felt that Ralph Alpher, who predicted the cosmic microwave background radiation and in 1948 worked out the underpinnings of the Big Bang theory, should have shared in the prize or received one independently. In 2005, Alpher received the National Medal of Science for his pioneering contributions to understanding of nucleosynthesis, the prediction of the relic radiation from the Big Bang, as well as for a model for the Big Bang.
The 1974 prize went to Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars ''. Hewish was not the first to correctly explain pulsars, initially describing them as communications from "Little Green Men '' (LGM - 1) in outer space. David Staelin and Edward Reifenstein, of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, West Virginia, found a pulsar at the center of the Crab Nebula. The notion that pulsars were neutron stars, leftovers from a supernova explosion, had been proposed in 1933. Soon after their 1967 discovery, Fred Hoyle and astronomer Thomas Gold correctly explained it as a rapidly spinning neutron star with a strong magnetic field, emitting radio waves. Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Hewish 's graduate student, was not recognized, although she was the first to notice the stellar radio source that was later recognized as a pulsar. While Hoyle argued that Bell should have been included in the prize, Bell said, "I believe it would demean Nobel Prizes if they were awarded to research students, except in very exceptional cases, and I do not believe this is one of them. '' Prize - winning research students include Louis de Broglie, Rudolf Mössbauer, Douglas Osheroff, Gerard ' t Hooft, John Forbes Nash, Jr., John Robert Schrieffer and H. David Politzer.
The 1969 prize was won by Murray Gell - Mann "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions '' (postulating the existence of quarks). George Zweig, then a PhD student at Caltech, independently espoused the physical existence of aces, essentially the same thing. Unfortunately, Zweig did not publish his results in a peer - reviewed journal, although his work was widely available as a CERN preprint. Israeli physicist Yuval Ne'eman published the classification of hadrons through their SU (3) flavor symmetry independently of Gell - Mann in 1962, and also felt that he had been unjustly deprived of the prize for the quark model.
The 1956 prize went to John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain and William Bradford Shockley "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect ''. However, the committee did not recognize numerous preceding patent applications. As early as 1928, Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented several modern transistor types. In 1934, Oskar Heil patented a field - effect transistor. It is unclear whether Lilienfeld or Heil had built such devices, but they did cause later workers significant patent problems. Further, Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker, at Westinghouse Paris, applied for a patent in 1948 of an amplifier based on the minority carrier injection process. Mataré had first observed transconductance effects during the manufacture of germanium diodes for German radar equipment during World War II. Shockley was part of other controversies -- including his position as a corporate director and his self - promotion efforts. Further, the original design Shockley presented to Brattain and Bardeen did not work. His share of the prize resulted from his development of the superior junction transistor, which became the basis of the electronics revolution. He excluded Brattain and Bardeen from the proceeds of this process, even though the idea may have been theirs. Another controversy associated with Shockley was his support of eugenics. He regarded his published works on this topic as the most important work of his career.
The 1950 prize went to Cecil Powell for "his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method ''. However, Brazilian physicist César Lattes was the main researcher and the first author of the historical Nature journal article describing the subatomic particle meson pi (pion). Lattes was solely responsible for the improvement of the nuclear emulsion used by Powell (by asking Kodak Co. to add more boron to it -- and in 1947, he made with them his great experimental discovery). This result was explained by the Nobel Committee policy (ended in 1960) to award the prize to the research group head only. Lattes calculated the pion 's mass and, with USA physicist Eugene Gardner, demonstrated the existence of this particle after atomic collisions in a synchrotron. Gardner was denied a prize because he died soon thereafter.
The 1938 prize went to Enrico Fermi in part for "his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation ''. However, in this case, the award later appeared to be premature: Fermi thought he had created transuranic elements (specifically, hesperium), but had in fact unwittingly demonstrated nuclear fission (and had actually created only fission products -- isotopes of much lighter elements than uranium). The fact that Fermi 's interpretation was incorrect was discovered shortly after he had received his prize.
The 1936 prize went to Carl D. Anderson for the discovery of the positron. While a graduate student at Caltech in 1930, Chung - Yao Chao was the first to experimentally identify positrons through electron -- positron annihilation, but did not realize what they were. Anderson used the same radioactive source, 208 Tl, as Chao. (Historically, 208 Tl was known as "thorium C double prime '' or "ThC '', see decay chains.) Late in life, Anderson admitted that Chao had inspired his discovery: Chao 's research formed the foundation from which much of Anderson 's own work developed. Chao died in 1998, without sharing in a Nobel Prize acknowledgment.
The 1923 prize went to Robert Millikan "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect ''. Millikan might have won in 1920 but for Felix Ehrenhaft 's incorrect claim to have measured a smaller charge. Some controversy, however, still seems to linger over Millikan 's oil - drop procedure and experimental interpretation, over whether Millikan manipulated his data in the 1913 scientific paper measuring the electron charge. Allegedly, he did not report all his observations.
The 1903 prize went to Henri Becquerel (along with Pierre and Marie Curie) "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity ''. However, critics alleged that Becquerel merely rediscovered a phenomenon first noticed and investigated decades earlier by the French scientist Abel Niepce de Saint - Victor.
None of the contributors to the discovery of nuclear fission won the prize for Physics. Instead, the prize for Chemistry was awarded to Otto Hahn for his discovery of fission in Berlin in 1938. Lise Meitner also contributed to the discovery of nuclear fission, through her collaboration with Hahn. From the beginning, she had worked with Hahn on the neutron bombardment of Uranium, but left Germany for Sweden before fission was discovered. Working there with the experimental data supplied to her by Hahn, she managed, with Otto Robert Frisch 's participation, to incorporate Niels Bohr 's liquid drop model (first suggested by George Gamow) into fission 's theoretical foundation. She also predicted the possibility of chain reactions. In an earlier collaboration with Hahn, she had independently discovered a new chemical element (called protactinium). Bohr nominated both for this work, in addition to recommending the Chemistry prize for Hahn. Hahn 's assistant, Fritz Strassmann, was not considered for the Physics prize.
Chien - Shiung Wu disproved the law of the conservation of parity (1956) and was the first Wolf Prize winner in physics. She died in 1997 without receiving a Nobel. Wu assisted Tsung - Dao Lee personally in his parity laws development -- with Chen - Ning Yang -- by providing him in 1956 with a possible test method for beta decay that worked successfully. Her book Beta Decay (1965) is still a sine qua non reference for nuclear physicists.
Several Nobel Prizes were awarded for research related to the concepts of the boson, Bose -- Einstein statistics and Bose -- Einstein condensate -- the latest being the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics given for advancing the theory of Bose -- Einstein condensates although Satyendra Nath Bose himself was not awarded the Nobel Prize. In his book The Scientific Edge, physicist Jayant Narlikar observed: "SN Bose 's work on particle statistics (c. 1922), which clarified the behavior of photons (the particles of light in an enclosure) and opened the door to new ideas on statistics of Microsystems that obey the rules of quantum theory, was one of the top ten achievements of 20th century Indian science and could be considered in the Nobel Prize class. '' The work of other 20th century Indian scientists which Narlikar considered to be of Nobel Prize class were Srinivasa Ramanujan, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman and Meghnad Saha. However, when asked about the omission, Bose himself said: "I have got all the recognition I deserve. '' Rolf - Dieter Heuer, the director general of European organization for nuclear research CERN, commented in a scientific meet in Kolkata titled Frontiers of Science that "it is unfortunate that pioneering Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose did not win the Nobel Prize for work on quantum physics in the 1920s that provided the foundation of the Bose -- Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose -- Einstein condensate ''.
Albert Einstein 's 1921 Nobel Prize Award mainly recognized his 1905 discovery of the mechanism of the photoelectric effect and "for his services to Theoretical Physics ''. The Nobel committee passed on several nominations for his many other seminal contributions, although these led to prizes for others who later applied more advanced technology to experimentally verify his work. Many predictions of Einstein 's theories have been verified as technology advances. Recent examples include the bending of light in a gravitational field, gravitational waves, gravitational lensing and black holes. It was n't until 1993 that the first evidence for the existence of gravitational radiation came via the Nobel Prize - winning measurements of the Hulse -- Taylor binary system.
The committee also failed to recognize the other contributions of his Annus Mirabilis papers on Brownian motion and special relativity. Often these nominations for Special Relativity were for both Hendrik Lorentz and Einstein. Henri Poincaré was also nominated at least once for his work, including on Lorentz 's relativity theory. However, Kaufmann 's then - experimental results (incorrectly) cast doubt on Special Relativity. These doubts were not resolved until 1915. By this time, Einstein had progressed to his general theory of relativity, including his theory of gravitation. Empirical support -- in this case the predicted spectral shift of sunlight -- was in question for many decades. The only piece of original evidence was the consistency with the known perihelion precession of the planet Mercury. Some additional support was gained at the end of 1919, when the predicted deflection of starlight near the sun was confirmed by Arthur Eddington 's Solar Eclipse Expedition, though here again the actual results were somewhat ambiguous. Conclusive proof of the gravitational light deflection prediction was not achieved until the 1970s.
The 2011 prize was awarded in part to Ralph Steinman, who died of cancer days before the award, a fact unknown to the Nobel committee at the time of the award. Committee rules prohibit posthumous awards, and Steinman 's death created a dilemma unprecedented in the history of the award. The committee ruled that Steinman remained eligible for the award despite his death, under the rule that allows awardees to receive the award who die between being named and the awards ceremony.
The decision to award the 2010 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine to Robert Edwards for developing the technique of in vitro fertilisation was bitterly denounced by the Catholic Church, which objects to all artificial methods of human conception and fertilization as well as to contraception. One Vatican official called the award "out of order '', and the International Federation of Catholic Medical Associations issued a statement saying that the use of human embryos, created and discarded "as experimental animals destined for destruction, has led to a culture where they are regarded as commodities rather than the precious individuals which they are. ''
The 2008 prize was awarded in part to Harald zur Hausen "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses (HPV) causing cervical cancer ''. The Swedish police anticorruption unit investigated charges of improper influence by AstraZeneca, which had a stake in two lucrative HPV vaccines. The company had agreed to sponsor Nobel Media and Nobel Web and had strong links with two senior figures in the process that chose zur Hausen.
The other half of the 2008 prize was split between Luc Montagnier and Françoise Barré - Sinoussi "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus ''. The omission of Robert Gallo was controversial: 106 scientists signed a letter to the journal Science stating that ' While these awardees fully deserve the award, it is equally important to recognize the contributions of Robert C. Gallo ', which ' warrant equal recognition '. Montagnier said that he was ' surprised ' that the award had not been shared with Gallo.
The 2006 prize went to Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello "for their discovery of RNA interference -- gene silencing by double - stranded RNA ''. Many of the discoveries credited by the committee to Fire and Mello, who studied RNA interference in Caenorhabditis elegans, had been previously studied by plant biologists, and was suggested that at least one plant biologist, such as David Baulcombe, should have been awarded a share of the prize.
The 2003 prize was awarded to Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging '' (MRI). Two independent alternatives have been alleged. Raymond Damadian first reported that NMR could distinguish in vitro between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues on the basis of different proton relaxation times. He later translated this into the first human scan. Damadian 's original report prompted Lauterbur to develop NMR into the present method. Damadian took out large advertisements in an international newspapers protesting his exclusion. Some researchers felt that Damadian 's work deserved at least equal credit. Separately, Herman Y. Carr both pioneered the NMR gradient technique and demonstrated rudimentary MRI imaging in the 1950s. The Nobel prize winners had almost certainly seen Carr 's work, but did not cite it. Consequently, the prize committee very likely was unaware of Carr 's discoveries, a situation likely abetted by Damadian 's campaign. Mansfield said in his autobiography that "the person who really missed out '' the prize was Erwin Hahn for his contribution to the principles of spin echoes.
The 2000 prize went to Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, and Eric R. Kandel, "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system ''. The award caused many neuroscientists to protest that Oleh Hornykiewicz, who helped pioneer the dopamine replacement treatment for Parkinson 's disease, was left out, and that Hornykiewicz 's research provided a foundation for the honorees ' success.
The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1998 to Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro and Ferid Murad "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system ''. There followed protest by the scientific community due to the omission of Salvador Moncada, who was internationally recognised as the major contributor to the discovery of this field together with Robert Furchgott.
The 1997 prize was awarded to Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner for his discovery of prions. This award caused a long stream of polemics. Critics attacked the validity of the work and questioned whether prions exist at all, which claim had been criticized by other researchers as not yet proven. The existence of prions was not fully accepted within the scientific community for at least an additional decade after the awarding of the prize.
The 1993 prize went to Phillip Allen Sharp and Richard J. Roberts "for their discoveries of split genes '' the discovery of introns in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene splicing. Several other scientists, such as Norman Davidson and James Watson, argued that Louise T. Chow, a China - born Taiwanese researcher who collaborated with Roberts, should have had part of the prize. In 1976, as Staff Investigator, Chow carried out the studies of the genomic origins and structures of adenovirus transcripts that led directly to the discovery of RNA splicing and alternative RNA processing at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island in 1977. Norman Davidson, (a Caltech expert in electron microscopy, under whom Chow apprenticed as a graduate student), affirmed that Chow operated the electron microscope through which the splicing process was observed, and was the crucial experiment 's sole designer, using techniques she had developed.
The 1975 prize was awarded to David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard Martin Temin "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell ''. It has been argued that Dulbecco was distantly, if at all, involved in this ground - breaking work. Further, the award failed to recognize the contributions of Satoshi Mizutani, Temin 's Japanese postdoctoral fellow. Mizutani and Temin jointly discovered that the Rous sarcoma virus particle contained the enzyme reverse transcriptase. However, Mizutani was solely responsible for the original conception and design of the novel experiment that confirmed Temin 's provirus hypothesis. A second controversy implicated Baltimore in the "Imanishi - Kari '' affair, involving charges that Thereza Imanishi - Kari, a researcher in his laboratory, had fabricated data. Imanishi - Kari was initially found to have committed scientific fraud by the Office of Scientific Integrity (OSI), following highly publicized and politicized hearings. However, in 1996, she was vindicated by an appeals panel of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, which overturned the OSI 's findings and criticized their investigation. Baltimore 's staunch defense of Imanishi - Kari initially drew substantial criticism and controversy; the case itself was often referred to as "The Baltimore Affair '', and contributed to his resignation as president of Rockefeller University. Following Imanishi - Kari 's vindication, Baltimore 's role was reassessed; The New York Times opined that "... the most notorious fraud case in recent scientific history has collapsed in embarrassment for the Federal Government and belated vindication for the accused scientist. ''
The 1973 prize went to Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns ''. Von Frisch 's contribution was the "dance language '' of bees. However, controversy emerged over the lack of direct proof of the waggle dance -- as exactly worded by von Frisch. A team of researchers from Rothamsted Research in 2005 settled the controversy by using radar to track bees as they flew to a food source. It turns out that bees do, indeed, use the information contained in the waggle dance to find food sources.
The 1968 prize went to Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis ''. However, Heinrich J. Matthaei broke the genetic code in 1961 with Nirenberg in their poly - U experiment at National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, paving the way for modern genetics. Matthaei was responsible for experimentally obtaining the first codon (nucleotide triple that usually specifies an amino acid) extract, while Nirenberg tampered with his initial, accurate results (due to his belief in ' less precise ', ' more believable ' data presentation).
The 1962 prize was awarded to James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material ''. It did not recognize critical contributions from Alec Stokes, Herbert Wilson, and Erwin Chargaff. In addition, Erwin Chargaff, Oswald Avery and Rosalind Franklin (whose key DNA X-ray crystallography work was the most detailed yet least acknowledged among the three) contributed directly to Watson and Crick 's insight to solve the DNA molecule 's structure. Avery 's death in 1955, and Franklin 's in 1958, eliminated them from eligibility.
The 1952 prize was awarded solely to Selman Waksman "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis '' and omitted recognition due his co-discoverer Albert Schatz. Schatz sued Waksman over the details and credit of the discovery. Schatz was awarded a substantial settlement, and, together with Waksman, Schatz was legally recognized as a co-discoverer.
The 1949 prize was awarded to Portuguese neurologist António Egas Moniz "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses ''. Soon after, Dr. Walter Freeman developed the transorbital lobotomy, which was easier to carry out. Criticism was raised because the procedure was often prescribed injudiciously and without regard for medical ethics. Popular acceptance of the procedure had been fostered by enthusiastic press coverage such as a 1938 New York Times report. Endorsed by such influential publications as The New England Journal of Medicine, in the three years following the Prize, some 5,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States alone, and many more throughout the world. Joseph Kennedy, father of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, had his daughter Rosemary lobotomized when she was in her twenties. The procedure later fell into disrepute and was prohibited in many countries.
The 1945 prize was awarded to Ernst Boris Chain, Howard Florey and Alexander Fleming "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases ''. Fleming accidentally stumbled upon the then - unidentified fungal mold. However, some critics pointed out that Fleming did not in fact discover penicillin, that it was technically a rediscovery; decades before Fleming, Sir John Scott Burdon - Sanderson, William Roberts (physician), John Tyndall and Ernest Duchesne had already done studies and research on its useful properties and medicinal characteristics. Moreover, according to Fleming himself, the first known reference to penicillin was from Psalm 51: "Purge me with hyssop and I shall be clean ''. Meanwhile, he had learned from mycologist Charles Thom (the same who helped Fleming establish the identity of the mysterious fungal mold) that "Penicillium notatum '' was first recognized by Per Richard Westling, a Swedish pharmacist, from a specimen of decayed hyssop. In this award, as it had been pointed out, several deserving contemporaneous contributors had been left out of the Prize altogether.
In 1926, no prize was awarded because the works of the two nominees Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger and Katsusaburo Yamagiwa were considered undeserving. Fibiger had demonstrated that he could induce stomach cancer in rats using a roundworm Gongylonema neoplasticum that he discovered (but which he preferred to call Spiroptera carcinoma). Yamagiwa followed suit and induced cancer in rabbit by applying coal tar on the rabbit 's ears. Theirs were the first experimental induction of cancer. One of the assessors Hilding Bergstrand concluded that "one can not, at this point, find much support for the possibility that the work of Fibiger and Yamagiwa will have great importance in the solving of the riddle of cancer. Under such circumstances I do not consider these discoveries worthy of the Noble Prize. '' In 1927, Fibiger was again nominated alongside Otto Heinrich Warburg and Julius Wagner - Jauregg; but Yamagiwa was excluded. The Nobel Committee decided to award the 1926 prize jointly to Fibiger and Warburg, and the 1927 prize to Wagner - Jauregg. But at the final selection, Karolinska Institute rejected Warburg. The 1926 prize went solely to Fibiger "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma. '' Fibiger 's "finding '' was discredited by other scientists shortly thereafter. Particularly after the last major experiment in 1952, it was established that the roundworm is not carcinogenic, and that cancers developed in Fibiger 's experiments were due to vitamin A deficiency. Yamagiwa 's exclusion was also criticised, because his experiment was a valid finding. Coal tar (and substances containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs) are true carcinogens. Yamagiwa 's work has become the primary basis for this line of research. Encyclopædia Britannica 's guide to Nobel Prizes in cancer research mentions Yamagiwa 's work as a milestone without mentioning Fibiger.
The 1923 prize was awarded to Frederick Banting and John Macleod "for the discovery of insulin ''. Banting clearly deserved the prize, however, the choice of Macleod as co-winner was controversial. Banting felt that Charles Best was the proper corecipient, while Macleod had merely given them lab space at the University of Toronto while Macleod was away for the summer. However, on his return, Macleod pointed out some flaws in their experimental design and gave them advice about directions to work in. Banting 's original method of isolating insulin required performing surgery on living dogs, which was too labor - intensive to produce insulin on a large scale. Best then set about finding a biochemical extraction method, while James Bertram Collip, a chemistry professor on sabbatical from the University of Alberta, joined Macleod 's team and worked in parallel with Best. The two of them succeeded within days of each other. When Banting agreed to receive the prize, he decided to give half of his prize money to Best. Macleod, in turn, split his half of the prize money with Collip.
Since the Toronto team had isolated insulin from the pancreas, many researchers who had worked with pancreatic extracts claimed to have discovered insulin before the Prize winners. These included George Ludwig Zuelzer (1906), E.L. Scott (1911), and Nicolae Paulescu (1921). Israel Kleiner had also tested pancreatic extracts on dogs in 1915, but he made no claim to priority. In all of the earlier work, the injection of insufficiently pure pancreatic extracts resulted in fever and other side effects. The same problem had affected the Canadians ' early tests on humans, but they continued their work until they reached a purity that was acceptable for use in humans.
No prize was awarded in 1921. Carlos Chagas, who had already been nominated in 1913 and was the recipient of several international awards at the time, was among the nominees. His failure in receiving the award has generated controversy, especially in his homeland, Brazil, proved that Chagas is responsible for one of the most important achievements in the history of parasitology: Chagas alone discovered a new infectious disease, Chagas disease, its pathogen, vector, host, clinical manifestation and epidemology, first describing it in 1909. According to historian Sierra Iglesias, the Nobel Assembly retrieved for Brazilian health authorities ' advice as to Chagas 's being worthy the award and received unfavorable answers. It is known that Chagas had several adversaries inside Brazilian governmental health organizations, mainly due to intellectual rivalries; however, Iglesias offers no proof to her claims. It seems substantially more likely that Chagas 's not receiving the award was due to the Nobel Committee inability in recognizing the value of Chagas 's findings.
Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal were jointly awarded "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system ''. However, their interpretation of discoveries were directly in opposition. Much as Golgi made significant contributions to the techniques in the study of nervous system in terms of actual structure, he made a completely erroneous conclusion that nervous system is nothing but a single continuous network, the notion called reticular theory. On the other hand, Ramón y Cajal described nervous system as composed of interlinking nerve cells or neurons as suggested by a theory called the neuron doctrine. Golgi strongly advocated the reticular theory such that even his Nobel lecture was a direct attack on Cajal 's work and the neuron doctrine, and even depicted a diagram of continuous network which he claimed was "an exact reproduction after life ''. Therefore, recognising a work on wrong conclusion is inappropriate. The controversy and rivalry between the two scientists lasted even after the award of the Nobel Prize. The award is even dubbed as creating the "storm center of histological controversy ''. Cajal even commented that: "What a cruel irony of fate of pair, like Siamese twins united by the shoulders, scientific adversaries of such contrasting character! ''. The neuron doctrine turned out to be a more correct description, and Golgi was proved wrong with the development of electron microscopy in the 1950s by which it was clearly demonstrated that neurons are individual cells in the nervous system, and that they are interconnected through gaps called synapses. Recent studies suggest that there are notable exceptions. Electrical synapses are more common in the central nervous system than previously thought. Thus, rather than functioning as individual units, in some parts of the brain large ensembles of neurons may be active simultaneously to process neural information.
Ronald Ross was awarded basically for his discovery of the life cycle of malarial parasite (as the citation goes: for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism...). In 1897, independent of Ross, Giovanni Battista Grassi, along with his Italian associates, had established the developmental stages of malaria parasites in anopheline mosquitoes; and they described the complete life cycles of P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae the following year. The initial opinion of the Nobel Committee was that the prize should be shared between Ross and Grassi. Then Ross made a defamatory campaign accusing Grassi of deliberate fraud. The weight of favour ultimately fell on Ross, largely upon the influences of Robert Koch, the appointed "neutral arbitrator '' in the committee; as reported, "Koch threw the full weight of his considerable authority in insisting that Grassi did not deserve the honor ''. The indelible irony was that Ross was definitely the first to show that malarial parasite was transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes, in his case the avian Plasmodium relictum. But Grassi 's work was much more directly relevant to human health as he demonstrated that human malarial parasites were incriminated only by female Anopheles (Interestingly, Ross never identified the mosquito species, being not a zoologist, "grey mosquito with dappled wings '' was all that he could offer). Indeed, it was Grassi who identified the species correctly, and in 1898 who first established the complete life cycle of P. falciparum, the first human malarial parasite for which the entire cycle was determined. By today 's standard, they should have undoubtedly shared the Nobel.
Oswald Theodore Avery, best known for his 1944 demonstration that DNA is the cause of bacterial transformation and potentially the material of which genes are composed, never received a Nobel Prize, although two Nobel Laureates, Joshua Lederberg and Arne Tiselius, praised him and his work as a pioneering platform for further genetic research. According to John M. Barry, in his book The Great Influenza, the committee was preparing to award Avery, but declined to do so after the DNA findings were published, fearing that they would be endorsing findings that had not yet survived significant scrutiny.
In 1936, the Nobel Foundation offended Adolf Hitler when it awarded the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize to Carl von Ossietzky, a German writer who publicly opposed Hitler and Nazism. (At that time, the prize was awarded the following year.) Hitler reacted by issuing a decree on 31 January 1937 that forbade German nationals to accept any Nobel Prize. Awarding the peace prize to Ossietzky was itself considered controversial. While Fascism had few supporters outside Italy, Spain, and Germany, those who did not necessarily sympathize felt that it was wrong to (deliberately) offend Germany.
Hitler 's decree prevented three Germans from accepting their prizes: Gerhard Domagk (1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), Richard Kuhn (1938 Nobel Prize in Chemistry), and Adolf Butenandt (1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry). The three later received their certificates and medals, but not the prize money.
On 19 October 1939, about a month and a half after World War II had started, the Nobel Committee of the Karolinska Institutet met to discuss the 1939 prize in physiology or medicine. The majority favored Domagk and someone leaked the news, which traveled to Berlin. The Kulturministerium in Berlin replied with a telegram stating that a Nobel Prize to a German was "completely unwanted '' (durchaus unerwünscht). Despite the telegram, a large majority voted for Domagk on 26 October 1939. Once he learned of the decision, hopeful that it only applied to the peace prize, Domagk sent a request to the Ministry of Education in Berlin asking permission to accept the prize. Since he did not receive a reply after more than a week had passed, he felt it would be impolite to wait any longer without responding, and on 3 November 1939 he wrote a letter to the Institute thanking them for the distinction, but added that he had to wait for the government 's approval before he could accept the prize. He was subsequently ordered to send a copy of his letter to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Berlin, and on 17 November 1939, was arrested by the Gestapo. He was released after one week, then arrested again. On 28 November 1939, he was forced by the Kulturministerium to sign a prepared letter, addressed to the Institute, declining the prize. Since the Institute had already prepared his medal and diploma before the second letter arrived, they were able to award them to him later, during the 1947 Nobel festival. Domagk was the first to decline a prize. Due to his refusal, the procedures changed so that if a laureate declined the prize or failed to collect the prize award before 1 October of the following year, the money would not be awarded.
On 9 November 1939, the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences awarded the 1938 Prize for Chemistry to Kuhn and half of the 1939 prize to Butenandt. When notified of the decision, the German scientists were forced to decline by threats of violence. Their refusal letters arrived in Stockholm after Domagk 's refusal letter, helping to confirm suspicions that the German government had forced them to refuse the prize. In 1948, they wrote to the Academy expressing their gratitude for the prizes and their regret for being forced to refuse them in 1939. They were awarded their medals and diplomas at a ceremony in July 1949.
Boris Pasternak at first accepted the 1958 Nobel Prize in Literature, but was forced by Soviet authorities to decline, because the prize was considered a "reward for the dissident political innuendo in his novel, Doctor Zhivago. '' Pasternak died without ever receiving the prize. He was eventually honored by the Nobel Foundation at a banquet in Stockholm on 9 December 1989, when they presented his medal to his son.
The 2010 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Liu Xiaobo while he was serving a prison sentence for "subversion of the state '', with the Chinese government not allowing him or his family members to attend the ceremony.
Two laureates voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize. Jean - Paul Sartre declined the 1964 prize for Literature, stating, "A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honourable form. '' The second person who refused the prize is Lê Đức Thọ, who was awarded the 1973 Peace Prize for his role in the Paris Peace Accords. He declined, saying there was no actual peace in Vietnam.
1915 saw a newspaper rumor (starting with a 6 November Reuters report from London) along the lines that Nobel Prize in Physics was to be awarded to both Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla. The story had gone to press in many publications before a 15 November Reuters story from Stockholm with the announcement that the prize that year was being awarded to William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays ''. There were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that Tesla and Edison had won the prize and that the Nobel committee had changed recipients when Tesla and / or Edison refused the award (a claim also made many years later attributed Tesla). The Nobel Foundation declined to comment on the rumors other than saying, "Any rumor that a person has not been given a Nobel Prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous '', further stating a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner.
Otto Heinrich Warburg, a German national who won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, was rumored to have been selected for the 1944 prize but forbidden to accept it. According to the Nobel Foundation, this story is not true.
Multiple primary fields of human intellectual endeavor - such as mathematics, philosophy and social studies - were not included among the Nobel Prizes, because they were not part of Alfred Nobel 's will. When Jakob von Uexkull approached the Nobel Foundation with a proposal to establish two new awards for the environment and for the lives of the poor, he was turned down. He then established the Right Livelihood Award.
In 2003 purportedly a new Nobel - equivalent Award was also created especially for mathematics, the Abel Prize, though the older Fields Medal is often considered as the mathematical Nobel equivalent.
However, the Nobel Committee did allow the creation of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. Many people have opposed this expansion, including the Swedish human rights lawyer Peter Nobel, a great - grandnephew of Alfred Nobel. In his speech at the 1974 Nobel banquet, awardee Friedrich Hayek stated that had he been consulted whether to establish an economics prize, he would "have decidedly advised against it '' primarily because "the Nobel Prize confers on an individual an authority which in economics no man ought to possess... This does not matter in the natural sciences. Here the influence exercised by an individual is chiefly an influence on his fellow experts; and they will soon cut him down to size if he exceeds his competence. But the influence of the economist that mainly matters is an influence over laymen: politicians, journalists, civil servants and the public generally. ''
The Kluge Prize, a $1 million prize given by the John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress, is awarded for lifetime achievement in fields of humanistic and social science studies that are not included in the Nobel Prizes, most notably history, philosophy, politics, psychology, anthropology, sociology, religious studies, linguistics, and criticism in the arts and humanities.
The Shaw Prize is awarded for achievements in the fields of astronomy and mathematical sciences besides life science and medicine.
The Tang Prize categories include areas of sustainable development and rule of law which are not included in Nobel Prize, and also include biopharmaceutical science and sinology. The panels of judges are convened by Academia Sinica, located in Taiwan, Republic of China.
Following the announcement of the award of the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize to incarcerated Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo, the Chinese tabloid Global Times created the Confucius Peace Prize. The award ceremony was deliberately organized to take place on 8 December, one day before the Nobel ceremony. Organizers said that the prize had no relation to the Chinese government, the Ministry of Culture or Beijing Normal University.
The German National Prize for Art and Science was Hitler 's alternative to the Nobel Prize.
The Ig Nobel Prize is an American parody of the Nobel Prize.
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who was assigned the task of partitioning india in 1947 | Radcliffe Line - Wikipedia
The Radcliffe Line was the boundary demarcation line between India and Pakistan published on 17 August 1947 upon the Partition of India. It was named after its architect, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who, as chairman of the Border Commissions, was charged with equitably dividing 175,000 square miles (450,000 km) of territory with 88 million people. Today its western side still serves as the Indo - Pakistani border and the eastern side serves as the India - Bangladesh border.
On 15 July 1947, the Indian Independence Act 1947 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom stipulated that British rule in India would come to an end just one month later, on 15 August 1947. The Act also stipulated the partition of the Provinces of British India into two new sovereign dominions: the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan.
The Indian Independence Act, passed by the British parliament, abandoned the suzerainty of the British Crown over the princely states and dissolved the Indian Empire, so that the rulers of the states found themselves fully independent and were free to decide for themselves whether to accede to one of the new dominions or to remain independent.
Pakistan was intended as a Muslim homeland, while the Union of India remained secular. Muslim - majority British provinces in the north were to become the foundation of Pakistan. The provinces of Baluchistan (91.8 % Muslim before partition) and Sindh (72.7 %) were granted entirely to Pakistan. However, two provinces did not have an overwhelming majority -- Bengal in the north - east (54.4 % Muslim) and the Punjab in the north - west (55.7 % Muslim). The western part of the Punjab became part of West Pakistan and the eastern part became the Indian state of East Punjab, which was later divided between a smaller Punjab State and two other states. Bengal was also partitioned, into East Bengal (in Pakistan) and West Bengal (in India). Following independence, the North - West Frontier Province (whose borders with Afghanistan had earlier been demarcated by the Durand Line) voted in a referendum to join Pakistan. This controversial referendum was boycotted by the most popular Pukhtun movement in the province at that time. The area is now a province in Pakistan called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
The Punjab 's population distribution was such that there was no line that could neatly divide Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. Likewise, no line could appease the Muslim League, headed by Jinnah, and the Indian National Congress led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel, and by the British. Moreover, any division based on religious communities was sure to entail "cutting through road and rail communications, irrigation schemes, electric power systems and even individual landholdings. '' However, a well - drawn line could minimize the separation of farmers from their fields, and also minimize the numbers of people who might feel forced to relocate.
As it turned out, on "the sub-continent as a whole, some 14 million people left their homes and set out by every means possible -- by air, train, and road, in cars and lorries, in buses and bullock carts, but most of all on foot -- to seek refuge with their own kind. '' Many of them were slaughtered by an opposing side, some starved or died of exhaustion, while others were afflicted with "cholera, dysentery, and all those other diseases that afflict undernourished refugees everywhere ''. Estimates of the number of people who died range between 200,000 (official British estimate at the time) and two million, with the consensus being around one million dead.
The idea of partitioning the provinces of Bengal and Punjab had been present since the beginning of the 20th century. Bengal had in fact been partitioned by the then viceroy Lord Curzon in 1905, along with its adjoining regions. The resulting ' Eastern Bengal and Assam ' province, with its capital at Dhaka, had a Muslim majority and the ' West Bengal ' province, with its capital at Calcutta, had a Hindu majority. However, this partition of Bengal was reversed in 1911 in an effort to mollify Bengali nationalism.
Proposals for partitioning Punjab had been made starting from 1908. Its proponents included the Hindu leader Bhai Parmanand, Congress leader Lala Lajpat Rai, industrialist G.D. Birla, and various Sikh leaders. After the Lahore resolution (1940) of the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, B.R. Ambedkar wrote a 400 page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, wherein he discussed the boundaries of the Muslim and non-Muslim regions of Punjab and Bengal. His calculations showed a Muslim majority in 16 western districts of Punjab and non-Muslim majority in 13 eastern districts. In Bengal, he showed non-Muslim majority in 15 districts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand the nature of their own demand ''.
