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where was the battle of gonzales located in texas | Battle of Gonzales - wikipedia
The Battle of Gonzales was the first military engagement of the Texas Revolution. It was fought near Gonzales, Texas, on October 2, 1835, between rebellious Texian settlers and a detachment of Mexican army soldiers.
In 1831, Mexican authorities gave the settlers of Gonzales a small cannon to help protect them from frequent Comanche raids. Over the next four years, the political situation in Mexico deteriorated, and in 1835 several states revolted. As the unrest spread, Colonel Domingo de Ugartechea, the commander of all Mexican troops in Texas, felt it unwise to leave the residents of Gonzales with a weapon and requested the return of the cannon.
When the initial request was refused, Ugartechea sent 100 dragoons to retrieve the cannon. The soldiers neared Gonzales on September 29, but the colonists used a variety of excuses to keep them from the town, while secretly sending messengers to request assistance from nearby communities. Within two days, up to 140 Texians gathered in Gonzales, all determined not to give up the cannon. On October 1, settlers voted to initiate a fight. Mexican soldiers opened fire as Texians approached their camp in the early hours of October 2. After several hours of desultory firing, the Mexican soldiers withdrew.
Although the skirmish had little military significance, it marked a clear break between the colonists and the Mexican government and is considered to have been the start of the Texas Revolution. News of the skirmish spread throughout the United States, where it was often referred to as the "Lexington of Texas ''. The cannon 's fate is disputed. It may have been buried and rediscovered in 1936, or it may have been seized by Mexican troops after the Battle of the Alamo.
The Mexican Constitution of 1824 liberalized the country 's immigration policies, allowing foreigners to settle in border regions such as Mexican Texas. In 1825, American Green DeWitt received permission to settle 400 families in Texas near the confluence of the San Marcos and Guadalupe Rivers. The DeWitt Colony quickly became a favorite raiding target of local Karankawa, Tonkawa, and Comanche tribes, and in July 1826 they destroyed the capital city, Gonzales. The town was rebuilt the following year, after DeWitt negotiated peace treaties with the Karankawa and Tonkawa. The Comanche continued to stage periodic raids of the settlement over the next few years. Unable to spare military troops to protect the town, in 1831 the region 's political chief instead sent the settlers of Gonzales a six - pounder cannon, described by historian Timothy Todish as "a small bored gun, good for little more than starting horse races ''.
During the 1830s, the Mexican government wavered between federalist and centralist policies. As the pendulum swung sharply towards centralism in 1835, several Mexican states revolted. In June, a small group of settlers in Texas used the political unrest as an excuse to rebel against customs duties, in an incident known as the Anahuac Disturbances. The federal government responded by sending more troops to Texas. Public opinion was sharply divided. Some communities supported the rebellion for a variety of reasons. Others, including Gonzales, declared their loyalty to Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna 's centralist government. Local leaders began calling for a Consultation to determine whether a majority of settlers favored independence, a return to federalism, or the status quo. Although some leaders worried that Mexican officials would see this type of gathering as a step toward revolution, by the end of August most communities had agreed to send delegates to the Consultation, scheduled for October 15. In the interim, many communities formed militias to protect themselves from a potential attack by military forces.
On September 10, a Mexican soldier bludgeoned a Gonzales resident, which led to widespread outrage and public protests. Mexican authorities felt it unwise to leave the settlers with a weapon. Colonel Domingo de Ugartechea, commander of all Mexican troops in Texas, sent a corporal and five enlisted men to retrieve the cannon that had been given to the colonists. Many of the settlers believed Mexican authorities were manufacturing an excuse to attack the town and eliminate the militia. In a town meeting, three citizens voted to hand over the gun to forestall an attack; the remainder, including alcalde Andrew Ponton, voted to stand their ground. According to historian Stephen Hardin, "the cannon became a point of honor and an unlikely rallying symbol. Gonzales citizens had no intention of handing over the weapon at a time of growing tension. '' The soldiers were escorted from town without the cannon.
Ponton anticipated that Ugartechea would send more troops to force the handover of the cannon. As soon as the first group of soldiers left Gonzales, Ponton sent a messenger to the closest town, Mina, to request help. Word quickly spread that up to 300 soldiers were expected to march on Gonzales. Stephen F. Austin, one of the most respected men in Texas and the de facto leader of the settlers, sent messengers to inform surrounding communities of the situation. Austin cautioned Texians to remain on the defensive, as any unprovoked attacks against Mexican forces could limit the support Texians might receive from the United States if war officially began.
On September 27, 1835, a detachment of 100 dragoons, led by Francisco de Castañeda, left San Antonio de Béxar, carrying an official order for Ponton to surrender the cannon. Castañeda had been instructed to avoid using force if possible. When the troops neared Gonzales on September 29, they found that the settlers had removed the ferry and all other boats from the Guadalupe River. On the other side of the swiftly moving river waited eighteen Texians. Albert Martin, captain of the Gonzales militia, informed the soldiers that Ponton was out of town, and until his return the army must remain on the west side of the river.
With no easy way to cross the river, Castañeda and his men made camp at the highest ground in the area, about 300 yards (300 meters) from the river. Three Texians hurried to bury the cannon, while others traveled to nearby communities to ask for assistance. By the end of the day, more than 80 men had arrived from Fayette and Columbus. Texian militias generally elected their own leaders, and the men now gathered in Gonzales invoked their right to choose their own captain rather than report to Martin. John Henry Moore of Fayette was elected leader, with Joseph Washington Elliot Wallace and Edward Burleson, both of Columbus, respectively elected second and third in command.
On September 30, Castañeda reiterated his request for the cannon and was again rebuffed. Texians insisted on discussing the matter directly with Ugartechea. According to their spokesman, until this was possible "the only answer I can therefore give you is that I can not now (and) will not deliver to you the cannon ''. Castañeda reported to Ugartechea that the Texians were stalling, likely to give reinforcements time to gather.
In San Antonio de Béxar, Ugartechea asked Dr. Launcelot Smither, a Gonzales resident in town on personal business, to help Castañeda convince the settlers to follow orders. When Smither arrived on October 1, he met with militia captain Mathew Caldwell to explain that the soldiers meant no harm if the settlers would peacefully relinquish the cannon. Caldwell instructed Smither to bring Castañeda to the town the following morning to discuss the matter. At roughly the same time, Moore called a war council, which quickly voted to initiate a fight. It is unclear whether the war council was aware that Caldwell had promised Castañeda safe passage to Gonzales the next morning.
Texians dug up the cannon and mounted it on cart wheels. In the absence of cannonballs, they gathered metal scraps to fill the cannon. James C. Neill, who had served in an artillery company during the War of 1812, was given command of the cannon. He gathered several men, including Almaron Dickinson, also a former US Army field artilleryman, together to form the first artillery company of Texians. A local Methodist minister, W.P. Smith, blessed their activities in a sermon which made frequent reference to the American Revolution.
As the Texians made plans for an attack, Castañeda learned from a Coushatta Indian that about 140 men were gathered in Gonzales, with more expected. The Mexican soldiers began searching for a safe place to cross the river. At nightfall on October 1 they stopped to make camp, 7 miles (11 km) upriver from their previous spot.
Texians began crossing the river at about 7 pm. Less than half of the men were mounted, slowing their progress as they tracked the Mexican soldiers. A thick fog rolled in around midnight, further delaying them. At around 3 am, Texians reached the new Mexican camp. A dog barked at their approach, alerting the Mexican soldiers, who began to fire. The noise caused one of the Texian horses to panic and throw his rider, who suffered a bloody nose. Moore and his men hid in the thick trees until dawn. As they waited, some of the Texians raided a nearby field and snacked on watermelon.
With the darkness and fog, Mexican soldiers could not estimate how many men had surrounded them. They withdrew 300 yards (meters) to a nearby bluff. At about 6 am, Texians emerged from the trees and began firing at the Mexican soldiers. Lieutenant Gregorio Pérez counterattacked with 40 mounted soldiers. The Texians fell back to the trees and fired a volley, injuring a Mexican private. According to some accounts, the cannon fell out of the wagon upon the shot. Unable to safely maneuver among the trees, the Mexican horsemen returned to the bluff.
As the fog lifted, Castañeda sent Smither to request a meeting between the two commanders. Smither was promptly arrested by the Texians, who were suspicious of his presence among the Mexican soldiers. Nevertheless, Moore agreed to meet Castañeda. Moore explained that his followers no longer recognized the centralist government of Santa Anna and instead remained faithful to the Constitution of 1824, which Santa Anna had repudiated. Castañeda revealed that he shared their federalist leanings, but that he was honor - bound to follow orders.
As Moore returned to camp, the Texians raised a homemade white banner with an image of the cannon painted in black in the center, over the words "Come and Take It ''. The makeshift flag evoked the American Revolutionary - era slogan "Do n't Tread on Me ''. Texians then fired their cannon at the Mexican camp. Realizing that he was outnumbered and outgunned, Castañeda led his troops back to San Antonio de Béxar. The troops were gone before the Texians finished reloading. In his report to Ugartechea, Castañeda wrote "since the orders from your Lordship were for me to withdraw without compromising the honor of Mexican arms, I did so ''.
Two Mexican soldiers were killed in the attack. The only Texian casualty was the bloody nose suffered by the man bucked off his horse. Although the event was, as characterized by Davis, "an inconsequential skirmish in which one side did not try to fight '', Texians soon declared it a victory over Mexican troops. Despite its minimal military impact, Hardin asserts that the skirmish 's "political significance was immeasurable ''. A large number of Texians had taken an armed stand against the Mexican army, and they had no intention of returning to their neutral stance towards Santa Anna 's government. Two days after the battle, Austin wrote to the San Felipe de Austin Committee of Public Safety, "War is declared -- public opinion has proclaimed it against a Military despotism -- The campaign has commenced ''. News of the skirmish, originally called "the fight at Williams ' place '', spread throughout the United States, encouraging many adventurers to come to Texas and assist in the fight against Mexico. Newspapers referred to the conflict as the "Lexington of Texas ''; as the Battles of Lexington and Concord began the American Revolution, the Gonzales skirmish launched the Texas Revolution.
Before fighting had officially erupted, Santa Anna had realized that stronger measures were needed to ensure calm in Texas. He ordered his brother - in - law, General Martín Perfecto de Cos to bring approximately 500 soldiers to Texas. Cos and his men arrived in Goliad on October 2. Three days later, after learning of the events at Gonzales, the soldiers left for San Antonio de Béxar.
Gonzales became a rallying point for Texians opposed to Santa Anna 's policies. On October 11, they unanimously elected Austin their commander, despite his lack of military training. The following day, Austin led the men on a march towards San Antonio de Béxar to lay siege to Cos 's troops. By the end of the year, the Texians had driven all Mexican troops from Texas.
The cannon 's fate is disputed. According to the memoirs (written in the 1890s) of Gonzales blacksmith Noah Smithwick, the cannon was abandoned after the cart 's axles began to smoke during a march to San Antonio de Béxar to assist in Austin 's siege. Smithwick reported that the cannon was buried near a creek not far from Gonzales. A small iron cannon was exposed during a June 1936 flood near Gonzales. In 1979, this cannon was purchased by Dr. Patrick Wagner, who believed it matched Smithwick 's descriptions of the cannon used in the battle. The Curator of Military History at the Smithsonian Institution verified that Wagner 's cannon was a type of small swivel gun used in America through 1836. The Conservation Laboratory at the University of Texas confirmed that Wagner 's cannon had been buried in moist ground for an extended time period.
Writing in the Handbook of Texas, historian Thomas Ricks Lindley maintains that the Wagner cannon does not match the Smithwick account. The Wagner gun is made of iron and is smaller than a six - pounder. Historians such as Lindley think it more likely that the Gonzales cannon was taken to San Antonio de Béxar, where it was used during the Battle of the Alamo and captured by Mexican troops in March 1836. It was likely melted down with many of the other cannons when the Mexican army retreated.
The battle is re-enacted during the Come and Take It celebration in Gonzales every October. In and around Gonzales are nine Texas historical markers which commemorate various locations used in the prelude to the battle.
Coordinates: 29 ° 30 ′ 32 '' N 97 ° 26 ′ 52 '' W / 29.5089 ° N 97.4478 ° W / 29.5089; - 97.4478
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what does it mean to have a seat on the new york stock exchange | New York Stock Exchange - Wikipedia
nyse.com
The New York Stock Exchange (abbreviated as NYSE, and nicknamed "The Big Board ''), is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the world 's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US $21.3 trillion as of June 2017. The average daily trading value was approximately US $ 169 billion in 2013. The NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007. The main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978.
The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists (NYSE: ICE). Previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext (NYX), which was formed by the NYSE 's 2007 merger with Euronext.
The NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation.
The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement. Previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. On May 17, 1792 twenty four brokers signed the Buttonwood Agreement which set a floor commission rate charged to clients and bound the signers to give preference to the other signers in securities sales. The earliest securities traded were mostly governmental securities such as War Bonds from the Revolutionary War and First Bank of the United States stock, although Bank of New York stock was a non-governmental security traded in the early days. The Bank of North America along with the First Bank of the United States and the Bank of New York were the first shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange.
In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms and reorganized. After sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance. After re-forming as the New York Stock and Exchange Board the broker organization began renting out space exclusively for securities trading, which previously had been taking place at the Tontine Coffee House. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted.
The invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New York 's market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Open Board of Stock Brokers was established in 1864 as a competitor to the NYSE. With 354 members, the Open Board of Stock Brokers rivaled the NYSE in membership (which had 533) "because it used a more modern, continuous trading system superior to the NYSE 's twice - daily call sessions. '' The Open Board of Stock Brokers merged with the NYSE in 1869. Robert Wright of Bloomberg writes that the merger increased the NYSE 's members as well as trading volume, as "several dozen regional exchanges were also competing with the NYSE for customers. Buyers, sellers and dealers all wanted to complete transactions as quickly and cheaply as technologically possible and that meant finding the markets with the most trading, or the greatest liquidity in today 's parlance. Minimizing competition was essential to keep a large number of orders flowing, and the merger helped the NYSE to maintain its reputation for providing superior liquidity. '' The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York. By 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the nineteenth century saw rapid growth in securities trading.
Securities trade in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics and crashes. Government regulation of securities trading was eventually seen as necessary, with arguably the most dramatic changes occurring in the 1930s after a major stock market crash precipitated an economic depression.
The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the seventh floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006.
The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, as was the 11 Wall Street building.
The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21, 2005, in a deal intended to reorganize the NYSE as a publicly traded company. NYSE 's governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6, 2005, and became a for - profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8, 2006. A little over one year later, on April 4, 2007, the NYSE Group completed its merger with Euronext, the European combined stock market, thus forming NYSE Euronext, the first transatlantic stock exchange.
Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. "It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, and financial industry firms '' (Robert, 2002). The principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance.
Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE and the CEO was Duncan Niederauer. Presently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher. In 2016, NYSE owner Intercontinental Exchange Inc. earned $419 million in listings - related revenues.
The exchange was closed shortly after the beginning of World War I (July 31, 1914), but it partially re-opened on November 28 of that year in order to help the war effort by trading bonds, and completely reopened for stock trading in mid-December.
On September 16, 1920, a bomb exploded on Wall Street outside the NYSE building, killing 33 people and injuring more than 400. The perpetrators were never found. The NYSE building and some buildings nearby, such as the JP Morgan building, still have marks on their façades caused by the bombing.
The Black Thursday crash of the Exchange on October 24, 1929, and the sell - off panic which started on Black Tuesday, October 29, are often blamed for precipitating the Great Depression. In an effort to try to restore investor confidence, the Exchange unveiled a fifteen - point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public on October 31, 1938.
On October 1, 1934, the exchange was registered as a national securities exchange with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, with a president and a thirty - three - member board. On February 18, 1971, the non-profit corporation was formed, and the number of board members was reduced to twenty - five.
One of Abbie Hoffman 's well - known publicity stunts took place in 1967, when he led members of the Yippie movement to the Exchange 's gallery. The provocateurs hurled fistfuls of dollars toward the trading floor below. Some traders booed, and some laughed and waved. Three months later the stock exchange enclosed the gallery with bulletproof glass. Hoffman wrote a decade later, "We did n't call the press; at that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event. ''
On October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) dropped 508 points, a 22.6 % loss in a single day, the second - biggest one - day drop the exchange had experienced. Black Monday was followed by Terrible Tuesday, a day in which the Exchange 's systems did not perform well and some people had difficulty completing their trades.
Subsequently, there was another major drop for the Dow on October 13, 1989 -- the Mini-Crash of 1989. The crash was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of a $6.75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation, the parent company of United Airlines, which broke down. When the UAL deal fell through, it helped trigger the collapse of the junk bond market causing the Dow to fall 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent.
Similarly, there was a panic in the financial world during the year of 1997; the Asian Financial Crisis. Like the fall of many foreign markets, the Dow suffered a 7.18 % drop in value (554.26 points) on October 27, 1997, in what later became known as the 1997 Mini-Crash but from which the DJIA recovered quickly. This was the first time that the "circuit breaker '' rule had operated.
On January 26, 2000, an altercation during filming of the music video for "Sleep Now in the Fire, '' which was directed by Michael Moore, caused the doors of the exchange to be closed and the band Rage Against the Machine to be escorted from the site by security after band members attempted to gain entry into the exchange.
In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the NYSE was closed for 4 trading sessions, resuming on Monday, September 17, one of the rare times the NYSE was closed for more than one session and only the third time since March 1933. On the first day, the NYSE suffered a 7.1 % drop in value (684 points), after a week, it dropped by 14 % (1370 points). An estimated of $1.4 trillion was lost within five days of trading. The NY Stock Exchange is only 5 blocks from Ground Zero.
On May 6, 2010, the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted its largest intraday percentage drop since the October 19, 1987, crash, with a 998 - point loss later being called the 2010 Flash Crash (as the drop occurred in minutes before rebounding). The SEC and CFTC published a report on the event, although it did not come to a conclusion as to the cause. The regulators found no evidence that the fall was caused by erroneous ("fat finger '') orders.
On October 29, 2012, the stock exchange was shut down for 2 days due to Hurricane Sandy. The last time the stock exchange was closed due to weather for a full two days was on March 12 and 13 in 1888.
On May 1, 2014, the stock exchange was fined $4.5 million by the Securities and Exchange Commission to settle charges it violated market rules.
On August 14, 2014, Berkshire Hathaway 's A Class shares, the highest priced shares on the NYSE, hit $200,000 a share for the first time.
On July 8, 2015, technical issues affected the stock exchange, halting trading at 11: 32 am ET. The NYSE reassured stock traders that the outage was "not a result of a cyber breach, '' and the Department of Homeland Security confirmed that there was "no sign of malicious activity. '' Trading eventually resumed at 3: 10 pm ET the same day.
On May 25, 2018, Stacey Cunningham, the NYSE 's chief operating officer, will become the Big Board 's 67th president, succeeding Thomas Farley. She will be the First Female Leader in 226 - Year History.
The New York Stock Exchange is closed on New Years Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Washington 's Birthday, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas. When those holidays occur on a weekend, the holiday is observed on the closest weekday. In addition, the Stock Exchange closes early on the day before Independence Day, the day after Thanksgiving, and the day before Christmas.
The New York Stock Exchange (sometimes referred to as "the Big Board '') provides a means for buyers and sellers to trade shares of stock in companies registered for public trading. The NYSE is open for trading Monday through Friday from 9: 30 am -- 4: 00 pm ET, with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.
The NYSE trades in a continuous auction format, where traders can execute stock transactions on behalf of investors. They will gather around the appropriate post where a specialist broker, who is employed by a NYSE member firm (that is, he / she is not an employee of the New York Stock Exchange), acts as an auctioneer in an open outcry auction market environment to bring buyers and sellers together and to manage the actual auction. They do on occasion (approximately 10 % of the time) facilitate the trades by committing their own capital and as a matter of course disseminate information to the crowd that helps to bring buyers and sellers together. The auction process moved toward automation in 1995 through the use of wireless hand held computers (HHC). The system enabled traders to receive and execute orders electronically via wireless transmission. On September 25, 1995, NYSE member Michael Einersen, who designed and developed this system, executed 1000 shares of IBM through this HHC ending a 203 - year process of paper transactions and ushering in an era of automated trading.
As of January 24, 2007, all NYSE stocks can be traded via its electronic hybrid market (except for a small group of very high - priced stocks). Customers can now send orders for immediate electronic execution, or route orders to the floor for trade in the auction market. In the first three months of 2007, in excess of 82 % of all order volume was delivered to the floor electronically. NYSE works with US regulators like the SEC and CFTC to coordinate risk management measures in the electronic trading environment through the implementation of mechanisms like circuit breakers and liquidity replenishment points.
Until 2005, the right to directly trade shares on the exchange was conferred upon owners of the 1366 "seats. '' The term comes from the fact that up until the 1870s NYSE members sat in chairs to trade. In 1868, the number of seats was fixed at 533, and this number was increased several times over the years. In 1953, the number of seats was set at 1,366. These seats were a sought - after commodity as they conferred the ability to directly trade stock on the NYSE, and seat holders were commonly referred to as members of the NYSE. The Barnes family is the only known lineage to have five generations of NYSE members: Winthrop H. Barnes (admitted 1894), Richard W.P. Barnes (admitted 1926), Richard S. Barnes (admitted 1951), Robert H. Barnes (admitted 1972), Derek J. Barnes (admitted 2003). Seat prices varied widely over the years, generally falling during recessions and rising during economic expansions. The most expensive inflation - adjusted seat was sold in 1929 for $625,000, which, today, would be over six million dollars. In recent times, seats have sold for as high as $4 million in the late 1990s and as low as $1 million in 2001. In 2005, seat prices shot up to $3.25 million as the exchange entered into an agreement to merge with Archipelago and became a for - profit, publicly traded company. Seat owners received $500,000 in cash per seat and 77,000 shares of the newly formed corporation. The NYSE now sells one - year licenses to trade directly on the exchange. Licenses for floor trading are available for $40,000 and a license for bond trading is available for as little as $1,000 as of 2010. Neither are resell - able, but may be transferable during a change of ownership of a corporation holding a trading license.
Following the Black Monday market crash in 1987, NYSE imposed trading curbs to reduce market volatility and massive panic sell - offs. Following the 2011 rule change, at the start of each trading day, the NYSE sets three circuit breaker levels at levels of 7 % (Level 1), 13 % (Level 2), and 20 % (Level 3) of the average closing price of the S&P 500 for the preceding trading day. Level 1 and Level 2 declines result in a 15 - minute trading halt unless they occur after 3: 25 pm, when no trading halts apply. A Level 3 decline results in trading being suspended for the remainder of the day. (The biggest one - day decline in the S&P 500 since 1987 was the 9.0 % drop on October 15, 2008.)
In the mid-1960s, the NYSE Composite Index (NYSE: NYA) was created, with a base value of 50 points equal to the 1965 yearly close. This was done to reflect the value of all stocks trading at the exchange instead of just the 30 stocks included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. To raise the profile of the composite index, in 2003 the NYSE set its new base value of 5,000 points equal to the 2002 yearly close. Its close at the end of 2013 was 10,400.32.
In October 2008 NYSE Euronext completed acquisition of the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) for $260 million in stock.
On February 15, 2011, NYSE and Deutsche Börse announced their merger to form a new company, as yet unnamed, wherein Deutsche Börse shareholders will have 60 % ownership of the new entity, and NYSE Euronext shareholders will have 40 %.
On February 1, 2012, the European Commission blocked the merger of NYSE with Deutsche Börse, after commissioner Joaquin Almunia stated that the merger "would have led to a near - monopoly in European financial derivatives worldwide. '' Instead, Deutsche Börse and NYSE will have to sell either their Eurex derivatives or LIFFE shares in order to not create a monopoly. On February 2, 2012, NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Börse agreed to scrap the merger.
In April 2011, Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), an American futures exchange, and NASDAQ OMX Group had together made an unsolicited proposal to buy NYSE Euronext for approximately US $ 11,000,000,000, a deal in which NASDAQ would have taken control of the stock exchanges. NYSE Euronext rejected this offer twice, but it was finally terminated after the United States Department of Justice indicated their intention to block the deal due to antitrust concerns.
In December 2012, ICE had proposed to buy NYSE Euronext in a stock swap with a valuation of $8 billion. NYSE Euronext shareholders would receive either $33.12 in cash, or $11.27 in cash and approximately a sixth of a share of ICE. The chairman and CEO of ICE, Jeffrey Sprecher, will retain those positions, but four members of the NYSE board of directors will be added to the ICE board.
The NYSE 's opening and closing bells mark the beginning and the end of each trading day. The ' opening bell ' is rung at 9: 30 am ET to mark the start of the day 's trading session. At 4 pm ET the ' closing bell ' is rung and trading for the day stops. There are bells located in each of the four main sections of the NYSE that all ring at the same time once a button is pressed. There are three buttons that control the bells, located on the control panel behind the podium which overlooks the trading floor. The main bell, which is rung at the beginning and end of the trading day, is controlled by a green button. The second button, colored orange, activates a single - stroke bell that is used to signal a moment of silence. A third, red button controls a backup bell which is used in case the main bell fails to ring.
The signal to start and stop trading was not always a bell. The original signal was a gavel (which is still in use today along with the bell), but during the late 1800s, the NYSE decided to switch the gavel for a gong to signal the day 's beginning and end. After the NYSE changed to its present location at 18 Broad Street in 1903, the gong was switched to the bell format that is currently being used.
A common sight today is the highly publicized events in which a celebrity or executive from a corporation stands behind the NYSE podium and pushes the button that signals the bells to ring. Many consider the act of ringing the bells to be quite an honor and a symbol of a lifetime of achievement. Furthermore, due to the amount of coverage that the opening / closing bells receive, many companies coordinate new product launches and other marketing - related events to start on the same day as when the company 's representatives ring the bell. This daily tradition was n't always this highly publicized either. In fact, it was only in 1995 that the NYSE began having special guests ring the bells on a regular basis. Prior to that, ringing the bells was usually the responsibility of the exchange 's floor managers.
Many of the people who ring the bell are business executives whose companies trade on the exchange. However, there have also been many famous people from outside the world of business that have rung the bell. Athletes such as Joe DiMaggio of the New York Yankees and Olympic swimming champion Michael Phelps, entertainers such as rapper Snoop Dogg, singer and actress Liza Minnelli and members of the band Kiss, and politicians such as Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani and President of South Africa Nelson Mandela have all had the honor of ringing the bell. Two United Nations Secretaries General have also rung the bell. On April 27, 2006, Secretary - General Kofi Annan rang the opening bell to launch the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment. On July 24, 2013, Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon rang the closing bell to celebrate the NYSE joining the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative.
In addition there have been many bell - ringers who are famous for heroic deeds, such as members of the New York police and fire departments following the events of 9 / 11, members of the United States Armed Forces serving overseas, and participants in various charitable organizations.
There have also been several fictional characters that have rung the bell, including Mickey Mouse, the Pink Panther, Mr. Potato Head, the Aflac Duck, and Darth Vader.
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municipal mayor of sta. cruz davao del sur | Santa Cruz, Davao del Sur - wikipedia
Santa Cruz (/ ˈsæntə ˈkruːz /, Spanish: Holy Cross) is a 1st class municipality in the province of Davao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 90,987 people.
The Municipality of Santa Cruz is part of Metropolitan Davao.
Sta. Cruz situates in the Northern part of Davao del Sur. Bounded by Davao City on the north and south by the city of Digos. After undergoing several political subdivisions, 27,960 hectares of land was left representing 6.7 % of the total land area of Davao del Sur. Forest land comprises 60 % and the rest includes the 8 coastal barangays in the area.
The land area of Sta. Cruz per Board of Technical Survey and Maps is 27,960 hectares. However, based on the Field Appraisal and Assessment Sheets (FAAS) and Tax Maps of the Municipal Assessor 's Office the total land area of the municipality is 28,759.7855 or about 7.31 % of the province 's area (393,401 hectares). This excludes the Kapatagan contested area. Among the 18 barangays, Sibulan has the biggest land area of 6,390.6581 hectares or 22.22 % of the total land area. Poblacion Zone III has the smallest area of 105.3148, only 0.37 % of the total.
Sta. Cruz is traversed by mountain ranges and high relief that include part of the famed Mount Apo, the highest mountain peak in the Philippines, straddle the south, central, north and north - western portions of the municipality. The rugged topography of the central area gradually undulates toward the coastal plains of the north - eastern, eastern and south - eastern parts. Here, settlements sprawl contiguously along the coast of Davao Gulf under the vast monotony of coconut plantations. On the western frontier, a plateau stretches toward Barangay Kapatagan of Digos City. The municipal elevation ranges from 10 to 2,939 metres (33 to 9,642 ft) above sea level (m.a.s. 1.).
Santa Cruz is politically subdivided into 18 barangays. Of the 18 barangays, 7 are uplands, 9 are upland - lowland and coastal and 2 are lowland - coastal.
Sta. Cruz has a favorable climate all year round characterized by wet and dry seasons. It is outside the typhoon belt. Generally the months of November to April are dry periods. Wet season occurs from May to October. This type of climate is observable in the plain and coastal areas. In the mountainous barangays, the fourth type of climate is consistently experienced. Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Most often in these areas heavy downpour occurs every afternoon while in the morning the sun shines.
Sta. Cruz is the oldest municipality in the province; it was founded on 5 October 1884, thirty - six years after the foundation of Davao, which is its mother city, by Don Jose Uyanguren of Guipúzcoa, Spain. It all started when Spanish pioneers and missionaries attempted to settle and Christianize the area in what is now Barangay Poblacion as early as 1880. But because of the relentless Islamic faith of the local people in the area, the enraged pioneers and missionaries planted a cross under a shelter to mark the failure of the missionaries to convert these people to Christianity; the town 's name now bears the name of the cross planted by those Spaniards. Fortunately, for the next 4 years, the local people will submit themselves to Christianity and had themselves conquered by Angel Rodriguez, the Spanish Governor - General of Davao. But, like Don Uyanguren 's attempt to develop the newly established Davao, the area around the young town did not prosper until after almost 20 years since then.
The Americans arrived in Davao in the early 1900s after the Spanish defeat in the Spanish -- American War. Fourteen years later, the town began to grow economically, although overshadowed by the booming economic growth of its neighbour Davao. Several Japanese entrepreneurs like Kyusaburo Otta and Yoshizo Furukawa are living in the region to exploit more agricultural territories, the former in Davao and the latter in what is now the barangays Darong and Inauayan.
On 16 March 1936, its mother town, Davao, became one of the first two cities in Mindanao, the other being Zamboanga, due to the town 's faster economic growth and agricultural boom.
On 1942, it was the beginning of Japanese invasion of the Philippines. The town suffered greatly during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, unlike its neighbor Davao, which fared well and continued its economic growth during that time. The local recognized guerrillas and the military troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army units continued to attack the Imperial Japanese forces. On 1945, combined Filipino and American troops including recognized guerrillas fought the Japanese and liberated the town. The general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and Philippine Constabulary was active from 1945 to 1946 and was located in the town. After the war, most of the inhabitants of Sta. Cruz moved in Davao to search for economic opportunities; despite this, the town continued its population and economic growth, though at a slower rate.
Almost three years after the Philippine Independence in 4 July 1946, two towns broke off from the municipality, namely: Padada, on 15 July 1949; and Digos on 19 July in the same year. In 1960 's, a new municipality, Roxas, was carved out from the town, covering the present - day barangays of Inauayan, Darong, Astorga, Coronon, and Sibulan; however, the Supreme Court of the Philippines nullified the creation of the municipality since this meant the collapse of the jurisdiction of once the most Christianized town in Mindanao.
One of the municipalities which broke off from the town, Digos, became the capital town of the newly created Davao del Sur province in 1967; thirty - three years later it would become a city and will be the most populous in the entire province, excluding Davao City.
In 5 October 2013, during the town 's 129th anniversary of its existence, its local government leaders and populace have envisioned for a new aspiration for the town to become a city, given the presence of large industrial companies like the San Miguel Corporation, Coco Davao Inc., Franklin Baker Co., GSL Food Industries in the town. The municipal mayor Joel Ray Lopez commented, "As the oldest town in the province of Davao del Sur, we really wanted it to become a city soon. '' Its infrastructure have been moderately improved, and most of its cityhood requirements, specifically its income and total land area requirements, have been already met. When the municipality of Sta. Cruz finally becomes a city, full industrialization in the area may be expected.
The languages spoken here in the municipality are Davaoeño, Tagalog, Mansakan, and English.
Agriculture: Among agricultural crops, coconut leads in production followed by banana and sugarcane. Other major crops are corn, coffee and vegetables. The municipality also produces high value fruits like mango, lanzones and durian. Cattle leads in livestock production.
Fisheries: The 24 - kilometer long coastline of Sta. Cruz which forms part of the Davao Gulf provides a rich fishing grounds and is suitable for aquaculture.
Mining: Deposits of sulfur ore, rock phosphate, guano, limestone and cement raw materials were also traced but still have to be tapped for commercial and industrial uses.
Forestry: Tropical evergreen and other timber cover the vast timberland and forest area. Rattan, bamboo and other vines are also in abundance.
Major industries: Banana, Coconut, and Seaweed cultivation.
A famous competitive tourism destination in Southern Mindanao where eco-cultural and adventure tourism are properly managed and environmental protection is sustained through the partnership of the private sector and the government.
Other scenic spots include the Passig Islet Agro Eco Park and Tudaya Falls.
Santa Cruz is accessible by land transportation vehicles plying the Davao - Digos City, Davao - Kidapawan City, Davao - Cotabato City, Davao - Koronadal City and Davao - Tacurong City routes passing through the town 's single, 27 kilometres (17 mi) stretch of national highway that traverses its 11 barangays. From Davao City, the administrative center of Region XI, it is 38 kilometres (24 mi) away within a 45 - minute ride, while it is 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) or about 15 - minute ride from provincial capital city of Digos.
Air and water transport is accessible in the area through the international air and sea ports located in Davao City. Traveling overland is catered to by the Sta. Cruz Overland Transport Terminal. Concrete - paved national highway runs along Sta. Cruz connecting the cities of Davao and General Santos and adjacent provinces like South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao and Cotabato Province. Jeepneys and buses are used widely for major routes plying across the town. Mostly tricycles operate in the poblacion (town center) and in neighboring barangays. Bikes are used for leisure and sporting events.
Ronald dela Rosa -- Director General of the Philippine National Police was born and raised in Santa Cruz, Davao del Sur.
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what do you use a pitching wedge for | Pitching wedge - wikipedia
A pitching wedge is a wedge used to hit a shot with higher and shorter trajectory than a 9 - iron and a lower and longer trajectory than a gap wedge.
Though technically a wedge, pitching wedges are generally treated as if they were numbered irons. This is for a number of reasons: first, before the term "wedge '' became common for high - loft short irons, the pitching wedge was actually numbered as the "10 - iron '' of a matched set, and to this day it follows the normal loft progression of the numbered irons. Also, even though it has been named a wedge, many matched iron sets for retail sale include the pitching wedge even when not including other wedges. Finally, the loft of modern irons has been reduced compared to older designs. This is both to compensate for cavity - back iron designs that launch the ball higher for a given loft, and to increase the distance carried by each club for the average golfer 's clubhead speed. (Professionals now also use similar designs, preserving the gap in hitting distance between the amateur golfer and the pro.) As a result the loft of the pitching wedge decreased along with the numbered irons from a traditional loft of between 48 -- 54 ° to between 45 -- 50 °, similar to that of an older 8 - iron. Many pitching wedges have a loft close to 50 °.
The pitching wedge is a very versatile club. Being on the cusp between numbered irons and wedges, the pitching wedge has generally accepted uses falling into either class. Used with a "full swing '' similar to a short iron, a golfer can produce a high - trajectory shot that carries between 80 -- 130 yards (73 -- 119 m) (depending on a variety of factors such as swing and club design), then "bites '' with little or no roll after initial impact. Used with an abbreviated "chipping '' motion, the club can produce short (25 -- 45 yd (23 -- 41 m)) "lob '' or "approach '' shots. And with a "putting '' motion, the club can lift the ball over rough or fringe onto the putting green from a short distance to the pin (10 -- 25 yd (9.1 -- 22.9 m)). This last kind of stroke is commonly called a "bump and run '' and can be done with many other irons, generally with a loft equal or higher than a 7 - iron.
These clubs are most commonly used with a full swing to produce high - altitude shots such as approaches to the green or lifting the ball over trees. They are also commonly used to "lay up '' in front of a hazard or to create a better lie for the next shot, and for recovery from firmer rough or sometimes from sand when the ball is lying on top of the surface. The loft of a particular pitching wedge follows the progression of the numbered irons of the same set, and these sets can have subtle differences in the loft progression and starting loft of the set, so the loft of pitching wedges can vary widely between sets. The loft of a pitching wedge generally falls between 42 and 49 degrees, but the launch angle and the average carry distance of the club between sets are typically similar. Pitching wedges can also have between zero and 10 degrees of bounce, though most pitching wedges have very low bounce (only 2 or 3 degrees) as other wedges like gap wedges or sand wedges are more traditionally suited for play out of hazards or soft lies where high bounce is desired.
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we choose to go to the moon in this decade | We choose to go to the Moon - Wikipedia
"We choose to go to the Moon '' is the famous tagline of a speech about the effort to reach the Moon delivered by President John F. Kennedy to a large crowd gathered at Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas on September 12, 1962. The speech was intended to persuade the American people to support the Apollo program, the national effort to land a man on the Moon.
In his speech, Kennedy characterized space as a new frontier, invoking the pioneer spirit that dominated American folklore. He infused the speech with a sense of urgency and destiny, and emphasized the freedom enjoyed by Americans to choose their destiny rather than have it chosen for them. Although he called for competition with the Soviet Union, he also proposed making the Moon landing a joint project.
The speech resonated widely and is still remembered, although at the time there was disquiet about the cost and value of the Moon - landing effort. Kennedy 's goal was realized in July 1969 with the successful Apollo 11 mission, but the space program thereafter lost vision and direction.
When John F. Kennedy became President of the United States in January 1961, many Americans perceived that the United States was losing the Space Race with the Soviet Union, which had successfully launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, almost four years earlier. The perception increased when, on April 12, 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space before the U.S. could launch its first Project Mercury astronaut. American prestige was further damaged by the Bay of Pigs fiasco five days later.
Convinced of the political need for an achievement which would decisively demonstrate America 's space superiority, Kennedy asked his Vice President, Lyndon B. Johnson, in his role as chairman of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, to identify such an achievement. He specifically asked him to investigate whether the United States could beat the Soviet Union in putting a laboratory in space, or orbiting a man around the Moon, or landing a man on the Moon, and to find out what such a project would cost. Johnson consulted with officials of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Its new Administrator, James E. Webb, told him that there was no chance of beating the Russians to launching a space station, and it was uncertain as to whether NASA could orbit a man around the Moon first, so the best option would be to attempt to land a man on the Moon. This would also be the most expensive option; Webb believed it would require $22 billion to achieve it by 1970. Johnson also consulted with Wernher von Braun; military leaders, including Lieutenant General Bernard Schriever; and three captains of industry: Frank Stanton from CBS, Donald C. Cook from American Electric Power, and George R. Brown from Brown & Root.
Kennedy stood before Congress on May 25, 1961, and proposed that the US "should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. '' Not everyone was impressed; a Gallup Poll indicated that 58 percent of Americans were opposed.
Kennedy 's goal gave a specific mission to NASA 's Apollo program. This required the expansion of NASA 's Space Task Group into a Manned Spacecraft Center. Houston, Texas was chosen as the site, and the Humble Oil and Refining Company donated the land during 1961, with Rice University as an intermediary. Kennedy took a two - day visit to Houston in September 1962 to view the new facility. He was escorted by astronauts Scott Carpenter and John Glenn, and shown models of the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft; he also viewed the Mercury spacecraft, in which Glenn had made America 's first orbital flight. He took advantage of the opportunity to deliver a speech to drum up support for the nation 's space effort. It was written by Ted Sorensen, who wrote the majority of Kennedy 's speeches.
On September 12, 1962, a warm and sunny day, President Kennedy delivered his speech before a crowd of 40,000 people in the Rice University football stadium, many of them school children. The middle portion of the speech has been widely quoted, and reads as follows:
We set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained, and new rights to be won, and they must be won and used for the progress of all people. For space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own. Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man, and only if the United States occupies a position of pre-eminence can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war. I do not say that we should or will go unprotected against the hostile misuse of space any more than we go unprotected against the hostile use of land or sea, but I do say that space can be explored and mastered without feeding the fires of war, without repeating the mistakes that man has made in extending his writ around this globe of ours.
There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again. But why, some say, the Moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask, why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? Why does Rice play Texas?
We choose to go to the Moon! We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard; because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win, and the others, too.
The joke referring to the Rice -- Texas football rivalry was handwritten by Kennedy into the speech text, and is the part of the speech remembered by sports fans. Since then, Rice has beaten Texas in 1965 and 1994. Later in the speech Kennedy also made a joke about the heat. The jokes elicited cheers and laughter from the audience. While these side comments may have diminished the rhetorical power of the speech, and do not resonate outside Texas, they stand as a reminder of the part Texas played in the space race.
Kennedy 's speech used three strategies: "a characterization of space as a beckoning frontier; an articulation of time that locates the endeavor within a historical moment of urgency and plausibility; and a final, cumulative strategy that invites audience members to live up to their pioneering heritage by going to the Moon. ''
When addressing the crowd at Rice University, he equated the desire to explore space with the pioneering spirit that had dominated American folklore since the nation 's foundation. This allowed Kennedy to reference back to his inaugural address, when he declared to the world "Together let us explore the stars ''. When he met with Nikita Khrushchev, the Premier of the Soviet Union in June 1961, Kennedy proposed making the Moon landing a joint project, but Khrushchev did not take up the offer.
Kennedy verbally condensed human history to fifty years, in which "only last week did we develop penicillin and television and nuclear power, and now if America 's new spacecraft succeeds in reaching Venus, we will have literally reached the stars before midnight tonight. '' With this extended metaphor, Kennedy sought to imbue a sense of urgency and change in his audience. Most prominently, the phrase "We choose to go to the Moon '' in the Rice speech was repeated three times consecutively, followed by an explanation that climaxes in his declaration that the challenge of space is "one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win. ''
Considering the line before rhetorically asked the audience why they choose to compete in tasks that challenge them, Kennedy highlighted here the nature of the decision to go to space as being a choice, an option that the American people have elected to pursue. Rather than claim it as essential, he emphasized the benefits such an endeavor could provide -- uniting the nation and the competitive aspect of it. As Kennedy told Congress earlier, "whatever mankind must undertake, free men must fully share. '' These words emphasized the freedom enjoyed by Americans to choose their destiny rather than have it chosen for them. Combined with Kennedy 's overall usage of rhetorical devices in the Rice University speech, they were particularly apt as a declaration that began the American space race.
Kennedy was able to describe a romantic notion of space in the Rice University speech with which all citizens of the United States, and even the world could participate, vastly increasing the number of citizens interested in space exploration. He began by talking about space as the new frontier for all of mankind, instilling the dream within the audience. He then condensed human history to show that within a very brief period of time space travel will be possible, informing the audience that their dream is achievable. Lastly, he uses the first - personal plural "we '' to represent all the people of the world that would allegedly explore space together, but also involves the crowd.
Paul Burka, the executive editor of Texas Monthly magazine, a Rice alumnus who was present in the crowd that day, recalled 50 years later that the speech "speaks to the way Americans viewed the future in those days. It is a great speech, one that encapsulates all of recorded history and seeks to set it in the history of our own time. Unlike today 's politicians, Kennedy spoke to our best impulses as a nation, not our worst. '' Ron Sass and Robert Curl were among the many members of the Rice University faculty present. Curl was amazed by the cost of the space exploration program. They recalled that the ambitious goal did not seem so remarkable at the time, and that Kennedy 's speech was not regarded as so different from one delivered by President Dwight D. Eisenhower at Rice 's Autry Court in 1960; but that speech has long since been forgotten, while Kennedy 's is still remembered.
The speech did not stem a rising tide of disquiet about the Moon landing effort. There were many other things that the money could be spent on. Eisenhower declared, "To spend $40 billion to reach the Moon is just nuts. '' Senator Barry Goldwater argued that the civilian space program was pushing the more important military one aside. Senator William Proxmire feared that scientists would be diverted away from military research into space exploration. A budget cut was only narrowly averted. Kennedy gave a speech to the United Nations General Assembly on September 20, 1963, in which he again proposed a joint expedition to the Moon. Khrushchev remained cautious about participating, and responded with a statement in October 1963 in which he declared that the Soviet Union had no plans to send cosmonauts to the Moon. However, his military advisors persuaded him that the offer was a good one, as it would enable the Soviet Union to acquire American technology. Kennedy ordered reviews of the Apollo project in April, August and October 1963. The final report was received on November 29, 1963, a week after Kennedy 's assassination.
The idea of a joint Moon mission was abandoned after Kennedy 's death, but the Apollo Project became a memorial to him. His goal was fulfilled in July 1969, with the successful Apollo 11 Moon landing. This accomplishment remains an enduring legacy of Kennedy 's speech, but his deadline demanded a necessarily narrow focus, and there was no indication of what should be done next once it was achieved. Apollo did not usher in an era of lunar exploration, and no further missions were sent to the Moon after Apollo 17 in 1972. Subsequent planned Apollo missions were cancelled. The Space Shuttle and International Space Station projects never captured the public imagination the way the Apollo Project did, and NASA would struggle to realize its visions with inadequate resources. Ambitious visions of space exploration were proclaimed by Presidents George H.W. Bush in 1989 and George W. Bush in 2004, but the future of the American space program remained uncertain.
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what is the full form of p r i | Primary Rate Interface - wikipedia
The Primary Rate Interface (PRI) is a telecommunications interface standard used on an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) for carrying multiple DS0 voice and data transmissions between the network and a user.
PRI is the standard for providing telecommunication services to enterprises and offices. It is based on T - carrier (T1) transmission in the US, Canada, and Japan, while the E-carrier (E1) is common in Europe and Australia. The T1 line consists of 23 bearer (B) channels and one data (D) channel for control purposes, for a total bandwidth of 24x64 - kbit / s or 1.544 Mbit / s. The E1 carrier provides 30B - and two D - channels for a bandwidth of 2.048 Mbit / s. The first timeslot on the E1 is used for synchronization purposes and is not considered to be a B - or D - channel. The D - channel typically uses timeslot 16 on an E1, while it is timeslot 24 for a T1. Fewer active bearer channels, sometimes called user channels, may be used in fractional T1 or E1 services.
The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) prescribes two levels of service:
Each B - channel carries data, voice, and other services. The D - channel carries control and signaling information. Larger connections are possible using PRI pairing. A dual T1 - PRI could have 24 + 23 = 47 B - channels and 1 D - channel (often called "47B + D ''), but more commonly has 46 B - channels and 2 D - channels thus providing a backup signaling channel. The concept applies to E1s as well and both can include more than 2 PRIs. When configuring multiple T1 's as ISDN - PRI 's, it 's possible to use NFAS (non-facility associated signalling) to enable one or two D - channels to support additional B - channels on separate T1 circuits.
The Primary Rate Interface channels are typically used by medium to large enterprises with digital private branch exchange (PBX) telephone systems to provide digital access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The B - channels may be used flexibly and reassigned when necessary to meet special needs such as video conferences.
PRI channels and direct inward dialing are also common as a means of delivering inbound calls to voice over IP gateways from the PSTN.
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who won the women's french open 2017 | 2017 French Open -- Women 's singles - wikipedia
Garbiñe Muguruza was the defending champion, but lost to Kristina Mladenovic in the fourth round. Muguruza 's defeat -- along with those of Svetlana Kuznetsova, Venus Williams and Samantha Stosur in the same round -- ensured that for the first time in a Grand Slam tournament since the 1979 Australian Open, none of the quarterfinalists were former Grand Slam champions.
Jeļena Ostapenko won the title, defeating Simona Halep in the final, 4 -- 6, 6 -- 4, 6 -- 3. This was Ostapenko 's first WTA Tour - level singles title. She became the first Latvian player of either sex to win a Grand Slam singles tournament, the youngest woman to win the French Open since 1997, and the first woman since Barbara Jordan at the aforementioned 1979 Australian Open to win a Grand Slam event as her first tour - level singles title. Ostapenko was the first unseeded woman to win the French Open since 1933, as well as the lowest - ranked (47) since computer rankings began in 1975.
As a result of Halep 's loss in the final, Angelique Kerber retained the WTA no. 1 singles ranking even though she lost in the first round. Kerber 's loss marked the first time the top women 's seed had lost her first round match at the French Open in the Open era, and the first time this had happened at any Grand Slam tournament since the 2001 Wimbledon Championships.
This was the first Grand Slam tournament to feature neither Serena Williams nor Maria Sharapova since the 2002 Australian Open.
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.
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what is a role of the pacemaker or sinoatrial node (san) | Sinoatrial node - wikipedia
The sinoatrial node (SA node), also known as sinus node, is a group of cells located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart. These cells have the ability to spontaneously produce an electrical impulse (action potential; see below for more details), that travels through the heart via the electrical conduction system (see figure 1) causing it to contract. In a healthy heart, the SA node continuously produces action potential, setting the rhythm of the heart and so is known as the heart 's natural pacemaker. The rate of action potential production (and therefore the heart rate) is influenced by nerves that supply it.
The sinoatrial node is a banana - shaped structure that varies in size, usually between 10 - 30 millimeters (mm) long, 5 -- 7 mm wide, and 1 -- 2 mm deep.
The SA node is located in the wall (myocardium) of the right atrium, laterally to the entrance of the superior vena cava in a region called the sinus venarum (hence sino - + atrial). It is positioned roughly between a groove called the crista terminalis located on the internal surface of the heart and the corresponding sulcus terminalis, on the external surface. These grooves run between the entrance of the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava
The cells of the SA node are spread out within a mesh of connective tissue, containing nerves, blood vessels, collagen and fat. Immediately surrounding the SA node cells, are paranodal cells. These cells have structures intermediate between that of the SA node cells and the rest of the atrium. The connective tissue, along with the paranodal cells insulate the SA node from the rest of the atrium, preventing the electrical activity of the atrial cells from affecting the SA node cells. The SA node cells are smaller and paler than the surrounding atrial cells, with the average cell being around 8 micrometers in diameter and 20 - 30 micrometers in length (1 micrometer = 0.000001 meter). Unlike the atrial cells, SA node cells contain fewer mitochondria (the power plant of the cell), have fewer myofibers (contractile machinery of the cell) and a smaller sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium store unit, that releases calcium for contraction). This means that the SA node cells are less equipped to contract, compared to the atrial and ventricular cells.
Action potentials pass from one cardiac cell, to the next through pores known as gap junctions. These gap junctions are made of proteins called connexins. There are fewer gap junctions within the SA node and they are smaller in size. This is again important in insulating the SA node from the surrounding atrial cells.
The sinoatrial node receives its blood supply from the sinoatrial nodal artery. This blood supply, however, can differ hugely between individuals. For example, in most humans, this is a single artery, although in some cases there have been either 2 or 3 sinoatrial node arteries supplying the SA node. Also, the SA node artery, mainly originates as a branch of the right coronary artery, however in some individuals, it has arisen from the circumflex artery, which is a branch of the left coronary artery. Finally, the SA node artery commonly passes behind the superior vena cava, before reaching the SA node, however in some instances it passes in front. Despite these many differences, there does n't appear to be any advantage how many sinoatrial nodal arteries an individual has, or where they originate from
There are no large veins that drain blood away from the SA node. Instead smaller venules, drain the blood directly into the right atrium.
The main role of a sinoatrial node cell is to initiate action potentials, so that it can pass throughout the heart and cause contraction. An action potential is a change in voltage (membrane potential) across the membrane of the cell, produced by the movement of charged atoms (ions). Non-pacemaker cells (including the ventricular and atrial cells) have a period, immediately after an action potential, where the membrane potential remains relatively constant; this is known as a resting membrane potential. This resting phase (see cardiac action potential, phase 4) ends when another action potential reaches the cell. This produces a positive change in membrane potential (known as depolarisation), which initiates the start of the next action potential. Pacemaker cells, however, do n't have this resting phase. Instead, immediately after one action potential, the membrane potential of these cells begins to depolarise again automatically, this is known as the pacemaker potential. Once the pacemaker potential reaches a set value, known as the threshold value, it then produces an action potential. Other cells within the heart (including the purkinje fibers and atrioventricular node; AVN) can also initiate action potentials; however, they do so at a slower rate and therefore, if the SA node is working, it usually beats the AVN to it.
Outlined below are the 3 phases of a sinoatrial node action potential. In the ventricular action potential, there are 5 phases (labelled 0 - 4), however pacemaker action potentials do n't have an obvious phase 1 or 2.
Phase 4
This phase is also known as the pacemaker potential. Immediately following an action potential, when the membrane potential is very negative (it is hyperpolarised) the voltage slowly begins to increase. This is initially due to the closing of potassium channels, which reduces the flow of potassium ions (I) out of the cell (see phase 3, below). Alongside the deactivation of the potassium channels, channels known as hyperpolarisation - activated cyclic nucleotide -- gated (HCN) channels, are activated. Activation of these channels at very negative membrane potential is an unusual property for ion channels, therefore the flow of sodium (Na) and some potassium (K) through the activated HCN channel is referred to as a funny current (I). This funny current causes the membrane potential of the cell to gradually increase, as the positive charge (Na and K) is flowing into the cell. Another mechanism involved in pacemaker potential is known as the calcium clock. Here, calcium is released spontaneously from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (a calcium store) into the cell, this is known as a spontaneous Ca spark. This in - crease in calcium within the cell then activates a sodium - calcium exchanger (NCX), which removes one Ca from the cell, and exchanges it for 3 Na into the cell (therefore removing a charge of + 2 from the cell, but allowing a charge of + 3 to enter the cell) therefore in - creasing the membrane potential. The calcium is later pumped back into the cell via calcium channels located on the cell membrane and SR membrane. The increase in membrane potential produced by these mechanisms, activates T - type calcium channels and then L - type calcium channels (which open very slowly). These channels allow a flow of calcium ions (Ca) into the cell, making the membrane potential more positive.
Phase 0
This is the depolarisation phase. When the membrane potential reaches a threshold value (around - 20 to - 50 mV), it begins to rapidly depolarise (become more positive). This is mainly due to the flow of Ca through the L - type calcium channels, which are now fully open. During this stage the T - type calcium channels and HCN channels deactivate.
Phase 3
This phase is the repolarisation phase. This occurs due to the inactivation of the L - type calcium channels (preventing the movement of Ca into the cell), and the activation of potassium channels, which allows the flow of K out of the cell, making the membrane potential more negative.
Heart rate depends on the rate at which the sinoatrial node produces action potentials. At rest, heart rate is between 60 and 100 beats per minute. This is a result of the activity of two sets of nerves, one acting to slow down action potential production (these are parasympathetic nerves) and the other acting to speed up action potential production (sympathetic nerves).
The sympathetic nerves begin in the thoracic region of the spinal cord (in particular T1 - T4). These nerves release a neurotransmitter called noradrenaline (NA). This binds to a receptor on the SA node membrane, called a beta - 1adrenoceptor. Binding of NA to this receptor activates a G - protein (in particular a G - Protein, S for stimulatory) which initiates a series of reactions (known as the cAMP pathway) that results in the production of a molecule called cyclic adenosinemonophosphate (cAMP). This cAMP binds to the HCN channel (see above). Binding of cAMP to the HCN, increases the flow of Na and K into the cell, speeding up the pacemaker potential, so producing action potentials at a quicker rate, and increaing heart rate. An increase in heart rate is known as positive chronotropy.
The parasympathetic nerves supplying the SA node (in particular the Vagus nerves) originate in the brain. These nerves release a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ACh). ACh binds to a receptor called an M2 muscarinic receptor, located on the SA node membrane. Activation of this M2 receptor, then activates a protein called a G - protein (in particular G protein, i for inhibitory). Activation of this G - protein, blocks the cAMP pathway, reducing its effects, therefore inhibiting sympathetic activity and slowing action potential production. As well as this, the G - protein also activates a potassium channel, which allows K to flow out of the cell, making the membrane potential more negative and slowing the pacemaker potential, therefore decreasing the rate of action potential production and therefore decreasing heart rate. A decrease in heart rate is known as negative chronotropy.
The first cell to produce the action potential in the SA node is n't always the same, this is known as pacemaker shift. In certain species of animals, for example, in dogs, a superior shift (i.e. the cell that produces the fastest action potential in the SA node is higher than previously) usually produced an increased heart rate whereas an inferior shift (i.e. the cell producing the fastest action potential within the SA node is further down than previously) produced a decreased heart rate.
Sinus node dysfunction describes an irregular heartbeat caused by faulty electrical signals of the heart. When the heart 's sinoatrial node is defective, the heart 's rhythms become abnormal -- typically too slow or exhibiting pauses in its function or a combination, and very rarely faster than normal.
Blockage of the arterial blood supply to the SA node (most commonly due to a myocardial infarction or progressive coronary artery disease) can therefore cause ischaemia and cell death in the SA node. This can disrupt the electrical pacemaker function of the SA node, and can result in sick sinus syndrome.
If the SA node does not function, or the impulse generated in the SA node is blocked before it travels down the electrical conduction system, a group of cells further down the heart will become its pacemaker.
The sinoatrial node was first discovered by a young medical student, Martin Flack, in the heart of a mole, whilst his mentor, Sir Arthur Keith, was on a bicycle ride with his wife. They made the discovery in a makeshift laboratory set up in a picturesque farmhouse in Kent, England, called Mann 's Place. Their discovery was published in 1907.
Heart; conduction system (SA node labeled 1)
Schematic representation of the atrioventricular bundle
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when was the last time guatemala went to the world cup | Guatemala national football team - wikipedia
The Guatemala national football team (Spanish: Selección de fútbol de Guatemala) is governed by the Federación Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala. Founded in 1919, it affiliated to FIFA in 1946, and it is a member of CONCACAF.
The team has made three Olympic tournament appearances, competing at the 1968, 1976, and 1988 Olympic Games. Guatemala have never qualified for a finals tournament of the World Cup, although they have reached the final round of qualification on four occasions.
Guatemala won the 1967 CONCACAF Championship and the 2001 UNCAF Nations Cup. The team 's best performance in a CONCACAF Gold Cup was in 1996, when they finished fourth. Felipe Juan Gaspar their top goal scorer, retired his career after the failure of his team to now win the gold cup. Guatemala has also earned a silver medal at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas, Venezuela. The national team kits are supplied by Umbro. Past kit suppliers include Atletica, Adidas and Puma.
The national team, nicknamed "la Azul y Blanco '' (the blue and white), made its debut in the Independence Centenary Games held in Guatemala City in September 1921, winning their first game 10 -- 1 against Honduras. In the final, Guatemala were defeated 6 -- 0 by Costa Rica. Guatemala entered a World Cup qualification process for the first time in 1958.
Guatemala created its first soccer team, made up of 22 players, on August 23, 1902. The team was split into two sides, blue and white. With time, clubs were made and eventually the Guatemalan National Team was created in 1921. Guatemala had its first game on September 14, 1921 against Honduras. The game was played in Guatemala City and Guatemala beat Honduras 10 to 1.
Guatemala had success in several editions of the CCCF Championship (Copa CCCF), precursor to the Concacaf Gold Cup (Copa Concacaf), by being the runner up in three championships, 1943, 1946, and 1948. In 1958, Guatemala began participating in the qualifying rounds of the World Cup. It was placed in the first group, along with the teams from Costa Rica and the Netherlands Antilles. It placed last and was unable to score a single point.
Guatemala 's performance in the qualifying rounds began to improve in the beginning of the 1960s. In 1962 it was able to tie against both Costa Rica (4 -- 4), while playing in Guatemala, and Honduras (1 -- 1), while playing in Tegucigalpa. However, after being placed in the second group, it once again finished last.
Guatemala did not participate in the qualifying round in 1966. Before the process of elimination began, the FIFA (International Federation of Association Football) refused Guatemala 's participation for administrative reasons.
The Guatemalan National Team joined Concacaf in 1961. In 1967 it again showed the progress it had made when it participated in the Concacaf Gold Cup. For the first time and only time in its history, it placed first in the tournament. It was also the runner up in both 1965 and 1969.
In 1967, Honduras hosted the CONCACAF Championship. Guatemala began the tournament with a 2 -- 1 win against Haiti, followed by a 1 -- 0 win over defending champions Mexico, a 0 -- 0 draw against Honduras, a 2 -- 0 win over Trinidad and Tobago, and a 2 -- 0 win over Nicaragua, being crowned CONCACAF champions for the first time. Forward Manuel "Escopeta '' Recinos was Guatemala 's top scorer with four goals, including the game - winning goal against Mexico.
Results
In 1967, Guatemala showed some major progress by qualifying for the 1968 Olympic Tournament in Mexico City. In the first round, they won 1 -- 0 against Czechoslovakia, and 4 -- 1 against Thailand, and lost to Bulgaria 2 -- 1. They went on the next round where they lost to eventual champions Hungary 1 -- 0.
Prior to the qualification process, many fans saw Carlos Ruiz as the main focus in providing goals for the national team along with his compatriot but elder Juan Carlos Plata. Many other stars such as Fredy, Garcia, Gonzalo Romero, Guillermo Ramirez and Martin Machon were expected to play huge roles as well. In 2006 World Cup qualifying, Guatemala started off well, advancing to the third round by beating Suriname 4 -- 2 in the second round. In the third round they finished second behind Costa Rica in Group B tying at 10 points each, advancing to the final round. In the fourth round they started off well with a 0 -- 0 draw against Panama and a 5 -- 1 win against Trinidad and Tobago. Then followed a 2 -- 0 loss against United States and Mexico and a 3 -- 2 loss against Costa Rica, and after 3 losses in a row they finally won against Panama 2 -- 1, then lost against Trinidad and Tobago 3 -- 2, tied against United States 0 -- 0 and then lost to Mexico 5 -- 2 once again. Guatemala had 8 points with one game left, and a win and a Trinidad and Tobago loss against Mexico would get them to the playoff. They won 3 -- 1 against Costa Rica but Trinidad and Tobago beat Mexico 2 -- 1, ending one of the best runs in Guatemala football history. They finished in 5th place, 2 points away from a possible World Cup spot. Juan Carlos Plata and Martin Machón had announced their retirement from International Football in 2006.
After a third - place finish in the Uncaf Nations Cup in 2007, having made the knockout stage in the Gold Cup of the same year, and a couple of satisfying friendly matches including a 3 -- 2 win against Mexico, many saw Hernan Dario Gomez as the next coach to lead Guatemala into the Hexagonal in the World Cup qualifying stage. However, after losing 5 -- 0 in early 2008 against a U-23 Argentine team, fans wanted Gomez out as coach and soon the Colombian would do so. In 2010 World Cup qualifying, expectations of being able to qualify for the tournament were set among the national team as Ramon Maradiaga had returned as coach after almost leading Guatemala to the World Cup 2006. They began well by having advanced to the third round by defeating Saint Lucia in a 9 -- 1 aggregate in the second round. In the third round, Guatemala began with a 1 -- 0 home loss to the United States, with controversies surrounding Panamanian referee Roberto Moreno, who was arbitrating the match, including not awarding a penalty in the first half in the favor of Guatemala after a handball from Steve Cherundolo as well as Gustavo Cabrera being sent off after colliding with Eddie Lewis in the second half. In their second match of round 3, Los Chapines were able to take home a draw in the closing minutes of the game against Trinidad and Tobago in Port of Spain after Carlos Gallardo deflected a free kick taken by Marco Pappa with his heels. On September 10, Guatemala welcomed Cuba at home for their third match. Cuba shocked the Guatemala fans by taking the lead after Roberto Linares scored in the 25th minute however by halftime, Carlos Ruiz relieved the team with an equalizer. In the second half Carlos Ruiz scored once more, Mario Rodriguez and youngster Jose Manuel Contreras also scored and finished the game 4 -- 1. With the win, they were able to collect 4 points, putting them in second place due to having a better goal difference that Trinidad and Tobago. The next two games were crucial in advancing to the next round. On October 11, many fans have gathered around the Estadio Mateo Flores to support the national team in their home game against Trinidad and Tobago, heavily expecting a win. Despite being reduced to 10 men, the Soca Warriors were able to hold Guatemala to 0 -- 0 stalemate, disgruntling the national team and fans. With hopes of getting a result in Havana four days later, Guatemala were unable to even get a point against Cuba, falling down 1 -- 0 by halftime after Jaime Colome scored a penalty. Marco Pappa volleyed in an equalizer in the 80th minute, replenishing the confidence for the team but Urgelles was able to bring Cuba back on top in the 90th minute, complicating the hopes of Guatemala in qualifying for the World Cup with one game to spare. Meanwhile, the Trinidadians defeated the United States 2 -- 1 at home, putting them in second place. Maradiaga was fired soon right after and Benjamin Monterroso, a less ambitious coach was appointed, focusing on the upcoming edition of the Copa Uncaf the following January. A 2 -- 0 away loss against the US confirmed the elimination of the national team, having finished in third place with 5 points, thus missing out on the final round. In the Uncaf nations cup, Monterroso wanted to introduce more younger players into the starting line up such as Minor Lopez, Ricardo Jerez and Wilson Lalin but everything backfired after losing both group stage matches against Costa Rica and Panama as well as losing astonishingly 2 -- 0 to an inferior Nicaragua team in the play off match for the final berth to attend the next Gold Cup; Minor Lopez was the lone goal scorer for Los Bicolores. As a result, the national team were inactive for the next two years and Benjamin Monterroso shamefully stepped down after two months in charge.
On May 2010, Uruguayan born Paraguayan Ever Hugo Almeida was appointed as the next coach for Guatemala. At the 2011 Copa Centroamericana, formerly known as the "UNCAF Nations Cup '', Guatemala finished in fifth place, losing to Costa Rica 2 -- 0 and Honduras 3 -- 1. In the fifth place match, they defeated Nicaragua 2 -- 1 to qualify to the 2011 Gold Cup.
At the 2011 Gold Cup, Guatemala drew against Honduras 0 -- 0 despite being reduced to nine men. In the next match, they suffer a loss against a physically superior Jamaica 2 -- 0 but managed to redeem themselves after having won against Grenada 4 -- 0 goals from Jose Javier Del Águila, Marco Pappa, Carlos Ruiz, and Carlos Gallardo. Placing among the best third place, they saw themselves advancing to the quarterfinals, where they lost against the reigning champions Mexico 2 -- 1 although a long ball from Elias Vasquez to Carlos Ruiz gave them the lead in the first half.
For the 2014 World Cup qualifiers, Guatemala opened the qualifying campaign in the second round by sweeping six wins in six games, advancing to the third round in the same group as USA, Jamaica and Antigua and Barbuda. Prior to the start of the third round, three of Guatemala 's key players Guillermo Ramirez, Gustavo Cabrera and Yony Flores were sent home during a practice session after teammates Carlos Ruiz and Luis Rodriguez heard of their involvement in money laundering and bribery in fixing multiple fixtures; they were subsequently banned for life in participating in any football competition abroad or domestic.
The team had a rough start in an away loss to Jamaica with Dwight Pezzarossi only managing to pull back one goal in stoppage time. In the next match, Guatemala tied at home after Clint Dempsey managed to get a goal for the US, and Marco Pappa 's free kick later in the game managed to bring Guatemala one point. For the third game in a row, also at home, the team fell behind against Antigua and Barbuda. In the second half with the Antiguan goalkeeper Molvin James sent off for wasting time, Carlos Ruiz was able to score a brace making the game 2 -- 1; an additional goal from Dwight Pezzarossi eventually ended the game 3 -- 1. Four days later, a lone goal from Carlos Ruiz sufficed for an away win against Antigua and Barbuda in North Sound.
In the next fixture, Guatemala beat Jamaica at home 2 -- 1. In their last game, a minimum of a draw would be enough to get Guatemala to the final stage of the qualifiers. After taking the lead 1 -- 0 in the first five minutes thanks to Carlos Ruiz, the USA team returned the favor by scoring 3 goals to crush their hopes. Guatemala finished ten points behind the USA and Jamaica, losing out on goal difference to the Jamaicans.
In January 2013, still led by Ever Almeida, Guatemala participated in the 2013 Copa Centroamericana. Consisted of mostly youngsters, Guatemala could only manage three draws in their group play (1 -- 1 against Nicaragua, 0 -- 0 to border rivals Belize and 1 -- 1 against Costa Rica), losing out to Belize for direct qualification to the Gold Cup. They faced Panama in the 5th place match for the final slot in the 2013 Gold Cup in the United States but lost 3 -- 1. Ever Almeida stepped down in favour of technical director Victor Hugo Monzón.
On Oct 28, 2016, the Guatemalan football federation was suspended indefinitely by FIFA, after the international football governing body had appointed an oversight committee to look into allegations of corruption. FIFA stated that the Guatemalan federation (FEDEFUT) had rejected the committee 's mandate to run FEDEFUT 's business, organize elections, and modernize its statutes, and would remain barred from international competition until FEDEFUT ratified an extension of the mandate.
The suspension was lifted on May 31, 2018 after FEDEFUT 's normalization committee became fully operational. However, as a consequence, the football team missed their chance on qualifing on the 2017 and 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup tournaments as well as the qualifying rounds for the 2019 -- 20 CONCACAF Nations League and the 2017 Copa Centroamericana, as they missed deadlines to have their suspension lifted.
The Estadio Nacional Mateo Flores, also known as Coloso de la Zona 5, is a multi-use national stadium in Guatemala City, the largest in Guatemala. It was built in 1948, to host the Central American and Caribbean Games in 1950, and was renamed after long - distance runner Mateo Flores, winner of the 1952 Boston Marathon. It has a capacity of 26,000 seats.
Used mostly for football matches, the stadium has hosted the majority of the home matches of the Guatemala national football team throughout its history.
Note: Football at the Summer Olympics has been an under - 23 tournament since the 1992 edition.
Win Draw Loss
The following 23 players were called up for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Trinidad and Tobago on 2 September and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines on 6 September 2016. Caps and goals updated as September 6, 2016 after the game against Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
The following players have also been called up to the Guatemala squad within the last twelve months.
Players in bold text are still active with Guatemala. * Banned from Football on suspicions of fixing match results.
Players in bold text are still active with Guatemala. * Banned from Football on suspicions of fixing match results.
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what is the surface of kepler 22b like | Kepler - 22b - wikipedia
Kepler - 22b, also known by its Kepler object of interest designation KOI - 087.01, is an extrasolar planet orbiting within the empirical habitable zone of the Sun - like star Kepler - 22. It is located about 638 light - years (196 pc) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered by NASA 's Kepler Space Telescope in December 2011 and was the first known transiting planet to orbit within the habitable zone of a Sun - like star. Kepler - 22 is too dim to be seen with the naked eye.
Kepler - 22b 's size is roughly twice that of Earth. Its mass and surface composition are unknown. An Earth - like composition for the planet has been ruled out. It is likely to have a volatile - rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell. The only parameters of the planet 's orbit that are currently available are its orbital period, which is about 290 days, and its inclination, which is approximately 90 °. Evidence suggests that the planet has a moderate surface temperature, assuming that the surface is not subject to extreme greenhouse heating. In the absence of an atmosphere, its equilibrium temperature (assuming an Earth - like albedo) would be approximately 262 K (− 11 ° C), compared to Earth 's 255 K (− 18 ° C)
The planet 's first transit was observed on 12 May 2009. Confirmation of the existence of Kepler - 22b was announced on 5 December 2011.
Kepler - 22b is an extrasolar planet orbiting around the star Kepler - 22. It is about 600 light - years (180 pc) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered by the Kepler Space Telescope in December 2011.
Kepler - 22b 's radius is roughly twice that of Earth. Its mass and surface composition remain unknown, with only some very rough estimates established: it has fewer than 124 Earth masses at the 3 - sigma confidence limit, and fewer than 36 Earth masses at 1 - sigma confidence. The adopted model in Kipping et al. (2013) does not reliably detect the mass (the best fit value is only slightly larger than the 1 - sigma error bar), though the mass is below 52.8 Earth masses to 95 % confidence.
Kepler - 22b, dubbed by scientists as a ' waterworld ', might be an ' ocean - like ' planet. It might also be comparable to the water - rich planet GJ 1214 b although Kepler - 22b, unlike GJ 1214 b, is in the habitable zone. An Earth - like composition is ruled out to at least 1 - sigma uncertainty by radial velocity measurements of the system. It is thus likely to have a more volatile - rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell; this would make it similar to Kepler - 11f, the smallest known gas planet. Natalie Batalha, one of the scientists on the Kepler Space Telescope project, has speculated, "If it is mostly ocean with a small rocky core, it 's not beyond the realm of possibility that life could exist in such an ocean ''. This possibility has spurred SETI to perform research on top candidates for extraterrestrial life.
The host star, Kepler - 22, is a G - type star that is 3 % less massive than the Sun and 2 % smaller in volume. It has a surface temperature of 5,518 K (5,245 ° C) compared with the Sun, which has a surface temperature of 5,778 K (5,505 ° C). The star is about 4 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old.
The apparent magnitude of Kepler - 22 is 11.5, which means it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye.
The only parameters of the planet 's orbit that are currently available are its orbital period, which is about 290 days, and its inclination, which is approximately 90 °. From Earth, the planet appears to make a transit across the disk of its host star. It has an eccentricity of 0, meaning its orbit is circular. In order to obtain further information about the details of the planet 's orbit, other methods of planetary detection, such as the radial velocity method, need to be used. While such methods have been performed on the planet since its discovery, these methods have not yet detected an accurate value for the eccentricity of the planet and so (as of March 2012) only an upper limit for the mass of the planet has been set by astronomers.
The average distance from Kepler - 22b to its host star Kepler - 22 is about 15 % less than the distance from Earth to the Sun but the luminosity (light output) of Kepler - 22 is about 25 % less than that of the Sun. This combination of a shorter average distance from the star and a lower stellar luminosity are consistent with a moderate surface temperature at that distance, if it is assumed that the surface is not subject to extreme greenhouse heating.
If Kepler - 22b is found to move in a highly elliptical orbit, its surface temperature will vary from a higher temperature when close to Kepler - 22 to lower when farther away. If the orbit is indeed highly elliptical, then the temperature variance will be extreme.
Scientists can estimate the possible surface conditions as follows:
Recent estimates suggest that Kepler - 22b has more than a 95 % probability of being located in the empirical habitable zone defined by the recent Venus and early Mars limits (based on estimates of when these planets may have supported habitable conditions), but less than a 5 % chance of being located in the conservative habitable zone within the Circumstellar habitable zone, (estimated from a 1D cloud - free radiative - convective model).
The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK) project has studied the Kepler photometry of the planet, to find any evidence of transit timing and duration variations that may be caused by an orbiting satellite. Such variations were not found, so ruling out the existence of any satellites of Kepler - 22b with a mass greater than 0.54 Earth masses.
The planet 's first transit in front of its host star was observed on Kepler 's third day of scientific operations, on 12 May 2009. The third transit was detected on 15 December 2010. Additional confirmation data was provided by the Spitzer Space Telescope and ground - based observations. Confirmation of the existence of Kepler - 22b was announced on 5 December 2011.
Coordinates: 19 16 52.2, + 47 ° 53 ′ 4.2 ''
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what episode of family guy is the time machine | Road to Germany - wikipedia
"Road to Germany '' is the third episode of the seventh season and the fourth episode of the ' Road To... ' series of the American animated television series Family Guy. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 19, 2008. In the episode, Mort accidentally goes into Stewie 's time machine and is sent to Warsaw, Poland on September 1, 1939. Brian and Stewie realize Mort has gone back in time, and go in the time machine to save him.
The episode was written by Patrick Meighan and directed by Greg Colton. Brian Blessed, Gregory Jbara, Martin Savage, Jeff Witzke and Robert Boomfield guest star in the episode. "Road to Germany '' was seen by approximately 9.07 million viewers during its original broadcast, and it received positive reviews from television critics. In 2009, the episode, along with "I Dream of Jesus '' and "Family Gay '', received an Emmy Award nomination for "Outstanding Comedy Series ''.
While the neighbors are watching the Oscars at the Griffins ' house, Mort needs to use the bathroom so desperately that he runs into what he thinks is a portable toilet in Stewie 's room. The "toilet '' turns out to be a time machine, and Mort is sent to the past. Realizing that Mort does not have a return pad that would be able to bring him back to the present, Stewie and Brian take one of the return pads and go back in time to save Mort. They end up in Warsaw, Poland and find Mort in a synagogue. He believes he is in Heaven as he sees dead family members there. It does not take long for them to realize that the date is September 1, 1939, the day of the Nazi invasion of Poland and when World War II started.
The three can not return to the present right away since the "return pad '' to Stewie 's time machine fails to activate. They decide to go to England where Mort, who is Jewish, will be safe from the Nazis. While attempting to cross the border, German officers find out that Mort is Jewish (while doing a poor impersonation of a Catholic priest), resulting in their being chased by the Nazis. Mort, Stewie and Brian make a getaway on a motorbike, followed by an elaborate undersea pursuit in a hijacked U-boat. The chase scene on the motorbike re-enacts the skateboard chase scene in Back To The Future. Like Biff, the Nazi officers ' car ends up slamming into a manure truck ("Das Poop! ''). The three make it to England safely, and see Winston Churchill. Stewie examines the return pad and discovers it has run out uranium fuel. Brian states that the only place they can find the needed uranium in this time is at a "secret '' nuclear testing facility in Berlin, Nazi Germany. The three join the Royal Air Force and fly a Lancaster bomber as they participate in a dogfight against a squadron of Luftwaffe Bf - 109 fighters, eventually reaching Berlin. After finding the nuclear research lab, Stewie disguises himself as Adolf Hitler, while the other two disguise themselves as Nazi Officers, and obtains the needed uranium. They then run into the real Hitler, who orders their execution, but they escape on the return pad back to their time (Hitler offered to spare them if they performed a charming musical number, but Mort cuts the eager Stewie and Brian off at the first line).
The group arrives back in Stewie 's room 30 seconds before Mort originally entered the time machine. To keep these events from repeating themselves, Stewie kills the Mort that traveled with them by shoving him into the time machine and then blowing it up. The original Mort then enters the room and, now lacking the time machine "toilet '' and seeing Stewie and Brian in Nazi uniform, soils himself instead.
"Road to Germany '' is the third episode of Family Guy _́ s seventh season. It was written by Patrick Meighan who had written "Road to Rupert ''. The episode was directed by series regular Greg Colton, who had worked on "Brian Goes Back to College '', "No Meals on Wheels '' and also "8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter ''. Peter Shin and James Purdun acted as supervising directors. John Viener worked as an executive story editor. Seth MacFarlane, Chris Sheridan, David A. Goodman and Danny Smith were executive producers. Alec Sulkin, Wellesley Wild and Mike Henry acted as supervising producers. Richard Appel, Brian Scully, Mark Hentemann and Steve Callaghan worked as co-executive producers. After reading the script aloud, Jewish executive producer David A. Goodman said, "I 'm going to get kicked out of my temple ''.
"Road to Germany '' is the fourth episode of the "Road to '' hallmarks of the series, which have aired in various seasons of the show, and the first to be directed by Colton. The episodes are a parody of the seven Road to... comedy films starring Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, and Dorothy Lamour. The director who directed every previous Road to episodes Dan Povenmire left Family Guy soon after, following the conclusion of the fifth season, to create his own series, entitled Phineas and Ferb, which has since been nominated for seven Emmy Awards.
"Road to Germany '', along with the first eight episodes of the seventh season were released on DVD by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on June 16, 2009, one month after it had completed broadcast on television. The "Volume 7 '' DVD release features bonus material including deleted scenes, animatics, and commentaries for every episode.
The episode begins with a swing band version of the orchestral theme from the 1980s miniseries The Winds of War and War and Remembrance. When Brian, Stewie, and Mort are chased by Nazis, a recreation of the chase scene, including music, from Back to the Future occurs where Stewie rides a makeshift skateboard, escapes and has the Nazis crash into a truck of manure. Also, the entrance into Warsaw mirrors Marty 's arrival in 1955 Hill Valley. When Stewie picks up a Nazi uniform there is a McCain - Palin button attached. Stewie and Hitler re-enact the famous "mirror '' scene from the Marx Brothers film Duck Soup. The U-Boat sequence is an adaptation of U-571 when Stewie decides to throw trash out of the submarine in order to stop the U-Boat that was chasing them. Furthermore, the U-boat crashing scene is a reference to the multiple police car chases (and subsequent crashes) from The Blues Brothers. The submarine scene also features a melody of ' Wishing Well ' by Terrence Trent D'Arby. The scene where the Hawk Men defeat the Nazi Air Force is a parody of the film Flash Gordon, with its original soundtrack by Queen. Stewie, Brian and Mort 's escape from their crashing plane is a recreation of the raft scene from Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. The Hebrew wedding scene plays a song titled "Through Poland to Jewish Village ''. The scene in the uranium lab where the scientist shows Stewie "one hundred Luftballons '' followed by one popping is a reference to the song "99 Luftballons '' where 99 red balloons trigger a nuclear war.
In its original broadcast in the United States on October 19, 2008, "Road to Germany '' was watched by 9.07 million viewers and was the most watched show in Fox 's Animation Domination block that night, beating The Simpsons, American Dad! and King of the Hill. The episode acquired a 4.7 Nielsen rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic, finishing second in its timeslot after ABC 's Desperate Housewives. The episode also acquired a 6.1 rating in the 18 -- 34 demographic, finishing first in its timeslot.
"Road to Germany '' received positive reviews. Ahsan Haque of IGN rated the episode 9.6 saying, "Featuring gorgeous CGI animation, a genuinely exciting storyline, and some hilariously offensive humor, this Stewie and Brian centric episode of Family Guy easily stands out as one of the best episodes of the show in years. '' Alex Rocha of TV Guide was much more critical stating, "it seemed that the show has taken a slight fall back. After having great episodes the past few weeks to get this current season started on a roll, we have witnessed another average, even sub-par episode. '' In his review of Family Guy, volume 7, Francis Rizzo III of DVD Talk called the episode "hugely memorable '', and stated that it "features some of the finest animation the series has ever produced ''.
According to Seth MacFarlane, "Road to Germany '' was one of three episodes (Along with "I Dream of Jesus '' and "Family Gay '') submitted for consideration for "Outstanding Comedy Series '' in the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009. "We picked three of our edgier shows as a choice, '' he explained, "Ya know, we figured if we are going to be damned, let 's be damned for what we really are. '' The series was ultimately nominated for the award, the first time in 48 years an animated series was nominated for the same category.
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cast of in the heat of the night television show | In the Heat of the Night (TV series) - wikipedia
In the Heat of the Night is an American drama television series based on the 1967 film and the 1965 novel of the same title. It starred Carroll O'Connor as police chief William Gillespie, and Howard Rollins as police detective Virgil Tibbs. It was broadcast on NBC from 1988 until 1992, then on CBS until May 1995. Its executive producers were Fred Silverman, Juanita Bartlett and Carroll O'Connor.
In the premiere episode, Philadelphia detective Virgil Tibbs has returned to his fictional hometown of Sparta, Mississippi, for his mother 's funeral. By virtue of his relationship with William Gillespie, the white police chief, from a previous murder investigation in which he assisted, Tibbs is persuaded to remain in Sparta as Chief of Detectives. Gillespie wants him to be part of his effort to help overcome the local squad 's reputation of being racist and underskilled. Although the team suffers friction over Tibbs ' dissatisfaction with the department 's limited resources and racial attitudes and Gillespie is annoyed at the detective 's condescending suspicions about his hometown, the two men prove highly effective in enforcing the law.
Tibbs takes a leave of absence, moving to Jackson, Mississippi, to complete his law degree on a compressed schedule. Upon his return to Sparta, he and his wife Althea have separated, and they later divorce. She moved back to Philadelphia with their twins to be near her parents. Through the hard work of Harriet Delong, Tibbs was able to retire and keep his city pension, although he was two months shy of the qualifying period. He began practicing law when he accepted a position in Ben Taylor 's law office. Rollins ' final appearance on the series was February 2, 1994.
Meanwhile, the Sparta city council dismissed Gillespie as Police Chief. They select Hampton Forbes (Carl Weathers), the town 's first African American in that position. Gillespie finds a new post of equivalent authority as County Sheriff. The two senior police officers find they get along in excellent fashion, both in the professional and personal spheres.
The show dealt with a variety of issues, including racism, police brutality, hate crimes, drug abuse, alcoholism, rape, AIDS, misogyny, incest, child abuse, anti-Semitism, prostitution, government corruption, domestic violence, gambling, mental disorders, dysfunctional families, suicide, poverty, homophobia, and drunk driving.
The first season of the show was filmed in Hammond, Louisiana. This locale was selected by executive producer Juanita Bartlett and was supposed to represent the small southern town of Sparta, Mississippi. In practice, they had difficulty in finding filming locations that were usable, because other, more modern structures were close enough to be picked up in the images. A total of eight episodes were filmed, the two - hour pilot movie and six regular one - hour episodes. The series premiered on March 6, 1988, with the season finale airing May 3, 1988.
Many conflicts arose between Juanita Bartlett and series star Carroll O'Connor over the writing of the series. At first, she allowed him to consult on the series per his contract. After the pilot, however, she ordered scripts from her writers. O'Connor described these as "recycled material from other crime shows ''. He was disappointed in the writing, feeling that the writers were taking big city stories and imposing them on a small town. He believed that the key to this show 's success was to express its small - town locale and characters through the stories. Scripts would be given to him marked FINAL: NO REWRITES, but O'Connor often rewrote scripts anyway. This angered the production staff members, which felt they were burning up fax machines with the changes. O'Connor described Bartlett as a very arrogant person.
In the early episodes, there was an emphasis on featuring grisly murders or crimes, rather than the lives of the New South - era characters, for which the series later became known. Storylines included the pride of Sparta County getting her head bashed in, a man and his wife 's distant cousin having an affair, the affair of a black man who was attempting to buy Sparta 's newspaper and a rich white woman ending up dead in the local newspaper plant, after an argument with the woman and her husband. In a two - part episode "Blind Spot '', a rich businessman and ex-friend of Tibbs, who stole a scholarship from him in high school, has promised to bring prosperity back to Sparta. But he is caught in a game of murder and drug dealing, using one of Sparta 's richest mansions as his home base. The season closed with Scooter going with his uncle, Althea and Virgil to discuss the possibility of having children.
Anne Marie Johnson, who played Althea, summed up what it was like to film the show in the little town of Hammond. She said, "My high school was bigger than this town ''.
Season two began airing in December 1988 due to a writers strike. The series had a new look and a new set of executive producers. On - location shooting was moved from Louisiana to Covington, Georgia. The season premiere was aired as a two - hour TV - movie, "Do n't Look Back ''; the plot revolved around a copycat murder of one that Gillespie had investigated 20 years earlier. It introduced two new regular characters -- Joanne St. John (played by Lois Nettleton), the chief 's sometime - girlfriend and owner of the local diner, "The Magnolia Cafe ''; and Officer Wilson Sweet (played by Geoffrey Thorne), fresh out of the Police Academy. This episode also introduced the first of several new recurring characters, including Doctor (or, "Doc '') Robb, the county coroner (played by veteran actor Dan Biggers). The episode "The Creek '' saw the introduction of the first new police character, and the second prominent Georgia performer to claim a regular role on the series, "Officer Randy Goode '' (1988 -- 1993) played by Randall Franks, who was cast following the show 's move to Covington, Georgia.
Other episode plots in this season included a prominent citizen being murdered due to sexual abuse and incest in his family; Virgil 's ex-partner and Althea 's ex-lover (Michael Warren from Hill Street Blues) coming to visit for a reunion that no one would ever forget; Chief Gillespie 's having to face his own bigoted past when he arrests a close friend (played by Ed Ames) -- who is also the sheriff of the neighboring county -- for committing a racially motivated murder (In truth, Ames is Jewish.); Bubba 's getting caught up in a murderous love triangle; Althea 's niece "Nicole '' visiting, and with new friend "Bobby Skinner '' (Bubba 's nephew) stumbling upon criminal malfeasance in the episode "City Mouse Country Mouse. '' Mary Crosby and Judith Chapman stir up trouble when the sisters are implicated in their father 's murder. It is truly a sibling rivalry with a murderous twist. A bitter strike leads to murder, but not all is as it seems when a new manager takes over Thail River Mill and drives the union to strike after only three months -- it is snowing in Sparta and "Mississippi is Burning. ''
During the filming of the episode "Walkout, '' Carroll O'Connor began to experience fatigue. After being checked by the set doctor, it was discovered that he needed sextuple heart bypass surgery, due to years of heavy smoking. During the last four episodes of the season, Joe Don Baker was brought in as Tom Dugan, a replacement for Chief Gillespie, who was said to be away at a police training conference at Quantico. Dugan was appointed acting chief by Councilwoman White, but he was actually working undercover for the FBI in an attempt to stop the assassination of a civil rights preacher. The season finale titled "Missing '' has the Chief being kidnapped by two men in pig masks. Carroll O'Connor wanted the chief to be undergoing heart surgery in the story line, but the husband and wife producing team came up with this story line instead. It was the final straw in a long line of complaints, and they were fired at the end of the season. Carroll O'Connor took over as executive producer for season three.
Note: When Jeri Taylor and her husband decided to do the show, she was quoted as saying, "I was one of those in the ' 60s that was out marching for civil rights, '' and "I was one of those who thought the major work had all been done. When we (Taylor and her husband, Moessinger) decided to do the show, we took research trips to the South, and we saw that there had been an enormous amount of change. But we also came back with a renewed vigor and the realization that there is still a lot more to be done. There is still this deeply entrenched racism. And addressing that became a much larger element in our thinking about the show. ''
"What makes race relations a constant in our show is the two lead characters -- one is white and one is black, '' Moessinger said. "Whether they are angry at each other, whether they 're happy or sad, we 're showing the interaction of two men who are trying to do the best in life. If we never put one race issue into it, if we never said one word about it, the message is there because it 's showing how people ought to interrelate, how they ought to work together, how they ought to get along. ''
In the third season, Carroll O'Connor took complete control of the show, after firing husband and wife executive producing team David Moessinger and Jeri Taylor.
The third season saw a number of changes to the show. The character of Joanne St. John was eliminated to make room for councilwoman Harriet Delong. Althea grappled with the effects and aftermath of rape, after she was raped and attacked by the music teacher at Sparta High School. We learn that Parker was a Vietnam veteran, and someone abandons a baby on Bubba 's doorstep. Dee Shaw also joined the cast as officer Dee Sheppard. Parker almost crosses the line between police ethics and love when he falls for Kate Morell and her daughter J.C. A former boxer that used to run for the mob tries to blackmail them. The chief tries unsuccessfully to save him telling Althea "The FBI wants to buy what King Baylor knows before the mob kills him and the mob wants him dead before the FBI can buy him. It 's that simple ''. Althea 's reply was "Chief, I believe that is the coldest thing I have ever heard you say ''. There is a murder at a nursing home, and a race riot almost erupts in Sparta when a white cab driver who got a black girl pregnant in the bottoms is found dead and $1,500 is missing. Gillespie and Tibbs take opposite sides in the case creating some very tense drama. When Althea 's girlfriend from high school visits from Philadelphia and quickly takes an interest in Sweet things end tragically after she commits suicide in his apartment. The chief must also save a young girl from being tried as an adult after she is charged with killing her parents and hiding their bodies.
In "First Girl '', Gillespie hires Christine Rankin, the Sparta PD 's first female black officer. Her life is tragically cut short, making room for her replacement, Luanne Corbin, played by Crystal R. Fox. Luanne would remain a prominent character throughout the rest of the series, although Crystal Fox was listed in the ending credits as a guest star until season seven where she finally appeared in the opening credits.
In the two - part episode, "Citizen Trundel '', written by O'Connor, Cynthia Deming and William J. Royce, Harriet DeLong 's sister, Natalie, is murdered by her secret lover, multi-millionaire V.J Trundel. The murder case caused Harriet a tremendous amount of grief -- not only because of Natalie 's murder, but by Gillespie and Tibbs not being able to implicate Trundel in the crime, much less charge him for it. In Part Two, it was shown out that Norman Luft and Jessica Franks, two of Trundel 's most trusted employees facilitated not only Natalie 's murder, but the murder of the man they hired to kill her. Jessica was arrested and Luft was apprehended attempting to leave Sparta by private plane with Trundel. Gillespie confronted Trundel with the knowledge that even though he has escaped a murder charge, he would still have to live with the burden of having his lover and the mother of his son, Eric Delong murdered and the risk that Eric would one day confront him over it. Unable to bear the weight of his guilt, Trundel committed suicide by crashing the plane only minutes after taking off. This episode was of special significance to series co-star Denise Nicholas. Ten years before, her real life sister had been murdered and the culprit never caught. When Carroll O'Connor approached Denise about the story line, she had to write him a note explaining the situation. He offered to have her not appear in the episode but she chose to do so to bring closure for her and her family. Only Carroll O'Connor and director Leo Penn knew the truth during filming. This is the first episode in which we see Bill and Harriet 's relationship begin to gel.
During the second half of season 3, Howard Rollins, took six weeks off when he entered a drug and alcohol rehab program to battle his addiction issues. The episodes he missed included King 's Ransom, Triangle, Hello in There, December Days, and An Angry Woman. MGM worked around his rehab schedule. Episodes were not necessarily aired in the order they were filmed which explains why Tibbs was present one week and not the next. To explain his absence he was said to be in New Orleans working for the FBI. He also considered committing suicide shortly before Christmas, 1989, prompting his stay in rehab. Carroll O'Connor even threatened to sue a tabloid which published a story saying that MGM and Carroll had fired Rollins for being absent from the set due to his problems. Denise Nicholas who played Harriet Delong said "Carroll set the standard for loyalty. If he liked you, he really liked you and would be there for you '' (TV Guide, July 2001).
Cynthia Deming and William J. Royce were made story editor (s).
The season begins with a two - hour movie titled "Brotherly Love '' and the birth of Virgil and Althea 's twins. William and Sarah Tibbs were welcomed into the world on September 18, 1990. While Althea was waiting to go into labor, Tibbs ′ friend from the Philadelphia police force is murdered, and Tibbs heads up to the "big city '' to clear his friend 's name, only to be framed for murder himself. It is now up to Chief Gillespie to find out the truth, clear Virgil 's name, and make it home in time for the twins ' birth. Other stories include a mild - mannered teacher 's being accused of child molestation, only to commit suicide due to inflammation from the press. In "Family Matters, '' Virgil 's cousin is a suspect in a string of robberies. Virgil promises his Aunt Ruta that he wants to be a family again and that Ty will not get hurt. When the boy ends up fighting Virgil for the gun used in the robberies and shoots himself, Ruta cuts herself off from the rest of the family. There is a Christmas clip show, a bounty hunter, and a storyline in which the Sparta P.D. has to save a wrongly - convicted man from death row, among many other story lines.
Harriet DeLong 's ex-husband Vic returns to Sparta plotting to rob his former employer in a revenge scheme. Three men, on a misty Sunday morning, shoot a security guard at the Lambry plant and steal a bundle of money waiting to be paid out on Monday morning. Harriet 's son Eugene also gets involved when he tries to assist his father and almost loses his life. The case brings Bill and Harriet closer together, while it drives a wedge between Harriet and Eugene. Eugene reminds his mother that "Aunt Natalie was killed by a white man, '' while Bill brushes off Eugene 's fool notions about him and his mama for now. Virgil, on the other hand, is not buying it and can see the relationship between Bill and Harriet developing quite nicely.
The season closes with Althea close to a breakdown over the stress of Virgil 's job on the police force after he is almost killed by a stray bullet and does not tell her about it. She is also worried that her children will grow up without their father; she begs him to try something different. Chief Gillespie burns up the wires and gets Virgil on his way to law school, and Althea apologizes for not being more understanding as she, Virgil, and Chief Gillespie share a glass of wine together.
The fifth season begins with the revelation that Chief Gillespie has a daughter by the name of Lana Farren, played by Christine Elise (formerly of Beverly Hills, 90210). The Chief is now good friends with her mother, Georgia Farren, played by legendary actress Stella Stevens. Georgia Farren is asking Bill to help her put some of her affairs in order, and to keep all of her "boyfriends '' as well as her ex-husband away from her assets which she intends to leave to Lana. Bill immediately puts Ted Marcus on the case to assist Lana in obtaining the property meant for her by her mother, Georgia Farren. In the meantime, Georgia returns to Gulfport and is murdered. The chief takes this very personally and sets out to find her killer, Ken Farren, who evidently learns that Bill Gillespie is Lana 's true father. At the end of the episode, Lana finds out that Bill is her real father but does not want to have anything to do with him because of his non-existence in her life for 20 years. This cuts deeply into Bill, and he has a hard time dealing with it. Note: The character of Lana will not be seen again until the season six episode "Random 's Child. ''
Other storylines include a taxidermist who is obsessed with a school teacher, a game of high stakes poker that ends in murder, Bubba 's finding out that Sheriff McComb 's deputy is growing pot on the side, Sweet 's finding out the truth about the murder of his grandfather in 1948, a story based on Medgar Evers, and a humorous episode in which a family reunion goes awry after the father returns to collect the money he stole in a bank robbery 15 years ago only to find out that the mother has remarried and invested / spent a good portion of his millions. Once the money is located, the insurance company wants it back, but Bill and Virgil keep the money as evidence -- requiring the insurance company to sue the police department to recover the funds. In "Moseley 's Lot, '' one brother wants the other dead after he drags gambling debts and two thugs from New Orleans home to Sparta. A once - promising family business is destroyed over drugs, money, and jealousy.
Season 5 also sees the return of Virgil 's Aunt Ruta in "Ruta 's Awakening '', when she is the only witness to a struggle between Bubba and a young robbery suspect that ends in the young man 's death. But her prejudice against the police -- and Virgil clouds her memory of the incident. But after visiting her son, Tyrell in prison, whereupon he tells her that the shooting that left him hospitalized was not Virgil 's fault, her memory of the incident returns and Bubba is exonerated. The episode ends with Virgil and Ruta happily reconciling.
In "Sanctuary '' and "The Law on Trial, '' Sheriff McComb has Gillespie and Tibbs brought up on charges after an escaped prisoner is given sanctuary in a monastery. Judge Simms presides over the case (a recurring role as this judge plays many scenes throughout the run of In the Heat of the Night). After hearing both sides, the jury is not able to reach a verdict and Gillespie and Tibbs are freed. Ted Marcus represents Gillespie and Tibbs in the trial, and at times Althea fears if Virgil is charged, this is the end of his career as a cop and will hinder his chances of being an attorney later. Father DiMarco represents himself at trial and speaks to the courtroom and the judge, which has a great impact of the case being dismissed. The conflict between Sheriff McComb and Chief Gillespie lingers on through several more episodes, and that conflict affects every crossover dealing with subsequent interactions between McComb 's deputies and Gillespie 's officers. It is n't until the arrival of Chief Hampton Forbes (Carl Weathers) when we see Sheriff McComb and Gillespie as friends again.
The episode and season end with Althea and Virgil celebrating Virgil 's being able to both attend law school as an attorney and remain on the payroll of Sparta Police Department; and with Bill and Harriet spending the night together.
At the beginning of Season 6, In the Heat of the Night moved from NBC to CBS. Originally, CBS opted only to pick up the series for a set of six two - hour movies. However, it was eventually picked up for a full 22 episode order. The first two episodes of the season saw the affair between Gillespie and DeLong intensify, only to be interrupted by a crack war waged on Sparta involving Eugene Glendon. Eugene is Harriet DeLong 's son from her first marriage to Vic Glendon, a convict who came back to Sparta to rob the mill and former workplace of his employer where a cop was murdered during the attempt to apprehend the robbers. Vic Glendon is later convicted and sent to Parchman Prison on death row. Althea Tibbs saw new trauma this season as she witnessed the suicide of one of her students, Garth Watkins (played by Walton Goggins), causing her to suffer a near mental breakdown. Garth is so obsessed with his girlfriend, who has long broken up with him and taken to older, married men, that Garth steals the boots and gun of his girlfriend 's stepfather and travels to Pervis Lake and sits in wait for Megan Fowler (the girlfriend) and Lyle Ridley (the older married man) and fatally shoots Lyle while he and Megan are chasing each other outside the cabin that belongs to Lyle Ridley and his wife. Parker and Dee suffer the dreaded task of traveling to the Ridley residence to tell Mrs. Ridley that her husband was shot at their lake home and was with a young 17 - year - old girl, Megan Fowler.
Other highlights this season included the return of Luanne 's brother (played by Designing Women 's Meshach Taylor), a faded country music singer (played by Robert Goulet) who ends up committing murder, Bubba 's being stalked by an obsessed admirer, Sweet 's being falsely accused of accepting a bribe, and a two - part episode directed by Larry Hagman involving the white supremacy that still exists in the new South. Additionally, there was another two - part episode written by O'Connor and Cynthia Deming, titled "Even Nice People '' (1) and "Lake Winahatchie '' (2) in which the mob, led by their real estate connection Lewis Alvin Epp, tries to force Lana off her farmland first by trying to buy it and then by torching it in an arson fire so that they can build the "Sparta South Development. ''
Rollins was fired due to health reasons and three outstanding warrants in Rockdale County and the city of Covington, GA. He was replaced for season seven by Carl Weathers when filming began on April 28, 1993. Rollins had not been seen on the set since January 1993, when season six wrapped. Despite numerous attempts by the media to contact Rollins, who was believed to be living in New York City, only series star Carroll O'Connor was in contact with Rollins during this period. It was hoped that Rollins would get his legal and personal issues resolved and return to the series full - time, serving in his capacity as attorney at law and assisting the Sparta P.D. with cases. But sadly, this was not the case.
After season 6, Anne - Marie Johnson and Geoffrey Thorne left the series. Rollins would return occasionally as a guest star, while Johnson took a starring role on Fox 's In Living Color. Thorne left to pursue a career as a novelist and screenwriter. Thorne 's character simply vanished from the series without any explanation.
Season 7 began with Bill Gillespie being forced out of office and former Memphis, Tennessee Police Department Inspector Hampton Forbes hired as the new police chief. After nearly three decades on the Sparta police force, Gillespie does not receive a new contract from the city council because of his open relationship with Harriet DeLong. However, Gillespie is soon appointed as the acting Sheriff of Newton County when Nathan McComb suffers a heart attack and is too ill to continue his duties. Bill 's first case as Sheriff is to solve the murder of one of the richest families in Sparta -- the Barons. Wade Hatton, played by Stacy Keach, is a lawyer from New Orleans who has returned to his native Sparta to revisit his childhood memories and romance Sarah Hallisey. The prime suspect in the case is a 16 - year - old black youth, played by Wayne Brady with an intellectual disability. Gillespie eventually solves the case with the help of Hatton, Hallisey, and Judge Cully -- much to the dissatisfaction of District Attorney Darnell, who feels the prisoner is being treated in a privileged status due to his disability. Meanwhile, Chief Forbes is escorted on a driving tour of Sparta by Bubba Skinner and Officer Covey. Forbes gets to see both the finest street in town, along which Bubba indicates that he has solved many major crimes, as well as "The Bottoms. '' Chief Forbes soon realizes that Sparta is no different from Memphis, and he and Gillespie will need to work together to keep the town safe from the criminal elements. Howard Rollins returns in his new capacity as attorney Virgil Tibbs and assists on three of the Sparta PD 's cases after having moved into Ben Taylor 's law office.
Other cases involve a friend of Bubba Skinner 's being given the AIDS virus from a lover who knew he had it, a nine - year - old little girl being killed because of a drunk driver (Hagman - directed), a young inter-racial couple being stalked by a white supremacist (Brent Lunay), first seen in the episode "Odessa, '' written by Denise Nicholas. Other cases include Parker 's being accused of police brutality, and the return of Daddy Roy and Miz Rhoda. Both Anne Meara and Jerry Stiller make special guest appearances in two separate episodes. Gillespie must once again confront his racist past when a new synagogue moves into Sparta and the Rabbi detests Gillespie for being an anti-Semite back in the 1960s. This both angers and shocks Harriet. Lana Gillespie also makes one final appearance as Bill 's daughter in the Hagman - directed episode "A Love Lost, '' in which he must protect her from a former boyfriend who is involved in a gun running scheme with someone in Sparta.
In the episode "Ches and the Grand Lady, '' Bobby Short reprises his role as the blues musician from "Sweet, Sweet Blues. '' The episode also guest stars Jean Simmons as the dying grand dame of Sparta who also happens to be Ches 's old flame and the overbearing great - aunt of Lonnie Jamison. Another episode involves the return of Maybelle Chesboro (played by Elizabeth Ashley), the ex-madam. She has returned to operate a legal phone sex business. One of her employees tries to blackmail one of Holly Colmer 's friends and ends up getting shot. Chesboro decides to give up working in the business for good, but not before visiting Gillespie and attempting to get romantic with him.
Finally, in "Dangerous Engagement, '' Gillespie and DeLong tie the knot at the same sanctuary involved in the sanctuary case from season five. Father DiMarco has since died, but the new Monk agrees to marry them. Chief Forbes serves as best man. In the meantime, a newspaper misprint makes Gillespie the target of an escaped killer from Texas whose father Sheriff McComb sent to death row. His son is now seeking revenge.
The season and the TV series wraps up with the two - hour movie of the week, "Give Me Your Life, '' starring Peter Fonda as Appfel. The story (by O'Connor and written by Cynthia Deming & William J Royce) is loosely based on the real - life drama unfolding in Waco, Texas with David Koresh and his followers.
Four made - for - television movies were produced during the 1994 - 95 season. Once released on DVD, these movies combined were considered to be the eighth season of the show. The movies were:
Series co-star Hugh O'Connor committed suicide two months before the fourth film aired. When the film was broadcast in its original, two - hour format, a black screen was added in between the intro tag and the opening title; it read "In memory of Hugh O'Connor: 1962 -- 1995 ''.
During the series ' 71⁄2 - season run, many familiar, unfamiliar, and longtime character actors and actresses have made guest appearances, and others were newcomers who went on to become well - known. Some of those appearing in The Heat of the Night episodes were: Ed Ames, Frances Fisher, Rod Masterson, Mel Stewart, Denzel Washington, Nana Visitor, Gail O'Grady, Peter Fonda, Don Galloway, Corbin Bernsen, Dana Barron, Marco St. John, Larry Black, Ted Lange, Mickey Jones, Mitchell Laurance, Laura Johnson, Jordan Vaughn, Martha Byrne, Walton Goggins, Maury Covington, Earl Holliman, Michael Beck, Randy Brooks, Wayne Brady, Art Evans, Nicolas Cowan, Lou Walker, Alan Arbus, Robert Goulet, Bobby Short, Iman, William Sadler, Michael Spound, Bill McKinney, Lisa Pelikan, Mark Rolston, Jennifer Bassey, Marc Macaulay, Jean Simmons, Thomas Jefferson Bird, Vanessa Bell Calloway, J.D. Hall, John Davis Chandler, George C. Scott, Joe Senaca, Stephen Root, Bruce Kirby, Lisa Rieffel, Marla Gibbs, Ernest Lee Thomas, Ken Marshall, Laurence Fishburne, Josh Lucas (as Joshua Lucas), Ted Manson, Mariska Hargitay, Jason Beghe, Meshach Taylor, Francesco Quinn, Jeffrey Buckner Ford, Gary Anthony Williams, Richard McKenzie, Fred Thompson, Craig Shoemaker, Stephen Nichols, Stacy Keach, Mitchell Anderson, James Best, Sonny Shroyer, Michael Warren, Byron Cherry, Whitman Mayo, Ken Curtis, Louise Fletcher, Victor French, among many others. Future Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman stars, Helene Udy, William Shockley and Chad Allen made guest appearances. Future Desperate Housewives star Doug Savant and veteran actor Kevin McCarthy also made their guest appearances on the two - part pilot episode, as well as O.J. Simpson, who made a cameo appearance.
The series debuted as a midseason replacement for the short - lived NBC series J.J. Starbuck, premiering on March 6, 1988. The series ran on the network until May 19, 1992, then was shown on CBS until its finale after an eighth season, on May 16, 1995.
On August 30, 2012, TGG Direct released the first season on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time. The eighth and final season was released on June 11, 2013.
On October 23, 2012, TGG Direct released an 8 - disc best - of set entitled In the Heat of the Night - 24hr Television Marathon.
TGG Direct released seasons 4 and 5 onto DVD on December 10, 2013. However, due to licensing issues, the following episodes are missing from the box set: Brotherly Love, Shine On Sparta Moon, Sweet, Sweet Blues, Sanctuary, Law On Trial.
TGG Direct released seasons 2 & 3 in a single boxed set onto DVD on March 11, 2014. However, due to clearance issues, the following episodes are excluded from Season 2 and Season 3 Season 2 Excluded Episodes: The Family Secret, The Hammer and the Glove, A Trip Upstate, Intruders, Sister Sister, Walkout Season 3 Excluded Episodes: Fairest of Them All, Crackdown, Anniversary, My Name is Hank, King 's Ransom, A Loss of Innocence, Home is Where the Heart Is, Indiscretions, Citizen Trundel Part 1 and Part 2
TGG Direct also released seasons 6 and 7 in individual boxed sets onto DVD on March 11, 2014. However, due to clearance issues, the following episode is excluded from Season 6: Random 's Child and the following episodes are excluded from Season 7: Singin ' The Blues, Every Man 's Family, Maybelle Returns, Ches and the Grand Lady, Dangerous Engagement.
The television series also took place in a fictionalized version of Sparta, Mississippi. While there is a real Sparta, the version of Sparta shown on television is very different from the real town. For example, the TV Sparta is situated along Interstate 20, while the real town is nowhere near any interstate. During the first season, Hammond, Louisiana was the site of the show 's production. In the second season, the show was moved to Georgia, to an area east of Atlanta and it remained there for the rest of its run. The principal area of Sparta was in fact downtown Covington, Georgia. Rural scenes were filmed in a wide surrounding area, in the Georgia counties of Newton (where Covington is located), Rockdale, Walton, Morgan, and Jasper. Decatur in Dekalb County was used as a stand - in for an episode as the Mississippi Capital city of Jackson, and Atlanta itself was used in one episode, in which Bubba worked on a case there. In fact, during the series ' run, many of the cast members had homes in the area and were often spotted in local restaurants and retail stores. The cast members would also go around to local schools to speak to students.
The theme song, "In the Heat of the Night, '' was recorded by Quincy Jones, and is usually paired with "They Call Me Mr. Tibbs '' on albums. Bill Champlin of the band Chicago sang the opening theme song for the television series.
Randall Franks and Alan Autry co-produced the cast CD "Christmas Time 's A Comin ' '' for Sonlite and MGM / UA featuring the entire cast and a host of music stars and it was released Christmas 1991 and 1992 and was among the top holiday recordings of those years around the South and Midwest.
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articles 101 and 102 of the treaty on the functioning of the european union (tfeu) | Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - wikipedia
Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union prohibits cartels and other agreements that could disrupt free competition in the European Economic Area 's internal market. Article 101 reads,
1. The following shall be seen as incompatible with the internal market: all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the internal market, and in particular those which:
2. Any agreements or decisions prohibited pursuant to this article shall be automatically void.
3. The provisions of paragraph 1 may, however, be declared inapplicable in the case of:
which contributes to improving the production or distribution of goods or to promoting technical or economic progress, while allowing consumers a fair share of the resulting benefit, and which does not:
Businesses ("undertakings '') infringing the provisions of Article 101 are liable to a fine of up to 10 % of its worldwide annual turnover by the European Commission, but the EU has no capability to impose prison sentences. Member States should not intervene here, as the Commission and the ECJ have the sole authority over EU competition law. However, Member States usually have their own domestic competition law which they may enforce, provided it is not contrary to EU law. The role of the Commission is the area is quasi-judicial and subject to appeal to the ECJ.
Conventional wisdom declares that the aim of domestic competition law (such as that of the UK) is to provide a remedy to litigants whose interests are damaged by the anti-competitive behaviour of others, whereas the EU takes a broader view and has the goal of maintaining transparent markets and a "level playing field ''. Thus, the main objectives of the EU competition law are to maintain openness and to unify the internal market; to ensure economic efficiency in the marketplace; to ensure the conditions of effective competition and competitiveness; and to protect consumers.
However, some argue that the goals of Article 101 TFEU (ex Article 81 EC) are unclear. There are two main schools of thought: the predominant view is that only consumer welfare considerations are relevant there. An alternative view is that other Member State and European Union public policy goals (such as public health and the environment) should also be considered there.
Article 101 TFEU does not specifically ban cartels, instead declaring as illegal all "agreements, decisions and concerted practices '' which are anti-competitive and which distort the single market. The term "undertaking '' is a Eurospeak word for any person (s) or firms in an enterprise, and is used to describe those "engaged in an economic activity ''. The term excludes (i) employees, who are by their "very nature the opposite of the independent exercise of an economic or commercial activity '', and (ii) public services based on "solidarity '' for a "social purpose ''.
Undertakings must then have formed an agreement, developed a "concerted practice '', or, within an association, taken a decision. Like US antitrust, this just means all the same thing. According to Advocate General Reischl in Van Landewyck (1980) there is no need to distinguish an agreement from a concerted practice, because they are merely convenient labels. Any kind of dealing or contact, or a "meeting of the minds '' between parties could potentially be counted as illegal collusion.
This includes both horizontal (e.g. between retailers) and vertical (e.g. between retailers and suppliers) agreements, effectively outlawing the operation of cartels within the EU. Article 101 has been construed very widely to include both informal agreements (gentlemen 's agreements) and concerted practices where firms tend to raise or lower prices at the same time without having physically agreed to do so. However, a coincidental increase in prices will not in itself prove a concerted practice, there must also be evidence that the parties involved were aware that their behaviour may prejudice the normal operation of the competition within the common market. This latter subjective requirement of knowledge is not, in principle, necessary in respect of agreements. As far as agreements are concerned the mere anticompetitive effect is sufficient to make it illegal even if the parties were unaware of it or did not intend such effect to take place.
Article 101 covers agreements and anti-competitive practices that might affect "trade between Member States ''. This provision has been interpreted broadly: for example, several agreements amongst firms with no production in the EU have been considered to affect trade between Member States. In the Webb - Pomerene case, EU law was applied to a US cartel with no production in the EU. The ECJ has also held that "trade between Member States '' includes "trade between regions of a Member State '', to prevent cartels "carving up '' territories for their own benefit.
Exemptions to Article 101 behaviour fall into three categories. First, Article 101 (3) creates an exemption where the practice is beneficial to consumers, e.g., by facilitating technological advances (efficiencies), but does not restrict all competition in the area. In practice very few official exemptions were given by the Commission and a new system for dealing with them is currently under review. Secondly, the Commission has agreed to exempt ' Agreements of minor importance ' (except those fixing sale prices) from Article 101. This exemption applies to small companies, together holding no more than 10 % of the relevant market in the case of horizontal agreements and 15 % each in the case of vertical agreements (the de minimis condition). In this situation as with Article 102 (see below), market definition is a crucial, but often highly difficult, matter to resolve. Thirdly, the Commission has also introduced a collection of block exemptions for different types of contract and in particular in the case of vertical agreements. These include a list of permitted contract terms, and a list of those banned in these exemptions (the so - called hardcore restrictions).
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who's the lead singer of five finger death punch | Ivan L. Moody - wikipedia
Ivan L. Moody (born Ivan Lewis Greening), (born January 7, 1980) known by the pseudonym Ghost during his time with Motograter, is the lead vocalist for American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch. He had performed for several bands before settling down with Five Finger Death Punch (often abbreviated to FFDP or 5FDP). As an actor, he also starred in the films Bled as Incubus, and The Devil 's Carnival as the hobo clown.
Moody moved from his hometown Denver to Los Angeles in 2001, where he joined his first band called Toiz. The band played a few shows around the Los Angeles area in 2002 and made a demo which was not released. The following year, he joined the nu metal band Motograter. They released their self - titled studio album of the same name on June 24, 2003. They gained some mainstream success playing the second stage at Ozzfest 2003 and touring with bands like Korn, Disturbed, Marilyn Manson, Nothingface, Slipknot, Mushroomhead, and Killswitch Engage. Motograter went on a hiatus in 2005 but played a one - time re-union show in 2006 at the Delicious Rox Festival and Moody made it perfectly clear to fans and band members alike that he was finished with the band. Moody also made songs with old roommates and family members, Ryan Morrow (bass), Bill Stonebraker (guitar), and Jim "Dugan '' Demongey (drums), calling themselves Black Blood Orchestra.
Soon after, Moody joined the heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch and his side project Ghost Machine released their debut self - titled album on July 26, 2005. Ghost Machine released their second album, Hypersensitive, on November 21, 2006. On the same year, Five Finger Death Punch entered the studio to record their debut album at Next Level Studios and Complex Studios in Los Angeles, California with Steve Bruno and Mike Sarkisyan. The album was produced by guitarist Zoltan Bathory and drummer Jeremy Spencer and was mixed by former Machine Head and Soulfly guitarist Logan Mader. Ivan also starred in the 2009 horror film Bled, playing the role of Incubus.
They achieved rapid commercial success: their debut album, The Way of the Fist (2007) has currently sold over 600,000 copies in the United States and spawned three top 10 hit singles. Their second album, War is the Answer (2009), sold more than 44,000 copies in its first week of release, spawned 5 top 10 singles and has gone on to sell more than 700,000 copies to date. Their even more successful third record American Capitalist debuted # 3 on the Billboard 200 chart and sold over 90,000 copies in its first week of release. It was the band 's third consecutive RIAA - certified Gold record, however, has sold less copies than War is the Answer overall, with total sales to date around 550,000. Then, on July 30, 2013, The Wrong side of Heaven and Righteous side of Hell Volume One was released, having sold over 210,000 copies so far, and is debuted as the # 1 rock album across the globe. Roughly four months later, The Wrong Side of Heaven and Righteous Side of Hell Volume Two was released, landing # 2 on the billboard 200, and widely recognized for its extremely popular single, Battle Born. They have played many major tours and festivals including Korn 's Family Values and Bitch We Have a Problem Tours, the Jägermeister Stage (second stage) at Mayhem Festival in 2008 and the main stage at Mayhem Festival in 2010 and 2013. They also performed at Download Festival during 2009, 2010, 2013 & 2015 and the Monster Stage (main stage) at Rock on the Range in Columbus, Ohio in 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014 as well as at Rockfest 2012 in Kansas City.
He is featured in the new book Full Metal: The 50 Most Influential Heavy Metal Songs of the 1980s and the True Stories Behind Their Lyrics. In a new interview conducted exclusively for the book, Moody discusses the impact of Metallica 's "Fade to Black '' on him as a lyricist, in a full chapter about the song that also examines its social and cultural significance, both back during 1984 and today.
Moody co-starred with Shawn Crahan in Darren Lynn Bousman 's short horror musical film The Devil 's Carnival, which screened on tour in April 2012.
On April 21, 2017, Moody announced that he would be forming a new band, called "Villain '', after his 2017 tour and his lawsuit with Prospect Park had concluded.
On June 12, 2017, Ivan publicly stated during their set in Tilburg, Netherlands that it will be his last show with Five Finger Death Punch. However, the band have since released a statement via their Facebook page stating that bands that tour as heavily as they do will "inevitably have a few derailments, but the train always keeps on moving '', implying that all shows will proceed as planned and that Moody will remain as the band 's frontman. Moody checked himself into rehab and will sit out for the rest of the tour with Five Finger Death Punch, which will see vocalist Tommy Vext filling in for Moody.
Although born in Denver, Colorado on January 7, 1980, Moody shared to a crowd in La Crosse, Wisconsin, that he used to spend several summers with his grandmother in Somerset, Wisconsin. "My grandmother put me in choir when I was about seven years old. I was only in it about two or three years. Music 's always been real close to my heart. Like anybody else, there were ups and downs in my life and music just always seemed to be consistent, so it was easy to latch on to. I started singing in bands when I was 16 years old. They used to kick me out of bars after my set was done. ''
Ivan currently resides in Las Vegas, Nevada and has an 18 - year - old daughter back in Colorado.
In 2012, Ivan Moody revealed that his alcohol problem had nearly got him fired from the band. Other members of Five Finger Death Punch would n't answer his phone calls and they had lost many tour managers, all harming the band and themselves. Ivan had even performed while drunk; he claimed he would perform in front of large crowds and not remember any of it the next day. He started to cut down on the alcohol and drink with more responsibility, before stopping completely. Ivan says that he "felt like a junkie and from that extreme, it takes a lot of effort to go back. ''
Moody appears to reference his alcoholism and its battles in the video "I Apologize, '' where Moody is walking through a graveyard filled with artists that have died struggling with addiction; including Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Scott Weiland, Layne Staley, Kurt Cobain, John Bonham, Jim Morrison and many others.
Motograter was voted the best band of 2003 by Hit Parader. Five Finger Death Punch has won several awards including The Best New Band award at the 2009 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards, the Most Promising Artist award from FMQB 's 2009 year - end Metal poll. They were also nominated for the Best International Newcomer award at 2009 Kerrang! Awards and won the Best Breakthrough Band award at the 2010 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards. Best Song for "Lift Me Up '' at the 2014 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards.
There are also four Motograter demos with Moody on lead vocals, including "Down (2002 Demo), "No Name (2002 Demo), "Red (2002 Demo) '', and "Failure (Live 2004) ''.
After Hypersensitive, Ghost Machine started working on a remix album that they had to put on the back burner because of the success of Five Finger Death Punch. Four remixes were released for stream on the band 's MySpace music remix page: "God Forbid (Black Cape Remix) '', "Vegas Moon (Pete Murray Remix) '', "Siesta Loca (Steven 's Organic Drum Remix) '' and "Burning Bridges (Depression Remix) ''.
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who was the atlanta falcons quarterback in 1991 | List of Atlanta Falcons Starting quarterbacks - wikipedia
These quarterbacks have started at least one game for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League. They are listed in order of the date of each player 's first start at quarterback for the Falcons.
The number of games they started during the season is listed to the right:
These quarterbacks have the most starts for the Falcons in regular season games (as of Week 1 of 2017 season).
(As of Week 1 of 2017 season)
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where was the uss missouri when japan surrendered | Japanese Instrument of Surrender - wikipedia
The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agreement that formalized the surrender of the Empire of Japan, marking the end of World War II. It was signed by representatives from the Empire of Japan, the United States of America, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Provisional Government of the French Republic, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the Dominion of New Zealand. The signing took place on the deck of USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945.
The date is sometimes known as Victory over Japan Day, although that designation more frequently refers to the date of Emperor Hirohito 's Gyokuon - hōsō (Imperial Rescript of Surrender), the radio broadcast announcement of the acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration at noon Japan Standard Time on August 15.