After the breakdown of the 1945 Simla Conference of viceroy Lord Wavell, the idea of Pakistan began to be contemplated seriously. Sir Evan Jenkins, the private secretary of the viceroy (later the governor of Punjab), wrote a memorandum titled "Pakistan and the Punjab '', where he discussed the issues surrounding the partition of Punjab. K.M. Panikkar, then prime minister of the Bikaner State, sent a memorandum to the viceroy titled "Next Step in India '', wherein he recommended that the British government concede the principle of ' Muslim homeland ' but carry out territorial adjustments to the Punjab and Bengal to meet the claims of the Hindus and Sikhs. Based on these discussions, the viceroy sent a note on "Pakistan theory '' to the Secretary of State. The viceroy informed the Secretary of State that Jinnah envisaged full provinces of Bengal and Punjab going to Pakistan with only minor adjustments, whereas Congress was expecting almost half of these provinces to remain in India. This essentially framed the problem of partition.
The Secretary of State responded by directing Lord Wavell to send ' actual proposals for defining genuine Muslim areas '. The task fell on V.P. Menon, the Reforms Commissioner, and his colleague Sir B.N. Rau in the Reforms Office. They prepared a note called "Demarcation of Pakistan Areas '', where they defined the western zone of Pakistan as consisting of Sindh, N.W.F.P., British Baluchistan and three western divisions of Punjab (Rawalpindi, Multan and Lahore). However, they noted that this allocation would leave 2.2 million Sikhs in the Pakistan area and about 1.5 million in India. Excluding the Amritsar and Gurdaspur distrcts of the Lahore Division from Pakistan would put a majority of Sikhs in India. (Amritsar had a non-Muslim majority and Gurdaspur a marginal Muslim majority.) To compensate for the exclusion of the Gurdaspur district, they included the entire Dinajpur district in the eastern zone of Pakistan, which similarly had a marginal Muslim majority. After receiving comments from John Thorne, member of the Executive Council in charge of Home affairs, Wavell forwarded the proposal to the Secretary of State. He justified the exclusion of the Amritsar district because of its sacredness to the Sikhs and that of Gurdaspur district because it had to go with Amritsar for ' geographical reasons '. The Secretary of State commended the proposal and forwarded it to the India and Burma Committee, saying, "I do not think that any better division than the one the Viceroy proposes is likely to be found ''.
In March 1946, the British government sent a Cabinet Mission to India to find a solution to resolve the conflicting demands of Congress and the Muslim League. Congress agreed to allow Pakistan to be formed with ' genuine Muslim areas '. The Sikh leaders asked for a Sikh state with Ambala, Jalandher, Lahore Divisions with some districts from the Multan Division, which, however, did not meet the Cabinet delegates ' agreement. In discussions with Jinnah, the Cabinet Mission offered either a ' smaller Pakistan ' with all the Muslim - majority districts except Gurdaspur or a ' larger Pakistan ' under the sovereignty of the Indian Union. The Cabinet Mission came close to success with its proposal for an Indian Union under a federal scheme, but it fell apart in the end.
In March 1947, Lord Mountbatten arrived in India as the next viceroy, with an explicit mandate to achieve transfer of power before June 1948. Scholar Sialkoti states that Mountbatten and his staff had already evaluated all the recommendations for the partition of Punjab and done their homework prior to their arrival. Within ten days, Mountbatten 's staff had categorically stated that Congress had conceded the Pakistan demand except for the 13 eastern districts of Punjab (including Amritsar and Gurdaspur).
However, Jinnah held out. Through a series of six meetings with Mountbatten, he continued to maintain that his demand was for six full provinces. He "bitterly complained '' that the Viceroy was ruining his Pakistan by cutting Punjab and Bengal in half. The Gurdaspur district remained a key contentious issue for the non-Muslims. Their members of the Punjab legislature made representations to Mountbatten 's chief of staff Lord Ismay as well as the Governor telling them that Gurdaspur was a "non-Muslim district ''. They contended that even if it had a marginal Muslim majority of 51 %, which they believed to be erroneous, the Muslims paid only 35 % of the land revenue in the district.
In April, Governor Evan Jenkins wrote a note to Mountbatten proposing that Punjab be divided along Muslim and non-Muslim majority districts, but "adjustments could be made by agreement '' regarding the tehsils (subdistricts) contiguous to these districts. He proposed that a Boundary Commission be set up consisting of two Muslim and two non-Muslim members recommended by the Punjab Legislative Assembly. He also proposed that a British judge of the High Court be appointed as the chairman of the Commission. Jinnah and the Muslim League continued to oppose the idea of partitioning the provinces, and the Sikhs were disturbed about the possibility of getting only 12 districts (without Gurdaspur). In this context the Partition Plan of 3 June was announced with a notional partition showing 17 districts of Punjab in Pakistan and 12 districts in India, along with the establishment of a Boundary Commission to decide the final boundary. In Sialkoti 's view, this was done mainly to placate the Sikhs.
A crude border had already been drawn up by Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India prior to his replacement as Viceroy, in February 1947, by Lord Louis Mountbatten. In order to determine exactly which territories to assign to each country, in June 1947, Britain appointed Sir Cyril Radcliffe to chair two Boundary Commissions -- one for Bengal and one for Punjab.
The Commission was instructed to "demarcate the boundaries of the two parts of the Punjab on the basis of ascertaining the contiguous majority areas of Muslims and non-Muslims. In doing so, it will also take into account other factors. '' Other factors were undefined, giving Radcliffe leeway, but included decisions regarding "natural boundaries, communications, watercourses and irrigation systems '', as well as socio - political consideration. Each commission also had 4 representatives -- 2 from the Indian National Congress and 2 from the Muslim League. Given the deadlock between the interests of the two sides and their rancorous relationship, the final decision was essentially Radcliffe 's.
After arriving in India on 8 July 1947, Radcliffe was given just five weeks to decide on a border. He soon met with his fellow college alumnus Mountbatten and travelled to Lahore and Calcutta to meet with commission members, chiefly Nehru from the Congress and Jinnah, president of the Muslim League. He objected to the short time frame, but all parties were insistent that the line be finished by the 15 August British withdrawal from India. Mountbatten had accepted the post as Viceroy on the condition of an early deadline. The decision was completed just a couple of days before the withdrawal, but due to political manoeuvring, not published until 17 August 1947, two days after the grant of independence to India and Pakistan.
Each boundary commission consisted of 5 people -- a chairman (Radcliffe), 2 members nominated by the Indian National Congress and 2 members nominated by the Muslim League.
The Bengal Boundary Commission consisted of Justices C.C. Biswas, B.K. Mukherji, Abu Saleh Mohamed Akram and S.A. Rahman.
The members of the Punjab Commission were Justices Mehr Chand Mahajan, Teja Singh, Din Mohamed and Muhammad Munir.
All lawyers by trade, Radcliffe and the other commissioners had all of the polish and none of the specialized knowledge needed for the task. They had no advisers to inform them of the well - established procedures and information needed to draw a boundary. Nor was there time to gather the survey and regional information. The absence of some experts and advisers, such as the United Nations, was deliberate, to avoid delay. Britain 's new Labour government "deep in wartime debt, simply could n't afford to hold on to its increasingly unstable empire. '' "The absence of outside participants -- for example, from the United Nations -- also satisfied the British Government 's urgent desire to save face by avoiding the appearance that it required outside help to govern -- or stop governing -- its own empire. ''
The equal representation given to politicians from Indian National Congress and the Muslim League appeared to provide balance, but instead created deadlock. The relationships were so tendentious that the judges "could hardly bear to speak to each other '', and the agendas so at odds that there seemed to be little point anyway. Even worse, "the wife and two children of the Sikh judge in Lahore had been murdered by Muslims in Rawalpindi a few weeks earlier. ''
In fact, minimizing the numbers of Hindus and Muslims on the wrong side of the line was not the only concern to balance. The Punjab Border Commission was to draw a border through the middle of an area home to the Sikh community. Lord Islay was rueful for the British not to give more consideration to the community who, in his words, had "provided many thousands of splendid recruits for the Indian Army '' in its service for the crown in World War I. However, the Sikhs were militant in their opposition to any solution which would put their community in a Muslim ruled state. Moreover, many insisted on their own sovereign state, something no - one else would agree to.
Last of all, were the communities without any representation. The Bengal Border Commission representatives were chiefly concerned with the question of who would get Calcutta. The Buddhist tribes in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bengal had no official representation and were left totally without information to prepare for their situation until two days after the partition.
Perceiving the situation as intractable and urgent, Radcliffe went on to make all the difficult decisions himself. This was impossible from inception, but Radcliffe seems to have had no doubt in himself and raised no official complaint or proposal to change the circumstances.
Before his appointment, Radcliffe had never visited India and knew no one there. To the British and the feuding politicians alike, this neutrality was looked upon as an asset; he was considered to be unbiased toward any of the parties, except of course Britain. Only his private secretary, Christopher Beaumont, was familiar with the administration and life in the Punjab. Wanting to preserve the appearance of impartiality, Radcliffe also kept his distance from Viceroy Mountbatten.
No amount of knowledge could produce a line that would completely avoid conflict; already, "sectarian riots in Punjab and Bengal dimmed hopes for a quick and dignified British withdrawal ''. "Many of the seeds of postcolonial disorder in South Asia were sown much earlier, in a century and half of direct and indirect British control of large part of the region, but, as book after book has demonstrated, nothing in the complex tragedy of partition was inevitable. ''
Radcliffe justified the casual division with the truism that no matter what he did, people would suffer. The thinking behind this justification may never be known since Radcliffe "destroyed all his papers before he left India ''. He departed on Independence Day itself, before even the boundary awards were distributed. By his own admission, Radcliffe was heavily influenced by his lack of fitness for the Indian climate and his eagerness to depart India.
The implementation was no less hasty than the process of drawing the border. On 16 August 1947 at 5: 00 pm, the Indian and Pakistani representatives were given two hours to study copies, before the Radcliffe award was published on 17 August.
To avoid disputes and delays, the division was done in secret. The final Awards were ready on 9 August and 12 August, but not published until two days after the partition.
According to Read and Fisher, there is some circumstantial evidence that Nehru and Patel were secretly informed of the Punjab Award 's contents on August 9 or 10, either through Mountbatten or Radcliffe 's Indian assistant secretary. Regardless of how it transpired, the award was changed to put a salient east of the Sutlej canal within India 's domain instead of Pakistan 's. This area consisted of two Muslim - majority tehsils with a combined population of over half a million. There were two apparent reasons for the switch: the area housed an army arms depot, and contained the headwaters of a canal which irrigated the princely state of Bikaner, which would accede to India.
After the partition, the fledgling governments of India and Pakistan were left with all responsibility to implement the border. After visiting Lahore in August, Viceroy Mountbatten hastily arranged a Punjab Boundary Force to keep the peace around Lahore, but 50,000 men was not enough to prevent thousands of killings, 77 % of which were in the rural areas. Given the size of the territory, the force amounted to less than one soldier per square mile. This was not enough to protect the cities much less the caravans of the hundreds of thousands of refugees who were fleeing their homes in what would become Pakistan.
Both India and Pakistan were loath to violate the agreement by supporting the rebellions of villages drawn on the wrong side of the border, as this could prompt a loss of face on the international stage and require the British or the UN to intervene. Border conflicts led to three wars, in 1947, 1965, and 1971, and the Kargil conflict of 1999.
There were disputes regarding the Radcliffe Line 's award of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Gurdaspur district. Disputes also evolved around the districts of Malda, Khulna, and Murshidabad in Bengal and the sub-division of Karimganj of Assam.
In addition to Gurdaspur 's Muslim majority tehsils, Radcliffe also gave the Muslim majority tehsils of Ajnala (Amritsar District), Zira, Ferozpur (in Ferozpur District), Nakodar and Jullander (in Jullander District) to India instead of Pakistan.
Indian historians now accept that Mountbatten probably did influence the Ferozpur award in India 's favour.
Under British control, the Gurdaspur district was the northernmost district of the Punjab Province. The district itself was administratively subdivided into four tehsils: Shakargarh and Pathankot tehsils to the north, and Gurdaspur and Batala tehsils to the south. Of the four, only the Shakargarh tehsil, which was separated from the rest of the district by the Ravi river, was awarded to Pakistan. (It was subsequently merged into the Narowal district of West Punjab.) The Gurdaspur, Batala and Pathankot tehsils became part of India 's East Punjab state. The division of the district was followed by a population transfer between the two nations, with Muslims leaving for Pakistan and Hindus and Sikhs leaving for India.
The entire district of Gurdaspur had a bare majority of 50.2 % Muslims. (In the ` notional ' award attached to the Indian Independence Act, all of Gurdaspur district was marked as Pakistan with 51.14 % Muslim majority. In the 1901 census, the population of Gurdaspur district was 49 % Muslim, 40 % Hindu, and 10 % Sikh.) The Pathankot tehsil was predominantly Hindu while the other three tehsils were Muslim majority. In the event, only Shakargarh was awarded to Pakistan.
Radcliffe explained that the reason for deviating from the notional award in case of Gurdaspur was that the headwaters of the canals that irrigated the Amritsar district lay in the Gurdaspur district and it was important to keep them under one administration. Lord Wavell had stated in February 1946 that Gurdaspur had to go with the Amritsar district, and the latter could not be in Pakistan due to its Sikh religious shrines. In addition, the railway line from Amritsar to Pathankot passed through the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils.
Pakistanis have alleged that the award of the three tehsils to India was a manipulation of the Award by Lord Mountbatten in an effort to provide a land route for India to Jammu and Kashmir. However, Shereen Ilahi points out that the land route to Kashmir was entirely within the Pathankot tehsil, which had a Hindu majority. The award of the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils to India did not affect Kashmir.
Pakistan maintains that the Radcliffe Award was altered by Mountbatten; Gurdaspur was handed over to India and thus was manipulated the accession of Kashmir to India. As per the ` notional ' award that had already been put into effect for purposes of administration ad interim, all of Gurdaspur district, owing to its Muslim majority, was assigned to Pakistan. From August 14th to 17th, Mushtaq Ahmed Cheema acted as the Deputy Commissioner of the Gurdaspur District, but when, after a delay of two days, it was announced that the major portion of the district had been awarded to India instead of Pakistan, Cheema left for Pakistan. The major part of Gurdaspur district, i.e. three of the four sub-districts and a small part of the fourth, had been handed over to India giving India practical land access to Kashmir, thus making the Indian intervention in Kashmir possible. It came as a great blow to Pakistan. Jinnah and other leaders of Pakistan, and particularly its officials, criticized the Award as ' extremely unjust and unfair '.
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, who represented the Muslim League in July 1947 before the Radcliffe Boundary Commission, stated that the Boundary Commission was a farce. A secret deal between Mountbatten and Congress leaders had already been struck. Mehr Chand Mahajan, one of the two Non Muslim members of the Boundary Commission, in his autobiography, has acknowledged that when he was selected for the boundary commission, he was not inclined to accept the invitation as he believed that the commission was just a farce and that decisions were actually to be taken by Mountbatten himself. It was only under British pressure that the charges against Mountbatten of last minute alterations in the Radcliffe Award were not officially brought forward by Pakistani Government in the UN Security Council while presenting its case on Kashmir.
Zafrullah Khan states that, in actual fact, adopting the tehsil as a unit would have given Pakistan the Ferozepur and Zira tehsils of the Ferozpur District, the Jullundur and Rahon tehsils of Jullundur district and the Dasuya tehsil of the Hoshiarpur district. The line so drawn would also give Pakistan the State of Kapurthala (which had a Muslim majority) and would enclose within Pakistan the whole of the Amritsar district of which only one tehsil, Ajnala, had a Muslim majority. It would also give Pakistan the Shakargarh, Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils of the Gurdaspur district. If the boundary went by Doabs, Pakistan could get not only the 16 districts which had already under the notional partition been put into West Punjab, including the Gurdaspur District, but also get the Kangra District in the mountains, to the north and east of Gurdaspur. Or one could go by Commissioners ' divisions. Any of these units being adopted would have been more favourable to Pakistan than the present boundary line. The tehsil was the most favourable unit. But all of the aforementioned Muslim majority tehsils, with the exception of Shakargarh, were handed over to India while Pakistan did n't receive any Non-Muslim majority district or tehsil in Punjab. Zafruallh Khan states that Radcliffe used district, tehsil, thana, and even village boundaries to divide Punjab in such a way that the boundary line was drawn much to the prejudice of Pakistan.
According to Zafrullah Khan, the assertion that the award of the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils to India did not ' affect ' Kashmir is far - fetched. If Batala and Gurdaspur had gone to Pakistan, Pathankot tehsil would have been isolated and blocked. Even though it would have been possible for India to get access to Pathankot through the Hoshiarpur district, it would have taken quite long time to construct the roads, bridges and communications that would have been necessary for military movements.
Stanley Wolpert writes that Radcliffe in his initial maps awarded Gurdaspur district to Pakistan but one of Nehru 's and Mountbatten 's greatest concerns over the new Punjab border was to make sure that Gurdaspur would not go to Pakistan, since that would have deprived India of direct road access to Kashmir. As per "The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture '', a part of UNESCO 's Histories flagship project, recently disclosed documents of the history of the partition reveal British complicity with the top Indian leadership to wrest Kashmir from Pakistan. Alastair Lamb, based on the study of recently declassified documents, has convincingly proven that Mountbatten, in league with Nehru, was instrumental in pressurizing Radcliffe to award the Muslim - majority district of Gurdaspur in East Punjab to India which could provide India with the only possible access to Kashmir. Andrew Roberts believes that Mountbatten cheated over India - Pak frontier and states that if gerrymandering took place in the case of Ferozepur, it is not too hard to believe that Mountbatten also pressurized Radcliffe to ensure that Gurdaspur wound up in India to give India road access to Kashmir.
Perry Anderson states that Mountbatten, who was officially supposed to neither exercise any influence on Radcliffe nor to have any knowledge of his findings, intervened behind the scenes -- probably at Nehru 's behest -- to alter the award. He had little difficulty in getting Radcliffe to change his boundaries to allot the Muslim - majority district of Gurdaspur to India instead of Pakistan, thus giving India the only road access from Delhi to Kashmir.
However, some British works suggest that the ' Kashmir State was not in anybody 's mind ' when the Award was being drawn and that even the Pakistanis themselves had not realized the importance of Gurdaspur to Kashmir until the Indian forces actually entered Kashmir. Both Mountbatten and Radcliffe, of course, have strongly denied those charges. It is impossible to accurately quantify the personal responsibility for the tragedy of Kashmir as the Mountbatten papers relating to the issue at the India Office Library and records are closed to scholars for an indefinite period.
Chittagong Hill Tracts had a majority non-Muslim population of 97 % (most of them Buddhists), but was given to Pakistan. The Chittagong Hill Tracts People 's Association (CHTPA) petitioned the Bengal Boundary Commission that, since the CHTs were inhabited largely by non-Muslims, they should remain within India. Since they had no official representation, there was no official discussion on the matter, and many on the Indian side assumed the CHT would be awarded to India.
On 15 August 1947, many of the tribes did not know to which side of the border they belonged. On 17 August, the publication of the Radcliffe Award put the CHTs in Pakistan. The rationale of giving the Chittagong Hill Tracts to Pakistan was that they were inaccessible to India and to provide a substantial rural buffer to support Chittagong (now in Bangladesh), a major city and port; advocates for Pakistan forcefully argued to the Bengal Boundary Commission that the only approach was through Chittagong.
Two days later, the CHTPA resolved not to abide by the award and hoisted the Indian flag. The Pakistani army dealt with the protest but its polemic somewhat remains with some of its non-Muslim majority arguing for its secession.
Another disputed decision made by Radcliffe was division of the Malda district of Bengal. The district overall had a slight Muslim majority, but was divided and most of it, including Malda town, went to India. The district remained under East Pakistan administration for 3 -- 4 days after 15 August 1947. It was only when the award was made public that the Pakistani flag was replaced by the Indian flag in Malda.
The entire Khulna District with a marginal Hindu majority of 51 % was also given to East Pakistan in lieu of a smaller Murshidabad district with a 70 % Muslim majority, which went to India.
Sylhet district of Assam joined Pakistan in accordance with a referendum. However, the Karimganj sub-division with a Muslim majority was severed from Sylhet and given to India. As of the 2001 Indian Census, Karimganj now has a Muslim majority of 52.3 %.
The Partition of India is one of the central events in the collective memory in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. On his motivation to write Drawing the Line, playwright Howard Brenton said he first became interested in the story of the Radcliffe Line while vacationing in India and hearing stories from people whose families had fled across the new line.
As a crucial determiner in the outcomes of the partition, the Radcliffe Line and award process has been referred to in many films, books, and other artistic depictions of the partition of India. The specific commemoration of the award or the recounting of the story of the process and the people involved in it has been comparatively rare.
One notable depiction is Drawing the Line, written by British playwright Howard Brenton. Defending his portrayal of Cyril Radcliffe as a man who struggled with his conscience, Brenton said, "There were clues that Radcliffe had a dark night of the soul in the bungalow: he refused to accept his fee, he did collect all the papers and draft maps, took them home to England and burnt them. And he refused to say a word, even to his family, about what happened. My playwright 's brain went into overdrive when I discovered these details. ''
Indian Filmmaker Ram Madhvani created a nine - minute short film where he explored the plausible scenario of Radcliffe regretting the line he drew. The film was inspired by WH Auden 's poem on the Partition.
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when is benny and the ink machine chapter 5 coming out | Bendy and the ink Machine - Wikipedia
Bendy and the Ink Machine is an episodic survival horror video game developed and published by TheMeatly Games. The game focuses on Henry, a retired cartoonist, who returns to his old studio upon an invitation from his old friend Joey Drew and discovers a nightmare of cartoon monsters seemingly created by the titular Ink Machine. The game 's first chapter was released for Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows via Game Jolt on February 10, 2017, with a second chapter bundled with a remastered version of the first following on April 18, 2017. After the game succeeded in its Steam Greenlight campaign on February 28, 2017, both available chapters were released onto Steam on April 27, 2017. The third chapter was released on September 28, 2017 and the fourth chapter was released on April 30, 2018, after a short delay. Mike Mood, the game 's programmer, describes the game as an "accidental success ''.
Bendy and the Ink Machine was announced to be published by Rooster Teeth Games for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch sometime in 2018 after the final chapter has been completed.
Bendy and the Ink Machine is a survival horror game that uses a mixture of puzzle solving, environment exploration and combat to aid Henry on his journey through the abandoned studio. Players explore through a first - person view and have limited physical actions such as running and jumping. Different items can be collected, some of which are for solving various puzzles to fix machinery or open doors. Cans of bacon soup, a reference to the game 's creator TheMeatly and his partner Mike Mood, can also be collected for both achievements and to restore Henry 's health if he is injured. Combat is primarily focused around a variety of different weapons, including axes, pipes and plungers, though the special use of a tommy gun can also be obtained as of Chapter Three. The game 's ink monsters, acting as the main enemies of the story, all have different strength levels and resilience to damage, forcing players to be tactical about keeping out of reach and striking when necessary. Some enemies can not be destroyed and must be instead hidden from in order to survive. If Henry takes too much damage, he can escape from the ink that consumes him and respawn at one of the numerous statues of a Statue of Bendy that act as checkpoints.
In addition, players can find numerous audio logs throughout the studio that give more story details about the fate of the studio and its employees, similar to the systems used in games such as BioShock. Some of these logs can be missed and require further exploration to uncover the secret areas they often reside in.
Henry, an animator, returns to his old animation studio, Joey Drew Studios, after receiving an invitation from his old friend and former employer, Joey Drew, to be shown something important. Having not been to the studio in 30 years, Henry finds the place seemingly abandoned. Upon finding his old animation desk and exploring the other rooms of the studio, he eventually discovers the titular Ink Machine and decides to turn it on after concluding it is what Joey wanted to show him. During the repair attempts, Henry uncovers hints from old recordings of the staff which imply that Joey was taking part in bizarre occult practices, further amplified by the gruesome discovery of a corpse in the shape of Boris the Wolf, one of the studio 's characters.
After completing the necessary steps to fix the Ink Machine, he finds the path to the ink machine boarded up for some reason followed by a trail of footprints. Henry is then suddenly shocked by a humanoid ink monster that resembles the studio 's most popular character, Bendy (who is theorized to be Joey himself). Henry attempts to flee from "Bendy '' as the studio starts to flood with ink and just before he reaches the exit, the floor collapses underneath him, trapping him in a room below. Using an axe to clear the path and approaching a pentagram drawn on the floor, Henry is racked with a vision of the Machine, a wheelchair, and "Bendy '' before he falls unconscious.
In the post-credit scene, the pentagram room is almost pitch grey with the candles being lit, just as this cutscene ends "Bendy '' emerges from the shadows with his evil smile. This was later removed during the production of Chapter 2
Waking up after his vision, Henry arrives at the same place on when he fell. He is attacked by several hostile ink creatures, the Searchers, and briefly sees the outline of what appears to be another person in the studio with him that disappears when he gets close. Henry finds several more tape recordings of how the studio fared since his departure, including one by Sammy Lawrence, the musical director for the studio, who seemingly started to worship Bendy as a deity. Another recording from Norman Polk, the studio projectionist, mentions how Sammy continually disrupted daily recording sessions by attempting to enter a custom built sanctuary, and Susie Campbell, a newcomer to the studio, talks about how she was hired to voice a new character alongside Bendy and Boris after voicing "talking chairs and dancing chickens ''.
After activating the pump in Sammy 's office to drain the flooded stairwell of the music department blocking the exit, Henry is suddenly attacked from behind and knocked out by the same person he saw earlier. Upon waking up, he finds his captor is Sammy, who has been turned into an ink creature and is wearing a Bendy mask over his face. As "Sammy '' briefly remarks that Henry appears familiar to him, he reveals his worship of "Bendy '', thinking that the creature will be able to return him back to human form. Intending on using Henry as a human sacrifice, the ritual backfires when "Bendy '' arrives and presumably kills "Sammy '' instead. Henry escapes his bindings and runs into "Bendy '', forcing him to flee. After successfully escaping, Henry hears a noise grab his attention and is shocked to see a living version of Boris (who is theorized to be Wally Franks, the studio 's janitor) come out to greet him.
In the post-credit scene, "Sammy 's '' remains are shown as a puddle of ink with his mask. Also, by the right corner, Boris 's shoes can be seen, implying that he has seen what "Bendy '' has done. This was later removed during the production of Chapter 3.
An undetermined amount of time after escaping from "Bendy '', Henry wakes up in a safe house along with Boris, He has to make Boris a bowl of soup to get the lever for the door to open. In one corner there is a photo of all of the other characters in a corner that means Boris feels like he is connected to all the characters. After opening the door Henry and Boris go through a part of the studio he does n't recognize, Henry finds himself in Heavenly Toys, the studio 's toy manufacturing department. Briefly separated from Boris, Henry encounters a humanoid female ink creature that resembles a deformed Alice Angel (who is implied to be Susie Campbell). She comments on how he interests her and asks if he is worthy to ' walk with angels '.
After meeting with "Alice '', there are two paths that Henry can take: the Path of the Angel or the Path of the Demon. Only one path can be chosen, with the other one being locked permanently. Though each path has no bearing on the rest of the Chapter, the audio logs that Henry finds inside each offer a different insight into more happenings at the studio. In the Path of the Demon, Henry can listen to a tape from Joey Drew himself who rambles about how one can even "cheat death '' with enough belief. The Path of the Angel features a recording from Susie Campbell, who laments at the fact she had been replaced as Alice by another voice actress named Allison Pendle and wishes for a way to fix it.
Henry reunites with Boris, and after working together and battling more cartoon monsters, they reach "Alice 's '' lair. There, Henry finds out that "Alice '' has been harvesting the body parts of other Boris clones and some of the ink in order to improve her deformed appearance. Thinking that he can be useful in aiding her, "Alice '' offers Henry his freedom in exchange for a few errands and offers him tools to help. Henry carries out these errands, which involve gathering materials for "Alice '', all the while evading "Bendy '', Searchers, monstrous versions of the studio 's Butcher Gang characters, and the Projectionist, a disfigured version of Norman Polk who has now become an ink monster. After every task is complete, Henry and Boris are allowed to ascend in an elevator to escape, but "Alice '' proclaims she wants to use Boris to fix herself, and the elevator plummets down and crashes. As Boris tries to revive an injured Henry, he is pulled away by "Alice '' into the darkness.
One of the two post-credit scenes are shown depending on which path Henry took: the Path of the Demon shows "Bendy '' in front of an ink - filled room with the Butcher Gang and a Swollen Searcher. The Path of the Angel shows Boris tied to a table with an axe and "Alice 's '' shadow nearby.
Henry wakes up in the remains of the crashed elevator and begins his search for Boris. He journeys through the studio 's archives, suddenly beginning to suffer from hallucinations of paranormal activity and discovers a large group of non-hostile ink monsters called the Lost Ones, hinted to be the studio 's employees. They have been driven to despair at being trapped inside the studio for so long, crying that they just want to go home. Henry then also encounters "Bendy '' again, who surprises him, but then strangely leaves him alone before disappearing.
After navigating through the vents of the archives, Henry finds himself in a large underground warehouse that houses prototypes for a Bendy theme park, Bendy Land. Created by park designer Bertrum Piedmont, more audio logs imply that Joey intended to take the credit for the park 's creation, leading Bertrum to become frustrated with the studio owner. Henry is taunted by the disembodied voice of "Alice '', threatening him with the idea of the captured Boris being used to finally cure her disfigurement before he can reach her. Having to travel through different storage areas of character suits, Bendy animatronics, ride prototypes and even a railway system, Henry learns from a recording that Joey 's focus on belief and dreaming was nothing but a facade when he drops the attitude and remarks how the public love messages like that, complaining he can only do so many takes of such rhetoric a day. During his time in the prototype ride storage, Henry is attacked by the corrupted form of Bertrum, who has somehow been transformed into one of the park 's attractions, forcing Henry to destroy him. In the railway storage, Henry is also stalked by the Projectionist again. After being spotted and hiding in a "Little Miracle Station '' from it, Henry witnesses "Bendy '' arrive and the two monsters fight each other, leading to "Bendy 's '' victory after he pulls off the Projectionist 's head. "Bendy '', once again, confusingly leaves Henry alone and departs with the Projectionist 's (now headless) body.
After activating the haunted house ride to reach where "Alice '' is hiding, Henry is stopped by Boris, who has been turned into a hulking monster by "Alice '' in order to kill him. With no choice but to defend himself, Henry eventually manages to kill "Boris ''. Enraged at being foiled, "Alice '' charges at Henry in an attempt to kill him herself but is suddenly stabbed through the heart from behind and collapses to the ground. Henry then realizes that he has been saved by another Alice Angel named Allison Angel (who is heavily implied to be Allison Pendle) and another Boris named Tom (possibly the studio 's repairman, Thomas Connor), both armed with weapons.
In a post-credit scene, "Alice 's '' body is shown lifeless on the ground, surrounded by the Lost Ones. However, through the humming that is heard faintly in the background, it suggests she might still be alive.
Official videos for a series of animated shorts based on Bendy and the Ink Machine have been released from theMeatly 's YouTube channel, with animation done by animator Timethehobo. The first animated short, Tombstone Picnic, was released as a first part of Chapter 3 's reveal trailer on August 11, 2017. The second short, Haunted Hijinx, was uploaded on October 31, 2017, for the celebration on Halloween. The third short, Snow Sillies, was uploaded on December 24, 2017, for the celebration on Christmas season.
A Halloween crossover mod, Hello Bendy, was released for the game on October 27, 2017, for a limited time, featuring the Hello Neighbor antagonist who takes the role as Bendy in all previous three chapters and even Sammy for Chapter 2. The mod 's menu features the advertisement of pre-ordering the game Hello Neighbor. The mod expired by the end of October.
A mobile spin - off, Bendy in Nightmare Run, was announced on January 26, 2018 and is scheduled to be released on Android and iOS. The game will introduce a playable Bendy in an endless running - style game, featuring four levels with a different "boss '' cartoon monster, collectible items and power - ups, collect Briar Label Bacon Soup, and possible future updates.
Co-creator Mike Mood has talked about wanting to do a crossover with Cuphead, a popular run and gun platformer that has the same 1930 's style graphics as Bendy.
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who said if the glove doesn't fit you must acquit | Johnnie Cochran - wikipedia
Johnnie L. Cochran Jr. (October 2, 1937 -- March 29, 2005) was an American lawyer best known for his leadership role in the defense and criminal acquittal of O.J. Simpson for the murder of his former wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ron Goldman.
Cochran also represented Sean Combs during his trial on gun and bribery charges, Michael Jackson, Tupac Shakur, Todd Bridges, football player Jim Brown, Snoop Dogg, former heavyweight champion Riddick Bowe, 1992 Los Angeles riot beating victim Reginald Oliver Denny, and inmate and activist Geronimo Pratt. He represented athlete Marion Jones when she faced charges of doping during her high school track career. Cochran was known for his skill in the courtroom and his prominence as an early advocate for victims of police brutality.
Cochran was born in Shreveport, Louisiana. His father was an insurance salesman, and his mother sold Avon products. The family relocated to the West Coast during the second wave of the Great Migration, settling in Los Angeles in 1949. Cochran went to local schools and graduated first in his class from Los Angeles High School in 1955. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in business economics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1959 and a Juris Doctor from the Loyola Law School in 1962. He was a member and 45th "Laurel Wreath Wearer '' of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity.
Inspired by Thurgood Marshall and the legal victory Thurgood won in Brown v. Board of Education, Cochran decided to dedicate his life to practicing law. Cochran felt his career was a calling, a double opportunity to work for what he considered to be right and to challenge what he considered wrong; he could make a difference by practicing law. In A Lawyer 's Life, Cochran wrote, "I read everything that I could find about Thurgood Marshall and confirmed that a single dedicated man could use the law to change society ''.
Despite setbacks as a lawyer, Cochran vowed not to cease what he was doing, saying: "I made this commitment and I must fulfill it. ''
After passing the bar in 1963, Cochran took a job in Los Angeles as a deputy city attorney in the criminal division. In 1964, the young Cochran received one of his first celebrity cases, Lenny Bruce, a comedian who had recently been arrested on obscenity charges. Two years later, Cochran entered private practice. Soon thereafter, he opened his own firm, Cochran, Atkins & Evans, in Los Angeles.
In his first notable case, Cochran represented an African - American widow who sued several police officers who had shot and killed her husband, Leonard Deadwyler. Though Cochran lost the case, it became a turning point in his career. Rather than seeing the case as a defeat, Cochran realized the trial itself had awakened the black community. In reference to the loss, Cochran wrote in The American Lawyer, "those were extremely difficult cases to win in those days. But what Deadwyler confirmed for me was that this issue of police abuse really galvanized the minority community. It taught me that these cases could really get attention. ''
By the late 1970s, Cochran had established his reputation in the black community. He was litigating a number of high - profile police brutality and criminal cases.
In 1978, Cochran returned to the Los Angeles County District Attorney 's office as its first black assistant district attorney. Though he took a pay cut to do so, joining the government was his way of becoming "one of the good guys, one of the very top rung. '' He began to strengthen his ties with the political community, alter his image, and work from within to change the system.
Five years later, Cochran returned to private practice, reinventing himself as "the best in the West '' by opening the Johnnie L Cochran Jr. law firm. In contrast to his early loss in the Deadwyler case, Cochran won US $ 760,000 for the family of Ron Settles, a black college football player who, his family claimed, was murdered by the police. In 1990, Cochran joined a succeeding firm, Cochran, Mitchell & Jenna, and joined Cochran, Cherry, Givens & Smith in 1997. The Cochran Firm has grown to have regional offices located in fifteen states.
In most of his cases Cochran represented plaintiffs in tort actions, and he opposed tort reform. Due to his success as a lawyer, Cochran could encourage settlement simply by his presence on a case. According to Rev. Jesse Jackson, a call to Johnnie Cochran made "corporations and violators shake. ''
Cochran 's well - honed rhetoric and flamboyance in the courtroom has been described as theatrical. His practice as a lawyer earned him great wealth. With his earnings, he bought and drove cars such as a Jaguar and a Rolls - Royce. He owned homes in Los Angeles, two apartments in West Hollywood, and a condo in Manhattan. In 2001, Cochran 's accountant estimated that within five years the attorney would be worth US $ 25 -- 50 million.
Even before the Simpson case, Cochran had achieved a reputation as a "go - to '' lawyer for the rich, as well as a successful advocate for minorities in police brutality and civil rights cases. However, the controversial and dramatic Simpson trial made Cochran more widely known, generating a variety of opinions about him.
Cochran had often liked to say that he worked "not only for the OJs, but also the No Js ''. In other words, he enjoyed defending or suing in the name of those who did not have fame or wealth. Cochran 's most glorious moment as a lawyer, he believed, was when he won the freedom of Geronimo Pratt. Cochran said he considered Pratt 's release "the happiest day '' of his legal practice. In the words of the Harvard Law School professor Charles Ogletree, Cochran "was willing to fight for the underdog. '' Rev. Jesse Jackson believed Cochran was the "people 's lawyer. '' Magic Johnson proclaimed Cochran was known "... for representing O.J. and Michael, but he was bigger and better than that ''.
During closing arguments in the Simpson trial, Cochran uttered the now famous phrase, "If it does n't fit, you must acquit. '' He used the phrase, which had been devised by fellow defense team member Gerald Uelmen, as a way to try to persuade the jury that Simpson could not have murdered Nicole Brown Simpson nor Ron Goldman. In a dramatic scene, Simpson appeared to have difficulty getting the glove on; stained with blood of both victims and Simpson, it had been found at the crime scene.
Cochran did not represent Simpson in the subsequent civil trial for the same murders; Simpson was found liable for the deaths. Cochran was criticized during the criminal trial by pundits, as well as by prosecutor Christopher Darden, for suggesting that the police were trying to frame Simpson because they were racist. Cochran told the majority - black jury that police officers were trying to frame Simpson because of his race.
Robert Shapiro, co-counsel on the Simpson defense team, accused Cochran of dealing the "race card '' "from the bottom of the deck. '' In response, Cochran replied it was "not a case about race, it is a case about reasonable doubt... '', noting "there are a lot of white people who are willing to accept this verdict. ''
On September 8, 2012, Darden claimed that the late Cochran had tampered with the glove that was at the center of the Simpson trial.
Cochran successfully represented Abner Louima, a Haitian immigrant in New York City who was sodomized with a plunger while in police custody. Louima was awarded an $8.75 million settlement, the largest police brutality settlement in New York City. Tension broke out between Louima 's original lawyers and the new team headed by Cochran. The former team felt that Cochran and his colleagues were trying to take control of the entire trial.
In 2001, Sean (P. Diddy) Combs was indicted on stolen weapons charges and bribery. He hired Cochran for his defense. Cochran effectively fought for Combs ' freedom, and Combs was acquitted.
In 2002, Cochran told Combs that this would be his last criminal case. After that trial, Cochran retired. He later declined to represent R. Kelly and Allen Iverson in criminal cases, who had asked for his services.
In December 2003, Cochran was diagnosed with a brain tumor. In April 2004, he underwent surgery, which led to his staying away from the media. Shortly thereafter, he told the New York Post he was feeling well, and that he was in good health.
On March 29, 2005, he died at his home in Los Angeles, from the brain tumor. Public viewing of his casket was conducted on April 4, at the Angelus Funeral Home and April 5, at Second Baptist Church, in Los Angeles. A memorial service was held at West Angeles Church of God in Christ, in Los Angeles, on April 6, 2005. His remains were interred in the Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California. The funeral was attended by numerous former clients and friends, including O.J. Simpson.
On May 31, 2005, two months after Cochran 's death, the U.S. Supreme Court delivered its opinion on Tory v. Cochran. The court ruled 7 -- 2 that in light of Cochran 's death, an injunction limiting the demonstrations of Ulysses Tory "amounts to an overly broad prior restraint upon speech ''. Two justices, Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas, said that Cochran 's death made it unnecessary for the court to rule. Lower courts, before Cochran died, held that Tory could not make any public comments about Cochran in any way.
Before Cochran 's nationwide fame in the O.J. Simpson trial, actor Denzel Washington interviewed Cochran as part of his research for the movie Philadelphia (1993).
After the Simpson trial, Cochran was a frequent commentator on law - related television shows. Additionally, he hosted his own show, Johnnie Cochran Tonight, on CourtTV. With the Simpson fame also came movie deals.
Actor Phil Morris played attorney Jackie Chiles, a character parody of Cochran, in several episodes of Seinfeld.
Cochran was satirized in the animated sitcom South Park, in which he appears using a confusing legal strategy called "the Chewbacca defense '', a direct parody of his closing argument when defending O.J. Simpson.
Cochran took these parodies in stride, discussing them in his autobiography, A Lawyer 's Life. Additionally, he appeared as himself in The Hughleys, Family Matters, The Howard Stern Show, Arli $ $, CHiPs ' 99, Bamboozled, Showtime, Martin, and JAG.
Ving Rhames played Cochran in the miniseries American Tragedy (2000).
Cochran is mentioned in the 2011 musical comedy The Book of Mormon, where he is depicted as being in hell for "getting O.J. free ''.
Cochran is also mentioned in Good Charlotte 's song "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous '' in their 2002 album The Young and the Hopeless, indicating that one could get away with crimes as long as they have the cash to pay Cochran, a mockery to the O.J. Simpson case.
In Lethal Weapon 4, an officer arrests a waiter, shouting "You have the right to an attorney! If you ca n't afford an attorney, we 'll provide you with the dumbest fuckin ' lawyer on Earth! But if you get Johnnie Cochran, I 'll kill ya! ''
Courtney B. Vance won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for playing Cochran in The People v. O.J. Simpson (2016), the first season of the FX true crime anthology television series, American Crime Story.
Juicy J mentions Cochran in the song "Call My Lawyer '' from his 2017 mixtape Highly Intoxicated, most likely referencing Cochran 's success with the high profile clients he has represented.
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who sings the song best things in life are free | The Best Things in Life Are Free (Ray Henderson song) - Wikipedia
"The Best Things in Life Are Free '' is a popular song written by the songwriting team of Buddy DeSylva and Lew Brown (lyrics) and Ray Henderson (music) for the 1927 musical Good News. It enjoyed a revival during the period from 1947 to 1950, when it was covered by many artists.
The song first enjoyed chart success in 1927 with the recordings by George Olsen and Frank Black.
Jo Stafford recorded the song on November 7, 1947, bringing the song to a new genre. She enjoyed chart success with the song reaching the No. 21 spot in 1948. Dinah Shore also covered the song in 1948; her single reached # 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
The song was included in both film adaptations of Good News, in 1930 and 1947; the 1947 film featured the song several times, sung by June Allyson, Mel Tormé, and Peter Lawford.
The film The Best Things in Life Are Free (1956), about DeSylva, Brown and Henderson, was named after the song and featured it with a version sung by Sheree North (dubbed by Eileen Wilson).
In an episode of The Muppet Show a group of kleptomaniac prairie dogs sang the song as they looted the set.
The song was sung by Bonnie Bedelia in the 1969 Sydney Pollack film "They Shoot Horses, Do n't They? ''
Robert Morse performed the song in the Mad Men (season 7) episode "Waterloo '' (May 25, 2014), in a dream sequence.
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who are the wrestlers in the longest yard | The Longest Yard (2005 film) - Wikipedia
The Longest Yard is a 2005 American sports comedy film and a remake of the 1974 film of the same name. Adam Sandler plays the protagonist Paul Crewe, a disgraced former professional quarterback for the Pittsburgh Steelers, who is forced to form a team from the prison inmates to play football against their guards.
Burt Reynolds, who played Sandler 's role in the original, co-stars as Nate Scarborough, the inmates ' coach. Chris Rock plays Crewe 's friend, known as Caretaker. The cast includes James Cromwell, Nelly, William Fichtner and several former and current professional athletes such as Terry Crews, Michael Irvin, Brian Bosworth, Bill Romanowski, Bill Goldberg, Bob Sapp, Kevin Nash, Stone Cold Steve Austin, and Dalip "The Great Khali '' Singh Rana. The film was produced by MTV Films and Happy Madison Productions and distributed by Paramount Pictures and Columbia Pictures, and was released on May 27, 2005.
Paul Crewe (Adam Sandler) is a former NFL player who, one night, gets drunk and goes joyriding in the Bentley of his girlfriend (Courteney Cox in an uncredited role), crashing it. It is revealed that he was accused of shaving points in a big game, although it was never proven.
In prison, Warden Rudolph Hazen (James Cromwell), wishing to boost his prison 's reputation for future elections as State Governor, uses threats and confinement in a hot box to coerce Crewe into helping the prison guards ' football team, led by the hostile Captain Knauer (William Fichtner). Crewe informs Hazen that what Hazen 's team needs is a tune - up game to boost the guards ' confidence, and is therefore coerced to form an inmate team to play against the guards. He does so with the help of a newfound friend, Caretaker (Chris Rock). They start off with a poorly organized team, before being noticed by another prisoner, former college football star Nate Scarborough (Burt Reynolds), who decides to help coach the team by gathering several intimidating inmates as a boost to the team 's strength.
Caretaker tells Crewe that they need more "brothers '' on the team. When Crewe goes to the basketball court to ask the black inmates to join the team, their leader, Deacon Moss (Michael Irvin) rebuffs him. Crewe challenges Deacon to a one - on - one basketball game, saying that if he wins, the brothers will join the team, and if Deacon wins, Crewe will leave them alone. Deacon accepts, and despite Deacon 's undisguised personal fouls in which he elbows, punches or grabs Crewe, Crewe continues without complaint. On the game - winning shot, Crewe cleanly steals the ball from Deacon and scores, but Deacon calls a foul. Realizing he wo n't be allowed to win, Crewe lets Deacon score the final shot. Although Deacon beats Crewe, one of the brothers, a fast runner named Earl Megget (Nelly), impressed with Crewe 's decision to take the beating, joins the football team as its running back. When the guards learn of this, they confront Earl in an attempt to provoke an assault by him by saying the racial epithet "nigger '', but Earl does not allow himself to be provoked despite intimidation and minor abuse. Having witnessed this, the other "brothers '', including Deacon, decide to join the team too.
Hazen and the guards continue attempts to hinder Crewe 's team by flooding their field, but the team decides to practice in the mud anyway.
Inmate Unger (David Patrick Kelly) spies on the activities of the inmates and after being pressured by the guards, rigs Crewe 's radio with an explosive. Caretaker unknowingly enters the cell to give a photo gift to Crewe, but is killed when he tries to turn the dial on the radio.
On game day, the inmates are revitalized in the wake of Caretaker 's murder when Crewe reveals Caretaker 's last gift to the team, quality gear and uniforms from his cousin at Reebok with the team name "Mean Machine '' on the uniforms. The Mean Machine overcomes a rough start, due to individual inmates ' attempts to retaliate against guards for the abuse they 've suffered. Crewe angrily tells the inmates that winning the game is more important and will damage the guards more than their personal grudges, and gets them to play as a team. The first half ends with the score tied. The angered Hazen informs Crewe in private that if he does not lose he will be charged for Caretaker 's murder. Crewe acquiesces to Hazen 's threat, asking that the guards refrain from using excessive force on the field after getting a comfortable lead, to which Hazen agrees to do so after they obtain a two touchdown lead. After Crewe fakes an injury in order to leave the field, his teammates voice their displeasure over his obvious deserting over the team.
After seeing that Hazen has broken his promise and two members of the Mean Machine are injured, Crewe asks Skitchy if the time spent in jail for punching the warden was worth it. Skitchy replies, "It was worth every goddamn second, '' and inspired Crewe returns to the field. The team initially doubts Crewe 's resolve and allows him to be sacked twice. After running for a first down on 4th and Long, Crewe, realizing that his inmates are still not protecting him due to his prior actions, calls a huddle, and admits to the point shaving that disgraced him, and to the injury that he faked as a result of Hazen 's threat, and sabotage to the other inmates, and asks for their forgiveness, putting his hands in the middle of all of them. Moss puts his hand in, followed by the rest of the team.
The Mean Machine, united again as a team, quickly scores two touchdowns to cut the guards ' lead to 35 -- 28. After Megget is injured after a long run, Scarborough comes in for one play as replacement and scores a touchdown off a trick play involving a fumble called a Fumblerooski. Mean Machine decides to go for the two - point conversion and the win. As they get up to the line they seem to be confused, and Crewe and Scarborough start arguing in order to trick the guards. Moss gets the snap and passes it to Crewe, who scores the winning conversion, winning the game. Knauer, with a newfound respect for Crewe, tells him that he showed extraordinary nerve, and lets him know that he will vouch that Crewe had nothing to do with Caretaker 's death.
Hazen admonishes Knauer for losing a fixed game and notices that Crewe is heading towards the exit. Eagerly implying Crewe is trying to escape, Hazen orders that Crewe be shot for attempting to escape. Knauer hesitates and at the last moment realizes (and scornfully tells Hazen) that Crewe is only picking up the game football, losing a lot of respect for Hazen as he 's left with a shocked look on his face. Crewe returns it to Hazen, telling him to "stick it in (his) trophy case. '' Moss (Michael Irvin) and Joey Battle (Bill Goldberg) give Hazen a Gatorade shower, and when he tells them that this has earned them a week in the hot box, Battle defiantly yells "Who gives a shit?! ''
The movie was filmed at the New Mexico State Penitentiary on Route 14, Santa Fe, New Mexico. The football game at the end of the film was filmed at Murdock Stadium at the El Camino College in Torrance, California. The car chase scene was filmed whereabouts in Long Beach, California. Other parts of the film were filmed in Los Angeles and New Mexico. The golf course scene was filmed at Lost Canyons Golf Club in Simi Valley, California.
The film did well at the box office. Its $47.6 million opening weekend was the largest of Sandler 's career and only second to The Day After Tomorrow as the largest opening by a movie that was not # 1. The film would go on to gross $158.1 million in the United States and Canada and $190 million worldwide. It was the highest - grossing film produced by MTV Films, until it was surpassed by Hansel and Gretel: Witch Hunters. Despite the large number of remakes released at the theaters, it 's worth noting that The Longest Yard is the highest grossing comedy remake of the modern box office era (from 1980 on).
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 32 % based on 165 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8 / 10. The website 's critical consensus reads, "This Yard has some laughs but missing from this remake is the edginess of the original. '' On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''. According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade of "A − '' on an A+ to F scale.
Roger Ebert, in the critical minority with this title, gave it a "Thumbs Up '', defending it later in his Chicago Sun - Times review as a film that "... more or less achieves what most of the people attending it will expect. '' In the print review, Ebert beseeches his readers to "... seek out a movie you could have an interesting conversation about '', citing films not in wide release such as Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist and Kontroll, until finally encouraging his readers to "drop any thought of seeing anything else instead '' if they can see Crash.
The film earned Chris Rock a BET Comedy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Theatrical Film.
Burt Reynolds earned a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance in the film.
The official soundtrack, which consisted entirely of hip - hop music, was released on May 24, 2005 by Universal Records. It peaked at 11 on the Billboard 200 and 10 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums.
The film itself contains a mixture of hip hop and rock music, featuring music by Creedence Clearwater Revival, Norman Greenbaum and AC / DC among others.
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how many times has ou played in rose bowl | List of Oklahoma Sooners bowl games - wikipedia
The Oklahoma Sooners college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), representing the University of Oklahoma in the Big 12 Conference. Since the establishment of the team in 1895, OU has appeared in 50 bowl games and has a record of 29 victories, 21 losses, and one tie. Oklahoma is one of only two schools to have appeared in all five of the BCS era bowl games (2001 Orange, 2003 Rose, 2004 Sugar, 2007 Fiesta, 2009 BCS NCG), with the other being Ohio State. Oklahoma 's 29 bowl victories currently ranks as 4th all time among college football programs for most bowl wins. Oklahoma also ranks 7th in most bowl appearances.
Pound sign (#) denotes national championship game. Forward slash (/) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game
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who became king after the battle of hastings | Battle of Hastings - wikipedia
Coordinates: 50 ° 54 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 29 ′ 15 '' E / 50.91194 ° N 0.48750 ° E / 50.91194; 0.48750
The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman - French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo - Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England. It took place approximately 7 miles (11 kilometres) northwest of Hastings, close to the present - day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory.
The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne. Harold was crowned king shortly after Edward 's death, but faced invasions by William, his own brother Tostig and the Norwegian King Harald Hardrada (Harold III of Norway). Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066, and were in turn defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge five days later. The deaths of Tostig and Hardrada at Stamford Bridge left William as Harold 's only serious opponent. While Harold and his forces were recovering, William landed his invasion forces in the south of England at Pevensey on 28 September 1066 and established a beachhead for his conquest of the kingdom. Harold was forced to march south swiftly, gathering forces as he went.
The exact numbers present at the battle are unknown; modern estimates are around 10,000 for William and about 7,000 for Harold. The composition of the forces is clearer; the English army was composed almost entirely of infantry and had few archers, whereas only about half of the invading force was infantry, the rest split equally between cavalry and archers. Harold appears to have tried to surprise William, but scouts found his army and reported its arrival to William, who marched from Hastings to the battlefield to confront Harold. The battle lasted from about 9 am to dusk. Early efforts of the invaders to break the English battle lines had little effect; therefore, the Normans adopted the tactic of pretending to flee in panic and then turning on their pursuers. Harold 's death, probably near the end of the battle, led to the retreat and defeat of most of his army. After further marching and some skirmishes, William was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066.
There continued to be rebellions and resistance to William 's rule, but Hastings effectively marked the culmination of William 's conquest of England. Casualty figures are hard to come by, but some historians estimate that 2,000 invaders died along with about twice that number of Englishmen. William founded a monastery at the site of the battle, the high altar of the abbey church supposedly placed at the spot where Harold died.
In 911, French Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings to settle in Normandy under their leader Rollo. Their settlement proved successful, and they quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing paganism, converting to Christianity, and intermarrying with the local population. Over time, the frontiers of the duchy expanded to the west. In 1002, King Æthelred II of England married Emma, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy. Their son Edward the Confessor spent many years in exile in Normandy, and succeeded to the English throne in 1042. This led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics, as Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support, bringing in Norman courtiers, soldiers, and clerics and appointing them to positions of power, particularly in the Church. Edward was childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and his sons, and he may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandy 's ambitions for the English throne.
King Edward 's death on 5 January 1066 left no clear heir, and several contenders laid claim to the throne of England. Edward 's immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex, Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerful of the English aristocrats and son of Godwin, Edward 's earlier opponent. Harold was elected king by the Witenagemot of England and crowned by Archbishop of York Ealdred, although Norman propaganda claimed that the ceremony was performed by Stigand, the uncanonically elected Archbishop of Canterbury. Harold was at once challenged by two powerful neighbouring rulers. Duke William claimed that he had been promised the throne by King Edward and that Harold had sworn agreement to this. Harald III of Norway, commonly known as Harald Hardrada, also contested the succession. His claim to the throne was based on an agreement between his predecessor Magnus I of Norway and the earlier King of England Harthacanute, whereby, if either died without heir, the other would inherit both England and Norway. William and Harald Hardrada immediately set about assembling troops and ships for separate invasions.
In early 1066, Harold 's exiled brother Tostig Godwinson raided south - eastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, later joined by other ships from Orkney. Threatened by Harold 's fleet, Tostig moved north and raided in East Anglia and Lincolnshire. He was driven back to his ships by the brothers Edwin, Earl of Mercia, and Morcar, Earl of Northumbria. Deserted by most of his followers, he withdrew to Scotland, where he spent the middle of the year recruiting fresh forces. Hardrada invaded northern England in early September, leading a fleet of more than 300 ships carrying perhaps 15,000 men. Hardrada 's army was further augmented by the forces of Tostig, who supported the Norwegian king 's bid for the throne. Advancing on York, the Norwegians occupied the city after defeating a northern English army under Edwin and Morcar on 20 September at the Battle of Fulford.
The English army was organised along regional lines, with the fyrd, or local levy, serving under a local magnate -- whether an earl, bishop, or sheriff. The fyrd was composed of men who owned their own land, and were equipped by their community to fulfil the king 's demands for military forces. For every five hides, or units of land nominally capable of supporting one household, one man was supposed to serve. It appears that the hundred was the main organising unit for the fyrd. As a whole, England could furnish about 14,000 men for the fyrd, when it was called out. The fyrd usually served for two months, except in emergencies. It was rare for the whole national fyrd to be called out; between 1046 and 1065 it was only done three times, in 1051, 1052, and 1065. The king also had a group of personal armsmen, known as housecarls, who formed the backbone of the royal forces. Some earls also had their own forces of housecarls. Thegns, the local landowning elites, either fought with the royal housecarls or attached themselves to the forces of an earl or other magnate. The fyrd and the housecarls both fought on foot, with the major difference between them being the housecarls ' superior armour. The English army does not appear to have had a significant number of archers.
Harold had spent mid-1066 on the south coast with a large army and fleet waiting for William to invade. The bulk of his forces were militia who needed to harvest their crops, so on 8 September Harold dismissed the militia and the fleet. Learning of the Norwegian invasion he rushed north, gathering forces as he went, and took the Norwegians by surprise, defeating them at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September. Harald Hardrada and Tostig were killed, and the Norwegians suffered such great losses that only 24 of the original 300 ships were required to carry away the survivors. The English victory came at great cost, as Harold 's army was left in a battered and weakened state.
William assembled a large invasion fleet and an army gathered from Normandy and the rest of France, including large contingents from Brittany and Flanders. He spent almost nine months on his preparations, as he had to construct a fleet from nothing. According to some Norman chronicles, he also secured diplomatic support, although the accuracy of the reports has been a matter of historical debate. The most famous claim is that Pope Alexander II gave a papal banner as a token of support, which only appears in William of Poitiers 's account, and not in more contemporary narratives. In April 1066 Halley 's Comet appeared in the sky, and was widely reported throughout Europe. Contemporary accounts connected the comet 's appearance with the succession crisis in England.
William mustered his forces at Saint - Valery - sur - Somme, and was ready to cross the English Channel by about 12 August. But the crossing was delayed, either because of unfavourable weather or to avoid being intercepted by the powerful English fleet. The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold 's victory over the Norwegians, following the dispersal of Harold 's naval force, and landed at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September. A few ships were blown off course and landed at Romney, where the Normans fought the local fyrd. After landing, William 's forces built a wooden castle at Hastings, from which they raided the surrounding area. More fortifications were erected at Pevensey.
The exact numbers and composition of William 's force are unknown. A contemporary document claims that William had 776 ships, but this may be an inflated figure. Figures given by contemporary writers are highly exaggerated, varying from 14,000 to 150,000. Modern historians have offered a range of estimates for the size of William 's forces: 7,000 -- 8,000 men, 1,000 -- 2,000 of them cavalry; 10,000 -- 12,000 men; 10,000 men, 3,000 of them cavalry; or 7500 men. The army consisted of cavalry, infantry, and archers or crossbowmen, with about equal numbers of cavalry and archers and the foot soldiers equal in number to the other two types combined. Later lists of companions of William the Conqueror are extant, but most are padded with extra names; only about 35 named individuals can be reliably identified as having been with William at Hastings.
The main armour used was chainmail hauberks, usually knee - length, with slits to allow riding, some with sleeves to the elbows. Some hauberks may have been made of scales attached to a tunic, with the scales made of metal, horn or hardened leather. Headgear was usually a conical metal helmet with a band of metal extending down to protect the nose. Horsemen and infantry carried shields. The infantryman 's shield was usually round and made of wood, with reinforcement of metal. Horsemen had changed to a kite - shaped shield and were usually armed with a lance. The couched lance, carried tucked against the body under the right arm, was a relatively new refinement and was probably not used at Hastings; the terrain was unfavourable for long cavalry charges. Both the infantry and cavalry usually fought with a straight sword, long and double - edged. The infantry could also use javelins and long spears. Some of the cavalry may have used a mace instead of a sword. Archers would have used a self bow or a crossbow, and most would not have had armour.
After defeating his brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada in the north, Harold left much of his forces in the north, including Morcar and Edwin, and marched the rest of his army south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion. It is unclear when Harold learned of William 's landing, but it was probably while he was travelling south. Harold stopped in London, and was there for about a week before Hastings, so it is likely that he spent about a week on his march south, averaging about 27 miles (43 kilometres) per day, for the approximately 200 miles (320 kilometres). Harold camped at Caldbec Hill on the night of 13 October, near what was described as a "hoar - apple tree ''. This location was about 8 miles (13 kilometres) from William 's castle at Hastings. Some of the early contemporary French accounts mention an emissary or emissaries sent by Harold to William, which is likely. Nothing came of these efforts.
Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans, William 's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke. The exact events preceding the battle are obscure, with contradictory accounts in the sources, but all agree that William led his army from his castle and advanced towards the enemy. Harold had taken a defensive position at the top of Senlac Hill (present - day Battle, East Sussex), about 6 miles (9.7 kilometres) from William 's castle at Hastings.
The exact number of soldiers in Harold 's army is unknown. The contemporary records do not give reliable figures; some Norman sources give 400,000 to 1,200,000 men on Harold 's side. The English sources generally give very low figures for Harold 's army, perhaps to make the English defeat seem less devastating. Recent historians have suggested figures of between 5,000 and 13,000 for Harold 's army at Hastings, and most modern historians argue for a figure of 7,000 -- 8,000 English troops. These men would have been a mix of the fyrd and housecarls. Few individual Englishmen are known to have been at Hastings; about 20 named individuals can reasonably be assumed to have fought with Harold at Hastings, including Harold 's brothers Gyrth and Leofwine and two other relatives.
The English army consisted entirely of infantry. It is possible that some of the higher class members of the army rode to battle, but when battle was joined they dismounted to fight on foot. The core of the army was made up of housecarls, full - time professional soldiers. Their armour consisted of a conical helmet, a mail hauberk, and a shield, which might be either kite - shaped or round. Most housecarls fought with the two - handed Danish battleaxe, but they could also carry a sword. The rest of the army was made up of levies from the fyrd, also infantry but more lightly armoured and not professionals. Most of the infantry would have formed part of the shield wall, in which all the men in the front ranks locked their shields together. Behind them would have been axemen and men with javelins as well as archers.
Because many of the primary accounts contradict each other at times, it is impossible to provide a description of the battle that is beyond dispute. The only undisputed facts are that the fighting began at 9 am on Saturday 14 October 1066 and that the battle lasted until dusk. Sunset on the day of the battle was at 4: 54 pm, with the battlefield mostly dark by 5: 54 pm and in full darkness by 6: 24 pm. Moonrise that night was not until 11: 12 pm, so once the sun set, there was little light on the battlefield. William of Jumièges reports that Duke William kept his army armed and ready against a surprise night attack for the entire night before. The battle took place 7 miles (11 km) north of Hastings at the present - day town of Battle, between two hills -- Caldbec Hill to the north and Telham Hill to the south. The area was heavily wooded, with a marsh nearby. The name traditionally given to the battle is unusual -- there were several settlements much closer to the battlefield than Hastings. The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle called it the battle "at the hoary apple tree ''. Within 40 years, the battle was described by the Anglo - Norman chronicler Orderic Vitalis as "Senlac '', a Norman - French adaptation of the Old English word "Sandlacu '', which means "sandy water ''. This may have been the name of the stream that crosses the battlefield. The battle was already being referred to as "bellum Hasestingas '' or "Battle of Hastings '' by 1087, in the Domesday Book.
Sunrise was at 6: 48 am that morning, and reports of the day record that it was unusually bright. The weather conditions are not recorded. The route that the English army took to the battlefield is not known precisely. Several roads are possible: one, an old Roman road that ran from Rochester to Hastings has long been favoured because of a large coin hoard found nearby in 1876. Another possibility is a Roman road between London and Lewes and then over local tracks to the battlefield. Some accounts of the battle indicate that the Normans advanced from Hastings to the battlefield, but the contemporary account of William of Jumièges places the Normans at the site of the battle the night before. Most historians incline towards the former view, but M.K. Lawson argues that William of Jumièges 's account is correct.
Harold 's forces deployed in a small, dense formation at the top of steep slope, with their flanks protected by woods and marshy ground in front of them. The line may have extended far enough to be anchored on a nearby stream. The English formed a shield wall, with the front ranks holding their shields close together or even overlapping to provide protection from attack. Sources differ on the exact site that the English fought on: some sources state the site of the abbey, but some newer sources suggest it was Caldbec Hill.
More is known about the Norman deployment. Duke William appears to have arranged his forces in three groups, or "battles '', which roughly corresponded to their origins. The left units were the Bretons, along with those from Anjou, Poitou and Maine. This division was led by Alan the Red, a relative of the Breton count. The centre was held by the Normans, under the direct command of the duke and with many of his relatives and kinsmen grouped around the ducal party. The final division, on the right, consisted of the Frenchmen, along with some men from Picardy, Boulogne, and Flanders. The right was commanded by William fitzOsbern and Count Eustace II of Boulogne. The front lines were made up of archers, with a line of foot soldiers armed with spears behind. There were probably a few crossbowmen and slingers in with the archers. The cavalry was held in reserve, and a small group of clergymen and servants situated at the base of Telham Hill was not expected to take part in the fighting.
William 's disposition of his forces implies that he planned to open the battle with archers in the front rank weakening the enemy with arrows, followed by infantry who would engage in close combat. The infantry would create openings in the English lines that could be exploited by a cavalry charge to break through the English forces and pursue the fleeing soldiers.
The battle opened with the Norman archers shooting uphill at the English shield wall, to little effect. The uphill angle meant that the arrows either bounced off the shields of the English or overshot their targets and flew over the top of the hill. The lack of English archers hampered the Norman archers, as there were few English arrows to be gathered up and reused. After the attack from the archers, William sent the spearmen forward to attack the English. They were met with a barrage of missiles, not arrows but spears, axes and stones. The infantry was unable to force openings in the shield wall, and the cavalry advanced in support. The cavalry also failed to make headway, and a general retreat began, blamed on the Breton division on William 's left. A rumour started that the duke had been killed, which added to the confusion. The English forces began to pursue the fleeing invaders, but William rode through his forces, showing his face and yelling that he was still alive. The duke then led a counter-attack against the pursuing English forces; some of the English rallied on a hillock before being overwhelmed.
It is not known whether the English pursuit was ordered by Harold or if it was spontaneous. Wace relates that Harold ordered his men to stay in their formations but no other account gives this detail. The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the death of Harold 's brothers Gyrth and Leofwine occurring just before the fight around the hillock. This may mean that the two brothers led the pursuit. The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio relates a different story for the death of Gyrth, stating that the duke slew Harold 's brother in combat, perhaps thinking that Gyrth was Harold. William of Poitiers states that the bodies of Gyrth and Leofwine were found near Harold 's, implying that they died late in the battle. It is possible that if the two brothers died early in the fighting their bodies were taken to Harold, thus accounting for their being found near his body after the battle. The military historian Peter Marren speculates that if Gyrth and Leofwine died early in the battle, that may have influenced Harold to stand and fight to the end.
A lull probably occurred early in the afternoon, and a break for rest and food would probably have been needed. William may have also needed time to implement a new strategy, which may have been inspired by the English pursuit and subsequent rout by the Normans. If the Normans could send their cavalry against the shield wall and then draw the English into more pursuits, breaks in the English line might form. William of Poitiers says the tactic was used twice. Although arguments have been made that the chroniclers ' accounts of this tactic were meant to excuse the flight of the Norman troops from battle, this is unlikely as the earlier flight was not glossed over. It was a tactic used by other Norman armies during the period. Some historians have argued that the story of the use of feigned flight as a deliberate tactic was invented after the battle; most historians agree that it was used by the Normans at Hastings.
Although the feigned flights did not break the lines, they probably thinned out the housecarls in the English shield wall. The housecarls were replaced with members of the fyrd, and the shield wall held. Archers appear to have been used again before and during an assault by the cavalry and infantry led by the duke. Although 12th - century sources state that the archers were ordered to shoot at a high angle to shoot over the front of the shield wall, there is no trace of such an action in the more contemporary accounts. It is not known how many assaults were launched against the English lines, but some sources record various actions by both Normans and Englishmen that took place during the afternoon 's fighting. The Carmen claims that Duke William had two horses killed under him during the fighting, but William of Poitiers 's account states that it was three.
Harold appears to have died late in the battle, although accounts in the various sources are contradictory. William of Poitiers only mentions his death, without giving any details on how it occurred. The Tapestry is not helpful, as it shows a figure holding an arrow sticking out of his eye next to a falling fighter being hit with a sword. Over both figures is a statement "Here King Harold has been killed ''. It is not clear which figure is meant to be Harold, or if both are meant. The earliest written mention of the traditional account of Harold dying from an arrow to the eye dates to the 1080s from a history of the Normans written by an Italian monk, Amatus of Montecassino. William of Malmesbury stated that Harold died from an arrow to the eye that went into the brain, and that a knight wounded Harold at the same time. Wace repeats the arrow - to - the - eye account. The Carmen states that Duke William killed Harold, but this is unlikely, as such a feat would have been recorded elsewhere. The account of William of Jumièges is even more unlikely, as it has Harold dying in the morning, during the first fighting. The Chronicle of Battle Abbey states that no one knew who killed Harold, as it happened in the press of battle. A modern biographer of Harold, Ian Walker, states that Harold probably died from an arrow in the eye, although he also says it is possible that Harold was struck down by a Norman knight while mortally wounded in the eye. Another biographer of Harold, Peter Rex, after discussing the various accounts, concludes that it is not possible to declare how Harold died.
Harold 's death left the English forces leaderless, and they began to collapse. Many of them fled, but the soldiers of the royal household gathered around Harold 's body and fought to the end. The Normans began to pursue the fleeing troops, and except for a rearguard action at a site known as the "Malfosse '', the battle was over. Exactly what happened at the Malfosse, or "Evil Ditch '', and where it took place, is unclear. It occurred at a small fortification or set of trenches where some Englishmen rallied and seriously wounded Eustace of Boulogne before being defeated by the Normans.