The ceremony aboard the deck of the Missouri lasted 23 minutes and was broadcast throughout the world. The instrument was first signed by the Japanese foreign minister Mamoru Shigemitsu "By Command and on behalf of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese Government '' (9: 04 am). General Yoshijirō Umezu, Chief of the Army General Staff, then signed the document "By Command and on behalf of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters '' (9: 06 am). The Japanese representatives present for the signing were the following:
At 9: 08 a.m., U.S. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, the Commander in the Southwest Pacific and Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, accepted the surrender on behalf of the Allied Powers and signed in his capacity as Supreme Commander.
After MacArthur 's signature as Supreme Commander, the following representatives signed the instrument of surrender on behalf of each of the Allied Powers:
The UK invited Dominion governments to send representatives to the ceremony as subordinates to its own. MacArthur supported the government of Australia 's demand to attend and sign separately from the UK, although Australia objected to his recommendation that Canada, the Netherlands, and France also sign the document.
On September 6, Colonel Bernard Theilen took the document and an imperial rescript to Washington, D.C., and presented them to President Harry S. Truman in a formal White House ceremony the following day. The documents were then exhibited at the National Archives.
The deck of the Missouri was furnished with two American flags. A commonly heard story is that one of the flags had flown over the White House on the day Pearl Harbor was attacked. However, Captain Stuart Murray of USS Missouri explained:
"At eight o'clock we had hoisted a clean set of colors at the mainmast and a clean Union Jack (of the United States) at the bow as we were at anchor, and I would like to add that these were just regular ship 's flags, GI issue, that we 'd pulled out of the spares, nothing special about them, and they had never been used anywhere so far as we know, at least they were clean and we had probably gotten them in Guam in May. So there was nothing special about them. Some of the articles in the history say this was the same flag that was flown on the White House or the National Capitol on 7 December 1941, the attack on Pearl Harbor, and at Casablanca, and so forth, also MacArthur took it up to Tokyo and flew it over his headquarters there. The only thing I can say is they were hard up for baloney, because it was nothing like that. It was just a plain ordinary GI - issue flag and a Union Jack. We turned them both into the Naval Academy Museum when we got back to the East Coast in October.
"The only special flag that was there was a flag which Commodore Perry had flown on his ship out in that same location 82 years before (sic: the actual number of years was 92). It was flown out in its glass case from the Naval Academy Museum. An officer messenger brought it out. We put this hanging over the door of my cabin, facing forward, on the surrender deck so that everyone on the surrender deck could see it. ''
That special flag on the veranda deck of the Missouri had been flown from Commodore Matthew Perry 's flagship in 1853 -- 54 when he led the U.S. Navy 's Far East Squadron into Tokyo Bay to force the opening of Japan 's ports to foreign trade. MacArthur was a direct descendant of the New England Perry family and cousin of Commodore Matthew Perry.
Photographs of the signing ceremony show that this flag is displayed backward -- reverse side showing (stars in the upper right corner). This was because American flags on the right of an object plane, ship, or person have the stars on the upper right corner, to look like the flag is heading into battle -- as if attached to a pole and someone is carrying it. Stars in the upper left of a flag displayed on the right side of the object would make the flag look like it was going away from battle. The cloth of the historic flag was so fragile that the conservator at the U.S. Naval Academy Museum directed that a protective backing be sewn on it, leaving its "wrong side '' visible; and this was how Perry 's 31 - star flag was presented on this unique occasion.
A replica of this historic flag can be seen today on the Surrender Deck of the Battleship Missouri Memorial in Pearl Harbor. This replica is also placed in the same location on the bulkhead of the veranda deck where it had been initially mounted on the morning of September 2, 1945, by Chief Carpenter Fred Miletich. The original flag is still on display at the Naval Academy Museum, as is the table and tablecloth upon which the instrument of surrender was signed, and the original bronze plaque marking the location of the signing (which was replaced by two replicas in 1990).
The Japanese copy of the treaty varied from the Allied in the following ways:
The Allied copy of the Instrument is at the United States National Archives Building in Washington, D.C.. A replica of the Japanese version can be viewed at the Edo - Tokyo Museum in Tokyo.
As witnesses, American general Jonathan Wainwright, who had surrendered the Philippines, and British lieutenant - general Arthur Percival, who had surrendered Singapore, received two of the six pens used by General MacArthur to sign the instrument. Another pen went to the West Point military academy, and one to MacArthur 's aide. All of the pens used by MacArthur were black, except the last, which was plum - colored and went to his wife. A replica of it, along with copies of the instrument of surrender, is in a case on Missouri by the plaque marking the signing spot. The model of the USS Missouri in the National Museum of the United States Navy at the Washington Navy Yard, has a scale replica of the signing table in the correct location.
Ships of U.S. Third Fleet and British Pacific Fleet in Sagami Wan, 28 August 1945, preparing for the formal Japanese surrender. Nearest ship is USS Missouri. HMS Duke of York is just beyond, with HMS King George V further in. USS Colorado is in far center distance. Mount Fujiyama is in the background.
Lieutenant General Richard K. Sutherland, aboard USS Missouri, corrects a signatory error in the Japanese Instrument of Surrender. US Colonel Sidney Mashbir and Japanese Foreign Minister Katsuo Okazaki look on.
Plaque over the door to the Captain 's Cabin on board the Missouri marking the signing
Plaque in the deck of the Missouri marking the location of the signing
Huge formation of American planes over USS Missouri and Tokyo Bay celebrating the signing, September 2, 1945
Photo taken from an airplane flying over USS Missouri
Post-war:
Other Axis:
Coordinates: 35 ° 21 ′ 17 '' N 139 ° 45 ′ 36 '' E / 35.35472 ° N 139.76000 ° E / 35.35472; 139.76000
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how much is first place for the british open | The Open Championship - wikipedia
The Open Championship, often referred to as The Open or the British Open, is the oldest of the four major championships in professional golf. Held in the United Kingdom, it is administered by The R&A and is the only major outside the United States. The Open is currently the third major of the year, between the U.S. Open and the PGA Championship, and is played in mid-July.
The current champion is Jordan Spieth, who won the 146th Open at Royal Birkdale in 2017 with a score of 268.
The Open was first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club in Scotland. The inaugural tournament was restricted to professionals and attracted a field of eight golfers who played three rounds of Prestwick 's twelve - hole course in a single day. Willie Park Sr. won with a score of 174, beating Old Tom Morris, by two strokes. The following year the tournament was opened to amateurs; eight of them joined ten professionals in the field.
James Ogilvie Fairlie was the principal organiser of the first Open Championship held at Prestwick in 1860. With the untimely death of Allan Robertson, aged 43 in 1859, Prestwick members decided to conduct a challenge the following year that would determine the land 's greatest golfer. In a proposed competition for a "Challenge Belt '', Fairlie sent out a series of letters to Blackheath, Perth, Edinburgh, Musselburgh and St Andrews, inviting a player known as a "respectable caddie '' to represent each of the clubs in a tournament to be held on 17 October 1860.
Originally, the trophy presented to the event 's winner was the Challenge Belt, a red leather belt with a silver buckle. The Challenge Belt was retired in 1870, when Young Tom Morris was allowed to keep it for winning the tournament three consecutive times. Because no trophy was available, the tournament was cancelled in 1871. In 1872, after Young Tom Morris won again for a fourth time in a row, he was awarded a medal. The present trophy, The Golf Champion Trophy, better known by its popular name of the Claret Jug, was then created.
Prestwick administered The Open from 1860 to 1870. In 1871, it agreed to organise it jointly with The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews and The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. In 1892 the event was doubled in length from 36 to 72 holes, four rounds of what was by then the standard complement of 18 holes. The 1894 Open was the first held outside Scotland, at the Royal St George 's Golf Club in England. Because of an increasing number of entrants, a cut was introduced after two rounds in 1898. In 1920 full responsibility for The Open Championship was handed over to The Royal & Ancient Golf Club.
The early winners were all Scottish professionals, who in those days worked as greenkeepers, clubmakers, and caddies to supplement their modest winnings from championships and challenge matches. The Open has always been dominated by professionals, with only six victories by amateurs, all of which occurred between 1890 and 1930. The last of these was Bobby Jones ' third Open and part of his celebrated Grand Slam. Jones was one of six Americans who won The Open between the First and Second World Wars, the first of whom had been Walter Hagen in 1922. These Americans and the French winner of the 1907 Open, Arnaud Massy, were the only winners from outside Scotland and England up to 1939.
The first post-World War II winner was the American Sam Snead, in 1946. In 1947, Northern Ireland 's Fred Daly was victorious. While there have been many English and Scottish champions, Daly was the only winner from Ireland until the 2007 victory by Pádraig Harrington. There has never been a Welsh champion. In the early postwar years The Open was dominated by golfers from the Commonwealth, with South African Bobby Locke and Australian Peter Thomson winning the Claret Jug in eight of the 11 championships from 1948 and 1958 between them. During this period, The Open often had a schedule conflict with the match - play PGA Championship, which meant that Ben Hogan, the best American golfer at this time, competed in The Open just once, in 1953 at Carnoustie, a tournament he won.
Another South African, Gary Player was Champion in 1959. This was at the beginning of the "Big Three '' era in professional golf, the three players in question being Player, Arnold Palmer, and Jack Nicklaus. Palmer first competed in 1960, when he came second to the little - known Australian Kel Nagle, but he won the next two years. While he was far from being the first American to become Open Champion, he was the first that many Americans saw win the tournament on television, and his charismatic success is often credited with persuading leading American golfers to make The Open an integral part of their schedule, rather than an optional extra. The improvement of trans - Atlantic travel also increased American participation.
Nicklaus ' victories came in 1966, 1970, and 1978. Although his tally of three wins is the least of his majors, it greatly understates how prominent Nicklaus was at the Open throughout the 1960s and 1970s. He finished runner - up seven times, which is the record and had a total of sixteen top - 5 finishes, which is tied most in Open history with John Henry Taylor and easily the most in the postwar era. Nicklaus also holds the records for most rounds under par (61) and most aggregates under par (14). At Turnberry in 1977 he was involved in one of the most celebrated contests in golf history, when his duel with Tom Watson went to the final shot before Watson emerged as the champion for the second time with a record score of 268 (12 under par).
Watson won five Opens, more than anyone else has since the 1950s, but his final win in 1983 brought down the curtain on an era of U.S. domination. In the next 11 years there was only one American winner, with the others coming from Europe and the Commonwealth. The European winners of this era, Spaniard Seve Ballesteros, Sandy Lyle, who was the first Scottish winner in over half a century, and the Englishman Nick Faldo, were also leading lights among the group of players who began to get the better of the Americans in the Ryder Cup during this period.
In 1995, John Daly 's playoff win over Italian Costantino Rocca began another era of American domination. Tiger Woods won three Championships, two at St Andrews in 2000 and 2005, and one at Hoylake in 2006. There was a dramatic moment at St Andrews in 2000, as the ageing Jack Nicklaus waved farewell to the crowds, while the young challenger to his crown watched from a nearby tee. Nicklaus later decided to play in The Open for one final time in 2005, when the R&A announced St Andrews as the venue, giving his final farewell to the fans at the Home of Golf.
There have also been wins by previously little known golfers, including Paul Lawrie 's playoff win after the 72nd - hole collapse of Jean van de Velde in 1999, Ben Curtis in 2003 and Todd Hamilton in 2004.
In 2007, the Europeans finally broke an eight - year drought in the majors when Pádraig Harrington of Ireland defeated Sergio García by one stroke in a four - hole playoff at Carnoustie. Harrington retained the Championship in 2008.
In 2009, 59 - year - old Tom Watson turned in one of the most remarkable performances ever seen at The Open. Leading the tournament through 71 holes and needing just a par on the last hole to become the oldest ever winner of a major championship, Watson bogeyed, setting up a four - hole playoff, which he would lose to Stewart Cink.
In 2013, Phil Mickelson won his first Open Championship at Muirfield. His victory meant that he had won 3 of the 4 majors in pursuit of the career grand slam, just needing the U.S. Open, where he has finished runner - up six times.
In 2015, Zach Johnson denied Jordan Spieth his chance of winning the Grand Slam by winning an aggregate playoff over Louis Oosthuizen and Marc Leishman at the Old Course at St Andrews.
The Open is a 72 - hole stroke play tournament contested over four days, Thursday through Sunday. Since 1979 it has been played in the week which includes the 3rd Friday in July. Currently, 156 players are in the field, mostly made up of the world 's leading professionals, who are given exemptions, along with winners of the top amateur championships. Further places are given to players, amateurs and professionals, who are successful in a number of qualifying events. There is a cut after 36 holes after which only the leading 70 players (and ties) play in the final 36 holes on the weekend. In the event of a tie after 72 holes, a four - hole aggregate playoff is held; if two or more players are still tied, it continues as sudden - death until there is a winner.
There are a number of medals and trophies that are, or have been, given for various achievements during The Open.
The Professional Golfers ' Association (of Great Britain and Ireland) also mark the achievements of their own members in The Open.
The Braid Taylor Memorial Medal and the Tooting Bec Cup are restricted to members born in, or with a parent or parents born in, the UK or Republic of Ireland.
The common factor in the venues is links courses. The Open has always been played in Scotland, northwest England, and southeast England, along with one course in Northern Ireland which will again stage the competition in 2019.
From 1860 to 1870 The Open was organised by and played at Prestwick Golf Club. From its revival in 1872 until 1891 it was played on three courses in rotation: Prestwick, The Old Course at St Andrews, and Musselburgh Links. In 1892 the newly built Muirfield replaced Musselburgh in the rotation. In 1893 two English courses, Royal St George 's and Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Hoylake, were invited to join the rotation with Royal St George 's being allocated the 1894 Open and Royal Liverpool having the 1897 event. At a meeting in 1907 Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club became the sixth course on the rota, being allocated the 1909 Open. With three courses in both England and Scotland, the meeting also agreed that the Championship was to be played in England and Scotland alternately. The alternation of venues in England and Scotland continued until the Second World War.
The rotation of the six courses was reinstated after the First World War with Royal Cinque Ports hosting the first post-war Open in 1920. It had been chosen as the venue for the cancelled 1915 Open. In 1923 Troon was used instead of Muirfield when "some doubts exists as to the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers being desirous of their course being used for the event ''. Muirfield returned as the venue in 1929. Serious overcrowding problems at Prestwick in 1925 meant that the course was never again used for the Open and was replaced by Carnoustie as the third Scottish course. While Royal St George 's and Royal Liverpool continued to be used at six - year intervals the third English course varied. After Royal Cinque Ports in 1920, Royal Lytham was used in 1926 and then Prince 's in 1932. Royal Cinque Ports was intended as the venue in 1938 but in February of that year abnormal high tides caused severe flooding to the course leaving it like "an inland sea several feet deep '' and the venue was switched to Royal St George 's. Birkdale was chosen as the venue for 1940, although the event was cancelled because of the Second World War.
There are ten courses in the current rota, five in Scotland, four in England and one in Northern Ireland. In recent times the Old Course has hosted the Open every five years. The remaining courses host the Open roughly every 10 years but the gaps between hosting Opens may be longer or shorter than this. In 2014, it was announced by The R&A that Royal Portrush was returning to the active rota and in October 2015 Portrush was confirmed as the venue for the 2019 Open.
The most recent course to be removed from the active rota was Muirfield in May 2016, following The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers refusal to permit female members to join their club. On 14 March 2017, the members voted to admit females; the R&A subsequently stated that Muirfield would be welcomed back to the Open rota.
From 1894 (when it was first played in England) to 2016, it has been played 62 times in Scotland, 49 times in England and once in Northern Ireland. It was not until 2011 and 2012 that England hosted consecutive Opens.
The field for the Open is 156, and golfers gain a place in a number of ways. Most of the field is made up of leading players who are given exemptions. Further places are given to players who are successful in The Open Qualifying Series and in Final Qualifying. Any remaining places, and places made available because qualified players are not competing, are made available to the highest ranked players in the Official World Golf Ranking.
There are currently 28 exemption categories. Among the more significant are:
International qualifying is through the "Open Qualifying Series ''. Ten tournaments are selected each year. These currently consist of one event from the PGA Tour of Australasia, the Asian Tour, the Sunshine Tour and the Japan Golf Tour and three from the European Tour and the PGA Tour. A pre-allocated number of places are made available at these tournaments (from 1 to 4) which are given to the leading players in those events who are not, at that point, qualified for the Open, provided they finish in a high - enough position. A total of 32 places are available.
Local qualifying was the traditional way for non-exempt players to win a place at The Open. In recent years it has comprised a number of "Regional Qualifying '' competitions around Britain and Ireland with successful competitors, joined by those players exempt from regional qualifying, playing in 36 - hole "Final Qualifying '' tournaments. There are 15 places available through Final Qualifying, three at each of the five venues.
Up to 1920 a variety of qualification systems were used. From 1921 to 1962 (except 1926) local qualifying was used. All those who entered played 18 holes on one of two courses and then played 18 holes on the other course the following day. Qualifying took place immediately before the Championship itself. In 1963 a system of exemptions for the leading players was introduced with local qualifying continuing for the remaining players. Since then a large number of changes have been made to the exemption criteria and to the qualifying system for the remaining players.
In Britain, the tournament is best known by its official title, The Open Championship, or simply the Open. Outside of the United Kingdom, the tournament is often referred to as the "British Open '' to disambiguate the tournament from other national open golf tournaments, such as the U.S. Open. Likewise, the Masters and PGA Championship are often referred to as the "U.S. Masters '' and "U.S. PGA Championship '' outside of the United States, the latter being distinguished in the UK from the European Tour 's BMW PGA Championship. In recent years, the R&A has worked to discourage media outlets from referring to the event as the British Open; for instance, the tournament 's current television deal with U.S. network NBC contractually forbids the broadcaster from doing so. Lead personality Johnny Miller admitted that he had "trouble '' with the mandate during NBC 's first year, sometimes having to correct himself on - air when accidentally referring to the event as the British Open. The Open 's women 's counterpart, however, is officially titled the Women 's British Open.
Some U.S. critics have argued that the insistence of referring to the tournament as "The Open '' expresses an opinion of exceptionalism for the event by the R&A in comparison to other open golf tournaments, albeit one that is justified due to its history. Alastair Johnston of IMG, who markets the tournament and its media rights internationally, remarked that negotiations in some regions had been complicated by local executives who did not believe it was appropriate to refer to the event as simply "The Open Championship ''.
It has been an official event on the PGA Tour since 1995, which means that the prize money won in The Open by PGA Tour members is included on the official money list. In addition, all Open Championships before 1995 have been retroactively classified as PGA Tour wins, and the list of leading winners on the PGA Tour has been adjusted to reflect this. The European Tour has recognised The Open as an official event since its first official season in 1972 and it is also an official money event on the Japan Golf Tour.
The 2015 edition had a total prize money fund of £ 6.3 million and a first prize of £ 1.15 million, which equated to about $ 9.8 million and $1.8 million, respectively. The other three major championships in 2015 had prize money of $10.0 million and first prizes of $1.8 million, so that all four majors had similar prize money. Prize money is given to all professionals who make the cut and, since the number of professionals making the cut changes from year to year, the total prize money varies somewhat from the advertised number (currently £ 6.3 million).
The prize fund in 2016 was £ 6.5 million, with a winner 's share of £ 1.175 million; about $8.6 million and $1.55 million. The other majors had prize money of at least $10.0 million and first prizes of at least $1.8 million. The relative decline in prize money, in dollar terms, was attributable to a fall in the £ / $ exchange rate.
For the first time in 2017, the prize money was denominated in U.S. dollars. With total prize money of $10.25 million (£ 7.89 million), it was somewhat lower than the $11 million at the Masters and $12 million for the U.S. Open.
There was no prize money in the first three Opens. In 1863, a prize fund of ten pounds was introduced, which was shared between the second -, third -, and fourth - placed professionals, with the champion keeping the belt for a year. Old Tom Morris won the first champion 's cash prize of six pounds in 1864.
Until the late 1990s, The Open prize fund was significantly lower than the other three majors; by 2002, it was the highest.
(a) denotes amateur "Dates '' column includes all days on which play took place or was planned to take place, including any playoffs
The Open began paying in U.S. dollars in 2017, subsequent figures in pounds are rounded estimates.
Since 1949, the Silver Medal is awarded to the leading amateur, provided that the player completes all 72 holes. In the 69 Championships from 1949 to 2017, it has been won by 44 players on 50 occasions. Frank Stranahan won it four times in the first five years (and was also the low amateur in 1947), while Joe Carr, Michael Bonallack and Peter McEvoy each won it twice. The medal has gone unawarded 19 times.
As of 2016, European Tour Productions serves as the host broadcaster for the Open Championship. The host broadcaster, as well as British and American broadcasters Sky Sports and NBC Sports, utilized a total of 175 cameras during the 2016 tournament.
In the United Kingdom, the Open Championship was historically broadcast by the BBC -- a relationship which lasted from 1955 to 2015. The BBC 's rights to the Open had been threatened by the event 's removal from Category A of Ofcom 's "listed '' events, a status which legally mandated that the Open be broadcast in its entirety by a terrestrial broadcaster. It had since been moved to Category B, meaning that television rights to the tournament could now be acquired by a pay television outlet, such as BT Sport or Sky Sports, as long as rights to broadcast a highlights programme are given to one of the main terrestrial broadcasters.
Former R&A chief executive Peter Dawson had been critical of the quality of the BBC 's television coverage in recent years, stating alongside its final renewal in 2010 that "They know we 've got our eye on them. You have to stay in practice and keep up with advances in technology. '' The Guardian felt that the R&A was being "pressured '' to negotiate a more lucrative broadcast deal, as the other three majors have in the United States, but also argued that viewer interest in golf could face further declines in the UK without widely available coverage.
On 3 February 2015, the R&A announced that Sky Sports had acquired broadcast rights to the Open beginning in 2017, under a five - year contract valued at £ 15 million per - year, doubling the value of the previous BBC contract. As required by broadcasting regulations, rights to broadcast a nightly highlights programme were also sold: the BBC acquired this highlights package. Dawson praised Sky Sports ' past involvement with televised golf, explaining that "the way people consume live sport is changing significantly and this new agreement ensures fans have a range of options for enjoying the championship on television and through digital channels ''. The BBC chose to opt out of the final year of its existing contract, making Sky Sports ' broadcast rights begin one year early, in 2016.
In the United States, ABC had historically held rights to the Open. Beginning in 2010 under an eight - year agreement, the Open moved exclusively to ABC 's sister pay television channel ESPN, with only tape - delayed highlights shown on ABC. In June 2015, it was announced that NBC Sports would acquire rights to the Open Championship under a 12 - year deal beginning in 2017; early round coverage airs on Golf Channel, with the main NBC network broadcasting live weekend coverage. The R&A cited NBC 's successful broadcasts of Premier League football, which also primarily airs on weekend mornings in U.S. time zones, as an advantage of NBC 's acquisition of The Open. Similarly to the BBC, ESPN chose to opt out of its final year of Open rights, causing NBC 's rights to begin in 2016 instead.
The 2017 edition of the Open Championship will have a total of 49.5 hours of coverage in the United States, with 29 hours being on Thursday and Friday, and 20.5 hours being on Saturday and Sunday; the Golf Channel cable network will have a total of 34.5 hours of coverage, with 29 hours on Thursday and Friday, and 5.5 hours on Saturday and Sunday. The NBC broadcast network will have a total of 15 hours of coverage on the weekend, with 8 hours Saturday, and 7 hours Sunday. The 49.5 total hours of coverage on Golf Channel and NBC remains unchanged from 2016, with the difference being that Golf Channel 's total coverage goes down thirty minutes from 35 hours to 34.5 hours, and NBC 's total coverage goes up thirty minutes from 14.5 hours to 15 hours.
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what are all the movies in the divergent series | The Divergent Series - Wikipedia
The Divergent Series is a feature film series based on the Divergent novels by the American author Veronica Roth. Distributed by Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate Films, the series consists of four science fiction films set in a dystopian society. They have been produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian, and Douglas Wick and star Shailene Woodley and Theo James as lead characters Beatrice Prior (Tris) and Tobias Eaton (Four), respectively. The supporting cast includes Ansel Elgort, Zoë Kravitz, and Miles Teller. The first film in the series was directed by Neil Burger, while the second and third films were directed by Robert Schwentke.
Development began in 2011 following Summit 's acquisition of the film rights to the Divergent novel in partnership with production company Red Wagon Entertainment. The studios announced production on the sequel following the first film 's strong performance in Thursday late - night screenings, where it grossed $4.9 million. They acquired film rights to the Allegiant novel in December 2013, deciding in April 2014 to split the third novel into a two - part film adaptation.
The first installment, Divergent (2014), grossed over $288 million worldwide, while the second installment, The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015), grossed over $297 million worldwide. Insurgent was also the first Divergent film to be released in IMAX 3D. The third installment, The Divergent Series: Allegiant (2016), grossed $179 million. The first three films of the series have grossed over $765 million worldwide.
In March 2011, Summit Entertainment picked up the rights for Divergent with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher 's production company Red Wagon Entertainment, while Lionsgate distributes the franchise. Neil Burger was announced as the director on August 23, 2012. Evan Daugherty, who co-wrote the screenplay with Vanessa Taylor, said, "I get hung up on the toughness of the movie but of equal importance is the love story between Tris and Four. It 's inherently and inextricably linked to Tris ' character journey. There will be plenty of sexual tension and chemistry, but it 's important that all of that stuff does n't just feel like it 's thrown in, but that it all helps Tris grow as a character. '' Daugherty further added, "It 's tricky because the book is a very packed read with a lot of big ideas. So, distilling that into a cool, faithful two - hour movie is challenging. Not only do you have to establish five factions, but you have to acknowledge that there 's a sixth entity, which is the divergent, and you also have the factionless. So there 's a world that really has to be built out for the big screen... the movie is going to do it a little more efficiently. '' Author Veronica Roth said about the script of the film: "Reading a script is a really interesting experience. I 'd never read a script before. I was really impressed by how closely it stuck to the general plot line of the book. ''
Initially, the budget of the film was $40 million but later Lionsgate increased it to $80 million (which finally changed to $85 million) due to the success of The Hunger Games. Analyst Ben Mogil said, "Divergent is more similar to Hunger Games in that the company owns the underlying economics (i.e. production) and the budget (at $80 (million)) is more manageable. ''
In December 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that a film adaptation of Insurgent, the second novel in the Divergent trilogy, would be released as The Divergent Series: Insurgent on March 20, 2015, as a sequel to the film adaptation of Divergent with Brian Duffield originally chosen to write the script for the film. On December 16, 2013, it was announced that Neil Burger, director of Divergent, would not return to direct Insurgent as he was still working on the first film. On February 13, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke was offered the director position for the film and that Akiva Goldsman had been hired to re-write Duffield 's script.
Also in December 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant, the third and final novel in the Divergent trilogy, would be released in March 2016, serving as the finale of the series, which at the time was planned as a trilogy, but on April 11, 2014 the studio decided to split the novel into a two - part film, much the like the Harry Potter, Twilight, and Hunger Games franchises did with the finales of their series. Lionsgate Motion Picture Group co-chairmen Rob Friedman and Patrick Wachsberger said in a statement that, "Veronica Roth brings her captivating story to a masterful conclusion in ' Allegiant, ' a rich, action - packed book with material that is ideally suited to two strong and fulfilling movies. The storytelling arc and world of the characters lend themselves perfectly to two films, a storytelling strategy that has worked very well for us on the two Twilight Breaking Dawn films and about which we 're tremendously enthusiastic for the two upcoming Mockingjay films of The Hunger Games franchise ''. Noah Oppenheim was announced as the screenwriter for the first part of the Allegiant adaptation on July 9, 2014. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke will return to direct Part 1. On September 10, 2015, it was announced that the two films would be re-titled, with Part 1 being renamed as The Divergent Series: Allegiant and Part 2 as The Divergent Series: Ascendant.
On October 22, 2012, it was announced that Shailene Woodley had landed the lead role of Beatrice "Tris '' Prior. Lucas Till, Jack Reynor, Jeremy Irvine, Alex Pettyfer, Brenton Thwaites, Alexander Ludwig and Luke Bracey were all considered for the role of Tobias "Four '' Eaton. On March 15, 2013, it was announced that Theo James had been cast as Four.
Though James was 10 years older than the character when cast, Roth praised his casting "I was sure within seconds: this was ' Four ', no question. Theo is able to capture ' Four 's ' authority and strength, as well as his depth and sensitivity. '' She also mentions the chemistry between him and Shailene: "He is a perfect match for Shailene 's incredibly strong presence as Tris. I 'm thrilled! '' The producers said about his casting: "We took our time to find the right actor to fill the role of Four, and Theo is definitely the perfect fit. Veronica has crafted a truly iconic character in Four and we can not wait to begin production and bring him and this story to life for millions of fans around the world. ''
Filming for the franchise began on April 16, 2013.
Lucy Fisher, Douglas Wick, and Pouya Shabazian have been producers for all four films in the series. Veronica Roth and Neil Burger have acted as executive producers on the first two films. Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films. On April 11, 2014, the studio decided to split the final book, Allegiant, into two parts, much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Parts 1 and 2, The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn -- Parts 1 and 2, and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay -- Parts 1 and 2.
Neil Burger directed the first film, Divergent, and was originally going to direct the sequel, The Divergent Series: Insurgent, but in December 2013 it was announced that Burger would not return, due to him still working on post-production work for the first film. Speaking on the subject the director stated, "There was no breathing room. They were like, ' We 're holding to a March 2015 release date, and we have to start no later than May 2014. ' It was a recipe for failure, at least with me on board. I would n't be able to do either thing right. I reluctantly let it go ''. In February 2014, it was confirmed that Robert Schwentke would direct the sequel instead. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Schwentke would return for The Divergent Series: Allegiant.
Snow White and the Huntsman screenwriter Evan Daugherty and Hope Springs screenwriter Vanessa Taylor co-wrote the screenplay for Divergent. During the time that Neil Burger was originally going to direct the sequel, Brian Duffield was recruited to write the screenplay for The Divergent Series: Insurgent, but after Burger dropped out of the film and Robert Schwentke took over as director, he brought in Akiva Goldsman and Mark Bomback to rewrite Duffield 's script.
The screenplay for the two - part finale, The Divergent Series: Allegiant and Ascendant, was written by Noah Oppenheim, Adam Cooper, Bill Collage, and Stephen Chbosky.
On March 11, 2013, it was announced that the roles of Tori, Christina, and Caleb had gone to Maggie Q, Zoë Kravitz, and Ansel Elgort, respectively. Ray Stevenson, Jai Courtney and Aaron Eckhart were announced to be in talks to join the cast on March 15, 2013, Stevenson and Courtney joined the cast as Marcus Eaton and Eric, respectively. That same day, Miles Teller was cast as Peter. The studio 's announcement included a bit of casting news: Mekhi Phifer will play Dauntless leader Max. Kate Winslet was announced to be in talks on January 24, 2013. Later it was confirmed that she would portray Jeanine Matthews. Talking about playing the negative character for the first time, Winslet said, "I 'm no idiot. The idea went through my head that I have never played a baddie before, I was almost kind of surprised. '' Since Winslet joined the filming late, she used that distance from her co-stars to appear aloof on the first day of her shoot. "I wanted to break it and say, ' It 's OK, I 'm really fun. I promise. ' But I thought, just for today, I 'd let them think that I am a complete bitch. '' On March 25, 2013, Ben Lamb was cast as Edward, Ben Lloyd - Hughes as Will, and Christian Madsen as Al. In April 2013, Ashley Judd and Tony Goldwyn joined the cast as Natalie and Andrew Prior, Beatrice 's parents.
In 2014, the cast for the second film was announced. On May 12, 2014, it was announced that Octavia Spencer joined the cast as Amity representative Johanna Reyes. Late May 2014, Suki Waterhouse and Jonny Weston were cast as Marlene and Edgar respectively. Early June 2014, Stephanie Leigh Schlund announced that she was cast in the film as a member of the Amity, and Naomi Watts and Daniel Dae Kim joined the cast as Evelyn Johnson and Jack Kang. On June 9, 2014, Rosa Salazar joined the cast as Lynn. On June 10, 2014, Australian actor Keiynan Lonsdale joined the cast as Uriah. On June 11, 2014, Emjay Anthony joined the cast as Hector.
On April 28, 2015, it was reported that Golden Globe nominee Jeff Daniels joined the cast for Allegiant as David, the leader of the Bureau of Genetic Welfare. On May 1, 2015, it was announced that Bill Skarsgård had joined the cast as Matthew.
Principal photography of Divergent began on April 16, 2013 and concluded on July 16, 2013. Almost all of the filming took place in Chicago with reshoots taking place from January 24 -- 26, 2014 in Los Angeles.
Principal photography for The Divergent Series: Insurgent began on May 27, 2014 in Atlanta, Georgia and concluded on September 6, 2014. Filming took place at United States Penitentiary, Atlanta. A set was constructed for the Amity Compound at Serenbe Community South of Atlanta. In downtown Atlanta, a zip - line scene was filmed for which a set was constructed on the roof of Peachtree Center. For two days, production was moved to Chicago with scenes being filmed in Wells Street, Franklin Street, and Adams Street. Production was then moved back to Atlanta for reshoots.
Principal photography for The Divergent Series: Allegiant began in Atlanta on May 18, 2015, with filming concluding on August 23, 2015.
Junkie XL scored the first film in the film series, Divergent, while Joseph Trapanese scored the second and third entries, Insurgent and Allegiant
In a world where people are divided into distinct factions based on human virtues, Tris Prior is warned she is Divergent and will never fit into any one group. When she discovers a conspiracy by a faction leader to destroy all Divergents, Tris must learn to trust in the mysterious Four and together they must find out what makes being Divergent so dangerous before it 's too late.
As she searches for allies and answers in the wake of the uprising, Tris and Four are on the run. Hunted by Jeanine Matthews, leader of the Erudite faction, Tris and Four race against time as they try to figure out what Abnegation sacrificed their lives to protect, and why the Erudite leaders will do anything to stop them. Haunted by her past choices but desperate to protect the ones she loves, Tris faces one impossible challenge after another as she unlocks the truth about the past and ultimately the future of her world.
On December 16, 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant would be released on March 18, 2016. On April 11, 2014, Lionsgate announced that the film adaptation would be split into two films with the first part titled, The Divergent Series: Allegiant -- Part 1. The film was then re-titled as The Divergent Series: Allegiant.
Tris must escape with Four and go beyond the wall enclosing Chicago. For the first time ever, they will leave the only city and family they have ever known in order to find a peaceful solution for their embroiled city. Once outside, old discoveries are quickly rendered meaningless with the revelation of shocking new truths. Tris must quickly decide who she can trust as a ruthless battle ignites beyond the walls of Chicago which threatens all of humanity. In order to survive, Tris will be forced to make impossible choices about courage, allegiance, sacrifice and love.
A third sequel to the film was initially planned, with a March 2017 release, based on the latter half of the Allegiant book. The timing was changed to a June 2017 release, with Lee Toland Krieger then attached as the movie 's director.
In July 2016, after the poor performance of the third film at the box office, the producers considered creating the fourth as a television film, which would add new characters to the story who could continue in a spinoff television series, moving beyond the books. In September 2016, Shailene Woodley stated on Today that the film versus television decision was not finalized, and that it was "a limbo waiting game ''. In the same interview Woodley spoke despairingly of the chances of her returning to the project in a television format, although noting she would be open to returning to it as a theatrical film. In February 2017, with the producers having confirmed that it would be a television project, it was announced that Woodley had backed out of her starring role. In August 2017, Starz and Lionsgate Television are developing the TV series.
Though the first two films were commercially successful, the series as a whole has not been well received by critics. Each successive film release has been rated lower than the previous release on review aggregator websites. Negative reviews of the third novel Allegiant and the studios ' decision to split it into two films have been blamed for the third film 's lackluster performance at the box office.
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when is the next ellen game of games | Ellen 's Game of Games - Wikipedia
Ellen 's Game of Games, also known as Game of Games and stylized as ellen 's GAME OF GAMES, is an American television game show that premiered on December 18, 2017. In March 2017, NBC ordered six (later eight) hourlong episodes of the series. Ellen DeGeneres serves as host, while Stephen "tWitch '' Boss appears as announcer / sidekick. The series is based on game segments from DeGeneres ' daytime talk show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show. A special preview episode aired on December 18, 2017, with the official series premiere on January 2, 2018. On January 9, 2018, NBC renewed the series for a 13 - episode second season. The show is started by saying "and this is your host, Ellen DeGeneres! ''
Each episode is a self - contained mini-tournament with contestants being selected to play in one of four preliminary games. The winner of each game advances to the semi-final round to play "Know or Go ''. The last remaining player will play the "Hot Hands '' game for a chance to win $100,000.
The four winning contestants of each preliminary game stand on a platform 30 feet in the air. One by one they are given a category, and each contestant is asked a question in turn from left to right. When a contestant misses a question or answers it incorrectly, the contestant is eliminated, and falls through a chute beneath his or her feet. The last contestant remaining wins and advances to Hot Hands.
The contestant has 30 seconds to identify the faces of ten celebrities that fit a category ("80s Stars '' in the premiere). After identifying a celebrity, the contestant must press a button to move on to the next face. Contestants may pass if they are unsure; after three seconds, the next face automatically appears. Contestants earn an escalating amount of money based on the number of faces they correctly identify, as shown in the table below; correctly identifying ten celebrities earns the grand prize of $100,000.
Network Ten in Australia has announced a local version of the show, hosted by Grant Denyer.
In Spain, Antena 3 will air a local version, hosted by Silvia Abril.
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who are the characters in american horror story cult | American Horror Story: Cult - wikipedia
American Horror Story: Cult is the seventh season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story. The season premiered on September 5, 2017, and concluded on November 14, 2017. It was picked up on October 4, 2016. The subtitle Cult was announced on July 20, 2017.
Returning cast members from previous seasons include Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Cheyenne Jackson, John Carroll Lynch, Chaz Bono, Adina Porter, James Morosini, Emma Roberts, Mare Winningham, Frances Conroy, and Jamie Brewer, along with new cast members Billie Lourd and Alison Pill. Cult marks the first season to not feature series mainstay actress Lily Rabe.
The fictional city of Brookfield Heights, Michigan is left divided by the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Local restaurant owner Ally Mayfair - Richards (Sarah Paulson) is utterly distraught by Donald Trump 's victory and several of her longstanding phobias, including coulrophobia, hemophobia, and trypophobia, intensify as a result. Similarly devastated is fellow Brookfield Heights resident Winter Anderson (Billie Lourd), a liberal young woman who dropped out of college to work on Hillary Clinton 's campaign. Contrarily, Winter 's estranged and manipulative brother, Kai (Evan Peters), rejoices at the election results and is enticed to pursue political power.
In the months following the election, Ally is targeted and relentlessly terrorized by masked clowns. Those close to her, including her psychiatrist, Dr. Rudy Vincent (Cheyenne Jackson), struggle to ascertain whether the attacks she alleges are real or merely anxiety - fueled hallucinations. Ally 's paranoia and turmoil, escalated by suspicious activities perpetrated by new neighbors Harrison (Billy Eichner) and Meadow Wilton (Leslie Grossman), hinder her relationships with her wife (Alison Pill) and her son (Cooper Dodson).
Depictions of true cults, including the Peoples Temple and the Manson Family, mirror the affairs of a fledgling Brookfield Heights extremist group comprised of individuals fed up with the political climate of the United States. Broadcast newscaster Beverly Hope 's (Adina Porter) intensive coverage of the brutal atrocities executed by this group further divides the citizens of Brookfield Heights.
On October 4, 2016, the series was renewed for a seventh cycle, which premiered on September 5, 2017. Ryan Murphy confirmed that the season will be connected to Freak Show, but will be set in modern day. In February 2017, on Watch What Happens Live, Murphy announced that the season would revolve around the 2016 U.S. election and suggested that it may feature a character based on President Donald Trump. Murphy has said that the season will be representative of both sides of the political divide. He also said that he will be "illuminating and highlighting '' groups of people he believes to be "ignored by the current (Trump) administration and who are afraid and feel terrorized that their lives are going to be taken away. ''
It was later confirmed that the season would be set in the aftermath of the presidential election, with the first episode taking place on election night. Murphy explained it will be about "the fallout of that night, which to many people, from all sides of the camps is a horror story. '' He also revealed the season will not feature Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton, stating "Horror Story is always about allegory, so the election is allegory. '' In April 2017, Murphy confirmed that archive footage of the election night would be used in the season premiere.
Murphy revealed via Twitter that the details of the seventh season, including the title, would be revealed on July 20. He also teased that the opening sequence of the series would return in this season, following its absence in Roanoke.
On July 20, 2017, it was announced at the San Diego Comic - Con that the title of the season would be Cult. Murphy also revealed it would be set in Michigan, and confirmed it would consist of a total of 11 episodes, premiering on September 5, 2017. For the first time, the series will not air on Wednesdays but rather on Tuesdays. On August 3, 2017, online posters revealed the names of multiple characters of the season. On August 21, 2017, the opening title sequence of the season was revealed, following its absence in the previous season. That same month, Murphy confirmed that, contrary to the past seasons, Cult would not feature supernatural elements.
During the Winter 2017 TCA Press Tour, series mainstays Sarah Paulson and Evan Peters were reported to be starring as the leads in the season. In March 2017, Billy on the Street host Billy Eichner was announced to be cast in the series, playing a role in the life of Paulson 's character. His character is slated for appearing in "six or seven '' episodes. The next month, it was reported that Scream Queens alum Billie Lourd will also star in the seventh installment of the series. In May 2017, Leslie Grossman, who starred in Murphy 's series Popular, joined the cast of the series, and Angela Bassett hinted she may return in a recurring role. Later that month, it was confirmed via set pictures that Adina Porter and Cheyenne Jackson were also returning. In June 2017, Murphy confirmed via his Instagram account that Colton Haynes, whom Murphy worked with previously on second season of Scream Queens, was joining the casting for the seventh season. Later that month, set pictures revealed that Alison Pill was joining the cast of the season, seemingly portraying the partner of Sarah Paulson 's character. In July 2017, Murphy revealed via his Twitter account that Lena Dunham was joining the season. She is set to play Valerie Solanas, author of the SCUM Manifesto and attempted murder of Andy Warhol, via flashbacks. Murphy also confirmed the returns of Frances Conroy and Mare Winningham. Conroy has appeared in all the seasons except Hotel, while Winningham has appeared in Coven, Freak Show and Hotel. In August 2017, Murphy confirmed the return of Emma Roberts, who appeared in Coven and Freak Show, while Roanoke actors Chaz Bono and James Morosini also confirmed their returns. In the seventh episode, Murder House, Coven and Freak Show actress alum Jamie Brewer returned to the show.
On June 26, 2017, it was confirmed that Lady Gaga would not return for the seventh season due to other projects. Despite rumors, Entertainment Weekly reported on July 7, 2017, that Vera Farmiga, sister of American Horror Story alum Taissa Farmiga, would not appear in the season. Later that month, it was confirmed by The Hollywood Reporter that Kathy Bates will not appear in Cult, after four seasons of regular appearances.
Murphy also revealed via his Instagram account that Freak Show character Twisty the Clown would return in the seventh season, indicating that John Carroll Lynch would reprise his role.
In February 2017, it was announced the season would begin principal photography in June 2017. By the next month, filming was moved to May 2017. On May 24, 2017, writer and producer John J. Gray confirmed the show started filming.
On October 7, 2017, it was confirmed that the sixth episode of the season would be edited as a direct result of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that occurred on October 1, 2017. The episode originally featured a scene lasting 2 minutes and 16 seconds where Leslie Grossman 's character Meadow Wilton begins to fire at Evan Peters ' character, as well as a crowd, during a campaign speech. The episode was edited to de-emphasize the violence and to mostly have it featured completely off - screen - as a result the opening sequence of the episode was cut in half, several on - screen deaths were removed and two separate close - up shots of the handgun firing were removed.
While only the edited episode was broadcast on FX, the original uncut episode was released via VOD, FXNOW and FX+.
American Horror Story: Cult received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 72 % approval rating, with an average rating of 6.83 / 10, based on 42 reviews. The site 's consensus reads, "American Horror Story: Cult intrigues with timely, over-the - top creepiness - and lots of clowns - despite being hampered by broad political generalizations and occasional holes in the narrative 's logic. '' On Metacritic, the season was given a score of 66 out of 100 based on 24 reviews, indicating "generally positive reviews ''.
In its seventh season, the series has been nominated for 2 awards.
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which of the following is not a type of printmaking | Printmaking - wikipedia
Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper. Printmaking normally covers only the process of creating prints that have an element of originality, rather than just being a photographic reproduction of a painting. Except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print produced is not considered a "copy '' but rather is considered an "original ''. This is because typically each print varies to an extent due to variables intrinsic to the printmaking process, and also because the imagery of a print is typically not simply a reproduction of another work but rather is often a unique image designed from the start to be expressed in a particular printmaking technique. A print may be known as an impression. Printmaking (other than monotyping) is not chosen only for its ability to produce multiple impressions, but rather for the unique qualities that each of the printmaking processes lends itself to.
Prints are created by transferring ink from a matrix or through a prepared screen to a sheet of paper or other material. Common types of matrices include: metal plates, usually copper or zinc, or polymer plates for engraving or etching; stone, aluminum, or polymer for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts and wood engravings; and linoleum for linocuts. Screens made of silk or synthetic fabrics are used for the screenprinting process. Other types of matrix substrates and related processes are discussed below.
Multiple impressions printed from the same matrix form an edition. Since the late 19th century, artists have generally signed individual impressions from an edition and often number the impressions to form a limited edition; the matrix is then destroyed so that no more prints can be produced. Prints may also be printed in book form, such as illustrated books or artist 's books.
Printmaking techniques are generally divided into the following basic categories:
Other types of printmaking techniques outside these groups include collagraphy and viscosity printing. Collagraphy is a printmaking technique in which textured material is adhered to the printing matrix. This texture is transferred to the paper during the printing process. Contemporary printmaking may include digital printing, photographic mediums, or a combination of digital, photographic, and traditional processes.
Many of these techniques can also be combined, especially within the same family. For example, Rembrandt 's prints are usually referred to as "etchings '' for convenience, but very often include work in engraving and drypoint as well, and sometimes have no etching at all.
Albrecht Dürer, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Dulah Marie Evans, Hiroshige, Hokusai, Gustave Baumann, Hannah Tompkins, Hussein El Gebaly, Carlos Alvarado Lang
Woodcut, a type of relief print, is the earliest printmaking technique, and the only one traditionally used in the Far East. It was probably first developed as a means of printing patterns on cloth, and by the 5th century was used in China for printing text and images on paper. Woodcuts of images on paper developed around 1400 in Japan, and slightly later in Europe. These are the two areas where woodcut has been most extensively used purely as a process for making images without text.
The artist draws a design on a plank of wood, or on paper which is transferred to the wood. Traditionally the artist then handed the work to a specialist cutter, who then uses sharp tools to carve away the parts of the block that will not receive ink. The surface of the block is then inked with the use of a brayer, and then a sheet of paper, perhaps slightly damp, is placed over the block. The block is then rubbed with a baren or spoon, or is run through a printing press. If in color, separate blocks can be used for each color, or a technique called reduction printing can be used.
Reduction printing is a name used to describe the process of using one block to print several layers of color on one print. This usually involves cutting a small amount of the block away, and then printing the block many times over on different sheets before washing the block, cutting more away and printing the next color on top. This allows the previous color to show through. This process can be repeated many times over. The advantages of this process is that only one block is needed, and that different components of an intricate design will line up perfectly. The disadvantage is that once the artist moves on to the next layer, no more prints can be made.
Another variation of woodcut printmaking is the cukil technique, made famous by the Taring Padi underground community in Java, Indonesia. Taring Padi Posters usually resemble intricately printed cartoon posters embedded with political messages. Images -- usually resembling a visually complex scenario -- are carved unto a wooden surface called cukilan, then smothered with printer 's ink before pressing it unto media such as paper or canvas.
The process was developed in Germany in the 1430s from the engraving used by goldsmiths to decorate metalwork. Engravers use a hardened steel tool called a burin to cut the design into the surface of a metal plate, traditionally made of copper. Engraving using a burin is generally a difficult skill to learn.
Gravers come in a variety of shapes and sizes that yield different line types. The burin produces a unique and recognizable quality of line that is characterized by its steady, deliberate appearance and clean edges. Other tools such as mezzotint rockers, roulettes (a tool with a fine - toothed wheel) and burnishers (a tool used for making an object smooth or shiny by rubbing) are used for texturing effects.
To make a print, the engraved plate is inked all over, then the ink is wiped off the surface, leaving only ink in the engraved lines. The plate is then put through a high - pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper (often moistened to soften it). The paper picks up the ink from the engraved lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times; typically several hundred impressions (copies) could be printed before the printing plate shows much sign of wear, except when drypoint, which gives much shallower lines, is used.
In the 20th century, true engraving was revived as a serious art form by artists including Stanley William Hayter whose Studio 17 in Paris and New York City became the magnet for such artists as Pablo Picasso, Alberto Giacometti, Mauricio Lasansky and Joan Miró.
Etching is part of the intaglio family (along with engraving, drypoint, mezzotint, and aquatint.) The process is believed to have been invented by Daniel Hopfer (circa 1470 - 1536) of Augsburg, Germany, who decorated armor in this way, and applied the method to printmaking. Etching soon came to challenge engraving as the most popular printmaking medium. Its great advantage was that, unlike engraving which requires special skill in metalworking, etching is relatively easy to learn for an artist trained in drawing.
Etching prints are generally linear and often contain fine detail and contours. Lines can vary from smooth to sketchy. An etching is opposite of a woodcut in that the raised portions of an etching remain blank while the crevices hold ink. In pure etching, a metal (usually copper, zinc or steel) plate is covered with a waxy or acrylic ground. The artist then draws through the ground with a pointed etching needle. The exposed metal lines are then etched by dipping the plate in a bath of etchant (e.g. nitric acid or ferric chloride). The etchant "bites '' into the exposed metal, leaving behind lines in the plate. The remaining ground is then cleaned off the plate, and the printing process is then just the same as for engraving.
An intaglio variant of engraving in which the image is formed from subtle gradations of light and shade. Mezzotint -- from the Italian mezzo ("half '') and tinta ("tone '') -- is a "dark manner '' form of printmaking, which requires artists to work from dark to light. To create a mezzotint, the surface of a copper printing plate is roughened evenly all over with the aid of a tool known as a rocker; the image is then formed by smoothing the surface with a tool known as a burnisher. When inked, the roughened areas of the plate will hold more ink and print more darkly, while smoother areas of the plate hold less or no ink, and will print more lightly or not at all. It is, however, possible to create the image by only roughening the plate selectively, so working from light to dark.
Mezzotint is known for the luxurious quality of its tones: first, because an evenly, finely roughened surface holds a lot of ink, allowing deep solid colors to be printed; secondly because the process of smoothing the texture with burin, burnisher and scraper allows fine gradations in tone to be developed.
The mezzotint printmaking method was invented by Ludwig von Siegen (1609 -- 1680). The process was used widely in England from the mid-eighteenth century, to reproduce oil paintings and portraits.
A technique used in Intaglio etchings. Like etching, aquatint technique involves the application of acid to make marks in a metal plate. Where the etching technique uses a needle to make lines that retain ink, aquatint relies on powdered rosin which is acid resistant in the ground to create a tonal effect. The rosin is applied in a light dusting by a fan booth, the rosin is then cooked until set on the plate. At this time the rosin can be burnished or scratched out to affect its tonal qualities. The tonal variation is controlled by the level of acid exposure over large areas, and thus the image is shaped by large sections at a time.
Goya used aquatint for most of his prints.
A variant of engraving, done with a sharp point, rather than a v - shaped burin. While engraved lines are very smooth and hard - edged, drypoint scratching leaves a rough burr at the edges of each line. This burr gives drypoint prints a characteristically soft, and sometimes blurry, line quality. Because the pressure of printing quickly destroys the burr, drypoint is useful only for very small editions; as few as ten or twenty impressions. To counter this, and allow for longer print runs, electro - plating (here called steelfacing) has been used since the nineteenth century to harden the surface of a plate.
The technique appears to have been invented by the Housebook Master, a south German fifteenth - century artist, all of whose prints are in drypoint only. Among the most famous artists of the old master print: Albrecht Dürer produced three drypoints before abandoning the technique; Rembrandt used it frequently, but usually in conjunction with etching and engraving.
Honoré Daumier, Vincent van Gogh, George Bellows, Pierre Bonnard, Edvard Munch, Emil Nolde, Pablo Picasso, Odilon Redon, Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec, Salvador Dalí, M.C. Escher, Willem de Kooning, Joan Miró, Stow Wengenroth
Lithography is a technique invented in 1798 by Alois Senefelder and based on the chemical repulsion of oil and water. A porous surface, normally limestone, is used; the image is drawn on the limestone with a greasy medium. Acid is applied, transferring the grease to the limestone, leaving the image ' burned ' into the surface. Gum arabic, a water - soluble substance, is then applied, sealing the surface of the stone not covered with the drawing medium. The stone is wetted, with water staying only on the surface not covered in grease - based residue of the drawing; the stone is then ' rolled up ', meaning oil ink is applied with a roller covering the entire surface; since water repels the oil in the ink, the ink adheres only to the greasy parts, perfectly inking the image. A sheet of dry paper is placed on the surface, and the image is transferred to the paper by the pressure of the printing press. Lithography is known for its ability to capture fine gradations in shading and very small detail.
A variant is photo - lithography, in which the image is captured by photographic processes on metal plates; printing is carried out in the same way.
Josef Albers, Ralston Crawford, Gene Davis. Robert Indiana, Roy Lichtenstein, Julian Opie, Bridget Riley, Edward Ruscha, Andy Warhol, and Carlos Alvarado Lang.
Screenprinting (occasionally known as "silkscreen '', or "serigraphy '') creates prints by using a fabric stencil technique; ink is simply pushed through the stencil against the surface of the paper, most often with the aid of a squeegee. Generally, the technique uses a natural or synthetic ' mesh ' fabric stretched tightly across a rectangular ' frame, ' much like a stretched canvas. The fabric can be silk, nylon monofilament, multifilament polyester, or even stainless steel. While commercial screenprinting often requires high - tech, mechanical apparatuses and calibrated materials, printmakers value it for the "Do It Yourself '' approach, and the low technical requirements, high quality results. The essential tools required are a squeegee, a mesh fabric, a frame, and a stencil. Unlike many other printmaking processes, a printing press is not required, as screenprinting is essentially stencil printing.
Screenprinting may be adapted to printing on a variety of materials, from paper, cloth, and canvas to rubber, glass, and metal. Artists have used the technique to print on bottles, on slabs of granite, directly onto walls, and to reproduce images on textiles which would distort under pressure from printing presses.
Monotyping is a type of printmaking made by drawing or painting on a smooth, non-absorbent surface. The surface, or matrix, was historically a copper etching plate, but in contemporary work it can vary from zinc or glass to acrylic glass. The image is then transferred onto a sheet of paper by pressing the two together, usually using a printing - press. Monotypes can also be created by inking an entire surface and then, using brushes or rags, removing ink to create a subtractive image, e.g. creating lights from a field of opaque color. The inks used may be oil based or water based. With oil based inks, the paper may be dry, in which case the image has more contrast, or the paper may be damp, in which case the image has a 10 percent greater range of tones.
Unlike monoprinting, monotyping produces a unique print, or monotype, because most of the ink is removed during the initial pressing. Although subsequent reprintings are sometimes possible, they differ greatly from the first print and are generally considered inferior. A second print from the original plate is called a "ghost print '' or "cognate ''. Stencils, watercolor, solvents, brushes, and other tools are often used to embellish a monotype print. Monotypes are often spontaneously executed and with no preliminary sketch.
Monotypes are the most painterly method among the printmaking techniques, a unique print that is essentially a printed painting. The principal characteristic of this medium is found in its spontaneity and its combination of printmaking, painting, and drawing media.
Monoprinting is a form of printmaking that uses a matrix such as a woodblock, litho stone, or copper plate, but produces impressions that are unique. Multiple unique impressions printed from a single matrix are sometimes known as a variable edition. There are many techniques used in monoprinting, including collagraph, collage, hand - painted additions, and a form of tracing by which thick ink is laid down on a table, paper is placed on the ink, and the back of the paper is drawn on, transferring the ink to the paper. Monoprints can also be made by altering the type, color, and viscosity of the ink used to create different prints. Traditional printmaking techniques, such as lithography, woodcut, and intaglio, can be used to make monoprints.
Mixed - media prints may use multiple traditional printmaking processes such as etching, woodcut, letterpress, silkscreen, or even monoprinting in the creation of the print. They may also incorporate elements of chine colle, collage, or painted areas, and may be unique, i.e. one - off, non-editioned, prints. Mixed - media prints are often experimental prints and may be printed on unusual, non-traditional surfaces.
Istvan Horkay, Ralph Goings, Enrique Chagoya
Digital prints refers to images printed using digital printers such as inkjet printers instead of a traditional printing press. Images can be printed to a variety of substrates including paper, cloth, or plastic canvas.
Dye - based inks are organic (not mineral) dissolved and mixed into a liquid. Although most are synthetic, derived from petroleum, they can be made from vegetable or animal sources. Dyes are well suited for textiles where the liquid dye penetrates and chemically bonds to the fiber. Because of the deep penetration, more layers of material must lose their color before the fading is apparent. Dyes, however, are not suitable for the relatively thin layers of ink laid out on the surface of a print.
Pigment is a finely ground, particulate substance which, when mixed or ground into a liquid to make ink or paint, does not dissolve, but remains dispersed or suspended in the liquid. Pigments are categorized as either inorganic (mineral) or organic (synthetic). Pigment - based inks have a much longer permanence than dye - based inks.
Giclée (pron.: / ʒiːˈkleɪ / zhee - KLAY or / dʒiːˈkleɪ /), is a neologism coined in 1991 by printmaker Jack Duganne for digital prints made on inkjet printers. Originally associated with early dye - based printers it is now more often refers to pigment - based prints. The word is based on the French word gicleur, which means "nozzle ''. Today fine art prints produced on large format ink - jet machines using the CcMmYK color model are generally called "Giclée ''.
In art, foil imaging is a printmaking technique made using the Iowa Foil Printer, developed by Virginia A. Myers from the commercial foil stamping process. This uses gold leaf and acrylic foil in the printmaking process.
Printmakers apply color to their prints in many different ways. Some coloring techniques include positive surface roll, negative surface roll, and A la poupée. Often color in printmaking that involves etching, screenprinting, woodcut, or linocut is applied by either using separate plates, blocks or screens or by using a reductionist approach. In multiple plate color techniques, a number of plates, screens or blocks are produced, each providing a different color. Each separate plate, screen, or block will be inked up in a different color and applied in a particular sequence to produce the entire picture. On average about three to four plates are produced, but there are occasions where a printmaker may use up to seven plates. Every application of another plate of color will interact with the color already applied to the paper, and this must be kept in mind when producing the separation of colors. The lightest colors are often applied first, and then darker colors successively until the darkest.
The reductionist approach to producing color is to start with a lino or wood block that is either blank or with a simple etching. Upon each printing of color the printmaker will then further cut into the lino or woodblock removing more material and then apply another color and reprint. Each successive removal of lino or wood from the block will expose the already printed color to the viewer of the print. Picasso is often cited as the inventor of reduction printmaking, although there is evidence of this method in use 25 years before Picasso 's linocuts.
The subtractive color concept is also used in offset or digital print and is present in bitmap or vectorial software in CMYK or other color spaces.
In printmaking processes requiring more than one application of ink or other medium, the problem exists as to how to line up properly areas of an image to receive ink in each application. The most obvious example of this would be a multi-color image in which each color is applied in a separate step. The lining up of the results of each step in a multistep printmaking process is called "registration. '' Proper registration results in the various components of an image being in their proper place. But, for artistic reasons, improper registration is not necessarily the ruination of an image.
This can vary considerably from process to process. It generally involves placing the substrate, generally paper, in correct alignment with the printmaking element that will be supplying it with coloration.
Protective clothing is very important for printmakers who engage in etching and lithography (closed toed shoes and long pants). Whereas in the past printmakers put their plates in and out of acid baths with their bare hands, today printmakers use rubber gloves. They also wear industrial respirators for protection from caustic vapors. Most acid baths are built with ventilation hoods above them.
Protective respirators and masks should have particle filters, particularly for aquatinting. As a part of the aquatinting process, a printmaker is often exposed to rosin powder. Rosin is a serious health hazard, especially to printmakers who, in the past, simply used to hold their breath using an aquatinting booth.
History of printmaking; glossaries
Printmaking organizations
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who won this past season of america's got talent | America 's Got Talent - Wikipedia
America 's Got Talent (often abbreviated as AGT) is a televised American talent show competition, broadcast on the NBC television network. It is part of the global Got Talent franchise created by Simon Cowell, and is produced by Fremantle North America and SYCOtv, with distribution done by Fremantle. Since its premiere in June 2006, each season is run during the network 's summer schedule, with the show having featured various hosts - it is currently hosted by Tyra Banks, since 2017. It is the first global edition of the franchise, after plans for a British edition in 2005 were suspended, following a dispute between Paul O'Grady, the planned host, and the British broadcaster ITV; production of this edition later resumed in 2007.
The show attracts a variety of participants, from across the United States and abroad, to take part and who possess some form of talents, with acts ranging from singing, dancing, comedy, magic, stunts, variety, and other genres. Each participant who auditions attempts to secure a place in the live episodes of a season by impressing a panel of judges - the current line - up consists of Cowell, Howie Mandel, Mel B, and Heidi Klum. Those that make it into the live episodes compete against each other for both the judges ' and public 's vote in order to reach the live final, where the winner receives a large cash prize, paid over a period of time, and, since the third season, a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip.
Since its premiere, America 's Got Talent has helped to unearth new talent and kickstart / boost the careers of various performers who took part in the competition, while the show itself has been a rating success for NBC, drawing in on average around 10 million viewers per season. In 2013, a book was entitled Inside AGT: The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent, was released, providing a description of the seasons, contestants, judges, and production techniques of the show, along with detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons, up to the date of the book 's of publication. The show finished airing its thirteenth season, which ran from May 29 to September 19, 2018. A winter - spin off edition is currently being planned, entitled America 's Got Talent: The Champions, featuring acts from previous seasons, as well as acts from international Got Talent shows.
The general selection process of each season is begun by the production team with open auditions held in various cities across the United States. Dubbed "Producers ' Auditions '', they are held months before the main stage of auditions are held. Those that make it through the initial stage, become participants in the "Judges ' Auditions '', which are held in select cities across the country, and attended by the judges. Each participant is held offstage and awaits their turn to perform before the judges, whereupon they are given 90 seconds to demonstrate their act, with a live audience present for all performances. At the end of a performance, the judges give constructive criticism and feedback about what they saw, whereupon they each give a vote - a participant who receives a majority vote approving their performance, moves on to the next stage, otherwise they are eliminated from the programme at that stage. Each judge is given a buzzer, and may use it during a performance if they are unimpressed, hate what is being performed, or feel the act is a waste of their time; if a participant is buzzed by all judges, their performance is automatically over and they are eliminated without being given a vote. Many acts that move on may be cut by producers and may forfeit due to the limited slots available for the second performance. Filming for each season always takes place when the Judges ' Auditions are taking place, with the show 's presenter standing in the wings of each venue 's stage to interview and give personal commentary on a participant 's performance.
Between the fifth and seventh season, acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube. Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the "live shows '' part of the season, prior to the semi-finals. Before the inclusion of this round, the show had a separate audition episode in Seasons 3 and 4 (2008 -- 2009) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace.
In the ninth season, the show added a new format to the auditions in the form of the "Golden Buzzer '', which began to make appearances within the Got Talent franchise, since it was first introduced on Germany 's Got Talent. During auditions, each judge is allowed to use the Golden Buzzer to send an act automatically into the live shows, regardless of the opinion of the other judges; when it was initially used, the buzzer simply saved an act from elimination. The only rule to the buzzer was that a judge could use it only once per season; the host was later allowed to use the Golden Buzzer for an act from the eleventh season.
Following auditions, successful entries take part in a second stage of the talent competition, in which they are separated out into a number of groups. Over the course of several weeks, each group performs per week, at a fixed venue, in which that group 's participants each attempt to secure a place in the live show by performing a new variation of their act for the judges. Of these acts, the judges chose around 10 from each group to perform in the live shows; in some seasons, participants eliminated at this stage were given a chance to still appear in the live shows by being selected as a "wildcard '' act. The judges have access to their buzzers and if an act is buzzed by all of them, they are immediately eliminated from the competition. Until the second season, acts did not have to perform a second time, instead moving on into the live shows, with the judges given a list of the acts who would appear in each live episode. From the second season to the eighth, this stage was dubbed as the "Las Vegas '' due to the fixed venue being situated upon the Las Vegas Strip, while in the ninth series, acts performed in New York, with the stage dubbed "Judgement Week ''.
From the tenth season, the stage 's format was changed and renamed as "Judge Cuts ''. In each round, the judging panel were joined by a guest judge who helped with making decisions on which act could move on to the live shows. Like the auditions, the guest judge could use a Golden Buzzer for an act, but once used, it could not be used again. Unlike previous seasons, the Judge Cuts featured twenty acts per round, with seven acts advancing into the live shows, including the one chosen by the guest 's golden buzzer. Unlike the previous format for the stage, the venue used varied, but included the CBS Studio Center and the NBC Universal Back Lot.
During the live shows, the final selection of participants, which has ranged from between 20 to 60 acts and include those that were chosen as Wildcards by the judges or received the Golden Buzzer, are divided into groups and compete against each other for viewers ' and judges ' votes. The general structure of the live episodes focuses first on four quarterfinals, and then two semi-finals, aimed at finding that season 's finalists. Additional rounds are conducted when required (such as a "Top 8 '' or a "Top 10 '', depending on the season). Live episodes are broadcast weekly, and featured performances by guest stars, including previous winners of America 's Got Talent. During these stages, the judges still provide feedback on an act 's performance when it is over, and can use buzzers to prematurely end an performance before it is over; in the first season, the judges could not end a performance before it was over. Acts which do not secure a sufficient number of votes by the public and / or the judges, are eliminated from the competition.
Those that make it into the season 's final compete against each other to secure the most votes from the public, with the number of finalists varying between seasons. The act which does is declared the winner for that season, in which they secure the programme 's cash prize of $1 million, and, since Season 3 (2008), a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip. Between the fifth and eighth season, the winner was also made the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show, stopping in 25 cities. For season nine, however (2014), there was no tour; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts. (See # America 's Got Talent Live, below.)
In its first season, the judging panel consisted originally of David Hasselhoff, Brandy Norwood, and Piers Morgan, with the program hosted by Regis Philbin. Prior to the start of the second season, Norwood was forced to step down due to a legal matter she was caught up in, leading to her being replaced by Sharon Osbourne, while Philbin was replaced by Jerry Springer as the show 's host. Further changes were made to the panel and show 's host, as a direct result of each respective member having a need to focus on other TV commitments - Springer was forced to leave after the third season, and was replaced by Nick Cannon for the fourth season; Hasselhoff left the show after the fourth season, and so was replaced by Howie Mandel for the fifth season as a direct result; Morgan left after the sixth season, leading to his replacement by Howard Stern for the seventh season.
In August 2012, Osbourne left the program following a dispute with NBC. While the network replaced her with former Spice Girls member Mel B in February 2013, the production staff decided to expand the number of judges in the panel to four - such a format change had already been occurring in other international versions of the competition, such as on Britain 's Got Talent two years prior. In March 2013, supermodel Heidi Klum was announced as joining the panel for the eighth season, confirming reports that the show would include a fourth judge into its format. In October 2015, Stern was replaced by Simon Cowell for the eleventh season. After his eighth year hosting America 's Got Talent, Cannon announced plans to retire from the show due to comments he made about the network; despite being under contract to continue his hosting duties, NBC eventually replaced him with Tyra Banks for the twelfth season.
In May 2006, NBC announced the new show. The audition tour took place in June. Auditions were held in the following locations: Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago. Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino, possibly in Las Vegas; however, this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas, should one become a champion. More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere (which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002). The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 (the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers), Nielsen Media Research reported.
On the season finale, there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ. The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically. Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience, shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below.
In season one, the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff, singer Brandy Norwood, and journalist Piers Morgan.
The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan, and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers.
After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights, with no separate results show, the network changed that, pushing the show back to the summer, where the first season had enjoyed great success. This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol, which had a similar premise and was more popular.
In AGT 's place, another reality - based talent show, Grease: You 're The One That I Want, began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January. In March, NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show, and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host, with Sharon Osbourne (formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge.
The season finale was shown Tuesday, August 21, with the winner being Terry Fator, a singing impressionist ventriloquist. The runner - up was singer Cas Haley.
Season three premiered on June 17, 2008. Auditions took place in Charlotte, Nashville, Orlando, New York, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Chicago from January to April. A televised MySpace audition also took place.
Season three differed from the previous two in many ways. Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation, and a new title card was introduced, featuring the American flag as background. The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table. Like the previous season, the Las Vegas callbacks continued, but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds, instead of twenty. This season also contained several results episodes, but not on a regular basis. The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics, but returned with the live rounds on August 26.
Neal E. Boyd, an opera singer, was named the winner on October 1. Eli Mattson, a singer and pianist, was runner - up.
Season four premiered on Tuesday, June 23, 2009. It was the first to be broadcast in high definition. Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Miami, Tacoma, Boston, and Houston. Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center, followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions. New York and Miami auditions were held during March. Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26. In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape, season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration. This year 's host was Nick Cannon. Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments.
The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season, but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts '. This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis. The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo.
On September 16, country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner. The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla, an opera singer.
For season five, the network had considered moving the show to the fall, after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009. NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show.
Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Orlando, and Portland (Oregon). Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia. For the first time, online auditions were also held via YouTube.
David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel. This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show. The show premiered Tuesday, June 1, 2010, at 8 pm ET. Afterward, Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season.
On September 15, singer Michael Grimm was named the winner. He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho, Fighting Gravity, Prince Poppycock, and the other top ten finalists.
Season six premiered on Tuesday, May 31, 2011, with a two - hour special. Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk, respectively. On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27, 2010, Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent.
The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles, New York, Minneapolis, Atlanta, Seattle, and Houston. Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago. Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26. Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run, beginning on May 4. Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9.
On Wednesday, September 14, Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr., a Frank Sinatra - style singer, was named the winner. Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up.
Season seven premiered on May 14, 2012. The first round of auditions, which are judged by producers, were held in New York, Washington, D.C., Tampa, Charlotte, Austin, Anaheim, St. Louis, and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012. The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27.
Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven, due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight, and he was replaced by Howard Stern. Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City, the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark, New Jersey. In December 2011, Simon Cowell, the show 's executive producer, announced that the show would be receiving a "top - to - bottom makeover '', confirming that there would be new graphics, lighting, theme music, show intro, logo, and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark. On July 2, at the first live performance show of the season, their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special. A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the "X ''.
On August 6, Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season, in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes.
On September 13, Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season, becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win. Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up.
Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday, June 4, 2013. The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show. Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season, but later said that she was staying with the show "for now. '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6, 2012.
On February 20, 2013, it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members, Mel B (Melanie Brown), would be joining the show as the new fourth judge. Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added. On March 3, it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge.
An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11, 2012. The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland (Oregon), New Orleans, Birmingham, Memphis, Nashville, Savannah, Raleigh, Norfolk, San Antonio, New York, Columbus (Ohio), and Chicago. This season, the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before. America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight. Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4. The show traveled to New Orleans, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Antonio.
On September 18, 2013, martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season, the first dance act to win the competition. Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up.
Season nine premiered on Tuesday, May 27, 2014, at 8 pm ET. The producers ' auditions began on October 26, 2013, in Miami. Other audition sites included Atlanta, Baltimore, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, and New York. Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online. Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark, which also hosted the live shows during season seven. Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26.
The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29. There was also a new twist in the show, where "Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas. Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience, but after three acts performed, the producers scrapped the live audience concept. This season also came with the addition of a "Golden Buzzer, '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent. Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act, typically used when there is a tie.
For this season, contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June, and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23, 2014. The performer with the most votes, Cornell Bhangra, filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals.
On September 17, magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season, the first magic act to win the competition. Singer Emily West was the runner - up.
Season ten premiered on May 26, 2015. Producer auditions began on November 2, 2014, in Tampa. Other audition sites included Nashville, Richmond (Virginia), New York, Chicago, St. Louis, San Antonio, Albuquerque, San Francisco, Seattle, Boise, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles. Online submissions were also accepted.
Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1, 2014, that he might not return, but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season. Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host. On February 9, 2015, Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well. It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning.
It was announced on December 4, 2014, that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout. He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes, and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge.
Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2, 2015, at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center. They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles. A special "extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona, California, where danger acts performed outside for the judges, who were seated at an outdoor stage.
During NBC 's summer press tour, it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their "Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows. An official trailer for the season was released, which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season, with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk. Dunkin replaced Snapple, which sponsored the show since season seven.
On June 24, Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge. Stern said, "In all seriousness, I 've told you, I 'm just too f * cking busy... something 's got to give... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year, whether or not I 'd come back, I kind of have told them I think this is my last season. Not I think, this is my last season ''.
On September 16, Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season, making him the second ventriloquist to win. Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up, and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place.
America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1, 2015. The season would have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit, New York, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, San Jose, San Diego, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Orlando, and Dallas. As in years past, hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online.
On October 22, 2015, it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11. Mel B, Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges, with Nick Cannon returning as host. The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles, due to Stern 's departure, at the Dolby Theatre.
Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3, 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California. The season premiered on May 31, 2016.
On September 14, 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player Grace VanderWaal was announced as the second female and second child to win America 's Got Talent (Bianca Ryan, age 11, was first). Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners - up, and magician Jon Dorenbos placed third.
On August 2, 2016, it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12. Later that year, on October 4, Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 (Season 14).
On February 13, 2017, Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season, citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC. The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special Stand Up, Do n't Shoot. NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12, which premiered on Tuesday, May 30, 2017.
On September 20, Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season, becoming the third ventriloquist, third child act and the third female act to win the competition (second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016). Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up, and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place. Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five.
On February 21, 2018, it was announced that judges Simon Cowell, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel along with Tyra Banks would all be returning. The season premiered on May 29, 2018. Magician Shin Lim was named the winner on the season finale, September 19, 2018. This marks the second magician to win. Acrobatic group Zurcaroh and violinist Brian King Joseph came in second and third place respectively. Stand - up comedian Samuel J. Comroe and singer Michael Ketterer rounded out the top 5.
America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance.
In 2009, America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner, runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors. It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four (2009) finale. Jerry Springer emceed, commuting weekly between Stamford, Connecticut, tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas.
In 2010, on the first live show of season five, the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip, which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists. Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show.
In 2012, the tour returned, featuring winners Olate Dogs, Spencer Horsman, Joe Castillo, Lightwire Theater, David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's, Jarrett and Raja, Tom Cotter, and other fan favorites.
In 2013, after the success of the 2012 tour, another tour was scheduled, featuring season eight 's winner, Kenichi Ebina, and finalists Collins Key, Jimmy Rose, Taylor Williamson, Cami Bradley, The KriStef Brothers, and Tone the Chiefrocca. Tone hosted the tour.
In 2014, America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson, the season eight (2013) runner - up, and the top finalists for season nine: Mat Franco, Emily West, Quintavious Johnson, AcroArmy, Emil and Dariel, Miguel Dakota, and Sons of Serendip.
In 2015, no tour was held. Instead, three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin, runner - up Drew Lynch, and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon.
In 2016, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured the top two finalists for season 11, Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants, as well as finalist Tape Face.
In 2017, four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They featured winner Darci Lynne, runner - up Angelica Hale, third - placed Light Balance, and finalist Preacher Lawson.
NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19, 2016, hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal, Jackie Evancho, Andra Day, Penn & Teller, Pentatonix, Terry Fator, Mat Franco, Piff the Magic Dragon, Olate Dogs, Professor Splash, Jon Dorenbos and others, and featuring the Season 11 judges, including Klum, who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti. The special drew 9.5 million viewers.
Since the show began, its ratings have been very high, ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers, generally averaging around 11 million viewers. The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic, usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run. Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows.
Although the show 's ratings have been high, the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years, where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks.
The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four (2009). The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five (2010), with 16.41 million viewers. The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six (2011) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49, both having a 4.6 rating.
Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only.
Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent but were ultimately eliminated before the final round have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows, most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew.
The following America 's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on American Idol (AI):
The following America 's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew (ABDC):
The following America 's Got Talent (AGT) contestants also appeared on these other shows:
In Indonesia, the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET. since October 22, 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB. But, since Monday, October 31, in addition to the weekend slot, the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama, the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta, which was concluded on Friday, October 28, 2016.
In the United Kingdom, TruTV, along with simulcasts on the Local Television Limited network, show America 's Got Talent, with TruTV showing it from the tenth season.
The thirteenth season of the show will air on AXN Asia, together with the twelfth series of Britain 's Got Talent.
In the Philippines, the show was being broadcast on ABS - CBN from 2008 to 2010. When the network premiered Pilipinas Got Talent in 2010, the show was now being aired on Studio 23 until January 2014, the time Studio 23 rebranded to ABS - CBN Sports + Action (now branding as ABS - CBN S + A). In 2011, the show aired on The Game Channel until its closure in 2015. Currently, it is being aired on AXN Philippines and on RTL CBS Entertainment (now Blue Ant Entertainment).
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who played kate on my sister's keeper | Sofia Vassilieva - wikipedia
Sofia Vladimirovna Vassilieva (born October 22, 1992) (Russian: София Владимировна Васильева) is an American actress. Her most notable roles include the children 's book heroine Eloise in Eloise at the Plaza and Eloise at Christmastime, Ariel DuBois in the Emmy - winning TV series Medium, and teenage cancer patient Kate Fitzgerald in the 2009 film adaptation of My Sister 's Keeper by Jodi Picoult.
Vassilieva was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in Hennepin County Medical Center at 2: 22 pm, the daughter and only child of Russian immigrants Dr. Larissa Vassilieva, a biologist, and Dr. Vladimir Vassiliev, a physicist, both from Novosibirsk. She attended and graduated from Barbizon Modeling and Acting School in Arizona.
At the age of seven, Vassilieva was discovered at the International Modeling and Talent Association (IMTA) in New York, where she won the title of Child Actress and first runner - up Child Model Of The Year 2000.
Less than a year later, Vassilieva received her first role, playing the granddaughter of a retired Russian General in an episode of the CBS television series The Agency.
Vassilieva played Cindy Brady in The Brady Bunch in the White House, opposite Shelley Long and Gary Cole in 2002. That same year, she was cast as a little girl named Gina in Inhabited (2003), starring Malcolm McDowell and former child actress Patty McCormack.
In 2003, she played Eloise in two made - for - television movies: Eloise at the Plaza and Eloise at Christmastime, directed by Kevin Lima and featuring Julie Andrews as Nanny. For her role as Eloise, Vassilieva was nominated for the Best Leading Young Actress in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special at the 2004 Young Artist Awards.
In May 2004, at the age of eleven, Vassilieva was cast as Ariel DuBois in Medium, a series about mother - of - three and consultant to the Phoenix District Attorney 's office Allison DuBois (Patricia Arquette), whose psychic visions help solve crimes. The series premiered on January 3, 2005. Vassilieva played the daughter of Arquette 's character for seven seasons, until the series ' finale on January 21, 2011.
Vassilieva was a presenter of Family Feature Film on the Humane Society 's 19th Genesis Awards in 2005. She won a Young Artist Award in 2006 for Best Supporting Actress in a TV Drama for her role as Ariel DuBois in Medium.
Vassilieva played the lead role of terminally ill teenager Kate Fitzgerald in the 2009 adaptation of Jodi Picoult 's novel My Sister 's Keeper, directed by Nick Cassavetes. She starred alongside Cameron Diaz, Jason Patric, and Abigail Breslin. Vassilieva shaved her head and eyebrows for her role as a teenage cancer patient. In the same year, she became an honorary ambassador for Stand Up to Cancer. For her performance as Kate, Vassilieva won a Young Artist Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Feature Film in 2010. It was her third nomination and second win.
In 2011, she guest - starred on Law & Order: SVU as Sarah Walsh, a piano BFA candidate who was raped in her New York City apartment. She reprised her role as Sarah in 2013.
On May 21, 2014, Vassilieva graduated from Columbia College, Columbia University with a Bachelor of Arts and Science degree. She has also completed a Linguistics major with honors, and a special concentration in Business Management. Vassilieva is a member of Alpha Omicron Pi Fraternity.
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who died on the have and have nots | The Haves and the Have Nots (tv series) - wikipedia
The Haves and the Have Nots is an American crime drama and soap opera created, executive produced, written, and directed by Tyler Perry. The premise of the series is based on Perry 's 2011 play The Haves and the Have Nots. The show premiered on May 28, 2013 on the Oprah Winfrey Network. It is the first scripted television series to air on the network. Both the show 's first and second episodes aired back - to - back on its premiere night. Each episode is one hour long.
Variety has recognized The Haves and the Have Nots as "OWN 's most popular series to date. '' In addition, the drama series has been acclaimed as being "one of OWN 's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun, filled with the typical betrayals, affairs, manipulations, and a bitch slap or two. '' The series set ratings record for OWN, scoring the highest ratings ever for a series premiere and the highest overall ratings in the network 's history. The second season premiered on January 7, 2014. To date, the series is still OWN 's highest rated broadcast. The mid-season 2 finale, aired on March 11, 2014, was the most watched broadcast in OWN 's history, and also came in first among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for the night it aired. The mid-season 2 premiere aired on May 27, 2014. The third season of the series premiered on January 6, 2015. The second half premiered on June 30, 2015.
On February 27, 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season of 23 episodes, which premiered on January 5, 2016. The second half of season 4 premiered on June 21, 2016 and aired through September 6, 2016. On February 11, 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth season which premiered on January 3, 2017. On January 30, 2017, the series was given an additional 44 - episodes order. On May 2, 2017, OWN announced the show 's return for the second half of the fifth season, which premiered on June 20, 2017. The series was renewed for a sixth season to premiere in January 2018.
The series follows three families and their lifestyles as they intersect with one another in Savannah, Georgia: the rich, powerful, and locally very public Cryer and Harrington families (dubbed "The Haves '') and the poor and destitute Young family (dubbed "The Have Nots ''). The Young family is headed by Hanna, a single mother who works as the Cryer family 's maid and also serves as the best friend and confidante of the lady of the house, Katheryn. Included as part of The Have Nots is another maid of the Cryer family 's, Celine Gonzales. While the Young family versus the Cryer and Harrington families lead polar opposite lifestyles in terms of social class, economics, social status, and surroundings, they are each similar in that they lead exceedingly dysfunctional lifestyles.
Each of the three families experience similarly overwhelming hardships and plights. Often, the plights, predicaments, and hardships that the three families encounter are of a juicy, scandalous, and controversial nature. Among the serious issues that have been tackled on the program to date have included: infidelity, cancer, substance abuse, homosexuality, suicide, prostitution, poverty, rape, law / crime, abortion, religion / Christianity, politics, and mental health. All of the main characters in the program have proven to be devious, immoral, vile, or at least nasty in their behaviors at one point or another, if not regularly.
The show 's cast is multiracial: one of the upper class families are Caucasian American and the other is African American; the poor family is also African American; in addition to this, there is a poor maid who 's Hispanic. To that end, when Angela Robinson (the actress who plays Veronica Harrington) was interviewed about her new role on the series in late June 2013, she stated, "This is one of the only shows on television with a diverse cast that looks like America: Black, White, Latino, straight, gay, rich, and poor. '' The characters are filled with experiences, typically of a serious and shocking nature, that they attempt to keep secret from one another; however, their secrets tend to dramatically come to light when all is said and done.
The Cryer family
The Harrington family
The Young family & Celine Gonzales
These main characters do not appear in the opening sequence like the shows title characters ("The Haves '': The Cryers and The Harringtons and "The Have Nots '': The Youngs and Celine), but also receive star billing.
As a central and very one - of - a-kind antagonist in the program, the "Veronica Harrington '' character has drawn increasing attention in the media, promoted as "the ice queen with ice water running through her veins. '' An NBC News article characterized the character as a "well - dressed woman that everyone loves to hate '' and "a bougie buppie, diabolical diva who crawled her way to the top of Savannah 's high society. ''
In August 2015, the Broadway veteran actress playing the role, Angela Robinson, was dubbed by an NBC News article as "Tyler Perry 's breakout star '' from her role in The Haves and The Have Nots. Described in her on - air role as a "sophisticated villainess, '' she was hailed as "slowly becoming a household name and gaining a cult - like following from the hit series. '' The actress was reported as becoming choked up in an August 2015 conference call when a journalist asked her: "How does it feel being the fiercest (black female character) on prime time television this summer? '' The actress was reported as having to take a moment to compose herself before answering the question.
The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on Tuesday, May 28, 2013, at 9 / 8c on the Oprah Winfrey Network. The Haves and the Have Nots is the first scripted television series to air on OWN. Both the show 's first and second episodes aired back to back on its premiere night. Each episode of the series runs for an hour (42 minutes plus commercials).
The Haves and the Have Nots set a record for OWN, scoring the highest ratings ever for a series premiere on the network. During the show 's first season, The Haves and the Have Nots received numerous widely publicized series highs in ratings, including with its July 30 episode, its August 6 episode, its August 13 episode, its August 27 episode, and most notably with its season 1 finale on September 3. The season 1 finale of The Haves And the Have Nots was the third most watched telecast in OWN history, bested only by an interview with Whitney Houston 's daughter Bobbi Kristina and episodes of Oprah 's Next Chapter featuring Lance Armstrong.
Within its first season alone, Variety had recognized The Haves and the Have Nots as "OWN 's most popular series to date. '' Also within only its first season, The Haves and the Have Nots had been critically acclaimed as being "one of OWN 's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun, filled with the typical betrayals, affairs, manipulations and a bitch slap or two. '' Recognizing the show 's increasing popularity, OWN renewed the drama series for a 2nd season midway into the first season. The 2nd season was originally to consist of 16 episodes and bring the series to 32 in total by the completion of season 2; however on August 21, it was announced that the network had ordered 4 additional episodes for the 2nd season, which will bring the series to 36 episodes in total by season 2 's completion.
Season 2 of The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on Tuesday, January 7, 2014. Continuing on with its ratings records from season 1, the show debuted its 2nd season with series and network high ratings. Throughout season 2, the soap has achieved several more series highs. On February 4, 2014, for example, the drama series came in as the most watched television program in all of cable television with an estimated 3.4 million viewers. Among all of OWN programming since the network 's January 2011 debut, only a March 2012 Oprah 's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina has drawn more viewers (3.5 million) than the February 4, 2014 episode of The Haves and the Have Nots. The Haves and the Have Nots episode in question is "Why Did n't You Tell Me? '' On Tuesday, March 11, 2014, however, the mid-season 2 finale of The Haves and the Have Nots set a record for all of OWN programming, scoring the highest ratings in the station 's history. The record - breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers, surpassing the 3.5 million that tuned in for Oprah Winfrey 's interview with Bobbi Kristina. Not only was the episode the most watched broadcast in all of OWN history but it came in at number 1 among all of cable television and number 4 among all shows on television for its airing night. Season 3 premiered on January 6, 2015. Production of season 3 began in August 2014 following a 25 episode order which will bring the episode count to 61 through 2015.
In May 2015, it was reported that the 3rd season of "The Haves and the Have Nots '' was primetime 's # 1 original cable series among African - American women and total viewers, regularly attracting more than three million viewers.
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when does the last season of american horror story come on netflix | American Horror Story - wikipedia
American Horror Story is an American anthology horror series created and produced by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk. Described as an anthology series, each season is conceived as a self - contained miniseries, following a different set of characters and settings, and a storyline with its own "beginning, middle, and end. '' Some plot elements of each season are loosely inspired by true events. The only actors to appear in all iterations of the show so far are Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson.
The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011 and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964 and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013 and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952 and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles during the year 2015 and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016 and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. election.
The series is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States. On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth and ninth season.
Although reception to individual seasons has varied, American Horror Story has been overall well received by television critics, with the majority of the praise going to the cast, particularly Jessica Lange, who won two Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performances. Additionally, Kathy Bates and James Cromwell each won an Emmy Award for their performances, while Lady Gaga won a Golden Globe Award. The series draws consistently high ratings for the FX network, with its first season being the most - viewed new cable series of 2011.
In 2011, the Harmon family, consisting of psychiatrist Ben (Dylan McDermott), his wife Vivien (Connie Britton), and their teenage daughter Violet (Taissa Farmiga), move from Boston to Los Angeles after Vivien has a miscarriage and Ben had an affair. The Harmons move into a restored mansion and soon encounter the home 's former residents, the Langdons -- Constance (Jessica Lange) and her two children, Tate (Evan Peters), and Addie (Jamie Brewer) -- and the disfigured Larry Harvey (Denis O'Hare). Ben and Vivien try to rekindle their relationship, as Violet, suffering from depression, finds comfort with Tate. The Langdons and Larry frequently influence the Harmons ' lives, as the family discovers that the home is haunted by the ghosts of anyone who has ever died on the property. The season is primarily set in the modern day, with flashbacks to the 1920s, 1940s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.
The season takes place in 1964 and follows the patients, doctors, and nuns who occupy the Briarcliff Mental Institution, located in Massachusetts and founded to treat and house the criminally insane. The wardens who run the institution include the stern Sister Jude (Jessica Lange), her protégé Sister Mary Eunice (Lily Rabe), and the founder of the institution, Monsignor Timothy Howard (Joseph Fiennes). The doctors charged with treating the patients at the asylum include psychiatrist Dr. Oliver Thredson (Zachary Quinto) and the sadistic scientist Dr. Arthur Arden (James Cromwell). The patients, many of whom claim to be unjustly institutionalized, include lesbian journalist Lana Winters (Sarah Paulson), accused serial killer Kit Walker (Evan Peters), nymphomaniac Shelley (Chloe Sevigny), and alleged murderer Grace Bertrand (Lizzie Brocheré). Briarcliff 's inhabitants are routinely subject to supernatural and scientific influences, including demonic possession and extraterrestrial abduction. The season primarily takes place throughout the 1960s with flashbacks to the 1940s and flash - forwards to the 1970s, 1980s and 2012.
The season takes place in 2013 and follows the descendants of the witches who survived the Salem Witch Trials, who are nearly extinct and are in danger once again. Those who share this genetic affliction are being subjected to strange and violent attacks. A mysterious all - girls boarding school has opened in New Orleans to protect and house young women who carry this unique bloodline, and keep them from the dangers of the outside world. The long - absent Supreme, and most powerful witch of her generation, Fiona Goode (Jessica Lange), arrives to ensure the safety of the Coven, but also to fulfill her own hidden agenda, with the constant criticism of her arch nemesis, Myrtle Snow (Frances Conroy). Fiona 's daughter, Cordelia (Sarah Paulson), teaches at the school and welcomes its newest student, Zoe Benson (Taissa Farmiga), who harbors her own harrowing secret and who falls in love with Kyle (Evan Peters). Veteran students include the witches Madison Montgomery (Emma Roberts), Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe) and Nan (Jamie Brewer). Other important characters include Misty Day (Lily Rabe), who resurrects after being burned at the stake, and Spalding (Denis O'Hare), the butler of the coven. Events reveal a long - held rivalry between the witches of Salem and the voodoo practitioners of New Orleans, as well as a historic grudge between Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau (Angela Bassett) and socialite serial killer Delphine LaLaurie (Kathy Bates). Other themes include witchcraft, voodoo, racism, death, and family, such as the relationships between mothers and daughters. The season is set primarily in the modern day and includes flashbacks to the 1910s, 1970s, 1960s, and the 1830s.
The season takes place in 1952 in the quiet town of Jupiter, Florida and follows a struggling freak show led by Elsa Mars (Jessica Lange). Decades have passed since the public has looked upon freak shows as a form of entertainment, but Elsa dreams of finding a home for her "monsters '', as well as her own fame. When conjoined twins Bette and Dot Tattler (Sarah Paulson) are taken to the hospital, Elsa sees her chance to finally drum up some business for her sideshow, hoping the two sisters will save her troupe once and for all. Other members include Jimmy Darling (Evan Peters), a boy born with syndactyly who dreams of leaving the carny life behind and living a normal life. Jimmy 's mother, the bearded lady Ethel Darling (Kathy Bates), is Elsa 's second in command and maintains law and order under the tent. A Strongman from Ethel 's troubled past named Dell Toledo (Michael Chiklis), and his three - breasted wife, Desiree Dupree (Angela Bassett), make waves when they arrive at the sideshow. Two evil characters of the story are Stanley (Denis O'Hare) and Maggie Esmerelda (Emma Roberts), who want to kill the freaks for money. Gloria (Frances Conroy) and Dandy Mott (Finn Wittrock) also contribute to spoil the freak show. In a time when the era of television is beginning to reign high above sideshow acts, these individuals must overcome those who persecute them based on their looks. However, as events unfold, it is revealed that multiple dark entities have taken up residence in Jupiter, with all of their eyes being set on the freaks. The main recurring theme throughout this season is acceptance, examples being the freaks ' need to be accepted by the people of Jupiter and Dandy 's desire to become a freak and to be accepted as a freak. Flashbacks are set in the 1930s and 1940s, and a flash forward to the 1960s.
The season takes place in 2015 in Los Angeles, California in the haunted, retro Hotel Cortez which was built to become a torture chamber for the guests by the founder James Patrick March (Evan Peters). The wardens of the hotel includes the 111 year old vampire, Elizabeth Johnson (Lady Gaga), and the front desk clerk and manager, Iris (Kathy Bates). The residents and guests include the drug addicted prostitute ghost, Sally McKenna (Sarah Paulson), Iris ' hateful son and former drug addict turned vampire lover of Elizabeth, Donovan (Matt Bomer), transgender bartender Liz Taylor (Denis O'Hare), actress and revengeful former lover of Elizabeth, Ramona Royale (Angela Bassett), male model heartthrob and murder addict Tristan Duffy (Finn Wittrock), New York fashion designer and current purchaser Will Drake (Cheyenne Jackson), and the suspicious and soon going insane detective John Lowe (Wes Bentley) and his depressed wife Alex (Chloë Sevigny). When Lowe checks into the hotel, what he does n't know is that he is targeted by a serial murderer, The Ten Commandments Killer, which will bring the inside and outside danger crashing together. Main themes include addiction, insanity and forgiveness. Alongside being set in modern day, flashbacks are set in the 1920s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, with an epilogue set in 2022.
In 2015, Shelby Miller (Lily Rabe), her husband Matt Miller (André Holland) and Matt 's sister Lee Harris (Adina Porter) appear on a documentary called My Roanoke Nightmare, to recount a series of supernatural events that happened to them in 2014 after Shelby and Matt relocated from Los Angeles to North Carolina following a miscarriage. During their stay at the house, the family has a terrifying experience, because their house is on the land where the Roanoke Colony moved after the famous disappearance, led by witch Scathach, Thomasin White, known as The Butcher, and her insane crew. Audrey Tindall (Sarah Paulson) is the actress who portrays Shelby during the reenactment sections of My Roanoke Nightmare, while Dominic Banks (Cuba Gooding Jr.) and Monet Tumusiime (Angela Bassett) portray Matt and Lee respectively. The Butcher is played by Agnes Mary Winstead (Kathy Bates), her son, Ambrose White, by Dylan (Wes Bentley) and the founder of the house, Edward Philippe Mott, by Rory Monahan (Evan Peters). Elias Cunningham, the previous owner of the house, is portrayed by William van Henderson (Denis O'Hare) and Scathach by an unknown actress (Lady Gaga). In 2016, after the huge success of My Roanoke Nightmare, the producer of the series, Sidney Aaron James (Cheyenne Jackson), decides to give life to the second season of the series: Return to Roanoke: Three Days In Hell, bringing back to the house the Millers and the actors who re-enact the experiences of the family. During three days, all the people die under mysterious circumstances, except for one. The season takes place primarily throughout 2014 -- 2016, with dramaticized flashbacks through the My Roanoke Nightmare documentary of the 1500s, 1700s, and 1990s, and an epilogue taking place in the near future, possibly in October -- November 2017.
On October 4, 2016, the series was renewed for a seventh season, which premiered on September 5, 2017. Ryan Murphy confirmed that the season will be connected to Freak Show; but will be set in modern day. In February 2017, on Watch What Happens Live, Murphy announced that the season would revolve around the 2016 U.S. election and suggested that it may feature a character based on President Donald Trump. In an April 2017 interview, Murphy stated that there would be no actors playing Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton, though both would be seen onscreen. Murphy has said that the season will be representative of both sides of the political divide; however, the writer says he will be "illuminating and highlighting '' groups of people he believes to be "ignored by the current (Trump) administration and who are afraid and feel terrorized that their lives are going to be taken away. ''
Veteran cast members Evan Peters, Sarah Paulson, Adina Porter, Cheyenne Jackson, Frances Conroy, Mare Winningham, Emma Roberts and Chaz Bono are scheduled to return for the forthcoming season. Joining them are new cast members Billie Lourd, Billy Eichner, Leslie Grossman, Colton Haynes, Alison Pill, and Lena Dunham.
On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth and ninth season set to air in 2018 and 2019, respectively.
Creators Murphy and Falchuk began working on American Horror Story before their Fox series Glee began production. Murphy wanted to do the opposite of what he had done previously and thus began his work on the series. He stated: "I went from Nip / Tuck to Glee, so it made sense that I wanted to do something challenging and dark. And I always had loved, as Brad had, the horror genre. So it just was a natural for me. '' Falchuk was intrigued by the idea of putting a different angle on the horror genre, stating that their main goal in creating the series was to scare viewers. "You want people to be a little bit off balance afterwards, '' he said.
In February 2011, FX officially announced that it had ordered a pilot for a possible series from Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk, with both Murphy and Falchuk writing and Murphy directing. Dante Di Loreto was announced as executive producer. Production on the series began in April 2011. In July 2011, FX officially announced the project had been picked up to series.
From the beginning, Murphy and Falchuk planned that each season of the series would tell a different story. After the first season finale aired, Murphy spoke of his plans to change the cast and location for the second season. He did say, however, that some actors who starred in the first season would be returning. "The people that are coming back will be playing completely different characters, creatures, monsters, etc. (The Harmons ') stories are done. People who are coming back will be playing entirely new characters, '' he announced. In November 2012, FX chief executive, John Landgraf, described the unique format of the series stating: "(T) he notion of doing an anthological series of miniseries with a repertory cast -- has proven groundbreaking, wildly successful and will prove to be trendsetting. ''
At the 2013 PaleyFest, Falchuk compared the series to horror films: "It does demand a little bit of compassion at the end because you fall in love with these characters in a different way than you would in a movie, '' he said. "If you want to kill everybody in a movie except one person, you can kind of get away with that, but if you 're looking to do a horror TV show, you have a different responsibility to the characters because the audience has a different affection for them. ''
Murphy then explained the process of planning a series ' season takes about a year. "We come up with story first and then we come up with the characters, '' he said. "It is a repertory company, so we 'll move people around and sometimes there wo n't yet be a role for somebody. Like when we started (the second season), I really had no idea that Dylan (McDermott) would be the person to play Sarah 's son, but the deeper we got, I thought, that would work great. ''
In an August 2015 article for Entertainment Weekly, Murphy revealed that the show is mulling producing two seasons a year. The first being broadcast in the spring and the second in the fall. He explained, "We 're doing something that we 've never done before on the show where we 're doing two different groups of writers rooms. Some of our writers will be bouncing around but a whole different group coming in late August. The next thing we 're crafting up is very, very different than (Hotel). Not smaller. But just not opulent. More rogue and more dark. ''
Connie Britton was first to be cast in the series, portraying female lead Vivien Harmon on Murder House. Denis O'Hare joined second as Larry Harvey. Jessica Lange soon followed as Constance, her first regular role on television. Dylan McDermott joined the cast soon after Lange as the male lead Ben Harmon. Taissa Farmiga and Evan Peters were the last actors to be added to the main cast, portraying Violet Harmon and Tate Langdon, respectively.
In March 2012, Murphy revealed that the second season had been conceptualized around Jessica Lange who portrays Sister Jude, a sadistic nun who runs the asylum. Evan Peters, Sarah Paulson, Lily Rabe and Zachary Quinto also return as main cast members in the second season. Peters portrays Kit Walker, an inmate accused of murdering his wife. Paulson portrays Lana, a lesbian reporter who gets committed to the asylum because of her sexuality and intent to snoop around the sanitorium. Rabe 's character is Sister Mary Eunice, clumsy second - in - charge to Sister Jude. Quinto portrays Dr. Thredson, a psychiatrist at the asylum. Lizzie Brocheré stars as Grace Bertrand, a character described originally as "a fierce, ferocious, extremely sexual, and dangerous wild - child sexpot '', but the role was later heavily revamped. James Cromwell co-stars as Dr. Arthur Arden, who proclaims to be in charge of the asylum and performs dark experiments on its patients. Joseph Fiennes starred as Monsignor Timothy Howard, a possible love interest for Sister Jude.
For the third season, series executive producers and co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk stated that, as with the second season, "many actors '' would return in different roles, beginning with Jessica Lange. Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson were confirmed to return, portraying Kyle Spencer and Cordelia Foxx, respectively. Murphy added that Lange would portray a "real glamour - cat lady '', later revealed to be named Fiona Goode. Taissa Farmiga, Violet in the first season, starred as Zoe Benson, a character that is involved in a prominent romance during the season. Lily Rabe co-starred as Misty Day. Series recurring actress Frances Conroy joined as a main cast member, playing the character of Myrtle Snow. Oscar - winning actress Kathy Bates was confirmed to co-star. It was first reported that she would portray "a woman who, at the start, is Lange 's character 's best friend, but will become her worst enemy '', but this was altered. Murphy stated that Bates ' character will be "five times worse than (her) Misery character '' and is also inspired by a "true event ''. She portrayed Madame Delphine LaLaurie, an immortal racist. It was announced in May 2013 that Emma Roberts had been added to the cast. Roberts played Madison Montgomery, a "self - involved party girl ''. In July 2013, season one alum Denis O'Hare also joined the cast in an unknown role, later portrayed as Spalding.
In November 2013, Ryan Murphy confirmed that Jessica Lange would be returning for a fourth season, although in a reduced capacity. It was later revealed she would be playing Freak Show owner Elsa Mars. Kathy Bates returned in a main role, portraying bearded lady Ethel Darling. On March 29, 2014, Murphy announced that Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Frances Conroy, Emma Roberts, Denis O'Hare, and Angela Bassett would all return for the fourth season. Paulson portrayed conjoined sisters Bette and Dot Tattler; Peters portrayed "Lobster Boy '' Jimmy Darling; Conroy played the well - off Gloria Mott; Bassett portrayed three - breasted hermaphrodite Desiree Dupree; and O'Hare played Stanley, a conman working with Roberts ' Maggie Esmerelda. At PaleyFest 2014, it was revealed that Michael Chiklis would be joining the cast as Dell Toledo, the father of Jimmy, ex-husband of Ethel, and current husband of Desiree. Finn Wittrock later joined the main cast as Gloria 's spoiled son, Dandy Mott.
On the series ' fifth cycle, singer - songwriter Lady Gaga was announced as the first and new cast member on February 25, 2015. After a special guest appearance on the previous season, Matt Bomer joined the fifth season 's cast along with series newcomer Cheyenne Jackson during PaleyFest 2015. Chloë Sevigny and Wes Bentley were promoted as main cast members, after they appear as recurring special guests in Asylum and Freak Show respectively. Since PaleyFest, Murphy has announced the series returns of Kathy Bates, Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters and Angela Bassett. On June 2015, Denis O'Hare will also return for the fifth seeries. In August 2015, Murphy announced the character roles for the cast: Gaga portrayed Elizabeth Johnson also known as "The Countess '', a fashionista who owns the Hotel Cortez; Jackson played desperate fashion designer Will Drake; O'Hare's Liz Taylor was a transwoman bartender who works at the hotel 's Blue Parrot Lounge bar; Sevigny played pediatrician Dr. Alex Lowe who was the wife of Bentley 's John Lowe, a detective who investigates the murders inside the hotel; Bomer 's role as Donovan was the acquaintance to the Countess and often had conflict between his mother and hotel manager Iris (played by Bates); Bassett portrayed actress Ramona Royale who was the former lover of Elizabeth; Paulson describes her character, Sally as a drug addict who had a rivalry with Iris and forms a bond with John since his visit in the hotel. Peters played serial killer James Patrick March and was the original hotelier of the Hotel Cortez.
In February 2016, Angela Bassett confirms she will return to join the main cast of the sixth series during an interview with Larry King. Denis O'Hare announced that he will also appear in the series on a May 2016 interview. On June 2016, Cheyenne Jackson and Evan Peters return for the sixth season as well while Wes Bentley and Kathy Bates were set to appear in the next month. In August 2016, Sarah Paulson announced that she 'll return in the series on the sixth year and Ryan Murphy announced that award - nominated actor Cuba Gooding Jr. joined the main cast while filming on set. In September 2016, the full main cast was announced after the pilot episode with the inclusion of André Holland and returning series veteran Lily Rabe. On Halloween 2016, Murphy announced that Paulson 's Asylum character, Lana Winters will also appear in the series after the recent appearance of the actress ' first role Billie Dean Howard from Murder House in the final episode of the fifth series.
The pilot episode was shot on location in a house in Country Club Park, Los Angeles, California, which serves as the haunted house and crime scene in the series. Designed and built in 1908 by Alfred Rosenheim, the president of the American Institute of Architects ' Los Angeles chapter, the Tudor or Collegiate Gothic - style single family home was previously used as a convent. The first season was filmed on sets which are an exact replica of the house. Details such as Louis Comfort Tiffany stained glass windows and hammered bronze light fixtures were re-created to preserve the look of the house.
Production and shooting for the second season began in late July 2012 for a scheduled premiere in mid October. The exteriors for the second season were filmed in Hidden Valley, Ventura County, California, a rural area outside Los Angeles.
Principal photography for the third season began on July 23, 2013, in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was first reported that the season would film in multiple locations, but filming primarily took place in New Orleans.
Principal photography for season 4 began on July 15, 2014, in New Orleans, though the story takes place in Jupiter, Florida.
Principal photography for season 5 began on July 14, 2015, in Los Angeles, California, where the story also takes place. Murphy revealed a six - story hotel set was being built on the Fox lot. A dummy set of the hotel was built at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International, showing an Art Deco style building from the 1920s, inspired by the old Hollywood era.
American Horror Story 's title screens offer vague hints to important plot elements and events that compose each season. For Murder House, Murphy described the sequence as a mini-mystery and stated that: "By the time you see the ninth episode of this season, every image in that title sequence will be explained, '' establishing the purpose of the title sequence for future seasons.
The opening title sequence was created by Kyle Cooper and his company Prologue. He also created the title sequence for the AMC series The Walking Dead and the 1995 film Seven. The theme music was composed by sound designer Cesar Davila - Irizarry and musician Charlie Clouser. The cinematography was done by Juan Ruiz Anchía and the editing by Gabriel J. Diaz.
For the first season, the sequence is set in the Harmons ' basement and includes images of postmortem young children, fetuses in jars, skulls, a christening dress, a nurse 's uniform, and a figure holding a pair of bloody hedge clippers. A photo of alleged axe murderer Lizzie Borden is shown.
The second season 's opening sequence is done by the same creative team. "We are shooting a new title sequence with the same team that did last year 's, '' series creator Ryan Murphy said. "The song may stay... not sure. '' The music was kept, and the new title sequence was set around the Asylum, utilising shots of inmates raving and surgeons operating on patients with bandages obscuring their faces. Elements include a young girl walking backwards on her hands and feet up a staircase and a shot of the Virgin Mary 's smile changing from one of benevolence to one of spite.
The third season 's opening sequence keeps the same music, and this sequence is the first one to be filmed primarily outside and not in an enclosed location. Shots include figures wearing black robes and capirotes, a bony - skeleton creature with wings and shots of dead goats, the Minotaur from the season also appears. For the first time, there are actual backgrounds that appear with the actor names instead of an all - black background, some of these images include witches hanging and Santa Muerte. Other elements include a black man with piercing eyes and a disturbing smile as well as voodoo dolls. The final shot continues after the figures in black capirotes seize one of their own who is later seen burning at a stake where young, dress - clad witches dance around.
The fourth season 's opening sequence changed things up, the series theme music remains intact albeit with an added carnival - like soundscape. The sequence is composed of both CGI and stop - motion animation and features strange characters such as a skeleton chimera of a human being and an elephant riding a bicycle, a skeleton of what appears to be a single head but two bodies, a devil - like man, a boy in a wheel chair with deformed legs, a character with severe syndactyly of the hands and feet, a clown who can twist his head around, a woman with a third leg where her genitalia should be, and a demonic cymbal - banging monkey toy. There are also shots of side show attractions like the Human Blockhead, knife throwing and sword swallowing. The main recurring element features a balloon twister popping balloons with a knife.
The fifth season 's opening sequence also was very different from previous seasons ', taking a more biblical approach. The font, while remaining the same as the first four seasons, glow in red against a hotel wallpaper. The Ten Commandments are also shown throughout the video. The intro returns to live - action like the first three seasons. Visuals include many people scrubbing blood all over the walls and the floor, strange things shown through peepholes, people being victims to the hotel, little kids running around the hotel, as well as many different creatures.
The sixth season featured no title sequence or opening credits, instead opting for a simple title card (from the first season) which read "American Horror Story '', while the series theme music plays over the end credits.
In the deveploment of the seventh season, Ryan Murphy confirmed that the opening sequence will return. The seventh season 's opening sequence features the series theme music played by a marching band. The sequence is live - action. Visuals include: a gang of clown rises from a casket, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton masks, Benjamin Franklin statue, a dead dog killed by toxic gas, a Merry Go Round, bloody hands that can not be washed, beehive, toxic smoke released from a grenade, holes in several forms, bloody US flag with sound of a xylophone playing The Star - Spangled Banner, blood covered couple having sex and a handcuffed pinky promise. Clowns also appear throughout the sequence.
The title sequence for all seasons of the show use a variation of the Willow typeface that very closely resembles a style for which Scottish designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh was known.
As part of the promotion for the series, FX launched a "House Call '' campaign, in which viewers at home could sign up and come face - to - face with a character from the series. Prior to the series premiere, FX released several clues to shine light on the series. They were offered on the show 's official YouTube channel. Ten clues were released. In September 2011, FX launched a website which allows visitors to tour the Murder House throughout the decades and look for clues.
In August 2012, the first promo for the second season was released on the American Horror Story Facebook page entitled "Special Delivery '', in which a nun carries a couple of buckets filled with body parts through a field. As a church bell rings, the nun empties one bucket 's bloody contents, leaving the empty bucket behind, and resumes her trek. Over 20 subsequent teasers were released. Four photos were also released on EW.com. Two televised teasers, titled "Meet the Residents '', were released on August 31, 2012. They feature the patients and some staff (such as Dr. Thredson, played by Zachary Quinto, and Sister Mary Eunice, played by Lily Rabe) lying in twin beds and dealing with their individual issues as the heads of the asylum (Jessica Lange, Joseph Fiennes and James Cromwell) look on. The song "Que Sera, Sera '', mixed with the show 's theme music, plays. To promote Cult, a competition was set up where fans who donated to the Children 's Hospital Los Angeles could get a chance to get a walk - on role in an episode, and lunch with Evan Peters.
On August 16, 2016, FX announced a deal had been struck to feature an American Horror Story exhibit at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando for their Halloween Horror Nights. The maze will feature sets and themes from Murder House, Freak Show, and Hotel. Universal said of the experience, "Twisted scenes from Murder House will unleash the evil spirits that possess the Harmon estate, spiraling guests through decades of the tortured dead who previously resided there. In Freak Show, guests will join a troupe of biological misfits in a sinister sideshow where they 'll be stalked by the murderous and deformed Twisty the Clown. Finally, guests will succumb to the warped desires of The Countess after checking into the haunted Hotel Cortez, conceived from the beginning as a torture chamber for its customers. ''
In 2017, the show will be returning as haunted attractions to both parks, with Universal Orlando having an attraction based on Asylum, Coven, and Roanoke, and Universal Studios Hollywood basing their attraction solely on Roanoke.
The series premiered on October 5, 2011, and is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States. In November 2011, it premiered internationally on the respective countries ' Fox International Channels. The first season premiered on October 5, 2011, and concluded on December 21, 2011. The second season premiered on October 17, 2012, and concluded on January 23, 2013. The third season premiered on October 9, 2013, and concluded on January 29, 2014. The fourth season premiered on October 8, 2014, and concluded on January 21, 2015. The fifth season premiered on October 7, 2015, and concluded on January 13, 2016. The latter three seasons premiered on the same day and same time with the American broadcasts on FX in Canada, though the first season followed a slightly different schedule as that network launched on October 31, 2011. The series is aired in India on STAR World Premiere HD shortly after its U.S. airing. Along with it, it airs on FX India on standard definition and Fox in UK and Ireland in October 2011.
The first season of American Horror Story received generally positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 74 % of 38 critics gave the first season a positive review. The site 's consensus stated: "Convoluted yet effective, American Horror Story is strange, gory, and twisted enough to keep viewers hooked. '' The first season scored 62 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews. Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly awarded the pilot episode a B+, stating: "AHS is pretty much all scare, all the time: a whole lotta screams, sex, jolts, mashed faces, psychotic behavior, and dead babies. '' Hank Stuever from The Washington Post said in his review that: "Overdoing things is one of Murphy 's trademark flaws, but this show has a captivating style and giddy gross - outs. '' Not all reviews were favorable: Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the series a D −, saying: "It is so far over the top that the top is a microscopic speck in its rearview mirror, and so full of strange sounds, sights and characters that you likely wo n't forget it -- even though many of you will wish you could. '' Sepinwall would later go on to call it one of the worst TV shows of 2011. The Los Angeles Times ' Mary McNamara gave it a mixed review, stating that it "collapses into camp... upon more than one occasion '' but also noting that it is "hard to look away. ''
The second season, American Horror Story: Asylum, received mostly positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 84 % of 43 critics gave the season a positive review. The site 's consensus is: "American Horror Story: Asylum crosses boundaries to shock and scare with sexy subplots and some innovative takes on current social issues. '' It scored 65 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 23 reviews. James Poniewozik from Time stated: "AHS: Asylum feels like a more focused, if equally frenetic, screamfest. It 's also gorgeously realized, with a vision of its ' 60s institution setting so detailed you can smell the stale air and incense. '' Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post said: "It 's to the credit of Asylum 's writers, directors and cast that the emotional pain of the characters often feels as real as their uncertainty and terror. '' Verne Gay from Newsday gave the season a C grade, stating it "has some good special effects, just not much of a story to hang them on. '' Linda Stasi of the New York Post thought the season was "over the top, '' adding: "I need to enter (an asylum) myself after two hours of this craziness. ''
The third season, American Horror Story: Coven, received positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 85 % of 32 critics gave the season a positive review. The site 's consensus reads: "A noteworthy ensemble cast combined with creepy storytelling and campy, outrageous thrills make American Horror Story: Coven a potently structured fright-fest. '' It scored 71 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 reviews, the highest score for the show to that point. Not all reviews were positive, however, with criticism focused mainly in regards to the progression of both the story and certain character arcs in the second half of the season. The A.V. Club gave this season the low rating of a D+, with critic Todd Van DerWerff remarking: "It lurched drunkenly from idea to idea, never settling on one long enough to build anything of worth. ''
The fourth season, American Horror Story: Freak Show, received mostly positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79 % of 32 critics gave the season a positive review. The site 's consensus is: "Though it may turn off new viewers unaccustomed to its unabashed weirdness, Freak Show still brings the thrills, thanks to its reliably stylish presentation and game cast. '' It scored 69 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 19 "generally favorable '' reviews.
The fifth season, American Horror Story: Hotel, received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 63 % of 43 critics gave the season a positive review. The site 's consensus is: "Favoring garish style over effective storytelling, the fifth American Horror Story strands a talented cast at Ryan Murphy 's Hotel. '' Audience reception on the same website was also mixed, with 57 % of viewers giving the show a favorable review. Hotel scored a 60 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 "mixed or average '' reviews.
The sixth season, American Horror Story: Roanoke, received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 78 % of 13 critics gave the season a positive review. The site 's consensus is: "American Horror Story: My Roanoke Nightmare takes a surprising turn away from prior AHS formats, revisiting the deliberate pace of earlier seasons on a spookier, smaller scale, even if the true - crime format feels overdone. '' It scored a 72 on Metacritic based on six reviews.
The seventh season, American Horror Story: Cult, received generally positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 73 % of 36 critics gave the season a positive review. The site 's consensus is: "American Horror Story: Cult intrigues with timely, over-the - top creepiness -- and lots of clowns -- despite being hampered by broad political generalizations and occasional holes in the narrative 's logic. '' It scored a 66 on Metacritic based on 24 "generally favorable '' reviews.
The pilot episode of American Horror Story was watched by 3.2 million viewers and averaged a 1.6 rating in the 18 -- 49 years adult demographic, the most sought after by advertisers. These were the best numbers FX had ever received for a series premiere. The episode was seen by 3.2 million total viewers in 59 countries. Ratings increased as the season progressed, with the season finale being watched by 3.22 million viewers and receiving a 1.7 ratings share in the 18 -- 49 years adult demographic. The series premiere aired in November 2011 across Europe and Latin America on Fox International Channels, and ranked as first or second most watched telecast in its timeslot among all paid television in most metered markets. "Numbers so strong, it 's scary. American Horror Story has brought droves of new viewers to a killer global lineup, '' said Hernan Lopez, the president of Fox International Channels.
The second season 's premiere gained a 2.2 18 -- 49 ratings share and gathered 3.85 million viewers, marking the highest numbers for the series. By the season 's sixth episode, the numbers dropped to a series - low 0.9 18 -- 49 ratings share and 1.89 million viewers; however, they rebounded to above two million viewers for the subsequent episodes, and reached 2.29 million viewers for the season 's finale. The premiere of the fifth season of the series became the second most - watched telecast in the network 's history, only behind the premiere episode of the previous season, which was watched by 6.13 million viewers. The show was subsequently renewed for another season; John Landgraf, the CEO of the network, commented on the show 's success by saying that American Horror Story, the network 's highest rated series, "has unquestionably joined the ranks of television 's landmark series. '' In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that "unlike a lot of shows about the supernatural '', American Horror Story was "more popular in cities, but also throughout parts of the Southwest ''.
American Horror Story has won 59 of its 230 award nominations. The franchise has garnered 28 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, with Jessica Lange winning for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie and for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie, James Cromwell winning for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie, and Kathy Bates winning for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie. It received an additional 50 Creative Arts Emmy Award nominations, winning eleven times, including Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Movie, Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special, Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special, and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Limited Series, Movie or a Special. It has received nine Golden Globe Award nominations, with Lange winning for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film, and Lady Gaga winning for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film. The series has also received three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, with Lange winning for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series. Additional accolades include eighteen Critics ' Choice Television Awards nominations, with four wins, the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding TV Miniseries, four Costume Designers Guild Awards nominations, winning three times, eight wins out of ten nominations at the Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild, five People 's Choice Awards nominations, winning once, and eleven Satellite Awards nomination, with three wins.
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when is season 25 of dancing with the stars on | DANCING with the Stars (Us season 25) - wikipedia
Season twenty - five of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 18, 2017, on the ABC network.
Good Morning America announced the professional dancers who would be competing in the upcoming season. The two professionals from the previous season that did not return were Kym Johnson - Herjavec and Sasha Farber. Farber returned to the troupe, and Mark Ballas, who last appeared on season 22, also returned. Alan Bersten, a troupe member since season 20, was promoted to pro. On September 4, it was revealed that Cheryl Burke was the thirteenth pro added to the lineup. Drew Scott was announced as the first celebrity competing for the season partnered with Emma Slater. On September 6, the rest of the cast was revealed on Good Morning America.
Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. Julianne Hough did not return as a judge this season. On October 23, singer Shania Twain joined the panel as a guest judge.
The dance troupe members for the season are former pros Sasha Farber and Jenna Johnson, and season 24 troupe members Artur Adamski, Brandon Armstrong, Hayley Erbert, and Britt Stewart.
This table only counts dances scored on a 30 - point scale (scores by guest judges are excluded).
The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' 30 - point scale (scores by guest judges are excluded) are as follows:
Scores are based upon a potential 30 - point maximum (team dances and scores by guest judges are excluded).
Individual judges ' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.
The couples danced the cha - cha - cha, foxtrot, salsa or tango.
The couples had to prepare two new dances to be performed on two consecutive nights. On Monday, the couples performed an unlearned ballroom routine, with one couple being eliminated at the end of the show. On Tuesday, the remaining couples performed an unlearned Latin routine, with another couple being eliminated.
Argentine tango, paso doble, quickstep, rumba, samba, Viennese Waltz, and waltz are introduced.
The couples performed one unlearned dance to a song that reminded them of their secret indulgences.
Charleston, jazz and jive are introduced.
At the start of the show, a moment of silence was held to honor the victims of the 2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting, which occurred the previous day. It was announced at the beginning of the show that, due to the tragedy, no elimination would take place.
Maksim Chmerkovskiy was unable to perform due to an unspecified personal issue, so eliminated pro Alan Bersten danced with Vanessa Lachey instead.
The couples danced one unlearned dance to celebrate the most memorable year of their lives.
Contemporary is introduced.
The couples performed one unlearned dance to a song from a Disney film to celebrate Walt Disney through the years. All performances were chronological, based on when the couple 's respective movie was released.
Individual judges ' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Shania Twain, Bruno Tonioli.
The couples performed one unlearned dance, capturing the spirit of a specific movie genre.
The couples performed one unlearned dance and a team dance to Halloween themes and songs.
The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week:
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shadow of the colossus creator's new game | The Last Guardian - Wikipedia
The Last Guardian is an action - adventure video game developed by SIE Japan Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 4 in December 2016. In The Last Guardian, players control a boy who befriends a giant half - bird - half - mammal creature, Trico.
Team Ico began developing The Last Guardian in 2007. It was designed and directed by Fumito Ueda, and shares stylistic, thematic, and gameplay elements with his previous titles Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005). He employed the "design through subtraction '' approach he had used for his previous games, removing elements that did not contribute to the core theme of the connection between the boy and Trico.
Sony announced The Last Guardian at the 2009 Electronic Entertainment Expo with a planned release in 2011 exclusively for the PlayStation 3. It suffered numerous delays; Ueda and other Team Ico members departed Sony, and hardware difficulties moved the game to the PlayStation 4 in 2012, drawing speculation that the game would not see release. Ueda and his studio genDESIGN, composed of former Team Ico members, remained as creative consultants, with Ueda as director and Sony 's Japan Studio handling technical development. The Last Guardian was reintroduced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015. It received praise for its art direction, story, and depiction of Trico, though some criticized the gameplay.