Harold 's defeat was probably due to several circumstances. One was the need to defend against two almost simultaneous invasions. The fact that Harold had dismissed his forces in southern England on 8 September also contributed to the defeat. Many historians fault Harold for hurrying south and not gathering more forces before confronting William at Hastings, although it is not clear that the English forces were insufficient to deal with William 's forces. Against these arguments for an exhausted English army, the length of the battle, which lasted an entire day, shows that the English forces were not tired by their long march. Tied in with the speed of Harold 's advance to Hastings is the possibility Harold may not have trusted Earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria once their enemy Tostig had been defeated, and declined to bring them and their forces south. Modern historians have pointed out that one reason for Harold 's rush to battle was to contain William 's depredations and keep him from breaking free of his beachhead.
Most of the blame for the defeat probably lies in the events of the battle. William was the more experienced military leader, and in addition the lack of cavalry on the English side allowed Harold fewer tactical options. Some writers have criticised Harold for not exploiting the opportunity offered by the rumoured death of William early in the battle. The English appear to have erred in not staying strictly on the defensive, for when they pursued the retreating Normans they exposed their flanks to attack. Whether this was due to the inexperience of the English commanders or the indiscipline of the English soldiers is unclear. In the end, Harold 's death appears to have been decisive, as it signalled the break - up of the English forces in disarray. The historian David Nicolle said of the battle that William 's army "demonstrated -- not without difficulty -- the superiority of Norman - French mixed cavalry and infantry tactics over the Germanic - Scandinavian infantry traditions of the Anglo - Saxons. ''
The day after the battle, Harold 's body was identified, either by his armour or marks on his body. His personal standard was presented to William, and later sent to the papacy. The bodies of the English dead, including some of Harold 's brothers and housecarls, were left on the battlefield, although some were removed by relatives later. The Norman dead were buried in a large communal grave, which has not been found. Exact casualty figures are unknown. Of the Englishmen known to be at the battle, the number of dead implies that the death rate was about 50 per cent of those engaged, although this may be too high. Of the named Normans who fought at Hastings, one in seven is stated to have died, but these were all noblemen, and it is probable that the death rate among the common soldiers was higher. Although Orderic Vitalis 's figures are highly exaggerated, his ratio of one in four casualties may be accurate. Marren speculates that perhaps 2,000 Normans and 4,000 Englishmen were killed at Hastings. Reports stated that some of the English dead were still being found on the hillside years later. Although scholars thought for a long time that remains would not be recoverable, due to the acidic soil, recent finds have changed this view. One skeleton that was found in a medieval cemetery, and originally was thought to be associated with the 13th century Battle of Lewes now is thought to be associated with Hastings instead.
One story relates that Gytha, Harold 's mother, offered the victorious duke the weight of her son 's body in gold for its custody, but was refused. William ordered that Harold 's body be thrown into the sea, but whether that took place is unclear. Another story relates that Harold was buried at the top of a cliff. Waltham Abbey, which had been founded by Harold, later claimed that his body had been secretly buried there. Other legends claimed that Harold did not die at Hastings, but escaped and became a hermit at Chester.
William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders after his victory, but instead Edgar the Ætheling was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot, with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar, Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Ealdred, the Archbishop of York. William therefore advanced on London, marching around the coast of Kent. He defeated an English force that attacked him at Southwark but was unable to storm London Bridge, forcing him to reach the capital by a more circuitous route.
William moved up the Thames valley to cross the river at Wallingford, where he received the submission of Stigand. He then travelled north - east along the Chilterns, before advancing towards London from the north - west, fighting further engagements against forces from the city. The English leaders surrendered to William at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred on 25 December 1066, in Westminster Abbey.
Despite the submission of the English nobles, resistance continued for several years. There were rebellions in Exeter in late 1067, an invasion by Harold 's sons in mid-1068, and an uprising in Northumbria in 1068. In 1069 William faced more troubles from Northumbrian rebels, an invading Danish fleet, and rebellions in the south and west of England. He ruthlessly put down the various risings, culminating in the Harrying of the North in late 1069 and early 1070 that devastated parts of northern England. A further rebellion in 1070 by Hereward the Wake was also defeated by the king, at Ely.
Battle Abbey was founded by William at the site of the battle. According to 12th - century sources, William made a vow to found the abbey, and the high altar of the church was placed at the site where Harold had died. More likely, the foundation was imposed on William by papal legates in 1070. The topography of the battlefield has been altered by subsequent construction work for the abbey, and the slope defended by the English is now much less steep than it was at the time of the battle; the top of the ridge has also been built up and levelled. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the abbey 's lands passed to secular landowners, who used it as a residence or country house. In 1976 the estate was put up for sale and purchased by the government with the aid of some American donors who wished to honour the 200th anniversary of American independence. The battlefield and abbey grounds are currently owned and administered by English Heritage and are open to the public. The Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidered narrative of the events leading up to Hastings probably commissioned by Odo of Bayeux soon after the battle, perhaps to hang at the bishop 's palace at Bayeux. In modern times annual reenactments of the Battle of Hastings have drawn thousands of participants and spectators to the site of the original battle.
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what weapons can you legally own in uk | Firearms policy in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia
In the United Kingdom, access by the general public to firearms is tightly controlled by law which is much more restrictive than the minimum rules required by the European Firearms Directive, but it is less restrictive in Northern Ireland. The country has one of the lowest rates of gun homicides in the world. There were 0.05 recorded intentional homicides committed with a firearm per 100,000 inhabitants in the five years to 2011 (15 to 38 people per annum). Gun homicides accounted for 2.4 % of all homicides in the year 2011. There is some concern over the availability of illegal firearms. Office for National Statistics figures show 7,866 offences in which firearms were involved in the year ending March 2015, 2 % up on the previous year and the first increase in 10 years. Of these, 19 were fatalities, 10 fewer than the previous year and the lowest since records began in 1969. There was a further rise to 8,399 in the year ending March 2016, the highest number in four years, but significantly lower than the all - time high of 24,094 in 2003 / 04. Twenty - six resulted in fatal injuries.
Members of the public may own sporting rifles and shotguns, subject to licensing, but handguns were effectively banned after the Dunblane school massacre in 1996 with the exception of Northern Ireland. Dunblane was the UK 's first and only school shooting. There has been one spree killing since Dunblane, the Cumbria shootings in June 2010, which involved a shotgun and a. 22 caliber rifle, both legally - held. Prior to Dunblane though, there had only been one mass shooting carried out by a civilian in the entire history of Great Britain, which took place in Hungerford on 19 August 1987.
Police in the United Kingdom (aside from Northern Ireland) are not routinely armed. Fatal shootings of police are extremely rare; there were three in England and Wales in the eleven - year period from 2000 / 01 to 2010 / 11. Armed response units are available to deal with incidents, and as of the 31 March 2017 there were 6,278 armed officers serving in territorial police forces in England and Wales.
Shooting sports split into different categories in the UK between target shooting, clay pigeon shooting, pest control, and hunting. Sports, once a relatively elitist activity, have become far more popular in modern times amongst people from all walks of life.
A lot of current civilian rifle clubs trace their history to the ' volunteers ' of the middle 19th century, raised locally among the gentry to afford some readiness to counter the constant threat of invasion by Napoleon III. These volunteer organisations and military shooting clubs developed over time into civilian clubs as the volunteer organisations were incorporated into the Territorial Army. The rise in popularity in the civilian clubs started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially fullbore rifle events sponsored by the military and National Rifle Association of the United Kingdom to improve the general standard of marksmanship under the auspices of Defence of the Realm.
In 2012 the Home Office reported that, "in 2010 / 11, firearms were involved in 11,227 recorded offences in England and Wales, the seventh consecutive annual fall ''. Firearms statistics in England and Wales include airguns and imitation guns, which make up a high proportion of these recorded offences (see under "Firearms crime '' below). However, this was a return to the levels seen prior to the legislation in 1997. Firearms offences almost doubled in the eight years following handguns being made illegal.
Fully automatic (submachine - guns, etc.) are "prohibited weapons '' and require explicit permission from central government to permit ownership. Generally, such permits are not available to private citizens. Semi-automatic rifles over. 22 in (5.6 mm) and pistols are similarly "prohibited '', although there are exceptions for short barrelled breech - loading semi-automatic and revolver pistols for use for the humane dispatch of animals (classed under section 5). There are also very limited exceptions for pistols both to preserve firearms of historic or technical interest (classed as section 7 firearms) and to enable use by elite sports teams. Semi-automatic shotguns are restricted to a magazine capacity of no more than two shot and is held under section 2 of the Firearms Act, although a ' multi-shot ' shotgun can be owned under section 1 (restricted firearms and ammunition) of the Firearms Act. Where the term ' multi-shot ' is used, this refers to either a Semi-automatic or pump action shotgun with no restriction on magazine capacity. All other rifles and their ammunition are permitted with no limits as to magazine size, to include: target shooting, hunting, and historic and muzzle - loading weapons, as well as long barrelled breachloading pistols with a specific overall length, but not for self - defence; however if a home - owner is threatened they may be used in self - defence, so long as the force is reasonable. Shotgun possession and use is controlled, and even low - power air rifles and pistols, while permitted, are controlled to some extent. A Firearm Certificate issued by the police is required for all weapons and ammunition except air weapons of modest power (of muzzle energy not over 12 ft ⋅ lbf (16 J) for rifles, and 6 ft ⋅ lbf (8.1 J) for pistols). Shotguns with a capacity of three rounds or less (up to guns with a magazine holding no more than two rounds, in addition to one in the chamber) are subject to less stringent licensing requirements than other firearms and require a shotgun certificate; shotguns with higher capacity require a Firearm Certificate.
Possession of a live firearms round can lead to severe penalties. Live firearms ammunition, other than most shotgun ammunition, may only be purchased and possessed with the authority of a Firearm Certificate. Shotgun cartridges can be possessed by anybody over the age of 15 but no licence is required to hold such ammunition so long as the cartridges contain 5 or more shots. However, a licence covering possession of a firearm capable of firing shotgun ammunition is required for purchase.
While Scotland has had its own parliament (Holyrood) since the Scotland Act 1998, power to legislate on firearms was reserved to the Westminster Parliament, which led to tensions between the British and Scottish parliaments, with the Scottish government wanting to enact stricter laws.
In Northern Ireland, possessing a firearm with a Firearm Certificate issued by the Police Service of Northern Ireland is legal. Firearms control laws in Northern Ireland are primarily regulated by the Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004, slightly different from the law in Great Britain.
The legislation is interpreted in different ways by different police authorities. For example, some authorities allow clubs to possess long - barrelled pistols for members to use, and allow members who own them to allow other members to use them. Other authorities place the condition that only the owner may fire them; it is considered an offence for anyone else to even touch the firearm. This effectively requires members each to own their own pistol. In 2002 the Home Office issued firearms law guidance to the police, a 212 - page long document. A revised version was published in October 2013. In 2012 the British Shooting Sports Council believed that the law needed to be consolidated, but did not call for a review.
UK law defines a "rifle '' as a rifled firearm with a barrel longer than 30 cm (12 in), and a total length longer than 60 cm (24 in) that does not fall under the classification of long - barrelled revolver or pistol. Single - shot, bolt - action, Martini - action, lever - action (also called under - lever action) and revolver rifles and carbines are permitted, with certificate, in any calibre. Self - loading (also known as semi-automatic) or pump - action rifles are only permitted in. 22 rimfire calibre.
The 1997 law did not ban pistols as such and was drafted in terms of small firearms. British law defines a "pistol '' as a firearm with a barrel shorter than 30 cm (12 in) or a total length of less than 60 cm (24 in) (this definition encompasses revolvers, revolving pistols). Only muzzle - loading pistols -- including muzzle - loading revolvers -- are permitted; in practice all such firearms use black powder -- a Class 1 explosive -- as the propellant. Small quantities of muzzle - loading pistols and revolvers in various calibres, which comply with the regulations, are manufactured. All other pistols are prohibited in Great Britain, with some exceptions such as pistols used for the humane dispatch of injured animals (such as deer) and some historical firearms.
Specific models of blank - firing starting pistol that are "readily convertible '' to fire live ammunition can also be banned. The Bruni Olympic. 380 BBM blank - firing revolver was banned in 2010 on evidence that it was being illegally converted.
"Long - barrelled revolvers '' and "long - barrelled pistols '' meeting specified criteria are not classified as small, and hence prohibited, firearms; it is legal, with a Firearm Certificate, to possess them. The barrel must be at least 30 cm (12 in) long, and the firearm at least 60 cm (24 in) long, which can be achieved by having a permanently attached extension to the grip or butt of the firearm. Long - barrelled single - shot firearms of any calibre, and semi-automatic pistols of. 22 rimfire calibres, are permitted with FAC.
Pistol shooting for sporting purposes has been effectively banned since 1997, although a temporary exemption was made for competitors to bring Section 5 firearms into the UK for the 2002 Commonwealth Games. This exemption only applied to the Games period and Home Nation pistol shooters had to train abroad prior to the Games. Ahead of the 2012 Olympic Games, Tessa Jowell (Minister for the Olympics) and the Home Secretary agreed to use Home Office powers to issue a small number of Section 5 Permits to elite pistol shooters nominated by British Shooting. With Glasgow winning the right to host the 2014 Commonwealth Games, this arrangement was continued after the 2012 Olympics, with a small number of UK ranges licensed for Section 5 shooting.
A few models of single - shot. 22 calibre free pistol, as used in the 50 m Olympic ' Free Pistol ' match, have been produced to meet the "long - barrelled pistol '' conditions. Some free pistols have removable stabiliser bars extending backwards to improve stability; the UK - legal models have been made with non-removable stabilisers to extend the dimensions, instead of contrived and non-functional grip extensions. Examples are the single - shot Pardini K22 Longarm and the Westlake Britarms Long Pistol, a permitted. 22 LR five - shot semi-automatic pistol.
Single, double or triple - barrelled shotguns, or those with a lever - action or, pump - action, or semi-automatic and fixed magazine capacity of no more than three (2 in the magazine and one in the chamber) cartridges are permitted on a Shotgun Certificate. Shotguns with a detachable magazine or larger fixed magazine are permitted on a Section 1 Firearm Certificate. Types of shotgun ammunition, such as solid slugs can only be bought following the grant of an FAC (Firearm Certificate). There is no limit on the number of guns or amount of ammunition that a SGC (shotgun certificate) holder can acquire or possess at one time, although each shotgun is recorded on the certificates.
Airguns are firearms like any other according to the definition given in the Firearms Act 1968 at section 57 (1). However, they are exempt from the requirement that a Firearm Certificate or Shotgun Certificate need be obtained to possess or acquire them provided that they meet certain limits as to their power.
Air pistols with a muzzle energy not exceeding 6 foot - pounds force (8.1 joules) and other airguns with a muzzle energy not exceeding 12 ft ⋅ lbf (16 J) do not require a certificate and may be acquired, purchased and possessed by anyone over the age of 18 and who is not a prohibited person as specified in section 21 of the Act which relates to persons previously convicted of crime.
The UK Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 controls online or mail - order sales of airguns by way of trade or business; transactions must be finalised face - to - face although the contract of sale may take place at a distance. The airgun may be sent by the seller to a Registered Firearms Dealer (who will act as the sellers agent in the sale) from whom the gun may be collected by the purchaser.
The same Act introduced the requirement that a person selling airguns or ammunition for airguns by way of trade or business be a Registered Firearms Dealer. It is not an offence for a private individual to sell an airgun to another person as long as both parties are not legally barred from possessing airguns and the transaction does not constitute a business activity.
It became a crime to fire an air weapon beyond the boundary of any premises without the occupier 's permission, and increased the lower age limit for buying or possessing an air weapon to 18 years.
From 10 February 2011 The Crime & Security Act 2010 (S. 46) made it an offence "... for a person in possession of an air weapon to fail to take reasonable precautions to prevent any person under the age of eighteen from having the weapon with him... ''.
Any person who is in a building or is on land as a trespasser whilst having a firearm with them commits the offence of trespassing with a firearm. It is immaterial whether or not they have any ammunition with them at the time or whether they actually intend to use it at the place in which they were trespassing.
Explosive, incendiary, noxious (biological, chemical) and armour piercing ammunition types are "prohibited '' for civilians. Expanding ammunition is not only permitted but a legal requirement for deer stalking. Holders of a FAC for the purpose of (game) shooting or deer - stalking are required to have authorisation to acquire and possess expanding ammunition noted on it. The amount of ammunition allowed for purchase and possession is determined by conditions stated on an FAC.
The following are generally prohibited:
With a few specialised exceptions, all firearms in the United Kingdom must be licensed on either a 5 - year firearm certificate (FAC) or a shotgun certificate (SGC) issued by the police for the area in which they normally reside. Each certificate can list multiple firearms, and the certificate remains valid until expiry even if all the listed firearms were subsequently banned.
Shotguns (Section 2 Firearms under the 1968 Act as amended) are defined in UK law as smoothbore firearms with barrels not shorter than 24 inches (61 cm) and a bore not larger than 2 inches (5.1 cm) in diameter, no revolving cylinder, and either no magazine or a non-detachable magazine that is not capable of holding more than two cartridges, plus one in the chamber; shotguns with higher capacity require a firearm certificate. Shotguns thus defined are subject to a less rigorous certification process than for the full FAC; an applicant is not required by law to make a good case for being granted a certificate, but the police may withhold a certificate if they consider that the applicant does not have satisfactory security in place, or granting it would constitute a danger to public safety or to the peace. A certificate holder may possess as many shotguns as can be securely stored.
When applying for a firearm certificate, justification must be provided to the police for each firearm, and they are individually listed on the certificate by type, calibre, and serial number. A shotgun certificate similarly lists type, calibre and serial number, but permits possession of as many shotguns as can be safely accommodated. To gain permission for a new firearm, a "variation '' must be sought, for a fee, unless the variation is made at the time of renewal, or unless it constitutes a one - for - one replacement of an existing firearm that will be disposed of. The certificate also sets out, by calibre, the maximum quantities of ammunition someone may possess at any one time, and is used to record ammunition purchases (except where ammunition is bought to use immediately on a range under s11 or s15 of the Firearms Act).
To obtain a firearm certificate, the police must be satisfied that a person has "good reason '' to own each firearm, and that they can be trusted with it "without danger to the public safety or to the peace ''. Under Home Office guidelines, Firearm Certificates are only issued if a person has legitimate sporting, collecting, or work - related reasons for ownership. Since 1968, self - defence has not been considered a valid reason to own a firearm. The current licensing procedure involves: positive verification of identity, two referees of verifiable good character who have known the applicant for at least two years (and who may themselves be interviewed and / or investigated as part of the certification), approval of the application by the applicant 's own family doctor, an inspection of the premises and cabinet where firearms will be kept and a face - to - face interview by a Firearms Enquiry Officer (FEO) also known as a Firearms Liaison Officer (FLO). A thorough background check of the applicant is then made by Special Branch on behalf of the firearms licensing department. Only when all these stages have been satisfactorily completed will a licence be issued, which must be renewed every 5 years.
Any person who has been sentenced to between three months and three years in prison is automatically prohibited from possessing firearms (including airguns) and ammunition for five years from release. A person who has been sentenced to more than three years is prohibited for life. Application may be made to a court to reverse these prohibitions and this is likely to be successful in relation to convictions for crimes which do not relate to a person 's fitness to possess firearms. Similarly, persons applying for licences with recent, serious mental health issues will also be refused a certificate.
Any person holding a Firearm or Shotgun Certificate must comply with strict conditions regarding such things as safe storage. These storage arrangements are checked by the police before a licence is first granted, and on every renewal of the licence.
In the case of a firearm certificate the issuing police force may impose additional conditions over and above the statutory ones. However any condition appended to a certificate must be reasonable and must not be of such a restrictive nature as would amount to a constructive refusal to grant the certificate by making use so unlikely as to be practically impossible. Failure to comply with any of these conditions can result in criminal prosecution resulting in a prison sentence of up to six months. Revocation of the certificate is also possible, depending upon the nature of the breach.
A visitors permit is available for possession of firearms without certificate by visitors to the UK.
The penalty for possession of any type of firearm without a certificate is a maximum of 14 years in prison and an unlimited fine. The penalty for section 5 categories of firearm is subject to a mandatory minimum of five years. (Although the sentencing judge has discretion to depart from the minimum sentence if there are "exceptional circumstances '').
The Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 increased restrictions on the use, possession, sale and manufacture of both airguns and imitation firearms.
More than 100,000 people in Northern Ireland (approximately 5.7 % of the population) own firearms, having 380,000 among them. Gun control laws in Northern Ireland are less restrictive than gun laws in Great Britain due to the Good Friday Agreement, allowing Northern Ireland to govern itself and pass less restrictive laws. Gun laws in Northern Ireland are primarily affected by the Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004. Under the new law, first - time buyers will be required to demonstrate they can be trusted with the firearm. It will be up to firearms dealers selling the products to tell new buyers, and those upgrading their firearms, about the safety procedures. Firearm possessors in Northern Ireland must not transport their firearms to Great Britain. All gun owners in Northern Ireland are required to apply for a Firearm Certificate to possess firearms. Permits are normally issued to anyone who has good reason to possess firearms, such as target shooting, hunting, and personal protection. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom where personal protection is accepted as a legitimate reason to obtain and own a firearm and is the only part of the United Kingdom or Ireland where handguns are permitted. Semi-automatic rifles are only permitted when chambered in. 22 calibre (with certain exceptions). Handguns and Shotguns are permitted in any calibre. There is no limit on magazine capacity for rifles and handguns, and the magazine limit for shotguns is 2 rounds. Also, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed without a permit. Open carry of handguns is not common. However, in the countryside, people will often open carry loaded rifles and shotguns. A firearm certificate for a personal protection weapon will only be authorised where the Police Service of Northern Ireland deems there is a ' verifiable specific risk ' to the life of an individual and that the possession of a firearm is a reasonable, proportionate and necessary measure to protect their life. Permits for personal protection also allow the holder to carry their firearms concealed. They may also allow the holder to possess fully automatic weapons and center fire semi-automatics in some instances.
Gun laws in Scotland differ in some details from those in the rest of the UK. However, in terms of licensing they are, currently, identical to the rest of Great Britain. A firearms certificate is required to purchase firearms, and a separate shotgun certificate is required for shotguns. The guiding laws for firearms in Scotland are the Firearms (Scotland) Rules 1989 and the Firearms Act (1968). All handguns, semi-automatic and pump - action non-rim - fire rifles are prohibited. A few pistols are licensed on a Firearm Certificate for exactly the same reasons as the rest of Great Britain. There are only 566 licensed handgun owners in Scotland.
In 2006, Glasgow politician Tommy Sheridan of the political party Solidarity launched a consultation to restrict possession of air guns, highlighting recent cases including the death of toddler Andrew Morton but the Scottish Parliament did not have the power to ban airguns at the time so any measures would have needed to be formally approved by Westminster. Around this time, the media gave some exposure to growing public desire to have air guns banned or regulated, particularly from the parents of a child that died after being struck in the head by a pellet in Easterhouse, a suburb of east Glasgow. The child was said to have had a skull only two millimetres thick at the point of impact.
MSPs such as Kenny Macaskill have claimed Scotland has a problem with air gun violence. However official figures show that out of the estimated 500,000 airguns in Scotland there were only 195 offences a ratio of less than 0.04 %. Not all of these offences have been linked to violence with many being minor.
The Commission on Scottish Devolution when implemented gave the Scottish Parliament powers to regulate air guns. On 14 December 2012, a consultation was launched to investigate proposals for licensing air weapons in Scotland. The Scottish Cabinet Secretary for Justice foreword in the consultation paper (titled Proposals for Licensing Air Weapons in Scotland) stated that the regional government "(does) not intend to ban air weapons outright, but (does) not think that it is appropriate in our modern Scotland that there can be up to half a million unregistered, uncontrolled and often forgotten firearms (however, air weapons are not considered ' firearms ' under the law) in circulation ''. It stated an aim to "ensure that only those people with a legitimate reason for owning and using an airgun should have access to them in the future, and that they are properly licensed and accounted for ''. In 2011 / 12 there were 195 offences involving air weapons in Scotland, compared to 3,554 in England and Wales. The consultation closed in March 2013 with 1,101 responses, 87 % of which were opposed to the principle of licensing air weapons.
In July 2013, Shooting UK reported that a petition against the introduction of air weapon licensing in Scotland had so far gained 14,193 signatures. Petition founder Dave Ewing -- who was due to appear before the Scottish Parliament 's Public Petitions Committee in September -- was reported as being pleased with the response to date, but that, "it is very important for people to continue signing and showing support, as the shooting community must pull together to defend our rights... Every single law - abiding person that is deterred from shooting due to overly restrictive laws or unfair financial hurdles weakens (the shooting) community. '' BASC and the Scottish Gamekeepers ' Association (SGA) is also supporting the petition, with the SGA 's George Macdonald saying: "Responsible people object to having legislation forced upon them where there is no demonstrable need. The statistics for misuse of an airgun are very low. ''
As of 31 December 2016, it is a requirement to hold an airgun certificate in Scotland to possess a sub 12 ft / lb air rifle or sub 6 ft / lb air pistol. There are some exceptions for current FAC and SGC holders in that they may hold an air rifle on their current certificate and apply to add it / them when next renewing their FAC or SGC.
Many laws and amendments governing possession and use of firearms have been enacted over the years; see Firearms Act # United Kingdom for a more complete list.
Following the assassination of William of Orange in 1584 with a concealed wheellock pistol, Queen Elizabeth I, fearing assassination by Roman Catholics, banned possession of wheellock pistols near a royal palace in 1594. There were growing concerns in the 16th century over the use of guns and crossbows. Four acts were imposed to restrict their use.
The Bill of Rights restated the ancient rights of the people to bear arms by reinstating the right of Protestants to have arms after they had been illegally disarmed by James II. It follows closely the Declaration of Rights made in Parliament in February 1689. The Bill of Rights text declares that "That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law ''.
"Whereas the late King James the Second, by the Assistance of divers evil Counsellors, Judges, and Ministers, employed by Him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant Religion, and the Laws and Liberties of this Kingdom... (b) y assuming and exercising a Power of dispensing with and suspending of Laws, and the Execution of Laws, without Consent of Parliament... (b) y causing several good Subjects, being Protestants, to be disarmed, at the same Time when Papists were both armed and employed contrary to Law... (a) ll which are utterly and directly contrary to the known Laws and Statutes and Freedom of this Realm... the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, pursuant to their respective Letters and Elections, being now assembled in a full and free Representative of this Nation, taking into their most serious Consideration the best Means for attaining the Ends aforesaid, do in the First Place (as their Ancestors in like Case have usually done), for the vindicating and asserting their ancient Rights and Liberties, Declare,... That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence, suitable to their Condition, and as allowed by Law.
The rights of English subjects and, after 1707, British subjects, to possess arms was recognised under English common law. Sir William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England, were highly influential and were used as a reference and text book for English Common Law. In his Commentaries, Blackstone described the right to arms.
The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject, that I shall at present mention, is that of having arms for their defence, suitable to their condition and degree, and such as are allowed by law. Which is also declared by the same statute I W. & M. st. 2. c. 2. and is indeed a public allowance, under due restrictions, of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation, when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression.
Formerly, this same British common law applied to the UK and Australia, and until 1791 to the colonies in North America that became the United States. The right to keep and bear arms had originated in England during the reign of Henry II with the 1181 Assize of Arms, and developed as part of common law.
After the Jacobite rebellions of 1715 and 1745, harsh laws providing, amongst other things, for disarming the Highlands of Scotland, were enacted by the Parliament of Great Britain: the Disarming Acts of 1716 and 1725, and the Act of Proscription 1746.
The first British firearm controls were introduced as part of the Vagrancy Act 1824, which was set up in a reaction against the large number of people roaming the country with weapons brought back from the Napoleonic wars. It allowed the police to arrest "any person with any gun, pistol, hanger (dagger), cutlass, bludgeon or other offensive weapon... with intent to commit a felonious act ''. It was followed by the Night Poaching Act 1828 and Night Poaching Act 1844, the Game Act 1831, and the Poaching Prevention Act 1862, which made it an offence to shoot game illegally by using a firearm.
The Gun Licence Act 1870 was created to raise revenue. It required a person to obtain a licence to carry a gun outside his own property for any reason. A licence was not required to buy a gun. The licences cost 10 shillings (equivalent to about £ 31 in 2005), lasted one year and could be bought over the counter at Post Offices.
The Pistols Act 1903 was the first to place restrictions on the sale of firearms. Titled "An Act to regulate the sale and use of Pistols or other Firearms '', it was short, with just nine sections, and applied solely to pistols. It defined a pistol as a firearm whose barrel did not exceed 9 in (230 mm) in length and made it illegal to sell or rent a pistol to anyone who could not produce a current gun licence or game licence, were exempt from the Gun Licence Act, could prove that they planned to use the pistol on their own property, or had a statement signed by a police officer of Inspector 's rank or above or a Justice of the Peace to the effect that they were about to go abroad for six months or more. The Act was more or less ineffective, as anyone wishing to buy a pistol commercially merely had to purchase a licence on demand over the counter from a Post Office before doing so. In addition, it did not regulate private sales of such firearms.
The legislators laid some emphasis on the dangers of pistols in the hands of children and drunkards and made specific provisions regarding sales to these two groups: persons under 18 could be fined 40 shillings if they bought, hired, or carried a pistol, while anyone who sold a pistol to such a person could be fined £ 5. Anyone who sold a pistol to someone who was "intoxicated or of unsound mind '' was liable to a fine of £ 25 or 3 months ' imprisonment with hard labour. However, it was not an offence under the Act to give or lend a pistol to anyone belonging to the two groups.
The Firearms Act 1920 was partly spurred by fears of a possible surge in crime from the large number of firearms available following World War I and also fears of working - class unrest in this period. "An Act to amend the law relating to firearms and other weapons and ammunition '', its main stated aim was to enable the government to control the overseas arms trade and so fulfill its commitment to the 1919 Paris Arms Convention. The ongoing Anglo - Irish War may also have been a factor, as Britain and Ireland were at that time still in union with each other at the time, and the Act also applied to Ireland. It required anyone wanting to purchase or possess a firearm or ammunition to obtain a firearm certificate. The certificate, which lasted for three years, specified not only the firearm but also the amount of ammunition the holder could buy or possess. Local chief constables decided who could obtain a certificate and had the power to exclude anyone of "intemperate habits '' or "unsound mind '', or anyone considered "... for any reason unfitted to be trusted with firearms ''. Applicants for certificates also had to convince the police that they had a good reason for needing a certificate. The law did not affect smooth - bore guns, which were available for purchase without any form of paperwork. The penalty for violating the Act was a fine of up to £ 50 or "imprisonment with or without hard labour for a term not exceeding three months '', or both.
The right of individuals to bear arms had previously been, in the words of the 1689 Bill of Rights, "as allowed by law ''. The 1920 Act made this right conditional upon the Home Secretary and the police. A series of classified Home Office directives defined for the benefit of chief constables what constituted good reason to grant a certificate. They originally included self - defence.
As the 1920 Act did not prevent criminals from obtaining firearms illegally, in 1933 the Firearms and Imitation Firearms (Criminal Use) Bill was submitted to Parliament. It increased the punishment for the use of a gun in the commission of a crime and made it an offence punishable by up to 14 years ' imprisonment for anyone to "attempt to make use '' of any firearm or imitation firearm to resist arrest. Possession of a real or imitation firearm was also made an offence unless the possessor could show he had it for "a lawful object ''.
The Firearms Act 1937 incorporated various modifications to the 1920 Act based on the recommendations of a 1934 committee chaired by Sir Archibald Bodkin. The resulting legislation raised the minimum age for buying a firearm or airgun from 14 to 17, extended controls to shotguns and other smooth - bore weapons with barrels shorter than 20 in (510 mm) (later raised by the Firearms Act 1968 to 24 in (610 mm), transferred certificates for machine guns to military oversight, regulated gun dealers, and granted chief constables the power to add conditions to individual Firearms Certificates.
The same year, the Home Secretary ruled that self - defence was no longer a suitable reason for applying for a firearm certificate and directed police to refuse such applications on the grounds that "firearms can not be regarded as a suitable means of protection and may be a source of danger ''.
The Firearms Act 1968 brought together all existing firearms legislation in a single statute. Disregarding minor changes, it formed the legal basis for British firearms control policy until the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 was put through Parliament in the aftermath of the 1987 Hungerford massacre. For the first time, it introduced controls for long - barrelled shotguns, in the form of Shotgun Certificates that, like Firearm Certificates, were issued by an area 's chief constable in England, Scotland, and Wales. While applicants for Firearms Certificates had to show a good reason for possessing the firearm or ammunition, it did not apply to Shotgun Certificates. Firearms had to be locked up, with ammunition stored and locked in a different cabinet. This was introduced after the 1973 Green Paper, which advocated more controls on firearms.
The Act also prohibited the possession of firearms or ammunition by criminals who had been sentenced to imprisonment; those sentenced to three months to three years imprisonment were banned from possessing firearms or ammunition for five years, while those sentenced to longer terms were banned for life. However, an application could be made to have the prohibition removed.
The Act was accompanied by an amnesty; many older weapons were handed in to the police. It has remained a feature of British policing that from time - to - time a brief firearms amnesty is declared.
In the aftermath of the Hungerford massacre, Parliament passed the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988. This confined semi-automatic and pump - action centre - fire rifles, military weapons firing explosive ammunition, short shotguns that had magazines, and elevated both pump - action and self - loading rifles to the Prohibited category. Registration and secure storage of shotguns held on Shotgun Certificates became required, and shotguns with more than a 2 + 1 capacity came to need a Firearm Certificate. The law also introduced new restrictions on shotguns. Rifles in. 22 rimfire and semi-automatic pistols were unaffected.
Following the Dunblane massacre, the government passed the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1997 and the Firearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1997, defining "short firearms '' as Section 5 Prohibited Weapons, which effectively banned private possession of handguns almost completely. Exceptions to the ban include muzzle - loading guns, pistols of historic interest (such as pistols used in notable crimes, rare prototypes, unusual serial numbers, guns forming part of a collection), guns used for starting sporting events, signal pistols, pistols that are of particular aesthetic interest (such as engraved or jewelled guns) and shot pistols for pest control. Under certain circumstances, individuals may be issued a PPW (Personal Protection Weapon) licence. Even the UK 's Olympic shooters fell under this ban; shooters could only train in Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, or outside the UK (in Switzerland, in practice). Prior to the 2012 London Olympics, British Shooting negotiated an agreement with the Home Office to issue Section 5 Permits to a limited number of nominated elite athletes, allowing them to keep pistols and train on the UK Mainland at nominated "Section 5 Ranges ''. This agreement was renewed following the Olympics and Section 5 Permits remain on issue for eligible members of the GB Squad.