Like its predecessors Ico (2001) and Shadow of the Colossus (2005), The Last Guardian is a third - person game that combines action - adventure and puzzle elements. The player controls an unnamed boy who must cooperate with half - bird - half - mammal creature, Trico, to solve puzzles and explore areas. The name of the creature, Trico (トリコ, Toriko), can be taken to mean "prisoner '' (虜, toriko), "baby bird '' (鳥の子, tori no ko), or a portmanteau of "bird '' (鳥, tori) and "cat '' (猫, neko).
The boy can climb on structures, carry objects such as barrels, and operate mechanisms such as levers. Trico 's size and agility allows it to reach areas that the boy can not reach alone, and fight off guards who attempt to capture the boy. Conversely, certain obstacles, such as gates, or glass eyes that frighten Trico, prevent Trico from progressing, and must be removed by the boy. The boy must also locate barrels to feed Trico when it is hungry, pet Trico to calm it after a battle, and remove spears thrown at Trico by enemies.
Though the player initially has little command over Trico, the boy learns to command Trico to leap onto ledges or head in a certain direction, among other actions. Although players are encouraged to train Trico to move in the right direction, new areas can be discovered by letting Trico wander independently. At various points, the boy wields a reflective mirror that summons light from Trico 's tail, which can be used to break certain objects.
The player is returned to the last checkpoint if the boy is captured by guards, or if he falls from too great a height. Multiple playthroughs unlock additional costumes based on previous Ueda games.
The Last Guardian 's story is framed as a flashback told by an older man recounting his experience as a boy.
The boy awakens in a ruined castle in a deep valley known as the Nest. He discovers an enormous, winged, cat - like creature he names Trico, chained and wounded. Though Trico is hostile, after the boy removes the spears from its body and feeds it, it begins to accept him. The boy unchains Trico and they explore the area, discovering a mirror - like shield that summons energy from Trico 's tail. The pair make their way through the castle ruins, evading the ghostly soldiers, and Trico 's horns and wings slowly regrow.
Some time earlier, Trico flies to the boy 's village and steals him from his dormitory. It flies back to the Nest, but is struck by lightning and chained up by the soldiers. In the present, Trico resuscitates the boy after a cave collapse. After fending off an attack from a second, armored creature, Trico and the boy enter a mysterious tower and discover a malevolent force, the "master of the valley '', which manipulates creatures and soldiers. It summons several creatures of the same kind as Trico, which regurgitate stolen children into the tower and savage Trico, tearing off its tail. The boy uses the mirror to summon energy from the severed tail and destroy the master of the valley, causing the creatures to plummet from the sky.
Wounded, Trico takes the near - unconscious boy and flies to his village. When the terrified villagers attack him the boy instructs Trico to leave. Years later, the boy, now grown, discovers the shield and raises it to the sky, sending a beam of light to the Nest, where Trico and a second creature reside.
In his previous game, Shadow of the Colossus, director Fumito Ueda had intended to create an emotional interaction between Mono, the character that Wander wants to save, and the colossi that Wander must fight to save her. He was surprised and inspired to find players felt a stronger connection between Wander and his horse Agro. Ueda wanted to make the relationship between a human and a creature the central concept for his next game.
Ueda found that people were drawn to games with lifelike creatures, and felt The Last Guardian needed something similar to attract a broad audience. He wanted to create a virtual creature that behaved as realistically as possible, avoiding the unnatural behavior of other virtual animals. He based much of Trico 's behavior on his childhood experiences growing up in a home full of animals. The final version of Trico is an amalgam of several creatures; the design was "deliberately unbalanced because looking strange was important '', according to Ueda. The team wanted to avoid making the animal cute, and instead focused on realistic - looking behavior with "animal - like expressions ''. Trico 's ears react with a cat - like "twitch '' if they touch ceilings or other tall features, using the game 's mesh - based collision detection. The team added the ability to summon lightning from Trico 's tail to have players understand Trico 's "force and ferocity ''. Ueda described Trico as "adolescent '', allowing the developers to add humor through its actions. The team used programmed key frame animations instead of more common motion capture techniques, allowing them to capture subtleties that would be difficult using live animal subjects.
As Trico functions similarly to the colossi the player climbs in Shadow of the Colossus, journalists have described The Last Guardian as a combination of Ico and Shadow of the Colossus; Ueda stated there was "a bit of each of those (games) in there ''. He described the relationship between the boy, Trico, and the guards as a game of rock - paper - scissors that changes throughout the game; at times, the boy needs Trico to protect him, while at others the situation is reversed. Though Ico and Shadow of the Colossus have a similar changing connection between pairs of characters, Ueda said there was more "dynamic range '' in The Last Guardian.
The Last Guardian is the first Team Ico game to use voice - over narration. As much of the game relies on non-verbal communication between the boy and Trico, Ueda felt the voice - over helped immerse the player in the mindset of the boy. It also provided a way to provide gameplay hints and other context to the player.
Whereas the team had designed the areas of previous games for the characters they had designed in advance, for The Last Guardian they made Trico as flexible as possible, allowing them to create levels and have Trico adapt to them. The size difference and interactions between the boy and Trico were informed by the limitations of the PlayStation; if the characters were of the same size, the team would have needed to determine the animation interactions for both, whereas Trico 's size meant the boy 's animations would not need to affect him much.
Although the boy is less detailed than Trico, he was also animated via key frame animation. He places hands on nearby walls, and reaches to pet Trico without player interaction. Ueda felt these animations were necessary to help convince the player of the game world. The animation system uses layers of animation that mimic real - life physics, taking advantage of the greater processing power of the PlayStation 4. The team considered making the player character a girl, but felt it would not be realistic that a female character would have enough stamina to climb Trico.
To create the game 's art and architecture, the team used the same "design through subtraction '' method they had used to develop Ico and Shadow of the Colossus, removing elements they felt distracted from the core experience. Music is used sparingly to highlight key emotional moments, such as when Trico uses his tail to catch the boy as he falls from a collapsing platform. The game uses vertical space to emphasize the boy 's small size.
The Last Guardian game engine builds on the team 's previous development of AI processing from Ico and transformative collisions from Shadow of the Colossus. It is the first Team Ico game to use a full physics engine, Havok. According to Uea, the effect of wind was modeled separately for each of Trico 's feathers.
Yasuhide Kobayashi, vice president of Japan Studio, stated that the title The Last Guardian was chosen to appeal to the larger demographic markets in the United States and Europe for the PlayStation 3, hoping to avoid the cultural problems in title and artwork that were attributed to Ico 's low sales in western countries.
With initial ideas for The Last Guardian envisioned by Ueda since around 2005 after completing Shadow of the Colossus, the game was in active development since 2007, a year after the release of the PlayStation 3. The working title was Project Trico, revealed to the public due to a leaked video posted at PlayStation Lifestyle in 2008 that showed the current "Target Render '' of the game at that time. Ueda had long considered the development time for Ico and Shadow of the Colossus, and had anticipated being able "to create something good in a short period of time '' with The Last Guardian at the onset. By 2009, the development team had completed enough of the game for it to be showcased during the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009, using an improved render of the same set pieces previously seen in the Target Render and later provided a short vertical slice of the game to the press for the Game Developers Conference in early March 2011. Ueda had considered including this demo on the then - upcoming remastered The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection, though it was ultimately not included.
Behind the scenes, the development of The Last Guardian was considered slow by Shuhei Yoshida, the president of Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide. Yoshida explained that the vision for The Last Guardian was based on a video prepared by Ueda to demonstrate the concepts and style of the game, a process Ueda had used for Ico, and Sony wanted to stay true to that vision. Team Ico, which is a small studio compared to other Sony studios in Japan or other Western developers, were struggling with achieving Ueda 's vision for the game on the PlayStation 3 hardware. In 2015 Yoshida revealed that the previous 2009 trailer was "specced up '', running at a much lower frame rate on the PlayStation 3 and sped up for the presentation. Around 2011, Sony brought in many of their core development teams such as Santa Monica Studios to review the code and try to improve the performance. In 2012, with Sony preparing to announce the PlayStation 4 and still recognizing the sluggish development of the PlayStation 3 version of the game, it was decided to change the target platform to the PlayStation 4 so that Ueda 's concept could be fully realized. Ueda stated that this choice was primarily Sony 's decision, speculating that the PlayStation 3 version of the game at this point would still have been sufficient to convey his concept. Following the target platform switch, Ueda and other members of Team Ico were not as involved with the process, as other teams worked to take the highly customized PlayStation 3 code to adapt it to the PlayStation 4; this included the help of PlayStation 4 lead architect Mark Cerny. With the reintroduction of the game at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015, Yoshida explained that the game engine is now fully running at speed on the PlayStation 4 and that the remainder of the development lies with the game designers to complete.
Development was also hampered by Ueda 's departure from Sony in December 2011. With Sony 's decision to delay the release of the game early that year, Ueda and other Sony and Team Ico employees opted to leave Sony. Ueda stated in 2013 interview that his departure from Sony was due to feeling "a sense of crisis within myself about a lot of things '' on news of the delay. Some of those that departed Sony went on to other projects. For example, executive producer Yoshifusa Hayama joined Bossa Studios to work on social / mobile games, while two Team Ico artists joined an indie startup studio Friends & Foes to develop their first title, Vane, which has been compared visually to The Last Guardian. Ueda and other former Team Ico members, including Jinji Horagai, the lead programmer from Ico and Shadow of the Colossus, created a new studio, genDESIGN. In founding the studio, they were faced with a choice, according to Ueda: "Do we try to create something new, or do we keep going, providing support on The Last Guardian? '' genDESIGN opted to commit themselves to helping Sony complete The Last Guardian through contract and working alongside Sony 's internal studio, Japan Studio. Under this arrangement, genDESIGN developed the creative content for the game, such as character design and animation and level design, which was then put into place via Japan Studio, with Ueda maintaining oversight on the completed project.
Ueda stated that the final game, as of June 2016, still represents the initial vision he had for The Last Guardian at its onset. The transition from the PlayStation 3 to 4 only improved how the game looked, but did not change how it played. Ueda stressed it was important during the extended development cycle to keep the question "what kind of game do I want to play? '' at the forefront, and to remember that the game needed to be targeted to players experiencing the title for the first time rather than developers that had played it through over and over. Digital Foundry, in comparing the game from its initial Target Render from 2008, the 2009 trailer, the 2015 trailer, and the final game, found very few changes in the game 's structure and nature, while observing several improvements and changes made to the rendering systems.
Shawn Layden formally reintroduced The Last Guardian at the beginning of Sony 's E3 2015 conference. Sony affirmed that that game was now slated for release on the PlayStation 4 with a 2016 release date. Sony also assured fans that Ueda still remained a main developer of the game despite his prior departure from Sony. According to Chris Plante of Polygon, the gameplay presented shows the same gameplay from previous demos, where the young boy and the large creature work together to solve various platforming puzzles. The presentation at the 2015 E3 was based on the milestone of the game being fully playable, affirmed by selected members of the press, though Yoshida stated they did not do a live gameplay demo as the artificial intelligence behavior of the animal creature could be sporadic and impact the demonstration. Ueda said that the fundamentals of the gameplay had not changed from the original PlayStation 3 version to the PlayStation 4, only that with the more - powerful PlayStation 4, they were able to put more detail into the characters and the environment.
Though the game demo was not playable at the 2015 Tokyo Game Show, part of Sony 's display for the game including a full - screen version of Trico that would respond in real time to the actions of the attendees as captured by a PlayStation Move camera. Yoshida stated that they had not shown much additional footage of the game since the E3 2015 announcement as they believed that The Last Guardian is story - heavy and feared showing too much beyond that the game does exist and is playable.
The Last Guardian was announced for a 25 October 2016 release in Japan and North America during Sony 's presentation at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 in June, and was available in a playable form to attendees. In an interview with Kotaku during E3 2016, Ueda commented that the game was fully complete, and the only work remaining was fine - tuning visuals and cut - scenes. A short delay was announced in September 2016, pushing the title back to early December 2016 release, as the developers needed more time to fix bugs that had come up during the final production of the game, according to Yoshida. By 21 October 2016, development of The Last Guardian concluded and the game was submitted for manufacturing. A patch enabled high dynamic range and added 4k resolution support for the PlayStation 4 Pro system.
In addition to regular retail copies, Sony released a "collector 's edition '' including the game, an artbook, a soundtrack, and a statue of a resting Trico and the boy. The week prior to release, Sony 's Joe Palmer stated that pre-order numbers were "exceeding expectations '', including high interest in the collector 's edition.
Because of the development delays in The Last Guardian and lack of updates from Sony, The Last Guardian was considered to have been in development hell over its eight - year development period. Ueda and Yoshida would regularly report progress on the game, but the title was notably absent from major video game conventions, including the Electronic Entertainment Expo and the Tokyo Game Show.
Journalists also expressed concern with the potential release of the game when The Last Guardian trademark had hit some critical milestones. In August 2012, about three years after the trademark had been filed in the United States, Sony had yet to produce a viable product under trademark law, and in February 2015, Sony failed to renew the North American trademark for The Last Guardian. Sony re-registered the trademark, noting that lack of a renewal was an administrative oversight, and the game was still in development.
Prior to the reintroduction in 2015, some journalists expressed concern if The Last Guardian would be as much a landmark title as initially seen. Evan Narcisse for the website Kotaku opined that the lengthy delay of The Last Guardian 's release since the 2009 reveal may have been harming the title 's relevance on the contemporary market. Narcisse considered that the landscape of games had vastly changed since 2009, during which "by - the - numbers racers, shooters and action - adventure games dominated '' the market and the expected emotional impact of The Last Guardian would have made it a stand - out title. Since then, the rise of more artistic, independent games, such as Papo & Yo, Bastion, The Walking Dead, and Journey, have created experiences that take the place of what The Last Guardian would have filled, reducing the uniqueness of the title, according to Narcisse. Leigh Alexander of Boing Boing agreed, noting that the delay of The Last Guardian has now spanned a console generation, and other emotionally filled games have been offered in lieu of The Last Guardian. GamesIndustry.biz 's Rob Fahey considered that both The Last Guardian and Final Fantasy XV, which also had a protracted development cycle lasting nearly a decade, represent the last remnants of game development practices from the early 2000s, challenged by the rise of mobile gaming, independent game development, and more efficient software development practices that change the nature and role of auteurs like Ueda and Final Fantasy 's Tetsuya Nomura in game development.
Journalists were able to play The Last Guardian at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 and the 2016 Tokyo Game Show in the months before the game 's release, and several expressed further concerns about the nature of the game 's lengthy development period. Patrick Garrett, writing for VG247, found that the visuals felt flat and aged considering modern hardware capabilities, and expressed concern that while older gamers would readily purchase the title, The Last Guardian may not draw in enough newer gamers to be a commercial success. Philip Kollar for Polygon, though still impressed with the characters, graphics, and core gameplay, found controlling the character difficult and managing the game 's camera tricky, elements that made the game feel like a PlayStation 2 title rather than something on modern hardware. Wired 's Chris Kohler found much of the demo to require patient observation of Trico 's movements and puzzle solving, which, he commented, some players would appreciate but were elements that have slowly been phased out of action games over the last console generation, and other players may not have the patience for these. Brian Ashcroft of Kotaku also noted that the demo 's pace was often set by how fast Trico would respond or react, which may test the patience of players looking for a more action - based experience.
The Last Guardian 's original score was written, orchestrated, conducted, and co-produced by Takeshi Furukawa. Furukawa had joined the soundtrack development around 2011, near the same time that the game was being transitioned to the PlayStation 4. Furukawa had been invited to participate by Tommy Kikuchi, the music director for Shadow of the Colossus. During the platform transition, much of the creative work had been put on hold, and Furukawa did not spend extensive effort on the composition until about 2013, three years prior to release. He completed his compositions in early 2016.
Furakawa stated that Ueda trusted him with freedom to compose the music and providing only a broad direction of a cinematic soundtrack and some specific directorial notes. While he was aware of the reputation of the soundtracks by Michiru Oshima and Kow Otani for Ico and Shadow, respectively, and wanted to have The Last Guardian 's soundtrack to be similarly unique, Furukawa opted to avoid using these previous works and instead drew his own inspirations primarily from works with a "muted aesthetic '', such as Impressionist art and music and French cinema. Furakawa wanted to avoid overstating the emotional aspect of the game, which he felt was already sufficiently conveyed through the gameplay and animation, and instead kept the music restrained except during key narrative elements or in specific locales of the game work. Furukawa did not have to adapt his score significantly to account for changes in story and game direction since these elements were still made within Ueda 's vision. He worked with audio lead Tsubasa Ito frequently to review the status and use of his scored compositions.
The performance of the soundtrack was conducted by Furukawa with the London Symphony Orchestra, the Trinity Boys Choir, and London Voices, and was recorded at Lyndhurst Hall. The 19 - track Composer 's Choice Edition soundtrack was released digitally alongside the game on the PlayStation 4 Music App, and later on other digital retailers. A 24 - track CD version of the soundtrack was released by TEAM Entertainment on December 21, 2016. In addition, a two - disc vinyl LP edition will be published by iam8bit sometime in 2017.
The Last Guardian received "favorable '' reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. Most reviewers praised the game 's environment and story as some of its strongest elements, while the realism of the animal behavior that Trico was praised by some critics, yet others felt that the realism also hampered the gameplay causing impatience and frustration due to lack of immediate action by Trico when giving commands.
GameSpot 's Pete Brown praised the characters, their relationship and the story as the important aspects to the game and overall experience, noting interactions with Trico and acting very independently at times by not knowing "if it 's a concerted effort to test your patience for a lovable - yet - stubborn creature ''. However Brown felt that it added personality to Trico and "sympathy for both characters '' in addition to their development within the story and for the player, "culminating in an enrapturing series of revelations that cements your attachment to their personalities ''. Tom Senior of GamesRadar called Trico "the greatest AI companion in games '', in addition to the subtle use of visual and audio cues to add more character and its impact on the gameplay itself.
Reviewing for The Guardian, Simon Parkin praised the design of Trico and its interactions with the world and puzzles, adding further emotional investment. He likened Trico to an "abuse survivor '' due to being scared and imprisoned at the start of the game and the thoughtfulness and relationship development of its characters making it "a game, as much as anything, about rehabilitation through kindness and companionship ''. Chris Carter of Destructoid felt that the detail and realistic behavior of Trico and the boy were "emotive in a way that most developers would n't even attempt '', potentially being the reason behind the long development, praising the effort put in by Fumito Ueda and the developers nonetheless. US Gamer 's Jermey Parish believed that Trico as an in - game character with its own apparent volition was revolutionary in character design, and that the emotional relationship between Trico and the boy was something that could only be effectively done with the interactivity of a video game.
In contrast, Marty Sliva of IGN was critical of Trico 's behavior during puzzles combined with camera controls making sections of the game more frustrating, particularly during interiors due to the cramped nature of certain levels and the size of Trico detracting from the experience, calling it "rare to even have to think about the camera in a third - person game in 2016, but I found myself constantly being pulled out of the experience trying to wrestle with my point of view ''. Sliva however still felt that the game succeeded in the attachment with its characters and delivered memorable moments despite its issues. Game Revolution 's James Kozanitis found that there were moments that Trico would continue with traversing the environment and performing tasks even without player input, making the act of controlling Trico at times "ineffective and unnecessary ''.
Reviewers also noted performance problems with the game running on default PlayStation 4 hardware. Eurogamer 's Digital Foundry determined that the game ran into rendering issues and framerate drops on the PlayStation 4, while running at 1080p on the newer PlayStation 4 Pro provided a stable framerate. Philip Kollar of Polygon compared technical aspects to its predecessors release on the PlayStation 2 due the long development across multiple generations of Sony consoles, stating that the game at times did take advantage of the PlayStation 4 hardware while in others, such as framerate and control issues made its age more noticeable. Sam Byford of The Verge commented that while framerate drops were common in Shadow of the Colossus, they were more acceptable based on the PlayStation 2 hardware of the time and the extent the game maximized out the console 's hardware, while such issues on PlayStation 4 for The Last Guardian were less forgivable, making it feel like "a PS3 game that never really came together until the brute force of new hardware allowed the team to ship ''; he contrasted this to Final Fantasy XV which had the game 's engine rebuilt after its target platform was switched to eighth - generation consoles.
The game was named on several year - end Game of the Year lists, including The New Yorker, Engadget, GameSpot, VG247, and Polygon.
In the UK, The Last Guardian suffered lower than expected sales, debuting at number 7 in the weekly game sales charts. It debuted at number four in the Japanese video game sales charts, with 82,260 copies sold. The following week, it sold an additional 10,754 copies in Japan, bringing the total number of copies sold in the country to 93,014.
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what episode does lucas and peyton get married | Peyton Sawyer - Wikipedia
Peyton Elizabeth Sawyer is a fictional character from The WB / CW television series One Tree Hill, portrayed by Hilarie Burton. A talented visual and musical artist, Peyton has a heavily guarded heart due to the number of lost loved ones in her life. She goes through life changes throughout the series as she finds love from Lucas Scott, to Jake Jagielski, then back to Lucas again. She shares a special bond with Brooke Davis, her best friend for many years. She also becomes close friends with Haley James. Her friends have been there for her during difficult times.
The character is said to have "blown away every stereotype the media has placed on cheerleaders ''.
Burton was one of the more prominent VJs on MTV for two years, with her looks and other onscreen activities acting as assets. She was the host of her own show, MTV 's Hits, helped launch the network 's Beach House from the New Jersey shore in May 2002 and was a regular on TRL. Her MTV VJ job allowed her to pursue other media career opportunities, and eventually led to her being cast as Peyton. Burton, who favored acting as a career, auditioned for the part of Ed Harris 's daughter in the film Radio. She was encouraged by subsequent callbacks, but did not land the role. The casting department, however, remembered her and asked her to send an audition tape for One Tree Hill, and producers promised her a character that she "could sink her teeth into '' -- Peyton. "(Burton) is an old soul, '' said Mark Schwahn, the series ' creator. "She 's great. She 's always just thrilled to do the job, even though she 's kind of new to acting. She 's just a joy to be around. ''
Burton said, "I 've never studied acting or anything because I 've been so lucky with MTV. I 'm convinced I got the chance to be on One Tree Hill because I did a guest thing on Dawson 's Creek as myself, when the cast appeared at the MTV Beach House. '' She added, "And my only scene was with Chad Michael Murray (Lucas Scott). So, now The Chad and I are reunited. How bizarre is that? '' With regard to what her life is like as an actress, Burton said, "Actors like to think their lives are very difficult, but they 're not. Yeah, you 're running around a lot. But I used to work in a supermarket and in a bar. That was hard. This is fun. ''
Peyton has been described as beautiful, smart, fiercely independent, and as someone who is often a victim on the series. "My character is a good girl, but she is also kind of (sexually) suggestive. This is definitely not your mom 's drama, '' said Burton. "She 's very contradictory. Yes, she is a cheerleader, but she also goes home and listens to punk music. She 's into really dark art and probably rips the heads off of Barbie dolls. Basically, she 's a train wreck. '' Burton said the character may be "a train wreck '' but that she was "so glad (that someone was) putting a girl like her on TV. You do n't have to be one thing. Peyton has made that OK ''.
Burton said she herself was torn between cheerleading and hobbies which would not necessarily be considered hobbies of a cheerleader while in high school. "That 's part of the reason I took the show, because I was like, holy cow, this was me in high school. '' Burton said there are always stereotypes in high school. "People get put into groups. "You 're a jock, you 're a cheerleader, you 're a freak, you 're in the drama department. I had a lot of trouble fitting into those groups when I was in high school because I wanted to be a part of all of them, '' she said. "I think that 's how a lot of people are. Some people have the nerve to go ahead and branch out and be a part of everything and some people do n't. '' She said One Tree Hill represents people who are multidimensional and who like more than one thing. "People do like more than one thing. It 's nice that (One Tree Hill) shows that, '' she stated.
Burton said that portraying a younger age (16 at 21) was not a problem, except for one aspect: "My only concern was when I had to put on my cheerleading uniform again. You forget how nerve - racking that is -- the vulnerability of wearing bloomers. '' She said she reread some of her journals from high school to get "into that place '' as a high school student again, and that Peyton being similar to how she was in high school helped. "It also helped that the town where we film, Wilmington, is n't too different from the hometown where I grew up in Virginia. Both (are) small towns where high school sports played a big part, '' she stated.
Initially, the character was not well received. She came off as too angry and bitchy to some viewers. "At first, the audience rejected her character because, well, she was mean to our hero (Lucas), '' said Schwann. "And she 's pretty and popular. '' Burton stated, "She was catching a lot of flack. (People were saying), ' Oh, she 's this cheerleader. She 's like, you know, this cute little girl. She wants to be all hard and angry. ' '' Schwann decided to soften the character a little, which included having her bond with character Haley James, Lucas 's best friend, and she eventually caught on with the audience. "(That was) our challenge, because she (was designed as, and became) the moral center of the show, '' said Schwahn.
The character 's wardrobe originally encompassed a rocker yet feminine look. She would drive around in a vintage car, listening to loud rock, often wearing a Ramones T - shirt. "(Burton) -- I just love her. Working with her (has) been wonderful. For her, (Peyton 's) more of the do - it - yourself girl. She 's so into music, art, she 's such a rich character that there are a lot of different things to draw on, '' stated One Tree Hill 's costume designer, Carol Cutshall. "Sometimes she 'll just be in a plaid flannel shirt because she 's painting. Some days she 'll be in a concert T - shirt. We have to find the right concert T - shirt. I do alter them a lot. '' Cutshall would take a men 's concert T - shirt, and have Burton put it on. "She 's also very, very slender, so I 'll taper them down to her figure. We come out of it with kind of a one - o-f-a - kind rock T - shirt. I take something and then turn it into my own piece of clothing, '' said Cutshall. Peyton 's main brands have been Cheap Monday, Levi 's, some Diesel and Miss Sixty.
Schwahn eventually began to change the character 's styles, especially in season 4 and up. Burton said, "Peyton 's wardrobe has changed quite a bit, which is nice for me, because I am a... In real - life I am (several years older), and was wearing T - shirts and jeans, and Converse sneakers for five years. '' She said that after some time, it weighed on her femininity. With the four - year timeline jump, Peyton got to wear more skirts and dresses, and shorter ones. "Boobs are n't bigger, but legs are out, '' said Burton.
Schwahn had Peyton 's personality complement Lucas 's, and described their love story as a soulmate / meant to be one. Burton explained her character 's attraction to Lucas, saying she sees Peyton as questioning a lot about her life, similar to how Murray envisions Lucas, and thinks Peyton often differs from her friends on what is important -- much like Murray has said he felt as a child.
Peyton was further designed as an artist, in order to add more depth to the character and express what she can not or does not want to say. It also complemented her romance with Lucas, as both are deep thinkers who use their skills to speak to the world. The actual artist of Peyton 's works is Helen Ward. "Before joining (One Tree Hill), I had already worked as a set designer, storyboard artist and illustrator for a number of films. But I still had to try out for the job, '' she said. "I think they asked a bunch of people to give their shot at a particular drawing. They were pretty specific about what they were looking for. I guess my work was closest. I got the job. ''
Ward said that although Burton is a talented actress and has done a great job with the character, she did not feel she had to get to know her in order to proceed with the drawings. "It was the character I was drawing for and I learned what I needed to from the show and the scripts, '' she stated. In describing the process of drawing for a particular episode, she said she would mostly get input from Robbie Beck, the props master for the show. "Schwahn always knew exactly what he wanted and it would be described in the script. So Robbie would send me the info and I would initially do some quick sketches, '' stated Ward. All of their communication was via e-mail. "I wish I could say something more exciting, like (Burton) and I would chat about what Peyton would be drawing, '' stated Ward, "but the only time I ever spoke with her was when they were filming at my house in Wilmington (which oddly enough was Peyton 's house on the show.) '' Despite this, Ward said she did not mention to Burton that she was the artist behind Peyton 's artwork.
For scenes where Peyton is drawing or painting, Ward stated, "... there would likely be very light lines for her to follow. Often I would give a finished version and an unfinished for this purpose. If I remember correctly, it was usually the words that I left undone. '' Regarding the evolution of Peyton 's artwork over the years, she said, "I look back at the first season and think the drawings are awful! I certainly became more comfortable working in her style, but I think her style also evolved to fit mine. Does that make sense? '' Ward clarified, "Initially I was trying to do something that just did n't flow well from me. The drawings were too clean. A little forced and not at all the way I liked to work. '' Ward said that as the show progressed, she began to put more of my own style in them, and became more comfortable and the work got better. In Season 3, the artwork was promoted through the album Friends with Benefit. In Season 6, it is seen in color instead of in black and white, to reflect the character 's happiness.
Regarding most people not knowing she is the actual artist of the artwork, Ward stated that although people generally do not concern themselves with the workers behind the scenes, she believes this is how things should be, and that she is appreciative of those who have related to her artwork.
Peyton 's true parentage and other family ties are not discovered until seasons 2, 3, 4, and 6. She is the biological daughter of Ellie Harp and Mick Wolf, and the adoptive daughter of Larry and Anna Sawyer. She is half - sister to Derek Sommers via Mick, and her middle name comes from her biological mother. When Peyton is 8, her adoptive mother (at the time known to her as her birth mother), Anna Sawyer, dies by running a red light on her way to pick her up from school. She soon forges a powerful friendship with Brooke Davis, who comforts her over Anna 's death, and they become best friends.
As the show begins, Peyton 's boyfriend is Nathan Scott. She soon breaks up with him and falls in love with Nathan 's rival and half - brother, Lucas Scott. Peyton drives a 1963 Mercury Comet convertible, which becomes a major plot point as it is because of it that she meets and first speaks to Lucas.
During the first season, 16 - year - old Peyton Sawyer is girlfriend to popular jock / star basketball player Nathan, but they soon break up when Peyton reasons that their relationship is more about sexual benefits than love, and that she is tired of his cruelty. In addition, she realizes that she no longer wants to be the star basketball player 's girlfriend. She has a romantic interest in her ex 's brooding half brother, Lucas. Through various interactions with Lucas, she finds that he is kind and thoughtful towards her. However, when he confesses the depths of his need and want for her, she becomes scared and runs from him; Lucas is left heartbroken and desperate. Peyton later goes to visit Lucas and professes that she wants what he wants, but it is too late; Brooke, her best friend, has now become romantically involved with Lucas. Lucas and Peyton eventually can not resist each other, romantic-wise, and become secret lovers (though no sex is involved). On the night that they decide to tell Brooke, Lucas gets into a car accident and subsequently goes into a coma, which brings back painful memories for Peyton because her mother died in a car crash. When Lucas finally comes home from the hospital, he breaks up with Brooke in order to be with Peyton. Peyton soon ends their affair, however, after it is clear that Brooke has found out about the romance and she wants to spare Brooke 's pain. Peyton continues to avoid Lucas while Brooke continues to avoid Peyton. Brooke declares her friendship with Peyton to be over. Peyton begins spending more time with Luke 's best friend, Haley James, and with Jake Jagielski, along with Jake 's daughter, Jenny. Eventually, her friendship with Lucas is slowly reformed, and the two attend a party together at Nathan 's apartment. However, at the party, Peyton and Nicki, Jake 's ex and Jenny 's mother, fight. Peyton realizes Nicki is the girl Lucas hooked up with at a bar, shortly after she dumped him to spare Brooke 's pain. Peyton is furious and feels betrayed, along with Brooke. This draws a wedge between Lucas and Peyton, but reconciles the friendship between Peyton and Brooke. The season ends with Peyton spending more time with Jake, and helping him escape from Nicki, who tries to take their daughter from Jake 's grasp. Peyton 's relationship with Lucas remains broken.
In season 2, although she has initial success with getting the all - ages club TRIC opened, and with encouraging Haley to perform at the club, which eventually fuels Haley 's desire to be a singer, Peyton begins to get involved with cocaine. She feels alone, as her father is away again, and she does not know where Jake is. She feels down that everyone is dealing with their issues and not helping her or realizing that she is upset and going through a difficult time in her life. She is accused of being a lesbian by Felix Taggaro and faces public humiliation when he writes DYKE on her locker, just so his sister, Anna Taggaro, will not be presumed a lesbian (it is later revealed that Anna is bisexual, but also uses the word gay to assert her sexuality). Hope comes for Peyton, who is in deep despair and about to buy some cocaine, when Jake comes back into her life; it turns out that an argument between Lucas and Peyton made Lucas realize that he had not been there for Peyton, and felt she needed someone else. As a result, he was the one who called Jake, knowing that Jake would have a positive effect on her. This does, and sparks a turnaround for Peyton, and she and Jake fall in love. This happiness is short - lived, as Nicki comes back wanting custody of Jenny. Nicki eventually takes Jenny away from Jake and runs off, causing Jake to run after her, which leaves Peyton alone and heartbroken. Soon, someone named Ellie Harp gets in contact with Peyton saying that she is from Alternative Press magazine and wants to do an interview. When Peyton starts receiving strange e-mails from someone named WATCHMEWATCHU, she begins to suspect that it is Ellie. Ellie, however, denies sending the e-mails and shockingly informs Peyton that she is her mother. The finale ends with a crying, bewildered Peyton on a beach, and Lucas coming to comfort her. "Looks like it 's just me and you this summer, '' he says. The two share a meaningful hug.
In season 3, Peyton learns that she was adopted, and that Ellie really is her biological mother. Lucas witnesses Ellie purchasing drugs, but he learns that she was buying them for medical reasons; she has breast cancer. Meanwhile, Peyton is angry with Haley because she left Tree Hill to go on tour, but soon they make amends, and Peyton reveals that her hostility toward Haley was because she was the only one that came back out of all the people who have left her. Peyton soon grows close to Ellie, and they collaborate on a CD called Friends with Benefit, which benefits breast cancer research; there will also be a concert for it at TRIC and Haley is one of the performers. Unfortunately, Ellie dies before she sees the CD or the concert, leaving Peyton devastated. A school shooting breaks out later in the season ("With Tired Eyes, Tired Minds, Tired Souls, We Slept ''), where Peyton is left fighting for her life after being the one shot. Lucas and Nathan run inside the building to save Peyton and Haley; Lucas finds Peyton bleeding out of her leg inside the school 's library. She can not walk due to the injury, so escaping is out of the question. Lucas and Peyton stay in hiding, and Lucas wraps her leg, hoping to help the bleeding and pain subside. As Peyton is falling in and out of consciousness, he forces her to talk about a fun day she once had. Minutes later, after earning a promise from Lucas about everything being okay, Peyton loses hope of surviving, despite Lucas promising to get her out of there alive; she kisses him, wanting to let him know that she loves him before she dies. Lucas returns the kiss, and Peyton soon falls unconscious. Lucas, not wanting her to die, carries her out of the building, even at the risk of being killed by the shooter.
Before Ellie died, she left a piece of advice for Peyton regarding Peyton 's love life, telling her that it is never too late to pursue her romantic interest. Peyton decides to give love another try and dates Pete Wentz from Fall Out Boy. Their relationship does not work out, since Pete is busy with touring. Peyton 's father tells her to follow her heart and listen to it, so Peyton, considering Ellie 's advice as well, decides to give Jake a visit in Savannah; she knows that she still loves him and feels that this will be enough for her to be happy. She renews her relationship with Jake and Jenny, and even goes far enough to propose marriage to Jake, who gladly accepts. This happiness fades once Jake overhears Peyton say, "I love you, Lucas '' in her sleep. Peyton is then forced to confront Jake about the kiss she and Lucas shared on the day of the shooting. Jake figures that while Peyton loves him, she is in love with Lucas. He tells her to go back to Tree Hill, and to find out if Lucas is still in her heart. If he is not, Jake promises to still be there waiting. Peyton does as Jake has advised. In the finale, Brooke once again ends her friendship with Peyton after Peyton tells her that she still has romantic feelings for Lucas. Lucas later tells Brooke about the kiss in the library. At the end of the episode, Peyton burns pictures of herself with Brooke. She then picks up a picture of the three of them (herself, Brooke and Lucas) and burns it.
In season 4, Peyton discovers that she has a half - brother named Derek. With prompting from Lucas, she agrees to meet with him. However, unknown to Peyton and everyone else, the guy she meets is not her half - brother but rather an Internet stalker who is the owner of the WATCHMEWATCHU emails and has been taking pictures of her, listening to her podcast, watching her on her webcam, and even going so far as to get a tattoo of Ellie 's drawing of her on his back, making a prostitute dress like Peyton before they have sex. Unaware of all this, and in an attempt to be more trusting, Peyton accepts him. Lucas, on the other hand, soon grows suspicious of this ' Derek ' when he catches him sniffing Peyton 's hair during a hug and finds Peyton 's jacket, which had gone missing, on the beaten prostitute still dressed as Peyton. Peyton soon realizes the truth, and, in a terrifying encounter, is manhandled and nearly raped by Psycho Derek. Lucas and the real Derek come to her rescue, pushing him out a window; by the time the police show up, he has disappeared. This series of events causes Peyton to withdraw from society, becoming scared and even skipping school and getting four locks on her bedroom door. Derek, who is in the Marine Corps and is unwilling to care too deeply due to having watched too many loved ones die, avoids Peyton until Lucas comes and talks to him about her. He and Peyton develop a healthy sibling relationship and he helps her come to terms with her fear, not only of Derek but of confessing her feelings to Lucas. Peyton is unwilling to ruin the friendship that she and Lucas have, especially until she is sure that he and Brooke are over. At Derek 's encouragement, she asks Lucas to a banquet to honor Whitey, only to find out he is going with Brooke. Disappointed, she takes Derek instead. Derek tells her that he is being deployed to Iraq. That night, Lucas comes over to Peyton 's to tell her that it is finally over between him and Brooke. She immediately confesses that she is in love with him, to which Lucas just says "Oh. '' It is not until after winning the state championship that Lucas realizes that it has always been Peyton he wants. Lucas declares Peyton his girlfriend, but their happiness is short - lived when Lucas has a heart attack that same night and almost dies. Peyton fears she will lose him like she has lost everyone else. However, Lucas "comes back to the living '' for Peyton, and to tell her he loves her. She and Lucas soon decide to just be happy. They decide to make love, for the first time, during a party in the room where Peyton first rejected him, but they are interrupted when Peyton hears everyone cat - calling at what she thinks is a sex tape of her and Nathan. When Lucas and Peyton rush out to put an end to the tape, they, and everyone else, discover that it is in fact, of Nathan and Brooke. Peyton is enraged at Brooke and punches her, giving her a black eye.
Later, while at home, Peyton yells at Brooke that she did not ruin their friendship; Brooke ruined it a long time ago. Following this, Peyton decides to skip prom, but gets convinced not to do so by Lucas. As she walks to her door to answer it (thinking it is Lucas), the man behind the door turns around and it is actually her stalker, Psycho Derek. He ties her up and gags her in her basement and proceeds to make a mock prom for them; he takes pictures of the bound and gagged Peyton, dancing with her and telling her they are gon na "go upstairs and have the perfect prom night ''. Brooke arrives, knowing that Peyton would never skip prom. Psycho Derek tries to kill Brooke, but Peyton and Brooke eventually defeat him and he ends up in jail. This experience repairs Peyton and Brooke 's friendship. Peyton learns that Psycho Derek 's real name is Ian Banks. She forgives him after discovering disturbing facts about his past, and tells him that she hopes he finds peace. Lucas and Peyton eventually have sex together for the first time. After making sure with Lucas, Peyton decides to take an internship in L.A. and thus spends the whole summer with Brooke.
One year after season 4, Peyton is surprised by Lucas who comes to LA to propose to her. Feeling it is too soon, she says "someday '', unknowingly setting their breakup in motion. One year later, Lucas 's novel becomes a bestseller and he is scheduled to have a book signing in L.A. Having missed her, he calls her and invites her to come to the signing. Peyton comes, but witnesses Lindsey Strauss giving Lucas a congratulatory kiss, assumes that Lindsey and Lucas are in a relationship, and leaves thinking there is no hope for her and Lucas to be together. Lucas thinks Peyton did not bother to come to the book signing, and consequently goes on his first date with Lindsey the same night and begins dating her, despite his feelings for Peyton. Peyton runs into Julian Baker, whom she had met the day after her breakup with Lucas. They talk and he invites her to a work party he has to attend that night. Julian and her date for a while after, to the point where she moves in with him and they profess their love for each other, but he ends it after the realization that she will never get over Lucas.
In season 5, it is four years later since high school graduation. Peyton, now 22, works as the assistant to the assistant, as her boss likes to remind her. Unable to make it in the music business and fearing to lose her integrity, she decides to quit and goes back to Tree Hill with her old best friend, Brooke Davis, and soon moves in with her. Her reunion with Lucas turns out to not be what she wished for, as he has a new girlfriend, Lindsey. She still loves Lucas, but temporarily puts those feelings aside to force Nathan to come to terms with what he has become. Finally feeling at home, and with the moral help from Lucas and the financial wealth of Brooke, she starts her own label at TRIC. She recruits her first band, led by a guy named Jason. Things get rocky, and Haley convinces her to fire him and keep Mia, the keyboard player, as Mia is the true heart of the group. Peyton also struggles with her feelings toward Lucas, especially since his girlfriend tries to be nice to her. Peyton soon antagonizes her. After visiting her old house and remembering how she thought she would always be with Lucas, she becomes bitter. This then escalates into a fight with him as he confronts her about not being the same Peyton he used to know; she retorts that he gave up on the two of them. She later reveals to Lucas that she came back to Tree Hill for him and that she still loves him. She kisses him, and he kisses back but when she goes by his house, she finds out he has just proposed marriage to Lindsey. After the initial shock, she tells him that if it is what he wants, she will bury her romantic feelings for him. However, she later winds up lashing out at Lindsey. She regrets her hostile remarks toward Lindsey when she discovers Lindsey 's dad died from cancer, which prompts the two to start from a clean slate regarding their interaction. Peyton tricks her former boss into helping her launch Mia under her label.
On Lucas and Lindsey 's wedding day, Peyton puts on a brave face while watching Lucas say "I do '' to Lindsey. Although the wedding ends up falling apart, she is still hurt because Lucas went through with his wedding vows. She focuses on making Haley 's new album and helping Brooke with baby Angie. Feeling guilty, she tries to have Lindsey reconcile with Lucas, but Lindsey tells her to read his new book, which she says is about Peyton. One night, Peyton finds Lucas drunk at TRIC. She gets him home, where he utters that he hates her. Distraught, she starts to spend her time throwing water balloons on people as a form of therapy and later paints "Love song '' from The Cure on the Rivercourt to tell Lucas that she will always be in love with him. Having seen this, he apologizes for saying that he hates her. During this time, Peyton gets word from Mia about a man who claims to have known Peyton 's biological mother, Ellie. From the information given, this man could possibly be her biological father. In the season finale, Lucas calls a woman asking her if she wants to get married at Las Vegas - the woman could be Lindsey, Peyton or Brooke.
In the season 6 premiere, it is discovered that the person whom Lucas called is Peyton. She goes to the airport and they hop on a plane to Vegas to get married. Once they get there, the chapel is too trashy, and so they do not get married. Instead, they drive to L.A. and Lucas proposes to her in the same hotel room he did years before. The two are still in L.A. during Brooke 's attack. After Brooke calls Peyton and sounds weird, Lucas and Peyton decide to head back to Tree Hill and have the wedding there instead. Peyton sees that Brooke is beaten up, but Brooke lies and says she fell down the stairs, and Peyton believes her, not knowing that Brooke was attacked. Peyton meets a famous musician named Mick Wolf, who used to know Ellie. He is the one who asked Mia about Peyton during the tour. He keeps dodging around the subject of Peyton 's real father, but says a little more about him each time Peyton brings him up. Peyton continues to get to know Mick and continues to ask about her real father. When she asks him why her parents gave her up and, he replies, "We... I mean they, had a tough decision. '' Mick accidentally lets the truth slip out, and suddenly Peyton realizes this is her father. She invites him over for a nice dinner together, he instead goes and gets drunk at a bar after being sober for a year (as shown by a sobriety chip in his pocket). She and Lucas have also set a date for their wedding, which causes conflict between Lucas and Lindsey with regards to the book tour for his second book. Peyton closes herself off emotionally with regard to Mick and is angry with him for not being upfront with her about who he is. She tells him to leave. Not long afterward, during a visit to Brooke 's, Brooke tells Peyton the truth about how she got all the bruises on her body. Peyton is later seen on the phone with Larry, her adoptive father. She tells him how much she loves him. Though initially concerned about moving in together, Lucas and Peyton eventually decide to accept their differences and reside in the same house. Peyton reconnects with her biological brother Derek, who has returned from the war. Later, she goes to TRIC to meet up with Lucas and a guy named Julian, who is interested in making a movie out based on Lucas 's first novel. Julian was asking Lucas a lot of questions about Peyton before she got there. She runs into Julian near the bathroom, and it is soon revealed that he is her ex-boyfriend. Three weeks go by and Peyton still has not told Lucas the truth about her romantic history with Julian. Lucas is left to discover their past on his own, and is initially angry about it. Peyton throws a USO concert in which Angels and Airwaves, Mia, and Haley play. She continues to connect with her brother, Derek, and clash with Julian over Lucas and his film.
Mia visits Peyton, and Peyton is concerned that Mia is not focused on her work. She suggests to Mia that she listen to a CD of songs she could possibly sing. They clash because Mia writes all of her own songs. Eventually, Peyton gives up on Mia and asks her to leave the label. Meanwhile, Peyton deals with stomach pains. She sees a doctor about it, and tells the doctor about Ellie 's cancer. Her tearful face after the phone call predicts trouble ahead. Peyton later finds out that she does not have cancer, but is actually pregnant. She tells Lucas first, and Haley finds out in her own time, but Peyton seems hesitant to share her news with Brooke because she knows how much Brooke has wanted a family. Peyton eventually tells Brooke, and Brooke is happy for her. Peyton has her first ultrasound, but is upset because she thinks that Lucas is too busy to come and has forgotten. Lucas surprises her by coming, and the two get to hear their baby 's heartbeat for the first time. Later, Lucas and Peyton learn that Peyton has placenta praevia and that having this baby could mean the end of Peyton 's life. Lucas, afraid of losing her and raising a child that has to go through the same motherless state Peyton did, tries to guilt her into an abortion. They get past this and decide to have the baby. Lucas tells her that he wants to get married to her sooner, not because she might die beforehand, but because he loves her, and wants her to be his wife. Lucas and Peyton get married at the lake where they met. Haley is the minister. After the reception, Lucas and Peyton go home and Peyton collapses on the floor while waiting for Lucas 's surprise. Lucas walks in the house and finds Peyton unconscious on the floor in a pool of blood. Peyton is rushed to the hospital by a blood - covered Lucas, who begs her not to leave him. Peyton goes through an emergency caesarean section, and falls into a coma. The caesarean section is successful and she has a daughter named Sawyer Brooke Scott. She later awakes with Lucas and Brooke by her side. Karen brings in Sawyer, and Nathan, Haley, Jamie and Julian join them. Dan visits Peyton and she, after some hesitation, allows Dan to hold Sawyer. She and Lucas then leave Tree Hill.
For season 7, Mark Schwahn, the series ' creator, said Lucas and Peyton are traveling the world; they are spending time with Karen and her husband Andy, and Lucas is writing a new book. They continue to be mentioned by characters on the series. Her and Lucas ' absence during Brooke and Julian 's wedding is mentioned by Brooke as being due to baby Sawyer being sick. Haley takes her place as Brooke 's maid of honor. In season nine, Haley sends Jamie and Lydia to live with Peyton and Lucas due to Nathan 's disappearance.
Peyton has been described as "a very talented artist '' who expresses her emotions through her work and guards her heart after losing so many important people in her life. The character was initially ill - received, as the audience felt that she was too mean, especially to love interest Lucas. "Perpetually cranky Peyton tears around town in a vintage car, listening to loud rock, and wearing a Ramones T - shirt, none of which fits with a typical cheerleader image. At one point, Lucas asks her why she 's a cheerleader, noting that she 's ' the least cheery person I know, ' '' stated Tracy McLoone of PopMatters. "She responds, ' You do n't know me. ' (And in fact), she 's right. The girl is a walking contradiction. Peyton embodies aspects of the good girl (cheerleader) and bad girl (rocker)... ''
The character 's "crankiness '' was eventually toned down, as she was revealed to have a deeper side and her interaction with Lucas and Haley started to win over viewers. The Wilmington Star credits the character with "(blowing) away every stereotype '' the media has placed on cheerleaders: "She 's -- gasp -- smart! And interesting! And so not the pop - tart cheerleader TV often delivers, '' stated Allison Ballard of the newspaper. Her romance with Lucas also became popular. Described as this generation 's Joey and Pacey, "the overly dramatic couple you could not help but root for, '' the pairing emerged as one of the show 's supercouples; their departure received significant media attention and was picked as one of the "12 most essential episodes '' of One Tree Hill in 2009 by fans at starnewsonline.com.
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parts of the male reproductive system and its function | Male reproductive system - wikipedia
The male reproductive system consists of a number of sex organs that play a role in the process of human reproduction. These organs are located on the outside of the body and within the pelvis.
The main male sex organs are the penis and the testicles which produce semen and sperm, which, as part of sexual intercourse, fertilize an ovum in the female 's body; the fertilized ovum (zygote) develops into a fetus, which is later born as an infant.
The corresponding system in females is the female reproductive system.
The penis is the male intromittent organ. It has a long shaft and an enlarged bulbous - shaped tip called the glans penis, which supports and is protected by the foreskin. When the male becomes sexually aroused, the penis becomes erect and ready for sexual activity. Erection occurs because sinuses within the erectile tissue of the penis become filled with blood. The arteries of the penis are dilated while the veins are compressed so that blood flows into the erectile cartilage under pressure. The penis is supplied by the pudendal artery.
The scrotum is a pouch - like structure that hangs behind the penis. It holds and protects the testicles. It also contains numerous nerves and blood vessels. During times of lower temperatures, the Cremaster muscle contracts and pulls the scrotum closer to the body, while the Dartos muscle gives it a wrinkled appearance; when the temperature increases, the Cremaster and Dartos muscles relax to bring down the scrotum away from the body and remove the wrinkles respectively.
The scrotum remains connected with the abdomen or pelvic cavity by the inguinal canal. (The spermatic cord, formed from spermatic artery, vein and nerve bound together with connective tissue passes into the testis through inguinal canal.)
The epididymis, a whitish mass of tightly coiled tubes cupped against the testicles, acts as a maturation and storage for sperm before they pass into the vas deferens, that carry sperm to the ampullary gland and prostatic ducts.
The vas deferens, also known as the sperm duct, is a thin tube approximately 30 centimetres (0.98 ft) long that starts from the epididymis to the pelvic cavity. It carries the spermatozoa from the epididymis to ejaculatory duct.
Three accessory glands provide fluids that lubricate the duct system and nourish the sperm cells. They are the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands).
The embryonic and prenatal development of the male reproductive system is the process whereby the reproductive organs grow, mature and are established. It begins with a single fertilized egg and culminates 38 weeks later with birth of a male child. It is a part of the stages of sexual differentiation. The development of the male reproductive system coincides with the urinary system. The development of them can also be described together as the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.
Sexual identity is determined at fertilization when the genetic sex of the zygote has been initialized by a sperm cell containing either an X or Y chromosome. If this sperm cell contains an X chromosome it will coincide with the X chromosome of the ovum and a female child will develop. A sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome results in an XY combination, and a male child will develop.
Genetic sex determines whether the gonads will be testes or ovaries. In the developing embryo if the testes are developed, it will produce and secrete male sex hormones during late embryonic development and cause the secondary sex organs of the male to develop.
Chromosomal abnormalities can occur during fertilization impacting the development of the male reproductive system. The genotype of the male consists of a Y chromosome paired with an X chromosome. Female gender is determined by the absence of a Y chromosome. Some individuals are male who have the XX male syndrome and androgen insensitivity syndrome. This occurs when one X chromosome contains a segment of the Y chromosome, which was inserted into the X chromosome of the father 's sperm. Rarely females are born with the XY genotype. They are found to be missing the same portion of the Y chromosome it was inserted into the chromosome of XX males. The gene for sexual differentiation in humans, called the testis determining factor (TDF), is located on the short arm of the Y chromosome. The presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines whether the embryo will have testes or ovaries. An abnormal number of sex chromosomes (aneuploidy) may can occur. This includes Turner 's syndrome - a single X chromosome is present, Klinefelter 's syndrome - two X chromosomes and a Y chromosome are present, XYY syndrome and XXYY syndrome. Other less common chromosomal arrangements include: triple X syndrome, 48, XXXX, and 49, XXXXX.
The observable, visual differences become apparent between male or the female reproductive organs are not seeing initially. Maturation continues as the medial aspect of each mesonephros grows to form the gonadal ridge. The gonadal ridge continues to grow behind the developing peritoneal membrane. By week six, string - like cell congregations called primary sex cords form within the enlarging gonadal ridge. Externally, a swelling called the genital tubercle appears above the cloacal membrane. glans
until about the ninth week of gestational age
External distinctions are not observed even by the eighth week of pre-embryonic development. This is the indifferent stage during which the gonads are relatively large and have an outer cortex of primary sex cords and an inner medulla.
Specialized primordial germ cells are forming and migrating from the yolk sac to the embryonic gonads during week eight and nine. These are the spermatagonia in the developing male. Before seven weeks after fertilization, the gonads have the potential to become either testes or ovaries. Reproductive sex organs for both male and female are derived from the same embryonic tissues and are considered homologous tissues or organs.
After the testes have differentiated, male sex hormones, called androgens, are secreted from interstitial cells (cells of Leydig). The major androgens secreted by these cells is testosterone and secretion begins 8 to 10 weeks after conception. Testosterone secretion reaches a peak at 12 to 14 weeks, and declines to very low levels by the end of the second trimester (about 21 weeks). Levels are the barely detectable 4 -- 6 months of age postnatal. High levels of testosterone will not appear again until the time of puberty.
Internal accessory sex organs to develop and most of these are derived from two systems of embryonic ducts. Male accessory organs are derived from mesonephric (wolfian) ducts. The developing tubules within the testes secretes a polypeptide Müllerian inhibition factor (MIF). MIF causes the regression of the paramesonephretic ducts 60 days after fertilization. Testosterone secretion by the interstitial cells of the testes then causes the growth and development of the mesonephric ducts into male secondary sex organs. The Müllerian ducts atrophy, but traces of their anterior ends are represented by the appendices testis (hydatids of Morgagni of the male), while their terminal fused portions form the utriculus on the floor of the prostatic urethra. This is due to the production of Anti-Müllerian hormone by the Sertoli cells of the testes.
The structures are masculinized by secretions of the testes:
The prostate gland derives from the urogenital sinus, and the other embryonic structures differentiate into the external genitalia. In the absence of testicular secretions, the female genitalia are formed.
At six weeks post conception, the differentiation of the external genitalia in the male and female has not taken place. At eight weeks, a distinct phallus is present during the indifferent stage. By the 10th - 12th week, the genitalia are distinctly male or female being and derived from their homologous structures. At 16 weeks post conception, the genitalia are formed and distinct.
The masculinization of the embryonic reproductive structures occurs as a result of testosterone secreted by the embryonic testes. Testosterone, however, is not the active agent within these organs. Once inside the target cells, testosterone is converted by means of an enzyme called 5α - reductase into the dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT mediates the androgen effect in these organs.
At nine weeks, male differentiation of the gonads and the testes is well underway. Internal changes include the formation of the tubular seminar Chris tubules in the Rete testis from the primary sex cord. Developing on the outside surface of each testis is a Phibro muscular cord called the gubernaculum. This structure attaches to the inferior portion of the testis and extends to the labial sacral fold of the same side at the same time, a portion of the embryonic mesonephric duct adjacent to the testis becomes attached and convoluted informs the epididymis. Another portion of the mesonephretic duct becomes the ductus deferens.
The seminal vesicles form from lateral outgrowths of the caudal and of each mesonephretic duct the prostate gland arises from an Indo dermal outgrowth of the urogenital sinus the bulbourethral glands develop from outgrowths in the membrane - like portion of the urethra.
The descent of the testes to its final location at the anterior abdominal wall, followed by the development of the gubernaculum, which subsequently pulls and translocates the testis down into the developing scrotum. Ultimately, the passageway closes behind the testis. A failure in this process can cause indirect inguinal hernia or an infantile hydrocoele. The testes descend into the scrotal sac between the sixth and 10th week. Dissent into this not occur until about the 28th week when compared and we know canals form and the abdominal wall to provide openings from the pelvic cavity to the scrotal sac. The process by which a testis to send is not well understood but it seems to be associated with the shortening of the gubernaculum, which is attached to the testis and extends to the inguinal canal to the wall of the scrotum as a testis to sense it passes to the side of the urinary bladder and anterior to the symphysis pubis. It carries with it the ductus deference, that is testicular vessels and nerves, a portion of the abdominal muscle, and lymph vessels. All of the structures remain attached to the testis and form what is known as the spermatic cord by the time the testis is in the scrotal sac, the gubernaculum is no more than a remnant of scar like tissue.
The external genitalia of the male is distinct from those of the female by the end of the ninth week. Prior to that, the genital tubercle in both sexes is a phallus. The urethral groove forms on the ventral surface of the phallus early in development during the differentiation of the external genitalia. This is caused by the androgens produced and secreted by the testes. Androgen induced development causes the elongation and differentiation of the phallus into a penis, a fusion of the urogenital folds surrounding the urethral groove along the ventral surface of the penis, and a midline closure of the labioscrotal folds. This closure forms the wall of the scrotum the external genitalia. The external genitalia are completely formed by the end of the 12th week.
At birth, the development of the prepubertal male reproductive system is completed. During the second trimester of pregnancy, testosterone secretion in the male declines so that at birth the testes are inactive. Gonadotropin secretion is low until the beginning of puberty.
The genetic sex is determined by whether a Y bearing or next bearing sperm fertilizes the open; the presence or absence of a Y chromosome in turn determines whether the gonads of the embryo will be testes or ovaries; and the presence or absence of testes, finally, determines whether the sex accessory organs and external genitalia will be male or female. This sequence is understandable in light of the fact that both male and female embryos develop within the maternal environment - high in estrogen secreted by the mother 's ovaries and the placenta. If estrogen determined the gender, all embryos would become feminized.
During puberty increased gonadotropin secretion stimulates a rise in sex steroids creation from the testes. The increased secretion of testosterone from the testes during puberty causes the male secondary sexual characteristics to be manifested.
the manifestation of secondary sexual characteristics include the growth of:
Secondary development includes the increased activity of the eccrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands along with the darkening of the skin in the scrotal region.
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i saw a dead man win the fight | Talk: the man Who Never was - wikipedia
Possible Typo? The Article states "The film earned an estimated $1.1 million in North American rentals in 1956. (2) '' Last time I checked the VHS / DVD market was still on the drawing boards. Is this incorrect, or does it somehow relate to some other film industry term I am unfamiliar with? 65.27. 39.221 (talk) 08: 23, 31 July 2012 (UTC) J Davis
Hello... this is an annonymous message... my first time... eh heh heh...
Does anyone out there in the great cyber void know what the name is of the poem that the narrator recites during the opening and closing scenes of "The Man Who Never Was? ''
I believe it goes...
Last night I dreamed a deadly dream...... past the Isle of Skye... I saw a dead man win a fight... And I think the man was I... (End quote)
If anyone knows anything to help, will be much obliged...
Annonymous
In the article it says that the corpse was one homeless Glyndwr Michael, but at the linked site about his grave it says that he was indeed a British major called Glyndwr Martin. Could anyone clarify that?
The links are a curiousity, but absolutely establish no connection whatsoever between their claim and the identity of Willie Martin. They slam Montagu without showing any credible reason why they should be believed, and term something "Pure Hollywood '' again without any evidence. -- Buckboard 10: 00, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
This article does n't seem to talk much about the film. It also manages to contradict information in the Operation Mincemeat article. If there is not enough information to make an entire article on the film, should it be merged into the other article? Pennywisepeter 16: 19, 16 November 2007 (UTC)
Which is the particular Goon show referred to, anyone? Please? Safebreaker (talk) 22: 51, 18 June 2010 (UTC)
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which two groups fought a civil war in china | Chinese Civil war - wikipedia
Chinese Communist victory
Supported by:
The Chinese Civil War was a war fought between the Kuomintang (KMT) - led government of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC). Although particular attention is paid to the four years of Chinese Communist Revolution from 1945 to 1949, the war actually started in August 1927, with the White Terror at the end of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek 's Northern Expedition, and essentially ended when major hostilities between the two sides ceased in 1950. The conflict took place in two stages: the first between 1927 and 1937, and the second from 1946 to 1950, with the Second Sino - Japanese War in 1937 -- 1945 separating them. The war marked a major turning point in modern Chinese history, with the Communists gaining control of mainland China and establishing the People 's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 and forced the Republic of China (ROC) to retreat to Taiwan. It resulted in a lasting political and military standoff between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, with the ROC in Taiwan and the PRC on mainland China with both officially claiming to be the legitimate government of all China.
The war represented an ideological split between the communist CPC and the nationalist KMT. Conflict continued intermittently until late 1937, when the two parties came together to form the Second United Front to counter the Imperial Japanese Army threat and to prevent the country from crumbling. Full - scale civil war in China resumed in 1946, a year after the end of hostilities with the Empire of Japan in September 1945. Four years later came the cessation of major military activity, with the newly founded People 's Republic of China controlling mainland China (including the island of Hainan), and the Republic of China 's jurisdiction restricted to Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy, Matsu and several outlying islands.
As of April 2018 no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed, and the debate continues as to whether the civil war has legally ended. Relations between both sides, officially called the Cross-Strait relations, have been hindered by military threats and political and economic pressure, particularly over Taiwan 's political status, with both governments officially adhering to the One - China policy. The PRC still actively claims Taiwan as part of its territory and continues to threaten the ROC with a military invasion if the ROC officially declares independence by changing its name to and gaining international recognition as the "Republic of Taiwan ''. The ROC, for its part, claims mainland China, and both parties continue the fight over diplomatic recognition. As of 2018 the war as such occurs on the political and economic fronts in the relations without actual military action. However, the two separate governments in China have close economic ties.
Following the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in the aftermath of the Xinhai Revolution, China fell into a brief period of civil war before Yuan Shikai assumed the presidency of the newly formed Republic of China. The administration became known as the Beiyang Government, with its capital in Peking. After the death of Yuan Shikai in 1916, the following years were characterized by the power struggle between different cliques in the former Beiyang Army. In the meantime, the Kuomintang, led by Sun Yat - sen, created a new government in Guangzhou to resist the rule of Beiyang Government through a series of movements.
Sun 's efforts to obtain aid from the Western countries were ignored, thus he turned to the Soviet Union in 1921. For political expediency, the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Communist Party of China, which would eventually found the People 's Republic of China. Thus the struggle for power in China began between the KMT and the CPC.
In 1923, a joint statement by Sun and Soviet representative Adolph Joffe in Shanghai pledged Soviet assistance to China 's unification. The Sun - Joffe Manifesto was a declaration of cooperation among the Comintern, KMT and CPC. Comintern agent Mikhail Borodin arrived in China in 1923 to aid in the reorganization and consolidation of the KMT along the lines of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The CPC joined the KMT to form the First United Front.
In 1923, Sun sent Chiang Kai - shek, one of his lieutenants from his Tongmenghui days, for several months of military and political study in the Soviet capital Moscow. By 1924, Chiang became the head of the Whampoa Military Academy, and rose to prominence as Sun 's successor as head of the KMT.
The Soviets provided the academy with much educational material, organization and equipment, including munitions. They also provided education in many of the techniques for mass mobilization. With this aid, Sun was able to raise a dedicated "army of the party, '' with which he hoped to defeat the warlords militarily. CPC members were also present in the academy, and many of them became instructors, including Zhou Enlai, who was made a political instructor.
Communist members were allowed to join the KMT on an individual basis. The CPC itself was still small at the time, having a membership of 300 in 1922 and only 1,500 by 1925. As of 1923, the KMT had 50,000 members.
However, after Sun died in 1925, the KMT split into left - and right - wing movements. KMT members worried that the Soviets were trying to destroy the KMT from inside using the CPC. The CPC then began movements in opposition of the Northern Expedition, passing a resolution against it at a party meeting.
Then, in March 1927, the KMT held its second party meeting where the Soviets helped pass resolutions against the Expedition and curbing Chiang 's power. Soon, the KMT would be clearly divided.
Throughout this time the Soviet Union had a large impact on the Communist Party of China. They sent money and spies to support the Chinese Communist Party. Without their support the communist party would have failed. There are documents showing of other communist parties in China at the time, one with as many as 10,000 members, but they all failed without support from the Soviet Union.
In early 1927, the KMT - CPC rivalry led to a split in the revolutionary ranks. The CPC and the left wing of the KMT had decided to move the seat of the KMT government from Guangzhou to Wuhan, where communist influence was strong. However, Chiang and Li Zongren, whose armies defeated warlord Sun Chuanfang, moved eastward toward Jiangxi. The leftists rejected Chiang 's demand to eliminate Communist influence within KMT and Chiang denounced them for betraying Sun Yat - sen 's Three Principles of the People by taking orders from the Soviet Union. According to Mao Zedong, Chiang 's tolerance of the CPC in the KMT camp decreased as his power increased.
On April 7, Chiang and several other KMT leaders held a meeting, during which they proposed that Communist activities were socially and economically disruptive and had to be undone for the Nationalist revolution to proceed. On April 12, in Shanghai, many Communist members in the KMT were purged through hundreds of arrests and executions on the orders of General Bai Chongxi. The CPC referred to this as the April 12 Incident or Shanghai Massacre. This incident widened the rift between Chiang and Wang Jingwei, another warlord who controlled the city of Wuhan.
Eventually, the left wing of the KMT also expelled CPC members from the Wuhan government, which in turn was toppled by Chiang Kai - shek. The KMT resumed its campaign against warlords and captured Beijing in June 1928. Soon, most of eastern China was under the control of the Nanjing central government, which received prompt international recognition as the sole legitimate government of China. The KMT government announced, in conformity with Sun Yat - sen, the formula for the three stages of revolution: military unification, political tutelage, and constitutional democracy.
On 1 August 1927, the Communist Party launched an uprising in Nanchang against the Nationalist government in Wuhan. This conflict led to the creation of the Red Army. On August 4, the main forces of the Red Army left Nanchang and headed southwards for an assault on Guangdong. Nationalist forces quickly reoccupied Nanchang while the remaining members of the CPC in Nanchang went into hiding. A CPC meeting on August 7 confirmed the objective of the party is to seize the political power by force, but the CPC was quickly suppressed the next day on August 8 by the Nationalist government in Wuhan led by Wang Jingwei. On August 14, Chiang Kai - shek announced his temporary retirement, as the Wuhan faction and Nanjing faction of the Kuomintang were allied once again with common goal of suppressing the Communist Party after the earlier split.
Attempts were later made by the CPC to take the cities of Changsha, Shantou and Guangzhou. The Red Army consisting of mutinous former National Revolutionary Army (NRA) soldiers as well as armed peasants established control over several areas in southern China. KMT forces continued to attempt to suppress the rebellions. Then, in September, Wang Jingwei was forced out of Wuhan. September also saw an unsuccessful armed rural insurrection, known as the Autumn Harvest Uprising, led by Mao Zedong. Borodin then returned to the USSR in October via Mongolia. In November, Chiang Kai - shek went to Shanghai and invited Wang to join him. On December 11, the CPC started the Guangzhou Uprising, establishing a soviet there the next day, but lost the city by December 13 to a counter-attack under the orders of General Zhang Fakui. On December 16, Wang Jingwei fled to France. There were now three capitals in China: the internationally recognized republic capital in Beijing, the CPC and left - wing KMT at Wuhan and the right - wing KMT regime at Nanjing, which would remain the KMT capital for the next decade.
This marked the beginning of a ten - year armed struggle, known in mainland China as the "Ten - Year Civil War '' (十 年 内战) which ended with the Xi'an Incident when Chiang Kai - shek was forced to form the Second United Front against invading forces from Japan. In 1930 the Central Plains War broke out as an internal conflict of the KMT. It was launched by Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan and Wang Jingwei. The attention was turned to root out remaining pockets of Communist activity in a series of five encirclement campaigns. The first and second campaigns failed and the third was aborted due to the Mukden Incident. The fourth campaign (1932 -- 1933) achieved some early successes, but Chiang 's armies were badly mauled when they tried to penetrate into the heart of Mao 's Soviet Chinese Republic. During these campaigns, KMT columns struck swiftly into Communist areas, but were easily engulfed by the vast countryside and were not able to consolidate their foothold.
Finally, in late 1934, Chiang launched a fifth campaign that involved the systematic encirclement of the Jiangxi Soviet region with fortified blockhouses. Unlike previous campaigns in which they penetrated deeply in a single strike, this time the KMT troops patiently built blockhouses, each separated by about five miles, to surround the Communist areas and cut off their supplies and food sources.
In October 1934 the CPC took advantage of gaps in the ring of blockhouses (manned by the forces of a warlord ally of Chiang Kai - shek 's, rather than regular KMT troops) and broke out of the encirclement. The warlord armies were reluctant to challenge Communist forces for fear of losing their own men and did not pursue the CPC with much fervor. In addition, the main KMT forces were preoccupied with annihilating Zhang Guotao 's army, which was much larger than Mao 's. The massive military retreat of Communist forces lasted a year and covered what Mao estimated as 12,500 km (25,000 Li); it became known as the Long March. The Long March was a military retreat taken on by the Communist Party of China, led by Mao Zedong to evade the pursuit or attack of the Kuomintang army. It consisted of a series of marches, during which numerous Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west. Over the course of the march from Jiangxi the First Front Army, led by an inexperienced military commission, was on the brink of annihilation by Chiang Kai Shek 's troops as their stronghold was in Jiangxi. The Communists, under the command of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, "escaped in a circling retreat to the west and north, which reportedly traversed over 9,000 kilometers over 370 days ''. The route passed through some of the most difficult terrain of western China by traveling west, and then northwards towards Shaanxi. "In November 1935, shortly after settling in northern Shaanxi, Mao officially took over Zhou Enlai 's leading position in the Red Army. Following a major reshuffling of official roles, Mao became the chairman of the Military Commission, with Zhou and Deng Xiaoping as vice-chairmen. '' This marked Mao 's position as the pre-eminent leader of the Party, with Zhou in second position to him.
The march ended when the CPC reached the interior of Shaanxi. Zhang Guotao 's army, which took a different route through northwest China, was largely destroyed by the forces of Chiang Kai - shek and his Chinese Muslim allies, the Ma clique. Along the way, the Communist army confiscated property and weapons from local warlords and landlords, while recruiting peasants and the poor, solidifying its appeal to the masses. Of the 90,000 -- 100,000 people who began the Long March from the Soviet Chinese Republic, only around 7,000 -- 8,000 made it to Shaanxi. The remnants of Zhang 's forces eventually joined Mao in Shaanxi, but with his army destroyed, Zhang, even as a founding member of the CPC, was never able to challenge Mao 's authority. Essentially, the great retreat made Mao the undisputed leader of the Communist Party of China.
The Kuomintang used Khampa troops -- who were former bandits -- to battle the Communist Red Army as it advanced and to undermine local warlords who often refused to fight Communist forces to conserve their own strength. The KMT enlisted 300 "Khampa bandits '' into its Consolatory Commission military in Sichuan, where they were part of the effort of the central government to penetrate and destabilize local Han warlords such as Liu Wenhui. The government was seeking to exert full control over frontier areas against the warlords. Liu had refused to battle the Communists in order to conserve his army. The Consolatory Commission forces were used to battle the Red Army, but they were defeated when their religious leader was captured by the Communists.
In 1936, Zhou Enlai and Zhang Xueliang grew closer, with Zhang even suggesting that he join the CPC. However, this was turned down by the Comintern in the USSR. Later on, Zhou persuaded Zhang and Yang Hucheng, another warlord, to instigate the Xi'an Incident. Chiang was placed under house arrest and forced to stop his attacks on the Red Army, instead focusing on the Japanese threat.
The situation in China in 1929: After the Northern Expedition, the KMT had direct control over east and central China, while the rest of China proper as well as Manchuria was under the control of warlords loyal to the Nationalist government.
Map showing the communist - controlled Soviet Zones of China during and after the encirclement campaigns.
Route (s) taken by Communist forces during the Long March.
A Communist leader addressing survivors of the Long March.
During Japan 's invasion and occupation of Manchuria Chiang Kai - shek, who saw the CPC as a greater threat, refused to ally with them to fight against the Imperial Japanese Army. Chiang preferred to unite China by eliminating the warlords and CPC forces first. He believed that he was still too weak to launch an offensive to chase out Japan and that China needed time for a military build - up. Only after unification would it be possible for the KMT to mobilize a war against Japan. So he would rather ignore the discontent and anger among Chinese people at his policy of compromise with the Japanese, and ordered KMT generals Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng to carry out suppression of the CPC; however, their provincial forces suffered significant casualties in battles with the Red Army. ref
On 12 December 1936, the disgruntled Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng conspired to kidnap Chiang and force him into a truce with the CPC. The incident became known as the Xi'an Incident. Both parties suspended fighting to form a Second United Front to focus their energies and fighting against the Japanese. In 1937 Japan launched its full - scale invasion of China and its well - equipped troops overran KMT defenders in northern and coastal China.
The alliance of CPC and KMT was in name only. Unlike the KMT troops, CPC shunned conventional warfare and instead engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Japanese. The level of actual cooperation and coordination between the CPC and KMT during World War II was at best minimal. In the midst of the Second United Front, the CPC and the KMT were still vying for territorial advantage in "Free China '' (i.e., areas not occupied by the Japanese or ruled by Japanese puppet governments such as Manchukuo and the Reorganized National Government of China).
The situation came to a head in late 1940 and early 1941 when clashes between Communist and KMT forces intensified. In December 1940 Chiang demanded that the CPC 's New Fourth Army evacuate Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces due to its provocation and harassment of KMT forces in this area. Under intense pressure, the New Fourth Army commanders complied. In 1941 they were ambushed by KMT forces during their evacuation, which led to several thousand deaths. It also ended the Second United Front, which had been formed earlier to fight the Japanese.
Despite the intensified clashes between the CPC and KMT, countries such as the US and the Soviet Union attempted to prevent a disastrous civil war. After the New Fourth Army incident, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent special envoy Lauchlin Currie to talk with Chiang Kai - shek and KMT party leaders to express their concern regarding the hostility between the two parties, with Currie stating that the only ones to benefit from a civil war would be the Japanese. In 1941 the Soviet Union, with its closer alliance to the CPC, also sent an imperative telegram to Mao warning that the civil war would also make the situation easier for the Japanese military. Due to the international community 's efforts, there was a temporary and superficial peace. In 1943 Chiang attacked the CPC with the propaganda piece China 's Destiny, which questioned the CPC 's power after the war, while the CPC strongly opposed Chiang 's leadership and referred to his regime as fascist in an attempt to generate a negative public image. Both leaders knew that a deadly battle had begun between themselves.
In general, developments in the Second Sino - Japanese War were to the advantage of the CPC, as its guerrilla war tactics had won them popular support within the Japanese - occupied areas, while the KMT 's had to defend the country against the main Japanese campaigns to take over the country, since it was the legal Chinese government, and this proved costly to Chiang Kai - shek and his troops. In 1944 Japan launched its last major offensive, Operation Ichi - Go, against the KMT that resulted in the severe weakening of Chiang 's forces. Also, the CPC suffered fewer losses through their guerrilla tactics. By the end of the war, the Red Army had grown to more than 1.3 million members, with a separate militia of over 2.6 million members. About one hundred million people lived in CPC - controlled zones.
Under the terms of the Japanese unconditional surrender dictated by the United States, Japanese troops were ordered to surrender to KMT troops and not to the CPC, which was present in some of the occupied areas. In Manchuria, however, where the KMT had no forces, the Japanese surrendered to the Soviet Union. Chiang Kai - shek ordered the Japanese troops to remain at their post to receive the Kuomintang and not surrender their arms to the Communists.
The first post-war peace negotiation was attended by both Chiang Kai - shek and Mao Zedong in Chongqing from 28 August 1945 and concluded on 10 October 1945 with the signing of Double Tenth Agreement. Both sides stressed the importance of a peaceful reconstruction, but the conference did not produce any concrete results. Battles between the two sides continued even as peace negotiations were in progress, until the agreement was reached in January 1946. However, large campaigns and full - scale confrontations between the CPC and Chiang 's troops were temporarily avoided.
In the last month of World War II in East Asia, Soviet forces launched the huge Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation to attack the Japanese 2 million strong Kwantung Army in Manchuria and along the Chinese - Mongolian border. This operation destroyed the fighting capability of Japan 's Kwantung Army in just 3 weeks and left the USSR occupying all of Manchuria by the end of the war in a total power vacuum of local Chinese forces. Consequently, the 700,000 Japanese troops stationed in the region surrendered. Later in the year Chiang Kai - shek realized that he lacked the resources to prevent a CPC takeover of Manchuria following the scheduled Soviet departure. He therefore made a deal with the Russians to delay their withdrawal until he had moved enough of his best - trained men and modern material into the region; however, the Russians refused permission for the Nationalist troops to traverse its territory. KMT troops were then airlifted by the US to occupy key cities in North China, while the countryside was already dominated by the CPC. On 15 November 1945, an offensive began with the intent of preventing the CPC from strengthening its already strong base. The Soviets spent the extra time systematically dismantling the extensive Manchurian industrial base (worth up to $2 billion) and shipping it back to their war - ravaged country.
Yang Kuisong, a Chinese historian, said that in 1945 -- 46, during the Soviet Red Army Manchurian campaign, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin commanded Marshal Rodion Malinovsky to give Mao Zedong most Imperial Japanese Army weapons that were captured.
Chiang Kai - shek 's forces pushed as far as Chinchow (Jinzhou) by 26 November 1945, meeting with little resistance. This was followed by a Communist offensive on the Shantung (Shandong) Peninsula that was largely successful, as all of the peninsula, except what was controlled by the US, fell to the Communists. The truce fell apart in June 1946 when full - scale war between CPC and KMT forces broke out on June 26. China then entered a state of civil war that lasted more than three years.
By the end of the Second Sino - Japanese War, the power of the Communist Party grew considerably. Their main force grew to 1.2 million troops, backed with additional militia of 2 million, totalling 3.2 million troops. Mao was very pleased with the force and decided to go on full rampage against the Kuomintang which he viewed as ' western lapdogs ' that will sell out the country when requested by the Americans. Their "Liberated Zone '' in 1945 contained 19 base areas, including one - quarter of the country 's territory and one - third of its population; this included many important towns and cities. Moreover, the Soviet Union turned over all of its captured Japanese weapons and a substantial amount of their own supplies to the Communists, who received Northeastern China from the Soviets as well.
In March 1946, despite repeated requests from Chiang, the Soviet Red Army under the command of Marshal Malinovsky continued to delay pulling out of Manchuria while Malinovsky secretly told the CPC forces to move in behind them, which led to full - scale war for the control of the Northeast. These favorable conditions also facilitated many changes inside the Communist leadership: the more radical hard - line faction who wanted full military bloodshed and warfare to take - over China finally gained the upper hand and defeated the careful opportunists. Prior to giving control to Communist leaders, on March 27 Soviet diplomats requested a joint venture of industrial development with the Nationalist Party in Manchuria.
Although General Marshall stated that he knew of no evidence that the CPC was being supplied by the Soviet Union, the CPC was able to utilize a large number of weapons abandoned by the Japanese, including some tanks, but it was not until large numbers of well - trained KMT troops began surrendering and joining the Communist forces that the CPC was finally able to master the hardware. However, despite the disadvantage in military hardware, the CPC 's ultimate trump card was its land reform policy. The CPC continued to make the irresistible promise in the countryside to the massive number of landless and from hunger starving peasants that by fighting for the CPC they would be given their own land to grow crops once the victory was won.
This strategy enabled the CPC to access an almost unlimited supply of manpower for both combat and logistical purposes, despite suffering heavy casualties throughout many of the war 's campaigns, man power continued to pour in massively. For example, during the Huaihai Campaign alone the CPC was able to mobilize 5,430,000 peasants to fight against the KMT forces.
After the war with the Japanese ended, Chiang Kai - shek quickly moved KMT troops to newly liberated areas to prevent Communist forces from receiving the Japanese surrender. The US airlifted many KMT troops from central China to the Northeast (Manchuria). President Harry Truman was very clear about what he described as "using the Japanese to hold off the Communists ''. In his memoirs he writes:
It was perfectly clear to us that if we told the Japanese to lay down their arms immediately and march to the seaboard, the entire country would be taken over by the Communists. We therefore had to take the unusual step of using the enemy as a garrison until we could airlift Chinese National troops to South China and send Marines to guard the seaports.
Using the pretext of "receiving the Japanese surrender '', business interests within the KMT government occupied most of the banks, factories and commercial properties, which had previously been seized by the Imperial Japanese Army. They also conscripted troops at a brutal pace from the civilian population and hoarded supplies, preparing for a resumption of war with the Communists. These hasty and harsh preparations caused great hardship for the residents of cities such as Shanghai, where the unemployment rate rose dramatically to 37.5 %.
The US strongly supported the Kuomintang forces. About 50,000 US soldiers were sent to guard strategic sites in Hupeh and Shandong. The US equipped and trained KMT troops, and transported Japanese and Koreans back to help KMT forces to occupy liberated zones as well as to contain Communist - controlled areas. American aid included substantial amounts of mostly surplus military supplies; loans were made to the KMT. Within less than two years after the Sino - Japanese War, the KMT had received $4.43 billion from the US -- most of which was military aid.
Situation in 1947
Situation in the fall of 1948
Situation in the winter of 1948 and 1949
Situation in April to October 1949
As postwar negotiations between the Nationalist government in Nanjing and the Communist Party failed, the civil war between these two parties resumed. This stage of war is referred to in mainland China and Communist historiography as the "War of Liberation '' (Chinese: 解放 战争; pinyin: Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng). On 20 July 1946, Chiang Kai - shek launched a large - scale assault on Communist territory in North China with 113 brigades (a total of 1.6 million troops). This marked the first stage of the final phase in the Chinese Civil War.
Knowing their disadvantages in manpower and equipment, the CPC executed a "passive defense '' strategy. It avoided the strong points of the KMT army and was prepared to abandon territory in order to preserve its forces. In most cases the surrounding countryside and small towns had come under Communist influence long before the cities. The CPC also attempted to wear out the KMT forces as much as possible. This tactic seemed to be successful; after a year, the power balance became more favorable to the CPC. They wiped out 1.12 million KMT troops, while their strength grew to about two million men.
In March 1947 the KMT achieved a symbolic victory by seizing the CPC capital of Yan'an. The Communists counterattacked soon afterwards; on 30 June 1947 CPC troops crossed the Yellow River and moved to the Dabie Mountains area, restored and developed the Central Plain. At the same time, Communist forces also began to counterattack in Northeastern China, North China and East China.
By late 1948, the CPC eventually captured the northern cities of Shenyang and Changchun and seized control of the Northeast after suffering numerous setbacks while trying to take the cities, with the decisive Liaoshen Campaign. The New 1st Army, regarded as the best KMT army, was forced to surrender after the CPC conducted a brutal six - month siege of Changchun that resulted in more than 150,000 civilian deaths from starvation.
The capture of large KMT units provided the CPC with the tanks, heavy artillery and other combined - arms assets needed to execute offensive operations south of the Great Wall. By April 1948 the city of Luoyang fell, cutting the KMT army off from Xi'an. Following a fierce battle, the CPC captured Jinan and Shandong province on 24 September 1948. The Huaihai Campaign of late 1948 and early 1949 secured east - central China for the CPC. The outcome of these encounters were decisive for the military outcome of the civil war.
The Pingjin Campaign resulted in the Communist conquest of northern China. It lasted 64 days, from 21 November 1948, to 31 January 1949. The PLA suffered heavy casualties while securing Zhangjiakou, Tianjin along with its port and garrison at Dagu and Beiping. The CPC brought 890,000 troops from the northeast to oppose some 600,000 KMT troops. There were 40,000 CPC casualties at Zhangjiakou alone. They in turn killed, wounded or captured some 520,000 KMT during the campaign.
After achieving decisive victory at Liaoshen, Huaihai and Pingjin campaigns, the CPC wiped out 144 regular and 29 non-regular KMT divisions, including 1.54 million veteran KMT troops, which significantly reduced the strength of Nationalist forces. Stalin initially favored a coalition government in postwar China, and tried to persuade Mao to stop the CPC from crossing the Yangtze and attacking the KMT positions south of the river. Mao rejected Stalin 's position and on 21 April, Communist began the Yangtze River Crossing Campaign. On 23 April they captured the KMT 's capital, Nanjing. The KMT government retreated to Canton (Guangzhou) until October 15, Chongqing until November 25, and then Chengdu before retreating to Taiwan on December 10. By late 1949 the People 's Liberation Army was pursuing remnants of KMT forces southwards in southern China, and only Tibet was left. In addition, the Ili Rebellion was a Soviet - backed revolt by the Second East Turkestan Republic against the KMT from 1944 -- 49, as the Mongolians in the People 's Republic were in a border dispute with the Republic of China. A Chinese Muslim Hui cavalry regiment, the 14th Tungan Cavalry, was sent by the Chinese government to attack Mongol and Soviet positions along the border during the Pei - ta - shan Incident.
The Kuomintang made several last - ditch attempts to use Khampa troops against the Communists in southwest China. The Kuomintang formulated a plan in which three Khampa divisions would be assisted by the Panchen Lama to oppose the Communists. Kuomintang intelligence reported that some Tibetan tusi chiefs and the Khampa Su Yonghe controlled 80,000 troops in Sichuan, Qinghai and Tibet. They hoped to use them against the Communist army.
On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment of the People 's Republic of China with its capital at Peiping, which was renamed back to the former name Peking. Chiang Kai - shek and approximately two million Nationalist soldiers retreated from mainland China to the island of Taiwan in December after the PLA advanced into the Szechuan province. Isolated Nationalist pockets of resistance remained in the area, but the majority of the resistance collapsed after the fall of Chengtu on 10 December 1949, with some resistance continuing in the far south.
A PRC attempt to take the ROC - controlled island of Quemoy was thwarted in the Battle of Kuningtou, halting the PLA advance towards Taiwan. On 7 December 1949, Chiang proclaimed Taipei, Taiwan, the provisional (temporary) capital of the Republic of China and continued to assert his government as the sole legitimate authority in China.
The Communists ' other amphibious operations of 1950 were more successful: they led to the Communist conquest of Hainan Island in April 1950, capture of Wanshan Islands off the Kwangtung coast (May -- August 1950), Zhoushan Island off Chekiang (May 1950).
Most observers expected Chiang 's government to eventually fall to the imminent invasion of Taiwan by the People 's Liberation Army, and the US was initially reluctant in offering full support for Chiang in their final stand. US President Harry S. Truman announced on 5 January 1950 that the United States would not engage in any dispute involving the Taiwan Strait, and that he would not intervene in the event of an attack by the PRC. The situation quickly changed after the onset of the Korean War in June 1950. This led to changing political climate in the US, and President Truman ordered the United States Seventh Fleet to sail to the Taiwan Strait as part of the containment policy against potential Communist advance.
In June 1949 the ROC declared a "closure '' of all mainland China ports and its navy attempted to intercept all foreign ships. The closure was from a point north of the mouth of Min River in Fujian to the mouth of the Liao River in Liaoning. Since mainland China 's railroad network was underdeveloped, north - south trade depended heavily on sea lanes. ROC naval activity also caused severe hardship for mainland China fishermen.
Following the loss of mainland China, a group of approximately 3,000 KMT Central soldiers retreated to Burma and continued launching guerrilla attacks into south China during the Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950 -- 1958) and Campaign at the China -- Burma Border. Their leader, Gen. Li Mi, was paid a salary by the ROC government and given the nominal title of Governor of Yunnan. Initially, the US supported these remnants and the Central Intelligence Agency provided them with military aid. After the Burmese government appealed to the United Nations in 1953, the US began pressuring the ROC to withdraw its loyalists. By the end of 1954 nearly 6,000 soldiers had left Burma and General Li declared his army disbanded. However, thousands remained, and the ROC continued to supply and command them, even secretly supplying reinforcements at times to maintain a base close to China.
The ROC had filed a complaint to the United Nations against the Soviet Union as in violation of the 1945 Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance to support the CPC, the UN General Assembly Resolution 505, however, was adopted on 1 February 1952 that denouncing the Soviet Union 's actions.
Though viewed as a military liability by the US, the ROC viewed its remaining islands in Fujian as vital for any future campaign to defeat the PRC and retake mainland China. On 3 September 1954, the First Taiwan Strait Crisis began when the PLA started shelling Quemoy and threatened to take the Dachen Islands in Zhejiang. On 20 January 1955, the PLA took nearby Yijiangshan Island, with the entire ROC garrison of 720 troops killed or wounded defending the island. On January 24 of the same year, the United States Congress passed the Formosa Resolution authorizing the President to defend the ROC 's offshore islands. The First Taiwan Straits crisis ended in March 1955 when the PLA ceased its bombardment. The crisis was brought to a close during the Bandung conference.
The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis began on 23 August 1958 with air and naval engagements between PRC and ROC forces, leading to intense artillery bombardment of Quemoy (by the PRC) and Amoy (by the ROC), and ended on November of the same year. PLA patrol boats blockaded the islands from ROC supply ships. Though the US rejected Chiang Kai - shek 's proposal to bomb mainland China artillery batteries, it quickly moved to supply fighter jets and anti-aircraft missiles to the ROC. It also provided amphibious assault ships to land supplies, as a sunken ROC naval vessel was blocking the harbor. On September 7 the US escorted a convoy of ROC supply ships and the PRC refrained from firing.
The Third Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1995 -- 96 escalated tensions between both sides when the PRC tested a series of missiles not far from Taiwan, although, arguably, Beijing ran the test to shift the 1996 presidential election vote in favor of the KMT, already facing a challenge from the opposition Democratic Progressive Party which did not agree with the "One China Policy '' shared by the CPC and KMT.
On 25 October 1971, the United Nations General Assembly admitted the PRC and expelled the ROC, which had been a founding member of the United Nations and was one of the five permanent members of the Security Council. Representatives of Chiang Kai - shek refused to recognise their accreditations as representatives of China and left the assembly. Recognition for the People 's Republic of China soon followed from most other member nations, including the United States.
By 1984 PRC and ROC began to de-escalate their diplomatic relations with each other, and cross-straits trade and investment has been growing ever since. The state of war was officially declared over by the ROC in 1991. Despite the end of the hostilities, the two sides have never signed any agreement or treaty to officially end the war. According to Mao Zedong, there were three ways of "staving off imperialist intervention in the short term '' during the continuation of the Chinese Revolution. The first was through a rapid completion of the military takeover of the country, and through showing determination and strength against "foreign attempts at challenging the new regime along its borders ''. The second was by "formalising a comprehensive military alliance with the Soviet Union '', which would dedicate Soviet power to directly defending China against its enemies; this aspect became extensively significant given the backdrop of the start of the Cold War. And finally the regime had to "root out its domestic opponents: the heads of secret societies, religious sects, independent unions, or tribal and ethic organisations. '' By destroying the basis of domestic reaction, Mao believed a safer world for the Chinese revolution to spread in would come into existence.
Under the new ROC president Lee Teng - hui, the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion was renounced in May 1991, thus ending the chances of the Kuomintang 's conquest to retake the mainland.
With the election in 2000 of Democratic Progressive Party candidate Chen Shui - bian, a party other than the KMT gained the presidency for the first time in Taiwan. The new president did not share the Chinese nationalist ideology of the KMT and CPC. This led to tension between the two sides, although trade and other ties such as the 2005 Pan-Blue visit continued to increase.
Since the election of President Ma Ying - jeou (KMT) in 2008, significant warming of relations has resumed between Taipei and Beijing, with high - level exchanges between the semi-official diplomatic organizations of both states such as the Chen - Chiang summit series. Although the Taiwan straits remain a potential flash point, regular direct air links were established in 2009.
Historian Odd Arne Westad says the Communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai - shek and also because in his search for a powerful centralized government, Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China. Furthermore, his party was weakened in the war against the Japanese. Meanwhile, the Communists targeted different groups, such as peasants, and brought them to its corner.
Chiang wrote in his diary in June 1948 that the KMT had failed not because of external enemies but because of rot from within.
The USSR generally supported Chiang 's forces. Stalin distrusted Mao, tried to block him from leadership as late as 1942, and worried that Mao would become an independent rival force in world communism.
Strong American support for the Nationalists was hedged with the failure of the Marshall Mission, and then stopped completely mainly because of KMT corruption (such as the notorious Yangtze Development Corporation controlled by H.H. Kung and T.V. Soong 's family) and KMT 's military setback in Northeast China.
Communist land reform policy promised poor peasants farmland from their landlords, ensuring popular support for the PLA.
The main advantage of the Chinese Communist Party was the "extraordinary cohesion '' within the top level of its leadership. These skills were not only secured from defections that came about during difficult times but also coupled with "communications and top level debates over tactics ''. A big addition to this was the charismatic style of leadership of Mao Zedong which created a "unity of purpose '' and a "unity of command '' which the KMT lacked majorly. Apart from that the CPC had mastered the manipulation of local politics to their benefit, this was also derived from their propaganda skills that had also been decentralised successfully. By "portraying their opponents as enemies of all groups of Chinese '' and itself as "defenders of the nation '' and people (given the backdrop of the war with Japan).
In the Chinese Civil War after 1945, the economy in the ROC areas collapsed because of hyperinflation and the failure of price controls by the ROC government and financial reforms; the Gold Yuan devaluated sharply in late 1948 and resulted in the ROC government losing the support of the cities ' middle classes. In the meantime, the Communists continued their relentless land reform (land redistribution) programs to win the support of the population in the countryside.
During the war both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides. Benjamin Valentino has estimated atrocities in the Chinese Civil War resulted in the death of between 1.8 million and 3.5 million people between 1927 and 1949. Atrocities include deaths from forced conscription and massacres.
Communist Party / People 's Republic of China (Red Army → 8th Route Army, N4A, etc. → People 's Liberation Army)
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explain the main purpose of free trade zone for the singapore port | Free - trade Zone - Wikipedia
A free - trade zone (FTZ) is a specific class of special economic zone. It is a geographic area where goods may be landed, stored, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured, and re-exported under specific customs regulation and generally not subject to customs duty. Free trade zones are generally organized around major seaports, international airports, and national frontiers -- areas with many geographic advantages for trade.
The World Bank defines free trade zones as "in, duty - free areas, offering warehousing, storage, and distribution facilities for trade, transshipment, and re-export operations. '' Free - trade zones can also be defined as labor - intensive manufacturing centers that involve the import of raw materials or components and the export of factory products, but this is a dated definition as more and more free zones focus on service industries such as software, back - office operations, research, and financial services.
Free - trade zones are referred to as "foreign - trade zones '' in the United States (Foreign Trade Zones Act of 1934). In the United States, FTZs provide Customs - related advantages as well as exemptions from state and local inventory taxes. In other countries, they have been called "duty free export processing zones, '' "export free zones, '' "export processing zones, '' "free export zones, '' "free zones, '' "industrial free zones, '' "investment promotion zones, '' "maquiladoras, '' and "special economic zones. '' Some were previously called "free ports ''. Free zones range from specific - purpose manufacturing facilities to areas where legal systems and economic regulation vary from the normal provisions of the country concerned. Free zones may reduce taxes, customs duties, and regulatory requirements for registration of business. Zones around the world often provide special exemptions from normal immigration procedures and foreign investment restrictions as well as other features. Free zones are intended to foster economic activity and employment that could occur elsewhere.
An export - processing zone (EPZ) is a specific type of FTZ, set up generally in developing countries by their governments to promote industrial and commercial exports. According to the World Bank, "an export processing zone is an industrial estate, usually a fenced - in area of 10 to 300 hectares, that specializes in manufacturing for export. It offers firms free trade conditions and a liberal regulatory environment. Its objectives are to attract foreign investors, collaborators, and buyers who can facilitate entry into the world market for some of the economy 's industrial goods, thus generating employment and foreign exchange. '' Most FTZs located in developing countries: Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, El Salvador, China, the Philippines, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Pakistan, Mexico, Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Mauritius and Madagascar have EPZ programs. In 1997, 93 countries had set up export processing zones employing 22.5 million people, and five years later, in 2003, EPZs in 116 countries employed 43 million people.
China has specific rules differentiating an EPZ from a FTZ. For example, 70 % of goods in EPZs must be exported, but there is no such quota for FTZs.
The world 's first documented free - trade zone was established on the Greek Island of Delos in 166 BCE. It lasted until about 69 BCE when the island was overrun by pirates. The Romans had many civitas libera, or free cities, some of which could coin money, establish their own laws, and not pay an annual tribute to the Roman Emperor. These continued through at least the first millennium CE. In the 12th century the Hanseatic League began operating in Northern Europe, and established trading colonies throughout Europe. These Free Trade Zones included Hamburg, and the Steelyard in London. The Steelyard, like other Hansa stations, was a separate walled community with its own warehouses on the river, its own weighing house, chapel, counting houses and residential quarters. In 1988 remains of the former Hanseatic trading house, once the largest medieval trading complex in Britain, were uncovered by archaeologists during maintenance work on Cannon Street Station. Shannon, Ireland (Shannon Free Zone) established in 1959 has claimed to be the first "modern '' free trade zone. The Shannon Zone was started to help the city airport adjust to a radical change in aircraft technology that permitted longer range aircraft to skip a required refueling stops at Shannon. It was an attempt by the Irish Government to maintain employment around the airport and for the airport to continue generating revenue for the Irish economy. It was hugely successful, and is still in operation today. Other free zones of note are the Kandla Free Zone in India, which started about 1960, and the Kaohsiung Export Processing Zone in Taiwan which started in 1967. The number of worldwide free - trade zones proliferated in the late 20th century.
Corporations setting up in a zone may be given a number of regulatory and fiscal incentives such as the right to establish a business, the right to import parts and equipment without duty, the right to keep and use foreign exchange earnings, and sometimes income or property tax breaks as an incentive. There may also be other incentives relating the methods of customs control and filing requirements. The rationale is that the zones will attract investment and create employment and thus reduce poverty and unemployment, stimulating the area 's economy. These zones are often used by multinational corporations to set up factories to produce goods (such as clothing, shoes, and electronics).
Free - trade zones should be distinguished from free trade areas. A free trade zone is normally established in a single country, although there are a few exceptions where a free zone may cross a national border, such as the Syrian / Jordanian Free Trade Zone. Free trade areas are set up between countries such as the Latin America Free Trade Association (LAFTA), which was created in the 1960 Treaty of Montevideo by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay, or the North American Free Trade Agreement between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. In Free trade areas tariffs are only lowered between member countries. They should also be distinguished from customs unions, like the former European Economic Community where several countries agree to unify customs regulations and eliminate customs between the union members.
Free - trade zones have more recently been also called special economic zones in some countries. Special economic zones (SEZs) have been established in many countries as testing grounds for the implementation of liberal market economy principles. SEZs are viewed as instruments to enhance the acceptability and the credibility of the transformation policies and to attract domestic and foreign investment. The change in terminology has been driven by the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) which prohibits members from offering certain types of fiscal incentives to promote the exports of goods, thus the term Export Processing Zone (EPZ) is no longer used with newer zones. For example, India converted all of its EPZs to SEZs in 2000.
In 1999, there were 43 million people working in about 3000 FTZs spanning 116 countries producing clothes, shoes, sneakers, electronics, and toys. The basic objectives of economic zones are to enhance foreign exchange earnings, develop export - oriented industries and to generate employment opportunities.
In the US, the Foreign Trade Zone Board is led by the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of the Treasury. In January 2009, the Foreign - Trade Zones Board adopted a FTZ Board staff proposal to make what it called the Alternative Site Framework (ASF) as a means of designating and managing general - purpose FTZ sites through reorganization. The ASF provides Foreign - Trade Zone Grantees with greater flexibility to meet specific requests for zone status by utilizing the minor boundary modification process. The theory of the ASF is that by more closely linking the amount of FTZ designated space to the amount of space activated with Customs and Border Protection, Zone users would have better and quicker access to benefits. When a FTZ Grantee evaluates whether or not to expand its FTZ project in order to improve the ease in which the Zone may be utilized by existing companies, as well as how it attracts new prospective companies, the Alternative Site Framework (ASF) should be considered. The ASF may be an appropriate option for certain Foreign - Trade Zone projects, but the decision of whether to adopt the new framework and what the configuration of the sites should be will require careful analysis and planning. Regardless of the choice to expand the FTZ project, the sites should be selected and the application should be drafted in such a manner as to receive swift approval, while maximizing benefit to those that locate in the Zone. Successful zone projects are generally the result of a plan developed and implemented by individuals that understand all aspects of the FTZ program.
The Foreign Trade Zone Board (FTZB) approves the reorganization of Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ) 32 under the alternative site framework. The application submitted by its grantee, The Greater Miami Foreign Trade Zone was approved and officially ordered by the FTZB on January 8, 2013. From California, to Oklahoma to North Carolina to New York State, FTZs all across the nation have recently been making use of the flexible opportunities offered by the Alternative Site Framework (ASF) program. The ASF program is designed to serve zone projects that want the flexibility to both attract users / operators to certain fixed sites but also want the ability to serve companies at other locations where the demand for FTZ services arises in the future. FTZ 32 was founded in 1979 and processes over $1 billion in goods with products from more than 65 countries and exported to more than 75 countries worldwide, with speed and efficiency. According to the official order from the FTZB, FTZ 32 existing site 1, Miami Free Zone will be classified as a magnet site.
Sometimes the domestic government pays part of the initial cost of factory setup, loosens environmental protections and rules regarding negligence and the treatment of workers, and promises not to ask payment of taxes for the next few years. When the taxation - free years are over, the corporation that set up the factory without fully assuming its costs is often able to set up operations elsewhere for less expense than the taxes to be paid, giving it leverage to take the host government to the bargaining table with more demands, but parent companies in the United States are rarely held accountable.
Political writer Naomi Klein has also criticized the transient nature of FTZs, noting the factory closures connected to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. She criticized the low wages and long hours, citing work days of twelve or more hours in Indonesia, Philippines, Southern China and Sri Lanka circa 2000.
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what is the writing on the wall in the bible | Belshazzar 's feast - wikipedia
Belshazzar 's feast, or the story of the writing on the wall (chapter 5 in the Book of Daniel) tells how Belshazzar holds a great feast and drinks from the vessels that had been looted in the destruction of the First Temple. A hand appears and writes on the wall. The terrified Belshazzar calls for his wise men, but they are unable to read the writing. The queen advises him to send for Daniel, renowned for his wisdom. Daniel reminds Belshazzar that his father Nebuchadnezzar, when he became arrogant, was thrown down until he learned that God has sovereignty over the kingdom of men. Belshazzar had likewise blasphemed God, and so God sent this hand. Daniel then reads the message and interprets it: God has numbered Belshazzar 's days, he has been weighed and found wanting, and his kingdom will be given to the Medes and the Persians.
That very night Belshazzar the Chaldean (Babylonian) king was killed, and Darius the Mede received the kingdom.
The message of Daniel 5 is the contrast it offers between Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar:
This summarizes the narrative, as found in C.L. Seow 's translation of the text in his commentary on Daniel.
King Belshazzar holds a great feast for a thousand of his lords, and commands that the Temple vessels from Jerusalem be brought in so that they can drink from them, but as the Babylonians drink, a hand appears and writes on the wall. Belshazzar calls for his magicians and diviners to interpret the writing, but they are unable even to read them. The queen advises Belshazzar to send for Daniel, renowned for his wisdom. Daniel is brought in, and the king offers to make him third in rank in the kingdom if he can interpret the writing. Daniel declines the honour, but agrees to the request. He reminds Belshazzar that Nebuchadnezzar 's greatness was the gift of God, and that when he became arrogant God threw him down until he learned humility: "the Most High God has sovereignty over the kingdom of mortals, and sets over it whomever He will. '' Belshazzar has drunk from the vessels of God 's Temple and praised his idols, but he has not given honour to God, and so God sent this hand and wrote these words:
מנא מנא תקל ופרסין
Daniel reads the words "MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN '' and interprets them for the king: "MENE, God has numbered the days of your kingdom and brought it to an end; TEKEL, you have been weighed... and found wanting; '' and "PERES, your kingdom is divided and given to the Medes and Persians. Then Belshazzar gave the command, and Daniel was clothed in purple, a chain of gold was put around his neck, and a proclamation was made... that he should rank third in the kingdom; (and) that very night Belshazzar the Chaldean (Babylonian) king was killed, and Darius the Mede received the kingdom. ''
The Chaldean wise men are unable to read the writing on the wall, let alone interpret it, but Daniel does so by supplying vowels in two different ways, first so the words are read as nouns, then as verbs. The nouns are monetary weights: a mənê, equivalent to a Jewish mina or sixty shekels (several ancient versions have only one mənê instead of two), a təqêl, equivalent to a shekel, and p̄arsîn, meaning "half - pieces ''. The last involves a word - play on the name of the Persians (pārās in Hebrew), suggesting not only that they are to inherit Belshazzar 's kingdom, but that they are two peoples, Medes and Persians. Daniel then interprets the words as verbs, based on their roots: mənê is interpreted as meaning "numbered '', təqêl, from a root meaning to weigh, as meaning "weighed '' (and found wanting), and pərês (פְּרַס ), the singular form of p̄arsîn, from a root meaning "to divide '', denoting that the kingdom is to be "divided '' and given to the Medes and Persians. If the "half - pieces '' means two half - shekels, then the various weights -- a mənê or sixty shekels, another shekel, and two half - shekels -- add up to 62, which the tale gives as the age of Darius the Mede, indicating that God 's will is being worked out.
Additions to Daniel
It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Jewish community in Babylon in the Persian and early Hellenistic periods (5th to 3rd centuries BC), and was later expanded in the Maccabean era (mid-2nd century) with the visions of chapters 7 -- 12. Modern scholarship agrees that Daniel is a legendary figure, and it is possible that his name was chosen for the hero of the book because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition.
Chapters 2 -- 7 of the book form a chiasm (a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side):
Daniel 5 is thus composed as a companion - piece to Daniel 4, the tale of the madness of Nebuchadnezzar, the two giving variations on a single theme. This is spelled out in chapter 5 when Daniel draws a direct parallel between the two kings: the fate of Belshazzar illustrates what happens when a king does not repent.
Daniel 5 does not divide neatly into scenes and scholars do not agree on its structure. The following is one possible outline:
The story is set around the fall of Babylon, when on 12 October 539 BCE the Persian conqueror Cyrus the Great entered the city. Its last king, Nabonidus, was captured, and his fate is unknown, although he may have been exiled. Several details in the text do not match the known historical facts. Belshazzar is portrayed as king of Babylon and son of Nebuchadnezzar, but was actually the son of King Nabonidus, one of Nebuchadnezzar 's successors, and never became king. The conqueror is named as Darius the Mede, but no such individual is known to history; and the invaders were not Medes, but Persians. This is typical of the story 's genre, in which historical accuracy is not an essential element.
The constituent elements of the Book of Daniel were assembled shortly after the end of the Maccabean crisis, which is to say shortly after 164 BCE. The tales making up chapters 2 to 6 are the earliest part, dating from the late 4th or early 3rd centuries. Their setting is Babylon, and there is no reason to doubt that they were composed in the Babylonian diaspora (i.e., among the Jewish community living in Babylon and Mesopotamia under Persian and then Greek rule). They reflect a society in which foreign rulers were not necessarily malevolent (Belshazzar rewards Daniel and raises him to high office); this is a marked contrast with the visions of chapters 7 -- 12, where the sufferings of the Jews are the result of actions by the evil 2nd century BCE king Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
Belshazzar 's feast is a legend, conforming to the subgenre of the "tale of court contest. '' This has been complicated by the inclusion of Daniel 's indictment of Belshazzar 's pride and his failure to honour the God of Israel; as a result the tale has a double ending, in which Daniel is first showered with rewards and honours for interpreting the omen, and the king is then punished to fulfill the sentence pronounced by Daniel.
Chapters 2 and 7 tell how all worldly kingdoms will come to an end and be replaced by the kingdom of God, and chapters 3 and 6 tell how pious Jews withstand the arrogance of earthly kings and are rescued by the God of Israel. Chapters 4 and 5 form the center and carry the most important message in their parallel but contrasting tales of Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar. The first is humbled by God, learns his lesson (he acknowledges the ultimate kingship of the Jewish God), and is restored to his throne; Belshazzar, in contrast, learns nothing from Nebuchadnezzar 's example, blasphemes against God, and has his kingdom given to others.
The story about Belshazzar 's feast in the Book of Daniel is the basis of the phrase "The writing is on the wall ''. People who have used "the feast '' as inspiration include William Shakespeare, Rembrandt and Emily Dickinson.
Notes
Bibliography
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who had brought the lauh stambh in delhi | Iron pillar of Delhi - Wikipedia
The iron pillar of Delhi is a 7 m (23 ft) kirti stambha (column of fame or victory column), originally erected and dedicated as dhvaja (banner) to Hindu deity lord Vishnu in 3rd to 4th century CE by king Chandra, currently standing in the Qutb complex at Mehrauli in Delhi, India. It is notable for the rust - resistant composition of the metals used in its construction.
The pillar has attracted the attention of archaeologists and materials scientists because of its high resistance to corrosion and has been called a "testimony to the high level of skill achieved by the ancient Indian iron smiths in the extraction and processing of iron. '' The corrosion resistance results from an even layer of crystalline iron hydrogen phosphate hydrate forming on the high - phosphorus - content iron, which serves to protect it from the effects of the Delhi climate.
The pillar weighs over 6,000 kg (13,000 lb) and is thought to have originally been erected in what is now Udayagiri by one of the Gupta monarchs in approximately 402 CE, though the precise date and location are a matter of dispute.
The height of the pillar, from the top of its capital to the bottom of its base, is 7.21 m (23 ft 8 in), 1.12 m (3 ft 8 in) of which is below ground. Its bell pattern capital is 1.07 m (3 ft 6 in) in height, and its bulb - shaped base is 0.71 m (2 ft 4 in) high. The base rests on a grid of iron bars soldered with lead into the upper layer of the dressed stone pavement. The pillar 's lower diameter is 420 mm (17 in), and its upper diameter 306 mm (12 in). It is estimated to weigh more than six tonnes (13,228 lb).
A fence was erected around the pillar in 1997 in response to damage caused by visitors. There is a popular tradition that it was considered good luck if one could stand with one 's back to the pillar and make one 's hands meet behind it. The practice led to significant wear and visible discolouration on the lower portion of the pillar.
The pillar carries a number of inscriptions and graffiti of different dates, some of which have not been studied systematically despite the pillar 's prominent location and easy access.
The oldest inscription on the pillar is that of a king named Chandra (IAST: Candra), generally identified as the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II.
The inscription covers an area of 2'9.5 '' × 10.5 ". The ancient writing is preserved well because of the corrosion - resistant iron on which it is engraved. However, during the engraving process, iron appears to have closed up over some of the strokes, making some of the letters imperfect.
It contains verses composed in Sanskrit language, in shardulvikridita metre. It is written in the eastern variety of the Gupta script. The letters vary from 0.3125 '' to 0.5 '' in size, and resemble closely to the letters on the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta. However, it had distinctive matras (diacritics), similar to the ones in the Bilsad inscription of Kumaragupta I. While the edges of the characters on the Allahabad inscription are more curved, the ones on the Delhi inscription have more straight edges. This can be attributed to the fact that the Allahabad inscription was inscribed on softer sandstone, while the Delhi inscription is engraved on the harder material (iron).
The text has some unusual deviations from the standard Sanskrit spelling, such as:
In 1831, the East India Company officer William Elliott made a facsimile of the inscription. Based on this facsimile, in 1834, James Prinsep published a lithograph in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (JASB). However, this lithograph did not represent even a single letter of the inscription correctly. Some years later, British engineer T.S. Burt made an ink impression of the inscription. Based on this, in 1838, Prinsep published an improved lithograph in the same journal, with his reading of the script and translation of the text.
Decades later, Bhagwan Lal Indraji made another copy of the inscription on a cloth. Based on this copy, Bhau Daji Lad published a revised text and translation in 1875, in Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (JBBRAS). This reading was the first one to correctly mention the king 's name as Chandra. In 1888, John Faithfull Fleet published a critical edition of the text in Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum.
In 1945, Govardhan Rai Sharma dated the inscription to the first half of the 5th century CE, on paleographic grounds. He observed that its script was similar to the writing on other Gupta - era inscriptions, including the ones discovered at Bilsad (415 CE), Baigram (449 CE), and Kahanum (449 CE). R. Balasubramaniam (2005) noted that the characters of the Delhi inscription closely resembled the dated inscriptions of Chandragupta II, found at Udayagiri in Madhya Pradesh.
The inscription is undated, and contains a eulogy of a king named Chandra, whose dynasty it does not mention. The identity of this king, and thus the date of the pillar, has been the subject of much debate. The various viewpoints about the identity of the issuer were assembled and analyzed in a volume edited by M.C. Joshi and published in 1989.
The king is now generally identified with the Gupta King Chandragupta II. This identification is based on several points:
As the inscription is a eulogy and states that the king has abandoned the earth, there has been some discussion as to whether it is posthumous, i.e. whether king Chandra was dead when the record was created. Dasharatha Sharma (1938) argued that it was non-posthumous. According to B. Chhabra and G.S. Gai, the inscription states that the king 's mind is "fixed upon Vishnu with devotion '', and therefore, indicates that the king was alive at the time. They theorize that it may have been recorded when Chandragupta II abdicated his throne, and settled down as a vanaprastha (retiree) in Vishnupada.
In a volume published in 2009, Michael Willis has summarised the debates and re-translated the relevant portions of the epigraph. He concludes: "Candragupta may have passed away but the legacy of his achievement is so great that he seems to remain on earth by virtue of his fame. Emphasis is placed on Candragupta 's conquest of enemies and the merit of his deeds, ideas which are also found in coin legends: kṣitim avajitya sucaritair divaṃ jayati vikramādityaḥ, i.e. ' Having conquered the earth with good conduct, Vikramāditya conquered heaven '. The king 's conquest of heaven combined with the description of him resorting to the other world in bodily form (gām āśritasyetarāṃ mūrtyā), confirms our understanding of the worthy dead as autonomous theomorphic entities. ''
Following is the Roman script transliteration of the text:
J.F. Fleet 's 1888 translation is as follows:
Due to the tablets installed on the building in 1903 by Pandit Banke Rai, the reading provided by him enjoys wide currency. However, Bankelal 's reading and interpretation have been challenged by more recent scholarship. The inscription has been revisited by Michael Willis in his book Archaeology of Hindu Ritual, his special concern being the nature of the king 's spiritual identity after death. His reading and translation of verse 2 is as follows:
The Sanskrit portion given above can be translated as follows:
Willis concludes: "Candragupta may have passed away but the legacy of his achievement is so great that he seems to remain on earth by virtue of his fame. Emphasis is placed on Candragupta 's conquest of enemies and the merit of his deeds, ideas which are also found in coin legends: kṣitim avajitya sucaritair divaṃ jayati vikramādityaḥ, i.e. ' Having conquered the earth with good conduct, Vikramāditya conquered heaven '. The king 's conquest of heaven combined with the description of him resorting to the other world in bodily form (gām āśritasyetarāṃ mūrtyā), confirms our understanding of the worthy dead as autonomous theomorphic entities. ''
One short inscription on the pillar is associated with the Tomara king Anangpal, although it is hard to decipher. Alexander Cunningham (1862 - 63) read the inscription as follows:
Based on this reading, Cunningham theorized that Anangpal had moved the pillar to its current location while establishing the city of Delhi. However, his reading has been contested by the later scholars. Buddha Rashmi Mani (1997) read it as follows:
While the pillar was certainly used as a trophy in building the Quwwat - ul - Islam mosque and the Qutb complex, its original location, whether on the site itself or from elsewhere, is debated.
According to the inscription of king Chandra, the pillar was erected at Vishnupadagiri (Vishnupada). J.F. Fleet (1898) identified this place with Mathura, because of its proximity to Delhi (the find spot of the inscription) and the city 's reputation as a Vasihnavite pilgrimage centre. However, archaeological evidence indicates that during the Gupta period, Mathura was a major centre of Buddhism, although Vaishnavism may have existed there. Moreover, Mathura lies in plains, and only contains some small hillocks and mounds: there is no true giri (hill) in Mathura.
Based on paleographic similarity to the dated inscriptions from Udayagiri, the Gupta - era iconography, analysis of metallurgy and other evidence, Meera Dass and R. Balasubramaniam (2004) theorized that the iron pillar was originally erected at Udayagiri. According to them, the pillar, with a wheel or discus at the top, was originally located at the Udayagiri Caves. This conclusion was partly based on the fact that the inscription mentions Vishnupada - giri (IAST: Viṣṇupadagiri, meaning "hill with footprint of Viṣṇu ''). This conclusion was endorsed and elaborated by Michael Willis in his Archaeology of Hindu Ritual, published in 2009. The key point in favour of placing the iron pillar at Udayagiri is that this site was closely associated with Chandragupta and the worship of Vishnu in the Gupta period. In addition, there are well - established traditions of mining and working iron in central India, documented particularly by the iron pillar at Dhar and local place names like Lohapura and Lohangī Pīr (see Vidisha). The king of Delhi, Iltutmish, is known to have attacked and sacked Vidisha in the thirteenth century and this would have given him an opportunity to remove the pillar as a trophy to Delhi, just as the Tughluq rulers brought Asokan pillars to Delhi in the 1300s.
It is not certain when the pillar was moved to Delhi from its original location. Alexander Cunningham attributed the relocation to the Tomara king Anangpal, based on the short pillar inscription ascribed to this king. Pasanaha Chariu, a 1132 CE Jain Apabhramsha text composed by Vibudh Shridhar, states that "the weight of his pillar caused the Lord of the Snakes to tremble ''. The identification of this pillar with the iron pillar lends support to the theory that the pillar was already in Delhi during Anangpal 's reign.
Another theory is that the relocation happened during the Muslim rule in Delhi. Some scholars have assumed that it happened around 1200 CE, when Qutb al - Din Aibak commenced the construction of the Qutb complex as a general of Muhammad of Ghor. Finbarr Barry Flood (2009) theorizes that it was Qutb al - Din 's successor Iltutmish (r. 1210 - 36 CE), who moved the pillar to Delhi.
The pillar was manufactured by the forge welding of pieces of wrought iron. In a report published in the journal Current Science, R. Balasubramaniam of the IIT Kanpur explains how the pillar 's resistance to corrosion is due to a passive protective film at the iron - rust interface. The presence of second - phase particles (slag and unreduced iron oxides) in the microstructure of the iron, that of high amounts of phosphorus in the metal, and the alternate wetting and drying existing under atmospheric conditions are the three main factors in the three - stage formation of that protective passive film.
Lepidocrocite and goethite are the first amorphous iron oxyhydroxides that appear upon oxidation of iron. High corrosion rates are initially observed. Then, an essential chemical reaction intervenes: slag and unreduced iron oxides (second phase particles) in the iron microstructure alter the polarisation characteristics and enrich the metal -- scale interface with phosphorus, thus indirectly promoting passivation of the iron (cessation of rusting activity). The second - phase particles act as a cathode, and the metal itself serves as anode, for a mini-galvanic corrosion reaction during environment exposure. Part of the initial iron oxyhydroxides is also transformed into magnetite, which somewhat slows down the process of corrosion. The ongoing reduction of lepidocrocite and the diffusion of oxygen and complementary corrosion through the cracks and pores in the rust still contribute to the corrosion mechanism from atmospheric conditions.
The next main agent to intervene in protection from oxidation is phosphorus, enhanced at the metal -- scale interface by the same chemical interaction previously described between the slags and the metal. The ancient Indian smiths did not add lime to their furnaces. The use of limestone as in modern blast furnaces yields pig iron that is later converted into steel; in the process, most phosphorus is carried away by the slag. The absence of lime in the slag and the use of specific quantities of wood with high phosphorus content (for example, Cassia auriculata) during the smelting induces a higher phosphorus content (> 0.1 %, average 0.25 %) than in modern iron produced in blast furnaces (usually less than 0.05 %). One analysis gives 0.10 % in the slags for 0.18 % in the iron itself. This high phosphorus content and particular repartition are essential catalysts in the formation of a passive protective film of misawite (d - FeOOH), an amorphous iron oxyhydroxide that forms a barrier by adhering next to the interface between metal and rust. Misawite, the initial corrosion - resistance agent, was thus named because of the pioneering studies of Misawa and co-workers on the effects of phosphorus and copper and those of alternating atmospheric conditions in rust formation.
The most critical corrosion - resistance agent is iron hydrogen phosphate hydrate (FePO - H PO - 4H O) under its crystalline form and building up as a thin layer next to the interface between metal and rust. Rust initially contains iron oxide / oxyhydroxides in their amorphous forms. Due to the initial corrosion of metal, there is more phosphorus at the metal -- scale interface than in the bulk of the metal. Alternate environmental wetting and drying cycles provide the moisture for phosphoric - acid formation. Over time, the amorphous phosphate is precipitated into its crystalline form (the latter being therefore an indicator of old age, as this precipitation is a rather slow happening). The crystalline phosphate eventually forms a continuous layer next to the metal, which results in an excellent corrosion resistance layer. In 1,600 years, the film has grown just one - twentieth of a millimetre thick.
In 1969, in his first book, Chariots of the Gods?, Erich von Däniken cited the absence of corrosion on the Delhi pillar and the unknown nature of its creation as evidence of extraterrestrial visitation. When informed by an interviewer, in 1974, that the column was not in fact rust - free, and that its method of construction was well - understood, von Däniken responded that he no longer considered the pillar or its creation to be a mystery.
Balasubramaniam states that the pillar is "a living testimony to the skill of metallurgists of ancient India ''. An interview with Balasubramaniam and his work can be seen in the 2005 article by Veazy. Further research published in 2009 showed that corrosion has developed evenly over the surface of the pillar.
It was claimed in the 1920s that iron manufactured in Mirjati near Jamshedpur is similar to the iron of the Delhi pillar. Further work on Adivasi (tribal) iron by the National Metallurgical Laboratory in the 1960s did not verify this claim.
A significant indentation on the middle section of the pillar, approximately 4 m (13 ft) from the current courtyard ground level, has been shown to be the result of a cannonball fired at close range. The impact caused horizontal fissuring of the column in the area diametrically opposite to the indentation site, but the column itself remained intact. While no contemporaneous records, inscriptions, or documents describing the event are known to exist, historians generally agree that Nadir Shah is likely to have ordered the pillar 's destruction during his invasion of Delhi in 1739 CE, as he would have considered a Hindu temple monument undesirable within an Islamic mosque complex. Alternatively, he may have sought to dislodge the decorative top portion of the pillar in search of hidden precious stones or other items of value.
No additional damage attributable to cannon fire has been found on the pillar, suggesting that no further shots were taken. Historians have speculated that ricocheting fragments of the cannonball may have damaged the nearby Quwwat - ul - Islam mosque -- which is known to have suffered damage to its southwestern portion during the same period -- and the assault on the pillar might have been abandoned as a result.
Coordinates: 28 ° 31 ′ 28.76 '' N 77 ° 11 ′ 6.25 '' E / 28.5246556 ° N 77.1850694 ° E / 28.5246556; 77.1850694
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how old is the girl in sia music video | Maddie Ziegler - Wikipedia
Madison Nicole Ziegler (born September 30, 2002), better known as Maddie Ziegler, is an American dancer, actress and model. She first became known for appearing in Lifetime 's reality show Dance Moms from 2011 (at age 8) until 2016. From 2014 to 2016, she gained wider fame for starring in five music videos by Sia, including "Chandelier '' and "Elastic Heart '', which cumulatively have attracted more than 3.4 billion views on YouTube. Ziegler has appeared in films, television and concerts, and has modeled on magazine covers and in advertisements for Capezio, Ralph Lauren and Target, among other brands. She was included by Time magazine on its list of the "30 most influential teens '' in each of 2015 and 2016.
Ziegler was a judge on the 2016 season of So You Think You Can Dance: The Next Generation, toured with Sia in North America in 2016 and 2017 and toured in Australia with her sister in 2017. Her 2017 memoir, The Maddie Diaries, was a New York Times Best Seller. She appeared in the animated film Ballerina (2016) and made her feature film debut in The Book of Henry (2017). Her social media presence includes an Instagram account with more than 10 million followers.
Ziegler was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Melissa Ziegler - Gisoni and Kurt Ziegler, who owned a mortgage company. She is of Polish, German and Italian descent. Her parents divorced in 2011, and her mother later married Greg Gisoni. Ziegler began taking dance lessons at age two and joined the Abby Lee Dance Company at age four, where she trained in tap, ballet, lyrical, contemporary, acro, jazz and aerial dance. Ziegler has a younger sister, Mackenzie, a dancer and singer who appeared with her on Dance Moms, two older half - brothers from her father 's previous marriage, and two older step - siblings from the previous marriage of her step - father, Greg Gisoni, a vice-president at Westinghouse Electric Company.
Ziegler attended Sloan Elementary School until 2013, when she left to be homeschooled. Ziegler and her family have long lived in Murrysville, Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh, and also spend part of their time in Los Angeles.
With Abby Lee Dance Company, Ziegler won numerous titles at regional, state and national dance competitions, including the 2014 Dancers Choice Award for Favorite Dancer 17 & Under. In 2010, Ziegler performed for Paula Abdul 's reality television program Live to Dance, but the program was canceled before her performance aired. In 2011, eight - year - old Ziegler and her mother appeared on the first season of Lifetime 's Dance Moms, a reality show about the young dancers on Abby Lee Miller 's Abby Lee Dance Company Elite Competition Team and their often quarrelsome mothers. Ziegler "emerged as the preternaturally polished standout on six seasons '' on the show, where she continued to appear alongside her mother and younger sister, Mackenzie, until 2016, their last season on the show. In 2013, Ziegler made guest appearances on a spin - off program, Abby 's Ultimate Dance Competition. Dance Moms helped to make Ziegler "one of the most famous dancers in the entertainment world currently... (She inspires) other dancers to pursue their dreams with originality and grace. ''
Ziegler has appeared in music videos for such artists as Alexx Calise, Sia and Todrick Hall. She gained wide notice, at the age of 11, by starring in the 2014 video for "Chandelier '' by Sia, who discovered her on Dance Moms. The video won the ARIA Music Award for Best Video and received nominations at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards for Video of the Year and Best Choreography, winning the latter. It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Music Video in 2015. It has received more than 1.6 billion views on YouTube, and it was, at one point, the 13th most viewed YouTube video of all time. Ziegler said of the choreography: "It was really different and weird for me, because I usually do n't, you know, be a crazy person every time. It was so fun to do and it was really out of the box and it expanded me a lot, because I 'm used to competition dances where you 're like, Point your legs! But this time it was like, you just need to let go and feel it. ''
In 2015, Ziegler starred with Shia LaBeouf in "Elastic Heart '', another Sia video, which has accumulated more than 800 million YouTube views. Later that year, Ziegler starred in the music video for "Big Girls Cry '' to complete her trilogy of videos from Sia 's album 1000 Forms of Fear. Ziegler danced to Sia 's vocals on several television shows in 2014 and 2015, including The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Dancing with the Stars, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Saturday Night Live, as well as at the Hollywood Bowl. By the end of 2015, Ziegler had performed with Sia on the Ellen DeGeneres Show three times. She also performed to "Chandelier '', alongside Sia and Kristen Wiig, at the 2015 Grammy Awards. The "Chandelier '' and "Elastic Heart '' videos were both selected as part of PopSugar 's 2016 list of "25 of the Best Dance Videos of the Last Decade ''. In 2016, Ziegler starred in a fourth Sia video, "Cheap Thrills '', from the album This Is Acting. A Teen Vogue reviewer wrote that Ziegler "delivers another powerful performance ''. This was followed by a fifth Sia video, later that year, for "The Greatest ''. Reviewing Ziegler 's performance, Kathleen Hildebrand wrote in Süddeutsche Zeitung that anyone who has seen Ziegler 's "iconic '' movement will never again return to "boringly ordinary '' MTV videos.
In 2012, Ziegler landed her first professional acting job, portraying the character Young Deb on an episode of the Lifetime series Drop Dead Diva. In 2014, Ziegler appeared as a guest star in Episode 34 of HitStreak Summer, a made - for - mobile series. She continued her acting career in 2015 with guest spots on the Disney Channel series Austin & Ally and ABC Family 's Pretty Little Liars. In January 2016, she guest starred in the episode "Ballet and the Beasts '' on Nickelodeon 's Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn. She returned to Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn in January 2017 in the episode "Keeping Up with the Quadashians ''.
Ziegler voiced the character Camille in the animated film, Ballerina (2016), released in the US in 2017 as Leap!, and played Christina in the feature film The Book of Henry (2017). Ziegler expects to do more acting. She told Hunger magazine in 2016: "I do n't want to always be seen as a reality TV person. I want people to see that there 's more that I can do... (T) his year acting is going to be my focus. '' Colin Trevorrow, the director of The Book of Henry, told Entertainment Weekly that Ziegler "is extraordinarily capable... She finds whatever emotion she needs to dial in very quickly. No one taught her how to do that she just knows. '' A reviewer for Santa Monica Daily Press wrote that, in The Book of Henry, "Ziegler... does a wonderful job with a character forced to hide her pain ''.
Ziegler has modeled for, or represented, such brands as Clean & Clear, Capezio, including their Betsey Johnson line, Target and Ralph Lauren. She has also been featured on numerous magazine covers and in fashion editorials for Kode, Schön! Magazine, Elle, Dance Spirit, Nylon, Vs., Seventeen, Harper 's Bazaar, People, Dazed, Cosmopolitan, i-D, Billboard, Teen Vogue, Stella, Maniac, Vanity Fair Italia, Flaunt, Paper and Galore.
In 2014, Ziegler and her sister Mackenzie released a fashion line, The Maddie & Mackenzie Collection, through Mod Angel. At the 2015 New York Fashion Week, Ziegler acted as a correspondent for Elle. She launched an eponymous 30 - piece casual fashion line for girls and juniors, in October 2016, including tops, dresses, jackets and other items. In 2017, Ziegler appeared as a guest judge in an episode of Project Runway.
Ziegler appeared as the featured dancer in the ABC TV special The Wonderful World of Disney: Disneyland 60 in February 2016, during the song "Part of Your World '', sung by Kelsea Ballerini and choreographed by Travis Wall. A Huffington Post reporter called the number "stunning and graceful ''. In April 2016, six of her pre-taped performances were projected onto the big screens during Sia 's Coachella set, and Ziegler appeared live with Sia at YouTube 's Brandcast event in New York City. In May 2016, Ziegler appeared on the season finale of The Voice with Sia, dancing to "Cheap Thrills ''. The following month, she starred in another Todrick Hall video, "Taylor in Wonderland '', based on Alice in Wonderland, dancing to a mash - up of Taylor Swift songs. Also in June, Ziegler joined Fox 's So You Think You Can Dance: The Next Generation, a television competition for dancers, ages 8 to 14, where she was one of the judges and a guest performer, and danced at Sia 's concert at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado. In September 2016, Ziegler performed with Sia at the launch of Apple 's iPhone 7 and at the iHeartRadio Music Festival.
She joined Sia on the singer 's "Nostalgic for the Present Tour '' from September to November 2016. Ziegler and her sister conducted a dance workshop tour of Australia in January 2017. In March 2017, Ziegler performed at the Dubai World Cup with Sia. In September, Ziegler danced to Sia 's song "Rainbow '', from the soundtrack to My Little Pony: The Movie ", dressed in a wig and black outfit that resembled the look of Sia 's character in the film. She is set to perform again with Sia in Australasia in November and December 2017.
Ziegler wrote the foreword to Abby Lee Miller 's 2014 memoir, Everything I Learned about Life, I Learned in Dance Class. Ziegler interviewed her friend Millie Bobby Brown for a cover article in the November 2016 issue of Interview magazine. She released her own memoir, The Maddie Diaries, in 2017, which became a New York Times Best Seller. Ziegler is writing a trilogy of novels for middle - grade readers with volumes scheduled to be published in 2017, 2018 and 2019. The series centers on a 12 - year - old dancer, Harper, whose family relocates to a new state. Harper must negotiate pre-teen challenges, like making new friends, while earning her place on a competitive dance team. The first novel, titled The Audition, is set for release in October 2017.
Ziegler has an active social media presence, with more than 10 million Instagram followers, over 1.2 million Twitter followers and over 1 million followers on Facebook. Videos of her dancing have accumulated more than 3.5 billion total views on YouTube. Her YouTube channel has more than one million subscribers.
In 2012, Ziegler, along with her mother and sister, partnered with Starlight Children 's Foundation to help raise awareness for chronically ill youth. In 2016, Ziegler and her sister made a public service announcement for DoSomething. org 's Birthday Mail campaign, which enables people to send homemade birthday cards to children living in homeless shelters. The same organization placed the Ziegler sisters on their 2016 list of charitable young celebrities. Ziegler also performed with Travis Wall at Nigel Lythgoe 's Dizzy Feet Foundation gala in 2016 to raise funds for dance education programs for low - income children and scholarships for talented students at dance schools in the U.S. Ziegler has also partnered with Dancers Against Cancer, appearing in public service announcements to raise awareness and funding for people battling cancer.
In Billboard magazine, music writer Jason Lipshutz, called Ziegler 's work in "Chandelier '' "a dazzling dance performance ''. The Guardian commented that she "dances with such impressive flexibility ''. Rolling Stone thought that her "crisp moves and theatrical mugging were a great fit for Ryan Heffington 's imaginative choreography '' and praised her "charisma that makes this video mesmerizing: Her dancing makes your memory tingle ''. Dazed magazine wrote that "Ziegler interprets the song 's lyrics into something that is deranged, isolated, manic and profound. '' People magazine called her "a super-human graceful alien sent from Planet Talented to make us mere mortals look really clumsy ''. A 2015 feature in The Huffington Post praised Ziegler 's artistry:
Her... jétés and pirouettes juxtapose self - containment with a sort of reckless abandon. But it is her face... that truly captivates her audience thanks to the tantalizing allure of catharsis through art. (Ziegler 's) work ethic, not to mention her evident love for the art, has made her relentlessly relevant. She has something to say with her performances, whether in a music video for Sia or in a solo at nationals. Her technique is lovely, especially for a 12 - year - old. She has stretched knees, pointed feet, and arms that float on clouds, her fingers perfectly placed. But still more important is her virtuosity, her connection with the public. She tells a narrative that resonates with the viewer, whether portraying a scorned lover or a werewolf. This maturity is astounding for a preteen -- she just gets it. She 's meant to perform, meant to communicate with people. She has defied the odds of Generation Z 's competitive, egocentric mentality to make her career about the work, not the celebrity.
Ballet choreographer Troy Schumacher told New York magazine in 2016: "She has, fascinatingly, really created her own world of dance. When we talk about great dancers, it 's definitely a persona that leaves a lasting impression -- it 's not necessarily the most technically perfect dancer. She 's only 13, but there 's a strong sense of personality that comes through in her movement that is somewhat iconic. '' Lipshutz wrote that Ziegler 's live participation made Sia 's 2016 Nostalgic for the Present Tour "arguably the most anticipated major tour of the entire year (Adele aside)... Because she 's that good as a live performer... Ziegler 's presence transforms a staged affair into a live one, and a great lineup into an indispensable arena experience. '' Leslie Ventura of Las Vegas Weekly noted that, on the tour, "Ziegler... danced furiously alongside the singer, adding dimension and weight to the dramatic vocals. '' Britt Robson of the Star Tribune similarly commented, "The clear - cut star was Ziegler, obviously Sia 's alter ego... Ziegler was a riveting whirlwind, contorting her appendages and facial expressions with equal aplomb, topped by forward flips ''. Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote that Ziegler 's frenetic moves and flickering expressions ramp up the songs ' emotional stakes. Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz said that Ziegler "possesses an astounding control of her physicality... (Her) presence adds a mischievous energy, as if replicated movements ca n't capture the heart behind those wide eyes and deranged smiles. ''
Ziegler was named by Time magazine as one of the "30 most influential teens of 2015 '' and made the list again in 2016. She was also on the Harpers Bazaar 2015 list of "19 Rising Style Icons Aged 19 and Under ''. Billboard selected Sia and Ziegler 's performance of "Elastic Heart '' on Saturday Night Live 2015 as one of the 10 Best SNL musical performances since the 1990s, "thanks in part to 12 - year - old dance phenom Maddie Ziegler, who... displayed power, vulnerability, and more than a little weirdness ''. Ziegler won a 2016 People 's Choice Award, a 2016 Teen Choice Award and a 2017 Teen Choice Award. She was nominated for a 2016 Shorty Award and four 2017 Shorty Awards, where she won in one category and received an audience honor in another.
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who built the sun temple at konark in odisha in 13 century a.d | Konark Sun temple - wikipedia
Konark Sun Temple is a 13th - century CE sun temple at Konark about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast from Puri on the coastline of Odisha, India. The temple is attributed to king Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty about 1250 CE.
Dedicated to the Hindu god Surya, what remains of the temple complex has the appearance of a 100 - foot (30 m) high chariot with immense wheels and horses, all carved from stone. Once over 200 feet (61 m) high, much of the temple is now in ruins, in particular the large shikara tower over the sanctuary; at one time this rose much higher than the mandapa that remains. The structures and elements that have survived are famed for their intricate artwork, iconography, and themes, including erotic kama and mithuna scenes. Also called the Surya Devalaya, it is a classic illustration of the Odisha style of Hindu temple architecture.
The cause of the destruction of the Konark temple is unclear and remains a source of controversy. Theories range from natural damage to deliberate destruction of the temple in the course of being sacked several times by Muslim armies between the 15th and 17th centuries. This temple was called the "Black Pagoda '' in European sailor accounts as early as 1676 because its great tower appeared black. Similarly, the Jagannath Temple in Puri was called the "White Pagoda ''. Both temples served as important landmarks for sailors in the Bay of Bengal. The temple that exists today was partially restored by the conservation efforts of British India - era archaeological teams. Declared a UNESCO world heritage site in 1984, it remains a major pilgrimage site for Hindus, who gather here every year for the Chandrabhaga Mela around the month of February.
The name Konark derives from the combination of the Sanskrit words Kona (corner or angle) and Arka (the sun). The context of the term Kona is unclear, but probably refers to the southeast location of this temple either within a larger temple complex or in relation to other sun temples on the subcontinent. The Arka refers to the Hindu sun god Surya.
The Konark Sun Temple is located in an eponymous village about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Puri and 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Bhubaneswar on the Bay of Bengal coastline in the Indian state of Odisha. The nearest airport is Bhubaneswar airport (IATA: BBI). Both Puri and Bhubaneswar are major railway hubs connected by Indian Railways ' Southeastern services.
The Konark Sun Temple was built from stone in the form of a giant ornamented chariot dedicated to the Sun god, Surya. In Hindu Vedic iconography Surya is represented as rising in the east and traveling rapidly across the sky in a chariot drawn by seven horses. He is described typically as a resplendent standing person holding a lotus flower in both his hands, riding the chariot marshaled by the charioteer Aruna. The seven horses are named after the seven meters of Sanskrit prosody: Gayatri, Brihati, Ushnih, Jagati, Trishtubha, Anushtubha, and Pankti. Typically seen flanking Surya are two females who represent the dawn goddesses, Usha and Pratyusha. The goddesses are shown to be shooting arrows, a symbol of their initiative in challenging darkness. The architecture is also symbolic, with the chariot 's twelve pairs of wheels corresponding to the 12 months of the Hindu calendar, each month paired into two cycles (Shukla and Krishna).
The Konark temple presents this iconography on a grand scale. It has 24 elaborately carved stone wheels which are nearly 12 feet (3.7 m) in diameter and are pulled by a set of seven horses. When viewed from inland during the dawn and sunrise, the chariot - shaped temple appears to emerge from the depths of the blue sea carrying the sun.
The temple plan includes all the traditional elements of a Hindu temple set on a square plan. According to Kapila Vatsyayan, the ground plan, as well the layout of sculptures and reliefs, follow the square and circle geometry, forms found in Odisha temple design texts such as the Silpasarini. This mandala structure informs the plans of other Hindu temples in Odisha and elsewhere.
The main temple at Konark, locally called the deul, no longer exists. It was surrounded by subsidiary shrines containing niches depicting Hindu deities, particularly Surya in many of his aspects. The deul was built on a high terrace. The temple was originally a complex consisting of the main sanctuary, called the rekha deul, or bada deul (lit. big sanctum). In front of it was the bhadra deul (lit. small sanctum), or jagamohana (lit. assembly hall of the people) (called a mandapa in other parts of India.). The attached platform was called the pida deul, which consisted of a square mandapa with a pyramidal roof. All of these structures were square at their core, and each was overlain with the pancharatha plan containing a variegated exterior. The central projection, called the raha, is more pronounced than the side projections, called kanika - paga, a style that aims for an interplay of sunlight and shade and adds to the visual appeal of the structure throughout the day. The design manual for this style is found in the Silpa Sastra of ancient Odisha.
Twice as wide as they were high, the walls of the jagamohana are 100 feet (30 m) tall. The surviving structure has three tiers of six pidas each. These diminish incrementally and repeat the lower patterns. The pidas are divided into terraces. On each of these terraces stand statues of musician figures. The main temple and the jagamohana porch consist of four main zones: the platform, the wall, the trunk, and the crowning head called a mastaka. The first three are square while the mastaka is circular. The main temple and the jagamohana differed in size, decorative themes, and design. It was the main temple 's trunk, called the gandhi in medieval Hindu architecture texts, that was ruined long ago. The sanctum of the main temple is now without a roof and most of the original parts.
On the east side of the main temple is the Nata mandira (lit. dance temple). It stands on a high, intricately carved platform. The relief on the platform is similar in style to that found on the surviving walls of the temple. According to historical texts, there was an Aruna stambha (lit. Aruna 's pillar) between the main temple and the Nata mandira, but it is no longer there because it was moved to the Jagannatha at Puri sometime during the troubled history of this temple. According to Harle, the texts suggest that originally the complex was enclosed within a wall 865 feet (264 m) by 540 feet (160 m), with gateways on three sides.
The stone temple was made from three types of stone. Chlorite was used for the door lintel and frames as well as some sculptures. Laterite was used for the core of the platform and staircases near the foundation. Khondalite was used for other parts of the temple. According to Mitra, the Khondalite stone weathers faster over time, and this may have contributed to erosion and accelerated the damage when parts of the temples were destroyed. None of these stones occur naturally nearby, and the architects and artisans must have procured and moved the stones from distant sources, probably using the rivers and water channels near the site. The masons then created ashlar, wherein the stones were polished and finished so as to make joints hardly visible.
The original temple had a main sanctum sanctorum (vimana), which is estimated to have been 229 feet (70 m) tall. The main vimana fell in 1837. The main mandapa audience hall (jagamohana), which is about 128 feet (39 m) tall, still stands and is the principal structure in the surviving ruins. Among the structures that have survived to the current day are the dance hall (Nata mandira) and the dining hall (Bhoga mandapa).
The walls of the temple from the temple 's base through the crowing elements are ornamented with reliefs, many finished to jewelry - quality miniature details. The terraces contain stone statues of male and female musicians holding various musical instruments. Other major works of art include sculptures of Hindu deities, apsaras and images from the daily life and culture of the people (artha and dharma scenes), various animals, aquatic creatures, birds, mythological creatures, and friezes narrating the Hindu texts. The carvings include purely decorative geometric patterns and plant motifs. Some panels show images from the life of the king such as one showing him receiving counsel from a guru, where the artists symbolically portrayed the king as much smaller than the guru, with the king 's sword resting on the ground next to him.
The upana (moulding) layer at the bottom of the platform contains friezes of elephants, marching soldiers, musicians, and images depicting the secular life of the people, including hunting scenes, a caravan of domesticated animals, people carrying supplies on their head or with the help of a bullock cart, travelers preparing a meal along the roadside, and festive processions. On other walls are found images depicting the daily life of the elite as well as the common people. For example, girls are shown wringing their wet hair, standing by a tree, looking from a window, playing with pets, putting on makeup while looking into a mirror, playing musical instruments such as the vina, chasing away a monkey who is trying to snatch items, a family taking leave of their elderly grandmother who seems dressed for a pilgrimage, a mother blessing her son, a teacher with students, a yogi during a standing asana, a warrior being greeted with a namaste, a mother with her child, an old woman with a walking stick and a bowl in her hands, comical characters, among others.
The Konark temple is also known for its erotic sculptures of maithunas. These show couples in various stages of courtship and intimacy, and in some cases coital themes. Notorious in the colonial era for their uninhibited celebration of sexuality, these images are included with other aspects of human life as well as deities that are typically associated with tantra. This led some to propose that the erotic sculptures are linked to the vama marga (left hand tantra) tradition. However, this is not supported by local literary sources, and these images may be the same kama and mithuna scenes found integrated into the art of many Hindu temples. The erotic sculptures are found on the temple 's Shikhara, and these illustrate all the bandhas (mudra forms) described in the Kamasutra.
Other large sculptures were a part of the gateways of the temple complex. These include life - size lions subduing elephants, elephants subduing demons, and horses. A major pillar dedicated to Aruna, called the Aruna Stambha, used to stand in front of the eastern stairs of the porch. This, too, was intricately carved with horizontal friezes and motifs. It now stands in front of the Jagannatha temple at Puri.
The upper levels and terrace of the Konark Sun temple contain larger and more significant works of art than the lower level. These include images of musicians and mythological narratives as well as sculptures of Hindu deities, including Durga in her Mahishasuramardini aspect killing the shape - shifting buffalo demon (Shaktism), Vishnu in his Jagannatha form (Vaishnavism), and Shiva as a (largely damaged) linga (Shaivism). Some of the better - preserved friezes and sculptures were removed and relocated to museums in Europe and major cities of India before 1940.
The Hindu deities are also depicted in other parts of the temple. For example, the medallions of the chariot wheels of the Surya temple, as well as the anuratha artwork of the jagamohana, show Vishnu, Shiva, Gajalakshmi, Parvati, Krishna, Narasimha, and other gods and goddesses. Also found on the jagamohana are sculptures of Vedic deities such as Indra, Agni, Kubera, Varuna, and Âdityas.
The temple follows the traditional style of Kalinga architecture. It is oriented towards the east so that the first rays of the sunrise strike the main entrance. The temple, built from Khondalite rocks, was originally constructed at the mouth of the river Chandrabhaga, but the waterline has receded since then. The wheels of the temple are sundials, which can be used to calculate time accurately to a minute.
The Konark Sun Temple complex has ruins of many subsidiary shrines and monuments around the main temple. Some of these include:
A collection of fallen sculptures can be viewed at the Konark Archaeological Museum, which is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.
The oldest surviving Vedic hymns, such as hymn 1.115 of the Rigveda, mention Sūrya with particular reverence for the "rising sun '' and its symbolism as dispeller of darkness, one who empowers knowledge, the good, and all life. However, the usage is context specific. In some hymns, the word Surya simply means sun as an inanimate object, a stone, or a gem in the sky (Rigvedic hymns 5.47, 6.51 and 7.63) while in others it refers to a personified deity. In the layers of Vedic texts, Surya is one of the several trinities along with Agni and either Vayu or Indra, which are presented as an equivalent icon and aspect of the Hindu metaphysical concept called the Brahman.
In the Brahmanas layer of Vedic literature, Surya appears with Agni (fire god) in the same hymns. Surya is revered for the day, and Agni for its role during the night. According to Kapila Vatsyayan, the concept of a Surya -- Agni relationship evolves, and in later literature Surya is described as Agni representing the first principle and the seed of the universe. It is in the Brahmanas layer of the Vedas, and the Upanishads that Surya is explicitly linked to the power of sight, and to visual perception and knowledge. He is then internalized and said to be the eye, as ancient Hindu sages suggested abandonment of external rituals to gods in favor of internal reflection and meditation of the gods within, in one 's journey to realize the Atman (soul, self) within, in texts such as the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Chandogya Upanishad, Kaushitaki Upanishad, and others.
The Mahabharata epic opens its chapter on Surya by reverentially calling him the "eye of the universe, soul of all existence, origin of all life, goal of the Samkhyas and Yogis, and symbolism for freedom and spiritual emancipation ''. In the Mahabharata, Karna is the son of Surya and an unmarried princess named Kunti. The epic describes Kunti 's difficult life as an unmarried mother, then her abandonment of Karna, followed by her lifelong grief. Baby Karna is found and then adopted, and grows up to become one of the central characters in the great battle of Kurukshetra where he fights his half - brothers.
Konark, also referred to in Indian texts by the name Kainapara, was a significant trading port by the early centuries of the common era. The current Konark temple dates to the 13th century, though evidence suggests that a sun temple was built in the Konark area by at least the 9th century. Several Puranas mention Surya worship centers in Mundira, which may have been the earlier name for Konark, Kalapriya (Mathura), and Multan (now in Pakistan). The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim and traveler Hiuen - tsang (also referred to as Xuanzang) mentions a port city in Odisha named Charitra. He describes the city as prosperous, with five convents and "storeyed towers that are very high and carved with saintly figures exquisitely done ''. Since he visited India in the 7th century, he could not have been referring to the 13th - century temple, but his description suggests either Konark or another Odisha port city already featuring towering structures with sculptures.
According to the Madala Panji, there was at one time another temple in the region built by Pundara Kesari. He may have been Puranjaya, the 7th - century ruler of the Somavasmi Dynasty.
The current temple is attributed to Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty, r. 1238 -- 1264 CE --. It is one of the few Hindu temples whose planning and construction records written in Sanskrit in the Odiya script have been preserved in the form of palm leaf manuscripts that were discovered in a village in the 1960s and subsequently translated. The temple was sponsored by the king, and its construction was overseen by Siva Samantaraya Mahapatra. It was built near an old Surya temple. The sculpture in the older temple 's sanctum was re-consecrated and incorporated into the newer larger temple. This chronology of temple site 's evolution is supported by many copper plate inscriptions of the era in which the Konark temple is referred to as the "great cottage ''.
According to James Harle, the temple as built in the 13th century consisted of two main structures, the dance mandapa and the great temple (deul). The smaller mandapa is the structure that survives; the great deul collapsed sometime in the late 16th century or after. According to Harle, the original temple "must originally have stood to a height of some 225 feet (69 m) '', but only parts of its walls and decorative mouldings remain.
The temple was in ruins before its restoration. Speculation continues as to the cause of the destruction of the temple. Early theories stated that the temple was never completed and collapsed during construction. This is contradicted by textual evidence and evidence from inscriptions. The Kenduli copper plate inscription of 1384 CE from the reign of Narasimha IV seems to indicate that the temple was not only completed but an active site of worship. Another inscription states that various deities in the temple were consecrated, also suggesting that construction of the temple had been completed. A non-Hindu textual source, the Akbar - era text Ain - i - Akbari by Abul Fazl dated to the 16th century, mentions the Konark temple, describing it as a prosperous site with a temple that made visitors "astonished at its sight '', with no mention of ruins.
Texts from the 19th century do mention ruins, which means the temple was damaged either intentionally or through natural causes sometime between 1556 and 1800 CE. The intentional - damage theory is supported by Mughal era records that mention the Muslim invader Kalapahar attacking and destroying Jagannath Puri and the Konark temple. Other texts state that the temple was sacked several times by Muslim armies between the 15th and 17th centuries. Islamic texts describing the raids of Kalapahar mention his army 's first attempt to destroy the temple in 1565, but they failed. They inflicted only minor damage and carried away the copper kalasa.
-- Ain - i - Akbari, Abul Fazl
The controversial Hindu text Madala Panji and regional tradition state that Kalapahar attacked again and damaged the temple in 1568. The natural - damage theory is supported by the nearness of the temple to the shore and the monsoons in the region that would tend to cause damage. However, the existence of nearby stone temples in the Odisha region that were built earlier and have stood without damage casts doubt to this theory. According to P. Parya, the number of rings of moss and lichen growth found on the stone ruins suggests the damage occurred sometime around the 1570s, but this approach does not indicate why or by whom.
According to Thomas Donaldson, evidence suggests that the damage and the temple 's ruined condition can be dated to between the late 16th century and the early 17th century from the records of various surveys and repairs found in early 17th - century texts. These also record that the temple remained a site of worship in the early 17th century. These records do not state whether the ruins were being used by devotees to gather and worship, or part of the damaged temple was still in use for some other purpose. This evidence of the use of the temple, however, contradicts any theories that the late 16th - century Muslim invasion had completely destroyed the site.
In the last quarter of the 18th century, the Aruna stambha (Aruna pillar) was removed from the entrance of Konark temple and placed at the Singha - dwara (Lion 's Gate) of the Jagannath temple in Puri by a Maratha Brahmachari named Goswain (or Goswami). The pillar, made of monolithic chlorite, is 33 feet 8 inches (10.26 m) tall and is dedicated to Aruna, the charioteer of the Sun god.
In 1803 the East India Marine Board requested of the Governor General of Bengal that conservation efforts be undertaken. However, the only conservation measure put in place at the time was to prohibit further removal of stones from the site. Lacking structural support, the last part of the main tower still standing, a small broken curved section, collapsed in 1848.
The then - Raja of Khurda, who had jurisdiction over this region in the early 19th century, removed some stones and sculptures to use in a temple he was building in Puri. A few gateways and some sculptures were destroyed in the process. In 1838 the Asiatic Society of Bengal requested that conservation efforts be undertaken, but the requests were denied, and only measures to prevent vandalism were put in place.
In 1859 the Asiatic Society of Bengal proposed, and in 1867 attempted to relocate an architrave of the Konark temple depicting the navagraha to the Indian Museum in Calcutta. This attempt was abandoned as funds had run out. In 1894 thirteen sculptures were moved to the Indian Museum. Local Hindu population objected to further damage and removal of temple ruins. The government issued orders to respect the local sentiments. In 1903, when a major excavation was attempted nearby, the then - Lieutenant governor of Bengal, J. A. Baurdilon, ordered the temple to be sealed and filled with sand to prevent the collapse of the Jagamohana. The Mukhasala and Nata Mandir were repaired by 1905.
In 1906 casuarina and punnang trees were planted facing the sea to provide a buffer against sand - laden winds. In 1909 the Mayadevi temple was discovered while removing sand and debris. The temple was granted World Heritage Site status by the UNESCO in 1984.
The Konark Sun Temple has attracted conflicting reviews. According to Coomaraswamy, the Konark Sun Temple marks the high point of the Odisha style of Nagara architecture.
The colonial - era reception of the temple ranged from derision to praise. Andrew Sterling, the early colonial - era administrator and Commissioner of Cuttack questioned the skill of the 13th - century architects, but also wrote that the temple had "an air of elegance, combined with massiveness in the whole structure, which entitles it to no small share of admiration '', adding that the sculpture had "a degree of taste, propriety and freedom which would stand a comparison with some of our best specimens of Gothic architectural ornament ''. The Victorian mindset saw pornography in the artwork of Konark and wondered why there was no "shame and guilt in this pleasure in filth '', while Alan Watts stated that there was no comprehensible reason to separate spirituality from love, sex, and religious arts. According to Ernest Binfield Havell, the Konark temple is "one of the grandest examples of Indian sculpture extant '', adding that they express "as much fire and passion as the greatest European art '' such as that found in Venice.
Indian writers, too, have expressed a spectrum of opinions. For example, the leftist author Bhattacharya criticized the "brahmanical temple erotica '', offering it as evidence of "female exploitation by the dominant classes of Hindu male society '', and a "reflection of abnormal sex desires ''. In contrast, the Nobel Laureate Tagore wrote,
Here the language of stone surpasses the language of human.
Watercolour painting of two European officers with a dog exploring the interior (1812)
Watercolour "somnath '' drawing of the north side of Konark (1820). It depicts part of the main tower still standing.
Photograph of a general view from the south - west (c. 1890).
Arunastambha at the Singhadwara at Jagannath Temple in Puri (1870)
Nata mandir
Front view of Nata mandir
A simha - gaja at the entrance
A weathered horse sculpture
Elephants of Konark Temple
A secondary statue of the Sun god
A sculpture on the temple wall
Mayadevi Temple at Konark
Sculpture of a makara on Mayadevi Temple
Vaishnava Temple
Sanctum of the Vaishnava Temple
Carvings on the Sun temple
A sculpture on the temple wall
A sculpture taken from the site at the British Museum
Replica of Sun Temple at Gwalior
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who plays who in the last sixteen of the world cup | 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage - wikipedia
The knockout stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup was the second and final stage of the competition, following the group stage. It began on 30 June with the round of 16 and ended on 15 July with the final match, held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow. The top two teams from each group (16 in total) advanced to the knockout stage to compete in a single - elimination style tournament. A third place play - off was also played between the two losing teams of the semi-finals.
France won the final 4 -- 2 against Croatia for their second title.
All times listed are local time.
In the knockout stage, if a match was level at the end of 90 minutes of normal playing time, extra time was played (two periods of 15 minutes each), where each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution. If still tied after extra time, the match was decided by a penalty shoot - out to determine the winners.
The top two placed teams from each of the eight groups qualified for the knockout stage.
The teams had faced each other in 11 previous matches, including two World Cup group stage matches, both won by Argentina (1 -- 0 in 1930, and 2 -- 1 in 1978).
After nine minutes, Antoine Griezmann 's 25 - yard free - kick crashed back off Franco Armani 's crossbar. After picking the ball up deep inside his own half, Kylian Mbappé set off on a run that was halted when Marcos Rojo hauled him down just inside the area. Griezmann stepped up and converted from the spot, sending the ball low to Armani 's right. Four minutes before the interval, Ángel Di María shot from distance with his left foot to beat Hugo Lloris into the top right corner of the net. Three minutes after the restart, Éver Banega 's free - kick was headed out towards Lionel Messi whose effort towards goal from the right was diverted past Lloris by Gabriel Mercado with his left leg. Nine minutes later, Lucas Hernández 's cross from the left found Benjamin Pavard, who shot a half - volley from outside the area, sending it into Armani 's top - right corner. Mbappé put France ahead again in the 64th minute when he picked up a loose ball in the left of the area, found a yard of space and fired in low with his left foot under Armani. His second -- a first - time low finish from the right of the penalty area with his right foot -- followed just four minutes later. Sergio Agüero nodded home in the third minute of stoppage time from a Messi cross from the right. Argentina had a final chance to score, but the ball was deflected, dumping them out of the World Cup. This game was hailed as "one of the greatest World Cup games of all time '' by The Independent.
Didier Deschamps is now the longest - serving coach in the history of the French national team, with his 80th game in charge of France, moving ahead of his predecessor Raymond Domenech. Mbappé became the first teenager to score at least twice in a World Cup tournament since Michael Owen in 1998, and the first teenager to score at least twice in a single World Cup match since Pelé netted twice for Brazil against Sweden in the 1958 final. Argentina are the first team to score at least three goals but still lose a World Cup match since the Soviet Union vs Belgium in 1986. Pavard 's strike was later voted as goal of the tournament.
Man of the Match: Kylian Mbappé (France)
Assistant referees: Reza Sokhandan (Iran) Mohammadreza Mansouri (Iran) Fourth official: Julio Bascuñán (Chile) Reserve assistant referee: Christian Schiemann (Chile) Video assistant referee: Massimiliano Irrati (Italy) Assistant video assistant referees: Paweł Gil (Poland) Carlos Astroza (Chile) Paolo Valeri (Italy)
The teams had met in two previous matches, most recently in Brazil Independence Cup in 1972, the match ending in a 1 -- 1 draw.
In the seventh minute, Edinson Cavani switched play from right to left with a sweeping pass out to Luis Suárez, who delivered a cross which the former crashed home at the back post from six yards out. In the 55th minute, Raphaël Guerreiro delivered a cross from a short corner on the left, which Pepe finished with a downward header. Just seven minutes later, Rodrigo Bentancur collected the ball around 30 yards out and slipped a pass out to Cavani on the left side of the penalty area, Cavani then shot a curling right - foot strike into the right corner of the net to reclaim the lead for Uruguay. Bernardo Silva shot off - target with the goal gaping after Fernando Muslera 's mistake, with Cavani seeming to pick up an injury in the scramble.
Pepe, aged 35 years and 124 days, became Portugal 's oldest goal - scorer at a FIFA World Cup. This is the first time Uruguay have won their opening four games at a World Cup tournament since 1930, with the fourth game in that run being their 4 -- 2 victory over Argentina in the final.
Man of the Match: Edinson Cavani (Uruguay)
Assistant referees: Marvin Torrentera (Mexico) Miguel Hernández (Mexico) Fourth official: Jair Marrufo (United States) Reserve assistant referee: Corey Rockwell (United States) Video assistant referee: Mark Geiger (United States) Assistant video assistant referees: Bastian Dankert (Germany) Joe Fletcher (Canada) Danny Makkelie (Netherlands)
The teams had met in six previous games, most recently in a friendly in 2017, which ended in a 3 -- 3 draw. Playing as the Soviet Union, the teams had faced each other five times. Russia has only had one victory over Spain.
In the 12th minute, Isco 's free - kick from deep on the right saw Sergei Ignashevich grappling with Sergio Ramos at the back post, the ball bouncing past Igor Akinfeev off the defender 's heel. Russia were then awarded a penalty when Gerard Piqué handled in the box after a corner from the right. Artem Dzyuba shot home to the right of the net from 12 yards to send the sides into half - time level. In the 85th minute, Akinfeev got down low to his right to save a shot from Andrés Iniesta, the goalkeeper then denied Iago Aspas on the rebound. Piqué and Ramos both appeared to be held from a set - piece but, after a VAR check, the referee waved away Spain 's appeals. In the penalties, Akinfeev kept out a Koke effort and saw Aspas ' effort diverted away by his leg to give Russia the win; as all Russia 's penalty kicks ended up successful.
Spain have now lost three of their four World Cup penalty shootouts (after losing to Belgium in 1986, beating the Republic of Ireland in 2002 and losing to South Korea in 2002), and still have never defeated a host nation at FIFA World Cup, after losing to Italy 0 -- 1 in 1934, Brazil 1 -- 6 in 1950, and South Korea after penalties in 2002. Russia have reached the quarter - final of the World Cup for the first time since the break - up of the Soviet Union. Ignashevich became the oldest player to score an own goal at the World Cup, aged 38 years and 352 days. The match marked the first time in the history of the FIFA World Cup in which a fourth substitution was made during extra time, after Aleksandr Yerokhin of Russia entered the pitch in the 97th minute.
Man of the Match: Igor Akinfeev (Russia)
Assistant referees: Sander van Roekel (Netherlands) Erwin Zeinstra (Netherlands) Fourth official: Clément Turpin (France) Reserve assistant referee: Nicolas Danos (France) Video assistant referee: Danny Makkelie (Netherlands) Assistant video assistant referees: Paweł Gil (Poland) Mark Borsch (Germany) Felix Zwayer (Germany)
The teams had met in five matches, which includes two matches played in 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification, the first fixture ending in a 1 -- 1 draw and the reverse fixture a 3 -- 1 Denmark win.
In the first minute, a long throw into the Croatia penalty area by Jonas Knudsen, allowed a run to Thomas Delaney who touched the ball on to Mathias Jørgensen, who side - footed it into the net via deflections off goalkeeper Danijel Subašić and the post. After three minutes, Šime Vrsaljko 's ball into the box reached Henrik Dalsgaard, whose clearance hit Andreas Christensen in the face and saw Mario Mandžukić tucking the ball between Kasper Schmeichel and the left post with a shot on the turn from six yards. During extra time, Ante Rebić burst clear of the Denmark defence and was felled by Mathias Jørgensen when he was clean through on goal, only for Schmeichel to save Luka Modrić 's spot - kick by diving down to his left and clutching the ball to his chest. In the shoot - out, Subašić tipped off Christian Eriksen 's penalty onto the post but Schmeichel saved from Milan Badelj to bring the sides level. Lasse Schöne 's shot was saved by Subašić and Josip Pivarić was denied by an acrobatic Schmeichel stop. On the final spot kicks for both the teams, Nicolai Jørgensen took a shot from a staggered run - up which Subašić saved with his feet, before Ivan Rakitić slotted the ball into the bottom left corner of the net.
Croatia have qualified for their first World Cup quarter - final since 1998.
Man of the Match: Kasper Schmeichel (Denmark)
Assistant referees: Hernán Maidana (Argentina) Juan Pablo Belatti (Argentina) Fourth official: Enrique Cáceres (Paraguay) Reserve assistant referee: Eduardo Cardozo (Paraguay) Video assistant referee: Mauro Vigliano (Argentina) Assistant video assistant referees: Gery Vargas (Bolivia) Roberto Díaz Pérez (Spain) Daniele Orsato (Italy)
The teams had met in 40 previous matches including two games at CONCACAF Gold Cup finals (1996 and 2003, both won by Mexico), the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup Final (won 4 -- 3 by Mexico), and four times in the FIFA World Cup group stage, three won by Brazil and one ending in a draw (4 -- 0 in 1950, 5 -- 0 in 1954, 2 -- 0 in 1962 and 0 -- 0 in 2014).
Hirving Lozano 's half - volley was well blocked by Miranda, while at the other end, Guillermo Ochoa saved Neymar 's drive from just outside the penalty area. After 25 minutes, Neymar raced past Edson Álvarez in the area and forced Ochoa into a save with his left hand. Gabriel Jesus went close in the 33rd minute, finding space in a crowded area and drilling in a left - footed strike that Ochoa palmed away. In the 51st minute, Neymar 's back - heel on the edge of the area teed up Willian for a burst into the box and his scuffed cross from the left was slid into an empty net by Neymar from close range. With two minutes remaining, Neymar powered through on the left and his low effort was diverted by Ochoa 's foot into the path of Roberto Firmino, who tapped the ball into an empty net from close range.
Since the introduction of the round of 16 in 1986, Mexico have been eliminated at this stage of the World Cup seven times -- more than twice as many as any other nation. This was also Mexico 's fourth defeat on the hand of Brazil, and moreover, Mexico had never scored a single goal against Brazil in the FIFA World Cup.
Man of the Match: Neymar (Brazil)
Assistant referees: Elenito Di Liberatore (Italy) Mauro Tonolini (Italy) Fourth official: Antonio Mateu Lahoz (Spain) Reserve assistant referee: Pau Cebrián Devís (Spain) Video assistant referee: Massimiliano Irrati (Italy) Assistant video assistant referees: Paweł Gil (Poland) Carlos Astroza (Chile) Daniele Orsato (Italy)
The teams had faced each other in 5 previous matches, including one World Cup group stage match in 2002, which ended in a 2 -- 2 draw. Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2017, a 1 -- 0 Belgium win and also Belgium 's first victory over Japan.
In the 48th minute, Gaku Shibasaki slipped a pass through to Genki Haraguchi, who rifled a shot across Thibaut Courtois from the right which went into the left corner of the net. After 4 minutes, Japan scored a second, Shinji Kagawa collecting a loose ball and feeding Takashi Inui, the midfielder working himself a yard of space before arrowing home from 25 - yards into the bottom right corner of the net. Jan Vertonghen 's looping header from the left eluded goalkeeper Eiji Kawashima and landed in the right corner of the net after a corner caused chaos in the Japan penalty area -- and five minutes later they were back on level terms. Eden Hazard twisted and turned to create space on the left wing, his cross delivered for Marouane Fellaini to climb above his marker and crash in a downward header. In the last minute of stoppage time, Courtois found Kevin De Bruyne with a long throw, who freed Thomas Meunier with a pass, Meunier squared a low cross from the right and, when Romelu Lukaku dummied the ball, substitute Nacer Chadli was on hand to complete the comeback for Belgium with a low finish.
Belgium are the first team to come from two or more goals down to win a World Cup knockout stage match within 90 minutes since Portugal beat North Korea in the 1966 quarter - final (3 -- 0 down, 5 -- 3 win); and for the first time comeback from two goals down since West Germany 's comeback 3 -- 2 victory over England at 1970. Japan scored six goals at Russia 2018, their highest ever tally in a single World Cup tournament. Belgium have reached the World Cup quarter - finals in successive tournaments for the first time.
Man of the Match: Eden Hazard (Belgium)
Assistant referees: Djibril Camara (Senegal) El Hadji Samba (Senegal) Fourth official: Bakary Gassama (Gambia) Reserve assistant referee: Jean Claude Birumushahu (Burundi) Video assistant referee: Felix Zwayer (Germany) Assistant video assistant referees: Clément Turpin (France) Mark Borsch (Germany) Danny Makkelie (Netherlands)
The teams had faced each other in 28 previous matches, which includes three matches in 1962 FIFA World Cup qualification, Switzerland winning twice (3 -- 2 and 2 -- 1) and Sweden winning once (4 -- 0), and also twice in 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification, both matches ending in a 2 -- 1 Sweden win.
Stephan Lichtsteiner and Fabian Schär were both ruled out through suspension. Albin Ekdal 's volley missed the target prior to the break from a Mikael Lustig cross. Ola Toivonen fired over when well positioned inside the penalty area before Emil Forsberg finally broke the deadlock, his right foot shot from just outside the penalty area clipping Manuel Akanji to beat Yann Sommer. Switzerland sent on forwards Breel Embolo and Haris Seferović, and the latter tested Sweden goalkeeper Robin Olsen with a header in the closing stages. Sweden were denied the chance to double their lead from the spot following Michael Lang 's late dismissal for taking out Martin Olsson, with Sommer beating away Toivonen 's driven free - kick after a lengthy delay.
Sweden have qualified for their first World Cup quarter - final since 1994. Sweden have won back - to - back World Cup matches for the first time since 1958, when they won the quarter - final and semi-final on their way to the final as host nation that year. Olsen has kept three clean sheets at Russia 2018, a joint - record for a Swedish goalkeeper in World Cup finals history (also three clean sheets for Ronnie Hellström in 1974 and Kalle Svensson in 1958).
Man of the Match: Emil Forsberg (Sweden)
Assistant referees: Jure Praprotnik (Slovenia) Robert Vukan (Slovenia) Fourth official: Nawaf Shukralla (Bahrain) Reserve assistant referee: Yaser Tulefat (Bahrain) Video assistant referee: Daniele Orsato (Italy) Assistant video assistant referees: Bastian Dankert (Germany) Roberto Díaz Pérez (Spain) Massimiliano Irrati (Italy)
The teams had faced each other in five previous matches, including one World Cup group stage match in 1998, a 2 -- 0 England win. Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2005, a 3 -- 2 England win.
In the 16th minute, Harry Kane arrived beyond the back post to meet a Kieran Trippier cross, but was unable to direct his header on target. Wílmar Barrios was booked when he appeared to headbutt Jordan Henderson in the build - up to a free - kick Trippier bent narrowly wide. Colombia gave away a penalty early in the second half when Carlos Sánchez dragged Kane down in the box after a corner from the right. Kane scored from 12 yards, shooting down the middle to give England the lead. Colombia forced their way into extra-time, Yerry Mina scoring a downward header from a Juan Cuadrado corner from the right. Eric Dier scored the final penalty in the shoot - out, England came from 3 -- 2 down after Mateus Uribe and Carlos Bacca failed to convert their spot - kicks.
This was the first time that England had won a penalty shoot - out at the FIFA World Cup, and only the second time they had won on penalties at any major tournament (the previous occasion being against Spain at Euro 1996). Kane became the first player to score in six consecutive England appearances since Tommy Lawton did so in 1939. England conceded in injury time at the end of the second half for the first time in World Cup history, with Mina 's goal coming after 92 minutes and 33 seconds.
Man of the Match: Harry Kane (England)
Assistant referees: Joe Fletcher (Canada) Frank Anderson (United States) Fourth official: Matthew Conger (New Zealand) Reserve assistant referee: Tevita Makasini (Tonga) Video assistant referee: Danny Makkelie (Netherlands) Assistant video assistant referees: Paweł Gil (Poland) Carlos Astroza (Chile) Mauro Vigliano (Argentina)
The teams had met in eight previous matches including three times in the FIFA World Cup group stage, one won by Uruguay and the other two ending in a draw (2 -- 1 in 1966, 0 -- 0 in 2002 and 0 -- 0 in 2010).
In the 15th minute, after latching on to Olivier Giroud 's knockdown in the box, Kylian Mbappé headed the ball over Fernando Muslera 's crossbar. Five minutes before the break, Antoine Griezmann 's inswinging free - kick from the right was met by Raphaël Varane, who headed the ball into the bottom left corner. Four minutes later, Martín Cáceres ' header was saved by Hugo Lloris low to his right and Diego Godín shot the rebound over. In the 61st minute, Griezmann 's left footed shot from outside the penalty area slipped through Muslera 's hands and into the net as France doubled their lead. Mbappé went down softly under a challenge from Cristian Rodríguez, prompting angry confrontations involving Godín, Nahitan Nández and Paul Pogba. In the 73rd minute, Corentin Tolisso 's shot curled over, while Griezmann also flashed a late free - kick over the top.
France have become only the second team to beat three different South American sides in a single World Cup tournament, after the Netherlands in 1974. France are unbeaten in 10 World Cup matches against South American sides (W6 D4), since a 2 -- 1 loss v Argentina in 1978 -- the joint longest run alongside Italy (1982 to 2010).
Man of the Match: Antoine Griezmann (France)
Assistant referees: Hernán Maidana (Argentina) Juan Pablo Belatti (Argentina) Fourth official: Alireza Faghani (Iran) Reserve assistant referee: Reza Sokhandan (Iran) Video assistant referee: Massimiliano Irrati (Italy) Assistant video assistant referees: Mauro Vigliano (Argentina) Carlos Astroza (Chile) Paolo Valeri (Italy)
The teams had met in four previous matches. Their most recent meeting came in a World Cup knockout stage match in 2002, Brazil winning 2 -- 0 to advance to the quarter - finals. That match was also the only time the two sides had previously met in a World Cup.
Belgium scored from their first corner of the game in the 13th minute, Vincent Kompany flicked on Eden Hazard 's left - wing delivery but the decisive touch came from Fernandinho, who turned the ball past Alisson via his arm. Belgium doubled their lead by breaking from a Brazil corner in the 31st minute, Kevin De Bruyne arrowed a right foot drive across Alisson and into the left corner of the net from the edge of the penalty area after Romelu Lukaku collected the ball, turned and embarked on a 40 - yard run with a pass at the end to free De Bruyne. Brazil 's third change yielded a goal three minutes and 14 seconds after his introduction, Renato Augusto gliding between two Belgium defenders to nod a flicked header past Thibaut Courtois from a Philippe Coutinho cross. Coutinho 's first - time shot flew wide and yet another Neymar penalty appeal was rejected, before he drew a fingertip save from Courtois in the 94th minute.
De Bruyne became the 100th player to score at Russia 2018 (excluding own goals). Belgium have reached the World Cup semi-finals for only the second time, losing out to eventual winners Argentina in 1986. Belgium 's victory was only their second ever against Brazil, and first since a 1963 friendly match in Brussels. This was the first time in 30 matches in all competitions that Brazil had conceded more than once in a game, since a 2 -- 2 draw with Paraguay in March 2016.
Man of the Match: Kevin De Bruyne (Belgium)
Assistant referees: Milovan Ristić (Serbia) Dalibor Đurđević (Serbia) Fourth official: Jair Marrufo (United States) Reserve assistant referee: Corey Rockwell (United States) Video assistant referee: Daniele Orsato (Italy) Assistant video assistant referees: Paweł Gil (Poland) Mark Borsch (Germany) Felix Zwayer (Germany)
The teams had faced each other in 23 previous matches, including two times in the group stage of the World Cup, both matches ending in a draw (1 -- 1 in 2002 and 2 -- 2 in 2006). Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2012, a 4 -- 2 Sweden win.
England took the lead in the 30th minute, Ashley Young 's outswinging corner from the left found Harry Maguire, goalkeeper Robin Olsen and Ola Toivonen on the line were unable to stop the defender 's downward header. Olsen did well with a strong hand to deny Raheem Sterling, who dallied with the rebound and allowed Andreas Granqvist to make a vital block. Shortly after the restart, Jordan Pickford dived to his left to palm away a header from Marcus Berg, who climbed above Young at the back post. In the 58th minute, another England set - piece caused chaos and, although Sweden initially cleared their lines when Jesse Lingard delivered a cross from the right to the back post, Dele Alli was there to double his side 's advantage with a header. John Guidetti teed up strike partner Berg in the 71st minute but Pickford, tipped the effort over the crossbar.
Alli 's goal was England 's 11th at Russia 2018, equalling the country 's record of most goals at a single World Cup set in 1966. Alli is the second youngest player to score for England at the World Cup (22 years and 87 days), behind only Michael Owen (18 years and 190 days against Romania in 1998). Maguire became the first player to score their first England goal in a World Cup knockout match since Rio Ferdinand in 2002 against Denmark. Pickford made three saves in this match and became the youngest England goalkeeper to keep a clean sheet in a World Cup match (24 years and 122 days). England qualified for their first World Cup semi-final since 1990.
Man of the Match: Jordan Pickford (England)
Assistant referees: Sander van Roekel (Netherlands) Erwin Zeinstra (Netherlands) Fourth official: Antonio Mateu Lahoz (Spain) Reserve assistant referee: Pau Cebrián Devís (Spain) Video assistant referee: Danny Makkelie (Netherlands) Assistant video assistant referees: Bastian Dankert (Germany) Carlos Astroza (Chile) Felix Zwayer (Germany)
The teams had faced each other in three previous matches. Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2015, a 3 -- 1 Croatia win.
In the 31st minute, Denis Cheryshev came in from the left and, after a one - two with Artem Dzyuba, skipped away from Luka Modrić to curl a left foot effort beyond Danijel Subašić and into the left of the net. Six minutes before half - time, Mario Mandžukić advanced down the left to set up the chance for Andrej Kramarić to head home the equaliser. In the first period of extra time, Croatia took the lead as Domagoj Vida nodded down past Igor Akinfeev and into the right corner of the net after a corner from the right. Mário Fernandes drew his team level, converting Alan Dzagoev 's free - kick with a glancing header to the left corner of the net after a free - kick from the right. Penalties were required and while Fyodor Smolov 's Panenka attempt with the first effort was foiled by Subašić, parity was restored when Akinfeev got down to his left to keep out Mateo Kovačić 's second kick for Croatia. After Fernandes ' failure, Modrić 's strike found the net, following touches off Akinfeev 's glove and the post. The decisive penalty fell to Ivan Rakitić, who rolled the ball into the bottom - left corner to give Croatia the win.
Russia became the first country in World Cup history to contest two shoot - outs while hosting the event. There were three headed goals in this match -- the most in a World Cup match since Germany 8 -- 0 Saudi Arabia in 2002 (5 headers). Croatia are the second team to win two penalty shootouts at a single World Cup tournament -- the other was Argentina in 1990 (against Yugoslavia and Italy). Croatia has qualified for the semifinal for the first time since 1998 (their first World Cup tournament).
Man of the Match: Luka Modrić (Croatia)
Assistant referees: Emerson de Carvalho (Brazil) Marcelo Van Gasse (Brazil) Fourth official: Janny Sikazwe (Zambia) Reserve assistant referee: Jerson Dos Santos (Angola) Video assistant referee: Massimiliano Irrati (Italy) Assistant video assistant referees: Wilton Sampaio (Brazil) Roberto Díaz Pérez (Spain) Paolo Valeri (Italy)
For the first time since 1966, all multiple World Cup winners were eliminated before the semi-final stage. This is only the second time that neither Brazil nor Germany were in the last four, the other being the inaugural 1930 tournament. With Uruguay and Brazil eliminated in the quarter - finals, an all - European semi-final line up was completed for the fifth time (after the 1934, 1966, 1982, and 2006 tournaments). This also ensured that a European side would win the World Cup for the fourth tournament in a row.
The teams had faced each other in 73 previous matches, including two times in the World Cup, France winning both matches (3 -- 1 in the round of 16 in 1938 and 4 -- 2 in the third place play - off in 1986). Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2015, a 4 -- 3 Belgium win.
Eden Hazard twice went close, narrowly missing the target with a low, left - footed drive before seeing a curler with his right deflected over the crossbar by the head of Raphaël Varane. Hugo Lloris ' full - length dive kept out a first - time strike on the turn from Toby Alderweireld, while Thibaut Courtois blocked Benjamin Pavard 's attempt from a tight angle on the right at the other end. Six minutes after the break, Vincent Kompany 's block turned away Olivier Giroud 's shot, and Antoine Griezmann 's inswinging delivery from the right to the front post was turned in by Samuel Umtiti, who outjumped his marker, Marouane Fellaini, to head beyond Courtois. Dries Mertens 's cross from the right flank saw Fellaini narrowly miss the target with a header. Axel Witsel 's long - range drive was pushed away by Lloris as France secured their place into the finals.
Didier Deschamps has now managed more games for France at the World Cup than any other previous France manager, overtaking Raymond Domenech and Michel Hidalgo after this match. This was Belgium 's first defeat of any kind since a friendly loss against Spain in September 2016. France have reached their third World Cup final, also doing so in 1998 and 2006. Only Germany (8) and Italy (6) have reached more among European nations.
Man of the Match: Samuel Umtiti (France)
Assistant referees: Nicolás Tarán (Uruguay) Mauricio Espinosa (Uruguay) Fourth official: César Arturo Ramos (Mexico) Reserve assistant referee: Marvin Torrentera (Mexico) Video assistant referee: Massimiliano Irrati (Italy) Assistant video assistant referees: Mauro Vigliano (Argentina) Roberto Díaz Pérez (Spain) Paolo Valeri (Italy)
The teams had faced each other in seven previous matches, which includes two matches played in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification, England winning on both occasions (4 -- 1 and 5 -- 1).
Luka Modrić stopped a Dele Alli run, by fouling him at the edge of the area. Kieran Trippier found the top right corner of the net from the resulting free kick with his right foot. After half - time, Ivan Perišić met Šime Vrsaljko 's deep cross from the right with a flying left - footed finish to the left of the net. Soon after, Perišić shot against the right - hand post from the left before Ante Rebić put the rebound into Jordan Pickford 's hands. In extra-time, John Stones had a header cleared off the line by Vrsaljko in the 98th minute. Pickford at the other end, denied Mario Mandžukić at point - blank range after the striker met Perišić 's cross from the left. But Mandžukić came out on top soon after the break, latching on to Perišić 's headed pass on the left and sending a left - footed effort across Pickford to find the bottom - right corner, securing Croatia 's entrance into their first ever World Cup final.
Croatia are the first team to avoid defeat after trailing in three knockout matches at a single World Cup. They become the 13th different nation to reach their first World Cup Final. Trippier became the first player to score a direct free - kick for England at the World Cup since David Beckham in 2006 against Ecuador. Trippier 's goal after four minutes and 44 seconds was the fastest goal scored in a World Cup semi-final since 1958 (Vavá after two minutes for Brazil v France). Croatia became the first team to play extra time in three consecutive World Cup matches since England in 1990. England scored nine goals from set - pieces at the 2018 World Cup -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966.
Man of the Match: Ivan Perišić (Croatia)
Assistant referees: Bahattin Duran (Turkey) Tarık Ongun (Turkey) Fourth official: Björn Kuipers (Netherlands) Reserve assistant referee: Sander van Roekel (Netherlands) Video assistant referee: Danny Makkelie (Netherlands) Assistant video assistant referees: Bastian Dankert (Germany) Carlos Astroza (Chile) Felix Zwayer (Germany)
The two teams had met in 22 matches, including three matches at the World Cup, one round of 16 game at the 1990 FIFA World Cup which ended in a 1 -- 0 victory for England, one group stage game at the 1954 FIFA World Cup which ended in a 4 -- 4 draw and their most recent encounter in Group G of this tournament which Belgium won 1 -- 0.
After four minutes, Thomas Meunier raced into the box to get across Danny Rose and tucked home Nacer Chadli 's low cross in from the left from six yards out. Harry Kane scuffed wide of the left post, from a Raheem Sterling lay - off. In the 70th minute, Eric Dier burst through for a one - on - one and dinked over Thibaut Courtois, only to see a retreating Toby Alderweireld hack the ball off the line. Jordan Pickford made a one - handed save to deny Meunier in the 80th minute. Eden Hazard scored the second with a near - post finish with his right foot, having been sent clean through by Kevin De Bruyne.
Meunier was the 10th player to score for Belgium at Russia 2018. No other team has had more, equalling France in 1982 and Italy in 2006. This is Belgium 's best finish at a World Cup, having previously finished fourth in 1986. This was England 's 100th match at a major tournament -- 69 at the World Cup, 31 at the European Championship. Since 1966, no player has been involved in more World Cup goals for Belgium than Hazard (seven -- three goals and four assists), level with Jan Ceulemans (also four goals and three assists).
Man of the Match: Eden Hazard (Belgium)
Assistant referees: Reza Sokhandan (Iran) Mohammadreza Mansouri (Iran) Fourth official: Malang Diedhiou (Senegal) Reserve assistant referee: Djibril Camara (Senegal) Video assistant referee: Mark Geiger (United States) Assistant video assistant referees: Bastian Dankert (Germany) Joe Fletcher (Canada) Paolo Valeri (Italy)
The match was the sixth meeting between France and Croatia, with France undefeated in the previous fixtures with three wins and two draws. The two sides first met in the 1998 World Cup semi-final, with hosts France winning 2 -- 1. Their only other competitive meeting was during the group stage of Euro 2004, which finished as a 2 -- 2 draw. Their next and most recent meeting was in a March 2011 friendly match, which finished as a 0 -- 0 draw.
Man of the Match: Antoine Griezmann (France)
Assistant referees: Hernán Maidana (Argentina) Juan Pablo Belatti (Argentina) Fourth official: Björn Kuipers (Netherlands) Reserve assistant referee: Erwin Zeinstra (Netherlands) Video assistant referee: Massimiliano Irrati (Italy) Assistant video assistant referees: Mauro Vigliano (Argentina) Carlos Astroza (Chile) Danny Makkelie (Netherlands)
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who does everyone end up with in community | List of Community characters - wikipedia
Community is an American television sitcom created by Dan Harmon. The show, set at the fictional Greendale Community College, depicts the on - campus exploits of students brought together when they form a study group. The show stars:
The series also features recurring characters, mainly fellow students or teachers at Greendale.
The show revolves around the on - and off - campus exploits of seven students who are connected through their study group at Greendale Community College.
Jeffrey Tobias "Jeff '' Winger (Joel McHale), is a sardonic, quick - witted ex-lawyer attending Greendale Community College. He was born in Denver, Colorado to his parents William Winger and Doreen Winger née Fitzgerald. His father divorced his mother when he was very young and later had another child named Willy Jr. who is Jeff 's half - brother.
Jeff was once a highly successful defense attorney with the law firm Hamish, Hamish, and Hamlin founded by Ted. At work, he was often partnered with another lawyer named Mark and the two were known as "Tango & Cash '' respectively. For over six years, he specialized in juvenile and traffic offenses, as well as DUI / DWA / DUID cases. During this period, in 2002 he successfully defended Ian Duncan from a DUI by comparing his accuser to 9 / 11, and they developed a friendship. After a successful case in which he defended a stripper named Mysti, the Colorado Bar Association began scrutinizing his background. His rival and friend Alan Connor then betrayed him by sending the CBA an incriminating email, revealing that Jeff did not receive a bachelor 's degree from Columbia University but, in fact, got one that was "less than legitimate '' and "better than real '' from the country of Colombia. He strikes a deal with the bar in order to prevent him from being disbarred, on the condition that he graduate from an existing college with an actual degree. While brainstorming the right college to attend, he ate at a frozen - yogurt restaurant and overheard a conversation elucidating the ease of graduation from Greendale Community College. Remembering that Ian Duncan was a professor there, Jeff decided to attend, hoping that Duncan would help him graduate as quickly as possible.
In the pilot, Jeff forms and joins the study group because he is attracted to his classmate Britta, whom he tries (and fails) to seduce. However, by the end of the pilot episode, he is kicked out of the group before being asked to join back in. After Britta definitively rejects his advances, Jeff begins flirting with his statistics professor, Michelle Slater, and they eventually begin dating. Before this, he shares a number of UST - y moments with another study group member, Annie, after she kisses him to win a championship debate. After Professor Slater breaks up with him, he sleeps with Britta in the study room after a paintball fight in "Modern Warfare. '' At the end of season one, Britta and a newly interested Professor Slater compete for his affections, culminating in Britta professing her love for him at the school 's "Transfer Dance '' in "Pascal 's Triangle Revisited. '' Soon after, he meets Annie outside and they kiss. At the beginning of season two, Britta recants her declaration of love for Jeff, saying she was caught up in the spirit of competition, and he comes to an uneasy understanding with both Britta and Annie. Later in the season, the study group finds out that Britta and Jeff had been hooking up in secret throughout the year, and both of them then realize they have no interest in continuing to hook up. Jeff and Annie both wrestle with their romantic impulses towards each other for much of Season 3.
Jeff is continually sarcastic, suffers occasional bouts of rational - actor sociopathy, and often displays much less enthusiasm for Greendale activities than other members in his Spanish study group. Initially, Jeff tends to be manipulative and dismissive towards his study group, but gradually shows an increasing respect and appreciation for the other group members, and treats them as friends. Jeff enjoys being in positions of authority and command and acts as the effective leader of the group. It becomes apparent that several members of the group rely on him playing this patriarchal role, though Pierce Hawthorne, as an elder male and the most sociopathic member of the group, naturally resists and tends to insult Jeff whenever he can, despite Pierce 's lack of wit. Yet in episode "Spanish 101, '' Jeff develops a detente with Pierce. The other members have also bristled at the way Jeff is the "obvious '' person to be their group leader but regularly mocks or disregards such responsibilities, leading to times when they have been receptive to leadership from other members (particularly Troy). By the end of Season 3, Jeff has reconciled his roles as suspended lawyer and head of the study group: he ignores his sleazy former law colleague 's promise / threat to either get Jeff back into the firm or ruin his career based on whether he throws Shirley 's sandwich - shop case, wins the proceeding for her, and accepts Shirley and Pierce 's joint offer to have him serve as managing counsel for their new joint shop venture.
Because of his background experience as a lawyer and his confidence, many people, including Dean Pelton and Señor Chang, seek help from Jeff. Jeff 's adventures include stints as a member of the debate team and substitute glee club, and editor of the school newspaper, as well as efforts to improve Chang 's professional and love lives. Due to his competitive nature and air of superiority, Jeff has a difficult relationship with his accounting, billiards, and pottery professors, and he ends up doing poorly in their classes. One of his remarkable traits is his perfectly unkempt hair, and the mystery of how he maintains its bed - headed perfection, which Dean Pelton describes as "crispy '' to the touch.
As the show progresses Jeff starts dealing with his anxious and hateful feelings towards his father, who abandoned him. "Intermediate Documentary Filmmaking '' presents his issues with the latter. By the end of the episode, Jeff has realized that he has many things to say to his father, many of which came out towards Pierce when Jeff attacked him in a fit of rage. In addition, in one of the timelines of "Remedial Chaos Theory, '' Pierce brings up the subject of Jeff 's father, which Jeff immediately evades. Also, while attempting to come up with a toast for Shirley 's wedding, Jeff drunkenly reveals that his jaded views on marriage are a result of the failure of his parents ' marriage and his father subsequently leaving them. The season 3 finale, "Introduction to Finality, '' shows Jeff finally making an attempt to contact his father. He also admits that he thinks of himself as "broken ''.
In the Season 4 episode "Cooperative Escapism in Familial Relations, '' Jeff finally meets his father, William Winger Sr., as well as a half - brother, William Jr. Jeff eventually reveals that after his father left, he told his classmates in seventh grade that he had to get an appendectomy, in order to have someone "worry about (him). '' When one of them asked to see the scar, Jeff intentionally gave himself a scar with his mother 's scissors on his abdomen in order to keep up the charade. He still possesses all of the get - well cards he received from his classmates in a box under his bed, because "it proves that someone, at some point, cared about me. '' It is implied that by meeting his father in person, and telling him how much he was hurt, that Jeff has faced and began to deal with many of his insecurities stemming from the abandonment. It is also shown at the end of the episode that he and his half - brother are on good terms.
In the season four finale, "Advanced Introduction to Finality, '' Jeff receives a Bachelor of Education degree and finally graduates from Greendale.
In the fifth season, after Jeff graduates, his law firm has failed. He is approached by Alan, who convinces him to sue Greendale. He returns and eventually turns back on the lawsuit when he finds out how much the school means to people. He becomes a law teacher at the school and forms the Save Greendale Committee. He has trouble getting used to being a teacher at the school and even has a mental breakdown on his fortieth birthday ("G.I. Jeff ''). When the school is sold to Subway, Jeff and Britta get engaged, but once they save Greendale, the engagement is broken.
In season six, Jeff continues to be a subpar teacher with alcohol problems (including drinking in the classroom) and has an existential crisis when he realizes that he is the member of the group with the least direction in life, and will likely be the last of them to ever leave Greendale.
Britta Perry (Gillian Jacobs) is a politically interested and socially empathetic student at Greendale, who in many cases serves as the study group 's scapegoat. She was conceived in Riverside, Colorado to George and Deb Perry. Britta has two more seasoned siblings, one of whom works with children with some type of special disorder in a hospital.
She is prone to be vain and hypocritical in her actions. She attempts to appear progressive and cool but often comes off as misinformed and pretentious. Britta adores cats and has had a few including Suzie B who turned out to be sick and passed on whom she later supplanted with Daniel who has just a single eye.
Britta experienced an unexplained trauma in her childhood during a birthday party, involving a man in a dinosaur costume. She decided to drop out of high school because she thought it would impress Radiohead. After dropping out of school, she started vandalizing billboards around the area where she grew up. During the vandalizing, she became friends with other people who liked to vandalize. The friends created a small group of "anarchist billboard vandals ''. When the group grew larger she was kicked out, via a democratic voting system. Soon after her departure, the group developed into a high - end advertising firm. After her fallout, Britta joined the Peace Corps, did some foot modeling, was tear - gassed at a World Trade rally, and took an extended vacation in Africa. She at one point formed an activist group, "The An - HER - Chists, '' but it disbanded when the other members grew tired of activism. This led Britta to realize that she needed to do something with her life. While applying for a job at a frozen yogurt restaurant, Britta began a conversation with an irritable man handing out flyers for Greendale Community College. Upon learning how easy gaining a degree from the school was, Britta resolved to get her G.E.D., and after she did so, enrolled at Greendale. In the Season 3 premiere, "Biology 101, '' Britta tells the study group that she 's decided to major in Psychology and work towards becoming a therapist, a career goal her friends in the study group regard with extreme skepticism.
Britta is a college - girl bête noire on Community, and like all the older - student characters, she is reliably portrayed by the show as essentially flawed (due to excessive history), for which she is reliably lampooned. Britta is often the voice of reason within the group, but is mocked by fellow members for her sensibilities and moral code, as well as her inadequate "triple - threat '' performance skills. In Season 1, Britta 's unconventional culture prevents her from being a typical female lead. She is not always adept with everyday female bonding, and this creates a bit of distance between her and the other females in the group, though they generally bond. In "Aerodynamics of Gender '' Britta, Shirley, Annie, and Abed cohere in collective mean - girl catty behavior, until Abed teaches them a lesson in civilized comportment. While her friends do not question her place within the group, they often denigrate Britta as a "buzzkill '' and the group 's least "fun '' member, something Britta generally takes in stride, though she occasionally reacts in exasperation. The group even mocks Britta for pronouncing the word "bagel '' with a Minnesota accent and for being a vegetarian.
The Community study group continues to insist that "Britta '' is a verb for failure and her character often performs poorly, such as in glee club, in class and in her haplessly lone expressions of politics. In Season 2, it is revealed that Britta 's adult - student poverty is severe, and that she has begun working as a waitress at a diner, where the manager hates her, she earns no tips, and she eventually gets fired. There have been indications that Britta actually has marketable talents. To Shirley 's surprise, Britta 's wedding planning for her and Andre 's ceremony was outstanding, but Britta 's faults stem from behavior that the show posits as unnaturally political and that prevent Britta from following a path, such as wedding planning, that would be more female - normative. The show 's meta, young - male voice and conscience, television - aficionado Abed Nadir, sums up the impatient, disapproving narrative perspective on Britta 's character, portraying her as a robot and observing that people "can be put off by her vacuous, mannequin face and her Jodie Foster severity ''. The character Britta tends less toward severity, however, and more toward court fool, frequently engaging in slapstick physical comedy.
Although she has unceasingly exhibited a lack of romantic interest in Jeff, Britta has acted on sexual feelings for him. She eventually sleeps with Jeff during a prolonged paintball match, and later embarrasses herself by publicly professing her "love '' for him, which she claims, in the end, was merely the result of her compulsive competition with alpha - female rival Professor Slater. Surprisingly, Britta 's embarrassing profession of love makes her popular with campus women at the beginning of her second year by giving her a reputation for fearlessness.
Britta and Jeff like to think of themselves, and in fact tend to serve as, the group 's dystopic mother and father figures respectively, and they often assume they know what is best for their friends; this dynamic of their relationship is explored in several episodes, culminating in Troy 's realization on his 21st birthday that they are just as dumb as he. It is later revealed by Abed (in "Paradigms of Human Memory '') that Britta and Jeff had a secret affair throughout Season 2 that began in Season 1 ("Modern Warfare ''), and the fact that their fling is no longer secret ruins any subversive interest they had in continuing it. Britta and Jeff get engaged in "Basic Story '' once Greendale is sold to Subway, but once they save Greendale they break the engagement off.
In Season 3, an attraction begins to emerge between Britta and Troy. In "Origins of Vampire Mythology '', it is a disguised Troy who texts "something nice '' to Britta in an attempt to end her interest in an old flame of hers. She is shown smiling when she discovers that it was Troy who sent the text. In the following episode, "Virtual Systems Analysis, '' Annie plays matchmaker with them, and the two go on what appears to be an unofficial date. In the Season 4 premiere, "History 101, '' it is revealed that Britta and Troy have begun dating, but they break up in "Basic Human Anatomy ''.
In the fifth season, Britta has left Greendale and has become a bartender, but later re-enrolls in another attempt to become a psychologist. However, she admits in "Basic Story '' that she knows she has very little chance of achieving this latter goal.
Abed Gubi Nadir (Arabic: عابد القوبي نادر ' Ābid al - Qūbī Nādir; Danny Pudi) is a young, emotionally reserved, Palestinian - American pop - culture enthusiast who aspires to become a director and is currently taking film directing classes at Greendale. Paste ranked him first in their list of the 20 Best Characters of 2011, describing him as "the show 's emotional center '' and saying "his pop - culture obsessions and antics with his buddy Troy have made for some of the show 's finest moments. ''
Abed Nadir is an alumnus of Greendale Community College. Abed had a troublesome life growing up due to a limited extent to his parents. There was social disunity between them as Abed 's dad is a Palestinian from Gaza and his mom is Polish American. Abed likewise has an undiscovered mental condition which makes it hard for him to comprehend individuals. His mom left his family when he was 6 years of age and Abed accepted his dad reprimanded him for it. This made separation amongst them and brought about Abed estranging himself facilitate by submerging himself in American popular culture. His dad enabled him to enlist at Greendale Community College just so he could take classes which would enable Abed one day to assume control over his father 's falafel eatery. Abed 's original plan at Greendale was to take business classes to eventually help run his father 's falafel stand, but this became his backup plan when Britta inspired him to pursue his true passion. Though Abed has emotion and sympathy for his friends, he is very analytical and speaks with a rather detached and emotionless tone. He also has a distinct straightforwardness and often contextualizes situations via pop - cultural tropes and references, which leads many people to suspect he has Asperger syndrome. Jeff openly tells him "you have Asperger 's '' during the first study group meeting, which the others find offensive, but Abed responds "What 's that? '' with confusion, apparently having never heard of the term. Mentions of autism around Abed are considered taboo within the study group. While Abed exhibits many of the classic signs of Asperger 's throughout the show, he apparently never submits himself for a formal diagnosis. Abed even comments on this possibility in the episode "Regional Holiday Music, '' during his rap with Troy, as he raps "On the spectrum? None of your business... '' Inwardly, however, Abed might not be as pervasively content as his nonchalant exterior presents. His mother eventually became so fed up with his atypical behavior (due to his undiagnosed neurological condition) that she left the family when he was only six years old. Abed does n't talk about it much, but his film project in the first season revealed that it deeply affected him. Abed truly cares for his father but frequently clashes with him, though privately Abed blamed himself for his mother leaving, and felt deeply guilty about the pain that her departure caused his father.
Abed usually serves as a self - aware bridge between the world of Community and the world of the viewer, and this frequently permits Community to play with television motifs and conventions. However, although this is a defining character trait it is not his only one. Despite his straightforwardness and self - awareness he also has an underlying happy, innocent, and sweet nature. Because of this, Abed is generally loved by all, and especially so by his best friend Troy. Abed also possesses many stealth talents, such as being surprisingly athletic and coordinated. He also is competent at attracting both women and men. At the end of the episode "Horror Fiction in Seven Spooky Steps, '' it is revealed that Abed is the only sane member of the study group, according to a set of psychological tests they all took.
Abed gleans insights on characters and story lines using comparisons to various television shows and films. This talent translates into him usually meta referencing their lives in relation to the show, by commenting on the dynamic of the characters together, and their story lines. He can sometimes predict exactly what they will do at a given time. This meta gift, occasionally combined with his ability to personify other characters, allows him to induce his friends to play out their mental baggage. While it is left ambiguous, some of Abed 's comments imply he might be aware that he is a character in a television show, most notably in "Cooperative Calligraphy '' when he describes the event that unfolds in the study hall as a bottle episode; the episode itself is a bottle episode. However, he has also described his love of television shows as stemming from their predictable nature -- they have rules that govern what can and can not happen and when, and so uses television as a guide to understanding how he should behave in a given situation. By pointing out the similarities to a bottle episode, he may simply be looking for a reference point to understand how his friends are behaving and why.
Abed and Troy share a uniquely close friendship. The closing credit sequence is usually the pair in a charming short skit or pulling a prank together. Abed initially hurt Troy 's feelings at the end of Season One by making it clear he did not want them to become dormitory roommates, but he later explained that he did not want to ruin their close friendship through the extreme and constant proximity of them living together. During "Epidemiology '' when the college is overrun by zombies, Abed sacrifices himself to save Troy, prompting Troy to proclaim his love to his best friend before Abed succumbs to the zombies. By Season Three, Abed and Troy have become roommates with Annie in Apartment 303.
Abed 's family situation over the years has been quite complicated. His parents divorced when he was very young, and for a long time Abed blamed this on himself and his neuro divergence. His mother is remarried and has her own family. Abed 's father, Gubi Nadir (played by Iqbal Theba), lives in close proximity to Greendale, and until Abed moved into Apartment 303 during his junior year at Greendale, Abed lived with his dad during the summer. According to Abed and his dad 's accounts, most of his extended family either lives in the Middle East or in Poland.
In the fifth season, Abed has left Greendale and attempts to become a filmmaker. He returns so he could learn how to work with real people. When his best friend Troy leaves in "Geothermal Escapism '', Abed deals with isolation issues and has troubles with people understanding him throughout the rest of the season. He becomes a film partner with Professor Buzz Hickey, and slowly learns how to work with other people, even though he has a minor breakdown in "Basic Story '' when Greendale is normal. He has become a much more humanized character over the course of the season.
In season six, Abed becomes closer with Annie and Britta (the latter of whom moves into the apartment) and works on several film projects, including a documentary of Garrett 's wedding, which he claims to do because it "relaxes (him). '' At the end of the season he moves to Los Angeles to be a production assistant.
Shirley Bennett, née Edwards (Yvette Nicole Brown), (main cast seasons 1 - 5, guest season 6) is a mother of three who attends Greendale Community College. At Greendale, Shirley is taking classes which will allow her to market her baked goods, specifically her famous brownies. She is proud to be an African American and a woman but appreciates not being defined by those characteristics. Shirley is a devout Christian and has very sweet, feminine and motherly mannerisms, but also suffers from thinly veiled rage issues -- her husband cheated on her and she has an alcoholic past -- as well as religious - tolerance issues. She is very friendly to everyone, but sometimes has problems minding her own business or keeping secrets, and she gossips compulsively.
Shirley 's life took a turn when she took her family to the mall. While eating with her husband, Andre, at a restaurant, she was distracted by her children being accosted by an angered moviegoer telling them not to see Star Wars: Episode I -- The Phantom Menace. While she was gone, Andre met a stripper named Mysti, with whom he eventually had an affair. When she discovered this, her marriage ended in divorce, she fell into a deep depression, and began abusing alcohol. During an outing to a frozen yogurt restaurant, she read an advertisement for Greendale Community College, and decided to turn her life around. She then set out to earn an Associate 's Degree in Business, so that she could start her own company.
Shirley feels uncomfortable about being a much more devout Christian than anyone at Greendale. An ongoing plot device is Shirley 's difficulty tolerating the faiths of the multiple non-Christian members of the study group. For example, Shirley covertly tried to baptize Annie, who is Jewish and did not appreciate the attempt. While the religious divide between Shirley and everyone else in the group remains, she has come to usually set aside that difference and relate to the other members as people she simply likes being friends with.
Shirley bonds principally with the women in the study group. Shirley just barely tolerates Pierce, given his racist statements. It was revealed in "Foosball and Nocturnal Vigilantism '' that Shirley and Jeff met when they were 12 and 10, respectively. Shirley humiliated Jeff by beating him so badly in a foosball game that he urinated all over his pants; they did not realize this for years because they 'd never said what their nicknames were.
In "Epidemiology, '' Shirley and Chang have sex after bonding over how their costumes are misunderstood (she being Glinda the Good Witch and not Miss Piggy and he being Peggy Fleming and not Kristi Yamaguchi or Michelle Kwan). Shirley was divorced at that time, and she reconnects with her ex-husband before learning that she is pregnant. During the episode "Cooperative Calligraphy '' it is revealed Shirley has a home pregnancy test in her bag. In "Asian Population Studies, '' Shirley 's pregnancy is confirmed, and thanks to a message left on Troy 's voicemail, it is speculated that Chang is the biological father. Shirley finds the very possibility repellent, due to Chang 's deviance and slightly malevolent insanity. Beyond the evidence of the voice mail that Chang sent to Troy during the Halloween episode, however, no one remembers this incident due to the Army wiping their memory and blaming it on roofies after a zombie incident. The baby is born in "Applied Anthropology and Culinary Arts '' in an anthropology classroom, and Shirley is relieved to find that it is her husband 's baby. Graciously, she decides to name the baby Ben after Chang, as he helped her during the delivery.
During Season 3 in "Urban Matrimony and the Sandwich Arts '', Andre asks Shirley to remarry him, and bring their family back together. During their wedding rehearsal, they have a small argument over whether Shirley would stay at home so Andre could work on his stereo business or continue pursuing her dream of being an entrepreneur. Andre accepts her change in lifestyle and promises to be by her side during her struggles with school. After they "unofficially '' exchange vows during their apology to each other, the preacher simply announces them married. Shirley 's "Miss Piggy '' voice is actually used when she is attempting to be sexy. Andre finds it a turn - on.
After the board of Hawthorne Wipes fires Pierce, he tries to open up a sandwich shop on campus with Shirley. Instead, the space for the sandwich shop is rented out to Subway, so Pierce and Shirley work together to sabotage the Subway restaurant. In "Curriculum Unavailable, '' Shirley delivers a speech denouncing the Subway restaurant, and it is destroyed in the ensuing riot. In "Introduction to Finality, '' Dean Pelton then offers the space to Shirley and Pierce, but because there are only one signature space, Pierce and Shirley file suit for the rights to the sandwich shop. After an inspirational Winger speech, Pierce and Shirley agree to own Shirley 's Sandwich Shop jointly by having Jeff sign the papers, and she achieves her dream of opening her own business.
In the fifth season, it is revealed that Andre has left Shirley again, taking the kids with him, because she has devoted too much time and money into Shirley 's Sandwiches. She returns to Greendale to become a true entrepreneur, but leaves in the season six premiere, "Ladders '', in order to care for her ailing father.
Annie Edison (Alison Brie), born in December 1990, is a diligent, strait - laced, Type - A, Jewish student who is in her fifth year at Greendale Community College after graduating and then reapplying to major in her dream, forensic science. During high school, Annie was a timid, nerdy student who desperately wanted to succeed, subsequently developed an addiction to Adderall. She was acquaintance of Troy Barnes, who was a popular athlete at the time, and harbored a crush on him. They both attended a party where high school honors were being awarded. When Troy instead of Annie received the award for "Most Likely to Succeed '', and when he failed to recognize Annie when she berated him, she suffered a breakdown and ran through a (closed) sliding glass door. Her stress finally induced a full nervous breakdown that culminated in her jumping through a plate - glass window yelling "Everyone 's a robot! '' Her injuries necessitated six separate reconstructive surgeries. Against the wishes of her mother, she chose to confront the addiction and go to rehab. This led to an estrangement from her family, including any financial support, and she currently survives on her savings from her childhood. In Season 2, the group learns she is living in a horrible neighborhood (in an apartment situated over Dildopolis, an all - night sex shop), and Troy and Abed invite her to move into their new place in Season 3.
While attending rehab, she had an outing to a frozen yogurt restaurant, during which she saw an advertisement for Greendale, and decided to attend the community college. Between her graduation of rehab, and her enrollment in Greendale, she shed her geek appearance, and began to straighten her hair and dress more fashionably.
Though the youngest of the group, Annie is also by far the most studious and serious. She is, for example, the only student of Greendale to have ever made use of the extra credit program that the college offers by hosting a Dia de los Muertos (English: Day of the Dead) party. During an episode where she is forced to leave the group due to her sabotaging their Spanish finals, the group learns that she is the only person who actually knows how to study. She also takes audio notes of every class and transcribes them, prompting Pierce to exclaim and misuse the term "spoiler alert ''. She is a keener, and is very intensely focused on grades, school activities, and group cohesion. A noticeably cheerful girl, she is enthusiastic when it comes to helping out the school, both writing for the school paper and participating on the debate team, along with organizing school events. Annie 's youthful innocence often, but not always, means that she is less involved with the group 's less morally upright practices, though she genuinely enjoys spending time with them. She attempts to motivate and manipulate the other study group members with guilt, using her "Disney face ''. She takes the cohesion of the study group more seriously than the other members and, in trying to get the group to retake Spanish 102 together, gets Señor Chang fired for his fake degree in "English as a Second Language. ''
Annie has been shown to occasionally choose her own interests over keeping the group intact, first by dating Britta 's estranged ex-boyfriend Vaughn and (temporarily) choosing to leave Greendale and the group to follow Vaughn to another college, and later by deciding to exclude Jeff from the group and her friendship during his third - season - premiere nervous breakdown when he attacked the table with an axe after accidentally inhaling monkey - gas. Her somewhat - illicit cradle sexuality is used to lure Jeff into Glee Club. Nonetheless, the self - interest cases serve only for within - episode plot tension, and the study group remains intact. Annie used to pine after Troy, on whom she had a crush since his high school football quarterback days, but that stops when she begins dating Vaughn. At the end of the first season, it appears as if Annie has developed a romantic dynamic with Jeff, whom she kissed both to win a debate competition and at the end of the season. While she is still interested in Jeff at the beginning of the second season, he is more standoffish, and after the study group learns he 'd had sex with Britta during the paintball episode, Annie says she thinks of Jeff as "gross ''. Later in the episode "Asian Population Studies '' Annie develops a crush on Dr. Rich Stephenson, a fellow Greendale student that Jeff had clashed with. Jeff seems jealous but refuses to admit it, however, Rich declines Annie 's advances due to their age difference. There have been indications that Annie may still harbor feelings for Jeff, and it has been suggested that he may feel similarly. However, it is revealed in "Virtual Systems Analysis '' that Annie is coming to terms with just how exactly she feels about Jeff when Abed manipulates her because of her obvious feelings for him. Annie learns from the experience that the way she 's responding to her feelings for Jeff is shallow and immaterial and that any kind of love or feel like this is n't fair to herself or the other person. She also gains a better understanding of Abed as well.
In the fifth season, Annie has become a salesperson for a pharmaceutical company, and returns to Greendale to accomplish better things with her life. She becomes the leader of the Save Greendale Committee. At the end of the sixth season she gets an internship at the FBI.
Troy Barnes (Donald Glover), (seasons 1 - 5) born December 4, 1989, is a former high school football star and Greendale Community College student. Born and raised in Greendale, Colorado, and raised a Jehovah 's Witness, Troy spent two years in fifth grade, but believed it was normal after his mother told him that everyone is "ten for two years ''. He later made a name for himself as the varsity quarterback of his high school football team, and was also prom king. His numerous admirers at school included future Greendale peer Annie Edison. Troy 's status at Riverside High prompted him to wear his Letterman jacket for days after his initial enrollment at Greendale. Jeff quickly inferred that this was a sign of Troy 's insecurity. He is also afraid of tarantulas, rats, centipedes, lakes ("Environmental Science '') and automatic toilets ("Critical Film Studies ''). He injured himself during a "keg flip '' (much harder to pull off than a keg stand) in high school that cost him a football scholarship, an injury he later revealed to be intentional because he could not take the pressure of a talent scout at a big game. He now plays quarterback for the nonathletic Greendale Human Beings, saying he would rather play football for fun.
While he starts off hanging out with Pierce at Greendale and rooms with Pierce in Season Two, Troy immediately becomes best friends with Abed, who feeds and shares Troy 's quirky and infectious sense of humor. The two spend most of their time at Greendale together, and many episodes are capped with one of their comedic antics. As the two hang out over the course of the first two seasons, Troy increasingly abandons his identity as a jock and embraces the notion of being a nerd. In doing this, he saves the whole school in season two 's Halloween episode. Troy 's fondness for Abed is so strong that he dumps an attractive librarian immediately after she calls Abed weird; and he lurks and fidgets jealously, fearing Jeff and Abed will become best friends when Jeff throws Abed a Pulp Fiction - themed birthday party and buys him a replica briefcase from the actual film. While their bond was nearly destroyed during the pillow - blanket fort campus "war '' of 2012 in "Pillows and Blankets '', quick thinking from Jeff Winger and imaginary "friendship hats '' ultimately saved the day, though it also became plain that there are serious and deep differences between Troy and his best friend.
Instead of being Abed 's roommate for their sophomore year, Troy decides to live in Pierce 's mansion ("Pascal 's Triangle Revisited ''). While living with him over the summer, Troy starts up a Twitter account documenting unintentionally funny / horrible things Pierce says at "old - whitemansays, '' which Pierce was originally angry about, but embraced after learning the account had 600,000 followers. Because Pierce has old - school, homogenizing racism issues, Troy initially needs to assert that Shirley is not his mother, but later asserts that Shirley is n't his cousin.
Long oblivious to Annie 's romantic interest in him, Troy makes a few broad attempts at wooing her but fails ("Romantic Expressionism ''). In the second season, it is hinted that Troy has feelings for Britta, and Troy lies about having his uncle molest him to take advantage of Britta 's attraction to men with pain ("Competitive Wine Tasting ''). Troy kisses Britta, but comes clean about his lie, and is disappointed when she claims kissing him was a mistake.
Though he repeatedly tries to deny it, Troy is skilled at plumbing and air - conditioner repair, expertise recognized by the Greendale plumbing underground as well as Greendale 's air - conditioning technical school powerhouse cabal ("Advanced Gay ''), who have launched a serious campaign to convince him to leave the regular school and join their ranks. Troy also plays down the serious interest he shares with Britta in interpretive dance, which conflicts with his fading image as a football player. His lifetime idol is actor LeVar Burton, but he is so terrified to meet Burton in person, that when he does so, he goes catatonic. A reliable source of boyish faux - dumb wit, Troy has a number of unique opinions and beliefs, such as that all dogs are male and all cats female; he is also distracted by shiny objects and tends to cry over minor emotional setbacks. Troy has evolved from the start of the series as a cocky, selfish, image - obsessed boy to a goofy and emotional yet goodhearted and responsible young man.
In "History 101, '' it is revealed that Britta and Troy have begun dating. They break up in "Basic Human Anatomy ''.
In season five, after Pierce 's funeral, Troy was given his remaining shares of Hawthorne Wipes weighing at about $14.3 million, on the condition that he sails around the world. Pierce had the chance to do so but failed and called it his biggest regret; he wants Troy to do it and Troy accepts. Troy then leaves in "Geothermal Escapism ''. A one - off joke in "Analysis of Cork - Based Networking '', claims that LeVar Burton, the person he was traveling with and a "non-celebrity '' have been abducted by pirates. In "Basic Email Security '', Frankie mentions that Troy mysteriously vanished after Pierce Hawthorne masturbated himself to death.
Piercinald Anastasia "Pierce '' Hawthorne (Chevy Chase) (Seasons 1 - 4 main cast, Season 5 guest) is a moist towelette tycoon attending Greendale Community College. His father founded Hawthorne Wipes, the award - winning moist towelette company. He claims to be a world traveller, a toastmaster, magician, keyboardist and self - styled hypnotherapist, and considers himself a "quality - of - life person ''.
He enrolled in Greendale in 1999 looking for friendship and popularity, but is held back by his clumsiness and his lack of tolerance. Much older than most Greendale students, he is often confused by youth culture while still trying to embrace it. ("Introduction to Statistics "). He also unknowingly buys into many sexist and racist stereotypes which often lead him to make offensive statements, the nature of which he 's completely unaware. Much of this is directed at Shirley, whom he sometimes mistakes for other black women ('' The Art of Discourse "); Abed, whom he suspects being a terrorist because he is Muslim; and Jeff, whom he actively tries to roast in an attempt to be cool, despite his inability to do so with wit. This leads Troy to start up a Twitter account with 600,000 followers called "oldwhitemansays '' ("Anthropology 101 ''), documenting anything controversial said by Pierce. When he finds out, he is furious at Troy until Troy reveals the number of followers, prompting Pierce to encourage Troy to keep the account going. After his behavior became merciless in Season 2, the study group put Pierce on a "diet '' with a strict limit on when and how often he can say offensive things. ("Custody Law and Eastern European Diplomacy '') Although he has occasionally made negative comments about Jews, he has also said that Annie Edison (the only Jewish member of the group) is his favorite person in it ("Intermediate Documentary Filmmaking ''). It is also suspected that he has subdued feelings for the second youngest female in the group, Britta Perry. Given his age and his eccentricity, Pierce occasionally surprises his friends with wise insight and advice when they truly need it.
Though he considers himself to be a "Reformed Neo-Buddhist, '' he is actually a member of an obscure religious cult. In Season 1 's "The Science of Illusion, '' the group tricks him into dressing as the Cookie Crisp Wizard in order to achieve a level of ascension in his cult. His religion also plays an important role when his mother dies in the Season 2 episode "The Psychology of Letting Go '' and Pierce believes his "Buddhist '' teachings that she will be reborn, carrying a canister of what he thinks is his mother 's soul around. When, along with Jeff and Troy, he listens to a CD made by his mother telling him she 's gone and encouraging him to let her go and live his life, Pierce simply shrugs it off as her losing her mind. At the same time, Jeff decides he 's better off with that rationale and lets him continue with his belief.
Pierce has been married seven times and has thirty - two "ex-stepchildren '' he tries to be close with, though most of them either avoid him or take advantage of him for his wealth. He is the author of Greendale 's unusual school song and was for a brief time a member of Vaughn 's band. He is also severely claustrophobic. Because of his moist towelette business, Pierce is very wealthy and owns a mansion, where Troy also lives over the summer and during the second year. It has been shown that Pierce may often act out due to the lack of attention and love his father, also a business tycoon, showed him as a child. His father even went to the extent of hiring another boy to play Pierce in a commercial while scorning and putting down the real Pierce ("Celebrity Pharmacology '').
In Season 2, Pierce becomes more agitated at the study group for leaving him out of their activities. He temporarily joins an elderly group of students who act like teenagers called the Hipsters, to feel accepted ("Messianic Myths and Ancient Peoples ''). He breaks both of his legs in a trampoline accident after revealing a secret trampoline Jeff and Troy were hiding ("Aerodynamics of Gender ''). To move around, he buys himself an ineffective wheelchair powered by his breath, for which he claims to have outbid three hospitals. After this, he grows dependent on his painkillers and also becomes increasingly at odds with the study group because of the combination of his heartless behavior and their tendency to exclude him from their activities. He begins to play the role of the study group 's villain but both trends seem to subside when he comes to terms with the group after overdosing on his painkillers. These underlying tensions come to a head in "A Fistful of Paintballs, '' when it 's revealed that the other members of the group secretly took a vote about whether they 'd include him in the group next year, with only Annie voting to keep him in; by the end of "For a Few Paintballs More, '' while the other group members have reconsidered and are willing to let him back in the group, Pierce says he 's not interested in staying with "whatever this is ''. He also tells the group that he assumes all of his relationships will end, which is why he constantly tests and provokes people, and why all seven of his marriages failed and he had never kept a group of friends at Greendale for longer than a semester (until he joined the study group).
However, at the start of Season 3, he promptly returns and rejoins the study group, having regained an overall center of relaxation. Having always sought the approval of his even more bigoted father, Cornelius Hawthorne (Larry Cedar), he becomes more uncooperative after his death ("Advanced Gay ''). After the board of Hawthorne Wipes subsequently fires him, he tries to open up a sandwich shop on campus with Shirley. The space for the sandwich shop is rented out instead to Subway and together, Pierce and Shirley work together to sabotage the Subway restaurant. In "Curriculum Unavailable '' Shirley delivers a speech against the Subway restaurant and it is destroyed in the ensuing riot. In "Introduction to Finality, '' Dean Pelton then offers the space to Shirley and Pierce, but because there is only one signature space, Pierce and Shirley file suit for the rights to the sandwich shop. After an inspirational Winger speech, Pierce fires his lawyer, Alan Connor (Rob Corddry), and he and Shirley agree to have joint ownership of Shirley 's Sandwich Shop by having Jeff sign the papers.
In the Season 4 finale, "Advanced Introduction to Finality, '' Pierce finally graduates from Greendale. He later appears in a cameo during the Season 5 premiere, "Repilot, '' as a pre-recorded holographic projection in a courtyard at Greendale. It is revealed that the hologram was donated in compliance with a court order he was "not allowed to discuss '' and that he has "no legal right '' to be on the Greendale campus as a result of the lawsuit. The recording also reveals that the Greendale College Quad is home to the "Pierce Hawthorne Museum of Gender Sensitivity and Sexual Potency ''. In the Season 5 episode "Basic Intergluteal Numismatics '', Shirley reveals that Pierce has died; in the following episode, "Cooperative Polygraphy, '' the group is forced to take a lie detector test in compliance with Pierce 's will to prove that none of them murdered him. He leaves the group bittersweet parting words and generous gifts. He leaves Troy his remaining shares in his moist towelette company, worth over $14 million. He leaves Shirley his timeshare in Florida. He also leaves each member of the study group a cylinder of his frozen sperm should they like to continue his legacy, the filling of which is revealed to have caused his death.
Dean Craig Isadore Pelton (Jim Rash) (recurring seasons 1 -- 2, starring season 3 -- 6) was an educator at Greendale for ten years, after or during which he earned a Bachelor of Education degree at the fictional Appomattox University, and has been Dean for five years. He wants his school to be more like a "real '' university, and is often asking favors of the students. He is described as politically correct, made evident when he changed the college mascot from the Greendale Grizzlies to the Greendale Human Beings in "Football, Feminism and You ''; Pelton 's politically - incorrect explanation for the change was that "most of these people have been called animals their entire lives ''.
Pelton has displayed a number of quirks and eccentricities regarding his sexual orientation. He is described by Vice Dean Laybourne as a "pansexual imp '' ("Biology 101 ''), and when once called a "fruit '' by student Leonard ("Messianic Myths and Ancient Peoples ''), Pelton mentioned offhandedly that the term was "barely the whole truth. '' Pelton has also clearly displayed an obsessive crush on Jeff Winger, treating Jeff with favoritism and often inappropriately touching him (particularly on the chest) when he is nearby, even though Jeff does not reciprocate the sentiment. It is implied that Pelton has also used Greendale 's fountain (where students throw coins and make wishes) to make wishes regarding Jeff, and he is shown to have adopted a litter of kittens in one episode, two of which he named "Jeffrey ''.
Pelton has also displayed various fetishes, the most prominent being his increasing fascination with men dressed in Dalmatian costumes during the first season, after he sees an internet video - clip featuring a man dressed in such a costume.
He has also taken a habit of dressing in elaborate costume, often when going to visit the study - group. These costumes have included Tina Turner, Julius Caesar and other famous figures, in addition to more abstract costumes, such as one that was half - male and half - female.
Despite his ongoing over-the - top behavior, Pelton has on occasion shown some traces of self - doubt and confusion, once even questioning his life choices after realizing that he had gone "too far '' with one of his costumes after realizing he was going to have to wear it during a trip to the bank that day, commenting to himself that he needs to "get (his) life together ''.
In the season six episode "Queer Studies and Advanced Waxing, '' Dean Pelton is recruited to the schoolboard as a token homosexual, but reveals himself as being "two - sevenths gay '' and resumes his job as dean after the charade becomes too much to handle. Thereafter, he is seen more often with the group on their non-Greendale adventures, and in "Basic RV Repair and Palmistry, '' his friendship with the group is solidified.
Benjamin Franklin "Ben '' Chang (Ken Jeong), referred to as Señor Chang in season 1 and widely as Kevin in season 4, was originally the study group 's unhinged Spanish teacher. In the first season, he is the only main character who is not a member of the Spanish study group. At the end of the first season, however, it is revealed that he does not actually have any teaching qualifications and that, like Jeff, he will have to attend Greendale as a student in order to get a degree.
He can be quite theatrical at times (once even faking his own death to get a rise out of his students), and also has a huge ego. His anger management issues are constantly evident, and he acts in mean spirited ways with very little stimulus; during his classes, he frequently picked on Annie for apparently no reason other than her desk was closest to where he stood while addressing his students. It is made clear in multiple episodes that he initially takes certain situations far too seriously: In "Modern Warfare '', he tries to eliminate Jeff and Britta by shooting at them with an automatic paintball gun, and later activates a bomb of paint hidden in his jacket to try to eliminate Jeff. In "Competitive Ecology, '' he claims to be a "detective '' of the school after being on the Security team for a month, and starts hunting for clues to solve a "case '' after meeting a distressed student (which in reality was just a coincidence) and later burns down a section of the school while doing so. These over-the - top personality traits veil deep issues of being left by his wife, with whom he was later reunited, although this did not hinder his rash behavior towards his students afterward.
Chang has an antagonistic relationship with almost every student and faculty member at Greendale. He is on especially bad terms with Professor Duncan ("Pascal 's Triangle Revisited, '' "The Psychology of Letting Go ''), who potentially foreshadows Chang 's lack of teaching qualifications when, in "Advanced Criminal Law, '' he notes Chang demands to be called "Señor '' because he is not a real professor. In the first - season finale, Chang and Duncan come to blows when Chang becomes a student and Duncan is suspended from teaching, resulting in a physical battle at the end - of - the - year dance. Though Duncan gets a restraining order against him, Chang in turn nullifies this by getting a restraining order against Duncan, thus allowing him to take his anthropology class. They seem to have formed a grudging respect for each other since.
His brother is Rabbi Chang, who criticizes Señor Chang on his confusing title and behavior. Chang on several occasions has claimed to have eaten his twin sister Connie in utero. He enjoys jetting around on a scooter, plays the keytar as an instrument, and has a history of having his clothes stolen from the local YMCA. According to Chang in "Modern Warfare '', he plays paintball three times a week, and he uses his skill in the sport against Jeff and Britta. As a student, he seeks a degree in music theory so that he can use his keytar skills professionally. In the Halloween episode of season two, he and Shirley have a sexual interlude after they bond over how their costumes are misunderstood (she being Glinda the Good Witch and not Miss Piggy, and he being Peggy Fleming and not Kristi Yamaguchi or Michelle Kwan). Beyond the evidence of a voicemail that Chang sent to Troy, however, no one remembers this incident due to a government coverup of the entire Halloween party.
His self - proclaimed nickname is "El Tigre Chino '' (Spanish: "The Chinese Tiger '') and he owns a black jacket which has on the back that moniker and the image of a Bengal tiger. His office features a portrait of him as a matador with "El Tigre '' at the bottom and a statue of a tiger.
In the second season, he is in the same anthropology class as the study group. In the episode "Anthropology 101, '' after he asks the study group to let him join them, he is then seen in the study room secretly plotting his revenge on them for getting him fired, switching between evil and good sides in a manner similar to the character Gollum from The Lord of the Rings. He eventually joins the study group in the episode "Asian Population Studies '' after being voted in over Rich. He proves his worth in the next episode helping Annie and the group save their drug awareness play from Pierce 's antics. Chang wants to get to know Shirley after he finds out that he may have impregnated her on Halloween, a night which no one at Greendale can remember. His rescue of Annie initially seems to win over Shirley, however she is visibly disturbed to see his extremely unbalanced behavior. He later moves in with Jeff after his wife throws him out again (after he confesses about his fling with Shirley) but Jeff grows sick of his stupid, unbalanced behavior and finally orders him out. However, his behavior in helping Shirley when she goes into labor during a riot at Greendale wins her over to the point that after the baby (whose father is Shirley 's former husband Andre) is born, she decides to name her newborn son Ben after him.
In the third - season premiere, Chang is still homeless, and has taken to living in the air ducts on the Greendale campus. When Dean Pelton discovers this (by Chang being driven into his office during the pest - control operation), he offers Chang room and board in exchange for working as a security guard. When the rest of the security staff soon quits, including Sgt. Nuñez, he becomes head of campus security. He is not good at his job and the school can not afford more manpower (an offer of a random credit for student volunteers produces no results) but at an off - campus bar mitzvah, Chang strikes up a friendship with a gaggle of pre-teens and somehow recruits them into his ranks as the "Changlorious Basterds '' (described in "Pillows and Blankets '' as being "like Inglourious Basterds, but with ' Chang ' instead of ' In ' '').
Both Chang and his "Changlorious Basterds '' take part in the massive pillow fight at Greendale that is the result of Abed and Troy 's conflict over a world record. Later, after the death of Alex "Starburns '' Osborne, Chang requests increased privileges as head of Greendale security from the dean, who initially refuses his request. However, after a riot, caused by the study group, breaks out at Starburns ' wake, Chang and his security team (now dressed in riot gear and equipped with batons and pepper spray) subdue the student body and restore order to Greendale, with Chang self - titling himself as General and calling the study group his "prisoners '' for inciting the event.
Dean Pelton, in the wake of the riot, decides to fire Ben and pin the blame for causing the damage to the school on him. However, Chang instead replaces the dean with a doppelgänger, tranquilizing the real dean and keeping him prisoner within Greendale. The fake dean, under the orders of Chang, supports the school board at the trial against Jeff and the study group who have been dubbed "The Greendale Seven '', and the study group is expelled.
With the study group gone, Chang takes over Greendale, installing his "Changlorious Basterds '' as school - wide security officers and keeping the real Dean under heavy security.
At a group therapy session, originally meant for Abed only, the study group are told by the therapist that Greendale does not exist and the past three years of their life have been delusions while they have lived in a mental hospital. The study group originally believes the therapist, but quickly realize his lies when he is found trying to escape out a window and pointing out that they have backpacks and photos from the school. It is exposed that Chang hired the therapist to dissuade them from ever trying to return, and with this knowledge, the Greendale Seven vow to get their school back.
After gaining intel on the inner workings of Chang 's rule over Greendale, the study group plan an "elaborate heist, '' attempting to rescue the real dean and expose Chang to the school board. While it originally looks as if the heist has failed, Chang realizes the study group has fooled him, and the failed plan was merely part of a larger plan that succeeds. However, Chang realizes the true plan in time, and stops the study group from leaving. He explains his goal, which is to burn down the Greendale records and thereby erase any evidence of his wrongdoing, but fails to see that this could potentially burn down the entire school and kill everyone. With help from the Greendale Air - Conditioning Repair School, Troy and the group manage to escape Chang 's imprisonment and prevent the fire from ever starting.
In a final showdown with the study group, both Jeff and Chang equip electric taser batons with which they intend to duel. However, this is quickly cut short by the school board arriving, demanding explanations for both the real and fake Deans fighting each other and Chang 's actions in running Greendale. He vows to explain, but quickly runs out the door.
In the season three finale montage, it is shown that Chang has taken to living in air ducts again, however this time he resides in the ducts at City College, foreshadowing a possible alliance between the two in season four. However, he returns to Greendale in season four with no apparent memory of his identity or previous actions, referring to his condition as "Changnesia ''. However, in the end of the episode "Advanced Documentary Filmmaking, '' it is revealed he is in fact faking Changnesia. In "Heroic Origins, '' after Abed realizes that it was because of Chang that the study group all went to Greendale and tells him he was always a part of the group and hints that he knows that "Kevin '' was faking "Changnesia ''. He then calls Dean Stephen Spreck, Dean of City College, that he is out of the plan to destroy Greendale. Chang decides to turn himself in for his crimes and returns to Greendale under work release as a math professor, living in the school. He exhibits more sociable behavior in season five until the finale, when he sides with those trying to sell Greendale, but then double - crosses them too after the sale is scuppered.
In season six, Chang sees some success as an actor after appearing in a stage adaptation of The Karate Kid and a ham commercial that goes viral. His career abruptly ends, however, when he accidentally insults Steven Spielberg, and he realizes that he truly feels at home at Greendale and that he is his "best self '' with the group. During an extended group hug in the season six finale, Chang reveals himself to have been a closeted homosexual throughout the series, tearfully declaring that he is "legit gay. ''
The series also features several recurring characters who are students and staff members at Greendale.
Dr. Ian Duncan (John Oliver) is a British - born professor of psychology at Greendale. Duncan seems to be a reasonably competent professor and therapist, but is n't above scheming for personal gain like trying to con Jeff out of his Lexus or exploiting Abed 's issues to advance his career. Though Jeff once successfully represented him as a lawyer by exploiting the legal system, Dr. Duncan refuses to help him cheat on principle. He provides free therapy to several students including Britta and, at one point, hopes to write about Abed 's issues for a book deal. He also has a rivalry with Señor Chang and cheerfully antagonizes Chang over being fired and subsequently becoming a student at Greendale. At the end of the first season, he is suspended by Dean Pelton for his drunken behavior at a school function, prompting Chang to punch Dr. Duncan in the face. Because of this, he gets a restraining order against Chang, while chasing him around and preventing him from getting to places. After Greendale suspended Professor Bauer, he took over her anthropology class, despite his complete lack of knowledge about the subject. In "Abed 's Uncontrollable Christmas, '' Dr. Duncan played a prominent role in guiding Abed through his suppressed feelings about Christmas. It is also implied in that episode that Dr. Duncan had an unhappy childhood growing up in a dysfunctional family in Islington. As is alluded to several times over the course of his appearances, Dr. Duncan appears to have a drinking problem. Dr. Duncan did not appear in the third season, although Britta is now enrolled in his Intro to Psychology class, and his name is seen on the cover of her textbook as the author. The fourth season makes reference to his unexplained disappearance when Troy asks the group if anyone had seen him lately.
In the Season 5 episode "Basic Intergluteal Numismatics '', Dr. Duncan returns, explaining that he had been taking care of his ailing mother, although he stopped because he had "put in (his) time ''. It is clear that his alcoholism and infatuation with Britta have both returned. He gives up on pursuing Britta after sharing an intimate conversation with her in "Bondage and Beta Male Sexuality ''.
Prof. Michelle Slater (Lauren Stamile) is a statistics professor at Greendale. She had a strict policy against dating students, but became romantically involved with Jeff, after he begged her to sleep with him during a Halloween party ("Introduction to Statistics ''). She and Jeff share a similarly tough sense of humor and cynicism. Later on, she breaks off their relationship. She later reacquires interest in Jeff, consequently developing a rivalry with Britta for his attention ("Pascal 's Triangle Revisited ''). Jeff later states that if he did pursue a relationship with her, it would evolve him, while a relationship with Britta would help him know more about who he really is. In addition to Jeff, she draws interest from other members of the faculty such as Señor Chang and Dr. Duncan, who have made comically bad attempts to seduce her. It is later noted by Troy and Abed 's closed - circuit television show of the student body elections ("Intro to Political Science '') that she is actually missing.
Prof. Eustice Whitman (John Michael Higgins) is an accounting professor at Greendale Community College, the college 's debate coach and a strong believer in carpe diem. Despite believing that Whitman would be an easy teacher, Jeff had trouble passing his accounting class in "Introduction to Film '' since Whitman grades his students not on their academics but on how well they "seize the day ''. In "Debate 109, '' he instructs Jeff as coach of the debate team and offers him unsolicited advice on how to lead his life fully in different circumstances.
Prof. Sean Garrity (Kevin Corrigan) is the theatrical drama instructor at Greendale. He gets involved in a conspiracy intrigue with Jeff, Annie and Dean Pelton, when he mysteriously poses as Jeff 's fake Conspiracy Theories night school class teacher, "Professor Professorson '' in the episode "Conspiracy Theories and Interior Design. '' He later teaches Troy and Britta in an elective acting class and directs Troy in an all - black cast stage production of Fiddler on the Roof, entitled, "Fiddla Please ''. In "Introduction to Teaching '', he teaches a two - day course called "Nicolas Cage: Good or Bad? '' that Abed finds very difficult.
Prof. June Bauer (Betty White) is an anthropology professor at Greendale introduced in "Anthropology 101. '' Though very old, she a surprisingly good fighter ("Anthropology 101 ''). Bauer has engaged in many worldly yet strange pursuits, such as hunting monkeys with a blow gun in the Amazon and drinking her own urine for its health benefits. She is also not afraid of attacking her students, shooting a disrespectful Star - Burns with a blow gun and nearly killing Jeff with her weapon of nine weapons, after which she gets suspended from teaching. She then leaves Greendale to go to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Dr. Marshall Kane (Michael K. Williams) is the biology teacher at Greendale, noticeably more serious and intense than other professors. He just came off of a twenty - year prison sentence and is baffled by some of the ways in which the world has since changed. Unlike his peers, Dr. Kane often tries to veer away from some of the more ridiculous antics that take place at the school. After some hesitation, he lets Jeff join his class after Star - Burns approaches him about starting a drug operation and is consequently kicked out. He resigns his job after the events of "Basic Lupine Urology, '' making the study group 's Biology credits invalid. He also has a hard - line policy against accepting bribes, but only Jeff and Pierce know of this.
Prof. Noel Cornwallis (Malcolm McDowell) is Greendale 's stern, manipulative history professor who teaches the group in the fourth season after having been fired from his long - term post at Oxford University because of a "slip - up with a co-ed ''. The Englishman is baffled by the school 's eccentricities and dislikes the study group. It is revealed off - screen in "Intro to Felt Surrogacy '' that he gave Annie the answers to a test in exchange for letting him rub her feet. He plays a very prominent role in "Intro to Knots '' when he is tied up by Chang and the study group at a party at Jeff 's apartment for supposedly giving them a failing grade on a group assignment. He narrowly misses out when his efforts to get the study group to turn on each other for a few better grades fails to break them, then admits he was n't really tied up and simply stayed put because being "held hostage '' was more enjoyable than his usual friendless and boring holidays, and decides to give the entire group mediocre passing grades.
Prof. Buzz Hickey (Jonathan Banks) is a criminology professor and Jeff 's officemate in season five. Hickey is a military veteran and former police officer, and his gruff demeanor is a result of his fifteen - year tenure at Greendale. He serves as a mentor to Jeff, helping him to make the transition from student to teacher. Hickey is a member the Save Greendale student - teacher alliance and Annie 's criminology teacher. Hickey is also an aspiring artist and writer, and he is currently working on a comic strip entitled "Jim the Duck ''. He becomes film partners with Abed in "Bondage and Beta Male Sexuality ''. It is revealed that Hickey once had a sexual encounter with Duncan 's aunt while stationed in England, and it is implied that he may have fathered Duncan 's cousin. He has a strained relationship with his son Hank, resulting in his being excluded from his grandson 's life. They tentatively restore their differences in the episode Advanced Advanced Dungeons & Dragons. Hickey is not seen again after season five, and in the season six episode "Basic E-mail Security '' one of the Greendale Lunchlady 's hacked e-mails has the subject line "Buzz Hickey Memorial Services, '' seemingly implying that Hickey died off - screen.
Francesca "Frankie '' Dart (Paget Brewster) is a consultant hired to help improve Greendale in "Ladders ''. The group initially ostracizes her for altering the fabric of the Greendale they know, as well as the dynamic of the group itself, but she is soon integrated into the group as a friend.
Frankie often acts as a stabilizing element for the group, referring to their relationship as "codependent '' ("Wedding Videography '') and immediately recognizing issues such as the unhealthy "will they / wo n't they '' between Jeff and Annie, the absurd fact that Chang was once the group 's teacher, and Jeff 's troubles with alcohol.
Beginning with the episode "Queer Studies and Advanced Waxing, '' the question of Frankie 's sexuality becomes something of a running gag and a curiosity among the group, who even place bets on it ("Basic Email Security ''), with Jeff guessing "Chapstick lesbian '' and Annie apparently making a guess so disgusting that no one will repeat it.
Alex "Star - Burns '' Osbourne (Dino Stamatopoulos) is a middle - aged student at Greendale known for his star - shaped sideburns as well as other idiosyncrasies, such as wearing a top hat and owning a lizard later in the series. He takes a number of classes with the main characters, including Spanish and Boating. He is a music lover. Though Star - Burns is habitually laid back and sloppily dressed, he has a son who, in stark contrast to him, is incredibly businesslike. In "Intro to Political Science, '' he admits that he is a drug dealer. He worked in the school cafeteria until the events of "Contemporary American Poultry, '' when the group causes him to be fired for siphoning off chicken fingers -- the most edible foodstuff served by the cafeteria -- for his friends (afterwards, though, they to do exactly the same thing for themselves). For the most part, however, he is disconnected from the group and he sometimes seems confused as to who the individual members in the group actually are. He does, however know who Jeff is. Though he enjoys the attention he receives because of his sideburns, he craves an identity beyond them and begins wearing the aforementioned top hat at the beginning of the second season to draw attention away from them. He is assumed dead when a meth lab that he has been operating out of from the trunk of his car explodes in the episode "Basic Lupine Urology ''. As per his wishes, his body was cremated. In the third - season finale it is revealed that he faked his death and had been attempting to start a new identity. To this end, he is shown sporting a new haircut, albeit still with star - shaped sideburns. He returns in "Basic Intergluteal Numismatics, '' when he is found hiding in the stables, where has apparently lived while hiding, eating garbage, and trying to develop a "cat car. '' He ends up being accused of being the Greendale Ass - Crack Bandit, only for Jeff to find out this was a ruse by the Dean to deflect attention, in exchange for the Dean hiding Star - Burns ' meth charges, and allowing him to remain in the stables. In season 6, he briefly appears in the episode "Modern Espionage '' as a participant in the underground paintball game. As Frankie removes him from campus, he is flattered that she knows his real name.
Magnitude (Luke Youngblood), short for "Magnetic Attitude '', is a student at Greendale who is described as a "one - man party. '' His catchphrase is "Pop, pop! '', which gains him laughter from his peers. It is implied that he is disliked by the faculty staff, particularly Professor Marshall Kane ("Competitive Ecology ''). In the episode "Intro to Political Science '' Magnitude runs for the office of Student Body President. He is one of the final two candidates, opposing Leonard in "the political debate of the century '' which consists of Magnitude repeating his "Pop, pop! '' catchphrase, while Leonard blows raspberries as a retort. When Dean Pelton and Annie take the "Pop, pop! '' phrase away from him to give to a lazy potential student with rich parents in "Economics of Marine Biology, '' he is left broken and speechless, and they 're so horrified that they tell the student he can not have Magnitude 's catchphrase (though to everyone 's surprise, that ends up leading him to enroll at Greendale, because he 's tired of having his ass kissed and never getting any better at anything) and Magnitude happily declares "POP, POP! ''
Magnitude attended high school with Annie and Troy. It was revealed that Magnitude 's use of "Pop pop! '' as a catchphrase began at the high school party where Annie had her mental breakdown ("Heroic Origins ''). In season five ("Geothermal Escapism ''), he admits that he is actually British. He briefly appears in the season six episode "Intro to Recycled Cinema '' as an extra in Abed 's sci - fi movie, Raiders of the Galaxy.
Leonard Rodriguez (formerly Leonard Briggs, played by Richard Erdman) is an elderly man who is studying business at Greendale Community College. He and Jeff have a comically antagonistic relationship resulting in Jeff and other members of the study group to only say "Shut up, Leonard... '' followed by a comment (for example "Shut up, Leonard. No one knows what you 're talking about. ''; "Shut up, Leonard. I talked to your son on Family Day. I know all about your gambling. ''). Though noticeably older than the other students at Greendale, he acts in as reckless and laid - back a fashion as many young adults, often using slang and engaging in such activities as playing pranks and bass guitar and encountering "pregnancy scares ''. He leads a rowdy, disobedient band of elderly Greendale students called the "Hipsters '' (because they all apparently have hip replacements), which Pierce temporarily hang out in "Messianic Myths and Ancient Peoples. '' He has children, though they are never seen on camera. In the season two finale he claims to have been one of the Little Rascals, to have been in "a few real wars '' that were less scary than the all - out paintball battle raging on campus, and to have been banned from the Denny 's near the fifteen exit. During "Intro to Political Science '' he ran for the student presidency, using the surname "Rodriguez '' in an attempt to court the Latino vote. It is revealed in multiple episodes from Season Three that Leonard still has the last name Rodriguez in a title card.