162,000 pistols and 700 tons of ammunition and related equipment were handed in by an estimated 57,000 people -- 0.1 % of the population, or 1 in every 960 persons. At the time, the renewal cycle for FACs was five years, meaning that it would take six years for the full reduction of valid certificates for both large - calibre and. 22 handguns bans (because certificates remained valid even if the holder had disposed of all their firearms). On 31 December 1996, prior to the large - calibre handgun ban, there were 133,600 FACs on issue in England and Wales; by 31 December 1997 it had fallen to 131,900. The following year, after the. 22 handgun ban, the number stood at 131,900. On 31 December 2001, five years after the large calibre ban, the number had fallen to 119,600 and 117,700 the following year. This represents a net drop of 24,200 certificates. Comparable figures for Scotland show a net drop of 5,841 from 32,053 to 26,212 certificates, making a GB total net drop of 30,041. However, while the number of certificates in England and Wales rose each year after 2002 to stand at 126,400 at 31 March 2005 (due to a change in reporting period), those in Scotland remained relatively static, standing at 26,538 at 31 December 2005.
This act mainly impacted upon firearms legislation by creating minimum sentences for some firearms offences, regulating the sale of primers and provisions relating to imitation firearms. From 6 April 2007 the sale and transfer of new "air weapons '' by mail order ("by way of trade or business '') became an offence (they may still be purchased in person), as well as the sale of primers, and realistic imitation firearms (RIFs). The only exceptions are for the purposes of military and historical reenactment, media & theatre production, paintballing and Airsoft as a sport. This has affected Airsoft in the UK by restricting the sale, import and purchase of airsoft replicas to individuals entitled to a specific defence, e.g. members of an organised airsoft site holding permitted activities with third - party liability insurance cover or re-enactors.
Following the awarding of the 2012 Olympic Games to London, the government announced that special dispensation would be granted to allow the various shooting events to be held, as had been the case previously for the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Further dispensations allowed foreign participants in shooting events to train in the UK, even though it remained illegal for native pistol shooters to train in England, Scotland or Wales.
Controversially, shooting events for the Games were held at a temporary facilities at the Royal Artillery Barracks in Woolwich, with the cost of £ 42 million including their subsequent demolition. Shooting sports bodies and some politicians argued that the money would have been better spent on the lasting legacy that would be gained by refurbishing and upgrading permanent facilities at the National Shooting Centre at Bisley, which would have cost a maximum of £ 30 million.
A Home Office study published in 2007 reported that gun crime in England and Wales remained a relatively rare event. Firearms (including air guns) were used in 21,521 recorded crimes. It said that injury caused during a firearm offence was rare, with fewer than 3 % of offences resulting in a serious or fatal injury.
In the year Apr 2015 to Mar 2016 there were 8,399 recorded offences involving firearms, broken down as follows.
By weapon type:
Only those items proven to be "imitations '' (which includes BB / soft air types) or air weapons are classed as such, otherwise they are placed by default in the main "live '' categories, e.g. an imitation pistol not proven to be such would be counted as a live "handgun. '' "Other firearm '' includes CS gas (65 crimes), pepper spray (72), and stun guns (200).
By crime type:
The long - term trend in the use of firearms in crime in England and Wales show consistent falls between 2003 / 04 and 2013 / 14 for both non-air weapons and air weapons, with a slight rise between 2014 / 15 and 2015 / 16:
The number of fatal firearms injuries in England and Wales by year is:
Britain has had three spree killings or mass shootings since 1980. The Hungerford massacre of 1987, the Dunblane school massacre of 1996, and the Cumbria shootings of 2010. After Hungerford and Dunblane, firearms legislation was amended, tightening firearms restrictions in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom Gun legislation has been described by The Huffington Post as ' one of the toughest regimes in the world '. After Hungerford, the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 criminalised most semi-automatic long - barrelled weapons; it was generally supported by the Labour opposition although some Labour backbenchers thought it inadequate. After the second incident, the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1997 criminalised private possession of most handguns having a calibre over. 22; the Snowdrop Campaign continued to press for a wider ban, and in 1997 the incoming Labour government introduced the Firearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act was passed. This extended this to most handguns with a calibre of. 22, excepting antique handguns and black - powder revolvers.
On 19 August 1987, 27 - year - old Michael Ryan, armed with two semi-automatic rifles (a Type 56 sporter, and an M1 carbine), and a Beretta 92 pistol, dressed in combat fatigues and proceeded around the town of Hungerford killing 16 people, wounding fifteen and shooting himself, in what became known as the Hungerford massacre. Ryan 's collection of weapons had been legally licensed, according to the Hungerford Report.
On 13 March 1996, Thomas Hamilton, a 43 - year - old former scout leader who had been ousted by The Scout Association in 1974, shot dead sixteen young children and their teacher, Gweneth Mayor, in Dunblane Primary School 's gymnasium with two Browning Hi - Power 9 × 19mm pistols and two Smith & Wesson. 357 Magnum revolvers. He then shot himself. The four handguns used in the attack were legally owned. There is a memorial to the seventeen victims in the local cemetery and a cenotaph in the cathedral. The funds raised in the aftermath of the tragedy have been used to build a new community centre for the town.
Personnel of the Police Firearms Licensing Office were unaware of Hamilton 's expulsion by the Scout Association, nor were they aware of allegations made against him regarding unsavoury behaviour on a number of boy 's summer camps he had organised, allegations that would have exposed his poor character. The tragedy led to improvements in inter-departmental sharing of Police Intelligence and deeper background checks of firearm certificate applicants.
After the incident, legislation was introduced in 1997 to prohibit, with some extremely specialised exemptions, "Small firearms '' with a barrel length of less than 30 cm (12 in) or an overall length of less than 60 cm (24 in).
On 2 June 2010, Derrick Bird, a 52 - year - old taxi driver, shot and killed 12 people and injured 11 others while driving through Cumbria. He then shot himself. Bird was a licensed firearms holder; his weapons were a 12 gauge double - barrelled shotgun and CZ 452 - 2E ZKM. 22 - calibre bolt - action rifle.
Information in the following references is released under Crown Copyright by the Office of Public Sector Information. This allows reproduction free of charge in any format or medium provided it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context.
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what does the second runner up get on america's got talent | America 's Got Talent - Wikipedia
America 's Got Talent (sometimes abbreviated as AGT) is an American reality television series on the NBC television network, and part of the global Got Talent franchise. It is a talent show that features singers, dancers, magicians, comedians, and other performers of all ages competing for the advertised top prize of one million dollars. The show debuted in June 2006 for the summer television season. From season three (2008) onwards, the prize includes the one million dollars, payable in a financial annuity over 40 years, and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip. Among its significant features is that it gives an opportunity to talented amateurs or unknown performers, with the results decided by an audience vote. The format is a popular one and has often been reworked for television in the United States and the United Kingdom.
This incarnation was created by Simon Cowell, and was originally due to be a 2005 British series called Paul O'Grady 's Got Talent but was postponed due to O'Grady's acrimonious split with broadcaster ITV (later launching as Britain 's Got Talent in 2007). Therefore, the U.S. version became the first full series of the franchise.
The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff, Brandy Norwood, and Piers Morgan. Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two (2007), and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five (2010). Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven (2012). Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight (2013), while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge. Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven (2016). Regis Philbin was the original host (season one), followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons (2007 -- 2008), followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons (2009 -- 2016). Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season (2017).
On August 2, 2016, NBC renewed the series for a twelfth season, which premiered on May 30, 2017. The season concluded on September 20, 2017. The series has been renewed through its thirteenth season.
Starting with the tenth season, each of the main judges invited a guest judge to join the judging panel for one night during the Judge Cuts stage of the competition. The guest judges had the ability to employ the golden buzzer to bypass the other judges and advance an act to the live shows. The first guest judge, Neil Patrick Harris, appeared at the invitation of Howard Stern in episode eight of season ten, which aired on July 14, 2015. Michael Bublé appeared at the invitation of Heidi Klum in episode nine of season ten, which aired on July 21, 2015. Marlon Wayans appeared at the invitation of Howie Mandel in episode ten of season ten, which aired on July 28, 2015. Piers Morgan appeared at the invitation of Mel B in episode eleven of season ten, which aired on August 4, 2015. Beginning with the eleventh season the guest judges were announced without any indication if they were invited by one of the regular judges. This continued into the twelfth season when the guest judges were announced by NBC through various outlets.
The general selection process of the show begins with separate producers ' auditions held in various cities across the United States, some of which host only the producers ' auditions, and some of which also host judges ' auditions held in theaters. This round is held several months before the judges ' audition. Acts that have made it through the producers ' audition then audition in front of the judges and a live audience.
Following the producers ' auditions, acts audition in front of (as of 2013) four celebrity judges. These auditions are held in theaters in various cities nationally and are later televised. Judges may individually register their disapproval of an act by pressing a red buzzer, which lights up their corresponding X above the stage. Any performer who receives X 's (3 in seasons 1 to 7, or 4 from season 8 onwards) from the judges must stop performing and is eliminated. Since season three (2008), large audiences have also been a factor in the judging process, as their reaction to an act 's performance may swing or influence a judge 's vote. If an act receives three or more "yes '' votes, they advance to the next round of competition. However, in the majority of seasons, several acts do not perform in the second round and are immediately sent home by the judges without a second performance.
Introduced in season nine, the "Golden Buzzer '' is located on the center of the judges ' desk and may be used once per season by each judge. In season 9, a judge could press the golden buzzer to save an act from elimination, regardless of the number of X 's earned from the other judges. Starting in season 10 and onward, any act that receives a golden buzzer advances directly to the live show; and in season 11, the hosts also were given the power to use the golden buzzer. The golden buzzer is also used in the Judge Cuts format.
From season two (2007) to season eight (2013), Las Vegas Week has been an intermediary televised taped round between the auditions and the live shows. This round takes place in a notable venue on the Las Vegas Strip. Names for this round in previous seasons have included "Las Vegas Callbacks '' and "Vegas Verdicts ''. The Las Vegas round generally consists of acts performing a second time for the judges (except for season four in 2009), who then pick select acts to move on to the live shows. An act eliminated in Las Vegas Week is not completely excluded from the live show competition, as several seasons have featured contestants being brought back from this round as "wild card '' acts.
Prior to the inclusion of this round, the judges would have a list containing a number of acts which advanced past the auditions during each live show. The judges would then pick ten acts from that group each week, leaving several acts without the chance to perform.
In season nine (2014), acts went to New York instead of Las Vegas to determine a place in the live shows.
From season five (2010) to season seven (2012), acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube. Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the "live shows '' part of the season, prior to the semi-finals. The most successful act of the YouTube auditions was Jackie Evancho, who went on to place second in season five and after the season ended, became the youngest solo artist ever to go platinum in the U.S.
Before the inclusion of this round, the show had a separate audition episode in seasons three and four (2008 -- 2009) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace.
During the live shows, a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 (season two), to as many as 60, compete for viewers ' and judges ' votes. In the first season, the judges could not end an act 's performance, but could either "check '' or "X '' the performance during their critique. Since season two (2007), judges have been able to end an act 's performance early, and the "check '' was removed. Generally, acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals. In seasons with YouTube auditions, the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then, as part of these quarterfinals. Then there may be additional shows for "Wild Card '' acts -- acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination. From these shows, the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and / or the judges (depending on the season). Acts then move on to a semifinal round, and even further rounds (such as a "Top 8 '' or a "Top 10 '', depending on the season) through a series of weekly shows, which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote. In the majority of seasons, judges have had no vote from the semifinals. All these rounds culminate in a live final, which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons. The act with the most votes is declared the winner, given $1 million, and, since season three (2008), a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip.
During seasons one through six (2006 -- 11), the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles. In season seven (2012), the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark. From seasons eight through ten (2013 -- 15), live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York. From season eleven (2016) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre.
For seasons five through eight (2010 -- 13), the show also made the winner the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show, stopping in 25 cities. For season nine, however (2014), there was no tour; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts. (See # America 's Got Talent Live, below.)
In May 2006, NBC announced the new show. The audition tour took place in June. Auditions were held in the following locations: Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago. Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino, possibly in Las Vegas; however, this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas, should one become a champion. More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere (which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002). The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 (the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers), Nielsen Media Research reported.
On the season finale, there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ. The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically. Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience, shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below.
In season one, the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff, singer Brandy Norwood, and journalist Piers Morgan.
The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan, and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers.
After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights, with no separate results show, the network changed that, pushing the show back to the summer, where the first season had enjoyed great success. This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol, which had a similar premise and was more popular.
In AGT 's place, another reality - based talent show, Grease: You 're The One That I Want, began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January. In March, NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show, and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host, with Sharon Osbourne (formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge.
The season finale was shown Tuesday, August 21, with the winner being Terry Fator, a singing impressionist ventriloquist. The runner - up was singer Cas Haley.
Season three premiered on June 17, 2008. Auditions took place in Charlotte, Nashville, Orlando, New York, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Chicago from January to April. A televised MySpace audition also took place.
Season three differed from the previous two in many ways. Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation, and a new title card was introduced, featuring the American flag as background. The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table. Like the previous season, the Las Vegas callbacks continued, but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds, instead of twenty. This season also contained several results episodes, but not on a regular basis. The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics, but returned with the live rounds on August 26.
Neal E. Boyd, an opera singer, was named the winner on October 1. Eli Mattson, a singer and pianist, was runner - up.
Season four premiered on Tuesday, June 23, 2009. It was the first to be broadcast in high definition. Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Miami, Tacoma, Boston, and Houston. Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center, followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions. New York and Miami auditions were held during March. Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26. In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape, season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration. This year 's host was Nick Cannon. Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments.
The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season, but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts '. This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis. The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo.
On September 16, country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner. The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla, an opera singer.
For season five, the network had considered moving the show to the fall, after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009. NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show.
Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Orlando, and Portland (Oregon). Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia. For the first time, online auditions were also held via YouTube.
David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel. This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show. The show premiered Tuesday, June 1, 2010, at 8 pm ET. Afterward, Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season.
On September 15, singer Michael Grimm was named the winner. He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho, Fighting Gravity, Prince Poppycock, and the other top ten finalists.
Season six premiered on Tuesday, May 31, 2011, with a two - hour special. Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk, respectively. On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27, 2010, Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent.
The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles, New York, Minneapolis, Atlanta, Seattle, and Houston. Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago. Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26. Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run, beginning on May 4. Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9.
On Wednesday, September 14, Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr., a Frank Sinatra - style singer, was named the winner. Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up.
Season seven premiered on May 14, 2012. The first round of auditions, which are judged by producers, were held in New York, Washington, D.C., Tampa, Charlotte, Austin, Anaheim, St. Louis, and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012. The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27.
Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven, due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight, and he was replaced by Howard Stern. Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City, the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark, New Jersey. In December 2011, Simon Cowell, the show 's executive producer, announced that the show would be receiving a "top - to - bottom makeover '', confirming that there would be new graphics, lighting, theme music, show intro, logo, and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark. On July 2, at the first live performance show of the season, their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special. A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the "X ''.
On August 6, Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season, in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes.
On September 13, Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season, becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win. Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up.
Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday, June 4, 2013. The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show. Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season, but later said that she was staying with the show "for now. '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6, 2012.
On February 20, 2013, it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members, Mel B (Melanie Brown), would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge. Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added. On March 3, it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would be joining the show as the new fourth judge.
An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11, 2012. The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland (Oregon), New Orleans, Birmingham, Memphis, Nashville, Savannah, Raleigh, Norfolk, San Antonio, New York, Columbus (Ohio), and Chicago. This season, the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before. America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight. Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4. The show traveled to New Orleans, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Antonio.
On September 18, 2013, martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season, the first dance act to win the competition. Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up.
Season nine premiered on Tuesday, May 27, 2014, at 8 pm ET. The producers ' auditions began on October 26, 2013, in Miami. Other audition sites included Atlanta, Baltimore, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, and New York. Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online. Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark, which also hosted the live shows during season seven. Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26.
The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29. There was also a new twist in the show, where "Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas. Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience, but after three acts performed, the producers scrapped the live audience concept. This season also came with the addition of a "Golden Buzzer, '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent. Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act, typically used when there is a tie.
For this season, contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June, and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23, 2014. The performer with the most votes, Cornell Bhangra, filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals.
On September 17, magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season, the first magic act to win the competition. Singer Emily West was the runner - up.
Season ten premiered on May 26, 2015. Producer auditions began on November 2, 2014, in Tampa. Other audition sites included Nashville, Richmond (Virginia), New York, Chicago, St. Louis, San Antonio, Albuquerque, San Francisco, Seattle, Boise, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles. Online submissions were also accepted.
Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1, 2014, that he might not return, but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season. Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host. On February 9, 2015, Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well. It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning.
It was announced on December 4, 2014, that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout. He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes, and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge.
Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2, 2015, at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center. They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles. A special "extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona, California, where danger acts performed outside for the judges, who were seated at an outdoor stage.
During NBC 's summer press tour, it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their "Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows. An official trailer for the season was released, which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season, with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk. Dunkin replaced Snapple, which sponsored the show since season seven.
On June 24, Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge. Stern said, "In all seriousness, I 've told you, I 'm just too f * cking busy... something 's got to give... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year, whether or not I 'd come back, I kind of have told them I think this is my last season. Not I think, this is my last season ''.
On September 16, Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season, making him the second ventriloquist to win. Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up, and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place.
America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1, 2015. The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit, New York, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, San Jose, San Diego, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Orlando, and Dallas. As in years past, hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online.
On October 22, 2015, it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11. Mel B, Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges, with Nick Cannon returning as host. The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles, due to Stern 's departure, at the Dolby Theatre.
Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3, 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California. The season premiered on May 31, 2016.
On September 14, 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player, Grace VanderWaal, was announced as the second female and second child to win America 's Got Talent (Bianca Ryan, age 11, was first). Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners - up, and magician Jon Dorenbos was placed third.
On August 2, 2016, it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12. Later that year, on October 4, Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 (Season 14).
On February 13, 2017, Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season, citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC. The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special, Stand Up, Do n't Shoot. NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12, which premiered on Tuesday, May 30, 2017.
On September 20, Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season, becoming the third ventriloquist, third child act and the third female act to win the competition (second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016). Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up, and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place. Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five.
America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance.
In 2009, America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner, runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors. It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four (2009) finale. Jerry Springer emceed, commuting weekly between Stamford, Connecticut, tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas.
In 2010, on the first live show of season five, the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists. Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show.
In 2012, the tour returned, featuring winners Olate Dogs, Spencer Horsman, Joe Castillo, Lightwire Theater, David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's, Jarrett and Raja, Tom Cotter, and other fan favorites.
In 2013, after the success of the 2012 tour, another tour was scheduled, featuring season eight 's winner, Kenichi Ebina, and finalists Collins Key, Jimmy Rose, Taylor Williamson, Cami Bradley, The KriStef Brothers, and Tone the Chiefrocca. Tone hosted the tour.
In 2014, America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson, the season eight (2013) runner - up, and the top finalists for season nine: Mat Franco, Emily West, Quintavious Johnson, AcroArmy, Emil and Dariel, Miguel Dakota, and Sons of Serendip.
In 2015, no tour was held. Instead, three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin, runner - up Drew Lynch, and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon.
In 2016, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured the top two finalists for season 11, Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants, as well as finalist Tape Face.
In 2017, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured winner Darci Lynne, runner - up Angelica Hale, third - placed Light Balance, and finalist Preacher Lawson.
NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19, 2016, hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal, Jackie Evancho, Andra Day, Penn & Teller, Pentatonix, Terry Fator, Mat Franco, Piff the Magic Dragon, Olate Dogs, Professor Splash, Jon Dorenbos and others, and featuring the Season 11 judges, including Klum, who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti. The special drew 9.5 million viewers.
Since the show began, its ratings have been very high, ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers, generally averaging around 11 million viewers. The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic, usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run. Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows.
Although the show 's ratings have been high, the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years, where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks.
The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four (2009). The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five (2010), with 16.41 million viewers. The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six (2011) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49, both having a 4.6 rating.
Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only.
Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent, but were ultimately eliminated before the final round, have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows, most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew.
The following America 's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on American Idol (AI):
The following America 's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew (ABDC):
The following America 's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on these other shows:
In Indonesia, the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET. since October 22, 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB. But, since Monday, October 31, in addition to the weekend slot, the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama, the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta, which was concluded on Friday, October 28, 2016.
In the United Kingdom, TruTV, along with simulcasts on the Made Television network, show America 's Got Talent, with TruTV showing it from the tenth season.
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what are the major functions of the database administrator | Database Administrator - wikipedia
Database administrators (DBAs) use specialized software to store and organize data.
The role may include capacity planning, installation, configuration, database design, migration, performance monitoring, security, troubleshooting, as well as backup and data recovery.
List of skills required to become database administrators are:
Database administrators benefit from a bachelor 's degree or master 's degree in computer science. An associate degree or a certificate may be sufficient with work experience.
There are many certifications available for becoming a certified database administrator. Many of these certifications are offered by database vendors themselves. Database administrator certitifications may be earned by passing a series of tests and sometimes other requirements. Schools offering Database Administration degrees can also be found.
For example:
A database administrator 's responsibilities can include the following tasks:
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where was john mccrae when he wrote in flanders fields | John McCrae - wikipedia
Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, MD (November 30, 1872 -- January 28, 1918) was a Canadian poet, physician, author, artist and soldier during World War I, and a surgeon during the Second Battle of Ypres, in Belgium. He is best known for writing the famous war memorial poem "In Flanders Fields ''. McCrae died of pneumonia near the end of the war.
McCrae was born in McCrae House in Guelph, Ontario to Lieutenant - Colonel David McCrae and Janet Simpson Eckford; he was the grandson of Scottish immigrants. His brother, Dr. Thomas McCrae, became professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore and close associate of Sir William Osler. His sister Geills married a lawyer, Kilgour, and moved to Winnipeg.
McCrae attended the Guelph Collegiate Vocational Institute. He took a year off his studies due to recurring problems with asthma.
Among his papers in the John McCrae House in Guelph is a letter he wrote on July 18, 1893 to Laura Kains while he trained as an artilleryman at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario. "I have a manservant... Quite a nobby place it is, in fact... My windows look right out across the bay, and are just near the water 's edge; there is a good deal of shipping at present in the port; and the river looks very pretty. ''
He was a resident master in English and Mathematics in 1894 at the Ontario Agricultural College in Guelph.
McCrae returned to the University of Toronto and completed his B.A., then returned again to study medicine on a scholarship. While attending university he joined the Zeta Psi Fraternity (Theta Xi chapter; class of 1894) and published his first poems.
At medical school, McCrae tutored other students to help pay his tuition. Two of his students were among the first female doctors in Ontario.
McCrae graduated in 1898. He was first a resident house - officer at Toronto General Hospital, then in 1899 at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. In 1902, he was appointed resident pathologist at Montreal General Hospital and later became assistant pathologist to the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, Quebec. In 1900 McCrae served in South Africa as a lieutenant in the Canadian Field Artillery during the Boer War (1899 to 1902). In 1904, he was appointed an associate in medicine at the Royal Victoria Hospital. Later that year, he went to England where he studied for several months and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians.
In 1905, McCrae set up his own practice although he continued to work and lecture at several hospitals. The same year, he was appointed pathologist to the Montreal Foundling and Baby Hospital. In 1908, he was appointed physician to the Alexandra Hospital for Contagious Diseases. In 1910, he accompanied Lord Grey, the Governor General of Canada, on a canoe trip to Hudson Bay to serve as expedition physician.
McCrae served in the artillery during the Second Boer War, and upon his return was appointed professor of pathology at the University of Vermont, where he taught until 1911; he also taught at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec.
McCrae was the co-author, with J.G. Adami, of a medical textbook, A Text - Book of Pathology for Students of Medicine (1912; 2nd ed., 1914).
When Britain declared war on Germany at the start of World War I, Canada, as a Dominion within the British Empire, was at war as well. McCrae was appointed as Medical Officer and Major of the 1st Brigade CFA (Canadian Field Artillery). He treated wounded during the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, from a hastily dug, 8 foot by 8 foot bunker dug in the back of the dyke along the Yser Canal about 2 miles north of Ypres. McCrae 's friend and former militia pal, Lt. Alexis Helmer, was killed in the battle, and his burial inspired the poem, "In Flanders Fields '', which was written on May 3, 1915 and first published in the magazine Punch.
From June 1, 1915, McCrae was ordered away from the artillery to set up No. 3 Canadian General Hospital at Dannes - Camiers near Boulogne - sur - Mer, northern France. C.L.C. Allinson reported that McCrae "most unmilitarily told (me) what he thought of being transferred to the medicals and being pulled away from his beloved guns. His last words to me were: ' Allinson, all the goddamn doctors in the world will not win this bloody war: what we need is more and more fighting men. ' ''
"In Flanders Fields '' appeared anonymously in Punch on December 8, 1915, but in the index to that year McCrae was named as the author. The verses swiftly became one of the most popular poems of the war, used in countless fund - raising campaigns and frequently translated (a Latin version begins In agro belgico...). "In Flanders Fields '' was also extensively printed in the United States, which was contemplating joining the war, alongside a ' reply ' by R.W. Lillard, ("... Fear not that you have died for naught, / The torch ye threw to us we caught... '').
For eight months the hospital operated in Durbar tents (donated by the Begum of Bhopal and shipped from India), but after suffering from storms, floods, and frosts it was moved in February 1916 into the old Jesuit College in Boulogne - sur - Mer.
McCrae, now "a household name, albeit a frequently misspelt one '', regarded his sudden fame with some amusement, wishing that "they would get to printing ' In F.F. ' correctly: it never is nowadays ''; but (writes his biographer) "he was satisfied if the poem enabled men to see where their duty lay. ''
On January 28, 1918, while still commanding No. 3 Canadian General Hospital (McGill) at Boulogne, McCrae died of pneumonia with "extensive pneumococcus meningitis ''. He was buried the following day in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission section of Wimereux Cemetery, just a couple of kilometres up the coast from Boulogne, with full military honours. His flag - draped coffin was borne on a gun carriage and the mourners -- who included Sir Arthur Currie and many of McCrae 's friends and staff -- were preceded by McCrae 's charger, "Bonfire '', with McCrae 's boots reversed in the stirrups. Bonfire was with McCrae from Valcartier, Quebec until his death and was much loved. McCrae 's gravestone is placed flat, as are all the others in the section, because of the unstable sandy soil.
A collection of his poetry, In Flanders Fields and Other Poems (1918), was published after his death.
"In Flanders Fields '' In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the dead, short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields.
Though various legends have developed as to the inspiration for the poem, the most commonly held belief is that McCrae wrote "In Flanders Fields '' on May 3, 1915, the day after presiding over the funeral and burial of his friend Lieutenant Alexis Helmer, who had been killed during the Second Battle of Ypres. The poem was written as he sat upon the back of a medical field ambulance near an advance dressing post at Essex Farm, just north of Ypres. The poppy, which was a central feature of the poem, grew in great numbers in the spoiled earth of the battlefields and cemeteries of Flanders.
In 1855, British historian Lord Macaulay, writing about the site of the Battle of Landen (in modern Belgium, 100 miles from Ypres) in 1693, wrote "The next summer the soil, fertilised by twenty thousand corpses, broke forth into millions of poppies. The traveller who, on the road from Saint Tron to Tirlemont, saw that vast sheet of rich scarlet spreading from Landen to Neerwinden, could hardly help fancying that the figurative prediction of the Hebrew prophet was literally accomplished, that the earth was disclosing her blood, and refusing to cover the slain. ''
The Canadian government has placed a memorial to John McCrae that features "In Flanders Fields '' at the site of the dressing station which sits beside the Commonwealth War Graves Commission 's Essex Farm Cemetery. The Belgian government has named this site the "John McCrae Memorial Site ''.
McCrae was designated a Person of National Historic Significance in 1946.
McCrae was the great - uncle of former Alberta MP David Kilgour and of Kilgour 's sister Geills Turner, who married former Canadian Prime Minister John Turner.
In 1918, Lieut. John Philip Sousa wrote the music to "In Flanders Fields the poppies grow '' words by Lieut. - Col John McCrae.
The Cloth Hall of the city of Ieper (Ypres in French and English) in Belgium has a permanent war museum called the "In Flanders Fields Museum '', named after the poem. There are also a photograph and a short biographical memorial to McCrae in the St George Memorial Church in Ypres. In May 2007, to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the writing of his best - known poem with a two - day literary conference.
Several institutions have been named in McCrae 's honour, including John McCrae Public School in Guelph, John McCrae Public School in Markham, John McCrae Senior Public School in Toronto and John McCrae Secondary School in Ottawa, Ontario.
A bronze plaque memorial dedicated to Lt. Col. John McCrae was erected by the Guelph Collegiate Vocational Institute.
McCrae House was converted into a museum. The current Canadian War Museum has a gallery for special exhibits, called The Lieutenant - Colonel John McCrae Gallery.
In May 2015, a statue of McCrae by Ruth Abernathy was erected on Green Island (Rideau River) in Ottawa, Ontario. McCrae is dressed as an artillery officer and his medical bag nearby, as he writes. The statue shows the destruction of the battlefield and, at his feet, the poppies which are a symbol of Remembrance of World War I and all armed conflict since. A copy of that statue was erected at Guelph Civic Museum in Guelph in 2015.
The street next to the cemetery where he is buried is named in his honour, although the street is called "Rue Mac Crae ''.
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who plays center field for the san francisco giants | AT&T Park - wikipedia
Baseball:
1,500 standing - room capacity
NCAA Football:
Soccer:
AT&T Park is a baseball park located in the South Beach neighborhood of San Francisco, California. Since 2000, it has served as the home of the San Francisco Giants, the city 's Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise. Originally named Pacific Bell Park, then SBC Park in 2003 after SBC Communications acquired Pacific Bell, the stadium was ultimately christened AT&T Park in 2006, following SBC 's buyout of AT&T. The park stands along the San Francisco Bay, a segment of which is named McCovey Cove in honor of former Giants player Willie McCovey.
AT&T Park has also played host to both professional and collegiate American football games. The stadium was the home of the Foster Farms Bowl, an annual college postseason bowl game, from its inaugural playing in 2002 until 2013 and also served as the temporary home for the University of California 's football team in 2011. Professionally, AT&T Park was the home of the San Francisco Demons of the XFL and the California Redwoods of the United Football League.
The stadium can be reached via San Francisco 's Muni Metro; the 2nd and King Station is directly outside the ballpark.
Originally designed to be a 42,000 - seat stadium, there were slight modifications before the final design was complete. When the ballpark was brought to the ballot box in the fall of 1996 for voter approval, the stadium was 15 ° clockwise from its current position. Also the center - field scoreboard was atop the right - field wall and the Giants Pavilion Building were two separate buildings. Groundbreaking on the ballpark began on December 11, 1997, in the industrial waterfront area of San Francisco known as China Basin in the up - and - coming neighborhoods of South Beach and Mission Bay. The stadium cost $357 million to build and supplanted the Giants ' former home, Candlestick Park, a multi-use stadium in southeastern San Francisco that was also home to the National Football League 's San Francisco 49ers until 2014, when they too relocated to Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara, California. A team of engineers from UC Davis was consulted in the design process of the park, resulting in wind levels that are approximately half those at Candlestick. Fans had shivered through 40 seasons at "The ' Stick '' and looked forward to warmer temperatures at the new ballpark. But because AT&T Park, like its predecessor, is built right on San Francisco Bay, cold summer fog and winter jackets in July are still not unusual at Giants games, despite the higher average temperature.
When it opened on March 31, 2000, the ballpark was the first Major League ballpark built without public funds since the completion of Dodger Stadium in 1962. However, the Giants did receive a $10 million tax abatement from the city and $80 million for upgrades to the local infrastructure (including a connection to the Muni Metro). The Giants have a 66 - year lease on the 12.5 - acre (51,000 m) ballpark site, paying $1.2 million in rent annually to the San Francisco Port Commission. The park opened with a seating capacity of 40,800, but this has increased over time as seats have been added.
In April 2010, the stadium became the first MLB ballpark to receive LEED Silver Certification for Existing Buildings, Operations and Maintenance.
The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company, a local telephone company in the San Francisco Bay Area, purchased the naming rights for the park for $50 million over 24 years in the Winter of 1996. Pacific Bell had been recently purchased by SBC Communications when the naming rights deal was agreed upon. SBC eventually dropped the Pacific Bell name and reached an agreement with the Giants to change the stadium 's name to "SBC Park '' on January 1, 2004.
After SBC bought AT&T Corporation on November 18, 2005, the name of the merged company became AT&T Inc. As a result, the stadium was given its third name in six years: "AT&T Park ''. A few fans still refer to the stadium as "Pac Bell Park '', as it was the first name given to the stadium. Others have named the stadium "The Phone Booth '' or "Telephone Park '', for the constant name changes, while some referred to the stadium as "Some Big Corporation Park '' due to the SBC years. Some referred to it as the ballpark to be named later. Others yet refer to it as "Mays Field '' in honor of Giants great Willie Mays or simply "The Bell ''. Many also refer to the stadium as "China Basin '' or "McCovey Cove '' after its location, which would be immune to changes in sponsorship naming.
The stadium contains 68 luxury suites, 5,200 club seats on the club level, and an additional 1,500 club seats at the field level behind home plate.
On the facing of the upper deck along the left - field line are the retired numbers of Bill Terry, Mel Ott, Carl Hubbell, Monte Irvin, Willie Mays, Juan Marichal, Orlando Cepeda, Jackie Robinson, Willie McCovey, and Gaylord Perry, as well as the retired uniforms, denoted "NY '', of Christy Mathewson and John McGraw who played or managed in the pre-number era. These two pre-number -- era retired uniforms are among only six such retired uniforms in all of the Major Leagues.
AT&T Park has a reputation of being a pitcher 's park and the most pitcher - friendly ballpark in the National League, because the depth of the outfield limits home runs, according to ESPN.
In 2014, PETA declared the park to be the Most Vegetarian - Friendly MLB ballpark in the country. It held the top spot on the same list in 2011, 2006 and 2005.
The most prominent feature of the ballpark is the right - field wall, which is 24 feet (7.3 m) high in honor of former Giant Willie Mays, who wore number 24. Because of the proximity to the San Francisco Bay, the right - field foul pole is only 309 feet (94 m) from home plate. The wall is made of brick, with fenced - off archways opening to the Cove beyond, above which are several rows of arcade seating. The fence angles quickly away from home plate; right - center field extends out to 421 feet (128 m) from home plate. Atop the fence are four pillars with fountains atop. Jets of water burst from the four pillars at the end of the National Anthem and also when the Giants hit a home run or win a game.
In the past, rubber chickens put up by fans whenever a Giants player (especially Barry Bonds) was intentionally walked, would line the foul portion of the wall. The fans would do this to show that the opposing team is "chicken '' for not pitching right to the Giants players. In recent seasons, as the team 's strength has shifted from hitting to pitching, fans will line up "K '' signs with each strikeout by a Giants pitcher. To some seniors, the right field area vaguely suggests the layout at the Polo Grounds. This deep corner of the ballpark has been dubbed "Death Valley '' and "Triples ' Alley. '' Like its Polo Grounds counterpart, it is very difficult to hit a home run to this area, and a batted ball that finds its way into this corner often results in a triple. Triples ' Alley is also infamous for bad bounces, most notably when Ichiro Suzuki hit the first - ever inside - the - park home run in an All - Star Game by lining the ball off one of the archways and sideways past the outfielders. Nate Schierholtz performed the same feat in the 2009 season as a pinch hitter. Aubrey Huff did it again in the 2010 season, as did Conor Gillaspie in 2011. Ángel Pagán ended a game in May 2013 with a two - run walk - off inside - the - park home run, the first of its kind at AT&T Park.