Leonard has a series of videos on YouTube in which he reviews food products. One such video is shown in the closing scene to "Foosball and Nocturnal Vigilantism, '' where he declares Eugenio 's Four Cheese Pizza to be "a buy. '' He does this again in the episode "Introduction to Finality '' with a bag of potato chips he also likes. While Leonard briefly held valedictorian status in Season 4, Dean Pelton (empowered by a pseudo body - swap where he was acting and talking like Jeff Winger) learned that after earning an A in a brainless course he took in 1968, Leonard simply made all of his subsequent classes Pass / Fail, taking him out of the running for a title now coming down to a showdown between Annie and Shirley ("Basic Human Anatomy '').
In the season six episode "Ladders, '' it is revealed that Leonard has been a student at Greendale since it opened in the 1970s under the name "Greendale Computery College. ''
In the episode "Pillows and Blankets '', it was rumored that Leonard fought in the Korean War for the North Koreans.
Vaughn Miller (Eric Christian Olsen) is a usually shirtless, earth - friendly, mellow "neo-hippie '' student who is the lead singer of a light - reggae band at Greendale Community College. A frequent hacky sack and Ultimate Frisbee player, he has had several notable interactions with the show 's main characters, as he initially dated Britta and was in a band with Pierce. Though he at first seems very laid - back and peaceful, he started writing popular hate songs about Britta and Pierce after his relationships with them turned sour ("Home Economics ''). However, he and Annie began a relationship, much to the bemusement of Jeff, Britta, and Troy and later, Shirley. At the end of the first season, he transfers to a community college in Delaware because of their strong hacky - sack athletic program, and Annie initially decided to join him there before changing her mind. He was the cause of the bond between Jeff and Shirley in the first season, due to his small nipples, which Shirley finds hilarious. This is also referenced by them in season 3.
Rich Stephenson (Greg Cromer) is a student who is in Jeff 's pottery class, of whom Jeff grows jealous for his sculpting skills ("Beginner Pottery ''). A doctor who is friendly and well - liked by everyone, he stands in stark contrast to Jeff who tries to catch him as a ringer. Nicknamed "Doc Potterywood '' by Jeff, it is implied that Jeff may actually have been right and Rich had secretly taken previous pottery classes at different colleges. It is hinted at the end of "Beginner Pottery '' that his relationship with his mother is extremely strained. Rich had a brother who died in a roller - coaster accident ("Beginner Pottery ''). He spends time with the study group again in "Epidemiology, '' when he attempts to treat the infected students while dressed as a banana and causes Jeff to openly admit his hatred for him. After spending winter break volunteering with Annie, he joins Duncan 's anthropology class and unsuccessfully competes against Chang for a spot in the study group. When he turns down a date with Annie due to her youth, Jeff begins to admire his ethics and seeks life advice from him, although he wants to abuse the power Rich gets from everyone loving him.
Neil (Charley Koontz) is a student ostracized for being fat. Jeff, who accidentally coined the name "Fat Neil '' ("Advanced Dungeons & Dragons ''), attempts to make it up to him after he thinks Neil is considering suicide. Jeff organizes a Dungeons & Dragons game with the study group (without Pierce) where Neil, a huge D&D fan, will save the day. Though Pierce attempts to sabotage the event and mocks Neil, Neil still regains his confidence after winning the game. It is implied in "Applied Anthropology and Culinary Arts '' that he and Vicki have feelings for each other. Though his fate after the D&D game seemed unsure, Neil later emerged in "Pillows and Blankets '' as the DJ for Greendale 's campus radio station, calling himself "Real Neal. '' As revealed in "Basic Lupine Urology '' he and Vicki have, at some point, begun dating. In season 5, Neil is shown to be friendly with the group, and Jeff expresses pride at the fact that the group saved his life so that he could return to "doing stuff in the background. '' In the season 6 episode "Basic Email Security, '' the group force Neil to sit through the performance of a comedian who insults him about his weight, and as a result, Neil decides never to speak to the group again.
Garrett Lambert (Erik Charles Nielsen) is a nerdy and out - of - shape student at Greendale with a frighteningly screechy and anxious - sounding way of speaking. He takes several classes with some of the main cast. There have been several student - led movements to "save '' Garrett, despite the fact that he has no apparent illnesses, and Jeff and Annie have been left wondering if those saviour plans actually worked or not ("Digital Exploration of Interior Design ''). His middle name is revealed as being Xander in the credits for Abed 's documentary in the season 4 episode "Advanced Documentary Filmmaking ''. In the season 6 episode "Wedding Videography, '' Garrett is married to classmate Stacy (Erin McGathy), who turns out to be his cousin.
Todd Jacobson (David Neher) is a student at Greendale who takes biology with the study group in "Competitive Ecology ''. Forgiving and good natured, he responds to insults with "None taken ''. The group picks on him after he is paired with Pierce on a class project, and inadvertently upsets the natural balance of the group. He eventually explodes at the study group, calling their love for each other "weird '' and "toxic '' and ending with "Offense taken ''. Todd is a married Iraq War veteran who has a newborn daughter. Todd also states that he needs insulin shots. He also appears in "Basic Lupine Urology, '' in which he is accused of destroying the study group 's biology project. Todd 's relationship with the group is more amicable in season 6, wherein he works at Shirley 's Sandwiches ("Ladders ''), participates in the underground paintball game ("Modern Espionage ''), and even officiates Garrett 's wedding ("Wedding Videography ''), during which he muses that he himself "could be God. ''
Rachel (Brie Larson) is a cute quirky girl that Abed meets while on a date with two other girls at a school dance ("Herstory of Dance ''). The two connect, although Rachel would only return a season later, on "Analysis of Cork - Based Networking, '' when they go on a date. She makes another appearance when she is Abed 's girlfriend in "VCR Maintenance and Educational Publishing. '' In the season six premiere "Ladders, '' Abed, in reference to the fact that Brie Larson 's film career keeps her from making frequent appearances on the show, comments that anyone observing the narrative of the study group may have questions such as "What happened to that girl I 'm dating? ''
Vice Dean Robert Laybourne (John Goodman) is head of Greendale 's air conditioner repair annex and the true power behind Greendale, as revealed in "Biology 101. '' When Dean Pelton decides to confront Laybourne over the annex purchasing an espresso machine, Laybourne shows him that the air conditioning annex is the main source of Greendale 's funding and that he thus holds complete power over the dean 's office. Later, upon learning Troy 's plumbing abilities, Laybourne tries to recruit him to the air conditioner annex. He is later killed by Murray, something which is revealed to the air conditioner repair school by Troy in "Introduction to Finality. ''
Jerry (Jerry Minor) is the head janitor at Greendale. After he witnesses Troy 's supreme innate plumbing abilities, he makes several attempts to convince him to become a plumber ("English as a Second Language ''), which he regards as a noble profession. While attempting to recruit him, he later warns him against becoming an air - conditioning repair man, calling the air - conditioning men "elitists. '' He has appeared several times since, often in a cranky mood when the study group asks him for help finding or fixing things in the school.
Crazy Schmidt (Eddie Pepitone) is a janitor at Greendale, who is best known for his odd, erratic temperament.
Murray the AC Repairman (Dan Bakkedahl) is, as his name implies, a member of the Greendale Air Conditioning Repair Annex. He kills Vice Dean Laybourne, briefly becoming the new Vice Dean before being exposed by Troy, who is revealed as the "truest repairman. ''
Sgt. Nuñez (Mel Rodriguez) is the chief of campus security for Greendale College. All of Nuñez 's officers quit when Dean Pelton informs them that the college no longer has funds to pay them, and they can only be reimbursed in class credits. Nuñez stays because he needs SCUBA certification, and Chang becomes his new underling. He eventually quits after Dean Pelton sides with Chang.
Carl Bladt (Jeremy Scott Johnson) and Richie Countee (Brady Novak) are two inept, often drunk members of Greendale 's board of directors. Though they are generally laid - back and friendly, they have repeatedly lowered standards for the school and fail to realize when Chang replaces the Dean. They hate the school and later sell it briefly to Subway Sandwiches. Richie also believes that he can read people 's minds.
Elroy Patashnik (Keith David) is a failed inventor who decides to enroll at Greendale to reinvent his life in "Lawnmower Maintenance and Postnatal Care '', joining the "Save Greendale Committee '' shortly after. He is hired as head of Greendale 's IT Department in "Queer Studies and Advanced Waxing ''. In "Emotional Consequences of Broadcast Television '', Elroy leaves Colorado for California after getting a job at Linkedin.
The Greendale Human Being is the "ethnically neutral '' school mascot created and designed by Pierce and Dean Pelton in "Football, Feminism and You. '' Though intended to embody a spirit of inclusiveness and to avoid derogatory stereotypes, its featureless appearance is distinctly uncanny, like a neutral gray gimp or zentai performer. It appears in a number of different events and initiatives sponsored by the Dean as the school 's mascot, and fumes from the magic marker used on its costume have been known to make it unusually aggressive. It has been seen with both female and child versions of itself. Items have been added to the costume, such as angel wings for Valentine 's Day and icicles in "Regional Holiday Music, '' which the students say only make it look creepier. In an episode of Dean Pelton 's Office Hours, a series of mini-episodes featuring the Dean, it 's revealed that at least one of the mascots is played by a woman.
Andre Bennett (Malcolm - Jamal Warner) is Shirley 's ex-husband, and a store manager. Though he had cheated on her, he becomes her boyfriend again after learning of her pregnancy; he remains loyal to her even after discovering that Chang could be the father ("Asian Population Studies ''). It ultimately turns out that the baby is Andre 's and he remarries Shirley at the middle of the third season. During the fifth - season premiere, "Repilot, '' Shirley reveals that Andre has once again left her, and has taken the kids with him, as she put too much focus on her sandwich shop at Greendale, inadvertently neglecting her family.
Alan Connor (Rob Corddry) is a lawyer and former colleague of Jeff 's who attends Narcotics Anonymous sessions at Greendale, where he had once met Annie. Though he does not admit it to Jeff after they meet again in "Accounting for Lawyers, '' the study group knows that he had sent an email message to his law firm exposing Jeff 's credentials, which got him fired. Alan returns in "Introduction to Finality '' working as Pierce 's lawyer in a court case between Pierce and Shirley for ownership of a sandwich shop in the cafeteria. Alan reveals that he now heads the law firm that Jeff worked at and threatens Jeff to drop the case or not come back to work at the law firm. After an inspirational Winger speech, Pierce fires Alan, and Alan reveals that he did send the e-mail that got Jeff disbarred for which Jeff thanks him. He appears again in "Repilot '' when he tries to convince Jeff to help him launch a major lawsuit against Greendale.
Gobi Nadir (Iqbal Theba) is Abed 's father, with whom Abed has a rather difficult relationship. While Mr. Nadir wants Abed to take over the family 's falafel restaurant, Abed plans to become a film director. Abed also thinks Gobi blames him for his mother leaving them. Gobi is a very protective yet argumentative father, but he learns to accept the fact that his son needs filmmaking to express himself. Gobi appears on Family Day and disapproves of the more lenient way in which Shirley raises her boys. He is equally controlling of his niece Abra.
Officer Cackowski (Craig Cackowski) is a local police officer, repeatedly visiting Greendale in the line of duty. He originally appeared as a member of campus security before inexplicably becoming a police officer. He seems to be friends with Professor Sean Garrity, referring to him by his given name. He appears in "The Science of Illusion '' to investigate a body Britta drops out of the biology labs; in "Conspiracy Theories and Interior Design '', he teaches Jeff and Annie the dangers of fake gun shootouts. He later returns in season 3 to investigate Troy and Abed 's landlord in "Foosball and Nocturnal Vigilantism, '' and in "Curriculum Unavailable '' to assign Abed to a psychologist for sneaking onto Greendale Campus to investigate the Dean 's Doppelganger Chang has in control. Cackowski returns in the season 6 episode "Basic Email Security '' to help investigate a hacking attempt on the school, treating the group as old friends and acting surprised that they want to keep a cop they 've known for five years "at arm 's length. ''
Dean Steven Spreck (Jordan Black) is the dean of rival City College, who makes several subversive efforts to shut Greendale down, including the instigation of an all - out paintball war on Greendale 's campus. Like Dean Pelton, he seems to have an ambiguous sexuality. He appears briefly during a montage at the end of season three, apparently forming another plot. In the Season 4 episode "Heroic Origins, '' it is revealed that he is working with Chang to sabotage Greendale, and has blueprints for a giant mechanical spider. Spreck 's last - ditch effort to harm Greendale occurs in the season 6 episode "Basic Crisis Room Decorum '' - although Spreck himself does not appear, City College runs an attack ad that defames Greendale by claiming that it gave a degree to a dog. Jeff and the group foil City College again by releasing their own ad, which instead of attacking Spreck back, provides an honest commentary on how Greendale needs to "get its shit together. '' Spreck and City College do not appear again in the series.
Gilbert Lawson (Giancarlo Esposito) is Cornelius Hawthorne 's personal assistant, executor of estate, and illegitimate son (thus Pierce 's half - brother). According to Cornelius ' will, he has Pierce and the study group play "Journey to the Center of Hawkthorne '' to claim his inheritance. After learning that Cornelius refused to accept Gilbert when he was alive, the group agrees to allow Gilbert to claim the inheritance in the episode "Digital Estate Planning. '' He later becomes Pierce 's roommate in his mansion.
Annie 's Boobs (Crystal) is Troy 's pet capuchin monkey. Annie 's Boobs was reportedly named by a competition held via the monkey 's personal Twitter account. Troy maintains that the account belongs to Annie 's Boobs and thus Troy can not legitimately change the monkey 's name. Since he was set free by Abed, he has spent his time collecting items owned by the study group and storing them in a nearby air vent.
Faux - by (J.P. Manoux) is an underemployed Moby impersonator that Chang hires to impersonate and replace the Dean after he takes over the school.
Inspector Spacetime (Travis Richey) is the protagonist in a British science - fiction television program called Inspector Spacetime that has been on the air for fifty years, and has many similarities to Doctor Who (both are British science - fiction television programs that have been running for approximately fifty years). With his sidekick (similar to that of a companion in Doctor Who) Constable Reggie, he travels through space and time while fighting creatures such as "Blorgons. '' Starting in the third season, Troy and Abed become major fans and often impersonate Reggie and the Inspector.
Constable Reggie (Derwin Reggie) is the secondary character in Inspector Spacetime, who acts as the Inspector 's sidekick. Unlike the Inspector, who is an alien, Reggie is human.
Kickpuncher (Derek Mears), whose punches have the strength of kicks, is the titular hero in a series of cheesy action movies that Troy and Abed like to ridicule, while still being fans. He is a cybernetically enhanced police officer, reminiscent of Robocop. His first name is David.
The Helicopter Pilot (Andy Dick) is a tiny man that Pierce hallucinates when he takes his painkillers after breaking his legs on the trampoline in the second season. He often gives Pierce bad advice.
Evil Abed (Danny Pudi) is (implied to be) a figment of Abed 's imagination who torments Abed as his nemesis. Identical to Abed except for an evil - looking felt beard, he is originally from the darkest timeline in the episode "Remedial Chaos Theory '' and makes a return appearance in the episode "Contemporary Impressionists. '' He returns to seek revenge against Abed and the study group in the season 3 finale "Introduction to Finality. '' His beard mimics that worn by "Mirror Spock '' in the classic Star Trek episode "Mirror, Mirror. ''
(Characters sorted by episode count)
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when is the jim jefferies show coming back to comedy central | The Jim Jefferies Show - wikipedia
The Jim Jefferies Show is an American late - night talk and news satire television program hosted by comedian Jim Jefferies. The show airs Tuesdays on Comedy Central, and tackles the week 's top stories and most controversial issues. In March 2017, Comedy Central ordered ten half - hour episodes. The series premiered on June 6, 2017, and was later extended with ten additional episodes, that began airing after a five - week hiatus. On January 15, 2018, Comedy Central renewed the series for a 20 - episode second season, which premiered on March 27, 2018. As of April 3, 2018, 22 episodes of The Jim Jefferies Show have aired.
Prior to his foray into late night television, Jefferies starred in the comedy series Legit, which ran for two seasons between 2013 and 2014 on FX and FXX. Early in his stand - up career, Jefferies was well known for his off - color humor. In his Netflix special Bare (2014), Jefferies performed a routine on gun control, which was previously used in his stand - up and on Legit. The Bare routine has gone viral, especially after mass shootings in the United States. Jefferies revisited the topic in his Netflix special Freedumb (2016), in which he also criticized then - Republican candidate Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential campaign. Jefferies has since become a commentator, often speaking to newspapers and appearing on television programs to discuss his political opinions.
In late 2016, Comedy Central ordered a pilot for the show, which was taped on December 7. The network picked up the show as a weekly half - hour series in March 2017, with ten episodes set to air in the summer.
Actor Brad Pitt became a fan of Jefferies after seeing clips of his standup, and called him to ask if he could be part of his new show. He was enthusiastic when Jefferies suggested he be the show 's weatherman. Pitt, who is only referred to generically as "Jim Jefferies Show Weatherman '', is paid the SAG minimum salary of $400 per episode.
In anticipation of the program 's premiere, an online presence was launched for The Jim Jefferies Show in May 2017, including social media accounts. Jefferies introduced a fictional goldfish for the family of Donald Trump named Dave, who is dubbed the first goldfish of the United States. In June, Jefferies appeared as a guest on Unmasked, The Daily Show, CBS This Morning, Off Camera and Conan. Jefferies will continue performing stand - up gigs in between show tapings and media appearances.
The Jim Jefferies Show is taped on Tuesdays around 12: 00 p.m. Pacific time at Sunset Las Palmas Studios in Hollywood, California.
In Australia, The Jim Jefferies Show airs Thursdays on Foxtel 's Comedy Channel and Fetch TV 's Comedy Central Australia.
In Canada, The Jim Jefferies Show airs Tuesdays on The Comedy Network.
In the United Kingdom, The Jim Jefferies Show airs Fridays on Comedy Central UK.
Jefferies co-hosted The Jim Jefferies Show Podcast with his fellow comedian Forrest Shaw, which was released alongside the last ten episodes of the first season and served as an aftershow for the television program. Each podcast features detailed commentary on news and politics, segments featured in the latest television episode, and jokes that were left out of the show. This was the first series of a new podcast network for Comedy Central.
In a mixed review of the show for the Hollywood Reporter, Daniel Fienberg wrote that "What The Jim Jefferies Show needs is to stop trying to be like the other kids and to start trying to be like Jim Jefferies. '' Mike Hale of the New York Times also gave the show a mixed review, writing that "As a late - night host, Mr. Jefferies can appear to be doing nothing much, but there 's a tricky balancing act going on between his ordinary - bloke persona and his sometimes savagely raunchy punch lines. The results are hit and miss, and sometimes it 's a long while between hits. '' However, Hale also praised Jefferies for occasionally delivering "explosive '' lines in the show.
The first season ended with Jefferies listed in Variety 's "Fresh Voices in TV Who Broke Out in 2017 '', and the writing team nominated for Best Comedy / Variety Talk Series at the 2018 Writers Guild of America Awards.
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who sings i can't stop this feeling | Ca n't Stop the Feeling! - Wikipedia
"Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Justin Timberlake for the soundtrack to the film Trolls (2016), for which he served as the executive music producer. It was written and produced by Timberlake, Max Martin, and Shellback. Musically, it is an uptempo disco - pop, soul - pop number with funk influences. The song was released as a single on May 6, 2016, six months before the film debuted, and serviced to contemporary hit radio on May 10, 2016. Timberlake gave his first televised performance of "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' during the interval act of the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 grand final. Directed by Mark Romanek, its music video was released on May 16, 2016, and follows Timberlake on a tour to everyday places as he dances through what a typical day may be. A wide number of fan - made videos followed the song 's video release.
The single debuted atop the US Billboard Hot 100, opening with 379,000 downloads in its first week, marking Timberlake 's fifth number one single in the country, and making it the twenty - sixth song on the Hot 100 history to start at the summit of the chart. Additionally, it became the second song to spend its first ten weeks atop the Digital Songs chart. The single marked his fifth number one single on the Radio Songs chart and his eighth on the Mainstream Top 40. It is among the top twenty longest - leading number one singles on the Adult Contemporary chart. Internationally, it topped the charts in Argentina, Brazil, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia, Scotland, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, and Switzerland, and the top five in most of Europe.
"Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' was the best - selling song of 2016 in the US. As of 2017, it has sold 3.3 million downloads in the country. For Apple Music it was the second - best - performing song of the year. The Official Charts Company from the UK named it Timberlake 's biggest song in the country, for over one million units sold. The song received several awards and nominations, such as its nominations for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 89th annual ceremony (where Timberlake performed the song as the opening number), the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and the Critics ' Choice Award for Best Song, and it won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media. It is the 41st Hot 100 number one song to be nominated for an Academy Award.
In the early stages of recording his fifth studio album, Timberlake also served as the executive music producer for the soundtrack to the film Trolls. The uptempo disco - pop track was written and produced by Timberlake, Max Martin and Shellback. Entertainment Weekly described the song as a "funky mix of disco and pop. '' For The A.V. Club it is a "a soul - pop sugar rush tweaked for maximum dance grooves. '' "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' is written in the key of C major with a tempo of 113 beats per minute. The song follows a chord progression of C -- Am7 -- Fmaj9 -- Am7, and Timberlake 's vocals span two octaves, from E to E. The track features a "jazzy '', uptempo beat and a falsetto chorus.
"This movie feels like one big, trippy disco experience. But we did n't have a disco song, '' said Timberlake of the Trolls soundtrack. "We had ' September ' (by Earth, Wind & Fire), but we thought this was a great opportunity to do a modern disco song. I think that disco is a really underappreciated genre. '' "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' appears in the denouement of the movie, conceived with the idea of covering the disco genre inspired by the situation of the final scene.
What 's different about this is that it 's not even like writing just a song for a movie, it 's writing a song for characters who are going to sing it in the movie. That 's the part that made it a task that none of us had ever done. This is a modern animated musical, and we wanted to push ourselves to do something that worked in that way. I 'm glad we did it, but none of it came easily.
Writers from Billboard, Rolling Stone, Fuse and USA Today highlighted its attractiveness for the summer season. Adelle Platon from Billboard called it "delightful '' and a "feel - good jam ''. Nate Chinen from The New York Times wrote "Timberlake is on firm footing here, gliding over a disco - pop beat and urging all comers to catch the spirit. '' Jon Niles from Music Times wrote: "The song gives off a feeling of pure joy that only a talent as great as Timberlake could bring to the table. '' For Lisa Respers France of CNN Entertainment, "If Friday had a sound, it would be Justin Timberlake 's "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! ''. '' Ed Masley wrote in AZCentral "the lyrics sound like they were custom - made to be the soundtrack to your favorite summer memories. '' For The A.V. Club, Annie Zaleski wrote "a perfect summer song is one I can blast while driving in the car with the windows down. The tune does n't have to be meaningful -- in fact, the more lightweight, the better -- and it should offer a few minutes of unadulterated escapism. This year, I can already tell that "Ca n't Stop The Feeling! '' is my hot - weather jam. ''
The A.V. Club included it among the 40 best songs of 2016 (first half). Billboard critics ranked "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' at number 33 on their "100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 '' list, adding "the rhythm is eventually gon na get you to dance. '' Digital Spy considered it the 19th - best pop song of the year, while Idolator named it the 20th - best song of the year, for "feel - good '' and "infectious. '' Aversely, contributors for Time and Spin gave it unfavorable reviews, with the latter stating, "There are certain songs notable not only for their popularity, but for an insufferable repetition. ''
"Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards. Timberlake received the Hollywood Song Award for "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' at the 2016 Hollywood Film Awards and won the award for Best Song Written for an Animated Film at the 2016 Hollywood Music in Media Awards. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, Critics ' Choice Award for Best Song, Satellite Award for Best Original Song, and by the Guild of Music Supervisors Awards for Best Song / Recording Created for a Film.
"Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' won the award for Song of the Year at the 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards and Favorite Song at the 43rd People 's Choice Awards. At the former it was also nominated for Best Song from a Movie. For the 2016 Teen Choice Awards, it received nominations for Choice Summer Song, Choice Party Song and Choice Song from a Movie or TV Show. It received nominations for Song of the Summer at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards, for International Song of the Year at the 2016 NRJ Music Awards, and for Favorite Song at the 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards. The 2016 BBC Music Awards shortlisted it for Song of the Year nominee. Among other international awards, it was nominated at the Australian APRA Music Awards in the category International Work of the Year, at the Hungarian Music Awards in Modern Pop - Rock Album / Record of the Year, and at the Mexican Telehit Awards in Song of the Year. "Ca n't Stop The Feeling '' was also nominated for the 2017 Radio Disney Music Awards in the categories Song of the Year and Song to Dance to, and at the 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards for Best Musical Moment.
At the 2017 Billboard Music Awards it won the awards for Top Selling Song and Top Radio Song, and was also nominated for Top Hot 100 Song. The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) recognized it as one of the most performed songs of 2016 and 2017. It is also nominated for World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film.
Instead of Timberlake 's solo version, the film version of the song was submitted to the general field and visual media category, eventually getting nominated only in the latter and winning. The Recording Academy changed some rules for the next awards. Grammy SVP Bill Freimuth explained to Variety:
An easy way to understand this would be to call it "The Justin Timberlake Rule '' or "The ' Trolls ' Rule ''. Last year, what I think prompted the proposal was we had a rule that only one version of a song could be submitted in any given year, and in that instance, it was (Timberlake 's) ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling. ' They submitted the soundtrack version because they thought it had the best chance for recognition, but that version had Anna Kendrick and James Corden and basically the whole cast singing it. That worked great for the movie, but that 's not the one that was getting radio play -- it was Justin Timberlake 's track, and they were not allowed to submit that for Record of the Year. So after giving more thought to that, it seemed that music for visual media is so specific that it made sense to allow (the change).
Counting its first three days of airplay, "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' debuted at number 24 on the US Mainstream Top 40 and started at a personal - best number 19 on Adult Top 40, both for the charts dated May 21, 2016. "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' became the first song in the history of Mediabase Top 40 to close the entire Top 40 radio station panel in the first week, being the "most added '' song in all 186 of them.
"Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' became the 26th song to debut at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 on the chart issue dated May 28, 2016, marking Justin Timberlake 's fifth chart - topping single in the country. The song started at the Hot 100 's summit powered most heavily by its number - one debut on the Digital Songs sales chart (where it was Timberlake 's sixth leader), having sold 379,000 downloads in its first week (ending May 12), according to Nielsen Music. Timberlake scored his highest weekly sales total for a song, besting the 315,000 - unit start for "Suit & Tie '' in 2013. It entered Streaming Songs at number six with 15.6 million US streams in its first full week. On Radio Songs, it ascended from 27 - 9 following its first full week of airplay (83 million in audience), becoming the first song to reach the Radio Songs top 10 in just two chart weeks since Adele 's "Hello '' (November 14, 2015). With "Give It to Me '' having last led the Hot 100 dated April 28, 2007, Timberlake returned to number one after nine years and one month, the longest span between leaders since Christina Aguilera waited 10 years, two months and one week between "Lady Marmalade '' in 2001 and her featured turn on Maroon 5 's "Moves like Jagger '' in 2011. Among males, it saw Timberlake end the longest break between Hot 100 number ones since Dr. Dre went 12 years, two months and three weeks between "No Diggity '' (by Blackstreet featuring Dr. Dre) and "Crack a Bottle '', his collaboration with Eminem and 50 Cent. The song has so far spent 52 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming one of a few singles to have spent at least a year on the chart.
"Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' reached number one on Radio Songs in just its fifth week, marking the quickest sprint to the top since Adele 's "Hello '' needed just four weeks in November 2015. Among male artists, the single made the fastest rise to number one on Radio Songs in nearly 25 years, since Michael Jackson 's "Black or White '' set the record with a three - week climb in 1991. Mariah Carey 's "I 'll Be There '' tied the mark in 1992. The single also tied Adele 's "Hello '' for the fastest - ever rise to the top of the Adult Top 40. Among males, "Feeling '' bested Pharrell Williams ' eight - week trip to the top with "Happy '', which reached number one in April 2014, for the quickest climb to the top spot by a solo male artist. "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' also reached the top of the Mainstream Top 40, where Timberlake passed Bruno Mars for the most number ones among males.
With "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' spending a sixth week atop Digital Songs, it became Timberlake 's longest lead atop the chart, passing "SexyBack ''. Additionally, it marked Timberlake 's best weekly audience for a song with 163 million, passing the 159 million that "Mirrors '' drew at its peak. The following week, it became Timberlake 's first solo number one on Adult Contemporary. Reaching the AC summit in just its eighth week, "Feeling '' completed the fastest run to number one for a (non-holiday) song by a male artist in 17 years, since Phil Collins ' "You 'll Be in My Heart '' needed only six weeks in 1999. Among all songs, "Feeling '' made the fastest trip to number one on AC since Adele 's "Hello '': four weeks, in November 2015. Timberlake also earned his sixth number - one on Dance Club Songs with "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! ''. He reached the top of the chart without the aid of officially commissioned remixes. However, versions from Barry Harris, Fenix and Erick Decks, among others, have helped bring the song to club crowds. "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' became the eighth song to top Digital Songs for at least 10 weeks and the first since Mark Ronson 's "Uptown Funk '' led for a record - tying 13 weeks in 2015; Flo Rida 's "Low '' first set the mark with 13 weeks at number one on Digital Songs in 2007 -- 08. "Feeling '' is the second song to spend its first 10 weeks on Digital Songs at number one, joining The Black Eyed Peas ' "Boom Boom Pow '', which logged its first 10 weeks on the chart at the summit in 2009.
In the US it was the best - selling song of the summer, while being listed at 2 on the Billboard seasonal ranking. Spotify named it the fifth most - streamed song of the summer globally. As of December 2016, it has sold 2.495 million downloads in the country, thus being the best - selling song of the year according to Nielsen Music. It was also the number three most - heard song on US radio in 2016, with 3.422 billion audience impressions for the year. It was the number two most - played song in terms of total number of plays, with 587,000.
"Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' is among the top 20 longest - leading number - one singles on the Adult Contemporary chart. It is also one of only eight singles in the Billboard Hot 100 's 58 - year history to spend its first 40 weeks or more in the top 40.
It reached the top position of the Canadian Hot 100 in its fifth week, after spending its first four weeks at number 2.
By September 2016, it has been certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and sextuple platinum by Music Canada. As of 2018, the song has accumulated 7.6 million units in the US, combining sales (3.3 million downloads) and equivalent streams.
"Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' reached the top spot in Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia), the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Israel, Scotland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the top 5 in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lebanon, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, and the United Kingdom. It spent four weeks atop the Euro Digital Songs chart.
The song debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart, and remained in the number 2 position for four weeks, it later reached the top spot of the UK Singles Sales Chart and spent two weeks as well at the top position. The Official Charts Company from the UK named it Timberlake 's biggest song in the country with over 1 million units sold, surpassing 2013 's "Mirrors ''. It was ranked 10 on UK year - end chart, while being the 3rd - best - selling song of the year in the territory. According to Phonographic Performance Limited, it was the most played song on UK radio, TV and in public places during 2016, while Timberlake was placed fifth.
By March 2017, it has been certified diamond by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique and the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry (ZVAP), decuple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), septuple platinum by the Swedish Recording Industry Association (GLF), quintuple platinum by the Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana (FIMI), quatruple platinum by the Belgian Entertainment Association (BEA), and triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), and Denmark 's IFPI, and double platinum by the Recorded Music New Zealand (RMNZ).
The first video released, titled "First Listen '', features cast members from the DreamWorks Animation 's Trolls, among them Anna Kendrick, James Corden, Icona Pop, Gwen Stefani, Ron Funches and Kunal Nayyar.
The song 's official music video was released on May 16, 2016. Helmed by director Mark Romanek, the "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' video follows Timberlake on a tour to everyday places like a laundromat, diner, barbershop and a donut shop, with an individual dancing along to the single at every stop. All the revelers eventually end up congregating with Timberlake below a highway underpass where they dance together to the song. As described by Time editor Cady Lang, Timberlake "dances through what a typical day might be: breakfast at the diner and grocery shopping. '' Talking to Entertainment Weekly, director Mark Romanek described the concept as "just the overall feeling of unironic and sincere humanism. It 's not trying to be cool or slick or ironic. It 's just fun. Most of the time, people are excellent. It 's just a big sugar cookie. It makes people smile for four minutes. '' He stated the brief dance - off between Timberlake and an inflatable arm waving tube man was inspired by Gene Kelly dancing with Jerry the mouse in Anchors Aweigh. Bustle writer Amy Mackelden highlighted the scene as the best moment of the video. Esquire editor Jonathan Evans addressed Timberlake 's monochromatic outfit, writing "the singer nails it by playing with shades of the color (white), plus throwing some pattern and texture in the mix. ''
The video received nominations for Best Male Video International at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards Japan, for Best Music Video at the 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards, and for Favorite Music Video at the 2017 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards.
The music video on YouTube has received more than 880 million views as of October 2018.
On May 9, 2016, it was announced Timberlake would perform his song during the interval act of the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 finale, which took place in Stockholm, Sweden on May 14, 2016. This was the first time in the contest 's history whereby a celebrated artist who had never participated in the contest performed. Timberlake opened the performance singing "Rock Your Body '', soon switching over to "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! ''. He was joined by a group of backup singers / dancers and a horn section for the song 's televised debut. The performance was n't aired in the US due to rights issues. The day before the main show, Timberlake made his first appearance before an audience on night rehearsal to perform both songs.
On February 26, 2017, Timberlake opened the 89th Academy Awards with a performance of "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '', which included an R&B breakdown and a cover of Bill Withers ' "Lovely Day '' at the end. Timberlake began the performance in the front corridor of the Dolby Theater, dancing his way to the stage with his backup dancers. The song was also the closing number of his Super Bowl LII halftime show performance.
In June 2016, Billboard named it the wedding DJs ' fourth most popular party song in the US. Numerous fan - made videos followed the video 's release, which includes The Memphis Grizzlies, the United States Olympic Committee, citizens of Memphis, Gilbert, graduates of the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee, among others. On May 26, 2016, Victoria 's Secret Angels released a video in which they lip - synced to "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! ''
Choreographers Celia Rowlson - Hall and Crishon Landers with the help of film producer Mia Lidofsky created a flash mob dance video on October 2, 2016 in support of the Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016 set to the music of "Ca n't Stop the Feeling! '' -- with all of the dancers wearing pantsuits in reference to Hillary Clinton 's outfit of choice. They called the event # Pantsuitpower Flashmob for Hillary. The video was covered in news media including The Washington Post, The Guardian, and Vogue, -- and garnered over 2 million views on Facebook. From New York City, the Pantsuit Power movement then spread to Raleigh, North Carolina on October 23, 2016 with another flash mob. The song was also used for an opening video for the 2017 Western Conservative Summit, featuring Republican politicians from Colorado.
An episode of the television series Speechless features the song. In Chile, several telenovelas, including El camionero, feature the song as well.
The film version featured in the soundtrack album includes additional vocals from Anna Kendrick, James Corden, Zooey Deschanel and Gwen Stefani.
In June 2016, American country music group Lady Antebellum covered the song in a live performance in Columbus, Ohio. Jon Freeman of Rolling Stone commented it "evoked the loose spirit of a jam band unwinding at a summer festival. '' Country performer Hunter Hayes covered the song when he headlined The Paramount in Huntington, New York in June 2017. An editor from Digital Journal opined it was "in a clever fashion, which was great deal of fun, both for him and the audience. ''
Credits adapted from the liner notes of the CD single of "Ca n't Stop the Feeling '' (RCA Records).
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone
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who said everyone is fighting a battle you know nothing about | Ian Maclaren - Wikipedia
Rev. John Watson (3 November 1850 -- 6 May 1907), known by his pen name Ian Maclaren, was a Scottish author and theologian.
He was the son of John Watson, a civil servant. He was born in Manningtree, Essex, and educated at Stirling and at Edinburgh University, later studying theology at New College, Edinburgh, and at Tübingen.
In 1874 he became a minister of the Free Church of Scotland and became assistant minister of Edinburgh Barclay Church. Subsequently, he was minister at Logiealmond in Perthshire and at Glasgow, and in 1880 he became minister of Sefton Park Presbyterian Church, Liverpool, from which he retired in 1905.
In 1896 he was Lyman Beecher lecturer at Yale University, and in 1900 he was moderator of the synod of the English Presbyterian Church. While travelling in the United States he died from blood poisoning, following a bout with tonsilitis, at Mount Pleasant, Iowa. His body was returned to England, and buried in Smithdown Cemetery in Liverpool.
Maclaren 's first stories of rural Scottish life, Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush (1894), achieved extraordinary popularity, selling more than 700 thousand copies, and were succeeded by other successful books, The Days of Auld Lang Syne (1895), Kate Carnegie and those Ministers (1896), and Afterwards and other Stories (1898). By his own name Watson published several volumes of sermons, among them being The Upper Room (1895), The Mind of the Master (1896) and The Potter 's Wheel (1897). Today he is regarded as one of the principal writers of the Kailyard school.
It is thought that Maclaren was the original source of the quotation "Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle, '' now widely misattributed to Plato or Philo of Alexandria. The oldest known instance of this quotation is in the 1897 Christmas edition of The British Weekly, penned by Maclaren: "Be pitiful, for every man is fighting a hard battle. ''
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why did they kill off fran on mama's family | Mama 's Family - wikipedia
Mama 's Family is an American television sitcom starring Vicki Lawrence as Thelma Harper (Mama). The series is a spin - off of a recurring series of comedy sketches called "The Family '' featured on The Carol Burnett Show (1974 -- 78) and Carol Burnett & Company (1979). The sketeches led to the made - for - TV movie Eunice, and finally the television series.
The show 's theme song is "Bless My Happy Home '' by Emmy and Grammy award winner Peter Matz (music) and Vicki Lawrence (lyrics). The show 's producers chose to use an instrumental version.
Mama 's Family originally aired on NBC, debuting on January 22, 1983. After several timeslot changes and a subsequent drop in ratings, the network canceled the series; the final episode aired on April 7, 1984. NBC broadcast reruns until September 1985.
Two years after its cancellation, original series producer Joe Hamilton Productions (JHP) revived Mama 's Family for first - run syndication on local stations across the United States. The revived series, produced by JHP and distributed by Lorimar - Telepictures, premiered on September 27, 1986. The syndicated version garnered substantially higher ratings than its network version had, eventually becoming the highest - rated sitcom in first - run syndication. Its four - season run ended on February 24, 1990.
The show is set in the city of Raytown, which was later revealed by actress Vicki Lawrence to be Raytown, Missouri, a suburb of Kansas City The televison series revolves around the wacky misadventures of the Harper family, extended non-Harper family members and their neighbor friend in later seasons. Always at the center of the trouble and confusion is head of the clan and matriarch Thelma Harper -- a buxom, blue - haired, purse - lipped, 65 - year - old widow who is portrayed as explosively quick - tempered, abrasive and brash. Thelma 's snappy retorts and wisecracks are featured in a running gag in which the final scenes of each episode cut to an exterior shot of her house while she is heard riposting the comments of whomever had previously spoken, followed by audience laughter and applause. In spite of Thelma 's brusqueness, she is nurturing and obliging at heart, allowing family members to live in her home who would otherwise have no place to live, while also cooking for and cleaning up after them. Thelma 's family members can be ingrates, even banding together and ganging up on Thelma on occasion.
In the ninth season of The Carol Burnett Show, producer Joe Hamilton wanted to spin off Mama in her own series, but Lawrence turned him down. She did not wish to wear a fat suit portraying an old lady every week, and she had misgivings about playing the role without Harvey Korman (who played Mama 's son - in - law, Ed Higgins) and Carol Burnett (who played Mama 's daughter Eunice Higgins) regularly by her side as in "The Family '' sketches. Burnett and Korman told Lawrence that they would only appear as guest stars on the new series, and that it was Lawrence 's time to shine and take what she had learned from The Carol Burnett Show and make it on her own. Shortly after the highly rated Eunice TV movie, with continued urging by Korman and Burnett, Lawrence finally changed her mind and accepted the offer for her character 's own sitcom.
The writers had created Raytown to be its own "cartoon - like '' world outside of reality. Even though the series was sold to NBC without a pilot, the network had its own requirements, such as having "normal '' teenagers as seen in other sitcoms of the time, which is how the Buzz and Sonja characters came about. However, Lawrence had a great deal of creative input and made many important decisions, including bringing in Korman very early on to co-direct the series. Lawrence had objections to the original script of the episode "Mama Cries Uncle '', in which Thelma 's brother - in - law comes to visit and the two are supposed to have wound up sleeping together:
According to her autobiography, Lawrence had a problem with the decision to film the series on Stage 33 at CBS Television City, where The Carol Burnett Show was produced.
For one and a half seasons from 1983 through 1984, Mama 's Family ran on NBC. In the series ' first episode, Thelma Harper lives with her uptight spinster sister Fran (Rue McClanahan), a journalist for a local paper. Thelma 's son, Vinton (whose wife, Mitzi, had left him to become a cocktail waitress in Las Vegas), stops by to inform Thelma that he and his two children, Sonja and Buzz, have been evicted from their home and need a place to stay. Much to Fran 's chagrin, Thelma allows Vint, Sonja and Buzz to move in.
During the first season, Vinton forged a relationship with the Harpers ' flirtatious next - door neighbor, Naomi Oates (whom Thelma disliked), and soon married her. After selling Naomi 's house and losing the money in a bad business deal, Naomi and Vint are forced to move into Thelma 's basement, where they remain for most of the show 's run. Also seen on a recurring basis were Thelma 's two daughters: the snobbish Ellen (Betty White) and the ornery Eunice (Carol Burnett). Harvey Korman, who directed many of the earlier episodes, made featured appearances as Eunice 's husband, Ed Higgins. (During the eleventh and final season of The Carol Burnett Show, the Ed Higgins character was written out of "The Family '' skits, having left Eunice).
Korman also appeared at the beginning of each episode as the stuffed shirt Alistair Quince (an obvious parody of Alistair Cooke), who would soberly introduce the program in the style of Masterpiece Theatre. These monologues were cut out of the later syndicated reruns. Korman also performed the voice of Thelma 's unseen late husband, Carl, in flashback episodes.
An extended version of the show 's opening theme song, with repeated melodies, was used during the original NBC run, but was never used in reruns.
The house and neighborhood shown in the opening credits differed between the original NBC run and the syndicated shows, leading to discrepancies such as in the episode "Mama for Mayor '', in which Mama is shown in front of the house used in the original opening theme used for the first two seasons.
In 2013, StarVista Entertainment released the original NBC seasons with the Alistair Quince intros and original opening credits intact, except for two episodes in Season 1 ("Cellmates '' and "Mama 's Boyfriend ''), as the master prints of those episodes are lost and were replaced by the syndicated version in the re-release.
While not a huge ratings success, the first season garnered solid enough numbers to justify being renewed for a second season. For instance, the premiere episode ranked # 28 for the week with an 18.6 / 28 rating / share. However, during the second season, the show dropped out of the top 50 shows, losing share to CBS ' hit Magnum, P.I. As a result, NBC canceled the series in May 1984.
After Mama 's Family was canceled by NBC in 1984, it was later relaunched in first - run syndication in 1986. Lorimar had merged with Telepictures and were looking for projects for first - run syndication, and after seeing the show 's ratings in the summer reruns, it decided that the show needed a second chance and ordered 100 episodes for syndication.
Since the original set had been destroyed, a new set had to be constructed. This led to some significant changes in set design details. Adjustments in the show 's cast occurred as well, with only Vicki Lawrence (Thelma), Ken Berry (Vinton) and Dorothy Lyman (Naomi) returning as regulars from the first life of the sitcom. Vinton 's kids from his first marriage, Buzz (played by Eric Brown) and Sonja (played by Karin Argoud), who were regulars in the show 's first life, did not reprise their roles for the show 's revival; their characters, though mentioned briefly in the first episode of the show 's syndicated life, were never to be spoken of again.
During the hiatus of the series, both Rue McClanahan (Aunt Fran) and Betty White (Ellen Jackson) had both gone on to star in the NBC sitcom The Golden Girls, rendering them unavailable to return. White, however, did return as Ellen for one episode in 1986 while Fran was killed off in the first episode of the revival. Carol Burnett and Harvey Korman, meanwhile, did not reprise their roles either, resulting in their characters (Eunice and Ed Higgins) being written out as having moved to Florida.
To fill the void left by Mama 's grandchildren, Allan Kayser was cast as Thelma 's delinquent teenage grandson Mitchel "Bubba '' Higgins. Bubba was the son of Ed and Eunice. Bubba was ordered to live with his grandmother after being released from juvenile hall and placed on probation. Also added to the cast was Beverly Archer, who played the new character of Iola Boylen, the family 's prissy neighbor and Mama 's best friend. Her catchphrase was calling out "Knock, knock! '' in place of ringing the doorbell.
The second life of the show saw far less bickering than in its first life and particularly "The Family '' sketches. The Naomi and Vinton characters became far less assertive and more dimwitted, and Mama was represented as more overpowering throughout the show 's syndicated run. A recurring theme throughout the fifth season was Naomi 's desire to become a mother, and the penultimate season concluded with Naomi 's announcement that she was pregnant. Preparation for the baby became a central theme of the sixth and final season.
According to Lawrence 's autobiography, Vicki!: The True - Life Adventures of Miss Fireball, Burnett resented Lawrence for accepting the role of Mama for first - run syndication. It was during this time that Burnett was involved in an acrimonious divorce with The Carol Burnett Show and Mama 's Family producer Joe Hamilton. Burnett felt Lawrence had been disloyal to her and held a grudge against her until Hamilton 's death in 1991. By the time of Hamilton 's death, Burnett and Lawrence had reconciled. Lawrence 's autobiography reads:
After Mama 's Family was picked up in first - run syndication, ratings for the series improved, becoming the highest - rated first - run program in syndication. Despite the show 's success, Lawrence did not sign on for further seasons after completing her four - season contract in first - run syndication. According to Ken Berry (who played Mama 's son, Vinton Harper), Lawrence had seemingly tired of playing the "Mama '' role by 1990 and wanted to end the show. According to Lawrence, who would reprise the Mama role on stage for many years thereafter, the series ended because the series had reached the standard threshold of 100 episodes and no longer needed to produce any more. The series finale featured Naomi giving birth to a baby girl, who was named Tiffany Thelma.
Thelma Harper, also known as Mama, is the title character / main character of Mama 's Family. Despite the title of "Mama, '' few characters in the sitcom actually refer to Thelma as Mama. In actuality, Thelma plays miscellaneous roles in the series, including grandmother, mother - in - law, sister, neighbor friend, and mother dependent on the supporting character in question.
Thelma is the widowed matriarch of a rural, Southern family. She is a country elderly woman in her mid-to - late 60s, who speaks in a southern drawl. Always active in the housework and nurturance of her family, Mama is usually seen cooking, cleaning, and providing loving support to her family.
Mama 's appearance is based on that of a stereotypical elderly woman. She is a buxom, purse - lipped widow with silvery blue curls. All of her daytime outfits were short - sleeved, floral - print dresses that carried lace collars. Costumer Ret Turner color - coded Mama in lavender. As much of Mama 's time was spent cooking and cleaning, her dresses were often worn with an overlapping apron. Mama 's lower legs were always clasped by visible support hose (a feature that was nonexistent during "The Family '' sketches and the Eunice movie). For footwear, Mama invariably wore white, orthopedic shoes of a high heeled brogue style.
Mama invariably wore a few fashion accessories: a white pearl necklace and white pearl earrings.
Mama 's outerwear always consisted of the same purple sweater, worn casually, draped over her shoulders without arms in the sleeves; inconstant floral headpieces; and a white purse, which she did n't hesitate to use as a weapon when given the opportunity.
In contrast to her more stereotypically elderly, dependent, invariably spiteful and cantankerous character on "The Family '' skits, Mama 's hostilities are significantly toned down by the sitcom 's first life. Though still cantankerous in the sitcom 's first life, Mama 's character expanded with wisecracks and humor; pesky antics; unseemliness and naivete. Mama 's unseemliness and naivete were exemplified by her inability to drive (episode "Mama Learns to Drive ''); inability to act in socially acceptable ways out in public and in the presence of guests (episodes "The Mama Who Came to Dinner '', "Country Club '' and "Ellen 's Boyfriend ''); inability to work jobs outside of the home (episodes "Mama Gets a Job '', "Supermarket '' and "Mama for Mayor ''); etc. These characteristics often resulted in the humiliation or frustration of her loved ones.
By the show 's second life, Mama was no longer naive (rather, Vinton overwhelmingly assumed this role) and far more capable of high spirits than ever before. This version of Mama had the least amount of stereotypically elderly traits. Rather conversely, Mama was dutiful in caring for her home, garden and family; independent; and active in the community along with best friend Iola Boylen. For example, Mama returned to high school and graduated (episodes "Educating Mama '' and "Pomp and Circumstance ''); Mama was heavily involved in the Church Ladies League and at one point, its president (episode "Where There 's Smoke ''); Mama participated in dirty dancing (episode "Very Dirty Dancing ''); Mama went on a trip (episode "Mama Goes Hawaiian ''), etc. Highlighting her much more relaxed nature during the syndicated seasons, Mama 's main character trait during this time was her many fretful wisecracks typically made in high - pitched, whiny vocal qualities. Despite that, this era of Mama was also very rough, abrasive and brash in manner; volatile and explosive in temper; and smart - mouthed with a proneness for making snappy retorts.
Unlike the precedent sketch comedy and television movie, Thelma had many locutions on the program, "Good Lord! '' being her most frequently used. She occasionally stated this in alternate ways, such as "Good Lord in heaven! '' "Good heavens! '' or "Good night Louise! '' Among some of Thelma 's additional locutions on the series include: "Hell 's bells! '' "The hell you say, '' "Now hear this, '' "God - awful, '' "In a pig 's eye! '' "Shoot! '' "For crying out loud! '' "For heaven 's sake! '' "Real good! '' (sarcastically) etc. Disparaging and impudent, Thelma had a series of name - calling catchphrases she often used to refer to certain members of her family or her family as a whole, such as "Nitwit, '' "Dimwit, '' "Goon, '' "Goober goon, '' "Lamebrain, '' "Dunce, '' "Tramp, '' "Floozy, '' etc.
Vicki Lawrence has stated that at the beginning of Mama 's Family, she detected that the writers had made adjustments to her character from "The Family '' skits, significantly toning down Mama 's hostilities and nastiness. Lawrence originally disfavored Mama 's change in character from "The Family '' sketches to the series version, believing that toning down the character 's then - familiar aggression and spite in exchange for a less difficult, more agreeable nature, capable of humor and high spirits, was n't funny.
Lawrence has revealed, however, that after counsel that the character needed to be reshaped for sitcom television from Harvey Korman, she came to accept the adjustments made to "Mama. '' Korman informed Lawrence that Mama had to be less one - dimensionally hostile since the entire show would revolve around her -- that more characteristics would need to be added into the mix. Korman also informed her that you ca n't expect people to come home from work, pop a beer, and put up their feet to a character that 's so one - dimensional. He informed her that the character would have to be more than just disagreeable for a whole half hour otherwise viewers would get bored. According to Korman, silly elements would need to be added to the character.
Lawrence has stated that it took her a while to warm up to this, but that she later came to greatly appreciate how Mama "blossomed '' and "matured '' from her early years on "The Family ''. She added that she still favors the adjustments in Mama 's character and has credited who Thelma Harper is today partly to Korman. "The Family '' sketch writers, however, who based "The Family '' characters on their real - life family members, disfavored the less aggressive Mama. In February 2013, Lawrence remarked that "The Family '' sketch version of Mama was created by writers who hated their mothers.
* Note: Thelma 's mother was shown on two occasions on the show (once in a flashback and once as a ghost, played both times by Vicki Lawrence), but her name was never revealed. There were at least two Crowley brothers (mentioned in passing in "Double Standard '' and "Mama with the Golden Arm ''); one was named Clyde ("Pomp and Circumstance ''). A cousin named Cora is seen in "There 's No Place Like... No Place '', and an Uncle Oscar is mentioned in "Mama Gets the Bird '', but it is not known if he was from Thelma 's side of the family or her husband Carl 's. Eunice also mentions having a son named Billy, but Billy 's whereabouts is unknown in Mama 's Family.
Altogether, Mama 's Family had six seasons consisting of 130 episodes. The show 's first life consisted of thirty - five episodes, making for two seasons. The show 's second life consisted of ninety - five episodes, making for four seasons.
On September 30, 2013, Vicki Lawrence was asked what her favorite episodes of the series are:
On September 26, 2006, Warner Bros. Television released season 1 of Mama 's Family on DVD. The DVD release features the syndicated versions of the episodes, which edits roughly three minutes from what originally aired. Warner Bros. claimed to only own the rights to the syndicated form.
Due to issues relating to ownership rights between the show 's production companies, Mama 's Family for a long time had difficulties coming out on DVD, with only its first season available for many years.
However, in May 2013, it was announced that StarVista Entertainment would release all 6 seasons of the sitcom to DVD, as well as a complete series box set, which was available only through the StarVista website. Most of the original unedited versions, dubbed "The Joe Hamilton Cuts, '' were presented on DVD. Included with the package were extras of over 10 hours of bonus material, as well as a new cast reunion with Vicki Lawrence and the show 's syndicated cast members. In addition, StarVista offered a "Signature '' collection of the entire series, autographed by Vicki Lawrence, which was limited to 500 copies.
In the fall of 2013, Star Vista began releasing individual season sets, Seasons 1 & 2 were released on September 10, 2013, followed by season 3 on February 25, 2014. Season 4 was released on June 24, 2014, Season 5 on September 23, 2014 and the sixth and final season was released on February 10, 2015. In conjunction with the complete seasons, Star Vista released a "best - of '' single - disc unit for each season. Selected by Vicki Lawrence, each release has 6 (season 1 has 7) of her personal favorite episodes from each season.
Family History: A Classic "Family '' Sketch from The Carol Burnett Show, featuring Betty White
Featurette: Mama 's Family Tree: The Roots (all about Mama and Fran) Interviews: Vicki Lawrence interviews Mama; Vicki Lawrence and Carol Burnett; Betty White
Featurette: Mama 's Family Tree: The Sprouts (All about Bubba) Mama Knows Best: A Mama 's Family Cast Reunion Interview: Allan Kayser (Bubba)
Interview: Beverly Archer (Iola Boylen) Under One Roof: A Mama 's Family Cast Reunion
Vicki Lawrence Dorothy Lyman Ken Berry Rick Hawkins
Jim Evering Manny Basanese Vicki Lawrence and Rick Hawkins Bob Mackie and Ret Turner
After the series finale in 1990, the entire series (including the NBC episodes) was placed in off - network syndication, airing in most cities every weekday. Mama 's Family also ran on TBS from 1997 until August 2006. That same month, ION Television (formerly the PAX network) began airing reruns of the series. The show aired Monday through Wednesday at 8: 00 to 9: 00 pm from 2006 to 2008. ET.
In December 2006, CMT began re-airing the series.
On September 19, 2015, during a live appearance on the EVINE Live shopping channel, Vicki Lawrence announced that the show would begin airing on the Me - TV Network in early 2016.
As of early 2017, re-runs appear on the Logo Network and Me - TV.
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charismatic military leaders of early israel before they had a king were called by what term | Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) - wikipedia
The United Monarchy (Hebrew: הממלכה המאוחדת ) is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 BCE and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon 's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms: the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south.
In contemporary scholarship the united monarchy is generally held to be a literary construction and not a historical reality, pointing to the lack of archaeological evidence. Some scholars argue that there is historical evidence to support its existence. It is generally accepted that a "House of David '' existed, but many believe that David could have only been the monarch or chieftain of Judah, which was likely small, and that the northern kingdom was a separate development. There are some dissenters to this view.
According to standard source criticism, a number of distinct source texts were spliced together to produce the current Books of Samuel. The most prominent in the early parts of the first book are the pro-monarchical source and the anti-monarchical source. In identifying these two sources, two separate accounts can be reconstructed. The anti-monarchical source describes Samuel as having thoroughly routed the Philistines, yet begrudgingly accepting the people 's demand for a ruler, subsequently appointing Saul by cleromancy.
The pro-monarchical source describes the divinely appointed birth of Saul (a single word being changed by a later editor so that it referred to Samuel instead), and his leading of an army to victory over the Ammonites, resulted in the clamouring of the people for him to lead them against the Philistines, whereupon he is appointed king.
Textual critics also point to disparities in the account of David 's rise to power as indicative of separate threads being merged later to create a Golden Age of a united monarchy. David is thought by scholars to have been a ruler in Judah, while Israel, comparatively immense and highly developed, continued unfettered. Modern archaeology also supports this view.
Most scholars believe the Books of Samuel exhibit too many anachronisms to have been a contemporary account. For example, there is mention of later armor (1 Samuel 17: 4 -- 7, 38 -- 39; 25: 13), use of camels (1 Samuel 30: 17), cavalry (as distinct from chariotry) (1 Samuel 13: 5, 2 Samuel 1: 6), and iron picks and axes (as though they were common) (2 Samuel 12: 31). The historicity of the conquest described in the Book of Samuel is not attested, and many scholars regard this conquest as legendary in origin, particularly given the lack of evidence for the battles described involving the destruction of the Canaanite peoples. Most scholars believe that Samuel was compiled in the 8th century BCE (rather than the 10th century when most of the events described take place) based on both historical and legendary sources, primarily serving to fill the gap in Israelite history after the events described in Deuteronomy. This gap in the historical record is characteristic of the Late Bronze Age collapse; cultural memories of times before the disaster often became embellished as stories of a "lost golden age '', as in the Trojan Epic Cycle.
According to the Book of Judges, before the rise of the united monarchy the Israelite tribes lived as a confederation under ad hoc charismatic leaders called judges. Abimelech the first judge to be declared king by the men of Shechem and the house of Millo, reigned over Israel for three years before he was killed during the Battle of Thebez.
According to the biblical account, the united monarchy was formed when there was a large popular expression in favour of introducing a king to rule over the decentralised Israelite confederacy. Increasing pressure from the Philistines and other neighboring peoples is said by the Bible to have forced the Israelites to unite as state following the anointing of Saul by Samuel. The Bible treats the notion of kingship as having been anathema, it being viewed as the placing of one man in a position of reverence and power that ought to be reserved for God.
David and Saul become bitter enemies, at least from Saul 's point of view, although sources describe Jonathan, Saul 's son, and Michal, Saul 's daughter, as assisting David to escape Saul, ultimately leading to a brief reconciliation before Saul 's death.
According to the Second Book of Samuel, Saul 's disobedience prompts God to curtail his reign and hand his kingdom over to another dynasty. Saul dies in battle against the Philistines after a reign of just two years. His heir, Ishbaal, rules for only two years before being assassinated. David, heretofore king of Judah only, ends the conspiracy and is appointed king of Israel in Ishbaal 's place. Some textual critics and biblical scholars suggest that David was actually responsible for the assassination and that David 's innocence was a later invention to legitimize his actions.
Israel rebels against David and appoints David 's son Absalom king, forcing David into exile east of the Jordan. David eventually launches a successful counterattack that results in the loss of Absalom. Having retaken Judah and asserted control over Israel, David returns west of the Jordan. Throughout the remainder of his reign, he continues to suppress rebellions that arise among the people of Israel.
This section of the biblical text, and the bulk of the remainder of the Books of Samuel, is thought by textual critics to belong to a single large source known as the Court History of David. Although reflecting the political bias of the kingdom of Judah following the destruction of Israel, the source remains somewhat more neutral than the pro - and antimonarchical sources comprising earlier parts of the text. Israel and Judah are portrayed in this source as quite distinct kingdoms.
Prior to the ascension of Saul, the city of Shiloh is seen as the national capital, at least in the religious sense, a claim that from an archaeological standpoint is considered plausible. Throughout the monarchy of Saul, the capital is located in Gibeah. After Saul 's death, Ishbaal rules over the kingdom of Israel from Mahanaim, while David establishes the capital of the kingdom of Judah in Hebron.
Following the civil war with Saul, David forges a strong and unified Israelite monarchy, reigning c. 1000 to 961 BCE and establishing Jerusalem as his national capital in 1006 BCE. Some modern archaeologists, however, believe that the two distinct cultures and geographic entities of Judah and Israel continued uninterrupted, and that if a political union between them did exist, it possibly had no practical effect on their relationship.
In the biblical account, David embarks on successful military campaigns against the enemies of Judah and Israel, defeating such regional entities as the Philistines to secure his borders. Israel grows from kingdom to empire, its sphere of influence -- militarily and politically -- expanding to control the weaker client states of Philistia, Moab, Edom and Ammon, with Aramaean city - states Aram - Zobah and Aram - Damascus becoming vassal states. The imperial border is described as stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arabian Desert, from the Red Sea to the Euphrates River. Some modern archaeologists believe that the area under the control of Judah and Israel, excluding the Phoenician territories on the shore of the Mediterranean, did not exceed 34,000 square kilometres (13,000 sq mi), of which the kingdom of Israel encompassed about 24,000 square kilometres (9,300 sq mi).
David is succeeded by his son Solomon, who obtains the throne in a somewhat disreputable manner from rival claimant Adonijah, his elder brother. The reign of Solomon (c. 961 to 922 BCE) proves to be a period of unprecedented peace, prosperity, and cultural development. Solomon embarks on an aggressive campaign of public building, erecting the First Temple in Jerusalem with assistance from the King of Tyre, with whom he has maintained the strong alliance forged by his father. Like the palace of David, Solomon 's temple is designed and built with the assistance of Tyrian architects, master craftsmen, skilled labourers, money, jewels, cedar, and other goods obtained in exchange for land ceded to Tyre.
Solomon goes on to rebuild numerous major cities, including Megiddo, Hazor, and Gezer. Some scholars have attributed aspects of archaeological remains excavated from this sites, including six - chambered gates and ashlar palaces, to this building programme. However, excavation teams at Meggido later established that these structures are from different time periods. Yigael Yadin subsequently concluded that the stables once believed to have served Solomon 's vast collection of horses were actually built by King Ahab in the 9th century BCE.
Following Solomon 's death in c. 926 BCE, tensions between the northern part of Israel containing the ten northern tribes, and the southern section dominated by Jerusalem and the southern tribes reached boiling point. When Solomon 's successor Rehoboam dealt tactlessly with economic complaints of the northern tribes, in about 930 BCE (there are differences of opinion as to the actual year) the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah split into two kingdoms: the northern Kingdom of Israel, which included the cities of Shechem and Samaria, and the southern Kingdom of Judah, which contained Jerusalem; with most of the non-Israelite provinces achieving independence.
The Kingdom of Israel (or Northern Kingdom, or Samaria) existed as an independent state until 722 BCE when it was conquered by the Assyrian Empire, while the Kingdom of Judah (or Southern Kingdom) existed as an independent state until 586 BCE when it was conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
Many alternative chronologies have been suggested, and there is no ultimate consensus between the different factions and scholarly disciplines concerned with this period, as to when it is depicted as having begun or when it ended.
Most bibical scholars follow either of the older chronologies established by William F. Albright or Edwin R. Thiele, or the newer chronology of Gershon Galil, all of which are shown below. All dates are BCE. Thiele 's chronology generally corresponds with Galil 's chronology below with a difference of at most one year.
House of Saul
House of David
In contemporary scholarship the united monarchy is generally held to be a literary construction and not a historical reality, due to the lack of archeological evidence for it. It is generally accepted that a "House of David '' existed, but many believe that David could have only been the monarch or chieftain of Judah, and that the northern kingdom was a separate development. There are some dissenters to this view.
Oded Lipschits wrote in the Jewish Study Bible that
the premonarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of "united monarchy '' is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past.
According to Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, authors of The Bible Unearthed, ideas of a united monarchy are not accurate history but rather "creative expressions of a powerful religious reform movement, '' possibly "based on certain historical kernels. '' Finkelstein and Silberman do accept that David and Solomon were real kings of Judah about the 10th century BCE, but they cite the fact that the earliest independent reference to the Kingdom of Israel dates to about 890 BCE, while that for the kingdom of Judah dates to about 750 BCE. This is supported by Jonathan Tubb, who argues that the story of the united monarchy was fabricated as a Golden Age tale during the Exile. He accepts the historicity of David and Solomon but cautions that "(t) hey must be seen... as local folk heroes and not as rulers of international status. ''
On the other hand, while Amélie Kuhrt does acknowledge that "there are no royal inscriptions from the time of the united monarchy (indeed very little written material altogether), and not a single contemporary reference to either David or Solomon, '' she concludes that "(a) gainst this must be set the evidence for substantial development and growth at several sites, which is plausibly related to the tenth century. '' Kenneth Kitchen reaches a similar conclusion, arguing that "the physical archaeology of tenth - century Canaan is consistent with the former existence of a unified state on its terrain. ''
Excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa, an Iron Age site located in Judah, found an urbanized settlement radiocarbon dated well before scholars such as Finklestein suggest urbanization began in Judah, supporting existence of a Judahite kingdom. The Israel Antiquities Authority stated: "The excavations at Khirbat Qeiyafa clearly reveal an urban society that existed in Judah already in the late eleventh century BCE. It can no longer be argued that the Kingdom of Judah developed only in the late eighth century BCE or at some other later date. '' The techniques and interpretations used to reach some conclusions related to Khirbet Qeiyafa have been criticized by some scholars, among them Finkelstein and Alexander Fantalkin of Tel Aviv University.
In August 2015, Israeli archaeologists discovered massive fortifications in the ruins of the ancient city of Gath, supposed birthplace of Goliath. The size of the fortifications show Gath to have been a very large city in the 10th century BCE, perhaps the largest in Canaan at the time. The professor leading the dig, Aren Maeir, estimated that Gath was as much as four times the size of contemporary Jerusalem, casting doubt that David 's kingdom could have been as powerful as described in the Bible.
The name... signifies the people composed of (Jacob 's) descendants (the "children of Israel ''), being applied (a) to the whole people (including Judah)... (but) (b) with the division of the kingdom after the death of Solomon, to the Northern Kingdom only. ''
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legal age to carry a gun in massachusetts | Gun laws in Massachusetts - Wikipedia
Gun laws in Massachusetts regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.
Massachusetts Law requires firearm owners to be licensed through their local Police Department or the Massachusetts State Police if no local licensing authority is available. A license is required by state law for buying firearms and ammunition. An applicant must have passed a State approved firearm safety course before applying for a license.
All applications, interviews, fees, and fingerprinting are done at the local Police Department then sent electronically to the Massachusetts Criminal History Board for the mandatory background checks and processing. All approved applicants will receive their license from the issuing Police Department. All licensing information is stored by the Criminal History Board. Non residents who are planning on carrying in the state must apply for a temporary license to carry (LTC) through the State Police before their travel.
As of January 1, 2015, Massachusetts will no longer issue A and B Licenses to Carry, there will be just a single LTC which is identical to the old LTC - A.
Additionally, LTC permits may have the following restrictions, however, none of these restrictions have been clearly defined by state law, and are subject to each Chief of Police 's definition of such. Violation of the restrictions imposed by the licensing authority shall be cause for suspension or revocation of the license and a fine of $1,000 to $10,000.
Assault weapons are defined (with no exceptions, except pre 1994 models) as: (i) Avtomat Kalashnikov (AK) (all models), Action Arms Israeli Military Industries UZI and Galil, Beretta Ar70 (SC - 70), Colt AR - 15, Fabrique National FN / FAL, FN / LAR and FNC, SWD M - 10, M - 11, M - 11 / 9 and M - 12, Steyr AUG, INTRATEC TEC - 9, TEC - DC9, TEC - 22, revolving cylinder shotguns, Street Sweeper, and the Striker 12.
Assault weapons are also defined as:
A license to possess or carry a machine gun may be issued only to a firearm instructor certified by the Criminal Justice Training Council for the sole purpose of firearm instruction to police personnel, or to a bona fide collector of firearms upon application or renewal of such license.
A "bona fide collector of firearms, '' for the purpose of issuance of a machine gun license, shall be defined as an individual who acquires firearms for such lawful purposes as historical significance, display, research, lecturing, demonstration, test firing, investment or other like purpose.
For the purpose of issuance of a machine gun license, the acquisition of firearms for sporting use or for use as an offensive or defensive weapon shall not qualify an applicant as a bona fide collector of firearms.
All private sales are required to be registered through an FA - 10 form with the Criminal History Board, Firearm Records division. The state has an assault weapons ban similar to the expired Federal ban. Massachusetts is a "may issue '', as such the LTC - A is issued in a discretionary manner.
While Massachusetts ' firearms laws are some of the most strict in the United States, they are not applicable to travelers who comply with the Firearm Owners Protection Act 's traveler 's exemption.
Unless carried or under the control of the owner, state law requires all firearms to be stored in a locked container, or equipped with a tamper - resistant mechanical lock or other safety device (see trigger lock), properly engaged so as to render such weapon inoperable by any person other than the owner or other lawfully authorized user. If in a vehicle, firearm must be unloaded and contained within the locked trunk of such vehicle or in a locked case or other secure container, unless the licensee has a Class A license, in which case the firearm must be under the licensee 's direct control. Any firearms that are found to be unsecured may be confiscated by law enforcement officers and license may be revoked. In the event a license is revoked for any reason, law enforcement will confiscate all weapons and store them for 1 year before destroying them unless the revoked licensee transfers ownership to a properly licensed party who then claims the firearms. Also, gun license holders may encounter licensing issues when moving from one town to another. While one city or town police chief may have issued a license, the chief of police in the city or town where the license holder may move does not have to authorize it, and may require that guns be surrendered. If a gun license is not authorized, and the police determine that the resident also holds a license in a different state, they may contact law enforcement in that state and inform them of the action, which could lead to the loss of the out - of - state license as well.
Aliens who reside in Massachusetts can apply for a "permit to possess non large capacity rifles and shotguns pursuant M.G.L. 140 s. 131H '' directly with the Massachusetts Firearms Record Bureau. The applicants must receive firearms education at the FID or LTC - level and pass a 20 - fingerprint FBI background check and interview. This permit is a "may issue '' document similar to the FID but expiring December 31 of each year. The procedure requires about 16 weeks from application to delivery of the permit. There is no 90 - day grace period for the renewal of alien permits. Both nonresident (i.e. visa - holders) and permanent resident (i.e. green - card holders) aliens are lumped together by Massachusetts law. The alien permit allows the possession of non-high capacity (10 rounds or less) shotguns, rifles, and ammunition. This includes. 22 caliber rifles with tubular magazines holding more than 10 rounds, but it excludes high capacity rifles, assault rifles, and handguns. FID and LTC are generally not issued to aliens even though Massachusetts law grants some latitude to the Colonel of Massachusetts State Police, who may be petitioned directly. A recent lawsuit, Fletcher v. Haas, has expanded Massachusetts aliens ' gun rights by allowing possession and purchase of handguns for permanent resident aliens (green card holders). Alien permits are still in existence and required for all non-permanent resident aliens in Massachusetts.
As of April 30, 2012, all lawful permanent resident aliens (green card holders) are eligible to apply for a Massachusetts resident license to carry ("LTC '') or firearms identification card ("FID '').
Massachusetts enacted a red flag law in 2018. A judge may issue an order to temporarily confiscate the firearms of a person who appears to be at risk of harming themselves or another person. A hearing must be held within ten days of the order being issued. At the hearing, if there is sufficient evidence to substantiate the risk, the person 's firearms may be confiscated for up to one year.
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the hero full movie songs mp3 free download | Hero (2015 Hindi film) - Wikipedia
Hero is an Indian romantic action film directed by Nikhil Advani and co-written by Umesh Bist, a remake of Subhash Ghai 's directed 1984 film of the same name, which starred Jackie Shroff. The film launched star kids Sooraj Pancholi and Athiya Shetty, son of actor Aditya Pancholi and daughter of actor Sunil Shetty respectively in lead roles. Aditya Pancholi has an important role in the film himself.
The film was released on 11 September 2015 worldwide. The film garnered mostly negative reviews.
Sooraj is a gangster from Mumbai who meets Radha Mathur, daughter of the city 's Chief of Police, IG Shrikant Mathur, during a party. Sooraj, under instructions from his gangster father, Suryakant ' Pasha ' Ranade, kidnaps Radha because Shrikant brought evidence against Pasha in court, and kidnaps Radha in the guise of a police officer, by telling her that he received instructions from the police to take her away from city as there is a threat that Pasha and his gang will kidnap Radha unless they move for some time. During these days they slowly fall in love. One day the police tracks them and Sooraj and Radha escape but Sooraj is shot in the arm while trying to jump over a broken bridge and they both fall in water. Later they are rescued by a colony of monks though the world thinks both are dead. Sooraj, who was badly injured, remained unconscious. Radha talks about her love for him she finds Sooraj is awake. Later he confesses to Radha that he had kidnapped her. Radha has however fallen in love with Sooraj. Radha asks Sooraj to surrender and Sooraj is sent to jail for 2 years. During that time Radha 's brother Dheeraj, asks her to go to Paris.
One and a half years later, the court reduces Sooraj 's sentence on grounds of good behaviour. Sooraj is out of jail and is ready to start a new life with Radha but to live a life he needed to earn. So he starts a fitness centre for living with support from Radha and Dheeraj. Then Dheeraj introduces Ranvijay, who is a smuggler, and a helper of Pasha but shows them that he is innocent. He is liked by Radha 's family and Shrikant decides to tie Ranvijay and Radha into the knot. But Ranvijay, being Pasha 's henchman, intends to break Radha 's and Sooraj 's love. Radha and Sooraj tell Radha 's family about what happened, how they met and how they fell in love, but her father still refuses to accept Sooraj as he was a goon. One night Ranvijay stabs Sooraj, who loses consciousness.
Later, in the morning, Pasha arrives intending to kill Radha and Sooraj but seeing their love for each other, leaves them unharmed. But Ranvijay still holds a grudge against Sooraj. A fight ensues and Ranvijay is shot by Radha 's father. Radha 's father then accepts Sooraj and they get married and live a happy life.
In May 2013 it was announced that Subhash Ghai is all set to remake 1983 version of the film Hero, which will be re-edited and re - written. On 6 August 2013 it was announced that Nikhil Advani is all set to direct and re-write the script for the film, which Salman Khan is producing. On 19 September 2013 news confirmed that Khan has announced to launch his own production house Salman Khan Productions, which will debut by producing the remake Hero film. On 7 January 2014 news revealed that Khan has set the film to start production on 18 February, and the film will be released on 12 December 2014.
On 10 February 2014 it was reported that Ghai original director of the film has approved the script re-written by Nikhil Advani and his co-writer Umesh Bist. Ghai said "I think they 've done a fantastic job of contemporizing my script to suit today 's tastes ''.
On 14 August 2013 news told that Govinda and Vinod Khanna will also star in the remake film. On 25 October 2013 Ghai said "Yes, Salman may make a special appearance but he will primarily be working as the producer of the film '' and he will be singing the title song of the film. On 9 February 2014 it was confirmed that Athiya Shetty will make her acting debut in the remake film opposite to Sooraj Pancholi. Pancholi 's father Aditya Pancholi, a lead actor of the 1980s and 1990s, was also cast in the film.
On 19 September 2013 it was announced that both young actors Sooraj Pancholi and Athiya Shetty are currently undergoing training to start the film 's production. On 7 January 2014 Khan set the film to start shooting on 18 February. Later Nikhil Advani began the principal photography of the film on 16 February 2014 at the Gateway of India.
Aside from producing the film, Salman Khan was also the editor.
Mohar Bash from Times of India gave 3 * to the film stating that "Sculpted as a full throttle masala entertainer, Hero is plot - heavy. And while you are well acquainted with the story, Nikhil and Salman 's sensibility works as midas touch, giving the film a different texture. It is slick and never allows its viewers to feel restless. For its 132 minutes ' crisp runtime. ''
Bollywood Hungama gave 2 / 5 * to the film stating that "On the whole, HERO fails the litmus test of rehashing a classic for the Generation Next. It appeals in very small measures and is not an ideal weekend entertainer. If you a die - hard Salman Khan fan, you may want to patronise, else avoid. ''
Koimoi gave 2.5 / 5 * to the film stating that "Hero is a complete throwback of the ' Ek Gunda Ek IG Ki Beti Se Kaise Pyaar Kar Sakta Hai ' era. Nikhil Advani misses out on presenting a completely entertaining plot. All the elements seem scattered and hence there is neither enough romance nor action nor drama. The screenplay is a little hotchpotch and that is what affects the film badly. '' Rajeev Masand from CNN - IBN gave 2 / 5 * stating that "This is lazy, indifferent filmmaking, and a colossal bore for most of its running time. A video featuring Salman Khan singing the terrific title track at the end is too little too late. I 'm going with two out of five. ''
Indian express gave 0 / 5 * to the film stating that "This stale story is transported to 2015 for reasons best known to the filmmakers. If you are giving us a brand new pair, what is to stop you from giving us a brand new plot? And if you do have to remake that 80s show, why ca n't you do a better job? ''
Martin D'souza from Glamsham gave 0 / 5 * to the film stating that "This film is just an extended promo for two star kids of the industry who have got the backing from Salman Khan, Subhash Ghai and Eros International; not necessarily in that order. ''
Vishal Thakur of the Hindi daily Hindustan gave the film a 1.5 / 5 rating and criticised the film 's plot and acting.
The film netted ₹ 6.85 crore (US $1.0 million) on its opening day. On its second day the film collected ₹ 6.62 crore (US $990,000) to take its two - day total to ₹ 13.50 crore (US $2.0 million). Its first weekend collection stand at ₹ 21 crore (US $3.1 million). On its fourth day the film collected ₹ 3.03 crore (US $450,000) nett. The film collected ₹ 2.45 crore (US $370,000) on its fifth day of release. The film collected around ₹ 30 crore (US $4.5 million) nett in its first week.
The music for Hero is composed by Amaal Mallik, Meet Bros Anjjan and Sachin - Jigar while lyrics are by Kumaar and Niranjan Iyengar. This is perhaps the only film till date where Advani has not worked with Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy, though they were at parallel with Advani 's successive release, Katti Batti. The first song Main Hoon Hero Tera in Salman 's voice, composed by Amaal Mallik was released on 9 August 2015 and it received more than 55 million views. The soundtrack was released on 14 August 2015 by T - Series.
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when did the last ios update come out | IOS version history - Wikipedia
iOS is a mobile operating system, developed by Apple Inc. for iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Updates for iOS are released through the iTunes software, and, since iOS 5, via over-the - air software updates. With the announcement of iOS 5.0 on June 6, 2011, a USB connection to iTunes was no longer needed to activate iOS devices; data synchronization can happen automatically and wirelessly through Apple 's iCloud service. Major new iOS releases are announced yearly during the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC), and are usually released in September of the same year, usually coinciding with the release of new iPhone models. The current stable release, iOS 11.1. 1, was released on November 9, 2017. The most recent beta release for iOS 11.2 was released on November 13, 2017.
iOS did not have an official name until the official release of the iPhone software development kit (iPhone SDK) on March 6, 2008. Before then, Apple marketing simply stated that iPhone ran a version of Mac OS X made specifically for iPhone. When iOS was introduced, it was named iPhone OS. It was officially renamed iOS on June 7, 2010 with the announcement and introduction of iPad. The introduction of iPad, and the existence of iPod Touch, meant the iPhone was no longer the only device to run the mobile operating system. iOS 4 was the first major iOS release that reflected the name change. Apple licensed the "iOS '' trademark from Cisco Systems.
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June 2007 saw the official first version release of what eventually became iOS -- concurrently with the first iPhone. The final 1. x series release was 1.1. 5, released shortly after iPhone OS 2.0.
July 11, 2008 saw the public release of iPhone OS 2.0, with upgrades through version 2.2. 1 made available.
iPhone OS 3.0 was officially released on June 17, 2009 for iPhone and iPod Touch. iPhone OS 3 had updates until version 3.1. 3 (released on February 2, 2010). The first generation iPod Touch and iPhone have iPhone OS 3.1. 3 as their newest available version. iOS 3.2. x was made specifically for the iPad.
On June 21, 2010, iOS 4.0 (formerly iPhone OS) was released to the public and was made available only to the iPod Touch and iPhone. iOS 4.0 was announced to have over 1500 new APIs for developers, and included the highly anticipated multitasking feature. iOS 4.2. 1 was the final version available for iPod Touch (2nd generation) and iPhone 3G. Many features that were included in iOS 4 were not available for the iPhone 3G or iPod Touch (2nd generation), such as multitasking and home screen backgrounds due to hardware limitations. iOS 4.2 is the first version to bring major feature parity to iPhone and iPad. The release of the CDMA iPhone for Verizon Wireless saw a branching of iOS. The 4.2 version sequence continued for the CDMA phone while 4.3 was released for all other products
On June 6, 2011, Apple previewed iOS 5, Apple TV 4.4 beta and the iOS SDK 5 beta along with iCloud beta among other products. iOS 5 introduced various features such as the iMessage service which allows users to send messages between iOS devices, a revamped notification system known as Notification Center, Newsstand subscriptions, Twitter was integrated into iOS 5, the Reminders app was introduced, AirPlay got various enhancements, the iCloud service was introduced and added, and over 200 other new features were added. iOS 5.0 supported all iPad models, iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4 GSM & CDMA, iPhone 4S, and the iPod Touch (3rd & 4th generation).
iOS 5 had only three minor software updates, 5.0. 1, 5.1, and 5.1. 1, which were all provided as OTA and iTunes software updates.
Apple concurrently provides the same version of iOS for the comparable model of iPhone and iPod Touch, usually devices released in the same calendar year. iPhone users receive all software updates for free, while iPod Touch users paid for the 2.0 and 3.0 major software updates. As of iOS 4.0, Apple no longer charges money for iPod Touch updates.
As of 2017, two versions of iOS were never released. iPhone OS 1.2, which after the first beta was replaced by a 2.0 version number; the second beta was named 2.0 beta 2 instead of 1.2 beta 2. The other was iOS 4.2, replaced with 4.2. 1 due to a Wi - Fi bug in 4.2 beta 3, causing Apple to release 2 golden masters (4.2 GM and 4.2. 1 GM). One version of iOS was pulled back by Apple after being released. iOS 8.0. 1 was pulled back by Apple because cellular service and Touch ID were disabled on iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus.
Apple announced iPhone OS 1 at the iPhone keynote on January 9, 2007, and it was released to the public alongside the original iPhone on June 29, 2007. No official name was given on its initial release; Apple marketing literature simply stated the iPhone runs a version of Apple 's desktop operating system, OS X. The release of iPhone OS 1.1 brought support for the iPod touch (1st generation). iPhone OS 1.1. 5 is the final version of iPhone OS 1. Support of iPhone OS 1 ended in 2010.
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Apple announced iPhone OS 2, at the iPhone software roadmap keynote in March, 2008, and it was released to the public on July 11, 2008 alongside the iPhone 3G. Apple did not drop support for any devices with this release. iPhone OS 2 was compatible with all iOS devices released up to that time. The release of iPhone OS 2.1. 1 brought support for the iPod touch (2nd generation). iPhone OS 2.2. 1 is the final version of iPhone OS 2. Support of iPhone OS 2 ended in 2011.
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01.48. 02
02.08. 01
5F137 5F138
02.11. 07
September 12, 2008; 9 years ago (2008 - 09 - 12)
5G77a
02.28. 00
5H11a
02.30. 03
Apple announced iPhone OS 3 in March, 2009, and it was released to the public on June 17, 2009 alongside the iPhone 3GS. Apple did not drop support for any devices with this release. iPhone OS 3 was compatible with all iOS devices released up to that time, but not all features were available on the original iPhone. The final release supported on the original iPhone and iPod Touch is iPhone OS 3.1. 3. The first iPad was introduced along with iOS 3.2. Support of iPhone OS 3 ended in 2012.
Limited support on iPhone (1st generation) and iPod Touch (1st generation)
04.26. 08
04.26. 08
Limited support on iPhone (1st generation) and iPod Touch (1st generation)
7C145 7C146
05.11. 07
05.11. 07
05.12. 01
Apple announced iOS 4 in March, 2010 and it was released to the public on June 21, 2010 alongside the iPhone 4. With this release, Apple dropped support for the original iPhone and iPod touch, the first time they had done this. All other devices from the iPhone 3G onwards and the iPod touch (2nd generation) onward are supported. However, iOS 4 has limited support for the iPhone 3G and iPod Touch (2nd generation), as they lack of multitasking capabilities and the ability to set a home screen wallpaper. It is also the first major iOS release that iPod Touch users did not have to pay for. The release of iOS 4.2. 1 brought iPad compatibility, support for the iPad 2, and is the final supported release on the iPhone 3G and iPod touch (2nd generation) due to major performance issues. Support of iOS 4 ended in 2013.
Limited support on iPhone 3G and iPod Touch (2nd generation)
01.59. 00
01.59. 00
01.59. 00
Limited support on iPhone 3G and iPod Touch (2nd generation)
02.10. 04
Limited support on iPhone 3G and iPod Touch (2nd generation)
8C148a
03.10. 01 07.10. 00
Final release supported on iPhone 3G and iPod Touch (2nd generation)
iOS 4.2 was replaced because of a Wi - Fi bug in beta 3, causing Apple to release two golden master candidates (4.2 GM and 4.2. 1 GM)
CDMA (Verizon) iPhone 4 only
Bug fixes
Bug fixes
Security Updates
Security Update
8F191
04.10. 01 07.11. 00 2.0. 4
04.10. 01 07.11. 01 2.0. 4
8H8
04.10. 01 07.11. 01 2.0. 4
8J3
04.10. 01 07.11. 01 2.0. 4
This update contains changes to the iOS crowd - sourced location database cache.
04.10. 01 07.11. 01 2.0. 4
2.0. 4
Apple announced iOS 5 on June 6, 2011 at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on October 12, 2011 alongside the iPhone 4s. Apple did not drop support for any devices with this release, as this had already been done with the release of iOS 4.3 seven months earlier. Therefore, iOS 5 was released for the iPhone 3GS onwards, iPod Touch (3rd generation) onwards, and both iPad, models. The release of iOS 5.1 brought support for the iPad (3rd generation). iOS 5.1. 1 is the final release supported for the iPad (1st generation) and iPod Touch (3rd generation). Support of iOS 5 ended in 2014.
Limited support on iPad (1st generation) and iPod Touch (3rd Generation)
05.16. 05 07.11. 01 1.0. 11 3.00. 03
9A406
3.00. 03 05.16. 05 07.11. 01 1.0. 14 (Build 9A406)
December 12, 2011 (9A406)
Bug fixes, security update
Limited support on iPad (1st generation) and iPod Touch (3rd Generation)
9B179
07.11. 01 04.12. 01 3.0. 04 1.0. 10 2.0. 10
9B208
07.11. 01 04.12. 01 3.0. 04 1.0. 11 2.0. 12
May 25, 2012 (2012 - 05 - 25)
Bug fixes, security update
Apple announced iOS 6 on June 11, 2012 at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 19, 2012 alongside the iPhone 5, iPod Touch (5th generation), and iPad (4th generation). With this release, Apple dropped support for the iPod Touch (3rd generation), and the iPad (1st generation). All other devices from the iPhone 3GS onwards; the iPod Touch (4th generation) onwards; the iPad 2 onwards; and the iPad mini (1st generation). However, iOS 6 has limited support on the iPhone 3GS, iPad 2, and iPod Touch (4th generation). iOS 6.1. 6 is the final release supported for the iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch (4th generation). Support of iOS 6 ended in 2015.
Limited support on iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch (4th generation)
1.00. 16 3.0. 04 2.0. 02 04.12. 02
September 19, 2012; 5 years ago (2012 - 09 - 19)
Not all features available across devices.
10A525 10A8426
1.01. 00 3.0. 04 2.03. 09 2.0. 02 04.12. 02
10A551 10A8500
Bug fix
Limited support on iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch (4th generation)
3.04. 25 3.4. 01 2.0. 02 2.3. 03 3.04. 24 3.0. 04 04.12. 05
Bug fix
10B147
3.4. 02 04.12. 05 3.04. 25 2.3. 03
3.4. 03 04.12. 05 3.04. 25 2.3. 04
Bug fix
Bug fix
Final release supported on iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch (4th generation)
Apple announced iOS 7 on June 10, 2013 at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 18, 2013 alongside the iPhone 5C and iPhone 5S. With this release, Apple dropped support for the iPhone 3GS (due to hardware limitations) and the iPod Touch (4th generation) (due to performance issues). All other devices from the iPhone 4 onwards, iPod Touch (5th generation) onwards, the iPad 2 onwards, and the iPad Mini (1st generation) onwards are supported. However, iOS 7 has limited support on the iPad 2 and the iPhone 4 since they do not support Siri. The release of iOS 7.0. 3 brought support for the iPad Air and iPad mini 2. iOS 7.1. 2 is the final release on the iPhone 4. Support of iOS 7 ended in 2016.
Limited support on iPhone 4
11A466
3.0. 04 5.0. 00 4.0. 01 5.00. 01 1.00. 06
Bug fixes
3.0. 04 5.0. 00 4.0. 01 5.00. 01 1.00. 06
Features
3.0. 04 5.0. 02 4.1. 02 5.02. 00 1.02. 02
Bug fixes
Features
3.0. 04 5.0. 02 4.1. 02 5.02. 00 1.03. 01
Bug fixes
3.0. 04 5.0. 02 4.1. 02 5.02. 00 1.03. 02
Limited support on iPhone 4
11D169
3.0. 04 5.2. 00 4.1. 02 6.02. 00 2.18. 02
3.0. 04 5.2. 00 4.1. 02 6.02. 00 2.18. 02
3.0. 04 5.2. 00 4.1. 02 6.02. 00 2.18. 02
Apple announced iOS 8 on June 2, 2014, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 17, 2014 alongside the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus. With this release, Apple dropped support for only one device, the iPhone 4. All other devices from the iPhone 4S onwards, iPod Touch (5th generation) onwards, the iPad 2 onwards, and the iPad Mini (1st generation) onwards are supported. However, iOS 8 has limited support on the iPad 2, iPhone 4S, and the iPod Touch (5th generation), and Apple received widespread complaints of extremely poor / slow performance from owners of these devices. The release of iOS 8.1 brought support for the iPad Air 2 and iPad mini 3, and the release of iOS 8.4 brought support for the iPod touch (6th generation). iOS 8.3 was also the first version of iOS to have public beta testing be available. The final version of iOS 8 is iOS 8.4. 1. Support for iOS 8 ended in 2017.
12A366
3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.09. 01 1.00. 05
3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.09. 01 1.00. 05
3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.09. 01 1.00. 05
12B411
3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.11. 00 1.04. 00
12B436
3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.11. 00 1.04. 00
Bug fixes
3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.11. 00 1.04. 00
Other Info
3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.11. 00 1.04. 00
Other Info
Bug fixes
3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 7.03. 00 3.11. 00 1.04. 00
Bug fixes
12F70
3.0. 04 5.4. 00 5.3. 00 8.01. 00 4.01. 00 2.23. 03
Wi - Fi and Bluetooth fixes
Orientation and rotation fixes
Messages fixes
Family Sharing fixes
CarPlay fixes
Enterprise fixes
Accessibility fixes
Other improvements and bug fixes
Other info
2.41. 00 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.5. 00 5.4. 00 4.03. 00
Other info
2.41. 00 04.12. 09 3.0. 04 5.5. 00
5.4. 00 4.03. 00
Apple announced iOS 9 on June 8, 2015, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 16, 2015 alongside the iPhone 6s, iPhone 6s Plus and iPad mini 4. With this release, Apple did not drop support for any iOS devices. Therefore, iOS 9 was supported on the iPhone 4S onwards, iPod Touch (5th generation) onwards, the iPad 2 onwards, and the iPad Mini (1st generation) onwards. This release made the iPad 2 the first iOS device to support six major releases of iOS, supporting iOS 4 to 9. However, iOS 9 has limited support on the iPhone 4S, iPad 2, iPad (3rd generation), iPad Mini (1st generation), and iPod Touch (5th generation). Despite Apple 's promise of better performance on these devices, there were still widespread complaints that the issue had not been fixed. iOS 9.3. 5 is the final release on the iPhone 4S, iPad 2, iPad (3rd generation), iPod Touch (5th generation) and iPad Mini (1st generation).
Limited support on iPad 2, iPad (3rd generation), iPad Mini (1st generation), iPhone 4S, and iPod Touch (5th generation)
13A342 13A343 13A344
3.0. 04 5.3. 04 5.2. 03 10.00. 00 5.00. 11 6.00. 00 4.01. 00 1.00. 05
13A405
3.0. 04 10.00. 00 6.00. 00 4.01. 00 1.00. 05
September 24, 2015; 2 years ago (2015 - 09 - 24) (13A405)
3.0. 04 10.00. 00 6.00. 00 4.01. 00 1.00. 05
Limited support on iPad 2, iPad (3rd generation), iPad Mini (1st generation), iPhone 4S, and iPod Touch (5th generation)
3.0. 04 10.00. 00 6.0. 00 6.01. 00 4.32. 00 1.14. 00
Limited support on iPad 2, iPad (3rd generation), iPad Mini (1st generation), iPhone 4S, and iPod Touch (5th generation)
3.0. 04 10.00. 00 6.0. 00 6.01. 00 4.52. 00 1.23. 00
13D20
3.0. 04 10.00. 00 6.0. 00 6.01. 00 4.52. 00 1.23. 00
Limited support on iPad 2, iPad (3rd generation), iPad Mini (1st generation), iPhone 4S, and iPod Touch (5th generation)
13E234 13E236 13E237
3.0. 04 10.01. 00 6.1. 00 6.0. 00 6.02. 00 4.71. 00 1.60. 00
March 25, 2016; 19 months ago (2016 - 03 - 25) (13E236) March 28, 2016; 19 months ago (2016 - 03 - 28) (13E237)
3.0. 04 10.01. 00 6.1. 00 6.0. 00 6.02. 00 4.71. 00 1.60. 00
13F72
3.0. 04 10.01. 00 6.1. 00 6.0. 00 6.02. 00 4.71. 00 1.60. 00
3.0. 04 10.01. 00 6.1. 00 6.0. 00 6.02. 00 4.71. 00 1.60. 00
3.0. 04 10.01. 00 6.1. 00 6.0. 00 6.02. 00 4.71. 00 1.60. 00
3.0. 04 10.01. 00 6.1. 00 6.0. 00 6.02. 00 4.71. 00 1.60. 00
Apple announced iOS 10 on June 13, 2016, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 13, 2016 alongside the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus. With this release, Apple dropped support for the iPhone 4S, iPad 2, iPad (3rd generation), iPad Mini (1st generation) and iPod Touch (5th generation). All other devices from the iPhone 5 onwards, iPod touch (6th generation) onwards, iPad (4th generation) onwards, and the iPad mini 2 onwards are supported. However, iOS 10 has limited support on the iPhone 5, iPhone 5C, and iPad (4th generation). The release of iOS 10.2. 1 brought support for the iPad (5th generation), and iOS 10.3. 2 brought support for the iPad Pro (10.5 - inch) and the iPad Pro (12.9 - inch, 2nd generation). iOS 10.3. 3 is the final supported release for the iPhone 5, iPhone 5c and iPad (4th generation).
7.01. 00 5.24. 00 2.30. 00 1.00. 02 1.00. 03
7.01. 00 5.24. 00 2.30. 00 1.00. 03 1.00. 04
Limited support on iPad (4th generation), iPhone 5, and iPhone 5C
14B72c
7.01. 00 5.26. 00 2.36. 00 1.01. 13 1.25. 00
14B150
7.01. 00 5.26. 00 2.36. 00 1.01. 15 1.25. 00
November 9, 2016; 11 months ago (2016 - 11 - 09) (14B150)
Limited support on iPad (4th generation), iPhone 5, and iPhone 5C
7.21. 00 5.32. 00 2.41. 00 1.02. 15 1.33. 00
7.21. 00 5.32. 00 2.41. 00 1.02. 15 1.33. 00
Initial release on iPad (2017)
Limited support on iPad (4th generation), iPhone 5, and iPhone 5C
7.51. 00 5.51. 00 2.54. 00 1.03. 21 1.59. 02
7.51. 00 5.51. 00 2.54. 00 1.03. 21 1.59. 02
Fixed in this release:
14F8089 14F90 14F91
7.60. 00 5.62. 00 2.61. 00 1.03. 50 1.81. 01
Initial release on iPad Pro 10.5 '' and 12.9 '' (2nd generation)
Security and Bug Fixes
6.17. 00 4.00. 01 1.03. 60 1.91. 00
Apple announced iOS 11 on June 5, 2017, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 19, 2017 alongside the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus. With this release, Apple dropped support for the 32 - bit iPhone 5, iPhone 5C, and the iPad (4th generation), making iOS a 64 - bit only OS that only runs 64 - bit apps. All other devices from the iPhone 5s onwards, iPod touch (6th generation) onwards, iPad Air onwards, and iPad mini 2 onwards are supported. However, iOS 11 has limited support on devices with an A7 processor: the iPhone 5S, iPad Mini 2, iPad Mini 3, and iPad Air. The release of iOS 11.1 will bring support for the redesigned iPhone X. iOS 11 is currently (October, 2017) under active development.
6.17. 00 4.00. 01 3.00. 00 2.00. 01 1.00. 03
Initial release on iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus
6.17. 00 4.00. 01 3.00. 00 2.00. 01 1.00. 03
Initial release on iPhone X
6.17. 00 4.00. 01 3.00. 00 2.00. 01 1.00. 03
6.17. 00 4.00. 01 3.00. 00 2.00. 01 1.00. 03
6.17. 00 4.00. 01 3.21. 01 2.01. 03 1.41. 00 1.02. 03
6.17. 00 4.00. 01 3.21. 01 2.01. 03 1.41. 00 1.02. 03
6.30. 03 4.30. 01 3.41. 03 2.02. 03 1.61. 01 1.03. 05
The Alarm feature of the built in Clock app in the iPhone and iPod Touch has been plagued by major bugs in all versions of iOS 4. The first bug noticed was the "DST bug '' which was first seen when some countries switched to / from daylight saving time from / to standard time in October / November 2010. It caused recurring alarms to start going off an hour too early or late. Apple promised the bug would be fixed in iOS 4.2 but according to some reports it still exists even in iOS 4.3. 1.
The second alarm clock bug discovered was the "New Year 's Day bug '' which showed up on January 1, 2011 and January 1, 2012. It caused non-recurring alarms to never work. However two days after each New Year 's Day, on January 3, 2011, they "magically '' started working again. This bug was seemingly fixed in iOS 4.3.
Apple confirmed that several battery life bugs were negatively affecting battery life in iOS 5. They attempted to fix these bugs with iOS 5.0. 1 and 5.1 but the problem still remained. Finally, these bugs were fixed in iOS 5.1. 1.
The launch of the iOS 5 update on October 12, 2011 (including iOS 5.0. 1 released on November 10, 2011), led many users to report a major bug causing the device to lose Wi - Fi access. This problem has supposedly been fixed with the release of iOS 5.1. 1
Some users of the iPhone 4S and iPad (Wi - Fi + Cellular) reported issues with the SIM card in iOS 5.0, and even though Apple attempted to fix these issues in version 5.0. 1 build 9A406 (for iPhone 4S only), they still remained.
Some users of the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S reported issues with having echo problems during phone call in the initial release of iOS 5, which causes echoes to appear randomly during phone calls made through earbuds. The other party in the call is generally unable to hear the conversation due to this problem. Apple has since released version 5.1. 1 in an attempt to fix the problem.
Apple has admitted that there were several bugs in the mapping app on iOS 6, with cities in the wrong location, some places being missed off altogether, some places misnamed and places of interest in the sea. Problems submitted by users have gradually been addressed with daily updates to Maps.
Many users report a problem with Bluetooth audio streaming to a range of compatible devices. The sound cuts out every now and then for no apparent reason. As of October 2012, no solution has been provided by Apple.
Location - based reminders do not work for iPads, even though they were promised to work on cellular enabled devices. It has later been clarified by Apple that only the 4th generation iPad and the iPad Mini 1st generation or later will be able to use this.
In iOS 6.1, users reported problems with cellular connectivity. This was addressed for the iPhone 4S in iOS 6.1. 1 which "fixes an issue that could impact cellular performance and reliability for iPhone 4S ''.
Many iPhone users experienced a bug with the Do Not Disturb feature when the calendar changed from 2012 to 2013. The feature would be left on past the scheduled time set by the user, allowing texts, notifications, and alarm settings to be missed. The bug was caused by a difference in formatting in the ISO calendar system versus the Gregorian calendar system. Apple did not offer a quick software update for the bug, instead saying that the bug would fix itself on January 7, 2013.
Another bug causes issues when iOS devices connect to a Microsoft Exchange server to retrieve email, resulting in message "mailbox server resources are consumed, log growth becomes excessive, memory and CPU use may increase significantly, and server performance is affected ''. Microsoft have suggested several workarounds, and Apple responded with a KnowledgeBase article describing the cause of the bug and a suggested temporary workaround, promising a fix in the near future, which was then fixed with release of iOS 6.1. 2.
On iPhones, another bug found in 6.1 allowing bypassing the lock screen 's passcode to temporarily gain full access to the Phone app, by performing a specific sequence of actions on the phone that remained unfixed, with Apple acknowledging the bug and then addressed with release of iOS 6.1. 3.
iPhone 5 users experienced dropped calls during the release of iOS 6.1. 3 when there was an issue with the audio microphone profile. This also caused issues with many voice - over commands, including Siri, to get different results than expected or to fail easily. Apple fixed this bug with the release of iOS 6.1. 4, which updated the audio speaker profile so users would get better results.
Shortly when Apple released iOS 7, users running iOS 6 were said to have problems using FaceTime. Apple later released a support document stating that this was due to an expired device certificate and that devices that support iOS 7 should update to it in order to resolve these issues. Devices that are unable to run iOS 7, such as the fourth - generation iPod Touch, should upgrade to iOS 6.1. 6.
An attacker can collect or modify data in sessions protected by SSL / TLS protocols. This same bug was also reported on iOS 7.0. 4 and iOS 7.0. 5 for the iPhone 5C and 5S. For the iPhone 3GS and the iPod Touch 4th generation, iOS 6.1. 6 was released to fix this issue since iOS 7 is not compatible with these devices (see iOS 7. x).
In iOS 7, users that were running iPhone 4 to iPhone 5, iPad 2nd to 4th generations, first - generation iPad Mini, and iPod Touch (5th generation) have developed bugs that were formerly retained since iOS 6. One example is the SSL / TLS protocol when the secure transport failed to verify certification authenticity (fixed in iOS 7.0. 6). This caused the iPhone 3GS (initially ended with iOS 6.1. 3) and the iPod Touch 4th generation (initially ended with iOS 6.1. 5) to advance one update to iOS 6.1. 6.
People are able to bypass the "Enter Passcode '' screen. This flaw was discovered within hours of it becoming publicly available. This is only able to be done on iPhone 5 and earlier while the iPhone 5C and iPhone 5S are safe from this bug. This is caused by the ability to use the control center via the lock screen and tapping on the camera or timer buttons. This feature can be turned off in the Settings app. This was fixed in iOS 7.0. 2.
Users complained about dizziness and vertigo - like symptoms when using this operating system because of parallax motion effects. In iOS 7.1, a new function in the Settings app named "Reduce Motion '' was introduced to reduce the motion of the user interface and disable the parallax effects.
Creating a CardDAV Account contains a bug that needs manual fixing of the CardDAV - Server - URL.
In iOS 7.1, users have reported seeing significant drain on their batteries after installing the new update.
Issues with video - calling and connection errors. This was fixed in iOS 7.0. 4. (See iOS 6. x)
Local domain names can no longer be resolved in Safari. This breaks short names on the local network, e.g. ' nas ' for nas. < ourdomain >.
Users have reported various crashes of the home screen, the core service that renders the home screen icons, Notification Center, Control Center, Siri and the lockscreen. This was fixed in iOS 7.1.
Secure transport failed to validate the authenticity of connection. This issue was addressed by restoring missing validation steps. This may cause an attacker with a privileged network position to capture or modify data in sessions protected by SSL / TLS. This issue was addressed by the release of iOS 7.0. 6.
iPhone 4S users report experiencing problems with the battery indicator; the indicator will freeze at the same value until the iPhone is restarted again.
In iOS 7.1, Touch ID was not functioning on the iPhone 5S. The problem can not be resolved by turning Touch ID on and off in the "Fingerprint and Passcode '' menu, restarting, resetting, or restoring the device using iTunes. This problem was similar to the iOS 8. 0.1 release, which crippled iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus of both cellular and Touch ID. This was fixed in iOS 7.1. 1.
Shortly after the release of iOS 8, Apple released a statement pointing out that a bug had been found in the operating system which prevented HealthKit - compatible apps from being released alongside iOS 8. Apps already released that included Healthkit functionality were withdrawn from the App Store. iOS 8.0. 1 / 8.0. 2 included a fix for this issue.
iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus users who updated to iOS 8.0. 1 wirelessly had cellular service and Touch ID disabled due to a software issue. Over-the - Air downloads of iOS 8.0. 1 were stopped within an hour of the release of the software, but many early adopters had been affected. These issues were fixed with the release of iOS 8.0. 2 a day later.
Users who updated phones with Touch ID enabled to iOS 8.3 found out that they could not use Touch ID to make App Store purchases. A workaround has been devised by users to repair this issue.
Many users of older generation devices such as the iPhone 4s and the iPad 2 reported performance issues with iOS 8. Apple has since released iOS 8.1. 1 in attempt to fix the problem.
Several issues with the new Keyboard API in iOS 8 were reported, including problems with custom keyboards crashing or not appearing, or being replaced with the default keyboard. Apple has since released iOS 8.3 in attempt to fix the problem.
When a specific set of Arabic, Unicode, and English characters are sent through iMessage to an iOS device running iOS 8.0 or later, it causes the device to crash. This bug was discovered by a Reddit user in May 2015. Apple has since released a software update (iOS 8.4) to fix this issue.
Many users of all generation devices experience some issues with Game Center loading times causes long freezes in apps that require Game Center logins. This was fixed in iOS 9.1.
January 1, 1970
On 64 - bit iOS devices, setting the date to January 1, 1970 and restarting the iPhone would brick the device until the battery died or was uninstalled. This was fixed with the release of iOS 9.3.
Error 53
Updating an iPhone 6 with a replaced Touch ID sensor to a new version of iOS would cause the update to fail and the device 's date to be lost due to "Error 53. '' This was fixed with an iTunes re-release of iOS 9.2. 1 with build number 13D20.
Many users who own the iPhone SE have experienced various issues relating to phone calls via Bluetooth connectivity. The quality of incoming calls via Bluetooth devices was reported to be very low. This issue was fixed in the iOS 9.3. 2 update.
Users ' security was threatened with the release of 9.3. 3 through an exploit in the WebKit rendering component which allowed hackers to access the infected phone 's sensors by getting the user to open a link from an SMS. This was quickly fixed with the release of 9.3. 5.
Many users, especially iPhone 6s devices reported that their phones would die with 30 % battery left. This issue was fixed with the release of iOS 10.3.
Many users have been reporting much worse battery life on iOS 11 than on iOS 10.3. 3. This issue has been resolved with the release of iOS 11.1.
Users with Outlook.com, Office 365, and certain Exchange accounts were unable to send email. This has been resolved with release of iOS 11.0. 1.
Information about new updates to Apple TV (2nd generation) onwards is published on Apple 's knowledge base.
iOS 4.1 was the first version of iOS available on the Apple TV (2nd generation). It included Apple TV Software 4.0.
Bug fixes
Bug fixes
Bug fixes
On October 23, 2011, Apple TV (2nd generation) received the iOS 5.0 software, with My Photo Stream, AirPlay mirroring (from iPhone 4S & iPad 2), NHL, Wall Street Journal, slideshow themes and Netflix subtitles. Contrary to rumors and code found in iOS 5, the release did not bring support for Bluetooth or apps to the Apple TV (2nd generation).
Upgrading from this version resets the device to factory settings as part of the upgrade process.
Bug fixes
On September 24, 2012, Apple TV (2nd generation) onwards received the iOS 6.0 software update, with Shared Photo Streams, iTunes account switching, better AirPlay functionality, and Trailers searching, among other smaller improvements.
✝ Further channels added on August 27, 2013, without a software update: Vevo, Weather Channel, Disney Channel, Disney XD, and Smithsonian Channel (some sources depend on country)
On September 20, 2013, Apple TV (second generation) onwards received the iOS 7.0 software update, with iTunes Radio and AirPlay from iCloud.
Third - party US - only content added on September 26, 2013, without a software update: Major League Soccer (MLS) and Disney Junior.
iMovie Theater app was added on October 22, 2013, without a software update.
Final release on Apple TV (2nd generation)
As of May 2015, the YouTube app only works on newer Apple TVs that have software 7.2 or later due to an API change implemented by Google.
On September 18, 2014, the third generation Apple TV received the iOS 8.0 software update, with a redesigned UI, Family Sharing and peer - to - peer AirPlay.
As of May 2015, the YouTube app only works on Apple TVs that have software 7.2 or later due to an API change implemented by Google.
Final release on Apple TV (3rd Generation / 3rd Generation Rev - A)
tvOS 9 is an operating system that is 95 % based on iOS 9, with adaptations made for a television interface. It was announced on September 9, 2015, alongside the new iPad Pro and iPhone 6S. Tim Cook took the stage and introduced tvOS saying that it was time for the Apple TV to gain a modern OS with support for apps as they are "the future of TV ''. It will only be available on the Apple TV (4th generation), released in October 2015. It adds a native SDK to develop apps, and an App Store to distribute them, and support for Siri and universal search across multiple apps.
On June 13, 2016, Apple SVP of Internet Services Eddy Cue announced at WWDC 2016, the next major version of tvOS, tvOS 10. tvOS 10 brings new functionality such as Siri search enhancements, single sign on for cable subscriptions, a dark mode, and a new Remote application for controlling the Apple TV. tvOS 10 was released on September 13, 2016.
14U100
November 14, 2016; 11 months ago (2016 - 11 - 14) (14U100)
Security and Bug Fixes
tvOS 11 was released on September 19, 2017.
11.1
11.2 beta 2
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what was the writing system of the minoan called | Linear B - Wikipedia
Linear B is a syllabic script that was used for writing Mycenaean Greek, the earliest attested form of Greek. The script predates the Greek alphabet by several centuries. The oldest Mycenaean writing dates to about 1450 BC. It is descended from the older Linear A, an undeciphered earlier script used for writing the Minoan language, as is the later Cypriot syllabary, which also recorded Greek. Linear B, found mainly in the palace archives at Knossos, Cydonia, Pylos, Thebes and Mycenae, disappeared with the fall of Mycenaean civilization during the Late Bronze Age collapse. The succeeding period, known as the Greek Dark Ages, provides no evidence of the use of writing. It is also the only one of the prehistoric Aegean scripts to have been deciphered, by English architect and self - taught linguist Michael Ventris.
Linear B consists of around 87 syllabic signs and over 100 ideographic signs. These ideograms or "signifying '' signs symbolize objects or commodities. They have no phonetic value and are never used as word signs in writing a sentence.
The application of Linear B appears to have been confined to administrative contexts. In all the thousands of clay tablets, a relatively small number of different "hands '' have been detected: 45 in Pylos (west coast of the Peloponnese, in southern Greece) and 66 in Knossos (Crete). It is possible that the script was used only by a guild of professional scribes who served the central palaces. Once the palaces were destroyed, the script disappeared.
Linear B has roughly 200 signs, divided into syllabic signs with phonetic values and ideograms with semantic values. The representations and naming of these signs have been standardized by a series of international colloquia starting with the first in Paris in 1956. After the third meeting in 1961 at the Wingspread Conference Center in Racine, Wisconsin, a standard proposed primarily by Emmett L. Bennett, Jr. (1918 -- 2011), became known as the Wingspread Convention, which was adopted by a new organization, the Comité International Permanent des Études Mycéniennes (CIPEM), affiliated in 1970 by the fifth colloquium with UNESCO. Colloquia continue: the 13th occurred in 2010 in Paris.
Many of the signs are identical or similar to those in Linear A; however, Linear A encodes an as - yet unknown language, and it is uncertain whether similar signs had the same phonetic values.
The grid developed during decipherment by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick of phonetic values for syllabic signs is shown below.
Initial consonants are in the leftmost column; vowels are in the top row beneath the title. The transcription of the syllable (it may not have been pronounced that way) is listed next to the sign along with Bennett 's identifying number for the sign preceded by an asterisk (as was Ventris ' and Chadwick 's convention). In cases where the transcription of the sign remains in doubt, Bennett 's number serves to identify the sign. The signs on the tablets and sealings often show considerable variation from each other and from the representations below. Discovery of the reasons for the variation and possible semantic differences is a topic of ongoing debate in Mycenaean studies.
* 08
* 38
* 28
* 61
* 10
* 01
* 45
* 07
* 14
* 51
* 57
* 46
* 36
* 77
* 44
* 67
* 70
* 81
* 80
* 13
* 73
* 15
* 23
* 06
* 24
* 30
* 52
* 55
* 03
* 72
* 39
* 11
* 50
* 16
* 78
* 21
* 32
* 60
* 27
* 53
* 02
* 26
* 31
* 09
* 41
* 12
* 58
* 59
* 04
* 37
* 05
* 69
* 54
* 75
* 40
* 42
* 17
* 74
* 20
In addition to the grid, the first edition of Documents contained a number of other signs termed "homophones '' because they appeared at that time to resemble the sounds of other syllables and were transcribed accordingly: pa and pa were presumed homophonous to pa. Many of these were identified by the second edition and are shown in the "special values '' below. The second edition relates: "It may be taken as axiomatic that there are no true homophones. '' The unconfirmed identifications of * 34 and * 35 as ai and ai were removed. pa became qa.
Other values remain unknown, mainly because of scarcity of evidence concerning them. Note that * 34 and * 35 are mirror images of each other but whether this graphic relationship indicates a phonetic one remains unconfirmed.
In recent times, CIPEM inherited the former authority of Bennett and the Wingspread Convention in deciding what signs are "confirmed '' and how to officially represent the various sign categories. In editions of Mycenaean texts, the signs whose values have not been confirmed by CIPEM are always transcribed as numbers preceded by an asterisk (e.g., * 64). CIPEM also allocates the numerical identifiers, and until such allocation, new signs (or obscured or mutilated signs) are transcribed as a bullet - point enclosed in square brackets: ().
The signs are approximations ― each may be used to represent a variety of about 70 distinct combinations of sounds, within rules and conventions. The grid presents a system of monosyllabic signs of the type V / CV. Clarification of the 14 or so special values tested the limits of the grid model, but Chadwick in the end concluded that even with the ramifications, the syllabic signs can unexceptionally be considered monosyllabic.
Possible exceptions, Chadwick goes on to explain, include the two diphthongs, 𐁁 (ai) and 𐁂 (au), as in 𐁁𐀓𐀠𐀴𐀍, ai - ku - pi - ti - jo, for Aiguptios (Αἰγύπτιος, "Egyptian '') and 𐁂𐀐𐀷, au - ke - wa, for Augewās (Αὐγείας "Augeas ''). However, a diphthong is by definition two vowels united into a single sound and therefore might be typed as just V. Thus 𐁉 (rai), as in 𐀁𐁉𐀺, e-rai - wo, for elaiwon (ἔλαιον), is of the type CV. Diphthongs are otherwise treated as two monosyllables: 𐀀𐀫𐀄𐀨, a-ro - u-ra, for arourans (accusative plural of ἄρουραι, "tamarisk trees ''), of the types CV and V. Lengths of vowels and accents are not marked.
𐁌 (Twe), 𐁍 (two), 𐁃 (dwe), 𐁄 (dwo), 𐁅 (nwa) and the more doubtful 𐁘 (swi) and 𐁚 (swa) may be regarded as beginning with labialized consonants, rather than two consonants, even though they may alternate with a two - sign form: o - da - twe - ta and o - da - tu - we - ta for Odatwenta; a-si - wi - jo and a-swi - jo for Aswios (Ἄσιος). Similarly, 𐁈 (rya), 𐁊 (ryo) and 𐁋 (tya) begin with palatalized consonants rather than two consonants: - ti - ri - ja for - trja (- τρια).
The one sign Chadwick tags as the exception to the monosyllabic rule is 𐁇 (pte), but this he attributes to a development pte < * pje as in kleptei < * klep - jei.
Linear B does not consistently distinguish between voiced and unvoiced stop consonants (except in the dental series) and between aspirated and unaspirated stops even when these distinctions are phonemic in Mycenaean Greek. For example, pa - te is patēr (πατήρ), pa - si is phāsi (φησί); p on the other hand never represents β: βασιλεύς ("basileus '', meaning in this period "court official or local chieftain '') is qa - si - re-u); ko - ru is korus (κόρυς, "helmet ''), ka - ra - we is grāwes (plural of γρηύς), ko - no is skhoinos ("rope ''). Exceptionally, however, the dentals are represented by a t - series and a d - series for unvoiced and voiced: to - so for tosos (τόσος or τόσσος) but do - ra for dōra (plural of δῶρον, "gift ''). Aspiration, however, is not marked: to - ra - ke for thōrākes (plural of θώραξ, "breastplate ''). In other cases aspiration can be marked but is optional: pu - te for phutēr ("planter '', from φυτεύω), but phu - te - re for phutēres ("planters ''). Initial aspiration may be marked only in the case of initial a and rarely: ha - te - ro for hateron (masculine ἅτερος), and yet a-ni - ja for hāniai (ἁνίαι).
The j - series represents the semivowel equivalent to English "y '', and is used word - initially and as an intervocalic glide after a syllable ending in i: - a-jo for - αῖος (- aios); a-te - mi - ti - jo for Ἀρτεμίτιος (Artemitios). The w - series similarly are semivowels used word - initially and intervocalically after a syllable ending in u: ku - wa - no for kuanos (κύανος, "blue '').
The r - series includes both the / r / and / l / phonemes: ti - ri - po for tripos (τρίπος, i.e. τρίπους) and tu - ri - so for Tulisos (Τυλισός).
The q - series is used for monosyllables beginning with a class of consonants that disappeared from classical Greek by regular phonetic change: the labialized velar consonants (see under Mycenaean Greek). These had entered the language from various sources: inheritance from Proto - Indo - European, assimilation, borrowing of foreign words, especially names. In Mycenaean they are / kw /, / gw /, and rarely / kwh / in names and a few words: a-pi - qo - ro for amphiq oloi (ἀμφίπολοι); qo - u-ko - ro for g oukoloi (βουκόλοι. "cowherders ''); - qo - i - ta for - φόντης.
Some consonants in some contexts are not written (but are understood): word - initial s - and - w before a consonant, as in pe - ma for sperma (σπέρμα, "seed ''); syllable - final - l, - m, - n, - r, - s; only word - final velars are notated by plene writing: a-to - ro - qo for anthrōq os (ἄνθρωπος, "human being, person ''). In the first example, the pe -, which was primarily used as its value pe of grid class CV, is being used for sper -, not in that class. This was not an innovative or exceptional use, but followed the stated rules. Similarly, a, being primarily of grid class V, is being used as an - and could be used for al, am, ar, and so on.
Clusters of two or three consonants that do not follow the initial s - and - w rule or the double consonants: ξ (ks or x), ψ (ps) and q s (which later did not exist in classical Greek) were represented by the same number of signs of type CV as the cluster had consonants: ko - no - so for Knōsos, ku - ru - so for khrusos (χρυσός, "gold ''). The consonants were the same as in the cluster. The vowels so introduced have been called "empty '', "null '', "extra '', "dead '' and other terms by various writers as they represent no sound. The sign was not alphabetic: rules governed the selection of the vowel and therefore of the sign. The vowel had to be the same as the one of the first syllable following the cluster or if at the end of the word, preceding: ti - ri - po with ti - (instead of ta -, te - and so on) to match - ri -. A rare exception occurs in words formed from wa - na - ka, wanax (ϝάναξ, Homeric and Classical ἄναξ): wa - na - ka - te for wanaktei (dative), and wa - na - ka - te - ro for wanakteros, the adjectival form.
Linear B also uses a large number of ideograms. They express:
They are typically at the end of a line before a number and appear to signify the object the number applies to. Many of the values remain unknown or disputed. Some commodities such as cloth and containers are divided into many different categories represented by distinct ideograms. Livestock may be marked with respect to their sex.
The numerical references for the ideograms were originally devised by Ventris and Bennett, divided into functional groups corresponding to the breakdown of Bennett 's index. These groups are numbered beginning 100, 110, 120 etc., with some provision of spare numbers for future additions; the official CIPEM numberings used today are based on Ventris and Bennett 's numbering, with the provision that three or four letter codes (written in small capitals), based on Latin words that seemed relevant at the time, are used where the meanings are known and agreed. Unicode (as of version 5.0) encodes 123 Linear B ideograms.
The ideograms are symbols, not pictures of the objects in question -- e.g. one tablet records a tripod with missing legs, but the ideogram used is of a tripod with three legs. In modern transcriptions of Linear B tablets, it is typically convenient to represent an ideogram by its Latin or English name or by an abbreviation of the Latin name. Ventris and Chadwick generally used English; Bennett, Latin. Neither the English nor the Latin can be relied upon as an accurate name of the object; in fact, the identification of some of the more obscure objects is a matter of exegesis.
Inscriptions in Linear B have been found on tablets and vases or other objects; they are catalogued and classified by, inter alia, the location of the excavation they were found in.
Another 170 inscriptions in Linear B have been found on various vessels, for a total of some 6,058 known inscriptions.
The oldest Linear B tablets are probably those from the Room of Chariot Tablets at Knossos, and date to the latter half of the 15th century BC. The Kafkania pebble, though from an earlier context, is not genuine. The earliest inscription from the mainland is an inscribed clay tablet found at Iklaina dating to between 1400 and 1350 BC.
It is claimed that a Linear B inscription is attested on an amber bead found as far at Bernstorf, in Germany.
The Aegean is responsible for many of the early Greek language words that have to do with daily life such as words for tools and items that are seen every day. The sequence and the geographical spread of Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A, and Linear B, the three overlapping, but distinct, writing systems on Bronze Age Crete, the Aegean islands, and mainland Greece are summarized as follows:
The main archives for Linear B are associated with these stages of Late Minoan and Helladic pottery:
The Knossos archive was dated by Arthur Evans to the destruction by conflagration of about 1400 BC, which would have baked and preserved the clay tablets. He dated this event to the LM II period. This view stood until Carl Blegen excavated the site of ancient Pylos in 1939 and uncovered tablets inscribed in Linear B. They were fired in the conflagration that destroyed Pylos about 1200 BC, at the end of LHIIIB. With the decipherment of Linear B by Michael Ventris in 1952, serious questions about Evans ' date began to be considered. Most notably, Blegen said that the inscribed stirrup jars, which are oil flasks with stirrup - shaped handles, imported from Crete around 1200 were of the same type as those dated by Evans to the destruction of 1400. Blegen found a number of similarities between 1200 BC Pylos and 1400 BC Knossos and suggested the Knossian evidence be reexamined, as he was sure of the 1200 Pylian date.
The examination uncovered a number of difficulties. The Knossos tablets had been found at various locations in the palace. Evans had not kept exact records. Recourse was had to the day books of Evans ' assistant, Duncan Mackenzie, who had conducted the day - to - day excavations. There were discrepancies between the notes in the day books and Evans ' excavation reports. Moreover, the two men had disagreed over the location and strata of the tablets. The results of the reinvestigation were eventually published by Palmer and Boardman, On the Knossos Tablets. It contains two works, Leonard Robert Palmer 's The Find - Places of the Knossos Tablets and John Boardman 's The Date of the Knossos Tablets, representing Blegen 's and Evans ' views respectively. Consequently, the dispute was known for a time as "the Palmer - Boardman dispute ''. There has been no generally accepted resolution to it yet.
The major cities and palaces used Linear B for records of disbursements of goods. Wool, sheep, and grain were some common items, often given to groups of religious people and to groups of "men watching the coastline ''.
The tablets were kept in groups in baskets on shelves, judging by impressions left in the clay from the weaving of the baskets. When the buildings they were housed in were destroyed by fires, many of the tablets were fired.
The British archaeologist Arthur Evans, keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, was presented by Greville Chester in 1886 with a sealstone from Crete engraved with a writing he took to be Mycenaean. Heinrich Schliemann had encountered signs similar to these, but had never identified the signs clearly as writing, relating in his major work on Mycenae that "of combinations of signs resembling inscriptions I have hitherto only found three or four... '' In 1893 Evans purchased more sealstones in Athens. He verified from the antiquarian dealers that the stones came from Crete. During the next year he noticed the script on other artefacts in the Ashmolean. In 1894, he embarked for Crete in search of the script. Almost immediately on arrival, he jumped into a trench at Knossos and saw the sign of the double axe on a palace wall. He knew he had found the source of the script. Subsequently, he found more stones being worn by Cretan women as amulets. They were called γαλόπετρες "milk - stones '' and had come from the various ruins.
Starting in 1894, Evans published his theories that the signs evidenced various phases in the development of a writing system in The Journal of Hellenic Studies, the first article being "Primitive Pictographs and a Prae - Phoenician Script from Crete ''. In these articles Evans distinguished between "pictographic writing '' and "a linear system of writing ''. He did not explicitly define these terms, causing some confusion among subsequent writers concerning what he meant, but in 1898 he wrote "These linear forms indeed consist of simple geometrical figures which unlike the more complicated pictorial class were little susceptible to modification, '' and "That the linear or quasi-alphabetic signs... were in the main ultimately derived from the rudely scratched line pictures belonging to the infancy of art can hardly be doubted. ''
Meanwhile, Evans began to negotiate for the land purchase of the Knossos site. He established the Cretan Exploration Fund, with only his own money at first, and by 1896 the fund had purchased one - fourth of Kephala Hill, on which the ruins were located, with first option to buy the rest. However, he could not obtain a firman excavation permit from the Ottoman government. He returned to Britain. In January 1897, the Christian population of Crete staged its final insurrection against the Ottoman Empire. The last Ottoman troops were ferried off the island by the British fleet on December 5, 1898. In that year also, Evans and his friends returned to finish paying for the site. By this time, the Fund had other contributors as well. In 1899, the Constitution of a new Cretan Republic went into effect. Once Arthur had received permission to excavate from the local authorities, excavation on the hill began on 23 March 1900.
According to Evans ' report to the British School at Athens for that year, on April 5, the excavators discovered the first large cache ever of Linear B tablets among the remains of a wooden box in a disused terracotta bathtub. Subsequently, caches turned up at multiple locations, including the Room of the Chariot Tablets, where over 350 pieces from four boxes were found. The tablets were 4.5 cm (1.8 in) to 19.5 cm (7.7 in) long by 1.2 cm (0.47 in) to 7.2 cm (2.8 in) wide and were scored with horizontal lines over which text was written in about 70 characters. Even in this earliest excavation report, Evans could tell that "... a certain number of quasi-pictorial characters also occur which seem to have an ideographic or determinative meaning. ''
The excavation was over for that year by June 2. Evans reported: "only a comparatively small proportion of the tablets were preserved in their entirety, '' the causes of destruction being rainfall through the roof of the storage room, crumbling of small pieces, and being thrown away by workmen who failed to identify them. A report on September 6 to the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland began to use some of the concepts characteristic of Evans ' later thought: "palace of Knossos '' and "palace of Minos ''. Appletons ' Cyclopædia of American Biography, 1900, notes that Evans took up Stillman 's theme that the palace was the labyrinth of mythology in which the half - bovine son of King Minos lurked. In the report, the tablets are now called a "linear script '' as opposed to the "hieroglyphic or conventionalized pictographic script ''. The linear script has characters that are "of a free, upright, European character '' and "seem to have been for the most part syllabic ''. Evans reasserts the ideographic idea: "a certain number are unquestionably ideographic or determinative. ''
The years after 1900 were consumed by excavations at Knossos and the discovery and study by Evans of tablets there and elsewhere, but nothing substantially new occurred. Evans planned a comprehensive work on Cretan scripts to be called Scripta Minoa. A year before the publication of volume I, he began to drop hints that he now believed the linear script was two scripts, to be presented in the forthcoming book.
In Scripta Minoa I, which appeared in 1909, he explained that the discovery of the Phaistos Disc in July 1908 had caused him to pull the book from the presses so that he could include the disk by permission, as it had not yet been published. On the next page he mentioned that he was also including by permission of Federico Halbherr of the Italian Mission in Crete unpublished tablets from Hagia Triada written in a linear script of "Class A ''. To what degree if any Halbherr was responsible for Evans ' division of the "linear script '' into "Class A '' and "Class B '' is not stated. The Knossos tablets were of Class B, so that Evans could have perceived Class A only in tablets from elsewhere, and so recently that he needed permission to include the examples.
Evans summarized the differences between the two scripts as "type '' or "form of script; ' that is, varieties in the formation and arrangement of the characters. For example, he says "the clay documents belonging to Class A show a certain approximation in their forms to those presenting the hieroglyphic inscriptions... the system of numerals is also in some respects intermediate between that of the hieroglyphic documents and that of the linear Class B. ''
The first volume covered "the Hieroglyphic and Primitive Linear Classes '' in three parts: the "pre-Phoenician Scripts of Crete '', the "Pictorial Script '' and "the Phaistos Disk ''. One or two more volumes publishing the Linear A and Linear B tablets were planned, but Evans ran out of time; the project required more than one man could bring to it. For a good many of the years left to him, he was deeply enmeshed in war and politics in the Balkans. When he did return to Knossos, completion and publication of the palace excavations took priority. His greatest work, Palace of Minos, came out in 1935. It did include scattered descriptions of tablets. He died in 1941, soon after Nazi forces invaded Crete.
The Knossos tablets had remained in the museum at Irakleion, Crete, where many of them now were missing. The unpublished second volume consisted of notes by Evans and plates and fonts created by Clarendon Press. In 1939, Carl Blegen had uncovered the Pylos Tablets; pressure was mounting to finish Scripta Minoa II. After Evans ' death, Alice Kober, assistant to John Myres and a major transcriber of the Knossos tablets, prompted Myres to come back from retirement and finish the work. Emmett L. Bennett, Jr. added more transcriptions. The second volume came out in 1952 with Evans cited as author and Myres as editor, just before the discovery that Linear B writes an early form of Greek. An impatient Ventris and Chadwick declared: "Two generations of scholars had been cheated of the opportunity to work constructively on the problem. ''
Despite the limited source materials, during this time there were efforts to decipher the newly discovered Cretan script. Australian classicist Florence Stawell published an interpretation of the Phaistos Disc in the April 1911 issue of The Burlington Magazine. She followed this with the book A Clue to the Cretan Scripts, published in 1931. Stawell declared all three Cretan script forms to represent early Homeric Greek, and offered her attempts at translations. Also in 1931, F.G. Gordon 's Through Basque to Minoan was published by the Oxford University Press. Gordon attempted to prove a close link between the Basque language and Linear B, without lasting success.
In 1949, the distinguished Professor Bedřich Hrozný of Prague published Les Inscriptions Crétoises, Essai de déchiffrement, a proposed decipherment of the Cretan scripts. Hrozny was internationally renowned as the translator of Hittite cuneiform decades previously. His Minoan translations into academic French, proved to be considerably subjective, and incorrect.
From the 1930s to 1950s there was correspondence between, and papers published by, various international academic figures. These included Johannes Sundwall, K.D. Ktistopoulos, Ernst Sittig and V.I. Georgiev. None of them succeeded with decipherment, yet they added to knowledge and debate.
About the same time, Professor Alice Kober studied Linear B and managed to construct grids, linking similar symbols in groups of threes. Kober noticed that a number of Linear B words had common roots and suffixes. This led her to believe that Linear B represented an inflected language, with nouns changing their endings depending on their case. However, some characters in the middle of the words seemed to correspond with neither a root nor a suffix. Because this effect was found in other known languages, Kober surmised that the odd characters were bridging syllables, with the beginning of the syllable belonging to the root and the end belonging to the suffix. This was a reasonable assumption, since Linear B had far too many characters to be considered alphabetic and too few to be logographic; therefore, each character should represent a syllable.
Dr. Kober also showed that the two symbol word for ' total ' at the end of livestock and personnel lists, had a different symbol for gender. This gender change with one letter, usually a vowel, is most frequent in Indo - European languages. Kober had rejected any speculation on the language represented, preferring painstaking cataloguing and analysis of the actual symbols.
The convention for numbering the symbols still in use today was first devised by United States Professor Emmett L. Bennett, Jr... Working alongside fellow academic Alice Kober, by 1950 Bennett had deciphered the metrical system, based on his intensive study of Linear B tablets unearthed at Pylos. He was also an early proponent of the idea that Linear A and B represented different languages. Bennett 's book The Pylos Tablets became a crucial resource for Michael Ventris, who later described it as "a wonderful piece of work ''.
In 1935, the British School at Athens was celebrating its fiftieth anniversary with an exhibition at Burlington House, London. Among the speakers was Arthur Evans, then eighty - four years old. The teenaged Michael Ventris was present in the audience. In 1940, the 18 - year - old Ventris had an article Introducing the Minoan Language published in the American Journal of Archaeology.
After wartime service as a navigator with RAF Bomber Command, and a post-war year in Occupied Germany, he returned to civilian life, and completed qualification as an architect. Despite having no university qualification, Ventris continued with his amateur interest in Linear B, corresponding with known scholars, who usually but not always replied.
Michael Ventris and John Chadwick performed the bulk of the decipherment of Linear B between 1951 and 1953. At first Ventris chose his own numbering method, but later switched to Bennett 's system. His initial decipherment was achieved using Kober 's classification tables, to which he applied his own theories. Some Linear B tablets had been discovered on the Greek mainland. Noticing that certain symbol combinations appeared only on the tablets found in Crete, he conjectured that these might be names of places on the island. This proved to be correct. Working with the symbols he could decipher from this, Ventris soon unlocked much text and determined that the underlying language of Linear B was in fact Greek. This contradicted general scientific views of the time, and indeed Ventris himself had previously agreed with Evans ' hypothesis that Linear B was not Greek.
Ventris ' discovery was of significance in demonstrating a Greek - speaking Minoan - Mycenaean culture on Crete, and thus presenting Greek in writing centuries earlier than had been previously accepted.
Chadwick, a university lecturer in Ancient Greek philology, helped Ventris develop his decipherment of the text and discover the vocabulary and grammar of Mycenaean Greek. He noted:
That any Linear B tablets are written in a language other than Greek still remains to be demonstrated; but that words and usages not exactly paralleled in later Greek occur is both certain and to be expected. But we must not resort to "non-Greek '' whenever we come up against an insoluble problem.
Linear B was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2003 with the release of version 4.0.
The Linear B Syllabary block is U + 10000 -- U + 1007F. The Linear B Ideograms block is U + 10080 -- U + 100FF. The Unicode block for the related Aegean Numbers is U + 10100 -- U + 1013F.
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who among the following ended slave trade in india | Slavery in India - wikipedia
There is evidence of the existence of slavery or personal circumstances resembling slavery and bonded - servitude since ancient times. However the study of its history in India is complicated by contested definitions, ideological and religious perceptions, difficulties in interpreting written sources, and perceptions of political impact of interpretations of written sources.
Though Megasthenes records an absence of slavery, he is contradicted by Indian sources. Unlike Greece and western nations however, in ancient India, a dasa was not employed in unclean work, could own property and earn for himself. The term dāsa and dāsyu in Vedic and other ancient Indian literature has been translated as "slave '', but also as "servant. '' Or it may mean religious devotee. Sources such as the Arthashastra, Smritis and the Mahabharata show that institutionalized slavery was firmly entrenched in India before the end of the first millennium BCE.
Slavery as known from the Dharmasutras was domestic in nature. Per the Manusmriti, a Shudra is born to be inferior to a Brahmin and servitude is ingrained in their nature. Slaves born to slave mothers are known. War - captives might have also become slaves. Chandana, the first female disciple of Mahavira was a war - captive slaves. One could also become a slave for paying off debts or during famines for want of food. Enslavement was also used as punishment for crimes committed by a person.
During Ashoka 's war against Kalinga, 150,000 people were made captives. Buddha forbade his followers from earning out of slave trade. Ashoka had inscriptions inscribed on rocks detailing the injunctions of abolition of slave trade after he converted to Buddhism.
Historical examinations of slavery in India have largely emphasized the intensification or growth of this institution during the period of Muslim control of northern India. From 8th century, the slavery system started emerging as a dominant social institution, including in systematic plundering raids by Muslim rulers which netted them slaves.
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna during his invasions made thousands as slaves which resulted in their prices becoming very cheap. During the Delhi Sultanate period (1206 -- 1555), references to the abundant availability of low - priced Indian slaves abound. The Fatawa - e-Alamgiri compiled under Mughal emperor Aurangzeb laid out rules for slavery in the Mughal Empire.
77 letters regarding the manumission or sale of slaves in the Majmua - i - wathaiq reveals that slaves of Indian origin accounted for over fifty - eight percent of those slaves whose region of origin is mentioned. The Khutut - i - mamhura bemahr - i qadat - i Bukhara, a smaller collection of judicial documents from early 18th century Bukhara, includes several letters of manumission, with over half of these letters referring to slaves "of Indian origin ''.
During colonial time many Indians were taken into different parts of the world as slave by British Raj. Slavery was abolished in the British Empire with the passage of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 and criminalized in the British Raj in the Indian Penal Code of 1861.
There is evidence of the existence of slavery or personal circumstances resembling slavery and bonded - servitude since ancient times. Apastanba, Gautama and Vashistha Dharmsutras, Milindapanho, Arthashastra and Periplus of the Erythraean Sea refer to the sale of slaves. Slavery as known from the Dharmasutras was domestic in nature. Slaves in India received better treatment than in the west. Professor Sailendra Nath Sen states this probably explains why Fa - hien does n't record any slavery in India.
Yajnavalkya recommended that a slave should be freed if he saved his master. An undated post-Mauryan inscription at Mathura suggests slaves could own property and make donation per their will. Dhammapada states that slaves could n't own anything as they were a piece of property. Manu denies them any wealth and states that his possession belonged to the master. However, there is also evidence that slaves owned property. Per Kautilya, a slave could own property and it could be inherited by the master only in the absence of his family. Manu states that a son of a Shudra child from a slave girl could receive a share of inheritance with his father 's permission. Yajnavalkya states that a Shudra 's child from a female slave could receive inheritance with his consent and his legal son was obligated to give a share in the inheritance to his son from a female slave if he died without making any provision for his sons. In absence of the father 's sons or grandsons, the son from a slave woman would receive the whole property.
The Arthashastra, Manu and Narad laid down regulations for the practice. The status of a Das was different as compared to the west. Scholars of ancient India agree that their condition was much better than elsewhere.
Per Ram Sharan Sharma and Thomas R. Trautmann, the Rigvedic term dasa for enemy tribes came to be employed to mean slave in the later Rigvedic period. They envisage that this was due to the enslavement of some of the enemy tribes by the Aryan settlers. Per Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the later usage of the term may not by itself mean the original people had such a status.
Dasa also means "slave, servant '' in Rig Vedic passages. In VIII. 56.3, a man named Dasyave Ṿrka (' Wolf to the Dasyu ") gives the poet "a hundred donkeys '', "a hundred wooly ewes, a hundred slaves (dāsá) and garlands beyond that. '' In Mandala 7, example of the master - servant relationship exists. In the Varuna Suktas, god is always shown as very great and a devotee very small.
The term dāsa and dāsyu in Vedic and other ancient Indian literature has also been translated as "slave '', but other scholars have translated it as "servant '', its current meaning, or as "religious devotee '', and as other abstract concepts depending on context.
Upinder Singh states that the Rig Veda is familiar with slavery, referring to enslavement in course of war or as a result of debt. She states that the use of dasa (Sanskrit: दास) and dasi in later times were used as terms for male and female slaves, suggests that initially ethnic differences may have been an important basis of enslavement. She adds that hymns in praise of gifts (dana - stutis) in later Rig Vedic books mention gifts of cows, horses, chariots, gold, clothes and female slaves given by kings to priests.
The Atharva Veda mentions female slaves in its earlier portions. She is described as being wet - handed, smearing the pestle and mortar, and also throwing lye on the dropping of a cow, showing that she was engaged in domestic work. References suggest female slaves in early Vedic society were employed as domestic slaves. In Rigveda 8: 19: 36 and the Chandogya Upanisad 5: 13: 2, men and women are mentioned being gifted as slaves.
The sale and gift of both male and female slaves is referred to in the Mahabharata. In its stories, it speaks of slavery resulting from a loss in bet and manumission. The term dasi - bhava is used in relation to Draupadi, who is lost in a bet by Yudhisthira. Those captured in war were often made slaves, "the vanquished is the victor 's slave - such is the law of war '', as stated in the Mahabharata.
Aitareya Brahmana 2: 19 relates that some seers while performing a sattra on the Sarasvati River, drove out Kavaṣa Ailūṣa to the desert, thinking him to be "the son of a slave - woman, a gambler, a non-Brahman '' (dāsyāḥ putraḥ kitavo ' brahmaṇaḥ). While marred by thirst in the desert, he saw the Aponaptriyā ("Child of the Waters '') hymn (Rig Veda 10: 30) and went to the dear abode of the Waters which rose up after him and Sarasvati flowed all around him because of which the place came to be known as Parisāraka. Recognising their mistake, the seers called on him and attained the dear abode of the Waters by performing the Aponaptriyā hymn.
The canonical texts of Buddhism mention servitude. Buddha forbade earning money from slave trade. The Mauryan emperor Ashoka had his ban on slave trade inscribed on his stone edicts and called for slaves to be treated decently, though without completely outlawing servitude. The Jain literature, Buddhist literature and Dharmsastras mention slavery. Digha Nikaya and Anguttara Nikaya mention Buddha forbidding Bhikshus from accepting slaves as gifts. Buddha also exhorted for slaves to be treated kindly.
Jain, Buddhist and Dharmsastra literature mention that slaves were brought and sold. Per the Nanda jataka, 700 panas were enough for buying a slave while Sattubhakta Jataka states 100 Karshapanas were enough. Slaves were also given as gifts. War - captives reduced to subjection mighty have also been sold or gifted. Chandana, the first female disciple of Mahavira belonged to this category of slaves. One could also become a slave for paying off debts. people were also made slaves during famines for want of food. The Vidhura - pandita - Jataka refers to men who were driven to slavery mainly on account of fear. Enslavement was also used as punishment for crimes committed by a person.
In Buddhist literature, slavery is an assumed background and their donation to the sangha is allowed. Various terms are used like kalpikāra ("bondsmen ''), kapyāri ("proper slave ''), kalpiyakāra ("proper bondman ''), parivāra, dāsa, and ārāmika; Junius P. Rodriguez states there is a problem in translation for the last three. In several of the Vinayas, Buddha allows donation and use of domestic servants and slaves. One tradition narrates King Bimbisara asking Pilindavaccha if he needs an "attendant for a monastery '' or a "park keeper '' (ārāmika). Buddha upon being asked for permission stated, "I allow monks a monastery attendant ''. 500 such attendants were then given by Bimbisara to Pilindavaccha and they lived in a separate compound. A later vinaya of another tradition has a parallel version, in which the slaves are forced to work for the king as well. The slaves objected saying, "We belong to the noble ones, '' indicating them being a gift to the sangha. To clarify whom they beonged to, Buddha allowed them a separate dwelling.
Slavery appears in Buddhist scriptures as a metaphor for human conditions. The parable of a dung sweeper ignorant of his master being his father and him being the truthful heir of a great wealth, presents menial servitude, though not really slavery, as a metaphor in Lotus Sutra for people being ignorant of their true Buddha nature. Another theoretical use of slavery is to express devotion like the Thai monk Buddhadasa ("Buddha 's slave '').
In Samaññaphala Sutta, Ajatashatru after pointing out advantages derived by home - born slaves and other workers asks if members of the order renounce the world, do they derive any advantages in this life from their profession. Buddha points to him about the luxurious life of the king and that of a slave - servant who becomes a recluse to earn merit and live like a king. He asks, "The very man whom, under ordinary circumstances, you would treat as a slave - servant, -- what treatment would you meet out to him after he had joined the Order? '' The king confesses he would treat him with honor and respect. The discourse, Ram Sharan Sharma states, points out about reclusion offering immediate relief from poverty for lower orders and merit for a happier life in the next birth.
According to Megasthenes there were no slaves in India. The historian Kishori Saran Lal however states that it probably did exist. Though Megasthenes records absence of slavery, it is contradicted by Indian sources. Sailendra Nath Sen, former professor of history at University of Calcutta, states that he might not have found the slave system in India similar to that of Greece and western nations where a slave was subservient to the master. In India, a dasa was not employed in unclean work, could own property and earn for himself.
The Greek historian Arrian wrote in his Indiké states:
There remains this relevant fact concerning India: all Indians are free, and no Indian is a slave. This value is common to the Lacedaemonians and Indians. But while the Lacedaemonians have Helots as slaves, that perform menial tasks, the Indians have no slaves of any kind, much less Indian slaves.
Udai Prakash Arora and Ram Sharan Sharma point out that Arrian 's work is based on Megasthenes whom Strabo considers unreliable. Sharma mentions that Onesikritos ' stated that absence of slavery was peculiar to Mousikanos, which included a large part of modern Sindh. Instead, they employed young men in the flower of their age, like the Cretans with the aphamiotai and Lacedemonians with helots. He states that this suggests that even the Mousikanoi had a class of people who worked as the helots for the whole society and were n't individually owned. Arora states that in his attempt to idealize the Indians, Megasthenes was greatly inspired from Onesicritus ' narrative about the Indians and Mousicanos. He states that the absence of slavery, lawsuits and formal contracts, marked as a characteristic of the Mousicanos, is generalized for all of India by Megasthenes.
B. Breloer, offer a different interpretation, and suggest that the word dasa in Sanskrit is better translated as "enemy '', "servant '' or "religious devotee '' depending on the context.
Kautilya 's Arthashastra dedicates the thirteenth chapter on dasas, in his third book on law. The Sanskrit scholar R.P. Kangle states that it denotes various types of "unfree '' men who as Broeler points out are not the same as slaves in ancient Greece and they can obtain freedom upon paymnent of a ransom by working for the master and is entitled to a wage like a free worker.
From Arthashastra it can be learned, that the state interfered if a slave was treated badly and the master was punished. If a slave was beaten or employed in mean work, the purchase value was forfeited by the master. If a slave girl was raped, the master had to pay a certain amount of money and twice the amount to the government as fine. Per Kautilya, slaves brought, enslaved for court decrees or captured in war could be emancipated by paying ransom.
In case a freedman was again sold or pledged, a fine of twelve panas was levied except for those who wanted to remain in slavery. If a female slave gave birth from a relationship with her master, she along with the child would be freed unless she wanted to remain in slavery for looking after his family.
Kautilya differentiates between Aryas and Mlecchas and mentions punishments for reducing any of the four varnas to slavery. From R.P. Kangle 's translation:
For one selling or keeping as a pledge a minor Arya individual except a slave for livelihood, the fine is twelve panas for a kinsman in the case of a Sudra, double that in the case of a Vaisya, three times in the case of a Ksatriya, four times in the case of Brahmin. For a stranger, the lowest, the middle and the highest fines and death are the punishments respectively, also for purchasers and witnesses. It is not an offence for Mlecchas to sell an offspring or keep it as a pledge. But there shall be no slavery for an Arya in any circumstances whatsoever.
During Ashoka 's war against Kalinga, 150,000 people were enslaved. After this successful and bloody campaign he repented and turned to Buddhism. Per the Shahbazgarhi edict believed by historians to have been drafted under Ashoka:
"When the King, of Gracious Mien and Beloved of the Gods, had been consecrated eight years Kalinga was conquered. 150,000 people were thence taken captive, 100,000 were killed, and many more died. Just after the taking of Kalinga the Beloved of the Gods began to follow Righteousness, to love Righteousness, to give instruction in Righteousness. When an unconquered country is conquered, people are killed, they die or are made captive. That the Beloved of the Gods finds very pitiful and grievous... ''
Kātyāyana declares that a Brahmin can never be a slave and a Brahmin criminal must be simply exiled instead. Ashoka 's "Rock Edict 11 '' mentions the gift of dhamma as the best and is said to consist of: Proper treatment of slaves and servants, obedience to parents, liberality or genoristy towards friends, acquaintances, Brahmins and Shramanas, abstainment from killing living beings.
A verse from the Manusmriti states that servitude for "shudra '' is not an obligation but ingrained in his nature. Per the law of Manu, "He was created by the self - existent to be the slave of a Brahmin. '' It adds, "A sudra, though emancipated by his master, is not released from servitude; since that is innate in him, who can set him free from it? ''
By the time of the Gupta Empire, slavery was waning and it was in the state 's interest to prevent its expansion. In South India, female slaves were attached to temples as devadasis. Per Harshacharita, the last Shunga king Devabhuti was assassinated by his Amatya Vasudeva with the help of the daughter of Devabhuti 's slave woman (Dāsi).
Fifteen classes of "slaves '', actually dasas, are found in the text of Narada, and they were distinguished from the fact that they were required to perform ritually polluting labour. Seven types of slaves exist in Manusmriti -- War - captives, he who serves for food, he who is born in a house, a purchased slave, a slave who is given, he who is received as an inheritance and he who was enslaved as punishment. A priest (Brāhmaṇa) could seize the goods of his slave. In addition, slaves were classed among a number of persons who could n't become witnesses in a lawsuit, unless the qualified witnesses failed to give evidence (VIII, 70). Householders were forbidden from quarelling with them.
The statement of Bardesanes on Kushanas indicates usage of slaves for domestic purposes. He claims that Bactrian or Kushana women wore male clothes, rode on horses, were served better by slaves and slave - women, and slept with both slaves and foreigners without fearing abiut their husbands who regarded their wives as their masters.
Slavery escalated during the medieval era in India with the Muslim invasions of India. Wink summarizes the period as follows,
Slavery and empire - formation tied in particularly well with iqta and it is within this context of Islamic expansion that elite slavery was later commonly found. It became the predominant system in North India in the thirteenth century and retained considerable importance in the fourteenth century. Slavery was still vigorous in fifteenth - century Bengal, while after that date it shifted to the Deccan where it persisted until the seventeenth century. It remained present to a minor extent in the Mughal provinces throughout the seventeenth century and had a notable revival under the Afghans in North India again in the eighteenth century.
Slavery as a predominant social institution emerged from the 8th century onwards in India, particularly after the 11th century, as part of systematic dethesaurization (plunder) and enslavement of infidels, along with the use of slaves in armies for conquest.
Andre Wink summarizes the slavery in 8th and 9th century India as follows,
(During the invasion of Muhammad al - Qasim), invariably numerous women and children were enslaved. The sources insist that now, in dutiful conformity to religious law, ' the one - fifth of the slaves and spoils ' were set apart for the caliph 's treasury and despatched to Iraq and Syria. The remainder was scattered among the army of Islam. At Rūr, a random 60,000 captives reduced to slavery. At Brahamanabad 30,000 slaves were allegedly taken. At Multan 6,000. Slave raids continued to be made throughout the late Umayyad period in Sindh, but also much further into Hind, as far as Ujjain and Malwa. The Abbasid governors raided Punjab, where many prisoners and slaves were taken.
Levi notes that these figures can not be entirely dismissed as exaggerations since they appear to be supported by the reports of contemporary observers. In the early 11th century Tarikh al - Yamini, the Arab historian Al - Utbi recorded that in 1001 the armies of Mahmud of Ghazni conquered Peshawar and Waihand (capital of Gandhara) after Battle of Peshawar (1001), "in the midst of the land of Hindustan '', and enslaved thousands. Later, following his twelfth expedition into India in 1018 -- 19, Mahmud is reported to have returned to with such a large number of slaves that their value was reduced to only two to ten dirhams each. This unusually low price made, according to Al - Utbi, "merchants came from distant cities to purchase them, so that the countries of Central Asia, Iraq and Khurasan were swelled with them, and the fair and the dark, the rich and the poor, mingled in one common slavery ''.
During the Delhi Sultanate period (1206 -- 1555), references to the abundant availability of low - priced Indian slaves abound. Many of these Indian slaves were used by Muslim nobility in the subcontinent, but others were exported to satisfy the demand in international markets.
The revenue system of the Delhi Sultanate produced a considerable proportion of the Indian slave population as these rulers, and their subordinate shiqadars, ordered their armies to abduct large numbers of locals as a means of extracting revenue. While those communities that were loyal to the Sultan and regularly paid their taxes were often excused from this practice, taxes were commonly extracted from other, less loyal groups in the form of slaves. Thus, according to Barani, the Shamsi "slave - king '' Balban (r. 1266 -- 87) ordered his shiqadars in Awadh to enslave those peoples resistant to his authority, implying those who refused to supply him with tax revenue. Sultan Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296 -- 1316) is similarly reported to have legalised the enslavement of those who defaulted on their revenue payments. This policy continued during the Mughal era.
An even greater number of people were enslaved as a part of the efforts of the Delhi Sultans to finance their expansion into new territories. For example, while he himself was still a military slave of the Ghurid Sultan Muizz u-Din, Qutb - ud - din Aybak (r. 1206 -- 10 as the first of the Shamsi slave - kings) invaded Gujarat in 1197 and placed some 20,000 people in bondage. Roughly six years later, he enslaved an additional 50,000 people during his conquest of Kalinjar. Later in the 13th century, Balban 's campaign in Ranthambore, reportedly defeated the Indian army and yielded "captives beyond computation ''.
The Muslim army during Alauddin Khalji 's conquest of Gujarat took away the wealth of both Muslim and non-Muslim traders. The Hindu slave Malik Kafur belonged to a Muslim khwaja. Iqtidar Siddiqui of Aligarh Muslim University states that this indicates slavery may have been present in pre-Muslim Gujarat.
Levi states that the forcible enslavement of non-Muslims during Delhi Sultanate was motivated by the desire for war booty and military expansion. This gained momentum under the Khalji and Tughluq dynasties, as being supported by available figures. Zia uddin Barani suggested that Sultan Alauddin Khalji owned 50,000 slave - boys, in addition to 70,000 construction slaves. Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq is said to have owned 180,000 slaves, roughly 12,000 of whom were skilled artisans. A significant proportion of slaves owned by the Sultans were likely to have been military slaves and not labourers or domestics. However earlier traditions of maintaining a mixed army comprising both Indian soldiers and Turkic slave - soldiers (ghilman, mamluks) from Central Asia, were disrupted by the rise of the Mongol Empire reducing the inflow of mamluks. This intensified demands by the Delhi Sultans on local Indian populations to satisfy their need for both military and domestic slaves. The Khaljis even sold thousands of captured Mongol soldiers within India. China, Turkistan, Persia, and Khurusan were sources of male and female slaves sold to Tughluq India. The Yuan Dynasty Emperor in China sent 100 slaves of both sexes to the Tughluq Sultan, and he replied by also sending the same number of slaves of both sexes.
The slave trade continued to exist the Mughal Empire, however it was greatly reduced in scope, primarily limited to domestic servitude and debt bondage, and deemed "mild '' and incomparable to the transatlantic slave trade. Abd Allah Khan Firuz Jang, an Uzbek noble at the Mughal court during the 1620s and 1630s, was appointed to the position of governor of the regions of Kalpi and Kher and, in the process of subjugating the local rebels, ` ` beheaded the leaders and enslaved their women, daughters and children, who were more than 200,000 in number.
The Augustinian missionary Fray Sebastiao Manrique, who was in Bengal in 1629 -- 30 and again in 1640, remarked on the ability of the shiqdār -- a Mughal officer responsible for executive matters in the pargana, the smallest territorial unit of imperial administration to collect the revenue demand, by force if necessary, and even to enslave peasants should they default in their payments.
A survey of a relatively small, restricted sample of seventy - seven letters regarding the manumission or sale of slaves in the Majmua - i - wathaiq reveals that slaves of Indian origin (Hindi al - asal) accounted for over fifty - eight percent of those slaves whose region of origin is mentioned. The Khutut - i - mamhura bemahr - i qadat - i Bukhara, a smaller collection of judicial documents from early - eighteenth - century Bukhara, includes several letters of manumission, with over half of these letters referring to slaves "of Indian origin ''. Even in the model of a legal letter of manumission written by the chief qazi for his assistant to follow, the example used is of a slave "of Indian origin ''.
The export of slaves from India was limited to debt defaulters and rebels against the Mughal Empire. The Ghakkars of Punjab acted as intermediaries for such slave for trade to Central Asian buyers.
The Fatawa - e-Alamgiri (also known as the Fatawa - i - Hindiya and Fatawa - i Hindiyya) was sponsored by Aurangzeb in the late 17th century. It compiled the law for the Mughal Empire, and involved years of effort by 500 Muslim scholars from South Asia, Iraq and modern Saudi Arabia. The thirty volumes on Hanafi - based sharia law for the Empire was influential during and after Auruangzeb 's rule, and it included many chapters and laws on slavery and slaves in India.
Some of the slavery - related law included in Fatawa - i Alamgiri were,
Alongside Buddhist Oirats, Christian Russians, Afghans, and the predominantly Shia Iranians, Indian slaves were an important component of the highly active slave markets of medieval and early modern Central Asia. The all pervasive nature of slavery in this period in Central Asia is shown by the 17th century records of one Juybari Sheikh, a Naqshbandi Sufi leader, owning over 500 slaves, forty of whom were specialists in pottery production while the others were engaged in agricultural work. High demand for skilled slaves, and India 's larger and more advanced textile industry, agricultural production and tradition of architecture demonstrated to its neighbours that skilled - labour was abundant in the subcontinent leading to enslavement and "export '' of large numbers of skilled labour as slaves, following their successful invasions.
After sacking Delhi, Timur enslaved several thousand skilled artisans, presenting many of these slaves to his subordinate elite, although reserving the masons for use in the construction of the Bibi - Khanym Mosque in Samarkand. Young female slaves fetched higher market price than skilled construction slaves, sometimes by 150 %. Because of their identification in Muslim societies as kafirs, "non-believers '', Hindus were especially in demand in the early modern Central Asian slave markets, with Indian slaves specially mentioned in waqafnamas, and archives and even being owned by Turkic pastoral groups.
During the period of Maratha Empire, some slaves were able to enjoy what ever they used to earn and entitled to inherit the property of his father. In most cases the slaves were forced to work all their lives and their children were also slaves. The slaves were given food, shelter and clothes. In short, the slavery under the Marathas was different than the slavery in Europe and America. Some slaves were treated well and they were set free on several occasions, festivals and due to their old age. They were released on the suitable substitute for their owner and allowed to marry with the person of their choice. The marriage of slave girl means it was as good as her manumission.
According to one author, in spite of the best efforts of the slave - holding elite to conceal the continuation of the institution from the historical record, slavery was practised throughout colonial India in various manifestations. In reality, the movement of Indians to the Bukharan slave markets did not cease and Indian slaves continued to be sold in the markets of Bukhara well into the nineteenth century.
Slavery existed in Portuguese India after the 16th century. "Most of the Portuguese '', says Albert. D. Mandelslo, a German itinerant writer, "have many slaves of both sexes, whom they employ not only on and about their persons, but also upon the business they are capable of, for what they get comes with the master.
The Dutch, too, largely dealt in slaves. They were mainly Abyssian, known in India as Habshis or Sheedes. The curious mixed race in Kanara on the West coast has traces of these slaves.
The Dutch Indian Ocean slave trade was primarily mediated by the Dutch East India Company, drawing captive labour from three commercially closely linked regions: the western, or Southeast Africa, Madagascar, and the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius and Reunion); the middle, or Indian subcontinent (Malabar, Coromandel, and the Bengal / Arakan coast); and the eastern, or Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea (Irian Jaya), and the southern Philippines.
The Dutch traded slaves from fragmented or weak small states and stateless societies in the East beyond the sphere of Islamic influence, to the company 's Asian headquarters, the "Chinese colonial city '' of Batavia (Jakarta), and its regional centre in coastal Sri Lanka. Other destinations included the important markets of Malacca (Melaka) and Makassar (Ujungpandang), along with the plantation economies of eastern Indonesia (Maluku, Ambon, and Banda Islands), and the agricultural estates of the southwestern Cape Colony (South Africa).
On the Indian subcontinent, Arakan / Bengal, Malabar, and Coromandel remained the most important source of forced labour until the 1660s. Between 1626 and 1662, the Dutch exported on an average 150 -- 400 slaves annually from the Arakan - Bengal coast. During the first thirty years of Batavia 's existence, Indian and Arakanese slaves provided the main labour force of the company 's Asian headquarters. Of the 211 manumitted slaves in Batavia between 1646 and 1649, 126 (59.71 %) came from South Asia, including 86 (40.76 %) from Bengal. Slave raids into the Bengal estuaries were conducted by joint forces of Magh pirates, and Portuguese traders (chatins) operating from Chittagong outside the jurisdiction and patronage of the Estado da India, using armed vessels (galias). These raids occurred with the active connivance of the Taung - ngu (Toungoo) rulers of Arakan. The eastward expansion of the Mughal Empire, however, completed with the conquest of Chittagong in 1666, cut off the traditional supplies from Arakan and Bengal. Until the Dutch seizure of the Portuguese settlements on the Malabar coast (1658 -- 63), large numbers of slaves were also captured and sent from India 's west coast to Batavia, Ceylon, and elsewhere. After 1663, however, the stream of forced labour from Cochin dried up to a trickle of about 50 -- 100 and 80 -- 120 slaves per year to Batavia and Ceylon, respectively.
In contrast with other areas of the Indian subcontinent, Coromandel remained the centre of a sporadic slave trade throughout the seventeenth century. In various short - lived expansions accompanying natural and human - induced calamities, the Dutch exported thousands of slaves from the east coast of India. A prolonged period of drought followed by famine conditions in 1618 -- 20 saw the first large - scale export of slaves from the Coromandel coast in the seventeenth century. Between 1622 and 1623, 1,900 slaves were shipped from central Coromandel ports, like Pulicat and Devanampattinam. Company officials on the coast declared that 2,000 more could have been bought if only they had the funds.
The second expansion in the export of Coromandel slaves occurred during a famine following the revolt of the Nayaka Indian rulers of South India (Tanjavur, Senji, and Madurai) against Bijapur overlordship (1645) and the subsequent devastation of the Tanjavur countryside by the Bijapur army. Reportedly, more than 150,000 people were taken by the invading Deccani Muslim armies to Bijapur and Golconda. In 1646, 2,118 slaves were exported to Batavia, the overwhelming majority from southern Coromandel. Some slaves were also acquired further south at Tondi, Adirampatnam, and Kayalpatnam.
A third phase in slaving took place between 1659 and 1661 from Tanjavur as a result of a series of successive Bijapuri raids. At Nagapatnam, Pulicat, and elsewhere, the company purchased 8,000 -- 10,000 slaves, the bulk of whom were sent to Ceylon while a small portion were exported to Batavia and Malacca. A fourth phase (1673 -- 77) started from a long drought in Madurai and southern Coromandel starting in 1673, and intensified by the prolonged Madurai - Maratha struggle over Tanjavur and punitive fiscal practices. Between 1673 and 1677, 1,839 slaves were exported from the Madurai coast alone. A fifth phase occurred in 1688, caused by poor harvests and the Mughal advance into the Karnatak. Thousands of people from Tanjavur, mostly girls and little boys, were sold into slavery and exported by Asian traders from Nagapattinam to Aceh, Johor, and other slave markets. In September 1687, 665 slaves were exported by the English from Fort St. George, Madras. Finally, in 1694 -- 96, when warfare once more ravaged South India, a total of 3,859 slaves were imported from Coromandel by private individuals into Ceylon.
The volume of the total Dutch Indian Ocean slave trade has been estimated to be about 15 -- 30 % of the Atlantic slave trade, slightly smaller than the trans - Saharan slave trade, and one - and - a-half to three times the size of the Swahili and Red Sea coast and the Dutch West India Company slave trades.
Between 1772 and 1833, the British parliament debates, as recorded in Hansard confirm the existence of extensive slavery in India, primarily for Arabian and European colonial markets under the East India Company. When Britain abolished slavery in its Empire, through Slavery Abolition Act 1833, it included a clause that allowed slavery inside India and enslavement of Indians for colonial markets operated by the East India Company. Andrea Major notes,
In fact, eighteenth century Europeans, including some Britons, were involved in buying, selling and exporting Indian slaves, transferring them around the subcontinent or to European slave colonies across the globe. Moreover, many eighteenth century European households in India included domestic slaves, with the owners ' right of property over them being upheld in law. Thus, although both colonial observers and subsequent historians usually represent South Asian slavery as an indigenous institution, with which the British were only concenred as colonial reforms, until the end of the eighteenth century Europeans were deeply implicated in both slave - holding and slave - trading in the region.
When the abolition did come into play in 1843, the officials that inadvertently used the term "slave '' would be reprimanded, but the actual practices of servitude continued unchanged. Scholar Indrani Chatterjee has termed this "abolition by denial. '' In the rare cases when the anti-slavery legislation was enforced, it addressed the relatively smaller practices of export and import of slaves, but it did little to address the agricultural slavery that was pervasive inland. The officials in the Madras Presidency turned a blind eye to agricultural slavery claiming that it was a benign form of bondage that was in fact preferable to free labour.
According to Sir Henry Bartle Frere (who sat on the Viceroy 's Council), there were an estimated 8,000,000 or 9,000,000 slaves in India in 1841. In Malabar, about 15 % of the population were slaves. Slavery was officially abolished in India by the Indian Slavery Act V. of 1843. Provisions of the Indian Penal Code of 1861 effectively abolished slavery in India by making the enslavement of human beings a criminal offense.
After the United Kingdom abolished slavery by the mid 19th century, it introduced a new indentured labor system that scholars suggest was slavery by contract.
In this new system, they were called indentured labourers. South Asians began to replace Africans previously brought as slaves, under this indentured labour scheme to serve on plantations and mining operations across the British empire. The first ships carrying indentured labourers left India in 1836. In the second half of the 19th century, indentured Indians were treated as inhumanely as the enslaved people previously had been. They were confined to their estates and paid a pitiful salary. Any breach of contract brought automatic criminal penalties and imprisonment. Many of these were brought away from their homelands deceptively. Many from inland regions over a thousand kilometers from seaports were promised jobs, were not told the work they were being hired for, or that they would leave their homeland and communities. They were hustled aboard the waiting ships, unprepared for the long and arduous four - month sea journey. Charles Anderson, a special magistrate investigating these sugarcane plantations, wrote to the British Colonial Secretary declaring that with few exceptions, the indentured labourers are treated with great and unjust severity; plantation owners enforced work in plantations, mining and domestic work so harshly, that the decaying remains of immigrants were frequently discovered in fields. If labourers protested and refused to work, they were not paid or fed: they simply starved.
According to a Walk Free Foundation report in 2016, there were 46 million people enslaved worldwide in 2016, there were 18.3 million people in India living in the forms of modern slavery, such as bonded labour, child labour, forced marriage, human trafficking, forced begging, among others.
The existence of child slavery in South Asia and the world has been alleged by NGOs and the media. With the Bonded Labour (Prohibition) Act 1976 and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (concerning slavery and servitude), a spotlight has been placed on these problems in the country. One of the areas identified as problematic were granite quarries.
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what are some physical features that can be shown on a map | Map - wikipedia
A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes.
Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, while others are dynamic or interactive. Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or imagined, without regard to context or scale, such as in brain mapping, DNA mapping, or computer network topology mapping. The space being mapped may be two dimensional, such as the surface of the earth, three dimensional, such as the interior of the earth, or even more abstract spaces of any dimension, such as arise in modeling phenomena having many independent variables.
Although the earliest maps known are of the heavens, geographic maps of territory have a very long tradition and exist from ancient times. The word "map '' comes from the medieval Latin Mappa mundi, wherein mappa meant napkin or cloth and mundi the world. Thus, "map '' became the shortened term referring to a two - dimensional representation of the surface of the world.
Cartography or map - making is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface (see History of cartography), and one who makes maps is called a cartographer.
Road maps are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include aeronautical and nautical charts, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by municipalities, utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the British Ordnance Survey: a civilian government agency, internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work.
In addition to location information maps may also be used to portray contour lines indicating constant values of elevation, temperature, rainfall, etc.
The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the corresponding compass directions in reality. The word "orient '' is derived from Latin oriens, meaning east. In the Middle Ages many maps, including the T and O maps, were drawn with east at the top (meaning that the direction "up '' on the map corresponds to East on the compass). The most common cartographic convention is that north is at the top of a map.
Maps not oriented with north at the top:
Many maps are drawn to a scale expressed as a ratio, such as 1: 10,000, which means that 1 unit of measurement on the map corresponds to 10,000 of that same unit on the ground. The scale statement can be accurate when the region mapped is small enough for the curvature of the Earth to be neglected, such as a city map. Mapping larger regions, where curvature can not be ignored, requires projections to map from the curved surface of the Earth to the plane. The impossibility of flattening the sphere to the plane without distortion means that the map can not have constant scale. Rather, on most projections the best that can be attained is accurate scale along one or two paths on the projection. Because scale differs everywhere, it can only be measured meaningfully as point scale per location. Most maps strive to keep point scale variation within narrow bounds. Although the scale statement is nominal it is usually accurate enough for most purposes unless the map covers a large fraction of the earth. At the scope of a world map, scale as a single number is practically meaningless throughout most of the map. Instead, it usually refers to the scale along the equator.
Large scale maps, (e.g. 1: 10,000), cover relatively small regions in great detail and small scale maps, (e.g. 1: 10,000,000), cover large regions such as nations, continents and the whole globe. The large / small terminology arose from the practice of writing scales as numerical fractions: 1 / 10,000 is larger than 1 / 10,000,000. There is no exact dividing line between large and small but 1 / 100,000 might well be considered as a medium scale. Examples of large scale maps are the 1: 25,000 maps produced for hikers; on the other hand maps intended for motorists at 1: 250,000 or 1: 1,000,000 are small scale.
It is important to recognize that even the most accurate maps sacrifice a certain amount of accuracy in scale to deliver a greater visual usefulness to its user. For example, the width of roads and small streams are exaggerated when they are too narrow to be shown on the map at true scale; that is, on a printed map they would be narrower than could be perceived by the naked eye. The same applies to computer maps where the smallest unit is the pixel. A narrow stream say must be shown to have the width of a pixel even if at the map scale it would be a small fraction of the pixel width.
Some maps, called cartograms, have the scale deliberately distorted to reflect information other than land area or distance. For example, this map (at the right) of Europe has been distorted to show population distribution, while the rough shape of the continent is still discernible.
Another example of distorted scale is the famous London Underground map. The basic geographical structure is respected but the tube lines (and the River Thames) are smoothed to clarify the relationships between stations. Near the center of the map stations are spaced out more than near the edges of map.
Further inaccuracies may be deliberate. For example, cartographers may simply omit military installations or remove features solely in order to enhance the clarity of the map. For example, a road map may not show railroads, smaller waterways or other prominent non-road objects, and even if it does, it may show them less clearly (e.g. dashed or dotted lines / outlines) than the main roads. Known as decluttering, the practice makes the subject matter that the user is interested in easier to read, usually without sacrificing overall accuracy. Software - based maps often allow the user to toggle decluttering between ON, OFF and AUTO as needed. In AUTO the degree of decluttering is adjusted as the user changes the scale being displayed.
Maps of the world or large areas are often either ' political ' or ' physical '. The most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial borders; the purpose of the physical is to show features of geography such as mountains, soil type or land use including infrastructure such as roads, railroads and buildings. Topographic maps show elevations and relief with contour lines or shading. Geological maps show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, fault lines, and subsurface structures. Maps that depict the surface of the Earth also use a projection, a way of translating the three - dimensional real surface of the geoid to a two - dimensional picture. Perhaps the best - known world - map projection is the Mercator projection, originally designed as a form of nautical chart. Aeroplane pilots use aeronautical charts based on a Lambert conformal conic projection, in which a cone is laid over the section of the earth to be mapped. The cone intersects the sphere (the earth) at one or two parallels which are chosen as standard lines. This allows the pilots to plot a great - circle route approximation on a flat, two - dimensional chart.
From the last quarter of the 20th century, the indispensable tool of the cartographer has been the computer. Much of cartography, especially at the data - gathering survey level, has been subsumed by Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The functionality of maps has been greatly advanced by technology simplifying the superimposition of spatially located variables onto existing geographical maps. Having local information such as rainfall level, distribution of wildlife, or demographic data integrated within the map allows more efficient analysis and better decision making. In the pre-electronic age such superimposition of data led Dr. John Snow to identify the location of an outbreak of cholera. Today, it is used by agencies of the human kind, as diverse as wildlife conservationists and militaries around the world.
Even when GIS is not involved, most cartographers now use a variety of computer graphics programs to generate new maps.
Interactive, computerised maps are commercially available, allowing users to zoom in or zoom out (respectively meaning to increase or decrease the scale), sometimes by replacing one map with another of different scale, centered where possible on the same point. In - car global navigation satellite systems are computerised maps with route - planning and advice facilities which monitor the user 's position with the help of satellites. From the computer scientist 's point of view, zooming in entails one or a combination of:
For example:
See also: Webpage (Graphics), PDF (Layers), MapQuest, Google Maps, Google Earth, OpenStreetMap or Yahoo! Maps.
The maps that reflect the territorial distribution of climatic conditions based on the results of long - term observations are climatic maps. Climatic maps can be compiled both for individual climatic features (temperature, precipitation, humidity) and for combinations of them at the earth 's surface and in the upper layers of the atmosphere. Climatic maps afford a very convenient overview of the climatic features in a large region and permit values of climatic features to be compared in different parts of the region. Through interpolation the maps can be used to determine the values of climatic features in any particular spot.
Climatic maps generally apply to individual months and to the year as a whole, sometimes to the four seasons, to the growing period, and so forth. On maps compiled from the observations of ground meteorological stations, atmospheric pressure is converted to sea level. Air temperature maps are compiled both from the actual values observed on the surface of the earth and from values converted to sea level. The pressure field in free atmosphere is represented either by maps of the distribution of pressure at different standard altitudes -- for example, at every kilometer above sea level -- or by maps of baric topography on which altitudes (more precisely geopotentials) of the main isobaric surfaces (for example, 900, 800, and 700 millibars) counted off from sea level are plotted. The temperature, humidity, and wind on aeroclimatic maps may apply either to standard altitudes or to the main isobaric surfaces.
Isolines are drawn on maps of such climatic features as the long - term mean values (of atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, total precipitation, and so forth) to connect points with equal values of the feature in question -- for example, isobars for pressure, isotherms for temperature, and isohyets for precipitation. Isoamplitudes are drawn on maps of amplitudes (for example, annual amplitudes of air temperature -- that is, the differences between the mean temperatures of the warmest and coldest month). Isanomals are drawn on maps of anomalies (for example, deviations of the mean temperature of each place from the mean temperature of the entire latitudinal zone). Isolines of frequency are drawn on maps showing the frequency of a particular phenomenon (for example, annual number of days with a thunderstorm or snow cover). Isochrones are drawn on maps showing the dates of onset of a given phenomenon (for example, the first frost and appearance or disappearance of the snow cover) or the date of a particular value of a meteorological element in the course of a year (for example, passing of the mean daily air temperature through zero). Isolines of the mean numerical value of wind velocity or isotachs are drawn on wind maps (charts); the wind resultants and directions of prevailing winds are indicated by arrows of different length or arrows with different plumes; lines of flow are often drawn. Maps of the zonal and meridional components of wind are frequently compiled for the free atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure and wind are usually combined on climatic maps. Wind roses, curves showing the distribution of other meteorological elements, diagrams of the annual course of elements at individual stations, and the like are also plotted on climatic maps.
Maps of climatic regionalization, that is, division of the earth 's surface into climatic zones and regions according to some classification of climates, are a special kind of climatic map.
Climatic maps are often incorporated into climatic atlases of varying geographic range (globe, hemispheres, continents, countries, oceans) or included in comprehensive atlases. Besides general climatic maps, applied climatic maps and atlases have great practical value. Aeroclimatic maps, aeroclimatic atlases, and agroclimatic maps are the most numerous.
The various features shown on a map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. Those signs are usually explained in the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet.
Some cartographers prefer to make the map cover practically the entire screen or sheet of paper, leaving no room "outside '' the map for information about the map as a whole. These cartographers typically place such information in an otherwise "blank '' region "inside '' the map -- cartouche, map legend, title, compass rose, bar scale, etc. In particular, some maps contain smaller "sub-maps '' in otherwise blank regions -- often one at a much smaller scale showing the whole globe and where the whole map fits on that globe, and a few showing "regions of interest '' at a larger scale in order to show details that would n't otherwise fit. Occasionally sub-maps use the same scale as the large map -- a few maps of the contiguous United States include a sub-map to the same scale for each of the two non-contiguous states.
To communicate spatial information effectively, features such as rivers, lakes, and cities need to be labeled. Over centuries cartographers have developed the art of placing names on even the densest of maps. Text placement or name placement can get mathematically very complex as the number of labels and map density increases. Therefore, text placement is time - consuming and labor - intensive, so cartographers and GIS users have developed automatic label placement to ease this process.
Maps exist of the Solar System, and other cosmological features such as star maps. In addition maps of other bodies such as the Moon and other planets are technically not geo graphical maps.
Diagrams such as schematic diagrams and Gantt charts and treemaps display logical relationships between items, and do not display spatial relationships at all.
Some maps, for example the London Underground map, are topological maps. Topological in nature, the distances are completely unimportant; only the connectivity is significant.
General - purpose maps provide many types of information on one map. Most atlas maps, wall maps, and road maps fall into this category. The following are some features that might be shown on general - purpose maps: bodies of water, roads, railway lines, parks, elevations, towns and cities, political boundaries, latitude and longitude, national and provincial parks. These maps give a broad understanding of location and features of an area. The reader may gain an understanding of the type of landscape, the location of urban places, and the location of major transportation routes all at once.
Some countries required that all published maps represent their national claims regarding border disputes. For example:
In 2010, the People 's Republic of China began requiring that all online maps served from within China be hosted there, making them subject to Chinese laws.
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who has the most number of 4s for kkr in vivo ipl 2018 | 2018 Indian Premier League - Wikipedia
The 2018 season of the Indian Premier League, also known as IPL 11, was the eleventh season of the IPL, a professional Twenty20 cricket league established by the BCCI in 2007. The season, which is being held from 7 April to 27 May, saw the return of the Chennai Super Kings and the Rajasthan Royals after serving two years of suspension for the involvement of their respective owners in the 2013 IPL betting case. Star Sports purchased the media rights at ₹ 16,347.5 crore ($2.55 billion) for five years starting from 2018.
Chennai Super Kings won by 8 wickets against Sunrisers Hyderabad in the final to win their third title. Sunrisers Hyderabad captain Kane Williamson won the Orange Cap for the leading run - scorer of the tournament with 735 runs. Andrew Tye, of Kings XI Punjab, was awarded the Purple Cap for finishing as the leading wicket - taker of the tournament with 24 wickets. Sunil Narine of Kolkata Knight Riders was named Most Valuable Player, also known as Man of the Series, while Rishabh Pant of Delhi Daredevils was named the Emerging Player of the Tournament.
This was the first season of the IPL to use DRS. IPL Fanpark, an initiative where matches are hosted in stadia on a large screen has been planned to be held across 36 cities in 19 states across the India. This season also will introduce mid-season transfers. The transfer window will be a short five - day transfer window applicable only for uncapped players who have played not more than two matches at the halfway mark of the tournament.
Eight teams are scheduled to play in 2018. The tournament involves each team playing every other team twice in a home - and - away, double round - robin format. At the conclusion of the double round - robin league, the top four teams on the basis of aggregate points qualify for the playoffs. In this stage, the top two teams compete with each other (in a match titled "Qualifier 1 ''), as do the remaining two teams (in a match titled "Eliminator ''). While the winner of Qualifier 1 directly qualifies for the final match, the losing team gets another chance to qualify for the final match by playing the winning team of the Eliminator match; this match is titled Qualifier 2. The winner of this subsequent Qualifier 2 match moves onto the final match. The team that wins the final match is crowned the Indian Premier League winners. The schedule for the tournament was published on 14 February 2018.
Star Sports won the global media rights at ₹ 16,347.5 crore ($2.55 billion) for five years starting from 2018. In India, the tournament will be broadcast on Star Network channels in six languages (English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Bengali). For the first time, IPL would also be broadcast on public broadcaster Doordarshan. The television rights for rest of the world were won by Willow TV for US and Canada, Sky Sports for UK, Fox Sports for Australia, Sky Sport for New Zealand, SuperSport for sub Saharan Africa, beIN Sports for Middle - East and North America, Flow TV for Caribbean, Geo Super for Pakistan, Channel 9 for Bangladesh and Lemar TV for Afghanistan. The radio rights were won by Cricket Radio globally (except Indian subcontinent), 89.1 Radio 4 FM and Gold 101.3 FM for US and Talksport for UK. Star 's digital platform Hotstar held the digital rights for India, US and Canada. The digital rights for rest of the world were won by Sky Sports for UK, Fox Sports for Australia, Sky Sport for New Zealand, SuperSport for sub Saharan Africa, beIN Sports for Middle - East and North America, Flow TV for Caribbean, Geo Super for Pakistan, Channel 9 for Bangladesh and YuppTV for Australia, Europe, SE Asia & South America. Star India also announced its plan to broadcast IPL in Virtual Reality.
Per the original schedule, all teams except for Kings XI Punjab, would play their home games at their traditional home venues. Kings XI were scheduled to play three of their home games in Indore and the other four games in Mohali. The schedule was later changed due to logistical issues owing to the temporary closure of Chandigarh Airport, and as a result, Kings XI would play three of their home games in Mohali and the other four games in Indore making an exception to the rule of playing at least four home matches at their designated home venue. The IPL matches in Chennai were threatened due to the Kaveri water dispute protests. The Madras High Court issued a notice to BCCI after a PIL was filed seeking a stay on the IPL matches in Chennai. On 11 April that Chennai 's six remaining home matches would be held in Pune instead due to security concerns resulting from the protests.
Ten venues were selected to host the matches. The opening match and the final will be played at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. The venues for the two playoffs were not announced initially due to the norm of allotting the Eliminator and second qualifier to the home stadium of last season 's runner - up, and the fact that the 2017 runner - up, Rising Pune Supergiant were no longer a part of the IPL. Later, both playoffs were allotted to Pune but after the venue of Chennai Super Kings was moved there, the matches were shifted to Kolkata.
The IPL Governing Council announced that each IPL franchise could retain a maximum of five players from their respective current squads. Of the five players, a franchise could retain a maximum of three players through retention in lead up to the auction, and a maximum of three players through right - to - match card during the auction. The other restrictions on player retention were: a maximum of three capped Indian players could be retained, and only two overseas players and two uncapped Indian players could be retained. The salary cap for each team for the 2018 season was increased from ₹ 66 crore to ₹ 80 crore (approximately $12.4 million). A franchise was allowed to spend only ₹ 33 crore on retentions ahead of the 2018 IPL auction, leaving it at least ₹ 47 crore to spend at the auction.
IPL teams were asked to submit their retention list by January 4. For the first time in IPL history, the player retention event was broadcast live on Star Sports. The IPL auction was held on 27 and 28 January at Bangalore a day after the final of the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. 169 players (104 Indians and 56 Overseas) were sold at auction. Ben Stokes fetched the highest bid of ₹ 12.5 crore (US $1.95 million). Jaydev Unadkat was the most costly Indian player at ₹ 11.5 crore (US $1.80 million). Among uncapped players Krunal Pandya was most expensive at ₹ 8.8 crore (US $1.38 million). Many prominent players such as Lasith Malinga, Dale Steyn, Ishant Sharma, Hashim Amla, Martin Guptill and Joe Root remain unsold.
The season had a single opening ceremony, unlike 2017 IPL, before the first match on 7 April. The ceremony included performances by Varun Dhawan, Prabhu Deva, Mika Singh, Tamannaah Bhatia, Jacqueline Fernandez and Hrithik Roshan.
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what is the motherboard in a mac pro | Mac Pro - Wikipedia
The Mac Pro is a series of workstation and server computers designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Inc. since 2006. The Mac Pro, in most configurations and in terms of speed and performance, is the most powerful computer that Apple offers. It is the high - end model of the three desktop computers in the current Mac lineup, the other two being the iMac and Mac Mini.
The first - generation Mac Pro has a rectangular tower case which outwardly resembles the last version of the Power Mac G5, and has similar expansion capabilities. The first Mac Pro offered a dual Dual - core Xeon Woodcrest processor. It was replaced by a dual Quad - core Xeon Clovertown model on April 4, 2007, and again on January 8, 2008 by a dual Quad - core Xeon Harpertown model. The 2012 Mac Pro is largely based on a model that was announced on July 27, 2010. It features Nehalem / Westmere architecture Intel Xeon processors. These CPUs offer optionally twelve processing cores. The machine itself at its most evolved is able to accommodate up to four 2 TB hard disk drives or 512 GB solid state drives, as well as the ATI Radeon HD 5770 / 5870 GPU units, one per slot.
The second - generation design of Mac Pro was announced at the 2013 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) opening keynote on June 10, 2013. Apple states that the new Mac Pro achieves twice the overall performance of the last model. The redesigned Mac Pro takes up less than one eighth the volume of immediately previous model, being shorter (9.9 inches (25 cm)), thinner (6.6 inches (17 cm)) and lighter (11 pounds (5.0 kg)). The machine supports one central processing unit (CPU) (up to a 12 - core Xeon E5 CPU), four 1866 MHz DDR3 slots, dual AMD FirePro D series GPUs (up to D700 with 6 GB VRAM each), and PCIe - based flash storage. There is updated wireless communication and support for six displays. Reviews have been generally positive, with caveats.
Apple stated that an Intel - based replacement for the PowerPC - based Power Mac G5 machines had been expected for some time before the Mac Pro was formally announced on August 7, 2006 at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC). The iMac, Mac Mini, MacBook, and MacBook Pro had moved to an Intel - based architecture starting in January 2006, leaving the Power Mac G5 as the only machine in the Mac lineup still based on the PowerPC processor architecture Apple had used since 1993. Apple had dropped the term "Power '' from the other machines in their lineup, and started using "Pro '' on their higher - end laptop offerings. As such, the name "Mac Pro '' was widely used before the machine was announced. The Mac Pro is in the Unix workstation market. Although the high - end technical market has not traditionally been an area of strength for Apple, the company has been positioning itself as a leader in non-linear digital editing for high - definition video, which demands storage and memory far in excess of a general desktop machine. Additionally, the codecs used in these applications are generally processor intensive and highly threadable, which Apple 's ProRes white paper describes as scaling almost linearly with additional processor cores. Apple 's previous machine aimed at this market, the Power Mac G5, has up to two dual - core processors (marketed as "Quad - Core ''), but lacks the storage expansion capabilities of the newer design.
Original marketing materials for the Mac Pro generally referred to the middle - of - the - line model with 2 × dual - core 2.66 GHz processors. Previously, Apple featured the base model with the words "starting at '' or "from '' when describing the pricing, but the online US Apple Store listed the "Mac Pro at $2499 '', the price for the mid-range model. The system could be configured at US $2299, much more comparable with the former base - model dual - core G5 at US $1999, although offering considerably more processing power. Post revision, the default configurations for the Mac Pro includes one quad - core Xeon 3500 at 2.66 GHz or two quad - core Xeon 5500s at 2.26 GHz each. Like its predecessor, the Power Mac G5, the pre-2013 Mac Pro was Apple 's only desktop with standard expansion slots for graphics adapters and other expansion cards.
Apple received criticism after an incremental upgrade to the Mac Pro line following the 2012 WWDC. The line received more default memory and increased processor speed but still used Intel 's older Westmere - EP processors instead of the newer E5 series. The line also lacked then - current technologies like SATA III, USB 3, and Thunderbolt, the last of which had been added to every other Macintosh at that point. An email from Apple CEO Tim Cook promised a more significant update to the line in 2013. Apple stopped shipping the first - generation Mac Pro in Europe on March 1, 2013 after an amendment to a safety regulation left the professional Mac non-compliant. The last day to order was February 18, 2013. The first generation Mac Pro was removed from Apple 's online store following unveiling of the redesigned second generation Mac Pro at a media event on October 22, 2013.
The 2009 and later Mac Pro systems were available with one or two central processing units (CPU) with options giving four, six, eight, or twelve cores. As an example, the eight core standard configuration Mac Pro uses two Quad core × 8 Intel E5620 Xeon CPUs at 2.4 GHz, but could be configured with two Hexa Core Intel Xeon X5670 CPUs at 2.93 GHz. Since the CPUs are socketed, the CPUs can be removed and replaced with compatible 64 - bit Intel Xeon CPUs.
The original Mac Pro 's main memory uses 667 MHz DDR2 ECC FB - DIMMs; the early 2008 model uses 800 MHz ECC DDR2 FB - DIMMS, the 2009 and onward Mac Pro use 1066 MHz DDR3 ECC DIMMs for the standard models, and 1333 MHz DDR3 ECC DIMMs for systems configured with 2.66 GHz or faster CPUs. In the original and 2008 models, these modules are installed in pairs, one each on two riser cards. The cards have 4 DIMM slots each, allowing a total of 32 GB of memory (8 × 4 GB) to be installed. Notably, due to its FB - DIMM architecture, installing more RAM in the Mac Pro will improve its memory bandwidth, but may also increase its memory latency. With a simple installation of a single FB - DIMM, the peak bandwidth is 8 GB / s, but this can increase to 16 GB / s by installing two FB - DIMMs, one on each of the two buses, which is the default configuration from Apple. While electrically the FB - DIMMs are standard, for pre-2009 Mac Pro models Apple specifies larger - than - normal heatsinks on the memory modules. Problems have been reported by users who have used third party RAM with normal size FB - DIMM heatsinks. (see notes below). 2009 and later Mac Pro computers do not require memory modules with heatsinks.
The Mac Pro had room for four internal 3.5 '' SATA - 300 hard drives in four internal "bays ''. The hard drives were mounted on individual trays (also known as "sleds '') by captive screws. A set of four drive trays was supplied with each machine. Adding hard drives to the system did not require cables to be attached as the drive was connected to the system simply by being inserted into the corresponding drive slot. A case lock on the back of the system locked the disks trays into their positions. The Mac Pro also supported Serial ATA solid - state drives (SSD) in the 4 hard drive bays via an SSD - to - hard drive sled adapter (mid-2010 models and later), and by third - party solutions for earlier models (e.g., by an adapter / bracket which plugged into an unused PCIe slot). Various 2.5 - inch SSD drive capacities and configurations were available as options. The Mac Pro was also available with an optional hardware RAID card. With the addition of a SAS controller card or SAS RAID controller card, SAS drives could be directly connected to the system 's SATA ports. Two optical drive bays were provided, each with a corresponding SATA port and an Ultra ATA / 100 port. The Mac Pro had one PATA port and could support two PATA devices in the optical drive bays. It had a total of six SATA ports -- four were connected to the system 's drive bays, and two were not connected. The extra SATA ports could be put into service through the use of after - market extender cables to connect internal optical drives, or to provide eSATA ports with the use of an eSATA bulkhead connector. However, the two extra SATA ports were unsupported and disabled under Boot Camp. A built - to - order Mac Pro could be configured with up to 8 TB of storage (4 × 2 TB disks) or 2 TB (4 × 512 GB SSD).
The 2008 model had two PCI Express (PCIe) 2.0 expansion slots and two PCI Express 1.1 slots, providing them with up to 300 W of power in total. The first slot was double wide and intended to hold the main video card, arranged with an empty area the width of a normal card beside it to leave room for the large coolers modern cards often use. In most machines, one slot would be blocked by the cooler. Instead of the tiny screws typically used to fasten the cards to the case, in the Mac Pro a single "bar '' held the cards in place, which is itself held in place by two "captive '' thumbscrews that can be loosened by hand without tools and will not fall out of the case. On the original Mac Pro introduced in August 2006, the PCIe slots can be configured individually to give more bandwidth to devices that require it, with a total of 40 "lanes '', or 13 GB / s total throughput. When running Mac OS X, the Mac Pro did not support SLI or ATI CrossFire, limiting its ability to use the latest "high - end gaming '' video card products; however, individuals have reported success with both CrossFire and SLI installations when running Windows XP, as SLI and CrossFire compatibility is largely a function of software. The bandwidth allocation of the PCIe slots can be configured via the Expansion Slot Utility included with Mac OS X only on the August 2006 Mac Pro. The Early - 2008 and later Mac Pros had PCIe slots hardwired as follows:
For external connectivity, the Mac Pro included five USB 2.0 ports, two FireWire 400 and two FireWire 800 (Late 2006 until Early 2008), respectively four FireWire 800 (Early 2009 until Mid 2012) ports. Networking was supported with two built - in Gigabit Ethernet ports. 802.11 a / b / g / n Wi - Fi support (AirPort Extreme) required an optional module in the Mid 2006, Early 2008 and Early 2009 models, whereas in the 2010 model and later Wi - Fi was standard. Bluetooth also required an optional module in the Mid 2006 model, but was standard in the Early 2008 and newer models. Displays were supported by one or (optionally) more PCIe graphics cards. More recent cards featured two Mini DisplayPort connectors and one dual - link Digital Visual Interface (DVI) port, with various configurations of on - card graphics memory available. Digital (TOSlink optical) audio and analog 3.5 mm stereo mini jacks for sound in and out were included, the latter becoming available on both the front and back of the case. Unlike other Mac computers, the Mac Pro did not include an infrared receiver (required to use the Apple Remote). In Mac OS X Leopard, Front Row could be accessed on the Mac Pro (and other Macs) using the Command (⌘) - Escape keystroke.
From 2006 through 2012, the exterior of the Mac Pro 's aluminum case was very similar to that of the Power Mac G5, with the exception of an additional optical drive bay, a new arrangement of I / O ports on both the front and the back, and one less exhaust vent on the back. The case could be opened by operating a single lever on the back, which unlocked one of the two sides of the machine, as well as the drive bays. All of the expansion slots for memory, PCIe cards and drives could be accessed with the side panel removed and no tools were required for installation. The Mac Pro 's Xeon processors generated much less heat than the previous dual - core G5s, so the size of the internal cooling devices were reduced significantly. This allowed the interior to be re-arranged, leaving more room at the top of the case and doubling the number of internal drive bays. This also allowed the elimination of the large clear plastic air deflector used as part of the cooling system in the Power Mac G5. Less heat also meant less air to move out of the case for cooling during normal operations; the Mac Pro was very quiet in normal operation, quieter than the much noisier Power Mac G5, and proved difficult to measure using common sound pressure level meters. The handle on and cooling air intake configuration of the front of the case has caused Macintosh enthusiasts to refer to the 1st generation as the "cheese grater '' Mac Pro.
The Mac Pro comes with EFI 1.1, a successor to Apple 's use of Open Firmware and the wider industry 's use of BIOS.
Apple 's Boot Camp provides BIOS backwards compatibility, allowing dual and triple boot configurations. These operating systems are installable on Intel x86 based Apple computers:
This is made possible by the presence of an x86 Intel architecture as provided by the CPU and the BIOS emulation which Apple has provided on top of EFI. Installing any additional operating system other than Windows is not supported directly by Apple. Though Apple 's Boot Camp drivers are only for Windows, it is often possible to achieve full or nearly full compatibility with another OS by using third - party drivers.
Ars Technica reviewed the 2006 Mac Pro, rating it 9 out of 10.
Apple Senior Vice President of Marketing Phil Schiller presented a "sneak peek '' of the completely redesigned Mac Pro during the 2013 Worldwide Developers Conference keynote. The video revealed an overhauled case design, a polished reflective aluminum cylinder built around a central thermal dissipation core and vented by a single fan, which pulls air from under the case, through the core, and out the top of the case. Apple states that the second generation Mac Pro achieves twice the performance of the last model. The model is assembled in Austin, Texas, by Apple 's supplier Flextronics on a highly automated line. Apple released the new Mac Pro on December 19, 2013. The design, which largely resembles a small black trash can, has been widely regarded as a flop.
The redesigned Mac Pro takes less than one - eighth the volume of the immediately previous model, being shorter at 9.9 inches (25 cm), thinner at 6.6 inches (17 cm) and lighter at 11 pounds (5.0 kg). It supports one central processing unit (CPU) (up to a 12 - core Xeon E5 CPU), four 1866 MHz DDR3 slots, dual AMD FirePro D series GPUs (up to D700 with 6 GB VRAM each), and PCIe - based flash storage. There is a 3x MIMO antenna system for the unit 's 802.11 ac WiFi networking interface, Bluetooth 4.0 to facilitate close - range wireless functions such as music transfer, keyboards, mice, tablets, speakers, security, cameras, and printers. The system can simultaneously support six Apple Thunderbolt Displays, or three 4K resolution computer monitors.
The second generation Mac Pro has a redesigned configuration of ports. It has a HDMI 1.4 port, dual Gigabit Ethernet ports, six Thunderbolt 2 ports, four USB 3 ports, and combined digital Mini-TOSlink optical / analog 3.5 mm stereo mini jack for audio output. It also has a headphones mini jack (the two are distinctly selectable within the Sound System Preference panel, Output tab). There is no dedicated port for inputting audio. The system has a low - fidelity internal mono speaker. The Thunderbolt 2 ports support up to thirty - six Thunderbolt devices (six per port) and can concurrently support up to three 4K displays. This design requires two GPUs to support the seven display outputs (HDMI and six Thunderbolt). The I / O panel illuminates itself when the unit senses it has been moved to make it easier for the user to see the ports. Unlike the previous model, it has no FireWire 800 ports, dedicated digital audio in / out ports, a SuperDrive, DVI port, 3.5 - inch drive bays for replaceable storage drives, or changeable internal PCIe slots. Instead, there are six Thunderbolt 2 ports to connect high - speed external peripherals, including enclosures for internal PCIe cards.
Apple 's website mentions only RAM as user - serviceable, though third party tear - downs show nearly all components can be removed and replaced. A lock switch on the aluminum casing allows for easy access to the internals, as well as fitting a security lock with its own cable, and components are secured with standard screws. The flash storage and GPUs use proprietary connectors and are specially sized to fit into the enclosure. Unlike the rest of the Macintosh line the CPU is not soldered to the logic board and can be replaced with another LGA 2011 socket processor, including processor options not offered by Apple. The type of RAM modules that Apple supplies with the late - 2013 Mac Pro are either ECC unbuffered (UDIMM) on the up to 8 GB modules (shown on each module as PC3 - 14900E). The optional 16 GB modules are ECC registered (RDIMM) modules (shown on each module as PC3 - 14900R). The higher - capacity 32 GB modules that some third - party vendors offer are also RDIMM. The UDIMM and RDIMM module types can not be mixed. Apple publishes recommended configurations to use.
Reception of the new design has been mixed, initially receiving positive reviews, but more negative in the long term. The performance has been widely lauded, especially handling video tasks on the dual GPU units, with some reviewers noting the ability to apply dozens of filters to realtime 4K resolution video in Final Cut Pro X. Drive performance, connected via PCIe, is also widely mentioned as a strong point. Technical reviewers praised the OpenCL API under which the machine 's powerful twin GPUs and its multi-core CPU can be treated as a single pool of computing power. However, in late 2013 through early 2014, some reviewers have noted the lack of internal expandability, second CPU, serviceability, and questioned the then - limited offerings via Thunderbolt 2 ports. By 2016, reviewers started to agree that the Mac Pro was lacking in functionality and power, and should be updated by Apple. Apple later revealed in 2017 that the thermal core design had limited the ability to upgrade the Mac Pro 's GPUs and that a new design was under development, to be released sometime after 2017.
In April 2017, Apple confirmed that a new redesigned Mac Pro will be released sometime after 2017 to replace the 2nd generation Mac Pro.
On November 5, 2010, Apple introduced the Mac Pro Server, which officially replaced the Xserve line of Apple servers as of January 31, 2011. The Mac Pro Server includes an unlimited Mac OS X Server license and an Intel Xeon 2.8 GHz Quad - Core processor, with 8 GB of DDR3 RAM. In mid-2012, the Mac Pro Server was upgraded to an Intel Xeon 3.2 GHz Quad - Core processor. The Mac Pro Server was discontinued on October 22, 2013, with the introduction of the second - generation Mac Pro. However, the OS X Server software package can be purchased from the Mac App Store.
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what is the name of the special force of the indian navy | MARCOS - Wikipedia
Primary tasks:
Other roles:
MARCOS, previously named as Marine Commando Force (MCF), is the special forces unit of the Indian Navy created for conducting special operations such as amphibious warfare, close quarter combat, counter-terrorism, direct action, special reconnaissance, unconventional warfare, hostage rescue, personnel recovery, combat search and rescue, asymmetric warfare, foreign internal defence, counterproliferation, amphibious reconnaissance including hydrographic reconnaissance. The MCF is specially organised, trained and equipped for the conduct of special operations in a maritime environment. MARCOS is short for Marine Commandos. The force has gradually acquired experience and a reputation for professionalism over the three decades it has been in existence. The MARCOS are capable of undertaking operations in all types of terrain, but are specialised in maritime operations in Jammu and Kashmir through the Jhelum River and Wular Lake, a 65 square kilometre freshwater lake. Some MARCOS personnel are also attached with the Army special forces units conducting counter-terrorism operations in the area. MARCOS are widely feared among the terrorists, who call them "Dadiwala fauj '', meaning the "Bearded army '' because of their bearded disguise in civil areas.
The Indian Armed Forces wanted to establish an amphibious warfare and maritime special operations force. During the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971, the Indian Navy supported the landing operations against the Pakistani base of Cox 's Bazar, Operation Jackpot, landing an army brigade using Polnochny class landing ships without significant resistance. Before this operation, Indian navy divers provided basic training in underwater demolition to Bengali insurgents. However, this did not yield expected results. Later, different Indian army units were assigned amphibious roles in exercises. In 1983, the 340th Army Independent Brigade based at Trivandrum, was converted to an amphibious assault unit. Since then, the navy has conducted various exercises to demonstrate its amphibious abilities, notably the Andaman Islands in 1984, and Goa in 1986. These assault operations included both airborne and amphibious forces. In April 1986, the Indian Navy started planning for a maritime special force which could conduct amphibious reconnaissance, raids and counter-terrorist operations.
The force was initially trained by the other special forces of the country, including those under the Home Ministry and the Army. Three officers were then sent to undergo a hard training schedule with US Navy SEALs and further training was then acquired through exchanges with the British Special Air Service. The officers formed the first nucleus of the Indian Marine Special Force (IMSF) which was officially established in February 1987. The first batch of marine commandos qualified in February 1987. It was later renamed as the Marine Commando Force (MCF) in 1991.
VBSS Team During Exercise INDRA 2014
The MARCOS are capable of undertaking operations in all types of terrain, but are specialised in maritime operations. The force has undertaken numerous joint exercises with special forces from around the world. The MARCOS presently has approximately two thousand personnel, though its actual strength remains classified. Operations undertaken by MARCOS usually remains classified though some of the known operations are:
MARCOS are known to be very secretive, not revealing their actual identity as specialised, elite soldiers. In their operations, they are sometimes assisted by Westland WS - 61 Sea King transport helicopters, Chetak helicopters and two - man submarines. MARCOS can be launched from ships, aircraft and submarines in full battle gear.
The exclusivity of the unit lies in its competence to operate in all three mediums namely Sea, Air and Land. The MCF is specially organized, trained and equipped for the conduct of special operations in a maritime environment. Personnel from unit are deployed round the clock from Kashmir for CI / CT ops to GoA, Somalia for anti-piracy operations. The unit has always been at forefront in providing diving / civil assistance during times of natural disaster. The core tasking of MARCOS include: -
All MARCOS personnel are males selected from the Indian Navy. They are selected when they are in their early 20s and have to go through a stringent selection process and training. The selection standards are extremely high. The training is a continuous process. American and British special forces assisted in the initial training, which now consists of a two - year course for new recruits. The training regimen includes: airborne operations, combat diving courses, counter-terrorism, anti-hijacking, anti-piracy operations, direct action, infiltration and exfiltration tactics, special reconnaissance, unconventional warfare training etc. Majority of the training is conducted at INS Abhimanyu which is also the home base of MARCOS.
All MARCOS personnel are freefall qualified (HALO / HAHO). A few also qualify to operate the Cosmos CE - 2F / X100 two - man subs. MARCOS train along with the Special Forces officers of the Indian Army like the Para Commandos at the Indian Special Forces Training School, Nahan and Army 's other schools for Unconventional warfare These include the Junior Leaders ' Commando Training Camp in Belgaum, Karnataka, the Parvat Ghatak School (for high altitude mountain warfare) in Tawang Arunachal Pradesh, Desert warfare school in Rajasthan, the High Altitude Warfare School (HAWS) in Sonamarg, Kashmir and the Counter-insurgency and Jungle Warfare School (CIJWS) in Vairengte, Mizoram. These schools routinely host students from other countries. MARCOS are then trained at various training agencies within the navy. They are skilled combat divers and parachutists and most of the training deals with counter-terrorist, anti-hijacking and anti-piracy operations.
Generally, the pre-training selection process is made of two parts. Any Indian Navy personnel who wants to join this outfit must first undergo a three - day long, physical fitness test and aptitude test. Within this process, 80 % of the application are screened out. Further screening process is known as ' hell 's week ' which is similar to the United States Navy SEAL hell 's week. This involves high degree of physical exercises and sleep deprivation. It is only after this process that actual training begins
The total duration of training of MARCOS is between two and half to three years. The basic training lasts six months. The first two months is the weeding out phase. The first phase of which lasts one month, in which they undergo many rigorous physical tests of which only 50 % pass. Then for the next nine months, they are taught how to use different types of weapons, conduct special warfare techniques and how to gather intelligence from the enemy. The cadets start with basic diving and commando tactics and skills. Those that go on are trained in every aspect of modern warfare and in every situation. This includes firing while lying down, standing, running full - sprint, even backwards and looking into a mirror -- with a reaction time of 0.27 seconds. This is followed by a year of training of specialised skills. They are trained in various types of close combat including Krav Maga. Different forms of warfare training is imparted through field operations in counter-insurgency and anti-terrorist operations within the country and are trained to operate in any kind of environment like beaches, deep sea, on the surface of the ocean, in jungles, ravines and for situations like hostage rescue, urban combat and piracy. A notably rigorous training program is the "death crawl '' -- an 800 - metre struggle through thigh - high mud, loaded with 25 kg of gear and after a 2.5 km obstacle course that most soldiers would fail. After that, when the trainee is exhausted and sleep - deprived, he has to undergo the final test -- shooting a target 25 metres away, with a partner standing next to it.
The MARCOS are trained in every kind of weapon and instruments, from knives and crossbows to sniper rifles, handguns, assault rifles, submachine guns and bare hands. Being divers, they can reach hostile shores swimming underwater.
The further training includes:
They are also trained to parachute into open water with full combat load. In 2013, the MARCOS have introduced a larger duck - drop system which will be fitted on Ilyushin Il - 76 aircraft. Each system (two boats) can accommodate 32 commandos, their weapons and fuel for the boats. Duck - drop system that marcos operate in the past is smaller in size which is fitted on An - 32 aircraft. This force - multiplier was developed by the Agra - based Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment. Once para-dropped from the aircraft, it allows for the commandos to assemble inflatable motorised boats within ten minutes, and quickly reach ships in distress. On reaching the target, they can dismantle the boats and travel underwater to mount a surprise attack. Such rescue missions can be mounted by the commandos deployed within an hour unlike in the past, when commandos took up to 48 hours to reach the targets as it involved travelling on - board ships and then being deployed on motorised boats.
The Marcos are also preparing for urban warfare and have begun practicing on 3D virtual models of offshore installations to ensure a swift response during a terrorist attack. The marine commandos are undergoing regular training sessions in this computer - generated programme to be well - prepared for a strike similar to the 26 / 11 attack. Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) has provided a virtual model of its facility in Krishna - Godavari basin in the east, for the marine commandos at INS Kalinga, the training base for Marcos in Visakhapatnam.
MARCOS will carry out amphibious operations at Frasersgunj in the Sunderbans as part of their routine training. Frasersgunj, with its beach and proximity to the estuarine delta, is an ideal location for such exercises, the source added. The Coast Guard is in the process of setting up a base at Frasersgunj and station hovercraft there. More importantly, the elite force will get a feel of the Sunderbans, which is considered at risk from infiltrators and terrorists. There are so many waterways running through the Sunderbans delta that it is not possible to maintain physical vigil on all movement there. Security experts believe that the threat from terrorists moving in from the sea still remains. With so many vessels passing through the Sunderbans, it may be a route for terror outfits to send in armed men to carry out an attack like that on Mumbai. In case of any eventuality, the MARCOS are most likely to be called in as it is a marine environment. A major part of their training is kept under wraps. Frasersgunj will be an ideal location where secrecy can be maintained.
The Indian Navy initiated the process of procuring five midget submarines for Marine Commandos (MARCOS). These vessels would have the capacity of carrying four to six personnel on board. The submarines would have a diving depth of around 400 meters, and will strengthen the MARCOS ability to carry out special underwater operations in high seas. The midgets will have the capability of carrying out both manned and unmanned operations and will be equipped with a number of weapons including torpedoes. In 2009, the navy initiated the process of procuring these vessels and issued a Request for Proposal to Indian shipyards including Hindustan Shipyards Limited, ABG and Pipavav shipyards. Due to their faster speed and smaller size, midgets are able to escape the enemy Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) probes making them useful in carrying out covert operations, and help troops to penetrate into hostile territory without getting noticed by enemies. In 2013 other noteworthy development, Vizag - based Hindustan Shipyards Ltd won the contract for building four 500 - tonne mini-submarines, which were designed back in the previous decade by Larsen & Toubro. The mini-submarines, to be delivered in the latter half of this decade, will be used exclusively by the Indian Navy 's MARCOS. The combat management systems have been designed and built by TATA Power SED, while Riva Calzoni will be supplying the periscopes and other masts that will host a SATCOM communications systems and LPI navigation radar. The sonar suite is likely to be supplied by ATLAS Elektronik.
The average MARCOS training drop - out rate is more than 90 %. The force has its own training facility, first as an adjunct of the operational company at INS Abhimanyu, in Bombay, later as the Naval Special Warfare Tactical Training Centre. For combat diving training, the commandos are sent to the Naval Diving School, Kochi. There are plans to move the Naval Special Warfare Tactical Training Centre to the erstwhile Naval Academy facility in Goa where it will be set up with focus on jungle warfare as well as counter insurgency operations. The new facility will be modelled on the lines of CIJWS of the Indian Army in Mizoram.
To strengthen its capabilities to carry out special operations, the Navy is planning to procure advanced Integrated Combat System (ICS) for the MARCOS. The Navy wants the ICS for effective command, control and information sharing to maximise capabilities of individuals and groups of the MARCOS while engaging enemies.
The ICS will provide enhanced capabilities such as tactical awareness, ability to fight in hostile environment and can enable Group Commanders to remotely monitor and control operations. It would help in integrating an individual sailor 's capability of day and night surveillance, ballistic protection, communication and firepower through an integrated network at individual and group level. Initiating the procurement process through a Request for Information (RFI), Navy 's Directorate of Special Operations and Diving has sought details from global vendors about the ICS, which should have gear for both individual and group uses.
The individual equipment required by the Navy in the ICS includes light weight helmets, head - mounted displays, tactical and soft ballistic vests along with communication equipment. The group - level gear requirements include command and control and surveillance systems along with high speed communication equipment. The devices would have sight for the sniper, laser range finder and long range thermal imager (medium and long range) and near IR laser pointer for a combat group to undertake surveillance, reconnaissance and targeting. The ICS would be compatible with the assault rifles and close - quarter combat weapons. The Navy has recently started inducting the Israeli IMI Tavor TAR - 21 for the MARCOS.
The MCF currently operates out of the naval bases at Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, Goa, Kochi and Port Blair. There are plans to shift the current training facility at the Naval Special Warfare Training and Tactical Centre to a new facility to be set up at the erstwhile Naval Academy in Goa.
On July 12, 2016, the naval base INS Karna was commissioned near Visakhapatnam as a permanent base for the unit.
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when does income tax have to be paid in canada | Income taxes in Canada - wikipedia
Income taxes in Canada constitute the majority of the annual revenues of the Government of Canada, and of the governments of the Provinces of Canada. In the fiscal year ending 31 March 2015, the federal government collected nearly three and a half times more revenue from personal income taxes than it did from corporate income taxes.
Tax collection agreements enable different governments to levy taxes through a single administration and collection agency. The federal government collects personal income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Quebec and collects corporate income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Alberta and Quebec. Canada 's federal income tax system is administered by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA).
Canadian federal income taxes, both personal and corporate are levied under the provisions of the Income Tax Act. Provincial and territorial income taxes are levied under various provincial statutes.
The Canadian income tax system is a self - assessment regime. Taxpayers assess their tax liability by filing a return with the CRA by the required filing deadline. CRA will then assess the return based on the return filed and on information it has obtained from employers and financial companies, correcting it for obvious errors. A taxpayer who disagrees with CRA 's assessment of a particular return may appeal the assessment. The appeal process starts when a taxpayer formally objects to the CRA assessment. The objection must explain, in writing, the reasons for the appeal along with all the related facts. The objection is then reviewed by the appeals branch of CRA. An appealed assessment may either be confirmed, vacated or varied by the CRA. If the assessment is confirmed or varied, the taxpayer may appeal the decision to the Tax Court of Canada and then to the Federal Court of Appeal.
Unlike the United Kingdom and the United States, Canada avoided charging an income tax prior to the First World War. The lack of income tax was seen as a key component in Canada 's efforts to attract immigrants as Canada offered a lower tax regime compared to almost every other country. Prior to the war, Canadian federal governments relied on tariffs and customs income under the auspices of the National Policy for most of their revenue, while the provincial governments sustained themselves primarily through their management of natural resources (the Prairie provinces being paid subsidies by the federal government as Ottawa retained control of their natural resources for the time being). The federal Liberal Party considered the probable need to introduce an income tax should their negotiation of a free trade agreement with the United States in the early 20th century succeed, but the Conservatives defeated the Liberals in 1911 over their support of free trade. The Conservatives (Tories) opposed income tax as they wanted to attract immigrants primarily from the United Kingdom and the United States, and they wanted to give immigrants some incentive to come to Canada.
Canadian finance minister Sir Thomas White 's new temporary "income war tax act '' Bill went into Committee of the Whole on July 25, 1917 but faced resistance. Wartime expenses forced the Tories to re-consider their options and in 1918, the wartime government under Sir Robert Borden, imposed a "temporary '' income tax to cover expenses. Despite the new tax the Canadian government ran up considerable debts during the war and were unable to forgo income tax revenue after the war ended. With the election of the Liberal government of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, much of the National Policy was dismantled and income tax has remained in place ever since.
The constitutional authority for the federal income tax is found in section 91 paragraph 3 of the Constitution Act, 1867, which assigns to the federal Parliament power over "The raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation ''.
The constitutional authority for the various provincial income taxes is found in section 92 paragraph 2 of the Constitution Act, 1867, which assigns to the legislature of each province the power of "Direct Taxation within the Province in order to the raising of a Revenue for Provincial Purposes ''. The courts have held that "an income tax is the most typical form of direct taxation ''.
Canada levies personal income tax on the worldwide income of individual residents in Canada and on certain types of Canadian - source income earned by non-resident individuals. The Income Tax Act, Part I, subparagraph 2 (1), states: "An income tax shall be paid, as required by this Act, on the taxable income for each taxation year of every person resident in Canada at any time in the year. ''
After the calendar year, Canadian residents file a T1 Tax and Benefit Return for individuals. It is due April 30, or June 15 for self - employed individuals and their spouses, or common - law partners. It is important to note, however, that any balance owing is due on or before April 30. Outstanding balances remitted after April 30 may be subject to interest charges, regardless of whether the taxpayer 's filing due date is April 30 or June 15.
The amount of income tax that an individual must pay is based on the amount of their taxable income (income earned less allowed expenses) for the tax year. Personal income tax may be collected through various means:
Employers may also deduct Canada Pension Plan / Quebec Pension Plan (CPP / QPP) contributions, Employment Insurance (EI) and Provincial Parental Insurance (PPIP) premiums from their employees ' gross pay. Employers then send these deductions to the taxing authority.
Individuals who have overpaid taxes or had excess tax deducted at source will receive a refund from the CRA upon filing their annual tax return.
Generally, personal income tax returns for a particular year must be filed with CRA on or before April 30 of the following year.
An individual taxpayer must report his or her total income for the year. Certain deductions are allowed in determining "net income '', such as deductions for contributions to Registered Retirement Savings Plans, union and professional dues, child care expenses, and business investment losses. Net income is used for determining several income - tested social benefits provided by the federal and provincial / territorial governments. Further deductions are allowed in determining "taxable income '', such as capital losses, half of capital gains included in income, and a special deduction for residents of northern Canada. Deductions permit certain amounts to be excluded from taxation altogether.
"Tax payable before credits '' is determined using five tax brackets and tax rates. Non-refundable tax credits are then deducted from tax payable before credits for various items such as a basic personal amount, dependents, Canada / Quebec Pension Plan contributions, Employment Insurance premiums, disabilities, tuition and education and medical expenses. These credits are calculated by multiplying the credit amount (e.g., the basic personal amount of $11,038 in 2013) by the lowest tax rate. This mechanism is designed to provide equal benefit to taxpayers regardless of the rate at which they pay tax.
A non-refundable tax credit for charitable donations is calculated at the lowest tax rate for the first $200 in a year, and at the highest tax rate for the portion in excess of $200. Donations can result in a reduction in taxes of between 40 -- 60 % of the donation depending on the province of the taxpayer and type of property donated. This tax credit is designed to encourage more generous charitable giving.
Certain other tax credits are provided to recognize tax already paid so that the income is not taxed twice:
Provinces and territories that have entered into tax collection agreements with the federal government for collection of personal income taxes ("agreeing provinces '', i.e., all provinces and territories except Quebec) must use the federal definition of "taxable income '' as the basis for their taxation. This means that they are not allowed to provide or ignore federal deductions in calculating the income on which provincial tax is based.
Provincial and territorial governments provide both non-refundable tax credits and refundable tax credits to taxpayers for certain expenses. They may also apply surtaxes and offer low - income tax reductions.
Canada Revenue Agency collects personal income taxes for agreeing provinces / territories and remits the revenues to the respective governments. The provincial / territorial tax forms are distributed with the federal tax forms, and the taxpayer need make only one payment -- to CRA -- for both types of tax. Similarly, if a taxpayer is to receive a refund, he or she receives one cheque or bank transfer for the combined federal and provincial / territorial tax refund. Information on provincial rates can be found on the Canada Revenue Agency 's website. Individuals in Canada generally pay income taxes on employment and investment income to the province in which they reside on December 31 of the tax year. This ensures that taxpayers who live in one province and work in another, or who move from one province to another in most cases only have to file a tax return for one province. Individuals with business income have to pay tax on the business income to the province in which it was earned. If it was earned in more than one province, it is allocated based on a formula in the Income Tax Regulations. In addition to the income tax levied as a percentage of taxable income, two provinces, Prince Edward Island and Ontario, levy surtaxes as a percentage of tax over a certain threshold.
Columbia
and Labrador
Territories
Island
Quebec administers its own personal income tax system, and therefore is free to determine its own definition of taxable income. To maintain simplicity for taxpayers, however, Quebec parallels many aspects of and uses many definitions found in the federal tax system.
Quebec chooses to receive part of its health and social transfers in tax points instead of cash. To compensate for this, federal personal income taxes on income earned in Quebec are reduced by 16.5 % of federal tax. This is referred to as the Quebec Abatement.
The following historical federal marginal tax rates of the Government of Canada come from the website of the Canada Revenue Agency. They do not include applicable provincial income taxes. Data on marginal tax rates from 1998 to 2016 are publicly available. Data on basic personal amounts (personal exemption taxed at 0 %) can be found on a year by year basis is also available. Their values are contained on line 300 of either the document "Schedule 1 - Federal Tax '', or "General Income Tax and Benefit Guide '', of each year by year General Income Tax and Benefit Package listed. The personal exemption is listed as it always applies. Additional deductions may be applied depending on eligibility, see. The most common additional deductions are Canada Pension Plan (CPP), Employment Insurance (EI) and employment credit. Exempt amounts are calculated, multiplied by the lowest tax rate and the result is tax credits that reduce the total amount of tax owed.
The following types of income are not taxed in Canada (this list is not exhaustive):
Note that, the method by which these forms of income are not taxed can vary significantly, which may have tax and other implications; some forms of income are not declared, while others are declared and then immediately deducted in full. Some of the tax exemptions are based on statutory enactments, others (like the non-taxability of lottery winnings) are based on the non-statutory common law concept of "income ''. In certain cases, the deduction may require off - setting income, while in other cases, the deduction may be used without corresponding income. Income which is declared and then deducted, for example, may create room for future Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) deductions. But then the RRSP contribution room may be reduced with a pension adjustment if you are part of another plan, reducing the ability to use RRSP contributions as a deduction.
Deductions which are not directly linked to non-taxable income exist, which reduce overall taxable income. A key example is RRSP contributions, which is a form of tax - deferred savings account (income tax is paid only at withdrawal, and no interim tax is payable on account earnings).
* Quebec changed its rules in 2004 and, legally, this may be taxed or may not -- Courts have yet to rule.
Corporate taxes include taxes on corporate income in Canada and other taxes and levies paid by corporations to the various levels of government in Canada. These include capital and insurance premium taxes; payroll levies (e.g., employment insurance, Canada Pension Plan, Quebec Pension Plan and Workers ' Compensation); property taxes; and indirect taxes, such as goods and services tax (GST), and sales and excise taxes, levied on business inputs.
Corporations are subject to tax in Canada on their worldwide income if they are resident in Canada for Canadian tax purposes. Corporations not resident in Canada are subject to Canadian tax on certain types of Canadian source income (Section 115 of the Canadian Income Tax Act).
Effective January 1, 2012, the net federal corporate income tax rate in Canada was 15 %, or 11 % for corporations able to claim the small business deduction; in addition, corporations are subject to provincial income tax that may range from zero to 16 %, depending on the province and the size of the business.
The taxes payable by a Canadian resident corporation depend on the type of corporation that it is:
If a public corporation has complied with certain prescribed conditions under Regulation 4800 (2), it can elect, or the Minister of National Revenue can designate it, not to be a public corporation. Other types of Canadian resident corporations include Canadian subsidiaries of public corporations (which do not qualify as public corporations), general insurers and Crown corporations.
Corporate income taxes are collected by the CRA for all provinces and territories except Quebec and Alberta. Provinces and territories subject to a tax collection agreement must use the federal definition of "taxable income '', i.e., they are not allowed to provide deductions in calculating taxable income. These provinces and territories may provide tax credits to companies, often in order to provide incentives for certain activities such as mining exploration, film production, and job creation.
Quebec and Alberta collect their own corporate income taxes, and therefore may develop their own definitions of taxable income. In practice, these provinces rarely deviate from the federal tax base in order to maintain simplicity for taxpayers.
Ontario negotiated a tax collection agreement with the federal government under which its corporate income taxes would be collected on its behalf by the CRA starting in 2009.
In Canada, corporate income is subject to corporate income tax and, on distribution as dividends to individuals, personal income tax. To avoid this "double taxation '' of the same income, the personal income tax system, through the gross - up and dividend tax credit (DTC) mechanisms, provides recognition for corporate taxes, based notional federal - provincial corporate tax rates, to taxable individuals resident in Canada who receive dividends from Canadian corporations.
A dividend from a small business ("Canadian - controlled private corporation '') is grossed - up by 17 per cent, meaning that the shareholder includes 117 per cent of the dividend amount in income, to reflect the pre-tax income of the small business out of which it has paid the dividend. This income is taxed at the shareholder 's personal income tax rate, but a part of the tax is offset by a 10.5217 % dividend tax credit (for 2017) to reflect the federal tax paid at the corporate level. There are also provincial dividend tax credits at different rates in different provinces.
For dividends from other Canadian corporations, i.e., "eligible dividends '', the gross - up is 38 % and the dividend tax credit is 15.0198 % (for 2017), reflecting the higher corporate income tax rate paid by larger corporations. Provincial and territorial governments also provide dividend tax credits to reflect provincial / territorial corporate income tax.
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who is the founder of what's up | WhatsApp - Wikipedia
WhatsApp Messenger is a freeware and cross-platform instant messaging service for smartphones. It uses the Internet to make voice calls, one to one video calls; send text messages, images, GIF, videos, documents, user location, audio files, phone contacts and voice notes using standard cellular mobile numbers. Originally users could only communicate with other users individually or in groups of individual users, but in September 2017 WhatsApp announced a forthcoming business platform which will enable companies to provide customer service to users at scale. All data are end - to - end encrypted. It also incorporates a feature called Status, which allows users to upload photos and videos to a 24 - hours - lifetime feed that, by default, are visible to all contacts, similar to Snapchat, Facebook and Instagram Stories.
The client was created by WhatsApp Inc., based in Mountain View, California, which was acquired by Facebook in February 2014 for approximately US $ 19.3 billion. By February 2016, WhatsApp had a user base of over one billion, making it the most popular messaging application at the time.
WhatsApp, was incorporated in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum, both former employees of Yahoo!. After Koum and Acton left Yahoo! in September 2007, the duo traveled to South America as a break from work. At one point they applied for jobs at Facebook but were rejected. For the rest of the following years Koum relied on his $400,000 savings from Yahoo!. In January 2009, after purchasing an iPhone and realizing that the App Store would soon create an industry of apps, Koum started visiting his friend Alex Fishman in West San Jose where the three would discuss "... having statuses next to individual names of the people '', but this was not possible without an iPhone developer. Fishman found a Russian developer on RentACoder.com, Igor Solomennikov, and introduced him to Koum. Koum named the app "WhatsApp '' to sound like "what 's up ''. On February 24, 2009, he incorporated WhatsApp Inc. in California. However, because early versions of WhatsApp often crashed or got stuck at a particular point, Koum felt like giving up and looking for a new job, upon which Acton encouraged him to wait for a "few more months ''.
In June 2009, Apple launched push notifications, allowing users to be pinged when they were not using an app. Koum changed WhatsApp so that when a user 's status is changed, everyone in the user 's network would be notified. WhatsApp 2.0 was released with a messaging component and the number of active users suddenly increased to 250,000. Acton was still unemployed and managing another startup, and he decided to join the company. In October 2009, Acton persuaded five former friends in Yahoo! to invest $250,000 in seed funding, and Acton became a co-founder and was given a stake. He officially joined on November 1. After months at beta stage, the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. Koum then hired a friend who lived in Los Angeles, Chris Peiffer, to develop the BlackBerry version, which arrived two months later.
WhatsApp was switched from a free to paid service to avoid growing too fast, mainly because the primary cost was sending verification texts to users. In December 2009, the ability to send photos was added to WhatsApp for the iPhone. By early 2011, WhatsApp was one of the top 20 apps in Apple 's U.S. App Store.
In April 2011, Sequoia Capital was the only venture investor in WhatsApp and paid approximately $8 million for more than 15 percent of the company, after months of negotiation with Sequoia partner Jim Goetz.
By February 2013, WhatsApp had about 200 million active users and 50 staff members. Sequoia invested another $50 million, and WhatsApp was valued at $1.5 billion.
In a December 2013 blog post, WhatsApp claimed that 400 million active users use the service each month.
On February 19, 2014, months after a venture capital financing round at a $1.5 billion valuation, Facebook announced it was acquiring WhatsApp for US $19 billion, its largest acquisition to date. At the time, the acquisition was the largest purchase of a venture - backed company in history. Sequoia Capital received an approximate 50x return on its initial investment. Facebook, which was advised by Allen & Co, paid $4 billion in cash, $12 billion in Facebook shares, and (advised by Morgan Stanley) an additional $3 billion in restricted stock units granted to WhatsApp 's founders, Koum and Acton. Employee stock was scheduled to vest over four years subsequent to closing. Days after the announcement, WhatsApp users experienced a loss of service, leading to anger across social media.
The acquisition caused a considerable number of users to move, or try out other message services as well. Telegram claimed to have seen 8 million additional downloads of its app. Line claimed to have seen 2 million new users for its service.
At a keynote presentation at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona in February 2014, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said that Facebook 's acquisition of WhatsApp was closely related to the Internet.org vision. According to a TechCrunch article, Zuckerberg 's vision for Internet.org was as follows: "The idea, he said, is to develop a group of basic internet services that would be free of charge to use -- ' a 911 for the internet. ' These could be a social networking service like Facebook, a messaging service, maybe search and other things like weather. Providing a bundle of these free of charge to users will work like a gateway drug of sorts -- users who may be able to afford data services and phones these days just do n't see the point of why they would pay for those data services. This would give them some context for why they are important, and that will lead them to paying for more services like this -- or so the hope goes. ''
Just three days after announcing that WhatsApp had been purchased by Facebook, Koum said they were working to introduce voice calls in the coming months. He also advanced that new mobile phones would be sold in Germany with the WhatsApp brand, as their main goal was to be in all smartphones.
In August 2014, WhatsApp was the most globally popular messaging app, with more than 600 million active users. By early January 2015, WhatsApp had 700 million monthly active users with over 30 billion messages being sent every day. In April 2015, Forbes predicted that between 2012 and 2018, the telecommunications industry will lose a combined total of $386 billion because of OTT services like WhatsApp and Skype. That month, WhatsApp had over 800 million active users. By September 2015, the user base had grown to 900 million, and by February 2016 it had grown to one billion.
As of November 30, 2015, the Android client for WhatsApp started making links to another messenger called Telegram unclickable and uncopyable. This is an active block, as confirmed by multiple sources, rather than a bug, and the Android source code which recognises Telegram URLs has been identified. URLs with "telegram '' as domain - name are targeted actively and explicitly -- the word "telegram '' appears in the code. This functioning risks being considered anti-competitive, and has not been explained by WhatsApp.
On January 18, 2016, WhatsApp 's founder Jan Koum announced that the service would no longer charge their users a $1 annual subscription fee in an effort to remove a barrier faced by some users who do not have a credit card to pay for the service. He also explained that the app would not display any third party advertisement and instead would bring new features such as the ability to communicate with business organizations.
By June 2016, more than 100 million voice calls are made per day on WhatsApp according to a post on the company 's blog.
On November 10, 2016, WhatsApp launched a two - step verification feature in beta for Android users. After enabling this feature, users can add their email address for further protection. Also in November 2016, Facebook ceased collecting WhatsApp data for advertising in Europe.
On February 24, 2017, (WhatsApp 's 8th birthday) WhatsApp launched a new Status feature similar to Snapchat and Facebook stories.
On May 18, 2017, it was reported that the European Commission was fining Facebook € 110 million for "misleading '' it during the 2014 takeover of WhatsApp. The Commission alleged that in 2014, when Facebook acquired the messaging app, it "falsely claimed it was technically impossible to automatically combine user information from Facebook and WhatsApp. '' However, in the summer of 2016 WhatsApp had begun sharing user information with its parent company, allowing information such as phone numbers to be used for targeted Facebook advertisements. Facebook acknowledged the breach, but said the errors in their 2014 filings were "not intentional. ''
In September 2017 WhatsApp announced a forthcoming business platform which will enable companies to provide customer service to users at scale. Airlines KLM and Aeroméxico both announced their participation in the testing; Both airlines had previously launched customer services on the Facebook Messenger platform.
Until 2017 WhatsApp positioned itself as a solution for a single party with a single smartphone to communicate with another such party, enabling small businesses to use the platform to communicate with customers, but not at scale (e.g. in a contact center environment). However in September 2017 WhatsApp announced what had long been rumored, that they are building and testing new tools for businesses to use WhatsApp:
After months at beta stage, the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone. In January 2010, support for BlackBerry smartphones was added, and subsequently for Symbian OS in May 2010 and for Android OS in August 2010. In August 2011 a beta for Nokia 's non-smartphone OS Series 40 was added. A month later support for Windows Phone was added, followed by BlackBerry 10 in March 2013. In April 2015, support for Samsung 's Tizen OS was added. An unofficial port has been released for the MeeGo - based Nokia N9 called Wazapp, as well as a port for the Maemo - based Nokia N900 called Yappari.
The oldest device capable of running WhatsApp is the Symbian - based Nokia N95 released in March 2007.
In August 2014, WhatsApp released an update to its Android app, adding support for Android Wear smartwatches.
In 2014 an unofficial open source plug - in called whatsapp - purple was released for Pidgin, implementing its XMPP and making it possible to use WhatsApp on a Windows or Linux PC. WhatsApp responded by automatically blocking phone numbers that connected to WhatsApp using this plug - in.
On January 21, 2015, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Web, a web client which can be used through a web browser by syncing with the mobile device 's connection.
On February 26, 2016, WhatsApp announced they would cease support for BlackBerry (including BlackBerry 10), Series 40 and Symbian S60, as well as older versions of Android (2.2), Windows Phone (7.0) and iOS (6), by the end of 2016. BlackBerry, Series 40 and Symbian support was since then extended further to June 30, 2017. In June 2017 support for BlackBerry and Series 40 was once again extended until the end of 2017, while Symbian was dropped.
WhatsApp was officially made available for PCs through a web client, under the name WhatsApp Web, in late January 2015 through an announcement made by Koum on his Facebook page: "Our web client is simply an extension of your phone: the web browser mirrors conversations and messages from your mobile device -- this means all of your messages still live on your phone ''. The WhatsApp user 's handset must still be connected to the Internet for the browser application to function. All major desktop browsers are supported except for Microsoft Internet Explorer. WhatsApp Web 's user interface is based on the default Android one.
As of January 21, 2015, the desktop version was only available to Android, BlackBerry and Windows Phone users. Later on, it also added support for iOS, Nokia Series 40, and Nokia S60 (Symbian).
An unofficial derivative called WhatsAppTime has been developed, which is a standard Win32 application for PCs and supports notifications through the Windows notification area. There are similar solutions for macOS, such as the open - source ChitChat and multiple wrappers available in the App Store.
On May 10, 2016, the messaging service was introduced for both Windows and macOS operating systems. Similar to the WhatsApp Web format, the app, which will be synced with a user 's mobile device, is available for download on the website. It supports OS versions of Windows 8 and OS X 10.9 and higher.
WhatsApp uses a customized version of the open standard Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP). Upon installation, it creates a user account using one 's phone number as the username (Jabber ID: (phone number) @ s.whatsapp.net).
WhatsApp software automatically compares all the phone numbers from the device 's address book with its central database of WhatsApp users to automatically add contacts to the user 's WhatsApp contact list. Previously the Android and Nokia Series 40 versions used an MD5 - hashed, reversed - version of the phone 's IMEI as password, while the iOS version used the phone 's Wi - Fi MAC address instead of IMEI. A 2012 update now generates a random password on the server side.
Some Dual SIM devices may not be compatible with WhatsApp, though there are some workarounds for this.
In February 2015, WhatsApp introduced a voice calling feature; this helped WhatsApp to attract a completely different segment of the user population. On November 14, 2016, Whatsapp added video calling feature for users across Android, iPhone, and Windows Phone devices.
Multimedia messages are sent by uploading the image, audio or video to be sent to an HTTP server and then sending a link to the content along with its Base64 encoded thumbnail (if applicable).
WhatsApp follows a "store and forward '' mechanism for exchanging messages between two users. When a user sends a message, it first travels to the WhatsApp server where it is stored. Then the server repeatedly requests the receiver acknowledge receipt of the message. As soon as the message is acknowledged, the server drops the message; it is no longer available in database of server. WhatsApp server keeps the message only for 30 days in its database when it is not delivered (when the receiver is not active on WhatsApp for 30 days).
On November 18, 2014, Open Whisper Systems announced a partnership with WhatsApp to provide end - to - end encryption by incorporating the encryption protocol used in Signal into each WhatsApp client platform. Open Whisper Systems said that they had already incorporated the protocol into the latest WhatsApp client for Android, and that support for other clients, group / media messages, and key verification would be coming soon after. WhatsApp confirmed the partnership to reporters, but there was no announcement or documentation about the encryption feature on the official website, and further requests for comment were declined. In April 2015, German magazine Heise Security used ARP spoofing to confirm that the protocol had been implemented for Android - to - Android messages, and that WhatsApp messages from or to iPhones running iOS were still not end - to - end encrypted. They expressed the concern that regular WhatsApp users still could not tell the difference between end - to - end encrypted messages and regular messages. On April 5, 2016, WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announced that they had finished adding end - to - end encryption to "every form of communication '' on WhatsApp, and that users could now verify each other 's keys. Users were also given the option to enable a trust on first use mechanism in order to be notified if a correspondent 's key changes. According to a white paper that was released along with the announcement, WhatsApp messages are encrypted with the Signal Protocol. WhatsApp calls are encrypted with SRTP, and all client - server communications are "layered within a separate encrypted channel ''. The Signal Protocol library used by WhatsApp is open - source and published under the GPLv3 license.
Cade Metz, writing in Wired, said "WhatsApp, more than any company before it, has taken encryption to the masses. ''
WhatsApp Payments is a peer to peer money transfer feature that is set to launch in India. WhatsApp has received permission from the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) to enter into partnership with multiple banks in July, 2017 to allow users to make in - app payments and money transfers using the Unified Payments Interface (UPI). UPI enables account - to - account transfers from a mobile app without having any details of the beneficiary 's bank.
On January 13, 2017, The Guardian reported that security researcher Tobias Boelter had found that WhatsApp 's policy of forcing re-encryption of initially undelivered messages, without informing the recipient, constituted a serious loophole whereby WhatsApp could disclose, or be compelled to disclose, the content of these messages. WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems officials disagreed with this assessment. A follow - up article by Boelter himself explains in greater detail what he considers to be the specific vulnerability. In June 2017, The Guardian readers ' editor Paul Chadwick wrote that "The Guardian was wrong to report in January that the popular messaging service WhatsApp had a security flaw so serious that it was a huge threat to freedom of speech. ''
"In a detailed review I found that misinterpretations, mistakes and misunderstandings happened at several stages of the reporting and editing process. Cumulatively they produced an article that overstated its case. ''
Chadwick also noted that since the Guardian article, WhatsApp has been "better secured by the introduction of optional two - factor verification in February. ''
In response to the Facebook acquisition in 2014, Slate columnist Matthew Yglesias questioned whether the company 's business model of charging users $1 a year was viable in the United States in the long term. It had prospered by exploiting a "loophole '' in mobile phone carriers ' pricing. "Mobile phone operators are n't really selling consumers some voice service, some data service, and some SMS service '', he explained. "They are selling access to the network. The different pricing schemes they come up with are just different ways of trying to maximize the value they extract from consumers. '' As part of that, carriers sold SMS separately. That made it easy for WhatsApp to find a way to replicate SMS using data, and then sell that to mobile customers for $1 a year. "But if WhatsApp gets big enough, then carrier strategy is going to change '', he predicted. "You stop selling separate SMS plans and just have a take - it - or - leave - it overall package. And then suddenly WhatsApp is n't doing anything. '' The situation may have been different in countries other than the United States.
On January 18, 2016, WhatsApp 's founder Jan Koum announced that the service would no longer charge their users a $1 annual subscription fee in an effort to remove a barrier faced by some users who do not have a credit card to pay for the service. He also explained that the app would not display any third party advertisement and instead would bring new features such as the ability to communicate with business organizations.
In December 2015, it was reported that Islamic State terrorists had been using WhatsApp to plot the November 2015 Paris attacks. ISIL also uses WhatsApp to traffic sex slaves.
In March 2017, U.K. Secretary of State Amber Rudd said encryption capabilities of messaging tools like WhatsApp are unacceptable, as news reported that Khalid Masood used the application several minutes before perpetrating the 2017 Westminster attack. Rudd publicly called for police and intelligence agencies to be given access to WhatsApp and other encrypted messaging services to prevent future terror attacks.
In April 2017, the perpetrator of the Stockholm attack reportedly used WhatsApp to exchange messages with an ISIS supporter shortly before and after the 2017 Stockholm attack. The messages involved discussing how to make an explosive device and a confession of the perpetration the attack.
In May 2016, some WhatsApp users were reported to have been tricked into downloading a third - party application called WhatsApp Gold. The application was part of a scam that infected the users ' phones with malware. Another application called "GB Whatsapp '' is also considered as a related scam. A message that promises to allow access to their WhatsApp friends ' conversations, or their contact lists, has become the most popular hit against anyone who uses the application in Brazil. Since December, 2016, more than 1.5 million people have clicked and lost money
In September 2017, after a series of brief disruptions, security researchers reported to The New York Times that WhatsApp service had been completely blocked in China.
On May 9, 2014, the government of Iran announced that it had proposed to block the access to WhatsApp service to Iranian residents. "The reason for this is the assumption of WhatsApp by the Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, who is an American Zionist, '' said Abdolsamad Khorramabadi, head of the country 's Committee on Internet Crimes. Subsequently, Iranian president Hassan Rouhani issued an order to the Ministry of ICT to stop filtering WhatsApp.
Turkey temporarily banned WhatsApp in 2016, following the assassination of the Russian ambassador to Turkey.
On December 17, 2015, mobile providers in Brazil were ordered to block WhatsApp for 48 hours. The ban was ordered for the service 's failure to cooperate with criminal court orders in July and August 2015. The following morning, however, a judge from the appeals court ordered that the ban be lifted for being an unreasonable response, recommending that the company be fined instead. Following the ban, but prior to its reversal, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg responded by stating that he was "stunned that our efforts to protect people 's data would result in such an extreme decision by a single judge to punish every person in Brazil who uses WhatsApp. We hope the Brazilian courts quickly reverse course. '' The competing service Telegram reported that 1.5 million Brazilians had downloaded its app while the WhatsApp ban was in place.
On March 1, 2016, Diego Dzodan, Facebook 's vice-president for Latin America was arrested in Brazil for not cooperating with an investigation in which WhatsApp conversations were requested. On March 2, 2016, at dawn the next day, Dzodan was released because the Court of Appeal held that the arrest was disproportionate and unreasonable.
On May 2, 2016, mobile providers in Brazil were ordered to block WhatsApp for 72 hours for the service 's second failure to cooperate with criminal court orders. Once again, the block was lifted following an appeal, after nearly 24 hours.
As of April 22, 2014, WhatsApp had over 500 million monthly active users, 700 million photos and 100 million videos were being shared daily, and the messaging system was handling more than 10 billion messages each day.
On August 24, 2014, Koum announced on his Twitter account that WhatsApp had over 600 million active users worldwide. At that point WhatsApp was adding about 25 million new users every month, or 833,000 active users per day. With 65 million active users representing 10 % of the total worldwide users, India has the largest number of consumers.
As of February 2017, WhatsApp has over 1.2 billion users globally.
Israel is one of WhatsApp 's strongest markets in terms of penetration. According to Globes, already by 2013 the application was installed on 92 % of all smartphones, with 86 % of users reporting daily use. WhatsApp 's group chat feature is reportedly used by many Israeli families to stay in contact with each other.
WhatsApp competes with a number of Asian - based messaging services (that as of 2014, were services like WeChat (468 million active users), Viber (209 million active users) and LINE (170 million active users)), WhatsApp handled ten billion messages per day in August 2012, growing from two billion in April 2012, and one billion the previous October. On June 13, 2013, WhatsApp announced that they had reached their new daily record by processing 27 billion messages. According to the Financial Times, WhatsApp "has done to SMS on mobile phones what Skype did to international calling on landlines. ''
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what is the highest position in indian army | Army ranks and insignia of India - wikipedia
The following tables present the ranks of the Indian Army. These ranks generally correspond with those of Western militaries, and in particular reflect those of the British and Commonwealth armies. Traditional names for ranks are still used, as well as Western names.
Until 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, the Indian Army utilised the British - pattern rank badges of the British Indian Army. Upon independence in 1947, India became a dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations, but the old rank insignia, incorporating the Tudor Crown and four - pointed Bath Star ("pip ''), was retained, as George VI remained Commander - in - Chief of the Indian Armed Forces. After 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, the President of India became Commander - in - Chief, and the Ashoka Lion replaced the crown, with a five - pointed star being substituted for the "pip. ''
India has a field marshal rank, but it is mostly ceremonial. There are no field marshals in the army organizational structure at present and it has been conferred on only two officers in the past, the late Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw and the late Field Marshal KM Cariappa.
Field marshals hold their rank for life, and are considered to be serving officers until their death. Unlike other officers, they do not draw a pension. A field marshal gets the full pay of a general equal to the Chief of the Army Staff. He wears full uniform on all official occasions and runs an office in army headquarters. He also has a dedicated secretariat of his own.
The rank of Second Lieutenant is no longer in use; all new officers are commissioned as Lieutenants.
The appointments of Regimental Quartermaster Havildar and Regimental Havildar Major are no longer used in the Indian Army and those duties are now performed by JCOs.