Beyond right field is China Basin, a section of San Francisco Bay, which is dubbed McCovey Cove after famed Giants first baseman and left - handed slugger Willie McCovey, and into which a number of home runs have been hit on the fly. As of August 21 2017, 75 "splash hits '' have been knocked into the Cove by Giants players since the park opened; 35 of those were by Barry Bonds, and the most recent being Denard Span hitting one off Carlos Carrasco of the Cleveland Indians on July 19, 2017. These hits are tallied on an electronic counter on the right field wall. Opponents have hit the water on the fly 42 times; Todd Hundley of the Los Angeles Dodgers was the first visitor to do so on June 30, 2000. Curtis Granderson of the New York Mets, Luis Gonzalez of the Arizona Diamondbacks and Cliff Floyd of the Chicago Cubs are the only visiting players to do so twice, while Carlos Delgado of the New York Mets has performed the feat three times. Adam LaRoche has also hit three splash hits, twice with the Arizona Diamondbacks and once with the Pittsburgh Pirates. Curtis Granderson of the New York Mets most recently hit one into the water as a visiting player on August 19, 2016 On June 27, 2010, David Ortiz of the Boston Red Sox became the first American League player to hit a splash hit. The only other AL players who have done it are Mitch Moreland of the Texas Rangers on June 9, 2012 and Adam Dunn of the Chicago White Sox on August 13, 2014. Barry Bonds is the Giant who has hit the most home runs into "The Cove '' as Giants fans call it and is the only one to have had hit 2 splash hits in one game (a feat he accomplished twice).
Behind the scoreboard in center field there is a pier where ferries can tie up and let off fans right at the park. On game days, fans take to the water of McCovey Cove in boats and even in kayaks, often with fishing nets in the hope of collecting a home run ball. (This echoes what used to happen during McCovey 's playing days. Before Candlestick Park 's upper deck was extended, the area behind right field was occupied by three small bleacher sections and a lot of open space. Kids in those bleachers would gather behind the right field fence when "Stretch '' would come to the plate.) Just beyond the wall is a public waterfront promenade, where fans can watch three innings of a game through the wall 's archways, free of charge, albeit with a somewhat obstructed view. Across the cove from the ballpark is McCovey Point and China Basin Park, featuring monuments to past Giants legends.
When the park opened in 2000, taking residence on the right field wall was Rusty, the Mechanical Man based on a theme of Old Navy since the wall was sponsored by the company. Rusty was a two - dimensional robotic ballplayer that stood 14 feet (4.3 m) tall and weighed 51⁄2 tons. The Valencia, California firm, Technifex, engineered, fabricated and programmed Rusty to appear after major plays, during games, as a fully animated giant 1920 's era tin "toy ''. After technical problems arose with Rusty, it was removed from the Old Navy Splash Landing, though the enclosure that housed him remained for years. In 2006 the Old Navy sponsorship of the wall was terminated and renamed "Levi 's Landing ''. In 2008, the enclosure was removed as that area near the right field foul pole was renovated for a new luxury party suite called the "McCovey Cove Loft ''.
Behind the left field bleachers is "The Coca - Cola Fan Lot ''. The ballpark features an 80 - foot (24 m) long Coca - Cola bottle with playground slides that lights up with every Giants home run, and a miniature version of the stadium. "The Coca - Cola Superslide '' is popular with children as is with adults, and the terraced levels of the slides are a fun way to catch the game. Bubbles originally accompanied the bottle, but never worked as intended and were removed. If one were viewing the outfield promenade from home plate, directly to the bottle 's right is another oversized representation of a ballpark stalwart, the "Giant 1927 Old - Time Four - Fingered Baseball Glove '' -- this particular one is made of steel and fiberglass. Behind and farther to the left is "The Little Giants Park '' -- a miniature baseball diamond -- sort of a minor league tryout for Pee - Wee Ball.
To the right of the glove sculpture is the elevator and large plaza area for functions and parties to be held during games. It 's also the site of "Orlando 's '', the concessions stand of Giants great Orlando Cepeda. The signature fare at the stand is the "Caribbean Cha Cha Bowl ''. Right - center field features a real San Francisco cable car (retired cable car # 4, formerly # 504), with a label that states "No Dodgers Fans Allowed ''. The fog horn -- a feature introduced at Candlestick Park by the current Giants ownership group -- was transferred to AT&T and hung underneath the scoreboard. It blows when a Giants player hits a home run or at the conclusion of a Giants win. Continuing right takes one to the promenade above the Cove, so that one can make a completely uninterrupted circuit of the park at that concourse level. Both levels of the concourse, inside the stadium, feature not only concession stands of all sorts, but other attractions as well.
Located behind the centerfield bleachers, the ballpark features the @ Café, a social media café, which opened in the 2013 season. The cafe serves Peet 's Coffee and features large screens that show off fans ' social media posts from Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, which are curated by the Giants organization.
The cafe replaced a team - themed Build - A-Bear Workshop store, where fans could build their own stuffed Giants ' mascot, Lou Seal, or create other Giants - themed stuffed animals.
In addition to the automated scoreboards, which now include a new high - definition video board by Mitsubishi, the park has enormous, manually operated boards on the right field wall, which display the scores of Major League games played elsewhere. These manual scoreboards are operated by three employees, whose work on game days starts at least two hours before the first pitch.
Starting in 2004, the Giants installed 122 wireless internet access points, covering all concourses and seating areas, creating one of the largest public hotspots in the world at the time.
On September 23, 2008, the Giants Wall of Fame was unveiled on the King Street side of the ballpark, as part of the 50th - anniversary celebration of the Giants ' move to San Francisco. Forty - three retired players were inducted, based on longevity and achievement. Eligibility requirements for players to be on the Wall are either five years as a San Francisco Giant with an All - Star Game appearance or nine years as a Giant. Rich Aurilia and Shawn Estes were added in 2010. Jason Schmidt and Marvin Benard were added in 2011.
Outside the ballpark are six statues, five of which are dedicated to San Francisco Giants all - time greats.
The Willie Mays Statue is located in front of the ballpark entrance at 24 Willie Mays Plaza and is surrounded with 24 palm trees, in honor of his number 24 uniform, retired by the Giants. It was dedicated at noon on March 31, 2000, prior to the opening of the ballpark and was commissioned by Giants Managing Partner Peter Magowan and his wife Debby.
Another statue is located at McCovey Point across McCovey Cove, and is dedicated to Willie McCovey. Around the Willie McCovey Statue are a number of plaques that celebrate the winners of the Willie Mac Award. The statue is located at China Basin Park next to The Barry Bonds Junior Giants Field, a T - ball park. Also located on the sea wall promenade are plaques showing the Opening Day roster of every Giants team from 1958 through 1999. Giants fans who contributed funds to China Basin Park, had their own tiles with their own inscriptions set into the wall.
A third statue, dedicated in 2005, honors former Giants pitcher Juan Marichal, and is located outside the ballpark at the Lefty O'Doul Gate entrance. The fourth statue is located at the park 's ferry plaza behind center field, also known as Seals Plaza; a statue of a seal bobbing a baseball on its nose honors the memory of the San Francisco Seals, the minor league baseball club that played before the arrival of the Giants in 1958.
On September 6, 2008, during a series against the Pittsburgh Pirates, a fifth statue depicting former Giants great Orlando Cepeda was dedicated at the corner of 2nd and King Streets next to the ballpark. A sixth statue, dedicated on August 13, 2016, honors former Giants pitcher Gaylord Perry and is also located at the corner of 2nd and King Streets next to the ballpark. All five statues of the Giants Hall of Fame players were created by sculptor William Behrends of North Carolina.
A controversial feature of the ballpark is the long - running Chevron advertisement, located in left field, which features the famous claymation Chevron Cars. Some fans have criticized the banner since some of the cars actually stick up above the wall, thus altering the dimensions of the field. There have actually been instances where potential home run steals have been robbed because of these cars: for example, during Game 3 of the 2016 NLDS against the Chicago Cubs, Kris Bryant hit a ball well into left field. Giants left - fielder Gregor Blanco attempted to catch the ball to steal the home run, but the ball landed right onto the roof of a Chevron Car, totally out of his reach: thus the ball counted as a home run.
The opening series took place April 11 -- 13, 2000 against the Los Angeles Dodgers (the team the Giants faced in their final series at Candlestick Park), and the Giants were swept in three games. In the first game of that series, the Giants lost 6 -- 5, highlighted by three home runs from the Dodgers ' Kevin Elster. On May 1, 2000, Barry Bonds became the first player to hit a "splash hit '' home run into McCovey Cove.
In just its first few years of existence, the ballpark saw its share of historic events primarily due to veteran Giants outfielder Barry Bonds. On April 17, 2001, Bonds hit his 500th career home run at then - Pacific Bell Park. Later that year, he set the single season home run record when he hit home runs number 71, 72, and 73 over the weekend of October 5 to close the season. On August 9, 2002, Bonds hit his 600th career home run at the park. On April 12, 2004, Bonds hit career home run 660 at SBC Park to tie Willie Mays for third on the all - time list and on the next night, he hit number 661 to move into sole possession of third place. On September 17, 2004, Bonds hit his 700th career home run at the park to become just the third member of baseball 's 700 club. On May 28, 2006, Bonds hit his 715th home run at the park to pass Babe Ruth for second place on the all - time list. On August 7, 2007, Bonds hit his 756th home run, breaking Hank Aaron 's record.
The park hosted games three through five of the 2002 World Series against the Anaheim Angels, which the Giants lost four games to three. It also hosted the 2007 MLB All - Star Game, which the American League won 5 -- 4 over the National League.
On July 10, 2009, the Giants ' Jonathan Sánchez pitched the first no - hitter at AT&T Park.
On October 27 & 28, 2010, the Giants hosted the first two games of the World Series, beating the Texas Rangers in both games. They ultimately went on to win the series, their first championship since the team moved to San Francisco in 1958, though the clinching game was played at Rangers Ballpark in Arlington rather than at AT&T Park.
On June 13, 2012, Matt Cain threw the 22nd perfect game in MLB history -- and first in Giants history -- against the Houston Astros.
AT&T Park hosted Games 1 and 2 of the 2012 World Series on October 24 and 25. The Giants beat the Detroit Tigers twice, 8 -- 3 and 2 -- 0 respectively. The Giants would go on to win the 2012 World Series in a four - game sweep at Comerica Park.
The stadium hosted of the semifinal and final rounds of the 2013 World Baseball Classic on March 17 -- 19.
On July 23, 2013, due to a previous rain - out in Cincinnati, AT&T Park served as the "home '' venue of the Cincinnati Reds for the second game of a doubleheader against the Giants. Giants manager Bruce Bochy won his 1,500 th career game.
On June 25, 2014 Tim Lincecum pitched the 3rd no hitter at AT&T Park against the San Diego Padres in a 4 - 0 win. It was his 2nd no hitter of his career, with both of them coming against the Padres. His first one was in San Diego on July 13, 2013.
AT&T Park hosted Games 3, 4, and 5 of the 2014 World Series on October 24, 25, and 26. The Giants beat the Kansas City Royals 2 out of the 3 games played at AT&T Park, losing Game 3, 3 -- 2, before winning Games 4 and 5, 11 -- 4 and 5 -- 0 respectively. They ultimately went on to win the series in seven games, with the clinching game played at Kauffman Stadium rather than at AT&T Park. As of 2017, the Giants have not hosted a World Series clincher at AT&T Park, but they did host one at Candlestick Park in 1962, which was won by the New York Yankees.
On June 15, 2015, the Giants set a record for most consecutive home losses at AT&T Park at nine straight games with a 5 - 1 loss to the Seattle Mariners. This losing streak was the Giants ' longest since an 11 - game home loss streak at the Polo Grounds in New York in 1940.
From October 1, 2010 to July 18, 2017, AT&T Park recorded 530 consecutive sellouts, the second longest in Major League history behind Fenway Park 's 794 consecutive sellouts from 2003 -- 13.
Giants Enterprises, a wholly owned subsidiary of the San Francisco Giants created and headed by longtime team executive Pat Gallagher, brings non-baseball events to AT&T Park on days when the Giants do not play. Prominent among these has been the usage of the stadium for football. It has also hosted a range of other sporting and musical events.
The park was home to the XFL 's San Francisco Demons in 2001, was the home of the East - West Shrine Game (until 2006), and was the former home stadium of the California Redwoods of the UFL in 2009.
From 2002 to 2013, it has also been home to college football 's Fight Hunger Bowl, previously the San Francisco Bowl and most recently the Emerald Bowl. In 2011, AT&T Park became the temporary home football stadium for the California Golden Bears while Cal 's on - campus stadium, California Memorial Stadium, underwent renovation.
AT&T Park also hosted its first high school football game in 2011, the Central Coast Section Division III football championship game between long - time San Francisco rivals St. Ignatius College Preparatory and Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory.
On February 10, 2006, the U.S. men 's soccer team defeated Japan 3 -- 2 at AT&T in a friendly.
A match of the 2011 World Football Challenge between Manchester City and Club America was held at AT&T, drawing a crowd of 11,250.
The stadium will host the 2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens.
A virtual recreation of the park was created as a gig venue for Guitar Hero World Tour.
In the game Watch Dogs 2, a stadium, called Nudle Park, based on AT&T Park is recreated. Its location is also in San Francisco, and is in the same region.
In summer 2010, the park hosted an audition stop for the 2011 (10th) season of American Idol.
The stadium hosted an AMA Supercross Championship round from 2003 to 2010.
The Mavericks big - wave surfing contest is broadcast live on the giant video display at AT&T Park when the event is held. In 2006, the park hosted ICER AIR the first stadium big - air ski and snowboard competition to be held in the United States.
San Francisco Opera partnered with Giants Enterprises to do three broadcasts, most recently Tosca, in June and September 2009.
In October 2013, rapper Kanye West rented out the stadium and the scoreboard for a private event, which turned out to be an elaborate marriage proposal to his girlfriend, reality personality Kim Kardashian.
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where is the house from the family stone | The family Stone - wikipedia
The Family Stone is a 2005 American comedy - drama film written and directed by Thomas Bezucha. Produced by Michael London and distributed by 20th Century Fox, it stars an ensemble cast, including Diane Keaton, Craig T. Nelson, Dermot Mulroney, Sarah Jessica Parker, Luke Wilson, Claire Danes, Rachel McAdams, and Tyrone Giordano.
The plot follows the Christmas holiday misadventures of the Stone family in a small New England town when the eldest son, played by Mulroney, brings his uptight girlfriend (played by Parker) home with the intention of proposing to her with a cherished heirloom ring. Overwhelmed by the hostile reception, she begs her sister to join her for emotional support, triggering further complications.
The Family Stone was released in North America on November 26, 2005 and was a moderate critical and commercial success, with a worldwide gross of over US $92.2 million. While Parker was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her performance, Keaton, Nelson and McAdams garnered a Satellite Award nomination each. In addition, McAdams was awarded a Teen Choice Award the following year.
Set in the fictional town of Thayer, Massachusetts, the story focuses on Meredith Morton (Sarah Jessica Parker), a successful Manhattan executive whose uptight, conservative demeanor is a sharp contrast to that of her boyfriend Everett Stone (Dermot Mulroney) and his liberal and rambunctious family.
Meredith, feeling very much an outsider during the Christmas holidays with Everett 's family, opts to stay at the local inn instead of with the family and asks her sister Julie (Claire Danes) to join her for support. Everett finds himself attracted to the more outgoing Julie. Meredith desperately tries to fit in, but her strained attempt to play charades and a clumsy effort to engage the family in a dinner table discussion about nature versus nurture and sexual orientation prove to be disastrous and their father, Kelly Stone (Craig T. Nelson), the most understanding of the family, blows up at her. Distraught, Meredith attempts to drive off but crashes the car, and Everett 's brother Ben (Luke Wilson) comes to comfort her. The two end up at a local bar where, after several drinks, Meredith begins to enjoy herself. She invites Amy 's high school flame and local paramedic, Brad Stevenson (Paul Schneider), to the Stones ' for Christmas breakfast. The following morning, when she awakens in Ben 's bed, she incorrectly assumes their night of revelry ended with the two having sex together.
Christmas proves to be a day of accusations, recriminations, self - discoveries, and attempts to mend fences. Sybil (Diane Keaton), who originally refused Everett 's request for his grandmother 's ring, reconsiders her position and offers it to him; but, by now, his feelings for Meredith have shifted to her sister. In a moment of emotional confusion -- or clarity -- he asks Julie to try on the ring, and it gets stuck. When Julie and Meredith lock themselves in the bathroom to get the ring off, they assume Everett is about to propose to Meredith. The family exchanges gifts; and Meredith, oblivious to Sybil 's failing health, presents each with a framed enlarged photograph of Sybil taken when she was pregnant with Amy. Everyone is touched by her gesture, and Meredith relaxes slightly; but, when Everett asks to talk to her, she demurs again and again until she blurts out that she will not marry him. He counters that he did n't plan to ask her. Meredith breaks down in front of the family. All the personality conflicts come to a head, and everyone begins the process of healing.
One year later, the family reunites at the Stone house. Meredith and Ben are a couple, as are Everett and Julie and Amy and Brad. Everett 's brother Thad and his partner Patrick have adopted a baby boy named Gus, and Everett 's other sister, Susannah, has had her baby. It is hinted that Sybil died. She is referenced as the family gathers with family Christmas ornaments around the tree. The framed photograph of Sybil is on the wall next to the tree and Amy is wearing her ring.
Songs heard on the film 's soundtrack include:
The film received generally mixed reviews from film critics. Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 52 % of critics have given the film a positive review based on 151 reviews, with a rating average of 5.9 out of 10. The critical consensus is: "This family holiday dramedy features fine performances but awkward shifts of tone. '' Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from film critics, has a rating score of 56 based on 35 reviews.
On the negative side, Manohla Dargis opened her damning review in the New York Times, with "All happy families resemble one another, Tolstoy famously wrote, and each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way, but Tolstoy did n't know the Stones, who are happy in a Hollywood kind of way and unhappy in a self - help kind of way. This tribe of ravenous cannibals bares its excellent teeth at anyone who does n't accommodate the family 's preening self - regard. ''
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three stars out of four. He stated the film "is silly at times, leaning toward the screwball tradition of everyone racing around the house at the same time in a panic fueled by serial misunderstandings (but) there is also a thoughtful side, involving the long and loving marriage of Sybil and Kelly. '' He further added, "The Family Stone sorts out its characters admirably, depends on typecasting to help establish its characters more quickly, and finds a winding path between happy and sad secrets to that moment when we realize that the Family Stone will always think of this fateful Christmas with a smile, and a tear. ''
In Variety, Justin Chang called the film "a smart, tart but mildly undercooked Christmas pudding '' and added the "lovingly mounted ensembler has many heartfelt moments and a keen ear for the rhythms of domestic life, which make the neatly gift - wrapped outcome somewhat disappointing... Bezucha tosses the viewer into every conversation headfirst, deploying a rough, at times disorienting visual style that works in rhythm with the layers of overlapping dialogue to deliver a pleasingly antic, semi-improvisational feel... but while individual scenes have an authentically off - the - cuff feel, the narrative structure as a whole feels a tad schematic. ''
Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said, "A contemporary version of the traditional screwball romantic comedy, The Family Stone is a film that 's at times as ragged and shaggy as its family unit. But as written and directed by Thomas Bezucha, its offbeat mixture of highly choreographed comic crises and the occasional bite of reality make for an unexpectedly enticing blend. '' In Rolling Stone, Peter Travers rated the film three out of a possible four stars and added, "It 's a comedy with a dash of tragedy -- the kind of thing that usually makes me puke. But I fell for this one... Writer - director Thomas Bezucha lays it on thick, but he knows the mad - dog anarchy of family life and gives the laughs a sharp comic edge. ''
The film opened at # 3 at the U.S. box office, raking in $12,521,027 USD during its opening weekend. After spending 15 weeks in theatres, The Family Stone earned $60,062,868 in the US and $32,220,983 in foreign markets, bringing its worldwide total to $92,283,851.
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explain the function of each of the organs involved in excretion | Organ (anatomy) - wikipedia
In biology, an organ or viscus is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. In anatomy, a viscus (/ ˈvɪskəs /) is an internal organ, and viscera (/ ˈvɪsərə /) is the plural form.
Organs are composed of main tissue, parenchyma, and "sporadic '' tissues, stroma. The main tissue is that which is unique for the specific organ, such as the myocardium, the main tissue of the heart, while sporadic tissues include the nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues. The main tissues that make up an organ tend to have common embryologic origins, such as arising from the same germ layer. Functionally related organs often cooperate to form whole organ systems. Organs exist in all higher biological organisms, in particular they are not restricted to animals, but can also be identified in plants. In single - cell organisms like bacteria, the functional analogue of an organ is called organelle.
A hollow organ is a visceral organ that forms a hollow tube or pouch, such as the stomach, intestine, or bladder.
Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function form an organ system, also called a biological system or body system. The functions of organ systems often share significant overlap. For instance, the nervous and endocrine system both operate via a shared organ, the hypothalamus. For this reason, the two systems are combined and studied as the neuroendocrine system. The same is true for the musculoskeletal system because of the relationship between the muscular and skeletal systems.
Mammals such as humans have a variety of organ systems. These specific systems are also widely studied in human anatomy.
The organ level of organisation in animals can be first detected in flatworms and the more derived phyla. The less - advanced taxa (like Placozoa, Sponges and Radiata) do not show consolidation of their tissues into organs.
Complex animals are composed of organs and many of these organs evolved a very long time ago. For example, the liver evolved in the stem vertebrates more than 500 million years ago, while the gut and brain are even more ancient, arising in the ancestor of vertebrates, insects, and worms more than 600 million years ago.
Given the ancient origin of most vertebrate organs, researchers have looked for model systems, where organs have evolved more recently, and ideally have evolved multiple times independently. An outstanding model for this kind of research is the placenta, which has evolved more than 100 times independently in vertebrates, has evolved relatively recently in some lineages, and exists in intermediate forms in extant taxa. Studies on the evolution of the placenta have identified a variety of genetic and physiological processes that contribute to the origin and evolution of organs, these include the re-purposing of existing animal tissues, the acquiring of new functional properties to these tissues, and the novel interaction of distinct tissue types.
The study of plant organs is referred to as plant morphology, rather than anatomy, as in animal systems. Organs of plants can be divided into vegetative and reproductive. Vegetative plant organs are roots, stems, and leaves. The reproductive organs are variable. In flowering plants, they are represented by the flower, seed and fruit. In conifers, the organ that bears the reproductive structures is called a cone. In other divisions (phyla) of plants, the reproductive organs are called strobili, in Lycopodiophyta, or simply gametophores in mosses.
The vegetative organs are essential for maintaining the life of a plant. While there can be 11 organ systems in animals, there are far fewer in plants, where some perform the vital functions, such as photosynthesis, while the reproductive organs are essential in reproduction. However, if there is asexual vegetative reproduction, the vegetative organs are those that create the new generation of plants (see clonal colony).
The English word "organ '' derives from the Latin organum, meaning "instrument '', itself from the Greek word ὄργανον, órganon ("implement; musical instrument; organ of the body ''). The Greek word is related to ἔργον, érgon ("work ''). The viscera, when removed from a butchered animal, are known collectively as offal. Internal organs are also informally known as "guts '' (which may also refer to the gastrointestinal tract), or more formally, "innards ''.
Aristotle used the word frequently in his philosophy, both to describe the organs of plants or animals (e.g. the roots of a tree, the heart or liver of an animal), and to describe more abstract "parts '' of an interconnected whole (e.g. his philosophical works, taken as a whole, are referred to as the "organon '').
The English word "organism '' is a neologism coined in the 17th century, probably formed from the verb to organize. At first the word referred to an organization or social system. The meaning of a living animal or plant is first recorded in 1842. Plant organs are made from tissue built up from different types of tissue. When there are three or more organs it is called an organ system.
The adjective visceral, also splanchnic, is used for anything pertaining to the internal organs. Historically, viscera of animals were examined by Roman pagan priests like the haruspices or the augurs in order to divine the future by their shape, dimensions or other factors. This practice remains an important ritual in some remote, tribal societies.
The term "visceral '' is contrasted with the term "parietal '', meaning "of or relating to the wall of a body part, organ or cavity ''. The two terms are often used in describing a membrane or piece of connective tissue, referring to the opposing sides.
Some alchemists (e.g. Paracelsus) adopted the Hermetic Qabalah assignment between the seven vital organs and the seven classical planets as follows:
The variations in natural language definitions of what constitutes an organ, their degree of precision, and the variations in how they map to ontologies and taxonomies in information science (for example, to count how many organs exist in a typical human body) are topics explored by writer Carl Engelking of Discover magazine in 2017 as he analyzed the science journalism coverage of the evolving scientific understanding of the mesentery. He explored a challenge now faced by anatomists: as human understanding of ontology generally (that is, how things are defined, and how the relationship of one thing to another is defined) meets applied ontology and ontology engineering, unification of varying views is in higher demand. However, such unification always faces epistemologic frontiers, as humans can only declare computer ontologies with certainty and finality to the extent that their own cognitive taxonomy (that is, science 's understanding of the universe) is certain and final. For example, the fact that the tissues of the mesentery are continuous was something that was simply not known for sure until it was demonstrated with microscopy. Because humans can not predict all future scientific discoveries, they can not build a unified ontology that is totally certain and will never again change. However, one of the points made by an anatomist interviewed by Engelking is that, finality aside, much more could be done even now to represent existing human knowledge more clearly for computing purposes.
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who was the home minister of gujarat in 2002 | Haren Pandya - wikipedia
Haren Pandya was the Home Minister of Gujarat in India. He was murdered in 2003 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, when he was sitting in his car (the place of his murder is contentious) after a morning walk in the Law Garden area in Ahmedabad.
He represented the Ellis Bridge constituency of Ahmedabad City as a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) legislator. He was a member of the RSS from his early age and was also a Municipal Councillor from the Paldi Area of Ahmedabad City. Pandya was a strong supporter of Keshubhai Patel and in 1998, after the BJP came to power in Gujarat with Keshubhai as Chief Minister, Pandya was made Home Minister of Gujarat. He was appointed as Minister of state for revenue after Modi took over as the Chief Minister; however, he resigned from the post in 2003. Fearing that he would be denied a ticket for the 2002 assembly elections, he withdrew from the electoral fray. Later he was appointed to BJP 's national executive.
Haren Pandya wife Jagruti Pandya contested on Gujarat Parivartan Party ticket in 2012 on the premise that the Modi Government was involved in the conspiracy to murder her husband. She quoted "My husband 's assassination was a political murder. For the last 10 years I have been fighting a legal battle to get him justice but in vain, however, I will continue to fight.
After the Godhra riots, it was reported that In a cabinet meeting, had opposed the bringing of the bodies of the victims of Godhra carnage to Ahmedabad because that would arouse passion. He was the only person able to arrange meetings between victim 's family members and Muslim leaders for Peace talk but he was shouted down at the meeting by some ministers
In November 2007, Outlook reported that Pandya had revealed to the magazine in May 2002 that on the night of 27 February 2002 Narendra Modi had held a meeting in his residence in which he instructed the attending bureaucrats and police officers to allow "people to vent their frustration and not come in the way of the Hindu backlash. '' Pandya had disclosed this information on condition of confidentiality. On 19 August 2002, Pandya again spoke to the magazine, according to Outlook, and reiterated what he had said earlier with the additional comment that if his identity as the source of this information were to be revealed then he would be killed. The second conversation with Pandya was recorded by the magazine.
It has also been revealed that Pandya had testified before The Concerned Citizens Tribunal on 2002 Gujarat riots. Referring to Pandya 's testimony, the tribunal 's report says:
The tribunal received direct information through a testimony from a highly placed source of a meeting (on February 27, 2002) where the CM, two or three senior cabinet colleagues, the Ahmedabad police commissioner and an IG police were present. The meeting had a singular purpose: the senior-most police officials were told that they should expect a "Hindu reaction '' after Godhra. They were also told they should not do anything to contain this reaction.
Hosbet Suresh, who was a member of the tribunal, has testified before the tribunal and that a recording of Pandya 's testimony before the tribunal exists.
On 26 March 2003, at about 7.40 am Pandya was killed by two unidentified assailants who shot five bullets at him when he had just finished his morning walk in the Law Gardens in Ahmedabad. His body lay in his car for two hours. Pandya 's family started worrying when he did not return home and sent his personal assistant Nilesh Bhatt to check on him. Bhatt found him lying dead in his car.
In 2007, a special POTA court had sentenced the main accused from Hyderabad, Asgar Ali, to life imprisonment, while handing out simple life imprisonment to seven others, 10 - year jail term to two and five years imprisonment to one. They were all held guilty of murder and conspiracy to spread terror in Pandya murder case and attempted murder charges in the case of VHP leader Jagdish Tiwari. A lot of controversy followed his murder and top BJP Leaders such as Chief Minister Narendra Modi and the then Deputy Prime Minister of India Lal Krishna Advani were under intense criticism from within the Sangh Pariwar and General Public for sidelining Haren Pandya and not providing him proper security despite threats to his life and his request for security cover. Sanjiv Bhatt had even alerted Pandya about a threat to his life and even spoke out about Pandya to SIT probing Godhra riots.
On 29 August 2011 all the 12 people accused of murdering Pandya were acquitted of the murder charges by the Gujarat high court, but other charges including criminal conspiracy and attempt to murder were retained. The high court called the CBI 's work a "botched up and blinkered '' investigation.
In August 2011, DNA reported that Sohrabuddin Sheikh, a criminal who had earlier been killed by the Gujarat police in a false encounter, and his associate Tulsiram Prajapati may have been "used to kill Haren Pandya ''. Citing unnamed sources in the Gujarat State Police, the report said that Sohrabuddin was initially given the task but he back - pedalled and the murder was then executed by Tulsiram. In the encounter killings of Sohrabuddin and Tulsiram, the Gujarat state attorney K.T.S Tulsi has admitted before the court that these individuals were killed by the state police.
According to Sanjiv Bhatt, Pandya 's murder was carried out by Tulsiram Prajapati as per what Bhatt was informed by Asgar, a criminal from Hyderabad. Asgar had informed Bhatt that he was contacted by Sohrabuddin Sheikh to carry out the murder, and had even visited Ahmedabad for this purpose, but at the last moment he had changed his mind and returned to Hyderabad without killing Pandya. Later Asgar came to know that the crime had been perpetrated by Tulsiram Prajapati, according to Bhatt.
D.G. Vanzara, the Gujarat police officer who had originally investigated the Pandya murder, and who has faced arrest and incarceration on charges of coordinating the Sohrabuddin and Tulsiram encounters, testified before the CBI in September 2013 about Sohrabuddin 's role in Pandya 's murder, and indicated a political conspiracy behind the killing.
In police terminology, the Pandya case has been called a "cut - out murder '' in which it is not possible to establish the link between the victim and the conspirator or motivator of the crime. A police official offered this explanation:
A wants to murder Z and instructs B to execute the order. B tells C who does not know that A is the instigator. Instructions are passed in this manner from C to D and then to E and it goes down all the way. The final contract killer does not know where the order originated from. If investigations turns nasty, then all A has to do is to make any of the people in the chain a cut - out -- take him out by beginning another chain.
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where does bacon come from on a pig | Bacon - wikipedia
Bacon is a meat product prepared from cured pork. It is first cured using large quantities of salt, either a brine or a dry packing. Fresh bacon may then be dried for weeks or months in cold air, or it may be boiled or smoked. Fresh and dried bacon are typically cooked before eating, often by pan frying. Boiled bacon is ready to eat, as is some smoked bacon, but they may be cooked further before eating. Bacon is prepared from several different cuts of meat. It can be made from the pork belly or from back cuts, which has less fat than the belly.
Bacon may be eaten smoked, boiled, fried, baked, or grilled. It is eaten on its own, as a side dish (particularly in breakfasts), or used as a minor ingredient to flavour dishes (e.g., the club sandwich). Bacon is also used for barding and larding roasts, especially game, including venison and pheasant. The word is derived from the Old High German bacho, meaning "buttock '', "ham '' or "side of bacon '', and is cognate with the Old French bacon.
Meat from other animals, such as beef, lamb, chicken, goat, or turkey, may also be cut, cured, or otherwise prepared to resemble bacon, and may even be referred to as "bacon ''. Such use is common in areas with significant Jewish and Muslim populations, both of which prohibit the consumption of pigs. For safety, bacon may be treated to prevent trichinosis, caused by Trichinella, a parasitic roundworm which can be destroyed by heating, freezing, drying, or smoking.
Bacon is cured through either a process of injecting with or soaking in brine or using plain salt (dry curing).
In America, bacon is usually cured and smoked, and different flavours can be achieved by using various types of wood, or rarely corn cobs; peat is sometimes used in the United Kingdom. This process can take up to eighteen hours, depending on the intensity of the flavour desired. The Virginia Housewife (1824), thought to be one of the earliest American cookbooks, gives no indication that bacon is ever not smoked, though it gives no advice on flavouring, noting only that care should be taken lest the fire get too hot. In early American history, the preparation and smoking of bacon (like the making of sausage) seems to have been a gender - neutral process, one of the few food - preparation processes not divided by gender.
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, smoked and unsmoked varieties are equally common, unsmoked being referred to as "green bacon ''.
Bacon is distinguished from salt pork and ham by differences in the brine or dry packing. Bacon brine has added curing ingredients, most notably sodium nitrite, and occasionally potassium nitrate (saltpeter), but sodium ascorbate or erythorbate may also be added to accelerate curing and stabilise colour. Flavourings such as brown sugar or maple syrup are used for some bacon products. Sodium polyphosphates, such as sodium triphosphate, may also be added to make the product easier to slice and to reduce spattering when the bacon is pan-fried. Today, a brine specifically for ham includes a large amount of sugar. Historically, the terms "ham '' and "bacon '' referred to different cuts of meat that were brined or packed identically, often together in the same barrel.
Varieties differ depending on the primal cut from which they are prepared:
Different cuts of pork are used for making bacon depending on local preferences. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, back bacon is most common. In the United States, the plain term implies belly bacon, with back cuts known as "Canadian bacon ''. The USDA defines bacon as "the cured belly of a swine carcass '', and other cuts and characteristics must be separately qualified (e.g., "smoked pork loin bacon '').
Bacon is often served with eggs and sausages as part of a full breakfast. Historically, the skin left on the cut is known as ' bacon rind ', but rindless bacon is also common throughout the English - speaking world. The meat may be bought smoked or unsmoked.
The most common form sold is ' middle bacon ', which includes the more of the streaky, fatty section of side bacon along with a portion of the loin of back bacon. In response to increasing consumer diet - consciousness, some supermarkets also offer the loin section only. This is sold as ' short cut bacon ' and is usually priced slightly higher than middle bacon. Both varieties are usually available with the rind removed.
An individual piece of bacon is a ' slice ' or ' strip '. In Canada:
Some of the meanings of bacon overlap with the German - language term Speck. Germans use the term bacon explicitly for Frühstücksspeck (' breakfast Speck ') which are cured or smoked pork slices. Traditional German cold cuts favor ham over bacon, however "Wammerl '' (grilled pork belly) remains popular in Bavaria.
Small bacon cubes (called "Grieben '' or "Grammerln '' in Austria and southern Germany) have been a rather important ingredient of various southern German dishes. They are used for adding flavor to soups and salads and for speck dumplings and various noodle and potato dishes. Instead of preparing them at home from larger slices, they have been sold ready made as convenience foods recently as "Baconwürfel '' ("bacon cubes '') in German retail stores.
In Japan, bacon (ベーコン) is pronounced "bēkon ''. It is cured and smoked belly meat as in the US, and is sold in either regular or half - length sizes. Bacon in Japan is different from that in the US in that the meat is not sold raw, but is processed, precooked and has a ham - like consistency when cooked. Uncured belly rashers, known as bara (バラ), are very popular in Japan and are used in a variety of dishes (e.g. yakitori and yakiniku).
A thin slice of bacon is known as a ' rasher '. Bacon is usually described as either streaky or back:
Bacon may be cured in several ways; in particular it may be described as smoked or unsmoked. Many ways of curing add water to the meat; bacon sold as "dry cured '' does not have added water. For example, in a shop a particular type may be described as "dry - cured unsmoked back bacon ''.
Fried or grilled bacon rashers are included in the traditional full breakfast, which varies slightly from country to country ("full Scottish '', etc.).
A side of unsliced bacon is known as a ' slab '. An individual slice of bacon is known as a ' slice ' or ' strip '.
American bacons include varieties smoked with hickory, mesquite or applewood and flavourings such as chili pepper, maple, brown sugar, honey, or molasses.
The United States and Canada have seen an increase in the popularity of bacon and bacon - related recipes, dubbed "bacon mania ''. The sale of bacon in the US has increased significantly since 2011. Sales climbed 9.5 % in 2013, making it an all - time high of nearly $4 billion in US. In a survey conducted by Smithfield, 65 % of Americans would support bacon as their "national food ''. Dishes such as bacon explosion, chicken fried bacon, and chocolate - covered bacon have been popularised over the internet, as has using candied bacon. Recipes spread quickly through both countries ' national media, culinary blogs, and YouTube. Restaurants have organised and are organising bacon and beer tasting nights, The New York Times reported on bacon infused with Irish whiskey used for Saint Patrick 's Day cocktails, and celebrity chef Bobby Flay has endorsed a "Bacon of the Month '' club online, in print, and on national television.
Commentators explain this surging interest in bacon by reference to what they deem American cultural characteristics. Sarah Hepola, in a 2008 article in Salon.com, suggests a number of reasons, one of them being that eating bacon in the modern, health - conscious world is an act of rebellion: "Loving bacon is like shoving a middle finger in the face of all that is healthy and holy while an unfiltered cigarette smoulders between your lips. '' She also suggests bacon is sexy (with a reference to Sarah Katherine Lewis ' book Sex and Bacon), kitsch, and funny. Hepola concludes by saying that "Bacon is American ''.
Alison Cook, writing in the Houston Chronicle, argues the case of bacon 's American citizenship by referring to historical and geographical uses of bacon. Early American literature echoes the sentiment -- in Ebenezer Cooke 's 1708 poem The Sot - Weed Factor, a satire of life in early colonial America, the narrator already complains that practically all the food in America was bacon - infused.
On 1 February 2017, The Ohio Pork Council released a report that demand for pork belly (bacon) product is outpacing supply. As of December 2016 national frozen pork belly inventory totaled 17.8 million lb (8.1 million kg), the lowest level in 50 years.
Bacon dishes include bacon and eggs, bacon, lettuce, and tomato (BLT) sandwiches, Cobb salad, and various bacon - wrapped foods, such as scallops, shrimp, and asparagus. Recently invented bacon dishes include chicken fried bacon, chocolate covered bacon, and the bacon explosion. Tatws Pum Munud is a traditional Welsh stew, made with sliced potatoes, vegetables and smoked bacon. Bacon jam and bacon marmalade are also commercially available.
In the US and Europe, bacon is commonly used as a condiment or topping on other foods, often in the form of bacon bits. Streaky bacon is more commonly used as a topping in the US on such items as pizza, salads, sandwiches, hamburgers, baked potatoes, hot dogs, and soups. In the US, sliced smoked back bacon is used less frequently than the streaky variety, but can sometimes be found on pizza, salads, and omelettes.
Bacon is also used in adaptations of dishes; for example, bacon wrapped meatloaf, and can be mixed in with green beans or served sautéed over spinach.
Bacon fat liquefies and becomes bacon dripping when it is heated. Once cool, it firms into lard if from uncured meat, or rendered bacon fat if from cured meat. Bacon fat is flavourful and is used for various cooking purposes. Traditionally, bacon grease is saved in British and southern US cuisine, and used as a base for cooking and as an all - purpose flavouring, for everything from gravy to cornbread to salad dressing.
If streaky pork belly bacon sliced in cubes is being used for lard preparation, as traditionally in Germany, the parts with higher melting temperatures are roasted and stay in the lard. The result is Griebenschmalz, a famous spread.
Bacon, or bacon fat, is often used for barding roast fowl and game birds, especially those that have little fat themselves. Barding consists of laying rashers of bacon or other fats over a roast; a variation is the traditional method of preparing filet mignon of beef, which is wrapped in rashers of bacon before cooking. The bacon itself may afterwards be discarded or served to eat, like cracklings.
One teaspoon (4 g or 0.14 oz) of bacon grease has 38 calories (40 kJ / g). It is composed almost completely of fat, with very little additional nutritional value. Bacon fat is roughly 40 % saturated. Despite the disputed health risks of excessive bacon grease consumption, it remains popular in the cuisine of the American South.
One 20 - gram (0.7 oz) rasher of cooked streaky bacon contains 5.4 grams (0.19 oz) of fat, and 4.4 grams (0.16 oz) of protein. Four pieces of bacon can also contain up to 800 mg of sodium, which is roughly equivalent to 1.92 grams of salt. The fat and protein content varies depending on the cut and cooking method.
68 % of the food energy of bacon comes from fat, almost half of which is saturated. 28 grams (1 oz) of bacon contains 30 milligrams of cholesterol (0.1 %).
Bacon has a large amount of sodium, and the consumption of a large amount of sodium has traditionally been considered to put a person at risk for heart disease and high blood pressure.
Bacon is considered by many doctors to be unhealthy if eaten in excess. A study conducted by researchers at the University of Zurich found a connection between eating processed meat and the risk of dying from heart disease or cancer. Processed meats contain preservatives known as nitrates that, when absorbed by the human body, convert into nitrosamine, a chemical compound that could cause cancer. A second study by researchers at Columbia University found that the consumption of cured meats increase a person 's chances of developing chronic pulmonary disease.
Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health found in 2010 that eating processed meats (such as bacon) that are preserved by smoking, curing or salting, or with the addition of chemical preservatives, was associated with an increased risk of both heart disease and diabetes. The same association was not found for unprocessed meat.
A newly released publication about cancer research in the United Kingdom by the WHO says processed meats (like bacon or sausages) do cause cancer.
Several alternatives to and substitutes for bacon have been developed for those who can not or prefer not to eat standard pork bacon.
Turkey bacon is a popular alternative to bacon. People may choose turkey bacon over real bacon due to health benefits, religious laws, or other reasons. It is lower in fat and food energy than bacon, but may be used in a similar manner (such as in a BLT sandwich).
The meat for turkey bacon comes from the whole turkey and can be cured or uncured, smoked, chopped, and reformed into strips that resemble bacon. Turkey bacon is cooked by pan-frying. Cured turkey bacon made from dark meat can be 90 % fat free. The low fat content of turkey bacon means it does not shrink while being cooked and has a tendency to stick to the pan.
Macon is another alternative to bacon, produced by curing cuts of mutton in a manner similar to the production of pork bacon. Historically produced in Scotland, it was introduced across Britain during World War II as a consequence of rationing. It is today available as an alternative to bacon, produced for the Muslim market and sold at halal butchers; it is largely similar in appearance to pork bacon except for the colour (which tends to be black and yellow).
Vegetarian bacon, also referred to as fakon, veggie bacon, or vacon, is a product marketed as a bacon alternative that is available in supermarkets. It has no cholesterol, is low in fat, and contains large amounts of protein and fibre. Two slices contain about 310 kilojoules (74 kcal). Vegetarian bacon is usually made from marinated strips of tofu or tempeh.
Bacon Today states that bacon has a very valuable amount of protein that is "valuable to maintaining our energy levels and a fully functioning, healthy body ''. Everything Tastes Better with Bacon, a book by Sara Perry, is a cookbook that compliments bacon 's many uses in cooking.
On the other hand, as with most meat products, producers of bacon have received heavy criticism for how their pigs are treated. Many petitions and protests have been made trying to raise awareness and change how producers treat their pigs. Many of these protests have turned out successful: for example, following NBC News 's report of an undercover investigation of an abusive pig farm, Tyson Foods terminated their contract with the pig farm. Similar to NBC 's investigation, The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) investigated Seaboard Foods, one of the pig breeding facilities that supply Walmart. According to HSUS, the pigs were treated poorly and abused. Walmart spokesperson Diana Gee said, "As soon as we were made aware of the allegations, we immediately reached out to Seaboard to begin investigating the issue... Pending our review, we will take any action necessary. '' Petitions also exist that oppose poor treatment of pigs, many of which state that the current treatment of pigs in factories is cruel and unethical.
The popularity of bacon in the United States has given rise to a number of commercial products that promise to add bacon flavouring without the labour involved in cooking it or the perceived negative qualities of bacon.
Bacon bits are a frequently used topping on salad or potatoes, and a common element of salad bars. They are usually salted. Bacon bits are made from small, crumbled pieces of bacon; in commercial plants they are cooked in continuous microwave ovens. Similar products are made from ham or turkey, and analogues are made from textured vegetable protein, artificially flavoured to resemble bacon.
There is also a wide range of other bacon - flavoured products, including a bacon - flavoured salt (Bacon Salt), Baconnaise (a bacon - flavoured mayonnaise), Bacon Grill (a tinned meat, similar to Spam) and bacon ice cream.
Bacon has been gaining popularity over the past decade. It has become a fad on the internet.
Epic Meal Time, a cooking show based on YouTube, features bacon in many of their episodes. In one episode entitled Bacon Tree, Epic Meal Time creates a tree made out of bacon using over 2,000 strips of bacon. In another episode entitled Boss Bacon Burger, over 400 strips of bacon are used to make a gigantic hamburger with bacon and other toppings.
On 29 May 2012, the YouTubers Rhett and Link published a comedy video promoting the topical application of bacon as a cure - all. The video, "Rub Some Bacon on It '', had received over eleven million views in September 2016.
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what is the purpose of the woman warrior | The Woman Warrior - wikipedia
The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts is a book written by Chinese American author Maxine Hong Kingston and published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1976. The book blends autobiography with what Kingston purports to be old Chinese folktales, although several scholars have questioned the accuracy and authenticity of these folktales.
The Woman Warrior won the National Book Critics Circle Award and was named one of TIME magazine 's top nonfiction books of the 1970s.
The specific genre of The Woman Warrior has been disputed due to Kingston 's blend of perspectives, specifically traditional Chinese folktale and memoir. With this mixture, Kingston tries to provide her audience with the cultural, familial, and personal context needed to understand her unique position as a first - generation Chinese - American woman.
Friedman 's assessment of autobiography with regard to women and minority groups explains Kingston 's intricate blend of perspective and genre: women and cultural minorities often do n't have the privilege of viewing themselves as individuals isolated from their gender or racial group. Kingston illustrates this condition through her use of Chinese talk - story, her mother 's traditional Chinese perspective, and her own first - person view as a Chinese American.
The book is divided into five interconnected chapters, which read like short stories.
In the first part of this chapter, the narrator is recounting how her mother once told her the story of the No - Name Woman. The chapter essentially opens as a vignette told from the mother 's point of view. She tells the story of the No Name Woman, her husband 's deceased sister. The middle portion of this chapter is Kingston 's retelling of the No Name Woman Story. Kingston uses her own experiences with Chinese tradition and culture to substantiate alternate "versions '' of the tale. At the end of "No Name Woman '', Kingston reflects on the importance of her mother 's story. She concludes that the real lesson is not how No Name Woman died; rather, why she was forgotten.
In the first part of "White Tigers '', Kingston recounts her mother 's talk - story of Fa Mu Lan, a woman warrior who took her father 's place in battle. Kingston reverts to talking about her life in America and compares it to the story of Fa Mu Lan. She can not gather the courage to speak up against her racist boss, let alone save her people in China. In the end, Kingston decides that she and Fa Mu Lan are similar.
Using her mother 's old diplomas and photos from her years in China, Kingston recounts the story of her mother 's life as a lady scholar. Brave Orchid, Kingston 's mother, returns home after two years of study. Kingston was born during World War II and grew up with her mother 's talk - stories. Her mother taught her that all white people around her were "ghosts ''.
"At the Western Palace '' opens with Brave Orchid, her two children, and her niece at San Francisco International Airport. Brave Orchid is waiting for her sister Moon Orchid to arrive from Hong Kong. Moon Orchid is emigrating to the United States after being separated from her sister for 30 years. The sisters arrive back at Brave Orchid 's house in the Valley. They are greeted by Brave Orchid 's husband, who has aged significantly in Moon Orchid 's eyes. Moon Orchid spends the summer in Brave Orchid 's house. Brave Orchid, her oldest son, Moon Orchid, and Moon Orchid 's daughter drive South to Los Angeles. They are on a mission to find Moon Orchid 's husband. At the end of the chapter, Moon Orchid declines in mental health and is forced to return to live with Brave Orchid.
In this story, Kingston reveals that her mother cut the membrane under her tongue. Kingston despises a Chinese girl who is a year older than she is because she refuses to talk. One day, she finds herself alone with the girl in the lavatory. Kingston writes about other eccentric stories. After Kingston screams to her mother and father that she does not want to be set up with the developmentally disabled boy, she launches into a laundry list of things she is and is not going to do, regardless of her mother 's opinion. In the final part, Kingston tells the story of Ts'ai Yen, a poet born in A.D. 175.
In an essay about The Woman Warrior, Sau - Ling Cynthia Wong writes about "the protagonist 's struggle toward a balance between self - actualization and social responsibility... identified as ' Necessity ' and ' Extravagance. ' ''
The language of The Woman Warrior invokes a complex juxtaposition of cultural and linguistic voices. Kingston tries to capture and emulate the nuances of Chinese speech through her prose. Trying to transmit a Sinitic language by means of an Indo - European language was no easy task, and one that Kingston had to pursue actively. Nevertheless, The Woman Warrior is not pure talk - story. There is in fact a blending of first, second, and third person narration. The first - person narration of Kingston is her own American voice, the second - person is that of the Chinese talk - story, and the third - person (which only appears in "At the Western Palace '') is a mixture; a talk - story transposed from Kingston 's Chinese parents to her American siblings, and finally back to Kingston herself. What results from this combination of voices can only be described as a "fusion language '' unique to Kingston, almost like her own type of Creole language.
Writing in this "fusion language '', which is an American language with Asian tones and accents, or rhythm, is a way that Kingston brings together Chinese and Western experiences. This "melding '' of the two experiences -- the images and metaphors -- is what makes Kingston 's style her own. Kingston admits that one of the ways she works to bring these two together is to speak Chinese while writing or typing in English.
The completion of The Woman Warrior came from Kingston 's on - the - spot writing of her thoughts. She wrote down anything -- until some of it started falling into place. It was this habit that allowed Kingston to complete The Woman Warrior in just three years while teaching at a boarding school that demanded she be on call twenty - four hours a day.
The original title of The Woman Warrior was Gold Mountain Stories. As Kingston states in a 1986 interview with Jody Hoy:
"The publishers did n't like a title that sounds like a collection of short stories; they never like to publish collections of short stories. I was n't that happy with either of those titles, I think that calling that book The Woman Warrior emphasizes ' warrior. ' I 'm not really telling the story of war, I want to be a pacifist. ''
In terms of Kingston 's decision - making process in what to include and exclude from her story, she admits to using only what she deemed was "necessary '' cultural imagery. She did n't want readers to approach her work as "exotic. '' What cultural references she did allow to remain in The Woman Warrior she considered to be more "American - friendly. '' This, of course, was a very subjective endeavor on her part, and, in a more recent reflection she had on The Woman Warrior, Kingston was quoted as calling the cultural references "really Chinese. ''
Since its publication in 1976, The Woman Warrior has maintained a "vexed reception history that both attests to its popularity and questions it. '' Much of the debate concerns "autobiographical accuracy, cultural authenticity, and ethnic representativeness, '' while the central concern is whether or not Kingston offers a faithful representation of Chinese and Chinese American culture.
Asian American scholars have expressed strong criticisms of The Woman Warrior. Writer Jeffery Paul Chan criticized Kingston for posing the book as non-fiction despite the many fictional elements of its stories. He stated that Kingston gave a distorted view of Chinese culture: one that is partially based on her own experience, but mostly fictional. Chan also noted Kingston 's mistranslation of the Cantonese term, "ghost '', and Benjamin R. Tong, another Asian American writer, stated that this mistranslation was done deliberately to "suit white tastes so that her book would sell better. ''
Tong further stated, based on The Woman Warrior 's fictionalized elements and inaccuracies about Chinese culture and history, that Kingston manipulates her white audience by giving them what they think is Chinese culture, which in reality is only a caricature based on Western stereotypes of Chinese people.
Scholar Sheryl Mylan stated that Kingston constructs an Orientalist framework to separate herself from her mother and her culture, but in the process she replicates the ideologies of the American culture. Professor Sau - Ling Cynthia Wong stated that Kingston 's "Orientalist effect '' is the result of Kingston 's failure to commensurately critique the patriarchal values or institutional racism of Western society, resulting in a lopsided and biased commentary regarding Chinese culture. Scholar David Li suggested that The Woman Warrior functions as "a means of contesting power between the dominant culture and the ethnic community; whose value lies in foregrounding the representational issues that have accompanied growth of Asian American creative and critical production. ''
Among the strongest criticisms came from author and playwright Frank Chin, who accused Kingston of being "unChinese '' and "a fake ''. Chin criticized Kingston for giving her readers a fictional and exaggerated representation of Chinese people based on American stereotypes, and also criticized her readers for accepting these stereotypes. Chin also accused Kingston of "practising an inauthentic Orientalism inherited from the apologetic autobiographies written in the Chinese American ' high ' tradition. ''
In Kingston 's defense, reviewer Deborah L. Madsen claimed that this accusation showed Chin 's tendency to privilege the low, working - class tradition of Chinese American writing as "authentic '', which is not Kingston 's tradition. Madsen claimed that autobiographical Chinese American writing is full of competing discourses that differ both culturally and racially, and as Chinese American writers seek both Chinese ethnicity and American citizenship, the result may be "a subversion of racial authenticity '', which she believed to be the case with Kingston. Other reviewers, such as Jeehyun Lim, believed that the criticism accusing Kingston of representing the Chinese American community as barbaric "misreads her play with ideas of foreignness and nativeness. ''
In 1982, Kingston herself wrote a rebuttal essay entitled "Cultural Mis - readings by American Reviewers '' in which she disparaged her critics whom she believed were insisting she represent the Chinese to some standard of excellence. "Why must I ' represent ' anyone besides myself? '' Kingston asked. Others, however, noted that Kingston 's stories are fictional and therefore do not represent herself, either. The San Francisco Association of Chinese Teachers warned: "Especially for students unfamiliar with the Chinese background, (The Woman Warrior) could give an overly negative impression of the Chinese American experience. '' Even a Chinese American female scholar sympathetic to Kingston wrote that "for a minority author to exercise such artistic freedom is perilous business because white critics and reviewers persist in seeing (fictional) expressions by (Kingston) as no more than cultural history. ''
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what is the difference between sc and lc connector | Optical fiber connector - wikipedia
An optical fiber connector terminates the end of an optical fiber, and enables quicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The connectors mechanically couple and align the cores of fibers so light can pass. Better connectors lose very little light due to reflection or misalignment of the fibers. In all, about 100 fiber optic connectors have been introduced to the market.
Optical fiber connectors are used to join optical fibers where a connect / disconnect capability is required. Due to the polishing and tuning procedures that may be incorporated into optical connector manufacturing, connectors are generally assembled onto optical fiber in a supplier 's manufacturing facility. However, the assembly and polishing operations involved can be performed in the field, for example, to make cross-connect jumpers to size.
Optical fiber connectors are used in telephone company central offices, at installations on customer premises, and in outside plant applications to connect equipment and cables, or to cross-connect cables.
Most optical fiber connectors are spring - loaded, so the fiber faces are pressed together when the connectors are mated. The resulting glass - to - glass or plastic - to - plastic contact eliminates signal losses that would be caused by an air gap between the joined fibers.
Every fiber connection has two values:
Measurements of these parameters are now defined in IEC standard 61753 - 1. The standard gives five grades for insertion loss from A (best) to D (worst), and M for multimode. The other parameter is return loss, with grades from 1 (best) to 5 (worst).
A variety of optical fiber connectors are available, but SC and LC connectors are the most common types of connectors on the market. Typical connectors are rated for 500 -- 1,000 mating cycles. The main differences among types of connectors are dimensions and methods of mechanical coupling. Generally, organizations will standardize on one kind of connector, depending on what equipment they commonly use. Different connectors are required for multimode, and for single - mode fibers.
In many data center applications, small (e.g., LC) and multi-fiber (e.g., MTP / MPO) connectors are replacing larger, older styles (e.g., SC), allowing more fiber ports per unit of rack space and higher data rate application such as 40 - Gigabit Ethernet and 100 - Gigabit Ethernet.
Features of good connector design:
Outside plant applications may require connectors be located underground, or on outdoor walls or utility poles. In such settings, protective enclosures are often used, and fall into two broad categories: hermetic (sealed) and free - breathing. Hermetic cases prevent entry of moisture and air but, lacking ventilation, can become hot if exposed to sunlight or other sources of heat. Free - breathing enclosures, on the other hand, allow ventilation, but can also admit moisture, insects and airborne contaminants. Selection of the correct housing depends on the cable and connector type, the location, and environmental factors. Careful assembly is required to ensure good protection against the elements.
Depending on user requirements, housings for outside plant applications may be tested by the manufacturer under various environmental simulations, which could include physical shock and vibration, water spray, water immersion, dust, etc. to ensure the integrity of optical fiber connections and housing seals.
Many types of optical connector have been developed at different times, and for different purposes. Many of them are summarized in the tables below.
Field - mountable optical fiber connectors are used to join optical fiber jumper cables that contain one singlemode fiber. These assemblies can be separated into two major categories: single - jointed connector assemblies and multiple - jointed connector assemblies. According to Telcordia GR - 1081, a single - jointed connector assembly is a connector assembly where there is only one spot where two different fibers are joined together. This is the situation generally found when connector assemblies are made from factory - assembled optical fiber connector plugs. A multiple - jointed connector assembly is a connector assembly where there is more than one closely spaced connection joining different fibers together. An example of a multiple - jointed connector assembly is a connector assembly that uses the stub - fiber type of connector plug.
Field - mountable optical fiber connectors are used for field restoration work and to eliminate the need to stock jumper cords of various sizes.
Glass fiber optic connector performance is affected both by the connector and by the glass fiber. Concentricity tolerances affect the fiber, fiber core, and connector body. The core optical index of refraction is also subject to variations. Stress in the polished fiber can cause excess return loss. The fiber can slide along its length in the connector. The shape of the connector tip may be incorrectly profiled during polishing. The connector manufacturer has little control over these factors, so in - service performance may well be below the manufacturer 's specification.
Testing fiber optic connector assemblies falls into two general categories: factory testing and field testing.
Factory testing is sometimes statistical, for example, a process check. A profiling system may be used to ensure the overall polished shape is correct, and a good quality optical microscope to check for blemishes. Optical Loss / Return Loss performance is checked using specific reference conditions, against a reference - standard single mode test lead, or using an "Encircled Flux Compliant '' source for multi-mode testing. Testing and rejection ("yield '') may represent a significant part of the overall manufacturing cost.
Field testing is usually simpler. A special hand - held optical microscope is used to check for dirt or blemishes. A power meter and light source or an optical loss test set (OLTS) is used to test end - to - end loss, and an optical time - domain reflectometer may be used to identify significant point losses or return losses.
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which place was chosen by the cousins for hiding the horse | The Summer of the Beautiful white horse - wikipedia
"The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse '' is a short story by William Saroyan, published within the collection My Name Is Aram (1940). It tells the story of two boys, Aram and Mourad, who belong to a very poor Armenian tribe.
"The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse '' is narrated by nine - year - old Aram Garoghlanian, a member of an Armenian community living among the lush fruit orchards and vineyards of California. One morning Aram is awakened at four in morning by his thirteen - year - old cousin Mourad, who is thought to be demented by everyone except Aram, and has a way with animals. Aram is astonished to see that Mourad is sitting on a beautiful white horse. Aram has always wanted to ride a horse, but his family is too poor to afford one. However, in spite of being poor, the Garoghlanian tribe is noted for its honesty, and trust, as a result it is unthinkable that Mourad would have stolen the horse. Aram felt that his cousin could n't have stolen the horse.
Aram was invited to ride on the horse with Mourad. The idea of Mourad stealing the horse drained away from Aram 's mind as when he felt that it would n't become stealing unless they offer to sell the horse. They enjoyed rides on the horse for a few hours. Mourad 's crazy behavior was considered to be of natural descent from their uncle Khosrov, even though his father, Zorab, was a practical man. Uncle Khosrove was an enormous man who was always furious, impatient, and irritable. He would roar for everyone to stop talking and say It is no harm, pay no attention to it. In fact, one day, when his son came and told them that their house was on fire, Khosrov silenced him by roaring "Enough. It is no harm ''. After a short time of riding, Mourad wanted to ride alone on the horse. Aram had the same longing, but when he sat on the horse and kicked its muscles it reared and snorted and raced forward, eventually dropping Aram off its back. After half an hour they found the horse and hid it in the barn of a deserted vineyard of a farmer named Fetvajian which had once been his pride.
That afternoon, an Assyrian farmer named John Byro -- an Assyrian friend of the Garoghlanians -- came to Aram 's house. He reported to Aram 's mother that his white horse which had been stolen a month ago was still missing. Hearing this, Aram concludes that, Mourad must have had the horse for a long time. Khosrove, who was at Aram 's house when Byro came, shouted - "it 's no harm '' to such an extent that Byro was forced to leave to avoid responding.
Aram ran to Mourad to inform him about Byro 's arrival. Aram also pleads with Mourad not to return the horse until he could learn to ride. Mourad disagrees saying that Aram would take at least a year to learn, but promises he would keep it for six months at most. This became a routine. Mourad came daily to pick Aram to ride, and Aram continuously fell off the horse 's back after every attempt. Two weeks later, when they were going to take the horse back to its hiding place, they met Byro on the road. The farmer was extremely surprised. He recognised his horse but refused to believe that the boys had stolen it. He said "the horse is the twin of my horse '' and "a suspicious man would believe his eyes instead of his heart '', but Byro, knowing the Garoghlanian tribe for its honesty, discarded his suspicion and left. This incident apparently struck the children 's conscience. They returned the horse to John Byro ' s barn. He was overjoyed.
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a deficit in a country's current account means that | Current account - wikipedia
In economics, a country 's current account is one of the two components of its balance of payments, the other being the capital account (sometimes called the financial account). The current account consists of the balance of trade, net primary income or factor income (earnings on foreign investments minus payments made to foreign investors) and net cash transfers, that have taken place over a given period of time. The current account balance is one of two major measures of a country 's foreign trade (the other being the net capital outflow). A current account surplus indicates that the value of a country 's net foreign assets (i.e. assets less liabilities) grew over the period in question, and a current account deficit indicates that it shrank. Both government and private payments are included in the calculation. It is called the current account because goods and services are generally consumed in the current period.
The current account is an important indicator about an economy 's health. It is defined as the sum of the balance of trade (goods and services exports less imports), net income from abroad and net current transfers. A positive current account balance indicates that the nation is a net lender to the rest of the world, while a negative current account balance indicates that it is a net borrower from the rest of the world. A current account surplus increases a nation 's net foreign assets by the amount of the surplus, and a current account deficit decreases it by that amount.
A country 's balance of trade is the net or difference between the country 's exports of goods and services and its imports of goods and services, ignoring all financial transfers, investments and other components, over a given period of time. A country is said to have a trade surplus if its exports exceed its imports, and a trade deficit if its imports exceed its exports.
Positive net sales abroad generally contribute to a current account surplus; negative net sales abroad generally contribute to a current account deficit. Because exports generate positive net sales, and because the trade balance is typically the largest component of the current account, a current account surplus is usually associated with positive net exports.
In the net factor income or income account, income payments are outflows, and income receipts are inflows. Income are receipts from investments made abroad (note: investments are recorded in the capital account but income from investments is recorded in the current account) and money sent by individuals working abroad, known as remittances, to their families back home. If the income account is negative, the country is paying more than it is taking in interest, dividends, etc.
The various subcategories in the income account are linked to specific respective subcategories in the capital account, as income is often composed of factor payments from the ownership of capital (assets) or the negative capital (debts) abroad. From the capital account, economists and central banks determine implied rates of return on the different types of capital. The United States, for example, gleans a substantially larger rate of return from foreign capital than foreigners do from owning United States capital.
In the traditional accounting of balance of payments, the current account equals the change in net foreign assets. A current account deficit implies a paralleled reduction of the net foreign assets.
If an economy is running a current account deficit, it is absorbing (absorption = domestic consumption + investment + government spending) more than that it is producing. This can only happen if some other economies are lending their savings to it (in the form of debt to or direct / portfolio investment in the economy) or the economy is running down its foreign assets such as official foreign currency reserve.
On the other hand, if an economy is running a current account surplus it is absorbing less than that it is producing. This means it is saving. As the economy is open, this saving is being invested abroad and thus foreign assets are being created.
Normally, the current account is calculated by adding up the 4 components of current account: goods, services, income and current transfers.
A country 's current account can be calculated by the following formula:
C A = (X − M) + N Y + N C T (\ displaystyle CA = (X-M) + NY + NCT)
Where CA is the current account, X and M are respectively the export and import of goods and services, NY the net income from abroad, and NCT the net current transfers.
A nation 's current account balance is influenced by numerous factors -- its trade policies, exchange rate, competitiveness, forex reserves, inflation rate and others. Since the trade balance (exports minus imports) is generally the biggest determinant of the current account surplus or deficit, the current account balance often displays a cyclical trend. During a strong economic expansion, import volumes typically surge; if exports are unable to grow at the same rate, the current account deficit will widen. Conversely, during a recession, the current account deficit will shrink if imports decline and exports increase to stronger economies. The currency exchange rate exerts a significant influence on the trade balance, and by extension, on the current account. An overvalued currency makes imports cheaper and exports less competitive, thereby widening the current account deficit (or narrowing the surplus). An undervalued currency, on the other hand, boosts exports and makes imports more expensive, thus increasing the current account surplus (or narrowing the deficit). Nations with chronic current account deficits often come under increased investor scrutiny during periods of heightened uncertainty. The currencies of such nations often come under speculative attack during such times. This creates a vicious circle where precious foreign exchange reserves are depleted to support the domestic currency, and this forex reserve depletion -- combined with a deteriorating trade balance -- puts further pressure on the currency. Embattled nations are often forced to take stringent measures to support the currency, such as raising interest rates and curbing currency outflows.
Action to reduce a substantial current account deficit usually involves increasing exports (goods going out of a country and entering abroad countries) or decreasing imports (goods coming from a foreign country into a country). Firstly, this is generally accomplished directly through import restrictions, quotas, or duties (though these may indirectly limit exports as well), or by promoting exports (through subsidies, custom duty exemptions etc.). Influencing the exchange rate to make exports cheaper for foreign buyers will indirectly increase the balance of payments. Also, Currency wars, a phenomenon evident in post recessionary markets is a protectionist policy, whereby countries devalue their currencies to ensure export competitiveness. Secondly, adjusting government spending to favor domestic suppliers is also effective.
Less obvious methods to reduce a current account deficit include measures that increase domestic savings (or reduced domestic borrowing), including a reduction in borrowing by the national government.
A current account deficit is not always a problem. The Pitchford thesis states that a current account deficit does not matter if it is driven by the private sector. It is also known as the "consenting adults '' view of the current account, as it holds that deficits are not a problem if they result from private sector agents engaging in mutually beneficial trade. A current account deficit creates an obligation of repayments of foreign capital, and that capital consists of many individual transactions. Pitchford asserts that since each of these transactions were individually considered financially sound when they were made, their aggregate effect (the current account deficit) is also sound.
A deficit implies we import more goods and services than we export.
To be more precise, the current account equals: Trade in goods (visible balance) Trade in services (Invisible balance) e.g. insurance and services Investment incomes e.g. dividends, interest and migrants remittances from abroad Net transfers -- e.g. International aid The current account is essentially exports -- imports (+ net international investment balance)
If one has a current account deficit, in a floating exchange rate this must be balanced by a surplus on the financial / capital account.
The balance of payments (BOP) is the place where countries record their monetary transactions with the rest of the world. Transactions are either marked as a credit or a debit. Within the BOP there are three separate categories under which different transactions are categorized: the current account, the capital account and the financial account. In the current account, goods, services, income and current transfers are recorded. In the capital account, physical assets such as a building or a factory are recorded. And in the financial account, assets pertaining to international monetary flows of, for example, business or portfolio investments are noted.
Absent changes in official reserves, the current account is the mirror image of the sum of the capital and financial accounts. One might then ask: Is the current account driven by the capital and financial accounts or is it vice versa? The traditional response is that the current account is the main causal factor, with capital and financial accounts simply reflecting financing of a deficit or investment of funds arising as a result of a surplus. However, more recently some observers have suggested that the opposite causal relationship may be important in some cases. In particular, it has controversially been suggested that the United States current account deficit is driven by the desire of international investors to acquire U.S. assets (see Ben Bernanke, William Poole links below). However, the main viewpoint undoubtedly remains that the causative factor is the current account and that the positive financial account reflects the need to finance the country 's current account deficit.
Current account surpluses are facing current account deficits of other countries, the indebtedness of which towards abroad therefore increases. According to Balances Mechanics by Wolfgang Stützel this is described as surplus of expenses over the revenues. Increasing imbalances in foreign trade are critically discussed as a possible cause of the financial crisis since 2007. Many keynesian economists consider the existing differences between the current accounts in the eurozone to be the root cause of the Euro crisis, for instance Yanis Varoufakis, Heiner Flassbeck, Paul Krugman or Joseph Stiglitz.