Notable holders include Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal, Second Lieutenant Rama Raghoba Rane and Company Quartermaster Havildar Abdul Hamid.
Commissioned officers are the leaders of the army and command anywhere from platoon / company to brigade, division, corps & the whole army.
Indian Army officers are continually put through different courses & assessed on merit throughout their career, for promotions and appointments. Substantive promotions up to lieutenant colonel or equivalent and are based on time in service whereas those for colonel and above are based on selection, with promotion to colonel also based on time served. Due to steep hierarchy and few vacancies, most of the officers retire at the rank of Colonel and only a few make it to the rank of Brigadier and above. Civilian equivalents are in accordance with government policies on functional allocation of duties in staff billets, otherwise the rank structure of the armed forces is different from the civilian with regard to years of service and vacancies available.
Indian Army officers undergo various courses such as Young Officers Course & Junior Command Course, Defence Services Staff College course for commanding officers (colonel) & other commands at DSSC Wellington, Management Development Programme: Senior Defence Management Course, Higher Defence Management Course at the College of Defence Management (Secunderabad) & Higher Command Courses for Brigadiers and above. The same is applicable to officers other two services namely Indian Navy & Indian Air Force
Dress insignia are in Gold / Black based on regiments of the officers commissioned (outlined in red for those of two - star rank and higher) and in Silver / Gold for field insignia.
Proposed level & pay in 7th CPC: Level 18, Rs. 2, 50,000
36 years of commissioned service required.
Lieutenant generals appointed as Vice Chief of Army Staff / Army Commanders / Equivalent at Pay Band 80,000 Apex Grade fixed. Proposed level & pay in 7th CPC: Level 17, Rs. 2, 25,000
HAG + Scale: Admissible to 1 / 3rd of total strength of Lt Generals 75500 - (annual increment @ 3 %) -- 80000 Proposed level & pay in 7th CPC: Level 16, Rs. 2, 05,400
Lt General / HAG Scale: 67000 - (annual increment @ 3 %) - 79000 Proposed level & pay in 7th CPC: Level 15, Rs. 1, 82,200
32 years of commissioned service required.
Pay Band 37,400 -- 67,000 GP 10,000 Proposed level & pay in 7th CPC: Level 14, Rs. 1, 44,200
25 years of commissioned service required.
Pay Band 37,400 -- 67,000 GP 8,900 Proposed level & pay in 7th CPC: Level 13A, Rs. 1, 34,400
15 years of commissioned service required for selection. Duration of Time Scale promotion to Colonel is 26 years of commissioned service.
Pay Band 37,400 -- 67,000 GP 8,700 Proposed level & pay in 7th CPC: Level 13, Rs. 1, 25,700
Pay Band 37,400 -- 67,000 GP 8,000 Proposed level & pay in 7th CPC: Level 12A, Rs. 1, 16,700
Pay Band 15,600 -- 39,000 GP 6,600 Proposed level & pay in 7th CPC: Level 11, Rs. 69,400
Pay Band 15,600 -- 39,000 GP 6,100 Proposed level & pay in 7th CPC: Level 10B, Rs. 61,300
Proposed level & pay in 7th CPC: Level 10, Rs. 56,100
Junior commissioned officers are commissioned as officers from the ranks and are broadly equivalent to warrant officers in Western armies.
Other ranks in the Indian army include non-commissioned officers ("NCOs '') and ordinary soldiers ("sepoys '' or "jawans '')
Non-commissioned officers ("NCOs '') are soldiers promoted to positions of responsibility, and are equivalent to junior non-commissioned officers (sergeants and corporals) in Western armies.
On 21 July 2014, the Indian Army issued a circular for retired personnel informing them that the correct form of addressing a retired officer is "Brigadier ABC (Retd) and not Brigadier (Retd) ABC ''. The reason for this was stated as being, "Rank never retires, it is an officer who retires. ''
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who created the mac operating system and when | MacOS - Wikipedia
macOS (/ ˌmækoʊˈɛs /; previously Mac OS X and later OS X) is a series of graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac family of computers. Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows.
macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems. The first is colloquially called the "classic '' Mac OS, which was introduced in 1984, and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999. The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, was released in March 2001, with its first update, 10.1, arriving later that year. After this, Apple began naming its releases after big cats, which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion. Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks, releases have been named after landmarks in California. Apple shortened the name to "OS X '' in 2012 and then changed it to "macOS '' in 2016, adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. The latest version is macOS High Sierra, which was publicly released in September 2017.
Between 1999 and 2009, Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server. The initial version, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5. After this, new versions were introduced concurrently with the desktop version of Mac OS X. Beginning with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, the server functions were made available as a separate package on the Mac App Store.
macOS is based on technologies developed between 1985 and 1997 at NeXT, a company that Apple co-founder Steve Jobs created after leaving the company. The "X '' in Mac OS X and OS X is the Roman numeral for the number 10 and is pronounced as such. The X was a prominent part of the operating system 's brand identity and marketing in its early years, but gradually receded in prominence since the release of Snow Leopard in 2009. UNIX 03 certification was achieved for the Intel version of Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard and all releases from Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard up to the current version also have UNIX 03 certification. macOS shares its Unix - based core, named Darwin, and many of its frameworks with iOS, tvOS and watchOS. A heavily modified version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was used for the first - generation Apple TV.
Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the PowerPC - based Macs from that time period. After Apple announced that they were switching to Intel CPUs from 2006 onwards, a separate version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was made and distributed exclusively with early Intel - based Macs; it included an emulator known as Rosetta, which allowed users to run most PowerPC applications on Intel - based Macs. Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release to be built as a universal binary, meaning that the installer disc supported both Intel and PowerPC processors. Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first release to be available exclusively for Intel - based Macs. In 2011, Apple released Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, which no longer supported 32 - bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta. All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on 64 - bit Intel CPUs and do not support PowerPC applications.
The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix - like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989. The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel, which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layers and low - level user space code derived from parts of BSD. Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object - oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective - C programming language.
Throughout the early 1990s, Apple had tried to create a "next - generation '' OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the Taligent, Copland and Gershwin projects, but all of them were eventually abandoned. This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called OPENSTEP, to serve as the basis for Apple 's next generation operating system. This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim, and then the permanent CEO, shepherding the transformation of the programmer - friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple 's primary market of home users and creative professionals. The project was first code named "Rhapsody '' and then officially named Mac OS X.
Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple 's operating system for Macintosh computers; current versions of macOS retain the major version number "10 ''. Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of the classic Mac OS) were named using Arabic numerals, as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9. The letter "X '' in Mac OS X 's name refers to the number 10, a Roman numeral. It is therefore correctly pronounced "ten '' / tɛn / in this context. However, it is also commonly pronounced like the letter "X '' / ɛks /.
The first version of Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was a transitional product, featuring an interface resembling the classic Mac OS, though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system. Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API; many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance.
The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0. Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface but criticizing it for sluggish performance. With Apple 's popularity at a low, the makers of several classic Mac applications such as FrameMaker and PageMaker declined to develop new versions of their software for Mac OS X. Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa, who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10, described the early releases in retrospect as ' dog - slow, feature poor ' and Aqua as ' unbearably slow and a huge resource hog '.
Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X. Siracusa 's review of version 10.3, Panther, noted "It 's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and vaporware to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases. '' Version 10.4, Tiger, reportedly shocked executives at Microsoft by offering a number of features, such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with acceptable performance.
As the operating system evolved, it moved away from the classic Mac OS, with applications being added and removed. Considering music to be a key market, Apple developed the iPod music player and music software for the Mac, including iTunes and GarageBand. Targeting the consumer and media markets, Apple emphasized its new "digital lifestyle '' applications such as the iLife suite, integrated home entertainment through the Front Row media center and the Safari web browser. With increasing popularity of the internet, Apple offered additional online services, including the. Mac, MobileMe and most recently iCloud products. It later began selling third - party applications through the Mac App Store.
Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions. Some applications began to use a brushed metal appearance, or non-pinstriped titlebar appearance in version 10.4. In Leopard, Apple announced a unification of the interface, with a standardized gray - gradient window style.
In 2006, the first Intel Macs released used a specialized version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.
A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from 2007 onwards. While Apple 's previous iPod media players used a minimal operating system, the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X, which would later be called "iPhone OS '' and then iOS. The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard. However, after Apple opened the iPhone to third - party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X, with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development.
In 2007, Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release with universal binary components, allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select PowerPC Macs. It is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support. Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first version of OS X to be built exclusively for Intel Macs, and the final release with 32 - bit Intel Mac support. The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard, focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user - facing features; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a ' no new features ' release. Since its release, several OS X or macOS releases (namely OS X Mountain Lion, OS X El Capitan and macOS High Sierra) follow this pattern, with a name derived from its predecessor, similar to the ' tick - tock model ' used by Intel.
In two succeeding versions, Lion and Mountain Lion, Apple moved some applications to a highly skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS, at the same time simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use. This direction was, like brushed metal interfaces, unpopular with some users, although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the Time Machine backup utility, which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula, and the glossy translucent dock of Leopard and Snow Leopard. In addition, with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, Apple ceased to release separate server versions of Mac OS X, selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store. A review described the trend in the server products as becoming "cheaper and simpler... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones. ''
In 2012, with the release of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, the name of the system was shortened from Mac OS X to OS X. That year, Apple removed the head of OS X development, Scott Forstall, and design was changed towards a more minimal direction. Apple 's new user interface design, using deep color saturation, text - only buttons and a minimal, ' flat ' interface, was debuted with iOS 7 in 2013. With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, the version released in 2013, OS X 10.9 Mavericks, was something of a transitional release, with some of the skeuomorphic design removed, while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged. The next version, OS X 10.10 Yosemite, adopted a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse.
From 2012 onwards, the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS. It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards, before removing upgrade fees altogether from 2013 onwards. Some journalists and third - party software developers have suggested that this decision, while allowing more rapid feature release, meant less opportunity to focus on stability, with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features. Apple 's 2015 update, OS X 10.11 El Capitan, was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements.
In 2016, with the release of macOS 10.12 Sierra, the name was changed from OS X to macOS to streamline it with the branding of Apple 's other primary operating systems: iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. macOS 10.12 Sierra 's main features are the introduction of Siri to macOS, Optimized Storage, improvements to included applications, and greater integration with Apple 's iPhone and Apple Watch. The Apple File System (APFS) was announced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in 2016 as a replacement for HFS+, a highly criticized file system. At the 2017 Worldwide Developers Conference Apple previewed macOS 10.13 High Sierra. It uses APFS, rather than HFS+, on solid state drives.
At macOS 's core is a POSIX compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel, with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface. Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin. On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the Aqua interface and the Finder, to complete the GUI - based operating system which is macOS.
With its original introduction as Mac OS X, the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, the classic Mac OS. For example, pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system 's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other. Many aspects of macOS 's architecture are derived from OPENSTEP, which was designed to be portable, to ease the transition from one platform to another. For example, NeXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k - based NeXT workstations to x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple, and OPENSTEP was later ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project.
Prior to macOS High Sierra, and on drives other than solid state drives (SSDs), the default file system is HFS+, which it inherited from the classic Mac OS. Operating system designer Linus Torvalds has criticized HFS+, saying it is "probably the worst file system ever '', whose design is "actively corrupting user data ''. He criticized the case insensitivity of file names, a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support Unicode. Initially, HFS+ was designed for classic Mac OS, which runs on big - endian 68K and PowerPC systems. When Apple switched Macintosh to little - endian Intel processors, it continued to use big - endian byte order on HFS+ file systems. As a result, macOS on current Macs must do byte swap when it reads file system data. These concerns are being addressed with the new Apple File System, which is used for file systems on SSDs in macOS High Sierra.
The Darwin subsystem in macOS is in charge of managing the file system, which includes the Unix permissions layer. In 2003 and 2005, two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions "the most common frustration '' in macOS, while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day, a process which can take up to 15 minutes. More recently, another Macworld editor, Dan Frakes, called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused. He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference, and resetting permissions should only be tried when problems emerge.
The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design: the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks. Apple provides its own software development tools, most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode. Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including C, C++, Objective - C, and Swift. For the Apple -- Intel transition, it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary, which provides compatibility with both the Intel - based and PowerPC - based Macintosh lines. First and third - party applications can be controlled programatically using the AppleScript framework, retained from the classic Mac OS, or using the newer Automator application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge.
Apple offered two main APIs to develop software natively for macOS: Cocoa and Carbon. Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from OPENSTEP with no ancestry from the classic Mac OS, while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs, allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten in order to run natively on Mac OS X.
The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems. This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers, since the "NS '' prefix is ubiquitous in the framework, standing variously for NeXTSTEP or NeXT / Sun. The official OPENSTEP API, published in September 1994, was the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first to use the "NS '' prefix. Traditionally, Cocoa programs have been mostly written in Objective - C, with Java as an alternative. However, on July 11, 2005, Apple announced that "features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 will not be added to the Cocoa - Java programming interface. '' macOS also used to support the Java Platform as a "preferred software package '' -- in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being cross-platform compatible, and that graphical user interfaces written in Swing look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces. Since 2014, Apple has promoted its new programming language Swift as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms.
Apple 's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs. This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers, who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite, and the idea was shelved. To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X, the Carbon Application Programming Interface (API) was created. Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS and Mac OS X, although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed. Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X: the little - used original release of Mac OS X Server 1.0, which also did not include the Aqua interface. Apple limited further development of Carbon from the release of Leopard onwards, announcing Carbon applications would not receive the ability to run at 64 - bit. A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards, especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be difficult, uneconomic or not necessary. This included Microsoft Office up to Office 2016, and Photoshop up to CS5. Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through the Classic Environment with performance limitations; this feature was removed from 10.5 onwards and all Macs using Intel processors.
Because macOS is POSIX compliant, many software packages written for the other Unix - like systems including Linux can be recompiled to run on it, including much scientific and technical software. Third - party projects such as Homebrew, Fink, MacPorts and pkgsrc provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages. Apple and others have provided versions of the X Window System graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look - and - feel. The current Apple - endorsed method is the open - source XQuartz project; earlier versions could use the X11 application provided by Apple, or before that the XDarwin project.
Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading (with or without code signing, available via an Apple developer account) or through the Mac App Store, a marketplace of software maintained by Apple by way of a process requiring the company 's approval. Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a sandbox, restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features. This has been cited as an advantage, by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system, but also as a disadvantage due to blocking the Mac App Store 's use for professional applications that require elevated privileges. Applications without any code signature can not be run by default except from a computer 's administrator account.
Apple produces macOS applications, some of which are included and some sold separately. This includes iWork, Final Cut Pro, Logic Pro, iLife, and the database application FileMaker. Numerous other developers also offer software for macOS.
Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple. This includes a number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, all G3 - based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger, and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing the restriction from the installation DVD or entering a command in the Mac 's Open Firmware interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater. Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing, the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware.
As most Mac hardware components, or components similar to those, since the Intel transition are available for purchase, some technology - capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers. These are referred to as Hackintoshes, a portmanteau of the words "hack '' and "Macintosh ''. This violates Apple 's EULA (and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support, warranties etc.), but communities that cater to personal users, who do not install for resale and profit, have generally been ignored by Apple. These self - made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware, but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine, such as on matter of data integrity or security. Psystar, a business that attempted to profit from selling macOS on non-Apple certified hardware, was sued by Apple in 2008.
In April 2002, eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code - named Marklar, which ran on Intel x86 processors. The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC platform. These rumors subsided until late in May 2005, when various media outlets, such as The Wall Street Journal and CNET, announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming months.
On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the following two years, and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition. Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life. Intel - based Macs would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with Rosetta, a binary translation layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines. The system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10.6. 8. Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs. Third party emulation software such as Mini vMac, Basilisk II and SheepShaver provided support for some early versions of Mac OS. A new version of Xcode and the underlying command - line compilers supported building universal binaries that would run on either architecture.
PowerPC - only software is supported with Apple 's official emulation software, Rosetta, though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors. Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel. There is a performance penalty when PowerPC binaries run on Intel Macs through Rosetta. Moreover, some PowerPC software, such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins, are not supported on Intel Macs at all. Some PowerPC applications would not run on macOS at all. Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari, so when Safari is running on Intel, it requires plug - ins that have been compiled as Intel - only or universal binaries, so PowerPC - only plug - ins will not work. While Intel Macs are able to run PowerPC, Intel, and universal binaries; PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds.
Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition. In 2009, Apple announced at its Worldwide Developers Conference that Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel - only. Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion. In addition, new versions of Mac OS X first - and third - party software increasingly required Intel processors, including new versions of iLife, iWork, Aperture and Logic Pro.
One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aqua, a graphical user interface with water - like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. Every window element, text, graphic, or widget is drawn on - screen using spatial anti-aliasing technology. ColorSync, a technology introduced many years before, was improved and built into the core drawing engine, to provide color matching for printing and multimedia professionals. Also, drop shadows were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth. New interface elements were integrated, including sheets (dialog boxes attached to specific windows) and drawers, which would slide out and provide options.
The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes, similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs, brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1.0 's "Platinum '' appearance had offered. According to Siracusa, the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look "hit like a ton of bricks. '' Bruce Tognazzini (who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aqua interface in Mac OS X 10.0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface. Third - party developers started producing skins for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance. To some extent, Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design.
Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar. Since 2012, Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high - resolution Retina displays, and macOS and its APIs have extensive support for resolution - independent development on supporting high - resolution displays. Reviewers have described Apple 's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows.
The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications, giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts. In addition, new services for applications are included, which include spelling and grammar checkers, special characters palette, color picker, font chooser and dictionary; these global features are present in every Cocoa application, adding consistency. The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware - accelerated drawing. This technology, introduced in version 10.2, is called Quartz Extreme, a component of Quartz. Quartz 's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format (PDF) imaging model, making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices. As a side result, PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built - in features. Reflecting its popularity with design users, macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library, featuring many prominent brand - name designs.
The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS. Quick Look is part of the Finder since version 10.5. It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications. Spotlight, a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since version 10.4, allows rapid real - time searches of data files; mail messages; photos; and other information based on item properties (metadata) and / or content. macOS makes use of a Dock, which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows.
Apple added "Exposé '' in version 10.3 (called Mission Control since version 10.7), a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop. Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks, display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application, and hide all windows to access the desktop. Also, FileVault was introduced, which is an optional encryption of the user 's files with the 128 - bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES - 128).
Features introduced in version 10.4 include Automator, an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks; Dashboard, a full - screen group of small applications called desktop widgets that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke; and Front Row, a media viewer interface accessed by the Apple Remote. Moreover, the Sync Services were included, which is a system that allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data, including calendar and contact items. The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency.
All system icons are scalable up to 512 × 512 pixels as of version 10.5 to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size, including for example the Cover Flow view, a three - dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes, the Finder, and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork. That version also introduced Spaces, a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé - like interface; an automatic backup technology called Time Machine, which provides the ability to view and restore previous versions of files and application data; and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time.
In more recent releases, Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary Apple Color Emoji font. Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text. Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in iOS, its mobile operating system, to macOS in recent releases, notably the intelligent personal assistant Siri, which was introduced in version 10.12 of macOS.
There are 34 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment. Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language. Recent updates have added increased support for Chinese characters and interconnections with popular social networks in China.
macOS can be updated using the Mac App Store application or the softwareupdate command line utility. Until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, a separate Software Update application performed this functionality. In Mountain Lion and later, this was merged into the Mac App Store application, although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different than the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application.
With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta, OS X versions were named after big cats until OS X 10.9 Mavericks, when Apple switched to using California locations. Prior to its release, Mac OS X 10.0 was code named "Cheetah '' internally at Apple, and Mac OS X 10.1 was code named internally as "Puma ''. After the immense buzz surrounding Mac OS X 10.2, codenamed "Jaguar '', Apple 's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system. Mac OS X 10.3 was marketed as "Panther '', Mac OS X 10.4 as "Tiger '', Mac OS X 10.5 as "Leopard '', Mac OS X 10.6 as "Snow Leopard '', Mac OS X 10.7 as "Lion '', OS X 10.8 as "Mountain Lion '', and OS X 10.9 as "Mavericks ''.
"Panther '', "Tiger '' and "Leopard '' are registered as trademarks of Apple, but "Cheetah '', "Puma '' and "Jaguar '' have never been registered. Apple has also registered "Lynx '' and "Cougar '' as trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse. Computer retailer Tiger Direct sued Apple for its use of the name "Tiger ''. On May 16, 2005 a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple 's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct 's trademark.
On September 13, 2000, Apple released a $29.95 "preview '' version of Mac OS X internally codenamed Kodiak in order to gain feedback from users.
The "PB '', as it was known, marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001.
On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah). The initial version was slow, incomplete, and had very few applications available at the time of its launch, mostly from independent developers. While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve. Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment, for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks. Following some bug fixes, kernel panics became much less frequent.
Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released. It featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the US $129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped - down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems. On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month.
On August 23, 2002, Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its code name as part of the branding. It brought great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look, and many powerful user - interface enhancements (over 150, according to Apple), including Quartz Extreme for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP - based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system - wide repository for contact information in the new Address Book, and an instant messaging client named iChat. The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10. 2.
Mac OS X v10. 3 Panther was released on October 24, 2003. In addition to providing much improved performance, it also incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed - metal interface, Fast user switching, Exposé (Window manager), FileVault, Safari, iChat AV (which added videoconferencing features to iChat), improved Portable Document Format (PDF) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability. Support for some early G3 computers such as "beige '' Power Macs and "WallStreet '' PowerBooks was discontinued.
Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features. As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built - in FireWire port. Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart Folders, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automator, VoiceOver, Core Image and Core Video. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services. On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel - based Macs along with the 10.4. 4 update to Tiger. This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC - based Macs and the new Intel - based machines, with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment.
Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was called by Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X ''. It brought more than 300 new features. Leopard supports both PowerPC - and Intel x86 - based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed. The single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64 - bit machines). New features include a new look, an updated Finder, Time Machine, Spaces, Boot Camp pre-installed, full support for 64 - bit applications (including graphical applications), new features in Mail and iChat, and a number of new security features. Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform. It was also the first BSD - based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification. Leopard dropped support for the Classic Environment and all Classic applications. It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture.
Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X, Snow Leopard focused on "under the hood '' changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes were: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa, faster Time Machine backups, more reliable and user - friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a faster Safari web browser. Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs, required at least 1 GB of RAM, and dropped default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture (Rosetta could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC - only applications).
Snow Leopard also featured new 64 - bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAM, improved support for multi-core processors through Grand Central Dispatch, and advanced GPU performance with OpenCL.
The 10.6. 6 update introduced support for the Mac App Store, Apple 's digital distribution platform for macOS applications.
Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It brought developments made in Apple 's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called Launchpad and a greater use of multi-touch gestures, to the Mac. This release removed Rosetta, making it incompatible with PowerPC applications.
Changes made to the GUI include auto - hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are being used, and Mission Control which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full - screen applications within a single interface. Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed, similar to iOS. Documents auto - save by default.
OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012. Following the release of Lion the previous year, it was the first of the annual rather than two - yearly updates to OS X (and later macOS), which also closely alined with the annual iOS operating system updates. It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include Game Center, support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application, and Reminders as a to - do list app separate from iCal (which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud. Notification Center, which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher. Application pop - ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine, QQ, 163.com and 126.com services for Mail, Contacts and Calendar, Youku, Tudou and Sina Weibo are integrated into share sheets.
Starting with Mountain Lion, Apple software updates (including the OS) are distributed via the App Store. This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility.
OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013. It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a 64 - bit Intel processor. Its changes include the addition of the previously iOS - only Maps and iBooks applications, improvements to the Notification Center, enhancements to several applications, and many under - the - hood improvements.
OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16, 2014. It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of iOS 7, intended to feature a more minimal, text - based ' flat ' design, with use of translucency effects and intensely saturated colors. Apple 's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff, which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls, receive and send SMS messages, and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac. As of OS X 10.10. 3, Photos replaced iPhoto and Aperture.
OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30, 2015. Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, Apple described this release as containing "refinements to the Mac experience '' and "improvements to system performance '' rather than new features. Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application, GUI improvements to the Notes application, adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer legibility, and the introduction of System Integrity Protection. The Metal API, first introduced in iOS 8, was also included in this operating system for "all Macs since 2012 ''.
macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20, 2016. New features include the addition of Siri, Optimized Storage, and updates to Photos, Messages, and iTunes.
The fall release of macOS 10.13 High Sierra was announced on June 5, 2017 at Apple 's WWDC event. On September 12, 2017 at Apple 's iPhone event, they announced its release to be September 25, 2017. Like OS X El Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion, High Sierra is a refinement - based update having very few new features. High Sierra uses the new Apple File System and includes enhancements to Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other changes.
As of July 2016, macOS is the second-most - active general - purpose desktop client operating system in use on the World Wide Web following Microsoft Windows, with a 4.90 % usage share according to statistics compiled by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is the second most widely used desktop operating system (for web browsing), after Windows, and is estimated at approximately five times the usage of Linux (which has 1.01 %). Usage share generally continues to shift away from the desktop and toward mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android.
In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near - absence of the types of malware and spyware that have affected Microsoft Windows users. macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows, but it also has traditionally more secure Unix roots. Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple 's Mac OS X is not immune to malware. Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks. In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks, and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions were able to install without user input. Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected. Apple releases security updates for macOS on a regular basis, as well as signature files for Xprotect, an anti-malware feature part of File Quarantine present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard.
As a devices company, most large - scale Apple promotion for macOS has been part of the sale of Macs, with promotion of macOS updates generally focused on existing users, promotion at Apple Store and other retail partners, or through events for developers. In larger scale advertising campaigns, Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home - user applications, and comparing Mac OS X (especially versions Tiger and Leopard) with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long - awaited Windows Vista operating system.
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is there a connection between the location of a country and its natural resources | Natural resource economics - wikipedia
Natural resource economics deals with the supply, demand, and allocation of the Earth 's natural resources. One main objective of natural resource economics is to better understand the role of natural resources in the economy in order to develop more sustainable methods of managing those resources to ensure their availability to future generations. Resource economists study interactions between economic and natural systems, with the goal of developing a sustainable and efficient economy.
Natural resource economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research within economics that aims to address the connections and interdependence between human economies and natural ecosystems. Its focus is how to operate an economy within the ecological constraints of earth 's natural resources. Resource economics brings together and connects different disciplines within the natural and social sciences connected to broad areas of earth science, human economics, and natural ecosystems. Economic models must be adapted to accommodate the special features of natural resource inputs. The traditional curriculum of natural resource economics emphasized fisheries models, forestry models, and minerals extraction models (i.e. fish, trees, and ore). In recent years, however, other resources, notably air, water, the global climate, and "environmental resources '' in general have become increasingly important to policy - making.
Academic and policy interest has now moved beyond simply the optimal commercial exploitation of the standard trio of resources to encompass management for other objectives. For example, natural resources more broadly defined have recreational, as well as commercial values. They may also contribute to overall social welfare levels, by their mere existence.
The economics and policy area focuses on the human aspects of environmental problems. Traditional areas of environmental and natural resource economics include welfare theory, land / location use, pollution control, resource extraction, and non-market valuation, and also resource exhaustibility, sustainability, environmental management, and environmental policy. Research topics could include the environmental impacts of agriculture, transportation and urbanization, land use in poor and industrialized countries, international trade and the environment, climate change, and methodological advances in non-market valuation, to name just a few.
Hotelling 's rule is a 1938 economic model of non-renewable resource management by Harold Hotelling. It shows that efficient exploitation of a nonrenewable and nonaugmentable resource would, under otherwise stable economic conditions, lead to a depletion of the resource. The rule states that this would lead to a net price or "Hotelling rent '' for it that rose annually at a rate equal to the rate of interest, reflecting the increasing scarcity of the resource. Nonaugmentable resources of inorganic materials (i.e. minerals) are uncommon; most resources can be augmented by recycling and by the existence and use of substitutes for the end - use products (see below).
Vogely has stated that the development of a mineral resource occurs in five stages: (1) The current operating margin (rate of production) governed by the proportion of the reserve (resource) already depleted. (2) The intensive development margin governed by the trade - off between the rising necessary investment and quicker realization of revenue. (3) The extensive development margin in which extraction is begun of known but previously uneconomic deposits. (4) The exploration margin in which the search for new deposits (resources) is conducted and the cost per unit extracted is highly uncertain with the cost of failure having to be balanced against finding usable resources (deposits) that have marginal costs of extraction no higher than in the first three stages above. (5) The technology margin which interacts with the first four stages. The Gray - Hotelling (exhaustion) theory is a special case, since it covers only Stages 1 -- 3 and not the far more important Stages 4 and 5.
Simon has stated that the supply of natural resources is infinite (i.e. perpetual)
These conflicting views will be substantially reconciled by considering resource - related topics in depth in the next section, or at least minimized.
Furthermore, Hartwick 's rule provides insight to the sustainability of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable resources.
The perpetual resource concept is a complex one because the concept of resource is complex and changes with the advent of new technology (usually more efficient recovery), new needs, and to a lesser degree with new economics (e.g. changes in prices of the material, changes in energy costs, etc.). On the one hand, a material (and its resources) can enter a time of shortage and become a strategic and critical material (an immediate exhaustibility crisis), but on the other hand a material can go out of use, its resource can proceed to being perpetual if it was not before, and then the resource can become a paleoresource when the material goes almost completely out of use (e.g. resources of arrowhead - grade flint). Some of the complexities influencing resources of a material include the extent of recyclability, the availability of suitable substitutes for the material in its end - use products, plus some other less important factors.
The Federal Government suddenly became compellingly interested in resource issues on December 7, 1941, shortly after which Japan cut the U.S. off from tin and rubber and made some other materials very difficult to obtain, such as tungsten. This was the worst case for resource availability, becoming a strategic and critical material. After the war a government stockpile of strategic and critical materials was set up, having around 100 different materials which were purchased for cash or obtained by trading off U.S. agricultural commodities for them. In the longer term, scarcity of tin later led to completely substituting aluminum foil for tin foil and polymer lined steel cans and aseptic packaging substituting for tin electroplated steel cans.
Resources change over time with technology and economics; more efficient recovery leads to a drop in the ore grade needed. The average grade of the copper ore processed has dropped from 4.0 % copper in 1900 to 1.63 % in 1920, 1.20 % in 1940, 0.73 % in 1960, 0.47 % in 1980, and 0.44 % in 2000.
Cobalt had been in an iffy supply status ever since the Belgian Congo (world 's only significant source of cobalt) was given a hasty independence in 1960 and the cobalt - producing province seceded as Katanga, followed by several wars and insurgencies, local government removals, railroads destroyed, and nationalizations. This was topped off by an invasion of the province by Katangan rebels in 1978 that disrupted supply and transportation and caused the cobalt price to briefly triple. While the cobalt supply was disrupted and the price shot up, nickel and other substitutes were pressed into service.
Following this, the idea of a "Resource War '' by the Soviets became popular. Rather than the chaos that resulted from the Zairean cobalt situation, this would be planned, a strategy designed to destroy economic activity outside the Soviet bloc by the acquisition of vital resources by noneconomic means (military?) outside the Soviet bloc (Third World?), then withholding these minerals from the West.
An important way of getting around a cobalt situation or a "Resource War '' situation is to use substitutes for a material in its end - uses. Some criteria for a satisfactory substitute are (1) ready availability domestically in adequate quantities or availability from contiguous nations, or possibly from overseas allies, (2) possessing physical and chemical properties, performance, and longevity comparable to the material of first choice, (3) well - established and known behavior and properties particularly as a component in exotic alloys, and (4) an ability for processing and fabrication with minimal changes in existing technology, capital plant, and processing and fabricating facilities. Some suggested substitutions were alunite for bauxite to make alumina, molybdenum and / or nickel for cobalt, and aluminum alloy automobile radiators for copper alloy automobile radiators. Materials can be eliminated without material substitutes, for example by using discharges of high tension electricity to shape hard objects that were formerly shaped by mineral abrasives, giving superior performance at lower cost, or by using computers / satellites to replace copper wire (land lines).
An important way of replacing a resource is by synthesis, for example, industrial diamonds and many kinds of graphite, although a certain kind of graphite could be almost replaced by a recycled product. Most graphite is synthetic, for example, graphite electrodes, graphite fiber, graphite shapes (machined or unmachined), and graphite powder.
Another way of replacing or extending a resource is by recycling the material desired from scrap or waste. This depends on whether or not the material is dissipated or is available as a no longer usable durable product. Reclamation of the durable product depends on its resistance to chemical and physical breakdown, quantities available, price of availability, and the ease of extraction from the original product. For example, bismuth in stomach medicine is hopelessly scattered (dissipated) and therefore impossible to recover, while bismuth alloys can be easily recovered and recycled. A good example where recycling makes a big difference is the resource availability situation for graphite, where flake graphite can be recovered from a renewable resource called kish, a steelmaking waste created when carbon separates out as graphite within the kish from the molten metal along with slag. After it is cold, the kish can be processed.
Several other kinds of resources need to be introduced. If strategic and critical materials are the worst case for resources, unless mitigated by substitution and / or recycling, one of the best is an abundant resource. An abundant resource is one whose material has so far found little use, such as using high - aluminous clays or anorthosite to produce alumina, and magnesium before it was recovered from seawater. An abundant resource is quite similar to a perpetual resource. The reserve base is the part of an identified resource that has a reasonable potential for becoming economically available at a time beyond when currently proven technology and current economics are in operation. Identified resources are those whose location, grade, quality, and quantity are known or estimated from specific geologic evidence. Reserves are that part of the reserve base that can be economically extracted at the time of determination; reserves should not be used as a surrogate for resources because they are often distorted by taxation or the owning firm 's public relations needs.
Harrison Brown and associates stated that humanity will process lower and lower grade "ore ''. Iron will come from low - grade iron - bearing material such as raw rock from anywhere in an iron formation, not much different from the input used to make taconite pellets in North America and elsewhere today. As coking coal reserves decline, pig iron and steel production will use non-coke - using processes (i.e. electric steel). The aluminum industry could shift from using bauxite to using anorthosite and clay. Magnesium metal and magnesia consumption (i.e. in refractories), currently obtained from seawater, will increase. Sulfur will be obtained from pyrites, then gypsum or anhydrite. Metals such as copper, zinc, nickel, and lead will be obtained from manganese nodules or the Phosphoria formation (sic!). These changes could occur irregularly in different parts of the world. While Europe and North America might use anorthosite or clay as raw material for aluminum, other parts of the world might use bauxite, and while North America might use taconite, Brazil might use iron ore. New materials will appear (note: they have), the result of technological advances, some acting as substitutes and some with new properties. Recycling will become more common and more efficient (note: it has!). Ultimately, minerals and metals will be obtained by processing "average '' rock. Rock, 100 tonnes of "average '' igneous rock, will yield eight tonnes of aluminum, five tonnes of iron, and 0.6 tonnes of titanium.
The USGS model based on crustal abundance data and the reserve - abundance relationship of McKelvey, is applied to several metals in the Earth 's crust (worldwide) and in the U.S. crust. The potential currently recoverable (present technology, economy) resources that come closest to the McKelvey relationship are those that have been sought for the longest time, such as copper, zinc, lead, silver, gold and molybdenum. Metals that do not follow the McKelvey relationship are ones that are byproducts (of major metals) or have n't been vital to the economy until recently (titanium, aluminum to a lesser degree). Bismuth is an example of a byproduct metal that does n't follow the relationship very well; the 3 % lead reserves in the western U.S. would have only 100 ppm bismuth, clearly too low - grade for a bismuth reserve. The world recoverable resource potential is 2,120 million tonnes for copper, 2,590 million tonnes for nickel, 3,400 million tonnes for zinc, 3,519 BILLION tonnes for aluminum, and 2,035 BILLION tonnes for iron.
Diverse authors have further contributions. Some think the number of substitutes is almost infinite, particularly with the flow of new materials from the chemical industry; identical end products can be made from different materials and starting points. Plastics can be good electrical conductors. Since all materials are 100 times weaker than they theoretically should be, it ought to be possible to eliminate areas of dislocations and greatly strengthen them, enabling lesser quantities to be used. To summarize, "mining '' companies will have more and more diverse products, the world economy is moving away from materials towards services, and the population seems to be levelling, all of which implies a lessening of demand growth for materials; much of the materials will be recovered from somewhat uncommon rocks, there will be much more coproducts and byproducts from a given operation, and more trade in minerals and materials.
As radical new technology impacts the materials and minerals world more and more powerfully, the materials used are more and more likely to have perpetual resources. There are already more and more materials that have perpetual resources and less and less materials that have nonrenewable resources or are strategic and critical materials. Some materials that have perpetual resources such as salt, stone, magnesium, and common clay were mentioned previously. Thanks to new technology, synthetic diamonds were added to the list of perpetual resources, since they can be easily made from a lump of another form of carbon. Synthetic graphite, is made in large quantities (graphite electrodes, graphite fiber) from carbon precursors such as petroleum coke or a textile fiber. A firm named Liquidmetal Technologies, Inc. is utilizing the removal of dislocations in a material with a technique that overcomes performance limitations caused by inherent weaknesses in the crystal atomic structure. It makes amorphous metal alloys, which retain a random atomic structure when the hot metal solidifies, rather than the crystalline atomic structure (with dislocations) that normally forms when hot metal solidifies. These amorphous alloys have much better performance properties than usual; for example, their zirconium - titanium Liquidmetal alloys are 250 % stronger than a standard titanium alloy. The Liquidmetal alloys can supplant many high performance alloys.
Exploration of the ocean bottom in the last fifty years revealed manganese nodules and phosphate nodules in many locations. More recently, polymetallic sulfide deposits have been discovered and polymetallic sulfide "black muds '' are being presently deposited from "black smokers '' The cobalt scarcity situation of 1978 has a new option now: recover it from manganese nodules. A Korean firm plans to start developing a manganese nodule recovery operation in 2010; the manganese nodules recovered would average 27 % to 30 % manganese, 1.25 % to 1.5 % nickel, 1 % to 1.4 % copper, and 0.2 % to 0.25 % cobalt (commercial grade) Nautilus Minerals Ltd. is planning to recover commercial grade material averaging 29.9 % zinc, 2.3 % lead, and 0.5 % copper from massive ocean - bottom polymetallic sulfide deposits using an underwater vacuum cleaner - like device that combines some current technologies in a new way. Partnering with Nautilus are Tech Cominco Ltd. and Anglo - American Ltd., world - leading international firms.
There are also other robot mining techniques that could be applied under the ocean. Rio Tinto is using satellite links to allow workers 1500 kilometers away to operate drilling rigs, load cargo, dig out ore and dump it on conveyor belts, and place explosives to subsequently blast rock and earth. The firm can keep workers out of danger this way, and also use fewer workers. Such technology reduces costs and offsets declines in metal content of ore reserves. Thus a variety of minerals and metals are obtainable from unconventional sources with resources available in huge quantities.
Finally, what is a perpetual resource? The ASTM definition for a perpetual resource is "one that is virtually inexhaustible on a human time - scale ''. Examples given include solar energy, tidal energy, and wind energy, to which should be added salt, stone, magnesium, diamonds, and other materials mentioned above. A study on the biogeophysical aspects of sustainability came up with a rule of prudent practice that a resource stock should last 700 years to achieve sustainability or become a perpetual resource, or for a worse case, 350 years.
If a resource lasting 700 or more years is perpetual, one that lasts 350 to 700 years can be called an abundant resource, and is so defined here. How long the material can be recovered from its resource depends on human need and changes in technology from extraction through the life cycle of the product to final disposal, plus recyclability of the material and availability of satisfactory substitutes. Specifically, this shows that exhaustibility does not occur until these factors weaken and play out: the availability of substitutes, the extent of recycling and its feasibility, more efficient manufacturing of the final consumer product, more durable and longer - lasting consumer products, and even a number of other factors.
The most recent resource information and guidance on the kinds of resources that must be considered is covered on the Resource Guide - Update (1)
Perpetual resources can transition to being a paleoresource. A paleoresource is one that has little or no demand for the material extracted from it; an obsolescent material, humans no longer need it. The classic paleoresource is an arrowhead - grade flint resource; no one makes flint arrowheads or spearheads anymore -- making a sharpened piece of scrap steel and using it is much simpler. Obsolescent products include tin cans, tin foil, the schoolhouse slate blackboard, and radium in medical technology. Radium has been replaced by much cheaper cobalt - 60 and other radioisotopes in radiation treatment. Noncorroding lead as a cable covering has been replaced by plastics.
Pennsylvania anthracite is another material where the trend towards obsolescence and becoming a paleoresource can be shown statistically. Production of anthracite was 70.4 million tonnes in 1905, 49.8 million tonnes in 1945, 13.5 million tonnes in 1965, 4.3 million tonnes in 1985, and 1.5 million tonnes in 2005. The amount used per person was 84 kg per person in 1905, 7.1 kg in 1965, and 0.8 kg in 2005. (2) Compare this to the USGS anthracite reserves of 18.6 billion tonnes and total resources of 79 billion tonnes; the anthracite demand has dropped so much that these resources are more than perpetual.
Since anthracite resources are so far into the perpetual resource range and demand for anthracite has dropped so far, is it possible to see how anthracite might become a paleoresource? Probably by customers continuing to disappear (i.e. convert to other kinds of energy for space heating), the supply network atrophy as anthracite coal dealers ca n't retain enough business to cover costs and close, and mines with too small a volume to cover costs also close. This is a mutually reinforcing process: customers convert to other forms of cleaner energy that produce less pollution and carbon dioxide, then the coal dealer has to close because of lack of enough sales volume to cover costs. The coal dealer 's other customers are then forced to convert unless they can find another nearby coal dealer. Finally the anthracite mine closes because it does n't have enough sales volume to cover its costs.
Nitrogen Cycle
Water Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Oxygen Cycle
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university of north dakota school of law ranking | University of North Dakota School of Law - wikipedia
The University of North Dakota School of Law is located in Grand Forks, North Dakota at the University of North Dakota (UND) and is the only law school in the state. Established in 1899, the law school is home to approximately 240 students and has more than 3,000 alumni. It has one of the smallest student populations among the American Bar Association accredited law schools.
The institution offers the J.D. degree and a joint degree programs in law and public administration (J.D. / M.P.A.) and also business administration (J.D. / M.B.A.). It has two certificate programs, one in Indian law and one in aviation law. The school is also home to the Northern Plains Indian Law Center. According to North Dakota 's official 2017 NALP - disclosures, 79.7 % of the Class of 2016 obtained full - time, long - term, JD - required employment nine months after graduation.
In 2016, the median GPA for incoming UND Law students was 3.21, while the median LSAT score was 149. The School of Law received 291 applications for its J.D. program, of which 185 were accepted and 89 were enrolled. In recent years, the school has increased its student diversity through partial tuition waivers for members of minority groups. In addition, the school attracts a number of international students from Canada, Norway and other countries.
In its 2015 ranking of American law schools, U.S. News and World Report ranked UND Law 144 out of approximately 194 accredited law schools.
UND Law has a formal Curricular Mission Statement to guide changes to its educational program. In 2013 - 14, the school reconfigured the required first - year curriculum, adding a new Professional Foundations course.
In 2013, the North Dakota legislature approved $11.4 million for a major addition and renovation to the existing building. Construction started in Summer 2014 and was completed in Fall 2015, with the dedication and ribbon - cutting taking place on October 9.
The three - story Thormodsgard Law Library adjacent to the School of Law building at UND is named in honor of Olaf H. Thormodsgard, who was Dean of the University of North Dakota School of Law from 1933 to 1962.
The library underwent a renovation in 2003 that added mobile compact shelving. The upgrade increased the shelf - space for the library 's growing collection of legal materials (which includes a core collection of 312,000 volumes).
According to North Dakota 's official 2016 ABA - required disclosures, 51.3 % of the Class of 2016 obtained full - time, long - term, JD - required employment nine months after graduation. North Dakota 's Law School Transparency under - employment score is 31.6 %, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2016 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short - term, or part - time job nine months after graduation.
The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at North Dakota for the 2015 - 2016 academic year is $27,987 for residents and $41,976 for nonresidents. The Law School Transparency estimated debt - financed cost of attendance for three years (2013) is $113,029 for residents and $163,484 for nonresidents.
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who plays stannis wife in game of thrones | Carice van Houten - wikipedia
Carice Anouk van Houten (Dutch pronunciation: (kaːˈris ɑˈnuk vɑn ˈɦʌu̯tə (n)); born 5 September 1976) is a Dutch actress and singer. Born in Leiderdorp, a town in the western Netherlands, she was brought up by writer and theatre - radio producer Theodore van Houten. Her younger sister Jelka is also an actress. She was exposed to the performing arts at an early age and studied at the Maastricht Academy of Dramatic Arts and the Kleinkunstacademie Theaterschool in Amsterdam. Her first leading role as the eponymous protagonist in the television film Suzy Q (1999) won her the Golden Calf for Best Acting in a Television Drama; two years later, she won her second Golden Calf for Best Actress for Undercover Kitty (2001).
She gained widespread recognition for her performance in Black Book (2006), the most commercially successful Dutch film to date, for which she won her second Golden Calf for Best Actress, in addition to nominations from the Chicago Film Critics Association, the European Film Academy, and the Online Film Critics Society. She was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for Valkyrie (2008), and won her fourth and fifth Golden Calf Awards for Best Actress for The Happy Housewife (2010) and Black Butterflies (2011). Her other notable English - language performances include Repo Men (2010), Black Death (2010), and Brimstone (2016).
Since 2012, Van Houten has received international recognition for her role as Melisandre on the HBO fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones (2012 -- present), for which she has been nominated for two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. After meeting Australian actor and musician Guy Pearce on the set of Brimstone in 2015, she gave birth to their first child the following year.
Van Houten was born on 5 September 1976 in Leiderdorp, the Netherlands. Her mother, Margje Stasse, is on the board of Dutch educational TV, and her father, Theodore van Houten (9 August 1952 -- 7 April 2016), was a writer and broadcaster. He raised Carice watching many silent movies, and during a Dutch interview she professed to prefer playing scenes without dialogue. She has a younger sister, Jelka van Houten, who is also an actress. Her paternal grandmother was Scottish. Van Houten went to the St. Bonifatiuscollege (high school) in Utrecht, where she played the leading role in Hugo Claus ' Tijl Uilenspieghel, directed by Ad Migchielsen. Van Houten studied briefly at the Maastricht Academy of Dramatic Arts but continued her professional education after one year at the Kleinkunstacademie in Amsterdam.
Van Houten played her first leading role in Martin Koolhoven 's TV film Suzy Q. She won a Golden Calf for her part as Suzy. She also won the Pisuisse Award and the Top Naeff Award for her stage acting and another Golden Calf for her part as the kitten that becomes a girl in Undercover Kitty (2001). The first time she could be seen in cinemas in the USA was when Martin Koolhoven 's AmnesiA (2001) got a small theatrical release.
Van Houten won a Golden Calf for her performance as Rachel Stein in the 2006 film Black Book at the Netherlands Film Festival. Black Book 's director Paul Verhoeven says about her in a television interview: "Never in my life I have worked with an actress this talented '', and when asked to compare her with Sharon Stone he said "Carice can really act ''. The international press was also enthusiastic about her role in Black Book. Dick Schümer wrote in his review of the film in the Frankfurter Allgemeine that Carice van Houten is "not only more beautiful, but also a better actress than Scarlett Johansson ''.
In December 2006, Van Houten withdrew from a theatre production of Alex van Warmerdam due to personal reasons. According to a theatre spokesman it was because of a work overload.
Carice 's first English spoken movie was Dorothy from French director Agnès Merlet.
In 2008 she starred in the non-commercial short movie Zingen in het donker (English: Singing in the dark), a drama on domestic violence. She appeared in the magazine Vanity Fair in the issue for March 2008, photographed by Wayne Maser.
In 2008, Van Houten had a role opposite Leonardo DiCaprio in Body of Lies but her scenes did not make the final cut of the movie.
On 4 October 2008 filming began on From Time To Time directed by Julian Fellowes. It is based on the children 's literature classic The Chimneys of Green Knowe by Lucy M. Boston. Van Houten is attached to star as Maria Oldknow.
In April 2009, it was announced that Van Houten would star in Black Death by UK director Christopher Smith and in the highly anticipated Dutch film Komt een vrouw bij de dokter (English title: Stricken), based on the celebrated novel of the same name by Ray Kluun. She also starred in the Science - Fiction thriller Repo Men.
In July 2011, Van Houten was cast as the priestess Melisandre in the second season of HBO 's fantasy TV series Game of Thrones.
In 2012, Van Houten appeared in Antony and the Johnsons ' "Cut the world '' video, which was directed by Nabil and also starred Willem Dafoe and Marina Abramović.
In late November 2012, the video for "Particle of Light '', the second single from her album, "See You on the Ice '', debuted on YouTube. This song was written by Howe Gelb of Giant Sand.
In May 2015, she played Annika Van Houten (Milhouse 's cousin) in The Simpsons episode, "Let 's Go Fly A Coot ''. She was cast specifically because of her last name.
In 2016, she played the role of Leni Riefenstahl in Race.
In 2016 she acts in Brimstone, her fourth collaboration with director Martin Koolhoven. Other cast members are Dakota Fanning, Kit Harington and Guy Pearce, who after meeting during filming she is now dating.
Van Houten is friends with fellow Dutch actress Halina Reijn, whom she has known since 1994. They worked together in the movies Black Book and Valkyrie. In 2013, the two published a book together called Anti Glamour, a (mock) style guide and a celebration of their friendship, as well as a candid look into the unglamourous back - stage side of their lives. Although the two occasionally kiss on camera, and have joked about being lesbians, there is no actual romantic involvement.
Van Houten has stated that Hollywood makes her unhappy: "I have seen Hollywood, and although I have nothing against it, it 's not my kind of life. My agent is shocked that I want to stay in Europe, '' adding, "If Hollywood offers me a great part, of course I 'll take it, but I just do n't want to live there ''.
In March 2016 she announced she was expecting her first child with Guy Pearce in late 2016. On 29 August 2016, Van Houten and Pearce announced the birth of their child, Monte Pearce.
She is a lifelong fan of Laurel and Hardy and in June 2016 she called in to The Ross Owen Show on Black Sky Radio to talk about her love of Stan and Ollie.
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orange is the nee black season 6 imdb | Orange Is the New Black - Wikipedia
Orange Is the New Black (sometimes abbreviated to OITNB) is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix. The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women 's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum - security federal prison. Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11, 2013 on the streaming service Netflix; it was third premiered show produced by Netflix Originals. In February 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season. The fifth season was released on June 9, 2017. The sixth season was released on July 27, 2018. The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television.
Orange Is the New Black has become Netflix 's most - watched original series. It has received critical acclaim and many accolades. For its first season, the series garnered 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, winning three. A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama. For its second season, the series received four Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories. The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations, a Producers Guild of America Award, an American Film Institute award, and a Peabody Award.
The series begins revolving around Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary, a minimum - security women 's federal prison (initially operated by the "Federal Department of Corrections ''. This is a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. In later seasons, it was acquired by the Management & Correction Corporation (MCC), a private prison company) in upstate New York. Chapman was convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), an international drug smuggler. The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet, law - abiding life among New York 's upper middle class. Her sudden and unexpected indictment disrupts her relationships with her fiancé, family and friends. In prison, Chapman is reunited with Vause (who named Chapman in her trial, resulting in Chapman 's arrest) and they re-examine their relationship. Simultaneously, Chapman, along with the other inmates, attempt to grapple with prison 's numerous, inherent struggles. Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates ' and prison guards ' pasts. These flashbacks typically depict how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character 's backstory.
The fifth season shows the prisoners revolting against the guards, wardens and the system after MCC 's failed handling of an inmate 's death at the hands of a guard. This followed a peaceful protest and subsequent instigation of an inmate fight by another guard in the fourth season. Fueled by the conditions the inmates are forced to tolerate, as well as grudges against the prison guards, a three - day riot ensues, during which some inmates attempt to negotiate better living conditions and seek justice for the death of the inmate, while others pursue their own interests and entertainment, and a few seek no involvement in the riot. At the emergence of the riot, the guard that incited the fight in the prior season is critically shot by an inmate who took the gun the guard illegally brought into the prison. At the end of the season, SWAT raids the prison to end the riot and remove all inmates from the facility. During this raid, a correctional officer is fatally shot by a corrupt "strike team '', which then conspires to blame the guard 's death on inmates that hid in an underground bunker and had taken hostage of the guard. All inmates are transported to other prisons.
The consequences of the riot are shown in the sixth season. A number of the inmates, including Chapman and Vause, are transported to Litchfield Maximum Security. Most of these inmates are interrogated, and several of them charged and sentenced for their involvement in the riot. In max, new inmates are introduced, alliances are made, and a gang - like war emerges between two prison blocks, spearheaded by a longstanding feud between two sisters and a grudge harbored by them toward a former maximum - security inmate that returned. Inmates that arrived from the minimum security prison are either caught up or willingly participate in the war between prison blocks. The season portrays further corruption and guard brutality.
Throughout the series, it is shown how various forms of corruption, funding cuts, privatization of prison, overcrowding, guard brutality and racial discrimination, among other issues, affect the prisoners ' safety, health and well - being, the correctional officers, and the prison 's basic ability to fulfill its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a corrections institution. One of the show 's key conflicts involves the minimum - security prison 's Director of Human Activities, Joe Caputo, whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the corporate interests of MCC, which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down.
Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her. She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation, which she notes she "screwed up '' as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show. This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation. Kohan would later go on to describe the main character, Piper Chapman, as a "trojan horse '' for the series, allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV.
In July 2011, it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13 - episode TV adaptation of Kerman 's memoirs with Kohan as creator. In November 2011, negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit. Kohan had initially wanted to cast Katie Holmes in the role of Piper Chapman, and met with the actress to discuss it, but Holmes had other commitments. Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling, the first to be cast, as Piper Chapman, followed by Jason Biggs as Piper 's fiancé Larry Bloom.
Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series, as Alex Vause and Lorna Morello, respectively. Abigail Savage, who plays Gina, and Alysia Reiner, who plays Fig, had auditioned for role of Alex Vause. Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman, however Kohan felt she would not worry about her (in prison), noting a "toughness and a presence to her that was n't right for the character. '' Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols, but she was not considered "tough enough '' for the character; she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead. Likability was important for Morello, whom casting director Jen Euston deemed "a very helpful, nice, sweet Italian girl. '' Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex, but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols; "(Kohan knew) she could do Nicky with her eyes closed. She was perfect, '' said Euston. Laverne Cox, a black transgender woman, was cast as Sophia Burset, a transgender character. The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women - in - prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role. Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne "Crazy Eyes '' Warren. Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany "Pennsatucky '' Doggett. This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host, but he declined. The role instead went to Robert Stanton, who plays the fictional host Maury Kind.
The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield, New York, which is a real town in upstate New York, but it does not have a federal penitentiary. The series began filming in the old Rockland Children 's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York, on March 7, 2013. The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself.
On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes. For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars. Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts, but returned for season 3 as a regular. On May 5, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season, as revealed by actress Laura Prepon. For the third season, several actors were promoted to series regulars, including Selenis Leyva, Adrienne C. Moore, Dascha Polanco, Nick Sandow, Yael Stone, and Samira Wiley. Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season, but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season. The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15, 2015, prior to its third - season premiere. For the fourth season, Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season 's sixth episode. On February 5, 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth and seventh season. In season six, Dale Soules, Laura Gómez, and Matt Peters were promoted to series regulars.
Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim. It has been particularly praised for humanizing prisoners and for its depiction of race, sexuality, gender and body types.
The first season received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating favorable reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, season one has a 94 % approval rating based on 47 reviews, with an average rating of 8.24 out of 10. The site 's critical consensus is "Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft, with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure. ''
Hank Stuever, television critic for The Washington Post, gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score. In his review of the series, he stated: "In Jenji Kohan 's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series, Orange Is the New Black, prison is still the pits. But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories, all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat. '' Maureen Ryan, of The Huffington Post, wrote: "Orange is one of the best new programs of the year, and the six episodes I 've seen have left me hungry to see more. ''
The second season also received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 %, with an average rating of 9.17 out of 10 based on 45 reviews. The site 's critical consensus reads: "With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama, Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence. '' Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim. '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review, calling the first six episodes "not only as great as the first season, but arguably better. ''
The third season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 95 % rating with an average score of 8.15 out of 10 based on 58 reviews. The site 's critical consensus reads: "Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work, Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season. ''
The fourth season received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 96 % rating with an average score of 8.46 out of 10 based on 47 reviews. The site 's critical consensus reads: "Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever, with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast. '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as "Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning - to - end average or by how well it ends? By the first yardstick, Season 4 is ambitious but uneven; by the latter, it 's the series ' best. ''
The fifth season received "generally favorable reviews ''. On Metacritic, it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 73 % rating with an average score of 7.19 out of 10 based on 41 reviews. The site 's critical consensus reads: Orange Is the New Black 's fifth season offers up more of the sharp writing and dizzying tonal juggling acts that fans expect -- albeit somewhat less successfully. ''
The sixth season received positive reviews from critics, with many critics noting its improvement over the previous season. On Metacritic, it has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 14 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an 84 % rating with an average score of 7.3 out of 10 based on 32 reviews. The site 's critical consensus reads: "Brutality and humor continue to mesh effectively in a season of Orange Is the New Black that stands as a marked improvement from its predecessor, even if some arcs are more inspired than others. ''
Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut. The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins. For its first season, it received 12 Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, winning three. Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Drama. In 2013, the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year.
A new Emmy rule in 2015, classifying half - hour shows as comedies and hour - long shows as dramas, forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season. That year, the series received four Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, and Aduba won her second Emmy Award, for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories. For its second season, the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations: Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy, Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling, and Best Supporting Actress -- Series, Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba. At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series.
For its third season, Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series (Aduba). It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy. The series has also received, among other accolades, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations, five Satellite Awards, four Critics ' Choice Television Awards, a GLAAD Media Award, an American Cinema Editors Award, a Producers Guild of America Award, and a Peabody Award.
-- Variety
The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19, 2013. It premiered in Australia on October 9, 2013, on Showcase. The second season began on Showcase on July 16, 2014, and the third season premiered on June 11, 2015. The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19, 2017.
In April 2017, it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company. Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands, and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online. Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement. Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes. It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June.
Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other top Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development. In October 2013, Netflix stated that the show is a "tremendous success '' for the streaming platform. "It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and, as with each of our other previously launched originals, enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV. '' As reported in February 2016, Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix 's most - watched original series. In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas, and despite its "minority - rich ensemble cast, '' the series "appeals more to a white audience. ''
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one of the problems when doing requirements determination is | Requirements analysis - wikipedia
In systems engineering and software engineering, requirements analysis encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements.
Requirements analysis is critical to the success or failure of a systems or software project. The requirements should be documented, actionable, measurable, testable, traceable, related to identified business needs or opportunities, and defined to a level of detail sufficient for system design.
Conceptually, requirements analysis includes three types of activities:
Requirements analysis can be a long and tiring process during which many delicate psychological skills are involved. Large systems may confront analysts with hundreds or thousands of system requirements. New systems change the environment and relationships between people, so it is important to identify all the stakeholders, take into account all their needs and ensure they understand the implications of the new systems. Analysts can employ several techniques to elicit the requirements from the customer. These may include the development of scenarios (represented as user stories in agile methods), the identification of use cases, the use of workplace observation or ethnography, holding interviews, or focus groups (more aptly named in this context as requirements workshops, or requirements review sessions) and creating requirements lists. Prototyping may be used to develop an example system that can be demonstrated to stakeholders. Where necessary, the analyst will employ a combination of these methods to establish the exact requirements of the stakeholders, so that a system that meets the business needs is produced. Requirements quality can be improved through these and other methods
See Stakeholder analysis for a discussion of people or organizations (legal entities such as companies, standards bodies) that have a valid interest in the system. They may be affected by it either directly or indirectly. A major new emphasis in the 1990s was a focus on the identification of stakeholders. It is increasingly recognized that stakeholders are not limited to the organization employing the analyst. Other stakeholders will include:
Requirements often have cross-functional implications that are unknown to individual stakeholders and often missed or incompletely defined during stakeholder interviews. These cross-functional implications can be elicited by conducting JRD sessions in a controlled environment, facilitated by a trained facilitator (Business Analyst), wherein stakeholders participate in discussions to elicit requirements, analyze their details and uncover cross-functional implications. A dedicated scribe should be present to document the discussion, freeing up the Business Analyst to lead the discussion in a direction that generates appropriate requirements which meet the session objective.
JRD Sessions are analogous to Joint Application Design Sessions. In the former, the sessions elicit requirements that guide design, whereas the latter elicit the specific design features to be implemented in satisfaction of elicited requirements.
One traditional way of documenting requirements has been contract style requirement lists. In a complex system such requirements lists can run to hundreds of pages long.
An appropriate metaphor would be an extremely long shopping list. Such lists are very much out of favour in modern analysis; as they have proved spectacularly unsuccessful at achieving their aims; but they are still seen to this day.
As an alternative to requirement lists, Agile Software Development uses User stories to suggest requirements in everyday language.
Best practices take the composed list of requirements merely as clues and repeatedly ask "why? '' until the actual business purposes are discovered. Stakeholders and developers can then devise tests to measure what level of each goal has been achieved thus far. Such goals change more slowly than the long list of specific but unmeasured requirements. Once a small set of critical, measured goals has been established, rapid prototyping and short iterative development phases may proceed to deliver actual stakeholder value long before the project is half over.
A prototype is a computer program that exhibits a part of the properties of another computer program, allowing users to visualize an application that has not yet been constructed. A popular form of prototype is a mockup, which helps future users and other stakeholders to get an idea of what the system will look like. Prototypes make it easier to make design decisions, because aspects of the application can be seen and shared before the application is built. Major improvements in communication between users and developers were often seen with the introduction of prototypes. Early views of applications led to fewer changes later and hence reduced overall costs considerably.
Prototypes can be flat diagrams (often referred to as wireframes) or working applications using synthesized functionality. Wireframes are made in a variety of graphic design documents, and often remove all color from the design (i.e. use a greyscale color palette) in instances where the final software is expected to have graphic design applied to it. This helps to prevent confusion as to whether the prototype represents the final visual look and feel of the application.
A use case is a structure for documenting the functional requirements for a system, usually involving software, whether that is new or being changed. Each use case provides a set of scenarios that convey how the system should interact with a human user or another system, to achieve a specific business goal. Use cases typically avoid technical jargon, preferring instead the language of the end - user or domain expert. Use cases are often co-authored by requirements engineers and stakeholders.
Use cases are deceptively simple tools for describing the behavior of software or systems. A use case contains a textual description of the ways in which users are intended to work with the software or system. Use cases should not describe internal workings of the system, nor should they explain how that system will be implemented. Instead, they show the steps needed to perform a task without sequential assumptions.
Requirements are categorized in several ways. The following are common categorizations of requirements that relate to technical management:
Well - known requirements categorization models include FURPS and FURPS+, developed at Hewlett - Packard.
Steve McConnell, in his book Rapid Development, details a number of ways users can inhibit requirements gathering:
This may lead to the situation where user requirements keep changing even when system or product development has been started.
Possible problems caused by engineers and developers during requirements analysis are:
One attempted solution to communications problems has been to employ specialists in business or system analysis.
Techniques introduced in the 1990s like prototyping, Unified Modeling Language (UML), use cases, and agile software development are also intended as solutions to problems encountered with previous methods.
Also, a new class of application simulation or application definition tools have entered the market. These tools are designed to bridge the communication gap between business users and the IT organization -- and also to allow applications to be ' test marketed ' before any code is produced. The best of these tools offer:
Key Elements of an Enterprise Software Budget
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what is a mcdonnell douglas md 80 jet | McDonnell Douglas MD - 80 - Wikipedia
The McDonnell Douglas MD - 80 is a series of twin - engine, short - to medium - range, single - aisle commercial jet airliners. It was lengthened and updated from the DC - 9. This series can seat from 130 to 172 passengers depending on variant and seating configuration.
The MD - 80 series was introduced into commercial service on October 10, 1980 by Swissair. The series includes the MD - 81, MD - 82, MD - 83, MD - 87, and MD - 88. These all have the same fuselage length except the shortened MD - 87. The series was followed into service in modified form by the MD - 90 in 1995 and the Boeing 717 (originally MD - 95) in 1999.
Douglas Aircraft developed the DC - 9 in the 1960s as a short - range companion to their larger DC - 8. The DC - 9 was an all - new design, using two rear fuselage - mounted turbofan engines, and a T - tail. The DC - 9 has a narrow - body fuselage design with five - abreast seating, and holds 80 to 135 passengers depending on seating arrangement and aircraft version.
The DC - 9 family was produced in 2441 units: 976 DC - 9s, 1191 MD - 80s, 116 MD - 90s and 155 Boeing 717s..
The development of MD - 80 series began in the 1970s as a lengthened, growth version of the DC - 9 - 50, with a higher maximum take - off weight (MTOW) and a higher fuel capacity. Availability of newer versions of the Pratt & Whitney JT8D engine with higher bypass ratios drove early studies including designs known as Series 55, Series 50 (refanned Super Stretch), and Series 60. The design effort focused on the Series 55 in August 1977. With the projected entry into service in 1980, the design was marketed as the "DC - 9 Series 80 ''. Swissair launched the Series 80 in October 1977 with an order for 15 plus an option for five.
The MD - 80 is a mid-size, medium - range airliner. The series featured a fuselage 14 ft 3 in (4.34 m) longer than the DC - 9 - 50. The DC - 9 's wing design was enlarged by adding sections at the wing root and tip for a 28 % larger wing. The initial Series 80 first flew October 19, 1979. It was certified as a version of the DC - 9.
It was the second generation of the DC - 9, originally called the DC - 9 - 80 and the DC - 9 Super 80. The design was the second generation of the DC - 9 with two rear fuselage - mounted turbofan engines, small, highly efficient wings, and a T - tail. The aircraft has distinctive five - abreast seating in the coach class. The aircraft series was designed for frequent, short - haul flights for 130 to 172 passengers depending on plane version and seating arrangement.
The MD - 80 versions have cockpit, avionics and aerodynamic upgrades along with the more powerful, more efficient and quieter JT8D - 200 series engines, which are a significant upgrade over the smaller JT8D - 15, - 17, - 11, and - 9 series. The MD - 80 series aircraft also have longer fuselages than their earlier DC - 9 counterparts, as well as longer range. Some customers, such as American Airlines, still refer to the planes in fleet documentation as "Super 80 ''. This model is still flown extensively by American Airlines and Delta Air Lines. Comparable airliners to the MD - 80 series include the Boeing 737 - 400 and Airbus A320.
The first MD - 80, DC - 9 line number 909, made its first flight on October 19, 1979. Test flying, despite two aircraft substantially damaged in accidents, was completed on August 25, 1980, when the first variant of MD - 80, the JT8D - 209 - powered MD - 81 (or DC - 9 - 81), was certified under an amendment to the FAA type certificate for the DC - 9. The flight - testing leading up to certification had involved three aircraft accumulating a total of 1,085 flying hours on 795 flights. The first delivery, to launch customer Swissair took place on September 13, 1980.
As the MD - 80 was not in effect a new aircraft, it continues to be operated under an amendment to the original DC - 9 FAA aircraft type certificate (a similar case to the later MD - 90 and Boeing 717 aircraft). The type certificate issued to the aircraft manufacturer carries the aircraft model designations exactly as it appears on the manufacturer 's application, including use of hyphens or decimal points, and should match what is stamped on the aircraft 's data or nameplate. What the manufacturer chooses to call an aircraft for marketing or promotional purposes is irrelevant to the airworthiness authorities. The first amendment to the DC - 9 type certificate for the new MD - 80 aircraft was applied as DC - 9 - 81, which approved on August 26, 1980. All MD - 80 models have since been approved under additional amendments to the DC - 9 type certificate. In 1983, McDonnell Douglas decided that the DC - 9 - 80 (Super 80) would be designated the MD - 80. Instead of merely using the MD - prefix as a marketing symbol, an application was made to again amend the type certificate to include the MD - 81, MD - 82, and MD - 83. This change was dated March 10, 1986, and the type certificate declared that although the MD designator could be used in parentheses, it must be accompanied by the official designation, for example: DC - 9 - 81 (MD - 81). All Long Beach aircraft in the MD - 80 series thereafter had MD - 81, MD - 82, or MD - 83 stamped on the aircraft nameplate.
Although not certified until October 21, 1987, McDonnell Douglas had already applied for models DC - 9 - 87 and DC - 9 - 87F on February 14, 1985. The third derivative was similarly officially designated DC - 9 - 87 (MD - 87), although no nameplates were stamped DC - 9 - 87. For the MD - 88, an application for a type certificate model amendment was made after the earlier changes, so there was not a DC - 9 - 88, which was certified on December 8, 1987. The FAA 's online aircraft registry database shows the DC - 9 - 88 and DC - 9 - 80 designations in existence but unused.
The second generation (later named MD - 80s) was produced on a common line with the first generation DC - 9s, with which it shares its line number sequence. After the delivery of 976 DC - 9s and 108 MD - 80s, McDonnell Douglas stopped DC - 9 production. Hence, commencing with the 1,085 th DC - 9 / MD - 80 delivery, an MD - 82 for VIASA in December 1982, all DC - 9s produced were Series 80s / MD - 80s.
In 1985, McDonnell Douglas, after years of negotiating attributed to Gareth C.C. Chang, president of a McDonnell Douglas subsidiary, signed an agreement for joint production of MD - 80s and MD - 90s in the People 's Republic of China. The agreement was for 26 aircraft, of which 20 were eventually produced along with two MD - 90 aircraft.
During 1991, MD - 80 production had reached a peak of 12 per month, having been running at approximately 10 per month since 1987 and was expected to continue at this rate in the near term (140 MD - 80s were delivered in 1991). As a result of the decline in the air traffic and a slow market response to the MD - 90, MD - 80 production was reduced, and 84 aircraft were handed over in 1992. A further production rate cut resulted in 42 MD - 80s delivered during 1993 (3.5 per month) and 22 aircraft were handed over. MD - 80 production ended in 1999.
The MD - 90 was developed from the MD - 80 series and is a 5 - foot - longer (1.5 m), updated version of the MD - 88 with a similar electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) (glass cockpit), and improved, and quieter IAE V2500 high - bypass turbofan engines. The MD - 90 program began in 1989, first flew in 1993, and entered commercial service in 1995.
Several other proposed variants never entered production. One proposal was the MD - 94X, which was fitted with unducted fan turbofan engines. Previously, an MD - 81 was used as a testbed for unducted fan engines, such as the General Electric GE36 and the Pratt & Whitney / Allison 578 - DX.
The MD - 95 was developed to replace early DC - 9 models, then approaching 30 years old. The project completely overhauled the original DC - 9 into a modern airliner. It is slightly longer than the DC - 9 - 30 and is powered by new Rolls - Royce BR715 engines. The MD - 95 was renamed Boeing 717 after the McDonnell Douglas -- Boeing merger in 1997.
In February 2010, Aeronautical Engineers Inc. (AEI) based in Miami, Florida announced it was beginning a freighter conversion program for the MD - 80 series. The converted aircraft use the "MD - 80SF '' designation. AEI was the first firm to receive a supplemental type certificate for the MD - 80 family from the FAA in February 2013. The first conversion was undertaken on an ex-American Airlines MD - 82 aircraft, which was used as a testbed for the supplemental type. The MD - 80SF made its inaugural flight on 28 September 2012. AEI is certified to perform conversions on MD - 81, MD - 82, MD - 83, and MD - 88 aircraft. The launch customer for the conversion service is Everts Air Cargo. In October 2015, the MD - 80SF was approved by the EASA. The first MD - 80SF was delivered to Everts Air Cargo in February 2013.
The MD - 80 series has been used by airlines around the world. Major customers have included Aerolíneas Argentinas, Aeroméxico, Aeropostal Aerorepublica, Alaska Airlines, Alitalia, Allegiant Air, American Airlines, Aserca, Austral Líneas Aéreas, Austrian Airlines, Avianca, China Eastern Airlines, China Northern Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Finnair, Iberia, Japan Air System (JAS), Korean Air, Lion Air, Martinair Holland, Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA), Reno Air, Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS), Spanair, Insel Air, Swissair, Trans World Airlines and Meridiana.
American Airlines was the first US major carrier to order the MD - 80 when it leased twenty 142 - seat aircraft from McDonnell Douglas in October 1982 to replace its Boeing 727 - 100. It committed to 67 firm orders plus 100 options in March 1984, and in 2002 its fleet peaked at more than 360 aircraft, 30 % of the 1,191 produced. It will remove all of its MD - 80s by 2019, replacing them with 737 - 800s.
Due to the use of the aging JT8D engines, the MD - 80 is not fuel efficient compared to the A320 or newer 737 models; it burns 1,050 US gal (4,000 l) of jet fuel per hour on a typical flight, while the larger Boeing 737 - 800 burns 850 US gal (3,200 l) per hour (19 % reduction). Starting in the 2000s, many airlines began to retire the type. Alaska Airlines ' tipping point in using the 737 - 800 was the $4 per gallon price of jet fuel the airline was paying by the summer of 2008; the airline stated that a typical Los Angeles - Seattle flight would cost $2,000 less, using a Boeing 737 - 800, than the same flight using an MD - 80.
Midwest Airlines announced on July 14, 2008, that it would retire all 12 of its MD - 80s (used primarily on routes to the West Coast) by the fall. The JT8D 's comparatively lower maintenance costs due to simpler design help narrow the fuel cost gap.
Dimensions: The basic "long - body '' MD - 80 versions (MD - 81, MD - 82, MD - 83, and MD - 88) have an overall length of 147 ft 10 in (45.06 m), and a fuselage length of 136 feet 5 inches (41.58 m) that is 4.62 m longer than the DC - 9 - 50 and 13.5 m longer than the initial DC - 9, the Series 10. Wingspan was also increased by 4.4 m in comparison with earlier DC - 9s at 107 feet 10.2 inches (32.873 m). The aircraft 's passenger cabin, from cockpit door to aft bulkhead, is 101 feet 0 inches (30.78 m) long and, as with all versions of the DC - 9, has a maximum cabin width (trim - to - trim) of 123.7 inches (3.14 m).
Powerplant: The initial production version of the MD - 80 was the Pratt and Whitney JT8D - 209 18,500 lbf (82 kN) thrust powered MD - 81. Later build MD - 81s have been delivered with more powerful JT8D - 217 and - 219 engines.
APU: All versions of the MD - 80 are equipped with an AlliedSignal (Garrett) GTCP85 - 98D APU as standard, which is located in the aft fuselage.
Flight deck: The MD - 80 is equipped with a two crew flightdeck similar to that on the DC - 9 from which it evolved. Later models could be equipped to a higher specification with EFIS displays in place of the traditional analogue instruments, TCAS, windshear detection, etc. An EFIS retrofit to non-EFIS equipped aircraft is possible.
Cabin: Typical passenger cabin seating arrangements include:
Undercarriage: All versions of the MD - 80 are equipped with a tricycle undercarriage, featuring a twin nose unit with spray deflector and twin main units with rock deflectors. The MD - 80T, developed for the Chinese, differs in that the main units are each fitted with a four - wheel double main bogey undercarriage to reduce pavement loading.
Aerodynamic improvements: From mid-1987, new MD - 87 - style low - drag "beaver '' tail cones were introduced on all series of MD - 80s, reducing drag and improving fuel burn. Some operators have been modifying the old DC - 9 - style cones on earlier - build MD - 80s to the new low - drag style. Scandinavian Airlines System has done this, citing the improved economics and cosmetics from the modification.
The MD - 81 (or as it was originally known the DC - 9 Super 81 or DC - 9 - 81) was the first production model of the MD - 80, and apart from the MD - 87, the differences between the various long - body MD - 80 variants is relatively minor. The four long - body models (MD - 81, MD - 82, MD - 83, and MD - 88) only differ from each other in having different engine variants, fuel capacities, and weights. The MD - 88 and later build versions of the other models have more up - to - date flight decks featuring for example EFIS.
Performance: Standard maximum take - off weight (MTOW) on the MD - 81 is 140,000 lb (64,000 kg) with the option to increase to 142,000 lb (64,000 kg). Fuel capacity is 5,840 US gallons (22,100 L), and typical range, with 155 passengers, is 1,565 nmi.
Announced on April 16, 1979, the MD - 82 (DC - 9 - 82) was a new MD - 80 variant with similar dimensions to those of the MD - 81 but equipped with more powerful engines. The MD - 82 was intended for operation from ' hot and high ' airports but also offered greater payload / range when in use at ' standard ' airfields. American Airlines is the world 's largest operator of the MD - 82, with at one point over 300 MD - 82s in the fleet.
Originally certified with 20,000 lbf (89 kN) thrust JT8D - 217s, a - 217A - powered MD - 82 was certified in mid-1982 and became available that year. The new version featured a higher MTOW (149,500 lb (67,800 kg)), while the JT8D - 217As had a guaranteed take - off thrust at temperature of up to 29 degrees C or 5,000 ft (1,500 m) altitude. The JT8D - 217C engines were also offered on the MD - 82, giving improved Thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC). Several operators took delivery of the - 219 - powered MD - 82s, while Balair ordered its MD - 82s powered by the lower - thrust - 209 engine.
The MD - 82 features an increased standard MTOW initially to 147,000 lb (67,000 kg), and this was later increased to 149,500 lb (67,800 kg). Standard fuel capacity is the same as that of the MD - 81, 5,840 US gal (22,100 L), and typical range with 155 passengers is 2,050 nmi (3,800 km).
The MD - 82 was assembled under license in Shanghai by the Shanghai Aviation Industrial Corporation (SAIC) beginning in November 1986; the sub-assemblies were delivered by McDonnell Douglas in kit form. China had begun design on a cargo version, designated Y - 13, but the project was subsequently cancelled with the conclusion of the licensed assembly of the MD - 82 and MD - 90 in China. In 2012, Aeronautical Engineers Inc. performed the first commercial freighter conversion of an MD - 82.
The MD - 83 (DC - 9 - 83) is a longer range version of the basic MD - 81 / 82 with higher weights, more powerful engines, and increased fuel capacity.
Powerplant: Compared to earlier models, the MD - 83 is equipped with slightly more powerful 21,000 lbf (93 kN) thrust Pratt and Whitney JT8D - 219s as standard.
Performance: The MD - 83 features increased fuel capacity as standard (to 6,970 US gal (26,400 L)), which is carried in two 565 US gal (2,140 L) auxiliary tanks located fore and aft of the center section. The aircraft also has higher operating weights, with MTOW increased to 160,000 lb (73,000 kg) and MLW to 139,500 lb (63,300 kg). Typical range for the MD - 83 with 155 passengers is around 2,504 nautical miles (4,637 km). To cope with the higher operating weights, the MD - 83 incorporates strengthened landing gear including new wheels, tires, and brakes, changes to the wing skins, front spar web and elevator spar cap, and strengthened floor beams and panels to carry the auxiliary fuel tanks. From MD - 80 line number 1194, an MD - 81 delivered in September 1985, it is understood that all MD - 80s have the same basic wing structure and in theory could be converted to MD - 83 standard.
In January 1985 McDonnell Douglas announced it would produce a shorter fuselage MD - 80 variant, designated MD - 87 (DC - 9 - 87), which would seat between 109 and 130 passengers depending upon configuration. The designation was intended to indicate its planned date of entry into service, 1987.
Dimensions: With an overall length of 130 ft 5 in (39.75 m), the MD - 87 is 17 ft 4 in (5.28 m) shorter than the other MD - 80s but is otherwise generally similar to them, employing the same engines, systems and flight deck. The MD - 87 features modifications to its tail, with a fin extension above the tailplane. It also introduced a new low drag "beaver '' tail cone, which became standard on all MD - 80s.
Powerplant: The MD - 87 was offered with either the 20,000 lbf (89 kN) thrust JT8D - 217C or the 21,000 lbf (93 kN) thrust - 219.
Performance: Two basic versions of the MD - 87 were made available with either an MTOW of 140,000 lb (64,000 kg) and MLW of 128,000 lb (58,000 kg) or an MTOW of 149,000 lb (68,000 kg) and an MLW of 130,000 lb (59,000 kg). Fuel capacity is 5,840 US gal (22,100 l), increasing to 6,970 US gal (26,400 l) with the incorporation of two auxiliary fuel tanks. Typical range with 130 passengers, is 2,370 nmi (4,390 km) increasing to 2,900 nmi (5,400 km) with two auxiliary fuel tanks.
Cabin: The MD - 87 provides typical mixed - class seating for 114 passengers or 130 in an all economy layout (five - abreast 31 in and 32 in seat pitch). The maximum seating, exit limited, is for 139 passengers.
The MD - 88 was the last variant of the MD - 80, which was launched on January 23, 1986 on the back of orders and options from Delta Air Lines for a total of 80 aircraft.
The MD - 88 is, depending on specification, basically similar to the MD - 82 or MD - 83 except it incorporates an EFIS cockpit instead of the more traditional analog flight deck of the other MD - 80s. Other changes incorporated into the MD - 88 include a wind - shear warning system and general updating of the cabin interior / trim. These detail changes are relatively minor and were written back as standard on the MD - 82 / 83. The wind - shear warning system was offered as a standard option on all other MD - 80s and has been made available for retrofitting on earlier aircraft including the DC - 9.
Delta 's earlier delivered MD - 82s were upgraded to MD - 88 specifications. When McDonnell Douglas was asked why these aircraft were MD - 88s and not MD - 82s, they said the customer, Delta Air Lines, thought its specification was sufficiently different to warrant a new designation. MD - 88 deliveries began in December 1987 and it entered service with Delta in January 1988.
Performance: The MD - 88 has the same weights, range, and airfield performance as the other long - body aircraft (MD - 82 and MD - 83) and is powered by the same engines. MDC quotes a typical range for the MD - 88 as 2,050 nmi (3,800 km) with 155 passengers. Range with 155 passengers is increased to 2,504 nmi (4,637 km) with two additional auxiliary fuel tanks (similar to the MD - 83). According to a Wall Street Journal article published March 9, 2015, "pilots and other safety experts have long known that when the MD - 88 's reversers are deployed, its rudder... sometimes may not be powerful enough to control deviations to the left or right from the center of a runway... safety board investigators, among other things, are looking to see if this tendency played any role in the crash... '' referring to the crash of Delta Air Lines Flight 1086 at New York City 's La Guardia Airport in March 2015.
McDonnell Douglas revealed at the end of 1990 that it would be developing an MD - 80 improvement package with the intent to offer beginning in early 1991 for delivery from mid-1993. The aircraft became known as the MD - 80 Advanced. The main improvement was the installation of Pratt & Whitney JT8D - 290 engines with a 1.5 in larger diameter fan and would, it was hoped, allow a 6 dB reduction in exterior noise.
Due to lack of market interest, McDonnell Douglas dropped its plans to offer the MD - 80 Advanced during 1991. Then in 1993, a "mark 2 '' MD - 80 Advanced version reappeared with the modified JT8D - 290 engines as previously proposed. The company also evaluated the addition of winglets on the MD - 80. In late 1993, Pratt & Whitney launched a modified version of the JT8D - 200 series, the - 218B, which was being offered for the DC - 9X re-engining program, and was also evaluating the possibility of developing a new JT8D for possible retrofit on the MD - 80. The engine would also be available on new build MD - 80s.
The 18,000 lbf (80 kN) to 19,000 lbf (85 kN) thrust - 218B engine version shares a 98 % commonality with the existing engine, with changes designed to reduce NOx, improve durability, and reduce noise levels by 3 dB. The 218B could be certified in early to mid-1996. The new engine, dubbed the "8000 '', was to feature a new fan of increased diameter (by 1.7 in), extended exhaust cone, a larger LP compressor, a new annular burner, and a new LP turbine and mixer. The initial thrust rating would be around 21,700 lbf (97 kN). A launch decision on the new engine was expected by mid-1994, but never occurred. The MD - 80 Advanced was also to offer a new flight deck instrumentation package and a completely new passenger compartment design. These changes would be available by retrofit to existing MD - 80s, and was forecast to enter service by July 1993.
The MD - 80 Advanced was to incorporate the advanced flight deck of the MD - 88, including a choice of reference systems, with an inertial reference system as standard fitting and optional attitude - heading equipment. It was to be equipped with an electronic flight instrument system (EFIS), an optional second flight management system (FMS), and light - emitting diode (LED) dot - matrix electronic engine and system displays. A Honeywell wind - shear computer and provision for an optional traffic - alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) were also to be included. A new interior would have a 12 % increase in overhead baggage space and stowage compartment lights that come on when the doors open, as well as new video system featuring drop - down LCD monitors above.
The lack of market interest for the MD - 80 Advanced during 1991 led McDonnell Douglas to drop its plans for the development.
The MD - 90 - 30 is a stretched variant with two more powerful V2500 engines. The MD - 90ER extended range version was also offered.
The MD - 95 was developed as a replacement for the earlier DC - 9 - 30. After McDonnell Douglas and Boeing merged it was renamed and produced as the Boeing 717.
There were 298 MD - 80 series aircraft in service as of July 2018, with operators including Delta Air Lines (101), American Airlines (43), Allegiant Air (32), LASER Airlines (12), Aeronaves TSM (9), Bulgarian Air Charter (9) and other carriers with smaller fleets. In addition to passenger airlines, several MD - 87 planes have been converted for aerial firefighting use by Aero Air / Erickson Aero Tanker.
As of February 2018, the MD - 80 series has been involved in 71 incidents, including 35 hull - loss accidents, with 1,446 fatalities of occupants.
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists
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the following pairs of countries do not share a border | List of countries that border only one other country - Wikipedia
This is the list of countries that border only one other country, with only land borders being counted. Some of these countries have several neighbours "across the sea ''. As an example Denmark "borders '' Sweden and Norway by sea, and Canada has sea boundaries with Denmark (between Baffin Island and Greenland) and France (between the island of Newfoundland and the territory of St. Pierre and Miquelon). Other countries, such as Sri Lanka, border only one other country by sea.
Territory leased or ceded by one country to another for perpetual use, but not in sovereignty, such as Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba, or memorials, such as the American Cemetery in France, do not constitute true territorial borders, because the land occupied remains a formal part of the host country.
Borders relevant to this list may include short borders in the middle of man - made constructions. Artificial islands and causeways are permanent geographic features.
In some cases, a dependent territory of one nation borders another nation.
There were many countries that historically had only one neighbour. Some no longer exist while others now have either no land borders or borders with more than one nation due to border changes.
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pirates of caribbean dead man tell no tales | Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales - wikipedia
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (released outside North America as Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar 's Revenge) is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film, the fifth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to On Stranger Tides (2011). The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson, with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer. Johnny Depp, Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow, Joshamee Gibbs and Hector Barbossa, respectively, and are joined in the cast by Javier Bardem, Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario.
The filmmakers cited the series ' first installment, The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), as inspiration for the script and tone of the film. Pre-production for the film started shortly before On Stranger Tides was released in early 2011, with Terry Rossio writing the initial script. In early 2013, Jeff Nathanson was hired to write a new script for the film, with Depp being involved in Nathanson 's writing process. Initially planned for a 2015 release, the film was delayed to 2016 and then to 2017, after 6 years of development hell, due to script and budget issues. Principal photography started in Australia in February 2015, after the Australian government offered Disney $20 million in tax incentives, and ended in July 2015.
Dead Men Tell No Tales was released in conventional, 3D, and IMAX formats on May 26, 2017. The film received negative reviews, with most critics believing the series had run its course, though many considered the film an improvement over its immediate predecessor. The film was a financial success, grossing $794 million worldwide against an estimated budget between $230 -- 320 million, though Dead Men Tell No Tales is the second - lowest grossing installment of the series.
Twelve - year - old Henry Turner boards the Flying Dutchman and informs his father, Will Turner, that the curse which binds Will to the Dutchman and only permits him to step on land once a decade can be broken by the Trident of Poseidon. Henry intends to recruit Captain Jack Sparrow to help find it, but Will believes this is impossible and orders Henry to leave. Will and the Dutchman then disappear into the sea, but Henry vows to find Jack and the Trident.
Nine years later, Henry is a sailor in the British Royal Navy. The ship sails into the supernatural Devil 's Triangle and stumbles upon the wreck of the Silent Mary, whose ghostly crew led by Spanish pirate - hunter Captain Salazar attack. Salazar spares Henry 's life to deliver a message to Jack: Salazar is coming for him.
In Saint Martin, a young astronomer and horologist named Carina Smyth is sentenced to death for witchcraft but escapes and briefly crosses paths with Jack as he and his crew spectacularly blunder a bank robbery. Having suffered years of such bad luck, Jack 's crew lose faith and abandon him. Depressed, Jack trades his magical compass for a drink. However, this betrayal of the compass frees Salazar and his crew from the Devil 's Triangle. Carina learns Henry is looking for the Trident 's location and offers to help him using her unknown father 's diary. Carina and Jack are captured and face execution, but are saved by Henry and Jack 's crew, setting sail on the Dying Gull. Carina deciphers clues that the stars will lead to an island where the Trident is hidden.
Meanwhile, Captain Barbossa hears from his pirate crew that the revived Captain Salazar has killed several pirates at sea, and learns that the Trident could lead him to a new "treasure ''. Barbossa sets off to find the Trident, until Salazar and his crew appear and destroy Barbossa 's fleet. Barbossa manages to talk his way out of being killed by offering to help find Jack. Salazar agrees, wanting revenge on the pirate that caused his demise. Salazar pursues the Dying Gull, forcing Jack, Henry, and Carina to flee to an island, discovering that Salazar 's crew can not go on land. After saving Jack from a forced marriage, Barbossa allies himself with Jack, returning his compass and restoring the miniaturized Black Pearl, trapped in a bottle by Blackbeard, to its original size. They all continue their journey to the Trident 's island, with Barbossa taking command of the Pearl once more. During the voyage, Jack and Barbossa realize Carina is the latter 's long - lost daughter. Barbossa tells Jack that he had left her at an orphanage with his diary so she could live a better life, and refuses to tell her the truth so she will continue to believe her father was an astronomer.
Approaching the Trident 's island, the Pearl evades a British Navy warship, which is destroyed by the Silent Mary before the Pearl runs aground on the island. Jack, Barbossa, and Carina use the island 's magic to part the ocean and open a path to the Trident 's location on the ocean floor. Salazar captures Henry and demonically possesses his body in order to walk on the ocean floor and seize the Trident. Once he does so, Henry is given his body back and decides to destroy the Trident, breaking all curses upon the sea and restoring Salazar 's crew to life. However, the divided sea begins to collapse in on itself. The Pearl lowers its anchor to lift them to safety, but Salazar pursues them, still hell - bent on killing Jack. Carina realizes that Barbossa is her father when she spots a tattoo on his arm identical to the diary 's cover. Barbossa sacrifices himself to kill Salazar, allowing the others to escape alive.
Some time later, Henry and Carina reach Port Royal, where Will appears, free from the Dutchman. His wife, Elizabeth, appears moments later and the Turner family reunites. Henry and Carina begin a relationship as well. Jack watches from the Pearl in faux - disgust before sailing away into the horizon, having been accepted by his crew as their captain once again.
In a post-credits scene, Will appears to have a nightmare where a resurrected Davy Jones enters his room, oblivious that Jones left a trace of wet barnacles on the floor beneath he and Elizabeth.
Additionally, Keira Knightley briefly appears at the end in a non-speaking role as Elizabeth Swann, Will 's wife and Henry 's mother. Adam Brown, Danny Kirrane, and Delroy Atkinson appear as members of Jack 's crew, and in the prison scene, Paul McCartney briefly appears as Jack 's paternal uncle, Uncle Jack. Alexander Scheer plays a young Captain Edward Teague in a flashback sequence. A silhouette of Davy Jones, one of the series ' former villains, is seen in the post-credits scene, but his portrayer Bill Nighy stated that he was not informed about the character 's appearance. Pablo and Chiquita reprised their role as Jack the Monkey.
Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides in 2011, the cast and crew of the fourth film were told to set aside time in the near future, because Walt Disney Pictures intended to shoot a fifth and sixth film back - to - back. However, it was later stated that only a fifth film was in the works. Terry Rossio wrote a script for a fifth film without his partner Ted Elliott. Rob Marshall was rumoured to return to direct, but declined after choosing to direct Into the Woods (2014), a Disney project starring Johnny Depp. After Marshall passed on the film, many directors were rumored to take over, including Gore Verbinski, who was responsible for the original three films. Verbinski ultimately passed on the project, feeling that "there 's no reason other than financial '' in making the film. The eventual shortlist included Fredrik Bond, Rupert Sanders, and the eventual choice, Norwegian film duo Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg. The studio chose them based on their Academy Award - nominated high - sea film Kon - Tiki, and their ability to work with a limited budget.
Rossio 's script draft was ultimately rejected, and the writer stated that a major reason was its use of a female villain, which made actor Johnny Depp "worried that would be redundant to Dark Shadows, which also featured a female villain. '' In January 2013, Disney hired Jeff Nathanson to work on a script. Rønning and Sandberg said they were particularly moved by Nathanson 's "funny and touching '' script, which convinced them to sign to direct in May, Rønning believing that the script was "all there '' but needed scenes to "carry the tradition of Gore Verbinski, bring the emotional core and big action set pieces. '' In August, Rønning and Sandberg revealed that the title would be Dead Men Tell No Tales. However, the following month producer Jerry Bruckheimer said, "We have an outline everyone loves but the script is not done, '' explaining that the release would be postponed beyond summer 2015. The studio questioned Depp 's bankability following the financial losses of The Lone Ranger in 2013, and the screenplay 's first drafts were not approved by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn, who was concerned about the finished product. Bruckheimer revealed that script and budget issues were behind the delay, and that Nathanson was at work on a second draft, based on a well - received outline, saying they needed a script and budget everyone would approve. Depp was also invited to collaborate on the script, with the actor believing it would be the last of the franchise and wanting to end it right. After the script was accepted, the film was officially green - lit by Disney in July 2014, with a planned release on July 7, 2017.
The directors were inspired by the first film, The Curse of the Black Pearl, stating that the original is thrilling but above all a comedy with heart, and wanted to reinvent the "structure and the dynamics between the characters. '' In addition to recapturing the best of previous franchise installments, the directors had the works of Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton in mind when crafting the tone of the film. The pair wanted the film to be the "most emotional '' of the series, and to explore the roots of Jack Sparrow. They decided to use Jack 's compass as the "key to unlock Salazar from his hellish prison in the Triangle, '' and toned down some of the fantastic elements "to ground it, even in Pirates Of The Caribbean. '' Geoffrey Rush argued that the pair brought "Euro sensibility to traditional Hollywood franchise thinking, '' while Orlando Bloom believed that they had "recaptured the simplicity and charm '' of the original film. Kaya Scodelario said that the producers wanted to take the franchise back to its origins, with a story that gave characters a conclusion while opening new possibilities. Along with the directors and writers, many of the crew members were new to the franchise, replacing those who had served on the previous four films, with the exception of Bruckheimer, costume designer Penny Rose, and executive producer Chad Oman.
Speaking at the On Stranger Tides press launch in Cannes, Depp said he would play the role so long as it is popular with the public. In August 2012, news surfaced that Depp had signed for the fifth film, earning A $ 90,000,000 to reprise his role. One month later, Penélope Cruz stated that in spite of her enjoying playing Angelica in On Stranger Tides, she had not been contacted regarding a fifth film. Geoffrey Rush had commented on returning as Hector Barbossa in the fifth installment, saying "If they keep shapeshifting this character, absolutely, '' and implied that he might return as the villain. In December 2014, Rush confirmed his return for the fifth installment, with Barbossa and Jack being "at the heart of it and there 's a whole new set of story lines. '' In late 2011, about four years after choosing not to return for the fourth installment, Orlando Bloom stated that he would like to return for a fifth film, if offered. Several weeks after Disney officially green - lit the film, Bloom stated that there were "discussions '' about his return to the franchise in September 2014. Bloom further commented in December 2014, saying that while he was not sure whether he would return, there were talks. He also indicated that Disney could make a soft reboot with the franchise and focus on Will Turner and his son. Bloom 's participation was kept secret until the Disney D23 in 2015, after filming had wrapped. Once the filmmakers started working with Bloom, they decided that they needed to reunite the character with his wife, Elizabeth. To ensure that Keira Knightley could reprise this role, the production moved for a one - day shoot in London, where she was working.
On December 2, 2013, it was reported that Christoph Waltz was in talks to appear as the film 's main antagonist, but he later declined. The villain was eventually portrayed by Cruz 's husband, Javier Bardem. In 2014, Bardem signed on to portray Armando Salazar, who in early scripts was referred to as Captain John Brand. Bardem had liked the working environment of the fourth movie, which he witnessed accompanying his wife, and stated he was also a fan of the franchise and of Depp 's performance as Jack Sparrow. Australian actor Brenton Thwaites entered talks for the role of Henry in late November 2014, after Disney chose him over Taron Egerton, George MacKay, Mitchell Hope, Ansel Elgort and Sam Keeley.
Kaya Scodelario was chosen as the female lead out of a shortlist that included Gabriella Wilde, Alexandra Dowling, Jenna Thiam, and Lucy Boynton. Her character, Carina, is an astronomer accused of being a witch. Scodelario confirmed that she was playing "a totally different character '' from Elizabeth Swann, and also that she will be Henry 's love interest, given in earlier drafts she was envisioned as a love interest of Sparrow. Kevin McNally confirmed his return as Joshamee Gibbs in late January. Shortly after on - location pre-production opened in Australia, Disney issued a casting call to local agents for actors from all ages and experience levels to apply for roles, and as extras in the upcoming film, with casting also open in the US. Adam Brown, Delroy Atkinson, and Danny Kirrane were revealed as cast members shortly before filming. As filming begun, two actors from the previous films were confirmed to return, Martin Klebba as Marty and Stephen Graham as Scrum. Director Joachim Rønning 's two children appear in the film as extras. Keith Richards expressed interest in reprising his role as Captain Teague, but was unavailable, leading Depp to invite Paul McCartney into appearing as Jack Sparrow 's uncle (also named Jack).
Other actors had expressed interest in reprising their roles from the previous films, such as Tia Dalma portrayer Naomie Harris, and Greg Ellis, even if his character Theodore Groves appeared to die in the previous film. Both Lee Arenberg and Mackenzie Crook commented on the possibility of returning as Pintel and Ragetti. In an interview on November 7, 2014, Crook confirmed that he had received a call of availability from Disney for the film, though he later declined in order to focus on his television series Detectorists. He said he had felt "pangs of nostalgia '' when the cast and crew filmed without him. Arenberg, who also had a television commitment, to Once Upon a Time, added that he felt like the producers "were n't really trying to court us like they really wanted us. ''
Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg originally stated that shooting would take place in Puerto Rico and New Orleans, and Bruckheimer had previously mentioned that there might be a sequence in Louisiana. However, a spokesman for Australian Arts Minister George Brandis confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot exclusively in Australia, after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives, originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea; thus edging out Mexico and South Africa as filming locations. According to Australian film industry sources, on location pre-production started in late September 2014, and its cost was set at around $250 million. Filming took place exclusively in Queensland, Australia, as the largest production to ever shoot in the country. Village Roadshow Studios and the Whitsunday Islands were officially confirmed as filming locations. On January 1, 2015, The Rainbow Gypsy, a 15 - year - old replica of an 1897 Scottish bawley, underwent an extensive refit at the Gold Coast, including a new bowsprit, and reconfigured decks and cabins, for filming as the Dying Gull. Its captain and owner, Kit Woodward, was a rigger on the film.
Filming commenced on February 17, 2015. Ship scenes were filmed in front of a giant outdoor greenscreen in Helensvale, while a film set in the form of a village was built in Maudsland. Because the greenscreens ' height blocked the sunlight, containers with inflatable bluescreens mounted on top were added to the set to allow some light to enter. While an initial draft of the script featured six ships, the end product had eleven vessels; to cut costs, most of these were partial constructs later enhanced by computer graphics, with some built atop an hydraulic rig to mimic the movement of seafaring while on land. The camera crew, led by director of photography Paul Cameron, also made extensive use of drones, to capture immersive views at sea without resorting to aerial footage or cranes.
Filming moved to Doug Jennings Park on The Spit from March 30 to June 15 for water - bound scenes. However, due to extreme sea sickness among the cast and crew from the "big swells, '' filming moved to Raby Bay for calmer waters. Scenes were shot at Byron Bay on June 1. Locals made up more than 75 percent of the 850 - plus crew then working on the film. After much speculation about whether Orlando Bloom would return, Bloom arrived at the Gold Coast in late May to reprise his role as Will Turner. Scenes featuring a skeleton of a sperm whale that had been constructed were shot at Hastings Point from June 21 to 23.
A number of issues and controversies set back the film during its production. The biosecurity laws in Australia posed problems regarding the capuchin monkeys that portray Hector Barbossa 's pet monkey Jack, because the animals are regarded as a category 1 pest and call for strict requirements and a 30 - day quarantine. Further controversy erupted from animal rights activist groups, who urged Federal Environment Minister Greg Hunt to reject the entry application, arguing that the long air - flight would affect their health, and that their performance was unnatural and would create demand for illegal wildlife trade. One of the monkeys caused further disruption when it wandered off set at Movie World, and bit the ear of a make - up artist on another production. Crew and cast members were forced to cover the camera lenses on all mobile phones with duct tape to prevent the film from being pirated before its release. To prevent fans from interfering with the production, secret filming locations used the production name of "Herschel '' to hide the fact it was the fifth Pirates of the Caribbean film. Following the attempt of an armed man trying to bypass security, the already tight security was increased.
On March 10, 2015, Depp was injured off set and had to be flown to the United States for surgery. Due to his absence, filming stalled completely and 200 crew members were forced to stand down for two weeks, after finishing all they could do without Depp. Filming was set to resume "on or about April 20, '' and Depp returned to set on April 21. In June, Kaya Scodelario was injured on set along with a stuntman. In early July, dismantling of the sets at The Spit had begun. Most of the cast and crew had finished on July 8, and a wrap party was held on July 11. Filming then moved to the Whitsundays for the final shots. On July 21, 2015, Rønning announced that filming had wrapped after a 95 - day shoot. After nearly a year in post-production, reshoots and additional photography were conducted in Vancouver, Canada from March 24 to April 13, 2016, under the production title "Herschel Additional Photography. ''
This was the first film in the series that Hans Zimmer did not compose the music for. Instead, the main composer is one of his protégés, Geoff Zanelli, who had worked on the previous four installments in the franchise. Zanelli said that Zimmer "redefined the sound of the entire genre '' and considered it a great accomplishment to have worked with him and Bruckheimer. He used this experience with the franchise to build a new sound for the film. He stated that "you do n't have to modernize the melodies, those are timeless, '' and only tried to make the sound more modern by featuring an electric cello to create a menacing leitmotif for Salazar. As it took more than a year for the film to start production following Zanelli being hired, he accompanied the script 's evolution, and was familiar with the character arcs that he would need to translate in their theme songs. Zanelli always started writing the music on the piano, namely a synthesized orchestra. The film 's soundtrack was released on May 26, 2017.
Work on the film concluded on April 19, 2017. Editing was a collaboration between Roger Barton and Leigh Folsom Boyd, with the latter detailing that "Roger started from the beginning of the film and I started from the end, and we kind of met in the middle. '' Boyd added that it was the longest post-production process she was ever involved with, as Disney wanted to give "the support and leeway we needed to tell the story and allow for the complex visual effects to bake. '' The editors worked closely with the previsualization team to, according to effects supervisor Gary Brozenich, "give meat to the bones of the plates that needed effects explanation as well as any new CG beats that would be added later. '' Along with the post-production team in Los Angeles, Brozenich had to split his time going to the UK and Montreal, to check on the eight companies handling the film 's 2,000 visual effects shots, with 150 of them consisting only of computer graphics. The primary vendor was Brozenich 's own employer Moving Picture Company (MPC). Among MPC 's work were Salazar 's undead pirates, whose on - set footage was mostly replaced by CGI to achieve missing body parts and floating hair and clothing. Brozenich stated that what was kept of the original actors was "their run, gait and faces. '' To provide reference for the floating parts, which were meant to resemble a perpetual drowning state, a stuntman in full costume and wig was filmed underwater in a swimming pool performing various actions.
Atomic Fiction handled the scenes at St. Martin, turning the few blocks of buildings built on set into more than 600 CG buildings, surrounded by a jungle environment. The work combined references from both the Caribbean and Thailand, and enhanced through CGI both the guillotine on which Jack Sparrow is nearly executed and the bank from the heist scene; the bank was meant to look as if its foundations were dug through the ground instead of sliding on the surface. Along with sea footage filmed in both the Australian sets and Key West, Florida, there was extensive usage of water simulations, with the artists using the Beaufort scale to ensure the waves and wind realistically matched.
Dead Men Tell No Tales had its world premiere at the Shanghai Disney Resort on May 11, 2017. In several countries, including the United Kingdom, the film was released as Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar 's Revenge, a decision that the directors were not informed about. It was released at cinemas in Italy and Norway on May 24, and in the United States, Canada, and China on May 26. It is the first Hollywood feature to be released in the United States for the new panorama - like ScreenX format, which played in two locations in the U.S. -- CGV Buena Park and CGV Cinemas -- both in Los Angeles, California. Additionally, it played in 81 screens at select theaters in Korea, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Turkey and Indonesia. The film also played in 4D on 373 4DX screens worldwide. The film was released in IMAX in an expanded 1.9: 1 aspect ratio. It was Disney 's third wide release of the year, following Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.
Shortly before release, Dead Men Tell No Tales was allegedly stolen by a group of piracy hackers, who demanded a large sum of money from Disney in order for them not to leak the unreleased film. The company refused to do so and worked with the FBI in order to uncover the identity of the group. Disney CEO Bob Iger reported that hackers did not steal their movie.
A robust marketing effort helped promote Dead Men Tell No Tales. The film was first showcased at the Disney D23 Expo 2015, where Depp appeared in costume as Jack Sparrow and the film 's logo was revealed, with Orlando Bloom confirmed to be starring in the film. Elizabeth Rudnick was self - confirmed to novelize the film, describing it the film as bringing back the series ' initial sensibility, while returning Jack Sparrow to "all of his swaggering glory. '' A tie - in prequel expanding the backstory of the character Carina Smyth was also released, titled Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales -- The Brightest Star in the North. The film was showcased at the 2016 Walt Disney Content Showcase in South Africa, where concept art, story details and on - set images were previewed.
The first teaser trailer was released on October 2, 2016, during Fear the Walking Dead, and showcased Armando Salazar hunting for Jack Sparrow, who is shown on a wanted poster. On January 27, 2017, Disney uploaded an eight - second motion poster to their official Instagram account, promoting the release of a television spot of the film during Super Bowl LI. Disney then released a 30 - second television teaser at Super Bowl LI, with an extended version released online set to Johnny Cash 's "Ai n't No Grave ''. The trailer was considered to be the "big '' trailer of the event and was the most - viewed trailer of all the films advertised at the halftime show. A new teaser poster was released with the trailer. Both teasers received a highly positive reaction from audiences. The official trailer was released on March 2. Another trailer was released on March 25. The first 30 - second TV spot was released on March 31. On April 21, at Disney Parks and on the four Disney cruise ships, Disney showcased a sneak peek of the film. Disney premiered a 5 - minute extended sequence of the film in front of the UK release of Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, on April 28.
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 19, 2017, and on Blu - ray, Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on October 3. It was the top home - media release in its first week, with the Blu - ray version accounting for 78 % of sales, and brought the previous four films back into the 25 best - sold Blu - rays.
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales grossed $172.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $622.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $794.9 million, against an estimated production budget of $230 million. It had a worldwide opening of $271.4 million from 55 markets, with $24 million coming from 1,088 IMAX screens. The film 's six - day opening gross pushed the franchise gross past the $4 billion mark. Despite being the lowest - grossing film of the series in the US by nearly $70 million, the film became the highest - grossing entry of the Pirates franchise internationally when going by modern foreign - exchange rates, passing On Stranger Tides, which grossed $593.4 million at current rates. The largest - earning foreign markets were China ($172.3 million), Japan ($59.5 million), and Russia and the CIS ($40.7 million), where it was the second - highest - grossing film behind Avatar. Despite weak US totals, Deadline Hollywood noted the film would turn a net profit of around $280 million after factoring together all expenses and revenues.
Dead Men Tell No Tales debuted over the four - day Memorial Day opening weekend, being released in 4,276 theaters, of which over 3,100 were 3D, taking advantage of formats such as IMAX, D - Box and 4DX. The film earned $23.4 million on its first day, including $5.5 million from previews. It was the lowest opening day of the franchise. It grossed $63 million over three days, and $78.5 million over four (Friday -- Monday), finishing first at the box office, ahead of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and fellow newcomer Baywatch. It was the second - smallest opening weekend of the franchise, only earning more than the first film, with each of the other installments earning at least $90 million. Despite the film registering the highest test score in the series, the opening came in well below expectations of $80 -- 115 million. Analysts attributed the underperformance to negative reviews, franchise fatigue, and Johnny Depp 's diminishing returns and depreciating public image, amid his personal problems. Still, it performed better than Disney 's previous Memorial Day releases (Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, Tomorrowland and Alice Through the Looking Glass), and studio executives said they were pleased with the movie 's opening, which helped Disney push past $1 billion in the US.
The film fell by a total of 65 % in its second weekend, the worst of the series, grossing $22.1 million, and finishing in third place, after newcomers Wonder Woman ($103.3 million) and Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie ($23.9 million). It remained in the top ten for four more weeks.
Internationally, where it is marketed as Salazar 's Revenge in most countries, the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 54 markets (91 % of its total marketplace, except Japan, where it debuted on July 1). Preliminary reports had the film opening to $150 -- 175 million, but possibly overperforming depending on major markets, most notably China. While its Chinese run benefited from the May 28 -- 30 Dragon Boat Festival -- a lucrative moviegoing period -- and from International Children 's Day (June 1), the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing had a deteriorating effect on certain European markets over the film 's opening weekend. From Wednesday to Friday, it registered an opening of $208.8 million. Around $14 million of that came from IMAX screenings, the second - biggest international IMAX opening in May, after Captain America: Civil War. Similar to its US plunge, it earned $73.8 million in its second weekend, falling to second place, behind Wonder Woman.
It recorded the biggest opening day of the year in several markets, including Germany ($3.6 million), Austria, France ($2.3 million), Finland, Sweden, Belgium, Thailand ($400,000), Indonesia, Malaysia and the Netherlands ($900,000, the second - biggest Disney opening, behind Star Wars: The Force Awakens). Russia posted the biggest opening of all time with $18.4 million ($18.6 million including previews). In China, where the film had its global premiere, it earned $21.3 million on its opening day, the fourth - biggest Disney opening in the country. It had an 87 % marketshare and had already surpassed the entire earnings of Pirates of the Caribbean: At World 's End. Earning a total of $67.9 million, it registered the third - highest three - day for any Disney title, and a much - higher opening than the US. The film did extremely well in IMAX, earning $9 million from 401 screens from Friday to early Monday bookings. The robust opening has been attributed to the Dragon Boat Festival, Depp 's star power, the ubiquity of the franchise, the impact of Shanghai Disneyland Park, and good word of mouth, with a score of 7.5 / 10 on reviews aggregator Douban and 8.7 / 10 on top mobile - ticketing platform Weying. The film 's final release market was Japan (July 1), where it opened at number one, achieving the highest - grossing opening for a Western film of the year, earning $9.25 million over the July 1 -- 2 weekend. It retained the box office lead for one more week, and was the highest - grossing foreign film in the following weekend.
Dead Men Tell No Tales received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 30 % based on 242 reviews, and an average rating of 4.7 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales proves that neither a change in directors nor an undead Javier Bardem is enough to drain this sinking franchise 's murky bilge. '' On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A − '' on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score.
Mike Ryan of Uproxx criticized what he termed as a convoluted plot and overabundance of characters, resulting in a film that was "practically incoherent. '' Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers called the film "bloated, boring, repetitive and draining '' and gave it one star out of four. Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote that the film echoes the first three of the franchise, "in which Johnny Depp 's louche and campy Jack Sparrow played second banana to an insipid love story... the two romantic leads (...) succeed only in making the shortest movie in the series seem just as long as the rest. '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film, "Its pleasures are so meager, its delight in its own inventions so forced and false, that it becomes almost the perfect opposite of entertainment. '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post remarked that the film was "loud, overstimulating and hard to take in all in one sitting. '' Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle found the film to be "a jumble of half - baked impulses '' that had been forced into a played - out franchise.
Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying: "Dead Men works well enough as a stand - alone, swashbuckling comedic spectacle, thanks to the terrific performances, some ingenious practical effects, impressive CGI and a steady diet of PG - 13 dialogue peppered with not particularly sophisticated but (I have to admit) fairly funny sexual innuendo. '' Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood praised the film, calling it "the most entertaining installment, '' and giving credit to Rønning and Sandberg for creating a "rollicking good time ''. He praised the visual effects, particularly Salazar and his crew, arguing that the film should be in line to receive an Academy Award for Visual Effects. He also gave high praise to Bardem for being able to create such a "fully dimensional villain '' under the layers of make - up and CGI, and Depp for keeping the film and franchise going. Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a ' B ', praising the fun nature of the film and its visuals and calling it "gorgeously detailed swashbuckling nonsense, '' but wished that the script had taken more risks instead of following the formula used in previous films. Ashley Esqueda of CNET gave the film a positive review, arguing that it brought the franchise back to what made its first two installments so fun, and praised Depp 's performance as being "delightful as ever. '' Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying "What was once a past - its - prime franchise seems to have found new life. '' Mark Hughes of Forbes opined "Dead Men Tell No Tales is n't as good as the first three films, but it 's better than the fourth, '' adding "it has mostly good performances, and a couple of great ones. It has fantastic visual effects, lots of humor that works, a lighthearted feel and sense of fun, and many terrific action set pieces. ''
On March 4, 2017, director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure, implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise, and that a sixth film could be released. The post-credits scene of Dead Men shows Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann, and Davy Jones. In September 2017, producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release. In October 2017, the sixth film was confirmed and Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return. Shortly after, it was announced that Rønning is being eyed to return to direct the sequel.
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the base of a full denture is made of | Dentures - wikipedia
Dentures, (also known as false teeth), are prosthetic devices constructed to replace missing teeth; they are supported by the surrounding soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Conventional dentures are removable (removable partial denture or complete denture). However, there are many denture designs, some which rely on bonding or clasping onto teeth or dental implants (fixed prosthodontics). There are two main categories of dentures, the distinction being whether they are used to replace missing teeth on the mandibular arch or on the maxillary arch.
Patients can become entirely edentulous (without teeth) for many reasons, the most prevalent being removal due to dental disease typically relating to oral flora control, i.e., periodontal disease and tooth decay. Other reasons include pregnancy, tooth developmental defects caused by severe malnutrition, genetic defects such as dentinogenesis imperfecta, trauma, or drug use.
Dentures can help patients through:
Removable partial dentures are for patients who are missing some of their teeth on a particular arch. Fixed partial dentures, also known as "crown and bridge '' dentures, are made from crowns that are fitted on the remaining teeth. They act as abutments and pontics and are made from materials resembling the missing teeth. Fixed bridges are more expensive than removable appliances but are more stable.
Another option in this category is the flexible partial, which takes advantage of innovations in digital technology. Flexible partial fabrication involves only non-invasive procedures.
Complete dentures are worn by patients who are missing all of the teeth in a single arch -- i.e., the maxillary (upper) or mandibular (lower) arch -- or, more commonly, in both arches.
As early as the 7th century BC, Etruscans in northern Italy made partial dentures out of human or other animal teeth fastened together with gold bands. The Romans had likely borrowed this technique by the 5th century BC.
Wooden full dentures were invented in Japan around the early 16th century. Softened bees wax was inserted into the patient 's mouth to create an impression, which was then filled with harder bees wax. Wooden dentures were then meticulously carved based on that model. The earliest of these dentures were entirely wooden, but later versions used natural human teeth or sculpted pagodite, ivory, or animal horn for the teeth. These dentures were built with a broad base, exploiting the principles of adhesion to stay in place. This was an advanced technique for the era; it would not be replicated in the West until the late 18th century. Wooden dentures continued to be used in Japan until the Opening of Japan to the West in the 19th century.
In 1728, Pierre Fauchard described the construction of dentures using a metal frame and teeth sculpted from animal bone. The first porcelain dentures were made around 1770 by Alexis Duchâteau. In 1791, the first British patent was granted to Nicholas Dubois De Chemant, previous assistant to Duchateau, for ' De Chemant 's Specification ':
(...) a composition for the purpose of making of artificial teeth either single double or in rows or in complete sets, and also springs for fastening or affixing the same in a more easy and effectual manner than any hitherto discovered which said teeth may be made of any shade or colour, which they will retain for any length of time and will consequently more perfectly resemble the natural teeth.
He began selling his wares in 1792, with most of his porcelain paste supplied by Wedgwood.
17th century London 's Peter de la Roche is believed to be one of the first ' operators for the teeth ', men who advertised themselves as specialists in dental work. They were often professional goldsmiths, ivory turners or students of barber - surgeons.
In 1820, Samuel Stockton, a goldsmith by trade, began manufacturing high - quality porcelain dentures mounted on 18 - carat gold plates. Later dentures from the 1850s on were made of Vulcanite, a form of hardened rubber into which porcelain teeth were set. In the 20th century, acrylic resin and other plastics were used. In Britain, sequential Adult Dental Health Surveys revealed that in 1968 79 % of those aged 65 -- 74 had no natural teeth; by 1998, this proportion had fallen to 36 %.
George Washington (1732 - 1799) suffered from problems with his teeth throughout his life, and historians have tracked his experiences in great detail. He lost his first adult tooth when he was twenty - two and had only one left by the time he became president. John Adams claims he lost them because he used them to crack Brazil nuts but modern historians suggest the mercury oxide, which he was given to treat illnesses such as smallpox and malaria, probably contributed to the loss. He had several sets of false teeth made, four of them by a dentist named John Greenwood. None of the sets, contrary to popular belief, were made from wood or contained any wood. The set made when he became president was carved from hippopotamus and elephant ivory, held together with gold springs. Prior to these, he had a set made with real human teeth, likely ones he purchased from "several unnamed ' Negroes, ' presumably Mount Vernon slaves '' in 1784. Washington 's dental problems left him in constant pain, for which he took laudanum. This distress may be apparent in many of the portraits painted while he was still in office, including the one still used on the $1 bill.
Modern dentures are most often fabricated in a commercial dental laboratory or by a denturist using a combination of tissue shaded powders polymethylmethacrylate acrylic (PMMA). These acrylics are available as heat cured or cold cured types. Commercially produced acrylic teeth are widely available in hundreds of shapes and tooth colors.
The process of fabricating a denture usually begins with an initial dental impression of the maxillary and mandibular ridges. Standard impression materials are used during the process. The initial impression is used to create a simple stone model that represents the maxillary and mandibular arches of the patient 's mouth. This is not a detailed impression at this stage. Once the initial impression is taken, the stone model is used to create a ' Custom Impression Tray ' which is used to take a second and much more detailed and accurate impression of the patient 's maxillary and mandibular ridges. Polyvinylsiloxane impression material is one of several very accurate impression materials used when the final impression is taken of the maxillary and mandibular ridges. A wax rim is fabricated to assist the dentist or denturist in establishing the vertical dimension of occlusion. After this, a bite registration is created to marry the position of one arch to the other.
Once the relative position of each arch to the other is known, the wax rim can be used as a base to place the selected denture teeth in correct position. This arrangement of teeth is tested in the mouth so that adjustments can be made to the occlusion. After the occlusion has been verified by the dentist or denturist and the patient, and all phonetic requirements are met, the denture is processed.
Processing a denture is usually performed using a lost - wax technique whereby the form of the final denture, including the acrylic denture teeth, is invested in stone. This investment is then heated, and when it melts the wax is removed through a spruing channel. The remaining cavity is then either filled by forced injection or pouring in the uncured denture acrylic, which is either a heat cured or cold - cured type. During the processing period, heat cured acrylics -- also called permanent denture acrylics -- go through a process called polymerization, causing the acrylic materials to bond very tightly and taking several hours to complete. After a curing period, the stone investment is removed, the acrylic is polished, and the denture is complete. The end result is a denture that looks much more natural, is much stronger and more durable than a cold cured temporary denture, resists stains and odors, and will last for many years.
Cold cured or cold pour dentures, also known as temporary dentures, do not look very natural, are not very durable, tend to be highly porous and are only used as a temporary expedient until a more permanent solution is found. These types of dentures are inferior and tend to cost much less due to their quick production time (usually minutes) and low cost materials. It is not suggested that a patient wear a cold cured denture for a long period of time, for they are prone to cracks and can break rather easily.
Problems with dentures may arise because patients are not used to having something in their mouth that is not food. The brain senses the appliance and interprets it as ' food ', sending messages to the salivary glands to produce more saliva and to secrete it at a higher rate. This usually only happens in the first 12 to 24 hours, after which the salivary glands return to their normal output. New dentures can also be the cause of sore spots as they compress the denture bearing soft tissues (mucosa). A few denture adjustments in the days following insertion of the dentures can take care of this problem. Gagging is another problem encountered by a minority of patients. At times, this may be due to a denture that is too loose, too thick or extended too far posteriorly onto the soft palate. At times, gagging may also be attributed to psychological denial of the denture. Psychological gagging is the most difficult to treat since it is out of the dentist 's control. In such cases, an implant - supported palateless denture may have to be constructed. Sometimes there could be a gingivitis infection under the completed dentures, caused by the accumulation of dental plaque. One of the most common problems for wearers of new upper complete denture is a loss of taste sensations.
Support is the principle that describes how well the underlying mucosa (oral tissues, including gums) keeps the denture from moving vertically towards the arch in question during chewing, and thus being excessively depressed and moving deeper into the arch. For the mandibular arch, this function is provided primarily by the buccal shelf, a region extending laterally from the back or posterior ridges, and by the pear - shaped pad (the most posterior area of keratinized gingival formed by the scaling down of the retro - molar papilla after the extraction of the last molar tooth). Secondary support for the complete mandibular denture is provided by the alveolar ridge crest. The maxillary arch receives primary support from the horizontal hard palate and the posterior alveolar ridge crest. The larger the denture flanges (that part of the denture that extends into the vestibule), the better the stability (another parameter to assess fit of a complete denture). Long flanges beyond the functional depth of the sulcus are a common error in denture construction, often (but not always) leading to movement in function, and ulcerations (denture sore spots).
Stability is the principle that describes how well the denture base is prevented from moving in a horizontal plane, and thus sliding from side to side or front to back. The more the denture base (pink material) is in smooth and continuous contact with the edentulous ridge (the hill upon which the teeth used to reside, but now only residual alveolar bone with overlying mucosa), the better the stability. Of course, the higher and broader the ridge, the better the stability will be, but this is usually a result of patient anatomy, barring surgical intervention (bone grafts, etc.).