Since 1989, the current account deficit of the US has been increasingly large, reaching close to 7 % of the GDP in 2006. In 2011, it was the highest deficit in the world. New evidence, however, suggests that the U.S. current account deficits are being mitigated by positive valuation effects. That is, the U.S. assets overseas are gaining in value relative to the domestic assets held by foreign investors. The net foreign assets of the U.S. are therefore not deteriorating one to one with the current account deficits. The most recent experience has reversed this positive valuation effect, however, with the US net foreign asset position deteriorating by more than two trillion dollars in 2008, down to less than $18 trillion, but has since risen to $25 trillion. This temporary decline was due primarily to the relative under - performance of domestic ownership of foreign assets (largely foreign equities) compared to foreign ownership of domestic assets (largely US treasuries and bonds).
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD -- an international economic organisation of 34 countries, founded in 1961 to "promote policies that will improve the economic and social well - being of people around the world '' -- produces quarterly reports on its 34 member nations comparing statistics on balance of payments and international trade in terms of current account balance in billions of US dollars and as a percentage of GDP.
For example, according to their report the current account balance in billions of US dollars of several countries can be compared,
The report also compares countries on services balance, exports of services, import of services, goods balance, export of goods and imports of goods in billions of US dollars.
The World Factbook, a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency that collects data and publishes online open reports comparing the current account balance of countries. According to The World Factbook, "(c) urrent account balance compares a country 's net trade in goods and services, plus net earnings, and net transfer payments to and from the rest of the world during the period specified. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis. '' The top ten on their list of countries by current account balance in 2014 were Germany # 1 with $286,400,000,000, China # 2 with $219,700,000,000, Netherlands # 3 with $90,160,000,000, South Korea # 4 with $89,220,000,000, Saudi Arabia # 5 with $76,920,000,000, Taiwan # 6 with $65,420,000,000, Russia # 7 with $59,460,000,000, Singapore # 8 with $58,770,000,000, Qatar # 9 with $54,840,000,000 and the United Arab Emirates # 10 with $54,630,000,000.
On the same list the bottom ten countries by current account balance in 2014 were Mexico # 185 at - $24,980,000,000, Indonesia # 186 at - $26,230,000,000, France # 187 at - $26,240,000,000, India # 188 at - $27,530,000,000, European Union # 189 at - $34,490,000,000 (2011 est), Canada # 190 - $37,500,000,000, Australia # 191 at - $43,750,000,000, Turkey # 192 at - $46,530,000,000, Brazil # 193 at - $103,600,000,000, United Kingdom # 194 at - $173,900,000,000, United States # 195 at - $389,500,000,000.
In a 2012 article published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) the authors argue that a current account deficit with higher investments and lower savings may indicate that the economy of a country is highly productive and growing. If there is an excess of imports over exports there may be problems in terms of competitiveness. Low savings and high investment can also be caused by a "reckless fiscal policy or a consumption binge. '' China 's financial system favors the accumulation of large surpluses while the United States carries "large and persistent current account deficits '' which has created a trade imbalance.
The authors note that,
Moreover, in practice, private capital often flows from developing to advanced economies. The advanced economies, such as the United States... run current account deficits, whereas developing countries and emerging market economies often run surpluses or near surpluses. Very poor countries typically run large current account deficits, in proportion to their gross domestic product (GDP), that are financed by official grants and loans.
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when did the tax free savings account start in canada | Tax - Free Savings account - wikipedia
The Tax - Free Savings Account (TFSA, French: Compte d'épargne libre d'impôt or CÉLI) is an account available in Canada and South Africa that provides tax benefits for saving. Investment income, including capital gains and dividends, earned in a TFSA is not taxed in most cases, even when withdrawn. Contributions to a TFSA are not deductible for income tax purposes, unlike contributions to a Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP).
Despite the name, a TFSA does not have to be a cash savings account. Like an RRSP, a TFSA may contain cash and / or other investments such as mutual funds, certain stocks, bonds, or Guaranteed Investment Certificates (GICs).
The first Tax - Free Savings Account was introduced by Jim Flaherty, then Canadian federal Minister of Finance, in the 2008 federal budget. It came into effect on January 1, 2009.
This measure was supported by the C.D. Howe Institute, which stated; "This tax policy gem is very good news for Canadians, and Mr. Flaherty and his government deserve credit for a novel program ''. Furthermore, the Canadian Federation of Independent Business, Canadian Bankers Association, Bank of Montreal economist Doug Porter, the Canadian Chamber of Commerce, and the Canadian Taxpayers Federation also supported this tax policy. In 2015 South Africa introduced TFSA accounts to encourage low to middle - class citizens to save money.
The TFSA is an account in which Canadian residents 18 years and older can save or invest. Income earned on contributions is not taxed. The TFSA account - holder may withdraw money from the account at any time, free of taxes.
The maximum annual contribution room for each year prior to 2013 was $5,000 per year. Beginning in 2013 it was increased to $5,500 per year. The $5,500 annual contribution limit was indexed to the Consumer Price Index (CPI), in $500 increments, in order to account for inflation.
The 2015 federal budget raised the contribution limit to $10,000, and eliminated indexation for inflation, beginning with the 2015 tax year. However, in December 2015 a newly elected government proposed to restore the pre-2015 contribution limit of $5,500 for 2016, which will be indexed for inflation after that.
As of January 1, 2018, the total cumulative contribution room for a TFSA is $57,500 for those who have been 18 years or older and residents of Canada for all eligible years.
Any unused contribution room under the cap can be carried forward to subsequent years, without any upward limit.
A TFSA can hold any investments that are RRSP - eligible, including publicly traded shares on eligible exchanges, eligible shares of private corporations, certain debt obligations, instalment receipts, money denominated in any currency, trust interests including mutual funds and real estate investment trusts, annuity contracts, warrants, rights and options, registered investments, royalty units, partnership units, and depository receipts.
Assets within a TFSA are not protected from creditors in the event of bankruptcy or a financial judgement that results from legal proceedings against the account - holder, whereas those within an RRSP are protected. Unless the investments in the TFSA are in a segregated fund (which then follows the Insurance act rules).
A withdrawal in any year will increase the available contribution room, but not in that current calendar year -- it can only be re-contributed starting on January 1 of the following year. An over-contribution will occur if an individual (whose TFSA contributions have already been maximized for the year) mistakenly believes that a withdrawal immediately creates contribution room and re-contributes the withdrawn funds later the same calendar year.
In the 2012 tax year, the CRA sent notices to about 74,000 taxpayers about TFSA over-contributions, out of about nine million TFSAs existing at the end of 2012. About 76,000 notices were sent in 2011 and 103,000 in 2010.
Unlike an RRSP, a TFSA is not considered by the United States Internal Revenue Service to be a pension plan. Therefore, the tax treaty between the U.S. and Canada foregoing the U.S. withholding tax on dividends in registered pension plans does not apply to TFSA accounts, subjecting Canadians in most cases to a 15 % U.S. tax withheld on dividends paid on shares of U.S. corporations. The tax withheld can not be credited against other payable taxes as would be the case with non-registered accounts.
To get around this problem, one exchange - traded fund manager, Horizons ETFs Group, offers an ETF that uses swap contracts to replicate the return of the underlying dividend - paying stocks in the fund without actually holding any of those stocks. However, due to the fees charged by the counterparty to the swap agreement, as well as the fund 's own management fee, its expenses exceed the actual withholding tax payable for the underlying stocks, if those were to be held directly in the TFSA.
Canadian mutual funds held in TFSAs are generally considered by the IRS to be investments in a passive foreign investment company (PFIC), and must be reported as such (on form 8621) by U.S. citizens. PFICs can be very disadvantageous as, absent certain elections, "excess '' distributions are always taxed at the highest marginal rate. Also, income is averaged over the duration of the investment, and interest is then charged from the date the income is deemed to have occurred, resulting in effective tax rates as high as 50 % or more. The TFSA may also be a grantor foreign trust from the perspective of the U.S.U.S. citizens with a grantor foreign trust are required to file IRS Forms 3520A (due March 15) and 3520 (due at the same time as Form 1040). These forms are both complicated and both involve potentially large penalties for late filing. Like other non-U.S. accounts the TFSA may also need to be included on a U.S. citizen 's FBAR and tax - FBAR. Earnings inside the TFSA are taxed by the U.S.
The lifetime contribution limit is R500000 and the annual limit is R33000.
The tax treatment of a TFSA is the opposite of a Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP). There is an income tax deduction for contributions to an RRSP, and withdrawals of contributions and investment income are all taxable. In contrast, there is no tax deduction for contributions to a TFSA, and there is no tax on withdrawals of investment income or contributions from the account.
Unlike an RRSP, which must be withdrawn before the holder turns 71, the TFSA does not expire.
If an account - holder withdraws funds from a TFSA, his or her contribution room is increased by that amount on the 1st of January after the withdrawal. In an RRSP, the contribution room is not increased to reflect withdrawals.
The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) describes the difference between a TFSA and an RRSP as follows: "An RRSP is primarily intended for retirement. The TFSA is like an RRSP for everything else in your life. '' Interest paid on money borrowed to invest in either TFSA or RRSP is not tax deductible.
The TFSA is similar to a Roth Individual Retirement Arrangement in United States, although the TFSA has fewer restrictions. In the UK, similar tax advantages have been available in Individual Savings Accounts since 1999.
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how many states in india under central government | List of state and union territory capitals in India - wikipedia
India is a country located in southern Asia. With over 1.3 billion people, India is the most populous democracy in the world. It is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union territories. All states, as well as the union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments, both patterned on the Westminster model. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the centre through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, states were reorganised on a linguistic basis. Since then, their structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative districts.
The state and union territory capitals are sorted according to no legislative and judicial capitals. The administrative capital is where the executive government offices are located, the legislative capital is where the state assembly convenes, and the judicial capital is the location of the state or territorial High Courts. Union territories are marked with a dagger ().
Dharamshala (W / 2nd)
Dharamsala (Winter)
2017
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when does the start of the week start | Week - wikipedia
A week is a time unit equal to seven days. It is the standard time period used for cycles of rest days in most parts of the world, mostly alongside -- although not strictly part of -- the Gregorian calendar.
The days of the week were named after the classical planets (derived from the astrological system of planetary hours) in the Roman era. In English, the names are Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday.
ISO 8601 includes the ISO week date system, a numbering system for weeks within a given year -- each week begins on a Monday and is associated with the year that contains that week 's Thursday (so that if a year starts in a long weekend Friday -- Sunday, week number one of the year will start after that). ISO 8601 assigns numbers to the days of the week, running from 1 to 7 for Monday through to Sunday.
The term "week '' is sometimes expanded to refer to other time units comprising a few days, such as the nundinal cycle of the ancient Roman calendar or the "work week '' or "school week '' referring only to the days spent on those activities.
The English word week comes from the Old English wice, ultimately from a Common Germanic * wikōn -, from a root * wik - "turn, move, change ''. The Germanic word probably had a wider meaning prior to the adoption of the Roman calendar, perhaps "succession series '', as suggested by Gothic wikō translating taxis "order '' in Luke 1: 8.
The seven - day week is named in many languages by a word derived from "seven ''. The archaism sennight ("seven - night '') preserves the old Germanic practice of reckoning time by nights, as in the more common fortnight ("fourteen - night ''). Hebdomad and hebdomadal week both derive from the Greek hebdomás (ἑβδομάς, "a seven ''). The obsolete septimane is cognate with the Romance terms derived from Latin septimana ("a seven '').
Slavic has a formation * tъ (žь) dьnь (Serbo - Croatian тједан, Ukrainian тиждень, Czech týden, Polish tydzień), from * tъ "this '' + * dьnь "day '', in some cases alongside nedělja (OCS нєдѣлꙗ), a loan - translation of Latin feria and sedmitsa (седмица), as ἑβδομάς derived from "seven ''. Chinese has 星期, as it were "planetary time unit ''.
A week is defined as an interval of exactly seven days, so that technically, except at daylight saving time transitions or leap seconds,
With respect to the Gregorian calendar:
In a Gregorian mean year, there are 365.2425 days, and thus exactly 52 ⁄ or 52.1775 weeks (unlike the Julian year of 365.25 days or 52 ⁄ ≈ 52.1786 weeks, which can not be represented by a finite decimal expansion). There are exactly 20,871 weeks in 400 Gregorian years, so 18 April 1618 was a Wednesday just like 18 April 2018.
Relative to the path of the Moon, a week is 23.659 % of an average lunation, or 94.637 % of an average quarter lunation.
Historically, the system of Dominical letters (letters A to G identifying the weekday of the first day of a given year) has been used to facilitate calculation of the day of week. The day of the week can be easily calculated given a date 's Julian day number (JD, i.e. the integer value at noon UT): Adding one to the remainder after dividing the Julian day number by seven (JD modulo 7 + 1) yields that date 's ISO 8601 day of the week (for example, the Julian day number of 18 April 2018 is 2458227. Calculating (2458227 mod 7 + 1) yields 3, corresponding to Wednesday.).
The days of the week were originally named for the classical planets. This naming system persisted alongside an "ecclesiastical '' tradition of numbering the days, in ecclesiastical Latin beginning with dominica (the Day of the Lord) as the first day. The Greco - Roman gods associated with the classical planets were rendered in their interpretatio germanica at some point during the late Roman Empire, yielding the Germanic tradition of names based on indigenous deities.
The ordering of the weekday names is not the classical order of the planets (by distance in the planetary spheres model, or, equivalently, by their apparent speed of movement in the night sky). Instead, the planetary hours systems resulted in succeeding days being named for planets that are three places apart in their traditional listing. This characteristic was apparently discussed in Plutarch in a treatise written in c. AD 100, which is reported to have addressed the question of Why are the days named after the planets reckoned in a different order from the actual order? (the text of Plutarch 's treatise has been lost).
An ecclesiastical, non-astrological, system of numbering the days of the week was adopted in Late Antiquity. This model also seems to have influenced (presumably via Gothic) the designation of Wednesday as "mid-week '' in Old High German (mittawehha) and Old Church Slavonic (срѣда). Old Church Slavonic may have also modeled the name of Monday, понєдѣльникъ, after the Latin feria secunda. The ecclesiastical system became prevalent in Eastern Christianity, but in the Latin West it remains extant only in modern Icelandic, Galician and Portuguese.
A continuous seven - day cycle that runs throughout history paying no attention whatsoever to the phases of the moon was probably first practiced in Judaism, dated to the 6th century BC at the latest.
There are several hypotheses concerning the origin of the biblical seven - day cycle.
Friedrich Delitzsch and others suggested that the seven - day week being approximately a quarter of a lunation is the implicit astronomical origin of the seven - day week, and indeed the Babylonian calendar used intercalary days to synchronize the last week of a month with the new moon. According to this theory, the Jewish week was adopted from the Babylonians while removing the moon - dependency.
However, Niels - Erik Andreasen, Jeffrey H. Tigay and others claimed that the sabbath is mentioned as a day of rest in some of the earliest layers of the Pentateuch dated to the 9th century BC at the latest, centuries before Judea 's Babylonian exile. They also find the resemblance between the biblical Sabbath and the Babylonian system weak. Therefore they suggested that the seven - day week may reflect an independent Israelite tradition. Tigay writes:
It is clear that among neighboring nations that were in position to have an influence over Israel - and in fact which did influence it in various matters - there is no precise parallel to the Israelite Sabbatical week. This leads to the conclusion that the Sabbatical week, which is as unique to Israel as the Sabbath from which it flows, is an independent Israelite creation.
The seven - day week seems to have been adopted, at different stages, by the Persian Empire, in Hellenistic astrology, and (via Greek transmission) in Gupta India and Tang China.
The Babylonian system was received by the Greeks in the 4th century BC (notably via Eudoxus of Cnidus). However the designation of the seven days of the week to the seven planets is an innovation introduced in the time of Augustus. The astrological concept of planetary hours is rather an original innovation of Hellenistic astrology, probably first conceived in the 2nd century BC.
The seven day week was widely known throughout the Roman Empire by the 1st century AD, along with references to the Jewish Sabbath by Roman scholars such as Seneca and Ovid. The seven day cycle ultimately replaced the older Roman system of the nundinal cycle, probably during the 4th century.
The earliest evidence of an astrological significance of a seven - day period is connected to Gudea, priest - king of Lagash in Sumer during the Gutian dynasty, who built a seven - room temple, which he dedicated with a seven - day festival. In the flood story of the Assyro - Babylonian epic of Gilgamesh the storm lasts for seven days, the dove is sent out after seven days, and the Noah - like character of Utnapishtim leaves the ark seven days after it reaches firm ground.
It seems likely that the Hebrew seven - day week is based on the Babylonian tradition, although going through certain adaptations. George Aaron Barton speculated that the seven - day creation account of Genesis is connected to the Babylonian creation epic, Enûma Eliš, which is recorded on seven tablets.
Counting from the new moon, the Babylonians celebrated the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th as "holy - days '', also called "evil days '' (meaning "unsuitable '' for prohibited activities). On these days, officials were prohibited from various activities and common men were forbidden to "make a wish '', and at least the 28th was known as a "rest - day ''. On each of them, offerings were made to a different god and goddess.
In a frequently - quoted suggestion going back to the early 20th century the Hebrew Sabbath is compared to the Sumerian sa - bat "mid-rest '', a term for the full moon. The Sumerian term has been reconstructed as rendered Sapattu or Sabattu in Babylonian, possibly present in the lost fifth tablet of the Enûma Eliš, tentatively reconstructed "(Sa) bbath shalt thou then encounter, mid (month) ly ''.
The Zoroastrian calendar follows the Babylonian in relating the seventh and other days of the month to Ahura Mazda. The forerunner of all modern Zoroastrian calendars is the system used to determine dates in the Persian Empire, adopted from the Babylonian calendar by the 4th century BC.
Frank C. Senn in his book Christian Liturgy: Catholic and Evangelical points to data suggesting evidence of an early continuous use of a seven - day week; referring to the Jews during the Babylonian Captivity in the 6th century BC, after the destruction of the Temple of Solomon. While the seven - day week in Judaism is tied to Creation account in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible (where God creates the heavens and the earth in six days and rests on the seventh; Genesis 1: 1 -- 2: 3, in the Book of Exodus, the fourth of the Ten Commandments is to rest on the seventh day, Shabbat, which can be seen as implying a socially instituted seven - day week), it is not clear whether the Genesis narrative predates the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews in the 6th century BC. At least since the Second Temple period under Persian rule, Judaism relied on the seven - day cycle of recurring Sabbaths.
Tablets from the Achaemenid period indicate that the lunation of 29 or 30 days basically contained three seven - day weeks, and a final week of eight or nine days inclusive, breaking the continuous seven - day cycle. The Babylonians additionally celebrated the 19th as a special "evil day '', the "day of anger '', because it was roughly the 49th day of the (preceding) month, completing a "week of weeks '', also with sacrifices and prohibitions.
Difficulties with Friedrich Delitzsch 's origin theory connecting Hebrew Shabbat with the Babylonian lunar cycle include reconciling the differences between an unbroken week and a lunar week, and explaining the absence of texts naming the lunar week as Shabbat in any language.
In Jewish sources by the time of the Septuagint, the term "Sabbath '' (Greek Sabbaton) by synecdoche also came to refer to an entire seven - day week, the interval between two weekly Sabbaths. Jesus 's parable of the Pharisee and the Publican (Luke 18: 12) describes the Pharisee as fasting "twice in the week '' (Greek δὶς τοῦ σαββάτου dis tou sabbatou).
The ancient Romans traditionally used the eight - day nundinum but, after the Julian calendar had come into effect in 45 BC, the seven - day week came into increasing use. For a while, the week and the nundinal cycle coexisted, but by the time the week was officially adopted by Constantine in AD 321, the nundinal cycle had fallen out of use. The association of the days of the week with the Sun, the Moon and the five planets visible to the naked eye dates to the Roman era (2nd century).
The continuous seven - day cycle of the days of the week can be traced back to the reign of Augustus; the first identifiable date cited complete with day of the week is 6 February AD 60, identified as a "Sunday '' (as viii idus Februarius dies solis "eighth day before the ides of February, day of the Sun '') in a Pompeiian graffito. According to the currently - used Julian calendar, 6 February 60 was, however, a Wednesday. This is explained by the existence of two conventions of naming days of the weeks based on the planetary hours system: 6 February was a "Sunday '' based on the sunset naming convention, and a "Wednesday '' based on the sunrise naming convention.
The earliest known reference in Chinese writings to a seven - day week is attributed to Fan Ning, who lived in the late 4th century in the Jin Dynasty, while diffusions from the Manichaeans are documented with the writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yi Jing and the Ceylonese or Central Asian Buddhist monk Bu Kong of the 7th century (Tang Dynasty).
The Chinese variant of the planetary system was brought to Japan by the Japanese monk Kobo Daishi (9th century). Surviving diaries of the Japanese statesman Fujiwara Michinaga show the seven - day system in use in Heian Japan as early as 1007. In Japan, the seven - day system was kept in use for astrological purposes until its promotion to a full - fledged Western - style calendrical basis during the Meiji era.
The seven - day week was known in India by the 6th century, referenced in the Pañcasiddhāntikā. Shashi (2000) mentions the Garga Samhita, which he places in the 1st century BC or AD, as a possible earlier reference to a seven - day week in India. He concludes "the above references furnish a terminus ad quem (viz. 1st century) The terminus a quo can not be stated with certainty ''.
The seven - day weekly cycle has remained unbroken in Christendom, and hence in Western history, for almost two millennia, despite changes to the Coptic, Julian, and Gregorian calendars, demonstrated by the date of Easter Sunday having been traced back through numerous computistic tables to an Ethiopic copy of an early Alexandrian table beginning with the Easter of AD 311.
A tradition of divinations arranged for the days of the week on which certain feast days occur develops in the Early Medieval period. There are many later variants of this, including the German Bauern - Praktik and the versions of Erra Pater published in 16th to 17th century England, mocked in Samuel Butler 's Hudibras. South and East Slavic versions are known as koliadniki (from koliada, a loan of Latin calendae), with Bulgarian copies dating from the 13th century, and Serbian versions from the 14th century. Medieval Christian traditions associated with the lucky or unlucky nature of certain days of the week survived into the modern period. This concerns primarily Friday, associated with the crucifixion of Jesus. Sunday, sometimes personified as Saint Anastasia, was itself an object of worship in Russia, a practice denounced in a sermon extant in copies going back to the 14th century.
Sunday, in the ecclesiastical numbering system also counted as the feria prima or the first day of the week; yet, at the same time, figures as the "eighth day '', and has occasionally been so called in Christian liturgy.
Justin Martyr wrote: "the first day after the Sabbath, remaining the first of all the days, is called, however, the eighth, according to the number of all the days of the cycle, and (yet) remains the first ''.
A period of eight days, starting and ending on a Sunday, is called an octave, particularly in Roman Catholic liturgy. In German, the phrase in acht Tagen (literally "in eight days '') means one week from today.
Weeks in a Gregorian calendar year can be numbered for each year. This style of numbering is commonly used (for example, by schools and businesses) in some European and Asian countries, but rare elsewhere.
ISO 8601 includes the ISO week date system, a numbering system for weeks -- each week begins on a Monday and is associated with the year that contains that week 's Thursday (so that if a year starts in a long weekend Friday -- Sunday, week number one of the year will start after that). For example, week 1 of 2004 (2004W01) ran from Monday, 29 December 2003 to Sunday, 4 January 2004, because its Thursday was 1 January 2004, whereas week 1 of 2005 (2005W01) ran from Monday, 3 January 2005 to Sunday, 9 January 2005, because its Thursday was 6 January 2005 and so the first Thursday of 2005. The highest week number in a year is either 52 or 53 (it was 53 in the year 2004). Schematically, this ISO convention translates as follows:
In some countries, though, the numbering system is different from the ISO standard. At least six numberings are in use:
The semiconductor package date code is often a 4 digit date code YYWW where the first two digits YY are the last 2 digits of the calendar year and the last two digits WW are the two - digit week number.
The tire date code mandated by the US DOT is a 4 digit date code WWYY with two digits of the week number WW followed by the last two digits of the calendar year YY.
The term "week '' is sometimes expanded to refer to other time units comprising a few days. Such "weeks '' of between four and ten days have been used historically in various places. Intervals longer than 10 days are not usually termed "weeks '' as they are closer in length to the fortnight or the month than to the seven - day week.
Calendars unrelated to the Chaldean, Hellenistic, Christian or Jewish traditions often have time cycles between the day and the month of varying lengths, sometimes also called "weeks ''.
An eight - day week was used in Ancient Rome and possibly in the pre-Christian Celtic calendar. Traces of a nine - day week are found in Baltic languages and in Welsh. The ancient Chinese calendar had a ten - day week, as did the ancient Egyptian calendar (and, incidentally, the French Republican Calendar, dividing its 30 - day months into thirds).
A six - day week is found in the Akan Calendar. Several cultures used a five - day week, including the 10th century Icelandic calendar, the Javanese calendar, and the traditional cycle of market days in Korea. The Igbo have a "market week '' of four days. Evidence of a "three - day week '' has been derived from the names of the days of the week in Guipuscoan Basque.
The Aztecs and Mayas used the Mesoamerican calendars. The most important of these calendars divided a ritual cycle of 260 days (known as Tonalpohualli in Nahuatl and Tzolk'in in Yucatec Maya) into 20 weeks of 13 days (known in Spanish as trecenas). They also divided the solar year into 18 periods of 20 days and five nameless days, creating a 20 - day month divided into four five - day weeks. The end of each five - day week was a market day.
The Balinese Pawukon is a 210 - day calendar consisting of 10 different simultaneously running weeks of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 days, of which the weeks of 4, 8 and 9 days are interrupted to fit into the 210 - day cycle.
A 10 - day week, called décade, was used in France for nine and a half years from October 1793 to April 1802; furthermore, the Paris Commune adopted the Revolutionary Calendar for 18 days in 1871.
The Bahá'í calendar features a 19 - day period which some classify as a month and others classify as a week.
The International Fixed Calendar (also known as the "Eastman plan '') fixed every date always on the same weekday. This plan kept a 7 - day week while defining a year of 13 months with 28 days each. It was the official calendar of the Eastman Kodak Company for decades.
Between 1929 and 1931, the USSR changed from the seven - day week to a five - day week. There were 72 weeks and an additional five national holidays inserted within three of them, totaling a year of 365 days. In 1931, after its brief experiment with a five - day week, the Soviet Union changed to a six - day week. Every sixth day (6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th) of the Gregorian Calendar was a state rest day. The five additional national holidays in the earlier five - day week remained and did not fall on the state rest day. But, as January, March, May, July, August, October and December have 31 days, the week after the state rest day of the 30th was seven days long (31st -- 7th). This extra day was a working day for most or an extra holiday for others. Also as February is only 28 or 29 days depending on whether it is a leap year or not, the first of March was also made a state rest day, although not every enterprise conformed to this. To clarify, the week after the state rest day, 24 / 25 February to 1 March, was only five or six days long, depending on whether it was a leap year or not. The week after that, 2 to 6 March, was only five days long. The calendar was abandoned 26 June 1940 and the seven - day week reintroduced the next day.
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who are the characters based on in 8 mile | 8 Mile (film) - wikipedia
8 Mile is a 2002 American hip hop drama film written by Scott Silver, directed by Curtis Hanson, and starring Eminem, Mekhi Phifer, Brittany Murphy, Michael Shannon, and Kim Basinger.
The film is based loosely on Eminem 's actual upbringing, and follows white rapper B - Rabbit (Eminem) and his attempt to launch a career in a genre dominated by African - Americans. The title is derived from 8 Mile Road, the highway between the predominantly black city of Detroit and Wayne County and the predominantly White Oakland County and Macomb County suburbs. It was filmed mostly on location.
8 Mile was a critical and commercial success. Eminem won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Lose Yourself. ''
In 1995 in Detroit, Jimmy "B - Rabbit '' Smith Jr. is a blue - collar worker from a poor family. He has moved back north of 8 Mile Road to the run - down trailer home in Warren, Michigan of his alcoholic mother Stephanie, his little sister Lily, and Stephanie 's abusive live - in boyfriend Greg. Although encouraged by his friends, Jimmy worries about his potential as a rapper. He falters during a rap battle one night at a local venue, the Shelter, and he leaves the stage humiliated.
Jimmy works at a car factory. When he asks for extra shifts, his supervisor laughs and dismisses his request on account of his habitual lateness. Jimmy befriends a woman named Alex. Over time, Jimmy begins to take more responsibility for the direction of his life. When he exhibits an improved attitude and performance at work, his supervisor grants him the extra shifts he requested.
Stephanie receives a notice evicting her and the family as she can not pay rent. Despite Stephanie 's best attempts to keep the eviction notice a secret, Greg finds out about it. A fight ensues between him and Jimmy, and Greg leaves Stephanie for good. Jimmy 's friendship with Wink, a radio DJ with ties to a record label promoter, becomes strained after he discovers that Wink does promotional work for Jimmy 's rivals, a rap group known as the "Leaders of the Free World. '' At one point, Jimmy and his friends get into a violent brawl with the Leaders, which is disrupted when Jimmy 's friend Cheddar Bob pulls out a gun and accidentally shoots himself in the leg; he survives but is confined to crutches.
At work one day when on lunch break, Jimmy witnesses a rap battle in which an employee insults a gay co-worker, Paul. Jimmy joins the battle and defends Paul. Alex is impressed by Jimmy 's actions; they have sex in the factory. Wink arranges for Jimmy to meet with producers at a recording studio, but Jimmy finds Wink and Alex having sex. Enraged, Jimmy attacks Wink as Alex tries to break up their altercation. In retaliation, Wink and the Leaders of the Free World assault Jimmy outside his mother 's trailer. The leader of the gang, Papa Doc, holds Jimmy at gunpoint, threatening to kill him before being dissuaded by Wink.
Jimmy 's best friend and battle host, Future, pushes him to get revenge by competing against the Leaders of the Free World at the next rap battle. However, Jimmy 's late - night shift conflicts with the timing of the next battle tournament. A goodbye visit from Alex, who is moving to New York, changes his mind about competing, and Paul agrees to cover his shift at work as a favor while Jimmy goes to the battle.
In all rounds of the rap battle, Jimmy has to compete against one member of "the Leaders. '' After winning the first two rounds, he has to challenge Papa Doc. He wins by exposing his opponent 's weaknesses as well as his own. With nothing to say in rebuttal, Papa Doc hands the microphone back to Future, embarrassed. After being congratulated by Alex and his friends, Jimmy is offered a position by Future, hosting battles at The Shelter. Jimmy declines, saying he has to get back to work and to find success his own way.
Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture 8 Mile is the soundtrack to 8 Mile. Eminem features on five tracks from the album. It was released under the Shady / Interscope label and spawned Eminem 's first number 1 US single "Lose Yourself ''. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 Albums Chart that year with over 702,000 copies sold and 507,000 sold in the second week also finishing the year as the fifth best - selling album of 2002 with US sales of 3.2 million, despite only two months of release. It also reached # 1 on the UK Compilations Chart and the Australian ARIAnet Albums Chart. It also spawned a follow up soundtrack, More Music from 8 Mile, consisting of songs that appear in 8 Mile that were current singles during the film 's time setting of 1995. The album was also made in a clean edition removing most of the strong profanity and violent content.
8 Mile opened at # 1 with $51,240,555 in its opening weekend, the then second highest opening for an R - rated movie in the U.S. The film would go on to gross $116,750,901 domestically, and $126,124,177 overseas for a total of $242,875,078 worldwide. The film 's final domestic gross would hold the film at # 3 in Box Office Mojo 's "Pop Star Debuts '' list, behind Austin Powers in Goldmember (Beyoncé) and The Bodyguard (Whitney Houston).
The 8 Mile DVD, which was released on March 18, 2003, generated $75 million in sales and rentals in its first week, making it the biggest DVD debut ever for an R - rated movie and putting it in the all - time Top 10 for first week home video sales for a movie. A VHS version was also released on the same date.
8 Mile received positive reviews, with critics praising the music and Eminem 's performance. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports the film is "Certified Fresh '', with 76 % of 206 professional critics giving the film a positive review and a rating average of 7.0 out of 10. The site 's consensus is that "Even though the story is overly familiar, there 's enough here for an engaging ride. '' On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, the film has rating score of 77 based on 38 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews ''. CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave 8 Mile was B+ on an A+ to F scale, with the core under - 21 demographics giving it an A.
Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars. He said that we "are hardly started in 8 Mile, and already we see that this movie stands aside from routine debut films by pop stars '' and that it is "a faithful reflection of his myth ''. He said that Eminem, as an actor, is "convincing without being too electric '' and "survives the X-ray truth - telling of the movie camera '' In the At the Movies with Ebert and Roeper review, both Ebert and Richard Roeper gave the film a thumbs up; Roeper said that Eminem has a "winning screen presence '' and "raw magic '' to him. He was happy with Rabbit 's "tender side '' presented through his relationship with the "adorable '' Greenfield as his sister, but felt that Basinger was "really miscast ''. Roeper said: "8 Mile probably wo n't win converts to rap, but it should thrill Eminem fans. ''
Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars. He said that 8 Mile "is a real movie, not a fast - buck package to exploit the fan base of a rap nonentity '' that "qualifies as a cinematic event by tapping into the roots of Eminem and the fury and feeling that inform his rap. '' He praised Hanson 's directing and the performances, and compared the final battle with Papa Doc to the fight between Rocky Balboa and Apollo Creed in Rocky.
8 Mile has been named in various year - end and all - time top lists:
In 2003, Eminem won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 75th Academy Awards, for his single "Lose Yourself '' from the soundtrack of 8 Mile. Thus he became the first hip hop artist ever to win an Academy Award. He was not present at the ceremony, but musician Luis Resto accepted the award. The film has been nominated for 32 awards, winning 11.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
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what is the longest mountain range on earth | List of longest mountain chains on Earth - wikipedia
The world 's longest above - water mountain range is the Andes, about 7,000 km (4,300 mi) long. The range stretches from north to south through seven countries in South America, along the west coast of the continent: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Aconcagua is the highest peak, at about 6,962 m (22,841 ft).
This list does not include submarine mountain ranges. If submarine mountains are included, the longest is the global mid-ocean ridge system which extends for about 65,000 km (40,000 mi).
Mountain chains are typically formed by the process of plate tectonics. Tectonic plates slide very slowly over the Earth 's mantle, a lower place of rock that is heated from the Earth 's interior. Several huge sections of the earth 's crust are impelled by heat currents in the mantle, producing tremendous forces that can buckle the material at the edges of the plates to form mountains. Usually one plate is forced underneath the other, and the lower plate is slowly absorbed by the mantle. Where the two plates pass one another, heated rock from the mantle can burst through the crust to form volcanoes. The movement of the plates against one another can also cause earthquakes.
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