Retention is the principle that describes how well the denture is prevented from moving vertically in the opposite direction of insertion. The better the topographical mimicry of the intaglio (interior) surface of the denture base to the surface of the underlying mucosa, the better the retention will be (in removable partial dentures, the clasps are a major provider of retention), as surface tension, suction and friction will aid in keeping the denture base from breaking intimate contact with the mucosal surface. It is important to note that the most critical element in the retentive design of a maxillary complete denture is a complete and total border seal (complete peripheral seal) in order to achieve ' suction '. The border seal is composed of the edges of the anterior and lateral aspects and the posterior palatal seal. The posterior palatal seal design is accomplished by covering the entire hard palate and extending not beyond the soft palate and ending 1 -- 2 mm from the vibrating line.
Prosthodontists use a scale called the Kapur index to quantify denture stability and retention.
Implant technology can vastly improve the patient 's denture - wearing experience by increasing stability and preventing bone from wearing away. Implants can also aid retention. Instead of merely placing the implants to serve as blocking mechanism against the denture 's pushing on the alveolar bone, small retentive appliances can be attached to the implants that can then snap into a modified denture base to allow for tremendously increased retention. Available options include a metal "Hader bar '' or precision balls attachments.
Generally speaking partial dentures tend to be held in place by the presence of the remaining natural teeth and complete dentures tend to rely on muscular co-ordination and suction to stay in place. The maxilla very commonly has more favorable denture bearing anatomy as the ridge tends to be well formed and there is a larger area on the palate for suction to retain the denture. Conversely, the mandible tends to make lower dentures less retentive due to the displacing presence of the tongue and the higher rate of resorption, frequently leading to significantly resorbed lower ridges. Disto - lingual regions tend to offer retention even in highly resorbed mandibles, and extension of the flange into these regions tends to produce a more retentive lower denture. An implant supported lower denture is another option.
Dentures that fit well during the first few years after creation will not necessarily fit well for the rest of the wearer 's lifetime. This is because the bone and mucosa of the mouth are living tissues, which are dynamic over decades. Bone remodeling never stops in living bone. Edentulous jaw ridges tend to resorb progressively over the years, especially the alveolar ridge of the lower jaw. Mucosa reacts to being chronically rubbed by the dentures. Poorly fitting dentures hasten both of those processes compared to the rates with well - fitting dentures. Poor fitting dentures may also lead to the development of conditions such as epulis fissuratum.
When dentures no longer fit well, the correct action is to seek follow - up care. Using denture adhesive may improve the fit, but it tends to work better when only a small amount is used as covering the denture fitting surface in adhesive makes it stay in less well. Adhesives may compensate for gradual loosening of a denture, but it is only a temporary solution; it does not solve the problem. Fortunately, dentures can often be relined with relining materials to restore the proper fit, and this process costs less than creation of new dentures. Overall, a well - made denture should last about 5 years or more.
The fabrication of a set of complete dentures is a challenge for any dentist / denturist. There are many axioms in the production of dentures that must be understood; ignorance of one axiom can lead to failure of the denture. In the vast majority of cases, complete dentures should be comfortable soon after insertion, although almost always at least two adjustment visits are necessary to remove the cause of sore spots. One of the most critical aspects of dentures is that the impression of the denture must be perfectly made and used with perfect technique to make an accurate model of the patient 's edentulous (toothless) gums. The dentist or denturist must use a process called border molding to ensure that the denture flanges are properly extended. An array of problems may occur if the final impression of the denture is not made properly. It takes considerable patience and experience for a dentist to know how to make a denture, and for this reason it may be in the patient 's best interest to seek a specialist, either a prosthodontist or denturist, to make the denture. A denturist is a trained and licensed professional who sees patients in need of dentures, partials, relines or repairs. A denturist not only takes the impression, but makes the entire denture in his or her own laboratory. The denturist then schedules a date for the delivery of the finished dentures to the patient. A general dentist may do a good job making dentures, but only if he or she is meticulous and experienced. Many dentists no longer make dentures themselves. but instead take an impression of the patients ' mouth and then either send the impressions to a dental laboratory, which could be anywhere in the world, or send the patient to a denturist. Once the laboratory receives dental impressions of the patient 's mouth, the laboratory creates plaster molds from them. The laboratory uses the molds to create the wax rims used to register the patient 's bite. These wax rims are returned to the dentist, who uses them to register the patient 's bite. The dentist may assist the patient in choosing the correct size of teeth for the dentures, or simply make the selection himself. Once bite registration is completed and the teeth are selected for the dentures, the wax rim is usually returned to the dental laboratory in order to have the denture teeth set into the wax. Once the teeth are set into the wax rim, the result is a prefinished denture that looks almost like the finished product. This prefinished denture is usually returned to the dentist 's office and the patient usually has a chance to approve the setup (for immediate or standard dentures) or to try the denture before it is finished. After approval by the patient, the dentist returns the pre-denture to the laboratory for final processing. The finished denture is then returned to the dentist 's office for delivery to the patient.
The maxillary denture (the top denture) is usually relatively straightforward to manufacture so that it is stable without slippage.
A lower complete denture should or must be supported by two to four implants placed in the lower jaw for support. An implant - supported lower denture is far superior to a lower denture without implants, because:
In any case, implant - supported dentures have several advantages over conventional dentures. They offer improved comfort due to less irritation of the gums, confidence due to less risk of slipping out, and appearance due to less plastic required for retention purposes. Patients with implant - supported dentures have increased chewing efficacy and can speak more clearly.
However, like anything, there is a downside. Implant dentures tend to be fairly expensive. A cost of $15,000 to $30,000 for complete upper and lower implant dentures is not uncommon. Most dental insurance plans do not cover the total cost of implant dentures. Possible rejection of the implanted abutment can happen. If there is not enough bone, bone grafting may be required. Minimally invasive surgery may also be required. Treatment time can vary from three to six months.
In cases where a patient needs a complete upper and lower set of dentures, costs can be reduced by having a conventional non-implanted upper denture, since retention of upper dentures is much easier to achieve, and an implanted lower denture, since lower dentures tend not to fit as well otherwise.
Some patients who believe they have ' bad teeth ' may consider having all of them extracted and replaced with complete dentures. However, statistics show that most patients who receive this treatment wind up regretting it. This is because complete dentures have only 10 % of the chewing power of natural teeth, and it is difficult to get them fitted satisfactorily, particularly in the mandibular arch. Even if a patient retains one tooth there, that one tooth contributes significantly to the stability of the denture. However, retention of just one or two teeth in the upper jaw does not contribute much to the overall stability of a denture, since an upper complete denture tends to be very stable, in contrast to a lower complete denture. It is thus advised that patients keep their natural teeth as long as possible, especially in the case of lower teeth.
In countries where denturism is legally performed by denturists it is typically the denturist association that publishes the fee guide. In countries where it is performed by dentists, it is typically the dental association that publishes the fee guide. Some governments also provide additional coverage for the purchase of dentures by seniors. Typically, only standard low - cost dentures are covered by insurance and because many individuals would prefer to have a premium cosmetic denture or a premium precision denture they rely on consumer dental patient financing options.
A low - cost denture starts at about $300 -- $500 per denture, or $600 -- $1,000 for a complete set of upper and lower dentures. These tend to be cold cured dentures, which are considered temporary because of the lower quality materials and streamlined processing methods used in their manufacture. In many cases, there is no opportunity to try them on for fit before they are finished. They also tend to look artificial and not as natural as higher quality, higher priced dentures.
A mid-priced (and better quality) heat cured denture typically costs $500 -- $1,500 per denture or $1,000 - $3,000 for a complete set. The teeth look much more natural and are much longer lasting than cold cured or temporary dentures. In many cases, they may be tried out before they are finished to ensure that all the teeth occlude (meet) properly and look esthetically pleasing. These usually come with a 90 - day to two - year warranty and in some cases a money - back guarantee if the customer is not satisfied. In some cases, the cost of subsequent adjustments to the dentures is included.
Premium heat cured dentures can cost $2,000 - $4,000 per denture, or $4,000 - $8,000 or more for a set. Dentures in this price range are usually completely customized and personalized, use high - end materials to simulate the lifelike look of gums and teeth as closely as possible, last a long time and are warranted against chipping and cracking for 5 -- 10 years or longer. Often the price includes several follow - up visits to fine - tune the fit.
Daily cleaning of dentures is recommended. Plaque and tartar can build up on false teeth, just as they do on natural teeth. Cleaning can be done using chemical or mechanical denture cleaners. Dentures should not be worn continuously, but rather left out of the mouth during sleep. This is to give the tissues a chance to recover, and wearing dentures at night is likened to sleeping in shoes. The main risk is development of fungal infection, especially denture - related stomatitis.
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where is taiwan located on the world map | Taiwan - Wikipedia
Taiwan (/ ˌtaɪˈwɑːn / (listen)), officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a state in East Asia. Its neighbors include China (officially the People 's Republic of China, PRC) to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations and the largest economy outside the UN.
The island of Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa, was inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century, when Dutch and Spanish colonies opened the island to mass Han immigration. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the last dynasty of China. The Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino - Japanese War. While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China (ROC) was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty. Following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945, the ROC took control of Taiwan. However, the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROC 's loss of the mainland to the Communists, and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949. Although the ROC continued to claim to be the legitimate government of China, its effective jurisdiction has, since the loss of Hainan in 1950, been limited to Taiwan and its surrounding islands, with the main island making up 99 % of its de facto territory. As a founding member of the United Nations, the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971, when the PRC assumed China 's seat, causing the ROC to lose its UN membership.
In the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, creating a stable industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, it changed from a one - party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with a semi-presidential system. Taiwan is the 22nd - largest economy in the world, and its high - tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, healthcare, public education, economic freedom, and human development. The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most highly educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree.
The PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence. Under its One - China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC. Today 20 countries recognize the ROC as the sole legal representative of China, but many other states maintain unofficial ties through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates. Although Taiwan is fully self - governing, most international organizations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only as a non-state actor. Internally, the major division in politics is between the aspirations of eventual Chinese unification or Taiwanese independence, though both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal. The PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible.
There are various names for the island of Taiwan in use today, derived from explorers or rulers by each particular period. The former name Formosa (福 爾 摩 沙) dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it Ilha Formosa, which means "beautiful island ''. The name "Formosa '' eventually "replaced all others in European literature '' and was in common use in English in the early 20th century.
In the early 17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a commercial post at Fort Zeelandia (modern - day Anping, Tainan) on a coastal sandbar called "Tayouan '', after their ethnonym for a nearby Taiwanese aboriginal tribe, written by the Dutch and Portuguese variously as Taiouwang, Tayowan, Teijoan, etc. This name was also adopted into the Chinese vernacular (in particular, Hokkien, as Pe̍h - ōe - jī: Tāi - oân / Tâi - oân) as the name of the sandbar and nearby area (Tainan). The modern word "Taiwan '' is derived from this usage, which is seen in various forms (大 員, 大圓, 大 灣, 臺 員, 臺 圓 and 臺 窩 灣) in Chinese historical records. The area of modern - day Tainan was the first permanent settlement by Western colonists and Chinese immigrants, grew to be the most important trading centre, and served as the capital of the island until 1887. Use of the current Chinese name (臺灣) was formalized as early as 1684 with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture. Through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as "Taiwan ''.
In his Daoyi Zhilüe (1349), Wang Dayuan used "Liuqiu '' as a name for the island of Taiwan, or the part of it near to Penghu. Elsewhere, the name was used for the Ryukyu Islands in general or Okinawa, the largest of them; indeed the name Ryūkyū is the Japanese form of Liúqiú. The name also appears in the Book of Sui (636) and other early works, but scholars can not agree on whether these references are to the Ryukyus, Taiwan or even Luzon.
The official name of the state is the "Republic of China ''; it has also been known under various names throughout its existence. Shortly after the ROC 's establishment in 1912, while it was still located on the Chinese mainland, the government used the short form "China '' Zhōngguó (中國), to refer to itself, which derives from zhōng ("central '' or "middle '') and guó ("state, nation - state ''), A term which also developed under the Zhou Dynasty in reference to its royal demesne and the name was then applied to the area around Luoyi (present - day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and then to China 's Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qingera. During the 1950s and 1960s, after the government had fled to Taiwan due to losing the Chinese Civil War, it was commonly referred to as "Nationalist China '' (or "Free China '') to differentiate it from "Communist China '' (or "Red China ''). It was a member of the United Nations representing "China '' until 1971, when it lost its seat to the People 's Republic of China. Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become commonly known as "Taiwan '', after the island that comprises 99 % of the territory under its control. In some contexts, especially official ones from the ROC government, the name is written as "Republic of China (Taiwan) '', "Republic of China / Taiwan '', or sometimes "Taiwan (ROC). '' The Republic of China participates in most international forums and organizations under the name "Chinese Taipei '' due to diplomatic pressure from the People 's Republic of China. For instance, it is the name under which it has competed at the Olympic Games since 1984, and its name as an observer at the World Health Organization.
Taiwan was joined to the mainland in the Late Pleistocene, until sea levels rose about 10,000 years ago. Fragmentary human remains dated 20,000 to 30,000 years ago have been found on the island, as well as later artefacts of a Paleolithic culture.
Around 6,000 years ago, Taiwan was settled by farmers, most likely from mainland China. They are believed to be the ancestors of today 's Taiwanese aborigines, whose languages belong to the Austronesian language family, but show much greater diversity than the rest of the family, which spans a huge area from Maritime Southeast Asia west to Madagascar and east as far as New Zealand, Hawaii and Easter Island. This has led linguists to propose Taiwan as the urheimat of the family, from which seafaring peoples dispersed across Southeast Asia and the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Han Chinese fishermen began settling in the Penghu islands in the 13th century, but Taiwan 's hostile tribes and its lack of valuable trade products meant that few outsiders visited the island until the 16th century, when visits to the coast by fishermen from Fujian and Chinese and Japanese pirates became more frequent.
The Dutch East India Company attempted to establish a trading outpost on the Penghu Islands (Pescadores) in 1622, but were militarily defeated and driven off by the Ming authorities.
In 1624, the company established a stronghold called Fort Zeelandia on the coastal islet of Tayouan, which is now part of the main island at Anping, Tainan. David Wright, a Scottish agent of the company who lived on the island in the 1650s, described the lowland areas of the island as being divided among 11 chiefdoms ranging in size from two settlements to 72. Some of these fell under Dutch control, while others remained independent. The Company began to import labourers from Fujian and Penghu (Pescadores), many of whom settled.
In 1626, the Spanish Empire landed on and occupied northern Taiwan, at the ports of Keelung and Tamsui, as a base to extend their trading. This colonial period lasted 16 years until 1642, when the last Spanish fortress fell to Dutch forces.
Following the fall of the Ming dynasty, Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong), a self - styled Ming loyalist, arrived on the island and captured Fort Zeelandia in 1662, expelling the Dutch Empire and military from the island. Koxinga established the Kingdom of Tungning (1662 -- 1683), with his capital at Tainan. He and his heirs, Zheng Jing, who ruled from 1662 to 1682, and Zheng Keshuang, who ruled less than a year, continued to launch raids on the southeast coast of mainland China well into the Qing dynasty era.
In 1683, following the defeat of Koxinga 's grandson by an armada led by Admiral Shi Lang of southern Fujian, the Qing dynasty formally annexed Taiwan, placing it under the jurisdiction of Fujian province. The Qing imperial government tried to reduce piracy and vagrancy in the area, issuing a series of edicts to manage immigration and respect aboriginal land rights. Immigrants mostly from southern Fujian continued to enter Taiwan. The border between taxpaying lands and "savage '' lands shifted eastward, with some aborigines becoming sinicized while others retreated into the mountains. During this time, there were a number of conflicts between groups of Han Chinese from different regions of southern Fujian, particularly between those from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, and between southern Fujian Chinese and aborigines.
Northern Taiwan and the Penghu Islands were the scene of subsidiary campaigns in the Sino - French War (August 1884 to April 1885). The French occupied Keelung on 1 October 1884, but were repulsed from Tamsui a few days later. The French won some tactical victories but were unable to exploit them, and the Keelung Campaign ended in stalemate. The Pescadores Campaign, beginning on 31 March 1885, was a French victory, but had no long - term consequences. The French evacuated both Keelung and the Penghu archipelago after the end of the war.
In 1887, the Qing upgraded the island 's administration from Taiwan Prefecture of Fujian to Fujian - Taiwan - Province (福建 臺灣 省), the twentieth in the empire, with its capital at Taipei. This was accompanied by a modernization drive that included building China 's first railroad.
As the Qing dynasty was defeated in the First Sino - Japanese War (1894 -- 1895), Taiwan, along with Penghu and Liaodong Peninsula, were ceded in full sovereignty to the Empire of Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Inhabitants on Taiwan and Penghu wishing to remain Qing subjects were given a two - year grace period to sell their property and move to mainland China. Very few Taiwanese saw this as feasible. On 25 May 1895, a group of pro-Qing high officials proclaimed the Republic of Formosa to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital at Tainan and quelled this resistance on 21 October 1895. Guerrilla fighting continued periodically until about 1902 and ultimately took the lives of 14,000 Taiwanese, or 0.5 % of the population. Several subsequent rebellions against the Japanese (the Beipu uprising of 1907, the Tapani incident of 1915, and the Musha incident of 1930) were all unsuccessful but demonstrated opposition to Japanese colonial rule.
Japanese colonial rule was instrumental in the industrialization of the island, extending the railroads and other transportation networks, building an extensive sanitation system, and establishing a formal education system. Japanese rule ended the practice of headhunting. During this period the human and natural resources of Taiwan were used to aid the development of Japan and the production of cash crops such as rice and sugar greatly increased. By 1939, Taiwan was the seventh greatest sugar producer in the world. Still, the Taiwanese and aborigines were classified as second - and third - class citizens. After suppressing Chinese guerrillas in the first decade of their rule, Japanese authorities engaged in a series of bloody campaigns against the mountain aboriginals, culminating in the Musha Incident of 1930. Intellectuals and laborers who participated in left - wing movements within Taiwan were also arrested and massacred (e.g. Tsiúnn Uī - Suí (蔣 渭水), Masanosuke Watanabe (渡辺 政之 辅)).
Around 1935, the Japanese began an island - wide assimilation project to bind the island more firmly to the Japanese Empire and people were taught to see themselves as Japanese under the Kominka Movement, during which time Taiwanese culture and religion were outlawed and the citizens were encouraged to adopt Japanese surnames. The "South Strike Group '' was based at the Taihoku Imperial University in Taipei. During World War II, tens of thousands of Taiwanese served in the Japanese military. For example, former ROC President Lee Teng - hui 's elder brother served in the Japanese navy and was killed in action in the Philippines in February 1945. The Imperial Japanese Navy operated heavily out of Taiwanese ports. In October 1944, the Formosa Air Battle was fought between American carriers and Japanese forces based in Taiwan. Important Japanese military bases and industrial centres throughout Taiwan, like Kaohsiung, were targets of heavy American bombings. Also during this time, over 2,000 women were forced into sexual slavery for Imperial Japanese troops, now euphemistically called "comfort women. ''
In 1938, there were 309,000 Japanese settlers in Taiwan. After World War II, most of the Japanese were expelled and sent to Japan.
On 25 October 1945, the US Navy ferried ROC troops to Taiwan in order to accept the formal surrender of Japanese military forces in Taipei on behalf of the Allied Powers, as part of General Order No. 1 for temporary military occupation. General Rikichi Andō, governor - general of Taiwan and commander - in - chief of all Japanese forces on the island, signed the receipt and handed it over to General Chen Yi of the ROC military to complete the official turnover. Chen Yi proclaimed that day to be "Taiwan Retrocession Day '', but the Allies considered Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to be under military occupation and still under Japanese sovereignty until 1952, when the Treaty of San Francisco took effect. Although the 1943 Cairo Declaration had envisaged returning these territories to China, in the Treaty of San Francisco and Treaty of Taipei Japan has renounced all claim to them without specifying to what country they were to be surrendered. This introduced the problem of the legal status of Taiwan.
The ROC administration of Taiwan under Chen Yi was strained by increasing tensions between Taiwanese - born people and newly arrived mainlanders, which were compounded by economic woes, such as hyperinflation. Furthermore, cultural and linguistic conflicts between the two groups quickly led to the loss of popular support for the new government, while the mass movement led by the working committee of the Communist Party also aimed to bring down the Kuomintang government. The shooting of a civilian on 28 February 1947 triggered island - wide unrest, which was suppressed with military force in what is now called the February 28 Incident. Mainstream estimates of the number killed range from 18,000 to 30,000. Those killed were mainly members of the Taiwanese elite.
After the end of World War II, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Nationalists (Kuomintang), led by Chiang Kai - shek, and the Communist Party of China, led by Mao Zedong. Throughout the months of 1949, a series of Chinese Communist offensives led to the capture of its capital Nanjing on 23 April and the subsequent defeat of the Nationalist army on the mainland, and the Communists founded the People 's Republic of China on 1 October.
On 7 December 1949, after the loss of four capitals, Chiang evacuated his Nationalist government to Taiwan and made Taipei the temporary capital of the ROC (also called the "wartime capital '' by Chiang Kai - shek). Some 2 million people, consisting mainly of soldiers, members of the ruling Kuomintang and intellectual and business elites, were evacuated from mainland China to Taiwan at that time, adding to the earlier population of approximately six million. In addition, the ROC government took to Taipei many national treasures and much of China 's gold reserves and foreign currency reserves.
After losing most of the mainland, the Kuomintang held remaining control of Tibet, the portions of Qinghai, Xinjiang, and Yunnan provinces along with the Hainan Island until 1951 before the Communists subsequently captured both territories. From this point onwards, the Kuomintang 's territory was reduced to Taiwan, Penghu, the portions of the Fujian province (Kinmen and Matsu Islands), and two major islands of Dongsha Islands and Nansha Islands. The Kuomintang continued to claim sovereignty over all "China '', which it defined to include mainland China, Taiwan, Outer Mongolia and other areas. On mainland China, the victorious Communists claimed they ruled the sole and only China (which they claimed included Taiwan) and that the Republic of China no longer existed.
Martial law, declared on Taiwan in May 1949, continued to be in effect after the central government relocated to Taiwan. It was not repealed until 1987, and was used as a way to suppress the political opposition in the intervening years. During the White Terror, as the period is known, 140,000 people were imprisoned or executed for being perceived as anti-KMT or pro-Communist. Many citizens were arrested, tortured, imprisoned and executed for their real or perceived link to the Communists. Since these people were mainly from the intellectual and social elite, an entire generation of political and social leaders was decimated. In 1998 law was passed to create the "Compensation Foundation for Improper Verdicts '' which oversaw compensation to White Terror victims and families. President Ma Ying - jeou made an official apology in 2008, expressing hope that there will never be a tragedy similar to White Terror.
Initially, the United States abandoned the KMT and expected that Taiwan would fall to the Communists. However, in 1950 the conflict between North Korea and South Korea, which had been ongoing since the Japanese withdrawal in 1945, escalated into full - blown war, and in the context of the Cold War, US President Harry S. Truman intervened again and dispatched the US Navy 's 7th Fleet into the Taiwan Strait to prevent hostilities between Taiwan and mainland China. In the Treaty of San Francisco and the Treaty of Taipei, which came into force respectively on 28 April 1952 and 5 August 1952, Japan formally renounced all right, claim and title to Taiwan and Penghu, and renounced all treaties signed with China before 1942. Neither treaty specified to whom sovereignty over the islands should be transferred, because the United States and the United Kingdom disagreed on whether the ROC or the PRC was the legitimate government of China. Continuing conflict of the Chinese Civil War through the 1950s, and intervention by the United States notably resulted in legislation such as the Sino - American Mutual Defense Treaty and the Formosa Resolution of 1955.
As the Chinese Civil War continued without truce, the government built up military fortifications throughout Taiwan. Within this effort, KMT veterans built the now famous Central Cross-Island Highway through the Taroko Gorge in the 1950s. The two sides would continue to engage in sporadic military clashes with seldom publicized details well into the 1960s on the China coastal islands with an unknown number of night raids. During the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis in September 1958, Taiwan 's landscape saw Nike - Hercules missile batteries added, with the formation of the 1st Missile Battalion Chinese Army that would not be deactivated until 1997. Newer generations of missile batteries have since replaced the Nike Hercules systems throughout the island.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the ROC maintained an authoritarian, single - party government while its economy became industrialized and technology oriented. This rapid economic growth, known as the Taiwan Miracle, was the result of a fiscal regime independent from mainland China and backed up, among others, by the support of US funds and demand for Taiwanese products. In the 1970s, Taiwan was economically the second fastest growing state in Asia after Japan. Taiwan, along with Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, became known as one of the Four Asian Tigers. Because of the Cold War, most Western nations and the United Nations regarded the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China until the 1970s. Later, especially after the termination of the Sino - American Mutual Defense Treaty, most nations switched diplomatic recognition to the PRC (see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758).
Up until the 1970s, the government was regarded by Western critics as undemocratic for upholding martial law, for severely repressing any political opposition and for controlling media. The KMT did not allow the creation of new parties and those that existed did not seriously compete with the KMT. Thus, competitive democratic elections did not exist. From the late 1970s to the 1990s, however, Taiwan went through reforms and social changes that transformed it from an authoritarian state to a democracy. In 1979, a pro-democracy protest known as the Kaohsiung Incident took place in Kaohsiung to celebrate Human Rights Day. Although the protest was rapidly crushed by the authorities, it is today considered as the main event that united Taiwan 's opposition.
Chiang Ching - kuo, Chiang Kai - shek 's son and successor as the president, began to liberalize the political system in the mid-1980s. In 1984, the younger Chiang selected Lee Teng - hui, a Taiwanese - born, US - educated technocrat, to be his vice-president. In 1986, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was formed and inaugurated as the first opposition party in the ROC to counter the KMT. A year later, Chiang Ching - kuo lifted martial law on the main island of Taiwan (martial law was lifted on Penghu in 1979, Matsu island in 1992 and Kinmen island in 1993). With the advent of democratization, the issue of the political status of Taiwan gradually resurfaced as a controversial issue where, previously, the discussion of anything other than unification under the ROC was taboo.
After the death of Chiang Ching - kuo in January 1988, Lee Teng - hui succeeded him as president. Lee continued to democratize the government and decrease the concentration of government authority in the hands of mainland Chinese. Under Lee, Taiwan underwent a process of localization in which Taiwanese culture and history were promoted over a pan-China viewpoint in contrast to earlier KMT policies which had promoted a Chinese identity. Lee 's reforms included printing banknotes from the Central Bank rather than the Provincial Bank of Taiwan, and streamlining the Taiwan Provincial Government with most of its functions transferred to the Executive Yuan. Under Lee, the original members of the Legislative Yuan and National Assembly (a former supreme legislative body defunct in 2005), elected in 1947 to represent mainland Chinese constituencies and having held the seats without re-election for more than four decades, were forced to resign in 1991. The previously nominal representation in the Legislative Yuan was brought to an end, reflecting the reality that the ROC had no jurisdiction over mainland China, and vice versa. Restrictions on the use of Taiwanese Hokkien in the broadcast media and in schools were also lifted.
Democratic reforms continued in the 1990s, with Lee Teng - hui re-elected in 1996, in the first direct presidential election in the history of the ROC. During the later years of Lee 's administration, he was involved in corruption controversies relating to government release of land and weapons purchase, although no legal proceedings commenced. In 1997, "To meet the requisites of the nation prior to national unification '', the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China was passed and then the former "constitution of five powers '' turns to be more tripartite. In 2000, Chen Shui - bian of the Democratic Progressive Party was elected as the first non-Kuomintang (KMT) President and was re-elected to serve his second and last term since 2004. Polarized politics has emerged in Taiwan with the formation of the Pan-Blue Coalition of parties led by the KMT, favouring eventual Chinese reunification, and the Pan-Green Coalition of parties led by the DPP, favouring an eventual and official declaration of Taiwanese independence. In early 2006, President Chen Shui - bian remarked: "The National Unification Council will cease to function. No budget will be ear - marked for it and its personnel must return to their original posts... The National Unification Guidelines will cease to apply. ''
On 30 September 2007, the ruling DPP approved a resolution asserting a separate identity from China and called for the enactment of a new constitution for a "normal country ''. It also called for general use of "Taiwan '' as the country 's name, without abolishing its formal name, the Republic of China. The Chen administration also pushed for referendums on national defence and UN entry in the 2004 and 2008 elections, which failed due to voter turnout below the required legal threshold of 50 % of all registered voters. The Chen administration was dogged by public concerns over reduced economic growth, legislative gridlock due to a pan-blue, opposition - controlled Legislative Yuan and corruption involving the First Family as well as government officials.
The KMT increased its majority in the Legislative Yuan in the January 2008 legislative elections, while its nominee Ma Ying - jeou went on to win the presidency in March of the same year, campaigning on a platform of increased economic growth and better ties with the PRC under a policy of "mutual nondenial ''. Ma took office on 20 May 2008, the same day that President Chen Shui - bian stepped down and was notified by prosecutors of possible corruption charges. Part of the rationale for campaigning for closer economic ties with the PRC stems from the strong economic growth China attained since joining the World Trade Organization. However, some analysts say that despite the election of Ma Ying - jeou, the diplomatic and military tensions with the PRC have not been reduced.
The total area of the current jurisdiction of the Republic of China is 36,193 km (13,974 sq mi), making it the world 's 137th - largest country / dependency, smaller than Switzerland and larger than Belgium.
The island of Taiwan lies some 180 kilometres (110 mi) off the southeastern coast of mainland China, which lies across the Taiwan Strait, and has an area of 35,883 km (13,855 sq mi). The East China Sea lies to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east, the Bashi Channel of the Luzon Strait directly to the south, and the South China Sea to the southwest. All are arms of the Pacific Ocean. Its shape is similar to a sweet potato, giving rise to the name sweet potato used by Taiwanese Hokkien speakers for people of Taiwanese descent.
The island is characterized by the contrast between the eastern two - thirds, consisting mostly of rugged mountains running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island, and the flat to gently rolling Chianan Plains in the west that are also home to most of Taiwan 's population. Taiwan 's highest point is Yu Shan (Jade Mountain) at 3,952 metres (12,966 ft), making Taiwan the world 's fourth - highest island.
The Penghu Islands, 50 km (31.1 mi) west of the main island, have an area of 126.9 km (49.0 sq mi). More distant islands controlled by the Republic of China are the Kinmen, Wuchiu and Matsu Islands off the coast of Fujian, with a total area of 180.5 km (69.7 sq mi), and the Pratas Islands and Taiping Island in the South China Sea, with a total area of 2.9 km (1.1 sq mi) and no permanent inhabitants. The ROC government also claims the Senkaku Islands to the northeast, which are controlled by Japan.
Taiwan lies on the Tropic of Cancer, and its general climate is marine tropical. The northern and central regions are subtropical, whereas the south is tropical and the mountainous regions are temperate. The average rainfall is 2,600 millimetres (100 inches) per year for the island proper; the rainy season is concurrent with the onset of the summer East Asian Monsoon in May and June. The entire island experiences hot, humid weather from June through September. Typhoons are most common in July, August and September. During the winter (November to March), the northeast experiences steady rain, while the central and southern parts of the island are mostly sunny.
The island of Taiwan lies in a complex tectonic area between the Yangtze Plate to the west and north, the Okinawa Plate on the north - east, and the Philippine Mobile Belt on the east and south. The upper part of the crust on the island is primarily made up of a series of terranes, mostly old island arcs which have been forced together by the collision of the forerunners of the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. These have been further uplifted as a result of the detachment of a portion of the Eurasian Plate as it was subducted beneath remnants of the Philippine Sea Plate, a process which left the crust under Taiwan more buoyant.
The east and south of Taiwan are a complex system of belts formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between the North Luzon Trough portion of the Luzon Volcanic Arc and South China, where accreted portions of the Luzon Arc and Luzon forearc form the eastern Coastal Range and parallel inland Longitudinal Valley of Taiwan respectively.
The major seismic faults in Taiwan correspond to the various suture zones between the various terranes. These have produced major quakes throughout the history of the island. On 21 September 1999, a 7.3 quake known as the "921 earthquake '' killed more than 2,400 people. The seismic hazard map for Taiwan by the USGS shows 9 / 10 of the island as the highest rating (most hazardous).
The political and legal statuses of Taiwan are contentious issues. The People 's Republic of China (PRC) claims that the Republic of China government is illegitimate, referring to it as the "Taiwan Authority ''. The ROC, however, with its own constitution, independently elected president and armed forces, continues to view itself as the sole representative of China. The territory being controlled by the state has never been controlled by the PRC.
Internationally, there is controversy on whether the ROC still exists as a state or a defunct state per international law due to the lack of wide diplomatic recognition. In a poll of Taiwanese aged 20 and older taken by TVBS in March 2009, a majority of 64 % opted for the "status quo '', while 19 % favoured "independence '' and 5 % favoured "unification ''.
The political environment is complicated by the potential for military conflict should Taiwan make overt actions toward de jure independence; it is the official PRC policy to use force to ensure reunification if peaceful reunification is no longer possible, as stated in its anti-secession law, and for this reason there are substantial military installations on the Fujian coast.
On 29 April 2005, Kuomintang Chairman Lien Chan travelled to Beijing and met with Communist Party of China (CPC) Secretary - General Hu Jintao, the first meeting between the leaders of the two parties since the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. On 11 February 2014, Mainland Affairs Council Head Wang Yu - chi travelled to Nanjing and met with Taiwan Affairs Office Head Zhang Zhijun, the first meeting between high - ranking officials from either side. Zhang paid a reciprocal visit to Taiwan and met Wang on 25 June 2014, making Zhang the first minister - level PRC official to ever visit Taiwan. On 7 November 2015, Ma Ying - jeou (in his capacity as Leader of Taiwan) and Xi Jinping (in his capacity as Leader of Mainland China) travelled to Singapore and met up, marking the highest - level exchange between the two sides since 1949.
The PRC supports a version of the One - China policy, which states that Taiwan and mainland China are both part of China, and that the PRC is the only legitimate government of China. It uses this policy to prevent the international recognition of the ROC as an independent sovereign state, meaning that Taiwan participates in international forums under the name "Chinese Taipei ''. With the emergence of the Taiwanese independence movement, the name "Taiwan '' has been employed increasingly often on the island.
Before 1928, the foreign policy of Republican China was complicated by a lack of internal unity -- competing centres of power all claimed legitimacy. This situation changed after the defeat of the Peiyang Government by the Kuomintang, which led to widespread diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China.
After the KMT 's retreat to Taiwan, most countries, notably the countries in the Western Bloc, continued to maintain relations with the ROC. Due to diplomatic pressure, recognition gradually eroded and many countries switched recognition to the PRC in the 1970s. UN Resolution 2758 (25 October 1971) recognized the People 's Republic of China as China 's sole representative in the United Nations.
The PRC refuses to have diplomatic relations with any nation that recognizes the ROC, and requires all nations with which it has diplomatic relations to make a statement recognizing its claims to Taiwan. As a result, only 19 UN member states and the Holy See maintain official diplomatic relations with the Republic of China. The ROC maintains unofficial relations with most countries via de facto embassies and consulates called Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices (TECRO), with branch offices called "Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices '' (TECO). Both TECRO and TECO are "unofficial commercial entities '' of the ROC in charge of maintaining diplomatic relations, providing consular services (i.e. visa applications), and serving the national interests of the ROC in other countries.
The United States remains one of the main allies of the country and, through the Taiwan Relations Act passed in 1979, has continued selling arms and providing military training to the Armed Forces. This situation continues to be an issue for the People 's Republic of China which considers US involvement disruptive to the stability of the region. In January 2010, the Obama administration announced its intention to sell $6.4 billion worth of military hardware to Taiwan. As a consequence, the PRC threatened the US with economic sanctions and warned that their co-operation on international and regional issues could suffer.
The official position of the United States is that the PRC is expected to "use no force or threat (en) to use force against Taiwan '' and the ROC is to "exercise prudence in managing all aspects of Cross-Strait relations. '' Both are to refrain from performing actions or espousing statements "that would unilaterally alter Taiwan 's status. ''
On 16 December 2015, the Obama administration announced a deal to sell $1.83 billion worth of arms to the armed forces of the ROC. China 's foreign ministry had expressed its disapproval for the sales and issued the US a "stern warning '', saying it would hurt China -- US relations.
The ROC was a founding member of the United Nations, and held the seat of China on the Security Council and other UN bodies until 1971, when it was expelled by Resolution 2758 and replaced in all UN organs with the PRC. Each year since 1992, the ROC has petitioned the UN for entry, but its applications have not made it past committee.
Due to its limited international recognition, the Republic of China is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, represented by a government - funded organization, the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD) under the name "Taiwan ''.
Also due to its One China policy, the PRC only participates in international organizations where the ROC is not recognized as a sovereign country. Most member states, including the United States, do not wish to discuss the issue of the ROC 's political status for fear of souring diplomatic ties with the PRC. However, both the US and Japan publicly support the ROC 's bid for membership in the World Health Organization as an observer. However, though the ROC sought to participate in the WHO since 1997, their efforts were blocked by the PRC until 2010, when they were invited as observers to attend the World Health Assembly, under the name "Chinese Taipei ''.
Due to PRC pressure, the ROC is forced to use the name "Chinese Taipei '' in international events, such as the Olympic Games, where the PRC is also a party. The ROC is typically barred from using its national anthem and national flag in international events due to PRC pressure; ROC spectators attending events such as the Olympics are often barred from bringing ROC flags into venues. Taiwan also participates in the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (since 1991) and the World Trade Organization (since 2002) under the name "Chinese Taipei ''. The ROC is able to participate as "China '' in organizations that the PRC does not participate in, such as the World Organization of the Scout Movement.
Within Taiwan, opinions are polarized between those supporting unification, represented by the Pan-Blue Coalition of parties, and those supporting independence, represented by the Pan-Green Coalition.
The KMT, the largest Pan-Blue party, supports the status quo for the indefinite future with a stated ultimate goal of unification. However, it does not support unification in the short term with the PRC as such a prospect would be unacceptable to most of its members and the public. Ma Ying - jeou, chairman of the KMT and former president of the ROC, has set out democracy, economic development to a level near that of Taiwan, and equitable wealth distribution as the conditions that the PRC must fulfill for reunification to occur.
The Democratic Progressive Party, the largest Pan-Green party, officially seeks independence, but in practice also supports the status quo because its members and the public would not accept the risk of provoking the PRC.
On 2 September 2008, Mexican newspaper El Sol de México asked President Ma about his views on the subject of "two Chinas '' and if there was a solution for the sovereignty issues between the two. The president replied that the relations are neither between two Chinas nor two states. It is a special relationship. Further, he stated that the sovereignty issues between the two can not be resolved at present, but he quoted the "1992 Consensus '', currently accepted by both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China, as a temporary measure until a solution becomes available.
The relationship with the PRC and the related issues of Taiwanese independence and Chinese reunification continue to dominate politics.
The government of the Republic of China was founded on the Constitution of the ROC and its Three Principles of the People, which states that the ROC "shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be governed by the people and for the people. '' The government is divided into five branches (Yuan): the Executive Yuan (cabinet), the Legislative Yuan (Congress or Parliament), the Judicial Yuan, the Control Yuan (audit agency), and the Examination Yuan (civil service examination agency). The constitution was drafted before the fall of mainland China to the Communist Party of China. It was created by the KMT for the purpose of all of its claimed territory, including Taiwan, even though the Communist Party boycotted the drafting of the constitution. The constitution went into effect on 25 December 1947. The ROC remained under martial law from 1948 until 1987 and much of the constitution was not in effect. Political reforms beginning in the late 1970s and continuing through the early 1990s liberalized the country and transformed into a multiparty democracy. Since the lifting of martial law, the Republic of China has democratized and reformed, suspending constitutional components that were originally meant for the whole of China. This process of amendment continues. In 2000, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the presidency, ending KMT 's continuous control of the government. In May 2005, a new National Assembly was elected to reduce the number of parliamentary seats and implement several constitutional reforms. These reforms have been passed; the National Assembly has essentially voted to abolish itself and transfer the power of constitutional reform to the popular ballot.
The head of state and commander - in - chief of the armed forces is the president, who is elected by popular vote for a maximum of 2 four - year terms on the same ticket as the vice-president. The president has authority over the Yuan. The president appoints the members of the Executive Yuan as his cabinet, including a premier, who is officially the President of the Executive Yuan; members are responsible for policy and administration.
The main legislative body is the unicameral Legislative Yuan with 113 seats. Seventy - three are elected by popular vote from single - member constituencies; thirty - four are elected based on the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties in a separate party list ballot; and six are elected from two three - member aboriginal constituencies. Members serve four - year terms. Originally the unicameral National Assembly, as a standing constitutional convention and electoral college, held some parliamentary functions, but the National Assembly was abolished in 2005 with the power of constitutional amendments handed over to the Legislative Yuan and all eligible voters of the Republic via referendums.
The premier is selected by the president without the need for approval from the legislature, but the legislature can pass laws without regard for the president, as neither he nor the Premier wields veto power. Thus, there is little incentive for the president and the legislature to negotiate on legislation if they are of opposing parties. After the election of the pan-Green's Chen Shui - bian as President in 2000, legislation repeatedly stalled because of deadlock with the Legislative Yuan, which was controlled by a pan-Blue majority. Historically, the ROC has been dominated by strongman single party politics. This legacy has resulted in executive powers currently being concentrated in the office of the president rather than the premier, even though the constitution does not explicitly state the extent of the president 's executive power.
The Judicial Yuan is the highest judicial organ. It interprets the constitution and other laws and decrees, judges administrative suits, and disciplines public functionaries. The president and vice-president of the Judicial Yuan and additional thirteen justices form the Council of Grand Justices. They are nominated and appointed by the president, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan. The highest court, the Supreme Court, consists of a number of civil and criminal divisions, each of which is formed by a presiding judge and four associate judges, all appointed for life. In 1993, a separate constitutional court was established to resolve constitutional disputes, regulate the activities of political parties and accelerate the democratization process. There is no trial by jury but the right to a fair public trial is protected by law and respected in practice; many cases are presided over by multiple judges.
Capital punishment is still used in Taiwan, although efforts have been made by the government to reduce the number of executions. Nevertheless, according to a survey in 2006, about 80 % of Taiwanese still wanted to keep the death penalty.
The Control Yuan is a watchdog agency that monitors (controls) the actions of the executive. It can be considered a standing commission for administrative inquiry and can be compared to the Court of Auditors of the European Union or the Government Accountability Office of the United States.
The Examination Yuan is in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants. It is based on the old imperial examination system used in dynastic China. It can be compared to the European Personnel Selection Office of the European Union or the Office of Personnel Management of the United States.
The tension between China and Taiwan colours most of the political life, and any government move towards "Taiwan independence '' is met by threat of military attack from the PRC. The PRC 's official policy is to reunify Taiwan and mainland China under the formula of "one country, two systems '' and refuses to renounce the use of military force, especially should Taiwan seek a declaration of independence.
The political scene is generally divided into two major camps in terms of views on how Taiwan should relate to China or the PRC, referred to as cross-Strait relations. It is the main political difference between two camps: the Pan-Blue Coalition, composed of the pro-unification Kuomintang, People First Party (PFP), and New Party, who believe that the ROC is the sole legitimate government of "China '' (including Taiwan) and supports eventual Chinese reunification. The opposition Pan-Green Coalition is composed of the pro-independence DPP and Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU). It regards Taiwan as an independent, sovereign state synonymous with the ROC, opposes the definition that Taiwan is part of "China '', and seeks wide diplomatic recognition and an eventual declaration of formal Taiwan independence. The Pan-Green camp tends to favour emphasizing the Republic of China as being a distinct country from the People 's Republic of China. Thus, in September 2007, the then ruling Democratic Progressive Party approved a resolution asserting separate identity from China and called for the enactment of a new constitution for a "normal country ''. It called also for general use of "Taiwan '' as the country 's name, without abolishing its formal name, the "Republic of China ''. Some members of the coalition, such as former President Chen Shui - bian, argue that it is unnecessary to proclaim independence because "Taiwan is already an independent, sovereign country '' and the Republic of China is the same as Taiwan. Despite being a member of KMT prior to and during his presidency, Lee Teng - hui also held a similar view and was a supporter of the Taiwanization movement.
Pan-Blue members generally support the concept of the One - China policy, which states that there is only one China and that its only government is the ROC. They favour eventual re-unification of China. The more mainstream Pan-Blue position is to lift investment restrictions and pursue negotiations with the PRC to immediately open direct transportation links. Regarding independence, the mainstream Pan-Blue position is to maintain the status quo, while refusing immediate reunification. President Ma Ying - jeou stated that there will be no unification nor declaration of independence during his presidency. As of 2009, Pan-Blue members usually seek to improve relationships with mainland China, with a current focus on improving economic ties.
The dominant political issue in Taiwan is its relationship with the PRC. For almost 60 years, there were no direct transportation links, including direct flights, between Taiwan and mainland China. This was a problem for many Taiwanese businesses that had opened factories or branches in mainland China. The former DPP administration feared that such links would lead to tighter economic and political integration with mainland China, and in the 2006 Lunar New Year Speech, President Chen Shui - bian called for managed opening of links. Direct weekend charter flights between Taiwan and mainland China began in July 2008 under the current KMT government, and the first direct daily charter flights took off in December 2008.
Other major political issues include the passage of an arms procurement bill that the United States authorized in 2001. In 2008, however, the United States was reluctant to send over more arms to Taiwan out of fear that it would hinder the recent improvement of ties between the PRC and the ROC. Another major political issue is the establishment of a National Communications Commission to take over from the Government Information Office, whose advertising budget exercised great control over the media.
The politicians and their parties have themselves become major political issues. Corruption among some DPP administration officials has been exposed. In early 2006, President Chen Shui - bian was linked to possible corruption. The political effect on President Chen Shui - bian was great, causing a divide in the DPP leadership and supporters alike. It eventually led to the creation of a political camp led by ex-DPP leader Shih Ming - teh which believes the president should resign. The KMT assets continue to be another major issue, as it was once the richest political party in the world. Nearing the end of 2006, KMT 's chairman Ma Ying - jeou was also hit by corruption controversies, although he has since then been cleared of any wrongdoings by the courts. After completing his second term as President, Chen Shui - bian was charged with corruption and money laundering. Following his conviction, he is serving a 17 - year sentence in Taipei Prison.
Roughly 84 % of Taiwan 's population descends from Han Chinese who migrated from Qing China between 1661 and 1895. Another significant fraction descends from Han Chinese who immigrated from mainland China in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The shared cultural origin combined with several hundred years of geographical separation, some hundred years of political separation and foreign influences, as well as hostility between the rival ROC and PRC have resulted in national identity being a contentious issue with political overtones. Since democratization and the lifting of martial law, a distinct Taiwanese identity (as opposed to Taiwanese identity as a subset of a Chinese identity) is often at the heart of political debates. Its acceptance makes the island distinct from mainland China, and therefore may be seen as a step towards forming a consensus for de jure Taiwan independence. The pan-green camp supports a distinct Taiwanese identity, while the pan-blue camp supports a Chinese identity only. The KMT has downplayed this stance in the recent years and now supports a Taiwanese identity as part of a Chinese identity.
According to a survey conducted in March 2009, 49 % of the respondents consider themselves as Taiwanese only, and 44 % of the respondents consider themselves as Taiwanese and Chinese. 3 % consider themselves as only Chinese. Another survey, conducted in Taiwan in July 2009, showed that 82.8 % of respondents consider the ROC and the PRC as two separate countries with each developing on its own. A survey conducted in December 2009 showed that 62 % of the respondents consider themselves as Taiwanese only, and 22 % of the respondents consider themselves as both Taiwanese and Chinese. 8 % consider themselves as only Chinese. The survey also shows that among 18 - to 29 - year - old respondents, 75 % consider themselves as Taiwanese only.
In the latest survey conducted by National Chengchi University in 2014 and published in early 2015, 60.6 % of respondents identified themselves exclusively as Taiwanese, 32.5 % identified themselves as both Taiwanese and Chinese and 3.5 % identified themselves as Chinese.
The Republic of China Army takes its roots in the National Revolutionary Army, which was established by Sun Yat - sen in 1925 in Guangdong with a goal of reunifying China under the Kuomintang. When the People 's Liberation Army won the Chinese Civil War, much of the National Revolutionary Army retreated to Taiwan along with the government. It was later reformed into the Republic of China Army. Units which surrendered and remained in mainland China were either disbanded or incorporated into the People 's Liberation Army.
Today, the Republic of China maintains a large and technologically advanced military, mainly as defence against the constant threat of invasion by the PRC under the Anti-Secession Law of the People 's Republic of China. From 1949 to the 1970s, the primary mission of the military was to "retake the mainland '' through Project National Glory. As this mission has shifted to defence, the ROC military has begun to shift emphasis from the traditionally dominant Army to the air force and navy.
Control of the armed forces has also passed into the hands of the civilian government. As the ROC military shares historical roots with the KMT, the older generation of high - ranking officers tends to have Pan-Blue sympathies. However, many have retired and there are many more non-mainlanders enlisting in the armed forces in the younger generations, so the political leanings of the military have moved closer to the public norm in Taiwan.
The ROC began a force reduction program, Jingshi An (translated to streamlining program), to scale down its military from a level of 450,000 in 1997 to 380,000 in 2001. As of 2009, the armed forces of the ROC number approximately 300,000, with nominal reserves totalling 3.6 million as of 2005. Conscription remains universal for qualified males reaching age eighteen, but as a part of the reduction effort many are given the opportunity to fulfill their draft requirement through alternative service and are redirected to government agencies or defence related industries. Current plans call for a transition to a predominantly professional army over the next decade. Conscription periods are planned to decrease from 14 months to 12. In the last months of the Bush administration, Taipei took the decision to reverse the trend of declining defence spending, at a time when most Asian countries kept on reducing their military expenditures. It also decided to modernize both defensive and offensive capabilities. Taipei still keeps a large military apparatus relative to the island 's population: defence expenditures for 2008 were NTD 334 billion (approximately US $10.5 billion), which accounted for 2.94 % of GDP.
The armed forces ' primary concern at this time, according to the National Defense Report, is the possibility of an invasion by the PRC, consisting of a naval blockade, airborne assault, and / or missile bombardment. Four upgraded Kidd - class destroyers were purchased from the United States, and commissioned into the Republic of China Navy in 2005 -- 2006, significantly upgrading Taiwan 's air defence and submarine hunting abilities. The Ministry of National Defense planned to purchase diesel - powered submarines and Patriot anti-missile batteries from the United States, but its budget has been stalled repeatedly by the opposition - Pan-Blue Coalition controlled legislature. The defence package was stalled from 2001 to 2007 where it was finally passed through the legislature and the US responded on 3 October 2008, with a $6.5 billion arms package including PAC III Anti-Air defence systems, AH - 64D Apache Attack helicopters and other arms and parts. A significant amount of military hardware has been bought from the United States, and, as of 2009, continues to be legally guaranteed by the Taiwan Relations Act. In the past, France and the Netherlands have also sold military weapons and hardware to the ROC, but they almost entirely stopped in the 1990s under pressure of the PRC.
The first line of defence against invasion by the PRC is the ROC 's own armed forces. Current ROC military doctrine is to hold out against an invasion or blockade until the US military responds. There is, however, no guarantee in the Taiwan Relations Act or any other treaty that the United States will defend Taiwan, even in the event of invasion. The joint declaration on security between the US and Japan signed in 1996 may imply that Japan would be involved in any response. However, Japan has refused to stipulate whether the "area surrounding Japan '' mentioned in the pact includes Taiwan, and the precise purpose of the pact is unclear. The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS Treaty) may mean that other US allies, such as Australia, could theoretically be involved. In practice, the risk of losing economic ties with China may prevent Australia from taking action. The United States, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Canada, Chile, and Peru conduct maritime exercises in the Pacific Ocean every two years called RIMPAC. They are conducted to promote stability and to be able to respond in case of an armed conflict in the region -- that includes an invasion of Taiwan by China.
According to the 1947 constitution, written and promulgated whilst the ROC government still controlled mainland China, the territory of the ROC consisted of provinces, special municipalities, special administrative regions and autonomous regions (Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet), which were given extremely high levels of autonomy. According to the Executive Yuan in 2012, Mongolia was re-recognized by Republic of China as an independent country when the constitution was announced in 1946.
When the ROC retreated to Taiwan in 1949, its claimed territory consisted of 35 provinces, 12 special municipalities, 1 special administrative region and 2 autonomous regions. However, since its retreat, the ROC has controlled only Taiwan Province and some islands of Fujian Province. The ROC also controls the Pratas Islands and Taiping Island in the Spratly Islands, which are part of the disputed South China Sea Islands. They were placed under Kaohsiung administration after the retreat to Taiwan.
Since 1949, the government has made some changes in the area under its control. Taipei became a special municipality in 1967 and Kaohsiung in 1979. The two provincial governments were "streamlined '', with their functions transferred to the central government (Fujian in 1956 and Taiwan in 1998). In 2010, New Taipei, Taichung and Tainan were upgraded to special municipalities. And in 2014, Taoyuan County was also upgraded to Taoyuan special municipality. This brought the top - level divisions to their current state:
According to Article 4 of the Local Government Act, laws pertaining to special municipalities also apply to counties with a population exceeding 2 million. This provision does not currently apply to any county, although it previously applied to Taipei County (now New Taipei City) and Taoyuan County (now Taoyuan City).
The quick industrialization and rapid growth of Taiwan during the latter half of the 20th century has been called the "Taiwan Miracle ''. Taiwan is one of the "Four Asian Tigers '' alongside Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore.
Japanese rule prior to and during World War II brought changes in the public and private sectors, most notably in the area of public works, which enabled rapid communications and facilitated transport throughout much of the island. The Japanese also improved public education and made it compulsory for all residents of Taiwan.
By 1945, hyperinflation was in progress in mainland China and Taiwan as a result of the war with Japan. To isolate Taiwan from it, the Nationalist government created a new currency area for the island, and began a price stabilization program. These efforts significantly slowed inflation.
When the KMT government fled to Taiwan it brought millions of taels (where 1 tael ~ 1.2 ozt) of gold and the foreign currency reserve of mainland China, which, according to the KMT, stabilized prices and reduced hyperinflation. Perhaps more importantly, as part of its retreat to Taiwan, the KMT brought the intellectual and business elites from Mainland China. The KMT government instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China. The government also implemented a policy of import - substitution, attempting to produce imported goods domestically.
In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War, the United States began an aid program which resulted in fully stabilized prices by 1952. Economic development was encouraged by American economic aid and programs such as the Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction, which turned the agricultural sector into the basis for later growth. Under the combined stimulus of the land reform and the agricultural development programs, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 4 per cent from 1952 to 1959, which was greater than the population growth, 3.6 %.
In 1962, Taiwan had a (nominal) per - capita gross national product (GNP) of $170, placing its economy on a par with those of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis, its GDP per capita in the early 1960s was $1,353 (in 1990 prices). By 2011 per - capita GNP, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), had risen to $37,000, contributing to a Human Development Index (HDI) equivalent to that of other developed countries. Taiwan 's HDI in 2012 is 0.890, (23rd, very high), according to the UN 's new "Inequality - adjusted HDI '' calculation method.
In 1974, Chiang Ching - kuo implemented the Ten Major Construction Projects, the beginning foundations that helped Taiwan transform into its current export driven economy. Since the 1990s, a number of Taiwan - based technology firms have expanded their reach around the world. Well - known international technology companies headquartered in Taiwan include personal computer manufacturers Acer Inc. and Asus, mobile phone maker HTC, as well as electronics manufacturing giant Foxconn, which makes products for Apple, Amazon, and Microsoft. Computex Taipei is a major computer expo, held since 1981.
Today Taiwan has a dynamic, capitalist, export - driven economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, some large government - owned banks and industrial firms are being privatized. Real growth in GDP has averaged about 8 % during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the world 's fifth largest. The Republic of China has its own currency, the New Taiwan dollar.
Since the beginning of the 1990s, the economic ties between Taiwan and the People 's Republic of China have been very prolific. As of 2008, more than US $150 billion have been invested in the PRC by Taiwanese companies, and about 10 % of the Taiwanese labour force works in the PRC, often to run their own businesses. Although the economy of Taiwan benefits from this situation, some have expressed the view that the island has become increasingly dependent on the Mainland Chinese economy. A 2008 white paper by the Department of Industrial Technology states that "Taiwan should seek to maintain stable relation with China while continuing to protect national security, and avoiding excessive ' Sinicization ' of Taiwanese economy. '' Others argue that close economic ties between Taiwan and Mainland China would make any military intervention by the PLA against Taiwan very costly, and therefore less probable.
Taiwan 's total trade in 2010 reached an all - time high of US $526.04 billion, according to Taiwan 's Ministry of Finance. Both exports and imports for the year reached record levels, totalling US $274.64 billion and US $251.4 billion, respectively.
In 2001, agriculture constituted only 2 % of GDP, down from 35 % in 1952. Traditional labour - intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore and with more capital and technology - intensive industries replacing them. High - technology industrial parks have sprung up in every region in Taiwan. The ROC has become a major foreign investor in the PRC, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. It is estimated that some 50,000 Taiwanese businesses and 1,000,000 businesspeople and their dependents are established in the PRC.
Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered little compared with many of its neighbours from the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Unlike its neighbours, South Korea and Japan, the Taiwanese economy is dominated by small and medium - sized businesses, rather than the large business groups. The global economic downturn, however, combined with poor policy co-ordination by the new administration and increasing bad debts in the banking system, pushed Taiwan into recession in 2001, the first whole year of negative growth since 1947. Due to the relocation of many manufacturing and labour - intensive industries to the PRC, unemployment also reached a level not seen since the 1970s oil crisis. This became a major issue in the 2004 presidential election. Growth averaged more than 4 % in the 2002 -- 2006 period and the unemployment rate fell below 4 %.
The ROC often joins international organizations (especially ones that also include the People 's Republic of China) under a politically neutral name. The ROC is a member of governmental trade organizations such as the World Trade Organization under the name Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) since 2002.
The Ministry of Transportation and Communications of the Republic of China is the cabinet - level governing body of the transportation network in Taiwan. Taiwan has an extensive highway network, classified into five levels: National highways, provincial highways, county routes, township routes, and special routes, with the first four being common. Taiwan also has an extensive bus network, which are mostly run by private bus companies. Inter-city rail services are provided by Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) and Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR). Rapid transit systems include the Taipei Metro, Taoyuan Metro (incl. the Airport MRT) and Kaohsiung MRT, while Taichung Metro is under construction. Major airports include Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport, Kaohsiung International Airport, Taipei Songshan Airport, and Taichung Airport. There are currently 7 airlines in Taiwan, the largest ones being China Airlines and EVA Air. The four international seaports are the Port of Keelung, the Port of Kaohsiung, the Port of Taichung, and the Port of Hualien.
The higher education system was established in Taiwan by Japan during the colonial period. However, after the Republic of China took over Taiwan from Japan in 1945, the system was promptly replaced by the same system as in mainland China which mixed with features of the Chinese and American educational systems.
Taiwan is well known for adhering to the Confucian paradigm of valuing education as a means to improve one 's socioeconomic position in Taiwanese society. Heavy investment and a cultural value for education has catapulted the resource poor nation consistently atop the global education rankings. Taiwan is one of the top - performing countries in reading literacy, maths and sciences. In 2015, Taiwanese students achieved one of the world 's best results in mathematics, science and literacy, as tested by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a worldwide evaluation of 15 - year - old school pupils ' scholastic performance. The strong scholastic and educational performance of Taiwanese students has prompted the nation to build a highly educated labour force that possesses a strong background in mathematics and science to cope with the current labor market demands of the 21st century.
The Taiwanese education system has been praised for various reasons including its comparatively high test results and its major role in ushering Taiwan 's economic development while creating one of the world 's most highly educated workforces. The country has also been praised for its high university entrance rate where the university acceptance rate has increased from around 20 percent before the 1970s to 49 percent in 1996 and over 90 percent since 2006, among the highest in Asia. The nation 's high university entrance rate has created a highly skilled workforce making Taiwan one of the most highly educated countries in the world with 68.5 % of Taiwanese high school students going on to attend university. Taiwan has a high percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree where 45 percent of Taiwanese aged 25 -- 64 hold a bachelors degree or higher compared with the average of 33 percent among member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). On the other hand, the system has been criticized for placing excessive pressure on students and eschewing creativity in favor of rote memorization. In addition, the system has been criticized for producing an excess supply of over-educated university graduates and a higher unemployment rate. With a large supply of university graduates seeking a limited demand of prestigious white collar jobs in an environment that is increasingly losing its competitive edge has led many degree holders ending up with lower end jobs with salaries far beneath than their expectations. Taiwan 's universities have also been under criticism for not being able to fully meet the requirements and demands of Taiwan 's 21st century fast - moving job market citing a skills mismatch among a large number of self - assessed overeducated university graduates that do n't fit the demands of the modern Taiwanese labor market. The Taiwanese government has also been criticized for undermining the economy as it has been unable to produce enough jobs to meet the demands of numerous underemployed university graduates.
As the Taiwanese economy is largely science and technology based, the labor market demands people who have achieved some form of higher education, particularly related to science and engineering in order to gain a competitive edge when searching for employment. Although current Taiwanese law mandates only nine years of schooling, 95 % of junior high graduates go on to attend a senior vocational high school, university, junior college, trade school, or other higher education institution.
Many Taiwanese students attend cram schools, or bushiban, to improve skills and knowledge on problem solving against exams of subjects like mathematics, nature science, history and many others. Courses are available for most popular subjects. Lessons are organized in lectures, reviews, private tutorial sessions, and recitations.
As of 2013, the literacy rate in Taiwan is 97.15 %.
Taiwan 's population is about 23.4 million, most of whom are on the island proper. The remainder live on Penghu (101,758), Kinmen (127,723), and Matsu (12,506).
The ROC government reports that over 95 % of the population is Han Chinese, of which the majority includes descendants of early Han Chinese immigrants who arrived in Taiwan in large numbers starting in the 18th century. Alternatively, the ethnic groups of Taiwan may be roughly divided among the Hoklo (70 %), the Hakka (14 %), the Waishengren (14 %), and indigenous peoples (2 %).
The Hoklo people are the largest Han subgroup (70 % of the total population), whose ancestors migrated from the coastal southern Fujian region across the Taiwan Strait starting in the 17th century. The Hakka comprise about 15 % of the total population, and descend from Han migrants to Guangdong, its surrounding areas and Taiwan. Additional people of Han origin include and descend from the 2 million Nationalists who fled to Taiwan following the communist victory on the mainland in 1949.
The indigenous Taiwanese aborigines number about 533,600 and are divided into 16 recognized groups. The Ami, Atayal, Bunun, Kanakanavu, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Saaroa, Sakizaya, Sediq, Thao, Truku and Tsou live mostly in the eastern half of the island, while the Yami inhabit Orchid Island.
Mandarin is the official national language and is spoken by the vast majority of the population of Taiwan. It has been the primary language of instruction in schools since the end of Japanese rule. As in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese is used as the writing system in Taiwan.
The 70 % of the population belonging to the Hoklo ethnic group speak Taiwanese Hokkien (a variant of the Min Nan speech of Fujian province) as their mother tongue, in addition to Mandarin, and many others have some degree of understanding. The Hakka ethnic group (15 % of the population) use Hakka Chinese. Most waishengren speak primarily Mandarin. Although Mandarin is the language of instruction in schools and dominates television and radio, non-Mandarin Chinese varieties have undergone a revival in public life in Taiwan, particularly since restrictions on their use were lifted in the 1990s.
Taiwan 's indigenous languages, the Formosan languages, do not belong to the Chinese or Sino - Tibetan language family, but rather to the Austronesian language family. Their use among Taiwan 's aboriginal minority groups has been in decline as usage of Mandarin has risen. Of the 14 extant languages, five are considered moribund.
Religion in Taiwan (2005 census)
The Constitution of the Republic of China protects people 's freedom of religion and the practices of belief. There are approximately 18,718,600 religious followers in Taiwan as of 2005 (81.3 % of total population) and 14 -- 18 % are non-religious. According to the 2005 census, of the 26 religions recognized by the ROC government, the five largest are: Buddhism (8,086,000 or 35.1 %), Taoism (7,600,000 or 33 %), Yiguandao (810,000 or 3.5 %), Protestantism (605,000 or 2.6 %), and Roman Catholicism (298,000 or 1.3 %).
The CIA World Factbook reports that over 93 % of Taiwanese are adherents of a combination of the polytheistic Chinese popular religion, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism; 4.5 % are adherents of Christianity, which includes Protestants, Catholics, and other, non-denominational, Christian groups; and less than 2.5 % are adherents of other religions. Taiwanese aborigines comprise a notable subgroup among professing Christians: "... over 64 % identify as Christian... Church buildings are the most obvious markers of Aboriginal villages, distinguishing them from Taiwanese or Hakka villages. ''
Confucianism is a philosophy that deals with secular moral ethics, and serves as the foundation of both Chinese and Taiwanese culture. The majority of Taiwanese people usually combine the secular moral teachings of Confucianism with whatever religions they are affiliated with.
As of 2009, there were 14,993 temples in Taiwan, approximately one place of worship per 1,500 residents. 9,202 of those temples were dedicated to Taoism. In 2008, Taiwan had 3,262 Churches, an increase of 145.
The figures below are the 2011 estimates for the twenty largest urban populations within administrative city limits; a different ranking exists when considering the total metropolitan area populations (in such rankings the Taipei - Keelung metro area is by far the largest agglomeration).
Health care in Taiwan is managed by the Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI).
The current program was implemented in 1995, and is considered to be a form of social insurance. The government health insurance program maintains compulsory insurance for citizens who are employed, impoverished, unemployed, or victims of natural disasters with fees that correlate to the individual and / or family income; it also maintains protection for non-citizens working in Taiwan. A standardized method of calculation applies to all persons and can optionally be paid by an employer or by individual contributions.
BNHI insurance coverage requires co-payment at the time of service for most services unless it is a preventative health service, for low - income families, veterans, children under three years old, or in the case of catastrophic diseases. Low income households maintain 100 % premium coverage by the BNHI and co-pays are reduced for disabled or certain elderly people.
According to a recently published survey, out of 3,360 patients surveyed at a randomly chosen hospital, 75.1 % of the patients said they are "very satisfied '' with the hospital service; 20.5 % said they are "okay '' with the service. Only 4.4 % of the patients said they are either "not satisfied '' or "very not satisfied '' with the service or care provided.
Taiwan has its own Center for Disease Control, and during the SARS outbreak in March 2003 there were 347 confirmed cases. During the outbreak the Centers for Disease Control and local governments set up monitored stations throughout public transportation, recreational sites and other public areas. With full containment in July 2003, there has not been a case of SARS since.
As of 2006, the BNHI Facility Contract Distribution facilities total 17,259, including:
Basic coverage areas of the insurance include:
In 2004, the infant mortality rate was 5.3 with 15 physicians and 63 hospital beds per 10,000 people. The life expectancy for males was 73.5 years and 79.7 years for females according to the World Health Report.
In July 2013, the Department of Health was restructured as the Ministry of Health and Welfare.
The cultures of Taiwan are a hybrid blend of various sources, incorporating elements of traditional Chinese culture, attributable to the historical and ancestry origin of the majority of its current residents, Japanese culture, traditional Confucianist beliefs, and increasingly Western values.
After their move to Taiwan, the Kuomintang imposed an official interpretation of traditional Chinese culture over Taiwan. The government launched a program promoting Chinese calligraphy, traditional Chinese painting, folk art, and Chinese opera.
The status of Taiwanese culture is debated. It is disputed whether Taiwanese culture is a regional form of Chinese culture or a distinct culture. Reflecting the continuing controversy surrounding the political status of Taiwan, politics continues to play a role in the conception and development of a Taiwanese cultural identity, especially in the prior dominant frame of a Taiwanese and Chinese dualism. In recent years, the concept of Taiwanese multiculturalism has been proposed as a relatively apolitical alternative view, which has allowed for the inclusion of mainlanders and other minority groups into the continuing re-definition of Taiwanese culture as collectively held systems of meaning and customary patterns of thought and behaviour shared by the people of Taiwan. Identity politics, along with the over one hundred years of political separation from mainland China, has led to distinct traditions in many areas, including cuisine and music.
One of Taiwan 's greatest attractions is the National Palace Museum, which houses more than 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze, jade, calligraphy, painting, and porcelain and is considered one of the greatest collections of Chinese art and objects in the world. The KMT moved this collection from the Forbidden City in Beijing in 1933 and part of the collection was eventually transported to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The collection, estimated to be one - tenth of China 's cultural treasures, is so extensive that only 1 % is on display at any time. The PRC had said that the collection was stolen and has called for its return, but the ROC has long defended its control of the collection as a necessary act to protect the pieces from destruction, especially during the Cultural Revolution. Relations regarding this treasure have warmed recently; Beijing Palace Museum Curator Zheng Xinmiao said that artefacts in both Chinese and Taiwanese museums are "China 's cultural heritage jointly owned by people across the Taiwan Strait. ''
The classical music culture in Taiwan is highly developed and features artists such as violinist Cho - Liang Lin, pianist Ching - Yun Hu, and the Lincoln Center Chamber Music Society Artist Director Wu Han. Karaoke, drawn from contemporary Japanese culture, is extremely popular in Taiwan, where it is known as KTV. KTV businesses operate in a hotel - like style, renting out small rooms and ballrooms varying on the number of guests in a group. Many KTV establishments partner with restaurants and buffets to form all - encompassing elaborate evening affairs for families, friends, or businessmen. Tour buses that travel around Taiwan have several TV 's, equipped not for watching movies, but primarily for singing Karaoke. The entertainment counterpart of a KTV is an MTV, being found much less frequently out of the city. There, movies out on DVD can be selected and played in a private theatre room. However, MTV, more so than KTV, has a growing reputation for being a place that young couples will go to be alone and intimate.
Taiwan has a high density of 24 - hour convenience stores, which, in addition to the usual services, provide services on behalf of financial institutions or government agencies such as collection of parking fees, utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments. They also provide a service for mailing packages.
Taiwanese culture has also influenced other cultures. Bubble tea and milk tea are available in Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Europe, and North America. Taiwan television shows are popular in Singapore, Malaysia, and other Asian countries. Taiwanese films have won various international awards at film festivals around the world. Ang Lee, a Taiwanese director, has directed critically acclaimed films such as: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon; Eat Drink Man Woman; Sense and Sensibility; Brokeback Mountain; Life of Pi; and Lust, Caution. Other famous Taiwanese directors include Tsai Ming - Liang, Edward Yang, and Hou Hsiao - hsien.
Baseball is Taiwan 's national sport and it is a popular spectator sport. Two of the most famous Taiwanese baseball pitchers are Chien - Ming Wang and Wei - Yin Chen; both are pitchers in Major League Baseball. Other notable players playing in the United States include Chin - hui Tsao who played for the Colorado Rockies (2003 -- 2005) and the Los Angeles Dodgers (2007, 2015 -- 2016), Hong - Chih Kuo, Fu - Te Ni, and Chin - lung Hu. The Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan was established in 1989, and eventually absorbed the competing Taiwan Major League in 2003. As of 2015, the CPBL has four teams with average attendance over 5,000 per game.
Besides baseball, basketball is Taiwan 's major sport. Taekwondo has also become a mature and successful sport in recent years. In the 2004 Olympics, Chen Shih - hsin and Chu Mu - yen won the first two gold medals in women 's flyweight event and men 's flyweight event, respectively. Subsequent taekwondo competitors such as Yang Shu - chun have strengthened Taiwan 's taekwondo culture.
Taiwan participates in international sporting organizations and events under the name of "Chinese Taipei '' due to its political status. In 2009, Taiwan hosted two international sporting events on the island. The World Games 2009 were held in Kaohsiung between 16 and 26 July 2009. Taipei hosted the 21st Summer Deaflympics in September of the same year. Furthermore, Taipei will host the Summer Universiade in 2017.
Taiwan is also a major Asian country for Korfball. In 2008, Taiwan hosted the World Youth Korfball Championship and took the silver medal. In 2009, Taiwan 's korfball team won a bronze medal at the World Game.
Yani Tseng is the most famous Taiwanese professional golfer currently playing on the US - based LPGA Tour. She is the youngest player ever, male or female, to win five major championships and had been ranked number 1 in the Women 's World Golf Rankings for 109 consecutive weeks from 2011 to 2013.
Taiwan uses two official calendars: the Gregorian calendar and the Minguo calendar. The latter numbers years starting from 1911, the year of the founding of the Republic of China. For example, 2007 is the "96th year of the Republic '' (民國 96 年), while its months and days are numbered according to the Gregorian calendar.
Usually, year numbering may use the Gregorian system as well as the ROC era system. For example, 3 May 2004, may be written 2004 - 05 - 03 or 93 -- 05 -- 03. The use of two different calendar systems in Taiwan may be confusing, in particular for foreigners. For instance, products for export marked using the Minguo calendar can be misunderstood as having an expiration date 11 years earlier than intended.
Taiwan also uses the lunar calendar for traditional festivals such as the Chinese New Year, the Lantern Festival, and the Dragon Boat Festival.
Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → N. & S. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → Modern China: (ROC / PRC)
1. All twenty - eight member states of the European Union are also members of the WTO in their own right:
2. Special administrative regions of the People 's Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China '' and "Macao China ''. 3. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu '', and "Chinese Taipei '' in short.
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when does risk of loss pass to buyer | Risk of loss - Wikipedia
Risk of loss is a term used in the law of contracts to determine which party should bear the burden of risk for damage occurring to goods after the sale has been completed, but before delivery has occurred. Such considerations generally come into play after the contract is formed but before buyer receives goods, something bad happens.
Under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), there are four risk of loss rules, in order of application:
In bankruptcy law, the risk of loss rule under a contract can be abrogated by a secured interest.
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who is considered to be the first to engage in the clinical practice of forensic psychology | Clinical psychology - wikipedia
Clinical psychology is an integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically - based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well - being and personal development. Central to its practice are psychological assessment, clinical formulation, and psychotherapy, although clinical psychologists also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration. In many countries, clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession.
The field is generally considered to have begun in 1896 with the opening of the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer. In the first half of the 20th century, clinical psychology was focused on psychological assessment, with little attention given to treatment. This changed after the 1940s when World War II resulted in the need for a large increase in the number of trained clinicians. Since that time, three main educational models have developed in the USA -- the Ph. D. Clinical Science model (heavily focused on research), the Ph. D. science - practitioner model (integrating research and practice), and the Psy. D. practitioner - scholar model (focusing on clinical practice). In the UK the Clinical Psychology Doctorate falls between the latter two of these models, whilst in much of mainland Europe the training is at masters level and predominantly psychotherapeutic. Clinical psychologists are expert in providing psychotherapy, and generally train within four primary theoretical orientations -- psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and systems or family therapy.
The earliest recorded approaches to assess and treat mental distress were a combination of religious, magical and / or medical perspectives. Early examples of such physicians included Patañjali, Padmasambhava, Rhazes, Avicenna, and Rumi. In the early 19th century, one approach to study mental conditions and behavior was using phrenology, the study of personality by examining the shape of the skull. Other popular treatments at that time included the study of the shape of the face (physiognomy) and Mesmer 's treatment for mental conditions using magnets (mesmerism). Spiritualism and Phineas Quimby 's "mental healing '' were also popular.
While the scientific community eventually came to reject all of these methods for treating mental illness, academic psychologists also were not concerned with serious forms of mental illness. The study of mental illness was already being done in the developing fields of psychiatry and neurology within the asylum movement. It was not until the end of the 19th century, around the time when Sigmund Freud was first developing his "talking cure '' in Vienna, that the first scientific application of clinical psychology began.
By the second half of the 1800s, the scientific study of psychology was becoming well established in university laboratories. Although there were a few scattered voices calling for an applied psychology, the general field looked down upon this idea and insisted on "pure '' science as the only respectable practice. This changed when Lightner Witmer (1867 -- 1956), a past student of Wundt and head of the psychology department at the University of Pennsylvania, agreed to treat a young boy who had trouble with spelling. His successful treatment was soon to lead to Witmer 's opening of the first psychological clinic at Penn in 1896, dedicated to helping children with learning disabilities. Ten years later in 1907, Witmer was to found the first journal of this new field, The Psychological Clinic, where he coined the term "clinical psychology '', defined as "the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change ''. The field was slow to follow Witmer 's example, but by 1914, there were 26 similar clinics in the U.S.
Even as clinical psychology was growing, working with issues of serious mental distress remained the domain of psychiatrists and neurologists. However, clinical psychologists continued to make inroads into this area due to their increasing skill at psychological assessment. Psychologists ' reputation as assessment experts became solidified during World War I with the development of two intelligence tests, Army Alpha and Army Beta (testing verbal and nonverbal skills, respectively), which could be used with large groups of recruits. Due in large part to the success of these tests, assessment was to become the core discipline of clinical psychology for the next quarter century, when another war would propel the field into treatment.
The field began to organize under the name "clinical psychology '' in 1917 with the founding of the American Association of Clinical Psychology. This only lasted until 1919, after which the American Psychological Association (founded by G. Stanley Hall in 1892) developed a section on Clinical Psychology, which offered certification until 1927. Growth in the field was slow for the next few years when various unconnected psychological organizations came together as the American Association of Applied Psychology in 1930, which would act as the primary forum for psychologists until after World War II when the APA reorganized. In 1945, the APA created what is now called Division 12, its division of clinical psychology, which remains a leading organization in the field. Psychological societies and associations in other English - speaking countries developed similar divisions, including in Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
When World War II broke out, the military once again called upon clinical psychologists. As soldiers began to return from combat, psychologists started to notice symptoms of psychological trauma labeled "shell shock '' (eventually to be termed posttraumatic stress disorder) that were best treated as soon as possible. Because physicians (including psychiatrists) were over-extended in treating bodily injuries, psychologists were called to help treat this condition. At the same time, female psychologists (who were excluded from the war effort) formed the National Council of Women Psychologists with the purpose of helping communities deal with the stresses of war and giving young mothers advice on child rearing. After the war, the Veterans Administration in the U.S. made an enormous investment to set up programs to train doctoral - level clinical psychologists to help treat the thousands of veterans needing care. As a consequence, the U.S. went from having no formal university programs in clinical psychology in 1946 to over half of all Ph. D.s in psychology in 1950 being awarded in clinical psychology.
WWII helped bring dramatic changes to clinical psychology, not just in America but internationally as well. Graduate education in psychology began adding psychotherapy to the science and research focus based on the 1947 scientist - practitioner model, known today as the Boulder Model, for Ph. D. programs in clinical psychology. Clinical psychology in Britain developed much like in the U.S. after WWII, specifically within the context of the National Health Service with qualifications, standards, and salaries managed by the British Psychological Society.
By the 1960s, psychotherapy had become embedded within clinical psychology, but for many the Ph. D. educational model did not offer the necessary training for those interested in practice rather than research. There was a growing argument that said the field of psychology in the U.S. had developed to a degree warranting explicit training in clinical practice. The concept of a practice - oriented degree was debated in 1965 and narrowly gained approval for a pilot program at the University of Illinois starting in 1968. Several other similar programs were instituted soon after, and in 1973, at the Vail Conference on Professional Training in Psychology, the practitioner -- scholar model of clinical psychology -- or Vail Model -- resulting in the Doctor of Psychology (Psy. D.) degree was recognized. Although training would continue to include research skills and a scientific understanding of psychology, the intent would be to produce highly trained professionals, similar to programs in medicine, dentistry, and law. The first program explicitly based on the Psy. D. model was instituted at Rutgers University. Today, about half of all American graduate students in clinical psychology are enrolled in Psy. D. programs.
Since the 1970s, clinical psychology has continued growing into a robust profession and academic field of study. Although the exact number of practicing clinical psychologists is unknown, it is estimated that between 1974 and 1990, the number in the U.S. grew from 20,000 to 63,000. Clinical psychologists continue to be experts in assessment and psychotherapy while expanding their focus to address issues of gerontology, sports, and the criminal justice system to name a few. One important field is health psychology, the fastest - growing employment setting for clinical psychologists in the past decade. Other major changes include the impact of managed care on mental health care; an increasing realization of the importance of knowledge relating to multicultural and diverse populations; and emerging privileges to prescribe psychotropic medication.
Clinical psychologists engage in a wide range of activities. Some focus solely on research into the assessment, treatment, or cause of mental illness and related conditions. Some teach, whether in a medical school or hospital setting, or in an academic department (e.g., psychology department) at an institution of higher education. The majority of clinical psychologists engage in some form of clinical practice, with professional services including psychological assessment, provision of psychotherapy, development and administration of clinical programs, and forensics (e.g., providing expert testimony in a legal proceeding).
In clinical practice, clinical psychologists may work with individuals, couples, families, or groups in a variety of settings, including private practices, hospitals, mental health organizations, schools, businesses, and non-profit agencies. Clinical psychologists who provide clinical services may also choose to specialize. Some specializations are codified and credentialed by regulatory agencies within the country of practice. In the United States such specializations are credentialed by the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP).
Clinical psychologists study a generalist program in psychology plus postgraduate training and / or clinical placement and supervision. The length of training differs across the world, ranging from four years plus post-Bachelors supervised practice to a doctorate of three to six years which combines clinical placement. In the USA, about half of all clinical psychology graduate students are being trained in Ph. D. programs -- a model that emphasizes research -- with the other half in Psy. D. programs, which has more focus on practice (similar to professional degrees for medicine and law). Both models are accredited by the American Psychological Association and many other English - speaking psychological societies. A smaller number of schools offer accredited programs in clinical psychology resulting in a Masters degree, which usually take two to three years post-Bachelors.
In the U.K., clinical psychologists undertake a Doctor of Clinical Psychology (D. Clin. Psych.), which is a practitioner doctorate with both clinical and research components. This is a three - year full - time salaried program sponsored by the National Health Service (NHS) and based in universities and the NHS. Entry into these programs is highly competitive, and requires at least a three - year undergraduate degree in psychology plus some form of experience, usually in either the NHS as an Assistant Psychologist or in academia as a Research Assistant. It is not unusual for applicants to apply several times before being accepted onto a training course as only about one - fifth of applicants are accepted each year. These clinical psychology doctoral degrees are accredited by the British Psychological Society and the Health Professions Council (HPC). The HPC is the statutory regulator for practitioner psychologists in the UK. Those who successfully complete clinical psychology doctoral degrees are eligible to apply for registration with the HPC as a clinical psychologist.
The practice of clinical psychology requires a license in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and many other countries. Although each of the U.S. states is somewhat different in terms of requirements and licenses, there are three common elements:
All U.S. state and Canadian province licensing boards are members of the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) which created and maintains the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP). Many states require other examinations in addition to the EPPP, such as a jurisprudence (i.e. mental health law) examination and / or an oral examination. Most states also require a certain number of continuing education credits per year in order to renew a license, which can be obtained though various means, such as taking audited classes and attending approved workshops. Clinical psychologists require the Psychologist license to practice, although licenses can be obtained with a masters - level degree, such as Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT), Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC), and Licensed Psychological Associate (LPA).
In the U.K. registration as a clinical psychologist with the Health Professions Council (HPC) is necessary. The HPC is the statutory regulator for practitioner psychologists in the U.K. In the U.K. the following titles are restricted by law "registered psychologist '' and "practitioner psychologist ''; in addition the specialist title "clinical psychologist '' is also restricted by law.
An important area of expertise for many clinical psychologists is psychological assessment, and there are indications that as many as 91 % of psychologists engage in this core clinical practice. Such evaluation is usually done in service to gaining insight into and forming hypotheses about psychological or behavioral problems. As such, the results of such assessments are usually used to create generalized impressions (rather than diagnoses) in service to informing treatment planning. Methods include formal testing measures, interviews, reviewing past records, clinical observation, and physical examination.
There exist hundreds of various assessment tools, although only a few have been shown to have both high validity (i.e., test actually measures what it claims to measure) and reliability (i.e., consistency). These measures generally fall within one of several categories, including the following:
After assessment, clinical psychologists may provide a diagnostic impression. Many countries use the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD - 10) while the U.S. most often uses the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Both are nosological systems that largely assume categorical disorders diagnosed through the application of sets of criteria including symptoms and signs.
Several new models are being discussed, including a "dimensional model '' based on empirically validated models of human differences (such as the five factor model of personality) and a "psychosocial model '', which would take changing, intersubjective states into greater account. The proponents of these models claim that they would offer greater diagnostic flexibility and clinical utility without depending on the medical concept of illness. However, they also admit that these models are not yet robust enough to gain widespread use, and should continue to be developed.
Clinical psychologists do not tend to diagnose, but rather use formulation -- an individualized map of the difficulties that the patient or client faces, encompassing predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating (maintaining) factors.
Clinical assessment can be characterized as a prediction problem where the purpose of assessment is to make inferences (predictions) about past, present, or future behavior. For example, many therapy decisions are made on the basis of what a clinician expects will help a patient make therapeutic gains. Once observations have been collected (e.g., psychological test results, diagnostic impressions, clinical history, X-ray, etc.), there are two mutually exclusive ways to combine those sources of information to arrive at a decision, diagnosis, or prediction. One way is to combine the data in an algorithmic, or "mechanical '' fashion. Mechanical prediction methods are simply a mode of combination of data to arrive at a decision / prediction of behavior (e.g., treatment response). Mechanical prediction does not preclude any type of data from being combined; it can incorporate clinical judgments, properly coded, in the algorithm. The defining characteristic is that, once the data to be combined is given, the mechanical approach will make a prediction that is 100 % reliable. That is, it will make exactly the same prediction for exactly the same data every time. Clinical prediction, on the other hand, does not guarantee this, as it depends on the decision - making processes of the clinician making the judgment, their current state of mind, and knowledge base.
What has come to be called the "clinical versus statistical prediction '' debate was first described in detail in 1954 by Paul Meehl, where he explored the claim that mechanical (formal, algorithmic) methods of data combination could outperform clinical (e.g., subjective, informal, "in the clinician 's head '') methods when such combinations are used to arrive at a prediction of behavior. Meehl concluded that mechanical modes of combination performed as well or better than clinical modes. Subsequent meta - analyses of studies that directly compare mechanical and clinical predictions have born out Meehl 's 1954 conclusions. A 2009 survey of practicing clinical psychologists found that clinicians almost exclusively use their clinical judgment to make behavioral predictions for their patients, including diagnosis and prognosis.
Psychotherapy involves a formal relationship between professional and client -- usually an individual, couple, family, or small group -- that employs a set of procedures intended to form a therapeutic alliance, explore the nature of psychological problems, and encourage new ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving.
Clinicians have a wide range of individual interventions to draw from, often guided by their training -- for example, a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) clinician might use worksheets to record distressing cognitions, a psychoanalyst might encourage free association, while a psychologist trained in Gestalt techniques might focus on immediate interactions between client and therapist. Clinical psychologists generally seek to base their work on research evidence and outcome studies as well as on trained clinical judgment. Although there are literally dozens of recognized therapeutic orientations, their differences can often be categorized on two dimensions: insight vs. action and in - session vs. out - session.
The methods used are also different in regards to the population being served as well as the context and nature of the problem. Therapy will look very different between, say, a traumatized child, a depressed but high - functioning adult, a group of people recovering from substance dependence, and a ward of the state suffering from terrifying delusions. Other elements that play a critical role in the process of psychotherapy include the environment, culture, age, cognitive functioning, motivation, and duration (i.e. brief or long - term therapy).
Many clinical psychologists are integrative or eclectic and draw from the evidence base across different models of therapy in an integrative way, rather than using a single specific model.
In the UK, clinical psychologists have to show competence in at least two models of therapy, including CBT, to gain their doctorate. The British Psychological Society Division of Clinical Psychology has been vocal about the need to follow the evidence base rather than being wedded to a single model of therapy.
In the USA, intervention applications and research are dominated in training and practice by essentially four major schools of practice: psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral / cognitive behavioral, and systems or family therapy.
The psychodynamic perspective developed out of the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud. The core object of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious -- to make the client aware of his or her own primal drives (namely those relating to sex and aggression) and the various defenses used to keep them in check. The essential tools of the psychoanalytic process are the use of free association and an examination of the client 's transference towards the therapist, defined as the tendency to take unconscious thoughts or emotions about a significant person (e.g. a parent) and "transfer '' them onto another person. Major variations on Freudian psychoanalysis practiced today include self psychology, ego psychology, and object relations theory. These general orientations now fall under the umbrella term psychodynamic psychology, with common themes including examination of transference and defenses, an appreciation of the power of the unconscious, and a focus on how early developments in childhood have shaped the client 's current psychological state.
Humanistic psychology was developed in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis, largely due to the person - centered therapy of Carl Rogers (often referred to as Rogerian Therapy) and existential psychology developed by Viktor Frankl and Rollo May. Rogers believed that a client needed only three things from a clinician to experience therapeutic improvement -- congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic understanding. By using phenomenology, intersubjectivity and first - person categories, the humanistic approach seeks to get a glimpse of the whole person and not just the fragmented parts of the personality. This aspect of holism links up with another common aim of humanistic practice in clinical psychology, which is to seek an integration of the whole person, also called self - actualization. From 1980, Hans - Werner Gessmann integrated the ideas of humanistic psychology into group psychotherapy as humanistic psychodrama. According to humanistic thinking, each individual person already has inbuilt potentials and resources that might help them to build a stronger personality and self - concept. The mission of the humanistic psychologist is to help the individual employ these resources via the therapeutic relationship.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) developed from the combination of cognitive therapy and rational emotive behavior therapy, both of which grew out of cognitive psychology and behaviorism. CBT is based on the theory that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion), and how we act (behavior) are related and interact together in complex ways. In this perspective, certain dysfunctional ways of interpreting and appraising the world (often through schemas or beliefs) can contribute to emotional distress or result in behavioral problems. The object of many cognitive behavioral therapies is to discover and identify the biased, dysfunctional ways of relating or reacting and through different methodologies help clients transcend these in ways that will lead to increased well - being. There are many techniques used, such as systematic desensitization, socratic questioning, and keeping a cognition observation log. Modified approaches that fall into the category of CBT have also developed, including dialectic behavior therapy and mindfulness - based cognitive therapy.
Behavior therapy is a rich tradition. It is well researched with a strong evidence base. Its roots are in behaviorism. In behavior therapy, environmental events predict the way we think and feel. Our behavior sets up conditions for the environment to feedback back on it. Sometimes the feedback leads the behavior to increase - reinforcement and sometimes the behavior decreases - punishment. Oftentimes behavior therapists are called applied behavior analysts or behavioral health counselors. They have studied many areas from developmental disabilities to depression and anxiety disorders. In the area of mental health and addictions a recent article looked at APA 's list for well established and promising practices and found a considerable number of them based on the principles of operant and respondent conditioning. Multiple assessment techniques have come from this approach including functional analysis (psychology), which has found a strong focus in the school system. In addition, multiple intervention programs have come from this tradition including community reinforcement approach for treating addictions, acceptance and commitment therapy, functional analytic psychotherapy, including dialectic behavior therapy and behavioral activation. In addition, specific techniques such as contingency management and exposure therapy have come from this tradition.
Systems or family therapy works with couples and families, and emphasizes family relationships as an important factor in psychological health. The central focus tends to be on interpersonal dynamics, especially in terms of how change in one person will affect the entire system. Therapy is therefore conducted with as many significant members of the "system '' as possible. Goals can include improving communication, establishing healthy roles, creating alternative narratives, and addressing problematic behaviors.
There exist dozens of recognized schools or orientations of psychotherapy -- the list below represents a few influential orientations not given above. Although they all have some typical set of techniques practitioners employ, they are generally better known for providing a framework of theory and philosophy that guides a therapist in his or her working with a client.
In the last couple of decades, there has been a growing movement to integrate the various therapeutic approaches, especially with an increased understanding of cultural, gender, spiritual, and sexual - orientation issues. Clinical psychologists are beginning to look at the various strengths and weaknesses of each orientation while also working with related fields, such as neuroscience, behavioral genetics, evolutionary biology, and psychopharmacology. The result is a growing practice of eclecticism, with psychologists learning various systems and the most efficacious methods of therapy with the intent to provide the best solution for any given problem.
The field of clinical psychology in most countries is strongly regulated by a code of ethics. In the U.S., professional ethics are largely defined by the APA Code of Conduct, which is often used by states to define licensing requirements. The APA Code generally sets a higher standard than that which is required by law as it is designed to guide responsible behavior, the protection of clients, and the improvement of individuals, organizations, and society. The Code is applicable to all psychologists in both research and applied fields.
The APA Code is based on five principles: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence, Fidelity and Responsibility, Integrity, Justice, and Respect for People 's Rights and Dignity. Detailed elements address how to resolve ethical issues, competence, human relations, privacy and confidentiality, advertising, record keeping, fees, training, research, publication, assessment, and therapy.
In the UK the British Psychological Society has published a Code of Conduct and Ethics for clinical psychologists. This has four key areas: Respect, Competence, Responsibility and Integrity. Other European professional organisations have similar codes of conduct and ethics.
Although clinical psychologists and psychiatrists can be said to share a same fundamental aim -- the alleviation of mental distress -- their training, outlook, and methodologies are often quite different. Perhaps the most significant difference is that psychiatrists are licensed physicians. As such, psychiatrists often use the medical model to assess psychological problems (i.e., those they treat are seen as patients with an illness) and rely on psychotropic medications as the chief method of addressing the illness -- although many also employ psychotherapy as well. Psychiatrists and medical psychologists (who are clinical psychologists that are also licensed to prescribe) are able to conduct physical examinations, order and interpret laboratory tests and EEGs, and may order brain imaging studies such as CT or CAT, MRI, and PET scanning.
Clinical psychologists generally do not prescribe medication, although there is a growing movement for psychologists to have prescribing privileges. These medical privileges require additional training and education. To date, medical psychologists may prescribe psychotropic medications in Guam, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, New Mexico, Louisiana, the Public Health Service, the Indian Health Service, and the United States Military.
Counseling psychologists undergo the same level of rigor in study and use many of the same interventions and tools as clinical psychologists, including psychotherapy and assessment. Traditionally, counseling psychologists helped people with what might be considered normal or moderate psychological problems -- such as the feelings of anxiety or sadness resulting from major life changes or events. However, that distinction has faded over time, and of the counseling psychologists who do not go into academia (which does not involve treatment or diagnosis), the majority of counseling psychologists treat mental illness alongside clinical psychologists. Many counseling psychologists also receive specialized training in career assessment, group therapy, and relationship counseling.
Counseling psychology as a field values multiculturalism and social advocacy, often stimulating research in multicultural issues. There are fewer counseling psychology graduate programs than those for clinical psychology and they are more often housed in departments of education rather than psychology. Counseling psychologists tend to be more frequently employed in university counseling centers compared to hospitals and private practice for clinical psychologists. However, counseling and clinical psychologists can be employed in a variety of settings, with a large degree of overlap (prisons, colleges, community mental health, non-profits, corporations, private practice, hospitals and Veterans Affairs). Distinctions between the two fields continue to fade.
School psychologists are primarily concerned with the academic, social, and emotional well - being of children and adolescents within a scholastic environment. In the U.K., they are known as "educational psychologists ''. Like clinical (and counseling) psychologists, school psychologists with doctoral degrees are eligible for licensure as health service psychologists, and many work in private practice. Unlike clinical psychologists, they receive much more training in education, child development and behavior, and the psychology of learning. Common degrees include the Educational Specialist Degree (Ed. S.), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.), and Doctor of Education (Ed. D.).
Traditional job roles for school psychologists employed in school settings have focused mainly on assessment of students to determine their eligibility for special education services in schools, and on consultation with teachers and other school professionals to design and carry out interventions on behalf of students. Other major roles also include offering individual and group therapy with children and their families, designing prevention programs (e.g. for reducing dropout), evaluating school programs, and working with teachers and administrators to help maximize teaching efficacy, both in the classroom and systemically.
Social workers provide a variety of services, generally concerned with social problems, their causes, and their solutions. With specific training, clinical social workers may also provide psychological counseling (in the U.S. and Canada), in addition to more traditional social work. The Masters in Social Work in the U.S. is a two - year, sixty credit program that includes at least a one - year practicum (two years for clinicians).
Occupational therapy -- often abbreviated OT -- is the "use of productive or creative activity in the treatment or rehabilitation of physically, cognitively, or emotionally disabled people. '' Most commonly, occupational therapists work with people with disabilities to enable them to maximize their skills and abilities. Occupational therapy practitioners are skilled professionals whose education includes the study of human growth and development with specific emphasis on the physical, emotional, psychological, sociocultural, cognitive and environmental components of illness and injury. They commonly work alongside clinical psychologists in settings such as inpatient and outpatient mental health, pain management clinics, eating disorder clinics, and child development services. OT 's use support groups, individual counseling sessions, and activity - based approaches to address psychiatric symptoms and maximize functioning in life activities.
Clinical psychology is a diverse field and there have been recurring tensions over the degree to which clinical practice should be limited to treatments supported by empirical research. Despite some evidence showing that all the major therapeutic orientations are about of equal effectiveness, there remains much debate about the efficacy of various forms treatment in use in clinical psychology.
It has been reported that clinical psychology has rarely allied itself with client groups and tends to individualize problems to the neglect of wider economic, political and social inequality issues that may not be the responsibility of the client. It has been argued that therapeutic practices are inevitably bound up with power inequalities, which can be used for good and bad. A critical psychology movement has argued that clinical psychology, and other professions making up a "psy complex '', often fail to consider or address inequalities and power differences and can play a part in the social and moral control of disadvantage, deviance and unrest.
An October 2009 editorial in the journal Nature suggests that a large number of clinical psychology practitioners in the United States consider scientific evidence to be "less important than their personal -- that is, subjective -- clinical experience. ''
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who sang a white sport coat and a pink carnation | A White Sport Coat - Wikipedia
"A White Sport Coat '' is a 1957 country and western song with words and music both written by Marty Robbins. It was recorded on January 25, 1957, and released on the Columbia Records label, over a month later, on March 4. The arranger and recording session conductor was Ray Conniff, an in - house conductor / arranger at Columbia. Robbins had demanded to have Conniff oversee the recording after his earlier hit, "Singing the Blues '', had been quickly eclipsed on the charts by Guy Mitchell 's cover version scored and conducted by Conniff in October, 1956.
Robbins recalled writing the song in approximately twenty minutes while being transported in a standard automobile. He is said to have had the inspiration for the song while driving from a motel to a venue in Ohio where he was due to perform that evening. During the course of the journey, he passed a local high school, where its students were dressed ready for their prom.
The song reached No. 1 on the U.S. country chart becoming Marty Robbins ' third No. 1 record, the song reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart in the U.S. and No. 1 in the Australian music charts in 1957. A version by Johnny Desmond received some play also, peaking at No. 62 on the U.S. pop charts.
In UK the song was a notable hit for the English Rock'n'Roll singer Terry Dene, and also for The King Brothers. The Terry Dene version reached # 18 in the UK Charts, while The King Brothers ' recording peaked at # 6, both in early summer 1957.
Jimmy Buffett 's 1973 album A White Sport Coat and a Pink Crustacean spoofs the title of the song.
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what states are in the southwest region of the united states | Southwestern United States - wikipedia
The Southwestern United States (also known as the American Southwest) is the informal name for a region of the western United States. Definitions vary a great deal and have never been standardized -- and many have been proposed. For example, it might include the stretch from east of Los Angeles to El Paso, and from the Mexican border to south of Denver. The population for that particular definition area is around 11 million people, with over half that in the state of Arizona. The largest metropolitan areas are Phoenix (with a population over 4 million people) and Las Vegas (about 2 million); other significant population centers in the Southwest are Albuquerque, El Paso, and Tucson.
Most of the area was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in the Spanish Empire before becoming part of Mexico. European settlement was almost non-existent outside New Mexico in 1848, when it became part of the United States through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; far southern Arizona was added in the later Gadsden Purchase.
The geography of the region is mainly made up by four features: the Mojave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan Deserts, and the Colorado Plateau; although there are other geographical features as well, such as a portion of the Great Basin Desert. The deserts dominate the southern and western reaches of the area, while the plateau (which is largely made up of high desert) is the main feature north of the Mogollon Rim. The two major rivers of the region are the Colorado River, running in the northern and western areas, and the Rio Grande, running in the east, north to south.
Formed approximately 8000 years ago, the Chihuahuan Desert is a relatively dry desert, although it is slightly wetter than the Sonoran Desert to the west. The Chihuahuan Desert spreads across the southeastern portion of the region, covering from southeastern Arizona, across southern New Mexico, and the portion of Texas included in the Southwest. While it is the second largest desert in the United States, only a third of the desert is within the United States, with the rest in Mexico. El Paso is the major city in this desert, with other smaller cities being Las Cruces and Roswell in New Mexico.
The elevation in the Chihuahuan varies from 1970 to 5500 feet, as there are several smaller mountain ranges contained in the area, namely the San Andres and Doña Anas in New Mexico, and the Franklin Mountains, which span Texas and New Mexico in the Southwest region. The Chihuahuan is a "rain shadow '' desert, formed between two mountain ranges (the Sierra Madre Occidental on the west and the Sierra Madre Oriental on the east) which block oceanic precipitation from reaching the area. The Chihuahuan Desert is considered the "most biologically diverse desert in the Western Hemisphere and one of the most diverse in the world '', and includes more species of cacti than any other desert in the world. The most prolific plants in this region are agave, yucca and creosote bushes, in addition to the ubiquitous cacti.
When people think of the desert southwest, the landscape of the Sonoran Desert is what mostly comes to mind. The Sonoran Desert makes up the southwestern portion of the Southwest; most of the desert lies in Mexico, but its United States component lies on the southeastern border of California, and the western 2 / 3 of southern Arizona. Rainfall averages between 4 -- 12 inches per year, and the desert 's most widely known inhabitant is the saguaro cactus, which is unique to the desert. It is bounded on the northwest by the Mojave Desert, to the north by the Colorado Plateau and to the east by the Arizona Mountains forests and the Chihuahuan Desert. Aside from the trademark saguaro, the desert has the most diverse plant life of any desert in the world, and includes many other species of cacti, including the organ - pipe, senita, prickly pear, barrel, fishhook, hedgehog, cholla, silver dollar, and jojoba. The portion of the Sonora Desert which lies in the Southwestern United States is the most populated area within the region. Six of the top ten major population centers of the region are found within its borders: Phoenix, Tucson, Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, and Scottsdale, all in Arizona. Also within its borders are Yuma and Prescott Arizona.
The most northwest portion of the American Southwest is covered by the Mojave Desert. Bordered on the south by the Sonoran Desert and the east by the Colorado Plateau, its range within the region makes up the southeast tip of Nevada, and the northwestern corner of Arizona. In terms of topography, the Mojave is very similar to the Great Basin Desert, which lies just to its north. Within the region, Las Vegas is the most populous city; other significant areas of human habitation include Laughlin and Pahrump in Nevada, and Lake Havasu City, Kingman, and Bullhead City in Arizona. The Mojave is the smallest, driest and hottest desert within the United States. The Mojave gets less than six inches of rain annually, and its elevation ranges from 3000 to 6000 feet above sea level. The most prolific vegetation is the tall Joshua tree, which grow as tall as 40 feet, and are thought to live almost 1000 years. Other major vegetation includes the Parry saltbush and the Mojave sage, both only found in the Mojave, as well as the creosote bush.
The Colorado Plateau varies from the large stands of forests in the west, including the largest stand of ponderosa pine trees in the world, to the Mesas to the east. Although not called a desert, the Colorado Plateau is mostly made up of high desert. Within the Southwest U.S. region, the Colorado is bordered to the south by the Mogollon Rim and the Sonoran Desert, to the west by the Mojave Desert, and to the east by the Rocky Mountains and the Llano Estacado. The Plateau is characterized by a series of plateaus and mesas, interspersed with canyons. The most dramatic example is the Grand Canyon. But that is one of many dramatic vistas included within the Plateau, which includes spectacular lava formations, "painted '' deserts, sand dunes, and badlands. One of the most distinctive features of the Plateau is its longevity, having come into existence at least 500 million years ago. The Plateau can be divided into six sections, three of which fall into the Southwest region. Beginning with the Navaho section forming the northern boundary of the Southwestern United States, which has shallower canyons than those in the Canyonlands section just to its north; the Navaho section is bordered to the south by the Grand Canyon section, which of course is dominated by the Grand Canyon; and the southeastern-most portion of the Plateau is the Datil section, consisting of valleys, mesas, and volcanic formations. Albuquerque is the most populous city within the portion contained in the Southwest region, but Sante Fe, New Mexico and Flagstaff, Arizona, are also significant population centers.
Geographer D.W. Meinig defines the Southwest in a very similar fashion to Reed: the portion of New Mexico west of the Llano Estacado and the portion of Arizona east of the Mojave - Sonoran Desert and south of the "canyon lands '' and also including the El Paso district of western Texas and the southernmost part of Colorado. Meinig breaks the Southwest down into four distinct subregions. He calls the first subregion "Northern New Mexico '', and describes it as focused on Albuquerque and Santa Fe. It extends from the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado to south of Socorro and including the Manzano Mountains, with an east - west breadth in the north stretching from the upper Canadian River to the upper San Juan River. The area around Albuquerque is sometimes called Central New Mexico.
"Central Arizona '' is a vast metropolitan area spread across one contiguous sprawling oasis, essentially equivalent to the Phoenix metropolitan area. The city of Phoenix is the largest urban center, and located in the approximate center of the area that includes Tempe, Mesa, and many others.
Meinig calls the third subregion "El Paso, Tucson, and the Southern Borderlands ''. While El Paso and Tucson are distinctly different cities, they serve as anchor points to the hinterland between them. Tucson occupies a large oasis at the western end of the El Paso - Tucson corridor. The region between the two cities is a major transportation trunk with settlements servicing both highway and railway needs. There are also large mining operations, ranches, and agricultural oases. Both El Paso and Tucson have large military installations nearby; Fort Bliss and White Sands Missile Range north of El Paso in New Mexico, and, near Tucson, the Davis - Monthan Air Force Base. About 70 miles (110 km) to the southeast are the research facilities at Fort Huachuca. These military installations form a kind of hinterland around the El Paso - Tucson region, and are served by scientific and residential communities such as Sierra Vista, Las Cruces, and Alamogordo. El Paso 's influence extends north into the Mesilla Valley, and southeast along the Rio Grande into the Trans - Pecos region of Texas.
The fourth subregion Meinig calls the "Northern Corridor and Navaholands ''. A major highway and railway trunk which connects Albuquerque and Flagstaff. Just north of the transportation trunk are large blocks of American Indian land.
Phoenix, Tucson, and Las Vegas dominate the westernmost metropolitan areas in the Southwest, while Albuquerque, and El Paso dominate the easternmost metropolitan areas.
Human history in the Southwest begins with the arrival of the Clovis culture, a Paleo - Indian hunter - gatherer culture which arrived sometime around 9000 BC. This culture remained in the area for several millennia. At some point they were replaced by three great Pre-Columbian Indian cultures: the Ancestral Pueblo people, the Hohokam, and the Mogollon, all of which existed among other surrounding cultures including the Fremont and Patayan. Maize began to be cultivated in the region sometime during the early first millennium BC, but it took several hundred years for the native cultures to be dependent on it as a food source. As their dependence on maize grew, Pre-Columbian Indians began developing irrigation systems around 1500.
According to archeological finds, the Ancestral Pueblo people, also known as the Anasazi (although that term is becoming more and more disused), began settling in the area in approximately 1500 BC. Eventually, they would spread throughout the entire northern section of the Southwest. This culture would go through several different eras lasting from approximately 1500 BC through the middle of the 15th century AD: the Basketmaker I, II, and III phases followed by the Pueblo I, II, III, and IV. As the Puebloans transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to one based on agriculture, their first domiciles were pithouses. The Mogollon culture developed later than the Puebloan, arising in the eastern area of the region at around 300 BC. Their range would eventually extend deep into what would become Mexico, and dominate the southeastern portion of the Southwest. Their settlements would evolve over time from pit - dwellings through pueblos and finally also incorporating cliff - dwellings. The Hohokam were the last of these ancestral cultures to develop, somewhere around 1 AD, but they would grow to be the most populous of the three by 1300 AD, despite being the smallest of the three in terms of area, covering most of the southwest portion. Beginning in approximately 600 AD, the Hohokam began to develop an extensive series of irrigation canals; of the three major cultures in the Southwest, only the Hohokam developed irrigation as a means of watering their agriculture.
Not long after the Hohokam reached the height of their culture, all three major cultures in the Southwest began to decline, for unknown reasons, although severe drought and encroachment from other peoples has been postulated. By the end of the 15th century, all three cultures had disappeared. The modern Indian tribes of the Hopi, Zuni, Acoma, and Laguna trace their ancestry back to the ancestral Puebloans, while the Akimel O'odham and Tohono O'odham claim descent from Hohokam. The area previously occupied by the Mogollon was taken over by an unrelated tribe, the Apache. While it is unclear whether any of the modern Indian tribes are descended from the Mogollon, some archeologists and historians believe that they mixed with Ancestral Puebloans and became part of the Hopi and Zuni.
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Southwestern United States was inhabited by a very large population of American Indian tribes. The area once occupied by the ancestral Puebloans became inhabited by several American Indian tribes, the most populous of which were the Navajo, Ute, Southern Paiute, and Hopi. The Navajo, along with the Hopi, were the earliest of the modern Indian tribes to develop in the Southwest. Around 1100 AD their culture began to develop in the Four Corners area of the region. The Ute were found over most of modern - day Utah and Colorado, as well as northern New Mexico and Arizona. The Paiutes roamed an area which covered over 45,000 square miles of southern Nevada and California, south - central Utah, and northern Arizona. The Hopi settled the lands of the central and western portions of northern Arizona. Their village of Oraibi, settled in approximately 1100 AD, is one of the oldest continuously occupied settlements in the United States. The Mogollon area became occupied by the Apaches and the Zuni. The Apache migrated into the American Southwest from the northern areas of North America at some point between 1200 and 1500. They settled throughout New Mexico, eastern Arizona, northern Mexico, parts of western Texas, and southern Colorado. The Zuni count their direct ancestry through the ancestral Puebloans. The modern day Zuni established a culture along the Zuni River in far - eastern Arizona and western New Mexico. Both major tribes of the O'odham tribe settled in the southern and central Arizona, in the lands once controlled by their ancestors, the Hohokam.
The first European intrusion into the region came from the south. In 1539, a Jesuit Franciscan named Marcos de Niza led an expedition from Mexico City which passed through eastern Arizona. The following year Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, based on reports from survivors of the Narváez expedition (1528 -- 36) who had crossed eastern Texas on their way to Mexico City, led an expedition to discover the Seven Golden Cities of Cíbola. The 1582 - 3 expedition of Antonio de Espejo explored New Mexico and eastern Arizona; and this led to Juan de Oñate 's establishment of the Spanish province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México in 1598, with a capital founded near Ohkay Oweenge Pueblo, which he called San Juan de los Caballeros. Oñate 's party also attempted to establish a settlement in Arizona in 1599, but were turned back by inclement weather. In 1610, Santa Fe was founded, making it the oldest capital in United States.
In 1664 Juan Archuleta led an expedition into what is now Colorado, becoming the first European to enter. A second Spanish expedition was led into Colorado by Juan Ulibarrí in 1706, during which he claimed the Colorado territory for Spain.
From 1687 to 1691 the Jesuit priest, Eusebio Kino established several missions in the Santa Cruz River valley; and Kino further explored southern and central Arizona in 1694, during which he discovered the ruins of Casa Grande. Beginning in 1732, Spanish settlers began to enter the region, and the Spanish started bestowing land grants in Mexico and the Southwest US. In 1751, the O'odham rebelled against the Spanish incursions, but the revolt was unsuccessful. In fact, it had the exact opposite effect, for the result of the rebellion was the establishment of the presidio at Tubac, the first permanent European settlement in Arizona.
In 1768, the Spanish created the Provincia de las Californias, which included California and the Southwest US. Over approximately the next 50 years, the Spanish continued to explore the Southwest, and in 1776 the City of Tucson was founded when the Presidio San Augustin del Tucson was created, relocating the presidio from Tubac.
In 1776, two Franciscan priest, Francisco Atanasio Domínguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, led an expedition from Santa Fe heading to California. After passing through Colorado, they became the first Europeans to travel into what is now Utah. Their journey was halted by bad weather in October, and they turned back, heading south into Arizona before turning east back to Santa Fe.
In 1804 Spain divided the Provincia de las Californias, creating the province Alta California, which consisted primarily of what would become California, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico. In 1821 Mexico achieved its independence from Spain and shortly after, in 1824, developed its constitution, which established the Alta California Territory, which was the same geographic area as the earlier Spanish province.
In 1825, Arizona was visited by its first non-Spanish Europeans, English trappers. In 1836, the Republic of Texas, which contained the easternmost of the Southwest United States, won its independence from Mexico. In 1845 the Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States, and immediately became a state, bypassing the usual territory phase. The new state still contained portions of what would eventually become parts of other states. In 1846, the Southwest became embroiled in the Mexican -- American War, partly as a result of the United States ' annexation of Texas. On August 18, 1846, an American force captured Santa Fe, New Mexico. On December 16 of the same year, American forces captured Tucson, Arizona, marking the end of hostilities in the Southwest United States. When the war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848, the United States gained control of all of present - day California, Nevada and Utah, as well as the majority of Arizona, and parts of New Mexico and Colorado (the rest of present - day Colorado, and most of New Mexico had been gained by the United States in their annexation of the Republic of Texas). The final portion of the Southwestern United States came about through the acquisition of the southernmost parts of Arizona and New Mexico through the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.
In 1851, San Luis became the first European settlement in what is now Colorado.
Of the states of which at least a portion make up the Southwest, Texas was the first to achieve statehood. On December 29, 1846 the Republic of Texas was annexed, bypassing becoming a territory, and immediately becoming a state. Initially, its borders included parts of what would become several other states: almost half of New Mexico, a third of Colorado, and small portions of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming. Texas current borders were set in the Compromise of 1850, where Texas ceded land to the federal government in exchange for $10 million, which would go to paying off the debt Texas had accumulated in its war with Mexico.
Following the Mexican Cession, the lands of what had been the Mexican territory of Alta California were in flux: portions of what is now New Mexico were claimed, but never controlled, by Texas. With the Compromise of 1850, the states of Texas and California were created (Texas as a slave state, and California as a free state), as well as the Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory. The New Mexico Territory consisted of most of Arizona and New Mexico (excluding a strip along their southern borders), a small section of southern Colorado, and the very southern tip of Nevada; while the Utah Territory consisted of Utah, most of Nevada, and portions of Wyoming and Colorado. The New Mexico Territory was expanded along its southern extent, to its current border, with the signing of the Gadsden Purchase Treaty on December 30, 1853, which was ratified by the U.S. Congress, with some slight alterations, in April 1854.
The Colorado Territory was organized on February 28, 1861, created out of lands then currently in the Utah, Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mexico territories. The Nevada Territory was also organized in 1861, on March 2, with land taken from the existing Utah Territory. Initially, only the western 2 / 3 of what is currently the State of Nevada was included in the territory, with its boundary to the east being the 116th meridian, and to the south the 37th parallel. In 1862 Nevada 's eastern border shifted to the 115th meridian, and finally to its current position at the 114th meridian in 1866. The boundary modification in 1866 also included adding the southern triangular tip of the present - day state, taken from the Arizona Territory.
From July 24 -- 27, 1861 a confederate force under the command of Lt. Colonel John Robert Baylor forced the surrender of the small Union garrison stationed at Fort Fillmore, near Mesilla, New Mexico. On August 1, 1861, Baylor declared the creation of the Arizona Territory, and claimed it for the confederacy, with Mesilla as its capital. The territory, which had been formed by the portion of the existing New Mexico Territory below the 34th parallel, became official on February 14, 1862.
On February 24, 1863, the New Mexico Territory was split virtually in half with the creation of the Arizona Territory taking the western half.
Nevada was admitted to the Union on October 31, 1864, becoming the 36th state. This was followed by the admittance to the Union of Colorado, which became the 38th state on August 1, 1876. Confederate Arizona was short - lived, however. By May 1862 confederate forces had been driven out of the region by union troops. That same month a bill was introduced into the U.S. Congress, and in February 24, 1863 Abraham Lincoln signed the Arizona Organic Act, which officially created the U.S. Territory of Arizona, splitting the New Mexico Territory at the 107th meridian.
Utah, as shown above, evolved out of the Utah Territory, as pieces of the original territory created in 1850 were carved out: parts were ceded to Nevada, Wyoming, and Colorado in 1861; another section to Nevada in 1862; and the final section to Nevada in 1866. In 1890, the LDS church issued the 1890 Manifesto, which officially banned polygamy for members of the church. It was the last roadblock for Utah entering the Union, and on January 4, 1896 Utah was officially granted statehood, becoming the 45th state.
In 1869, John Wesley Powell led a 3 - month expedition which explored the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River. In 1875, he would publish a book describing his explorations, Report of the Exploration of the Columbia River of the West and Its Tributaries, which was later republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons.
In 1877 silver was discovered in southeastern Arizona. The notorious mining town of Tombstone, Arizona was born to service the miners. The town would become immortalized as the scene of what is considered the greatest gunfight in the history of the Old West, the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.
Copper was also discovered in 1877, near Bisbee and Jerome in Arizona, which became an important component of the economy of the Southwest. Production began in 1880, and was made more profitable by the expansion of the railroad throughout the territory during the 1880s.
The early 1880s also saw the completion of the second transcontinental railroad, which ran through the heart of the Southwest, called the "Sante Fe Route ''. It ran from Chicago, down through Topeka, then further south to Albuquerque, before heading almost due west through northern Arizona to Los Angeles.
The repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893 led to the decline of the silver mining industry in the region.
In 1901, the Santa Fe Railroad reached the south rim of the Grand Canyon, opening the way for a tourism boom, a trend led by restaurant and hotel entrepreneur Fred Harvey.
The last two territories within the Southwest to achieve statehood were New Mexico and Arizona. By 1863, with the splitting off of the Arizona Territory, New Mexico reached its modern borders. They became states within a month of one another. On January 6, 1912, New Mexico became the 47th state in the Union. Arizona would shortly follow, becoming the last of the 48 contiguous United States on February 14, 1912.
The early 1920s saw the Ku Klux Klan gain power in Colorado; however, the organization lost traction and by the end of the decade they no longer exerted influence in the state.
The 1930s saw the beginning of the ski industry in Colorado. Resorts were established in areas such as Estes Park, Gunnison, and on Loveland Pass. At the end of the decade, in 1939, with the establishment of Alta Ski Area, Utah 's skiing began to be developed.
Due to the ski conditions in the state, during WWII, the 10th Mountain Division established Camp Hale in Colorado to train elite ski troops.
In 1967, Governor John A. Love signed the nation 's first liberalized abortion law.
In 1999, the Columbine High School massacre became the most devastating high - school massacre in United States history, when two students killed 12 of their classmates and one teacher before taking their own lives.
On July 20, 2012, Colorado became the scene of one of the largest mass shooting in U.S. history, the Aurora shooting, which resulted in the deaths of 12 people, with another 70 injured. Also in 2012, Colorado voters passed law legalizing the recreational use of marijuana.
While this article deals with the core definition for the American Southwest, there are many others. The various definitions can be broken down into four main categories: Historical / Archeological; Geological / Topographical; Ecological; and Cultural. In the 1930s and 1940s, many definitions of the Southwest included all or part of Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Colorado, and Utah. As time has gone on, the definition of the Southwest as become more solidified and more compact. For example, in 1948 the National Geographic Society defined the American Southwest as all of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico, and the southernmost sections of Oregon, Idaho, and Wyoming, as well as parts of southwest Nebraska, western Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. By 1977, the Society 's definition had narrowed to only the four states of Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico; and by 1982 the portion of the Southwest in the United States, as defined by the Society, had shrunk to Arizona and New Mexico, with the southernmost strip of Utah and Colorado, as well as the Mojave and Colorado deserts in California. Other individuals who focus on Southwest studies who favored a more limited extent of the area to center on Arizona and New Mexico, with small parts of surrounding areas, include Erna Fergusson, Charles Lummis (who claimed to have coined the term, the Southwest), and cultural geographer Raymond Gastil, and ethnologist Miguel León - Portilla.
As the US expanded westward, the country 's western border also shifted westward, and consequently, so did the location of the Southwestern and Northwestern United States. In the early years of the United States, newly colonized lands lying immediately west of the Appalachian Mountains were detached from North Carolina and given the name Southwest Territory. During the decades that followed, the region known as "the Southwestern United States '' covered much of the Deep South east of the Mississippi River.
However, as territories and eventual states to the west were added after the Mexican -- American War, the geographical "Southwest '' expanded, and the relationship of these new acquisitions to the South itself became "increasingly unclear. ''
However, archeologist, Erik Reed, gives a description which is the most widely accepted as defining the American Southwest, which runs from Durango, Colorado in the north, to Durango, Mexico, in the south, and from Las Vegas, Nevada in the west to Las Vegas, New Mexico in the East. Reed 's definition is roughly equivalent to the western half of the Learning Center of the American Southwest 's definition, leaving out any portion of Kansas and Oklahoma, and much of Texas, as well as the eastern half of New Mexico. Since this article is about the Southwestern United States, the areas of Sonora and Chihuahua in Mexico will be excluded. The portion left includes Arizona and western New Mexico, the very southernmost part of Utah, southwestern Colorado, the very tip of west Texas, and triangle formed by the southern tip of Nevada. This will be the defined scope which is used in this article, unless otherwise specified in a particular area.
From this perspective, almost all of the region 's physiographical traits, geological formations, and weather are contained within a box between 26 ° and 38 ° northern latitude, and 98 ° 30 ' and 124 ° western longitude.
When looking at the fauna of the region, there is a broader definition of the American Southwest. The Southwestern Center for Herpetological Research defines the Southwest as being only the states of Arizona, New Mexico, with parts of California, Nevada, Texas, and Utah; although they include all of those six states in their map of the region, solely for ease of defining the border.
Parts of the other states make up the various areas which can be included in the Southwest, depending on the source (see Figure 1). The Learning Center of the American Southwest (LCAS) does not rely on current state boundaries, and defines the American Southwest as parts of Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah (see Figure 2).
Lawrence Clark Powell, a major bibliographer whose emphasis is on the Southwest, defined the American Southwest in a 1958 Arizona Highways article as, "the lands lying west of the Pecos, north of the (Mexican) Border, south of the Mesa Verde and the Grand Canyon, and east of the mountains which wall off Southern California and make it a land in itself. ''
Texas has long been the focal point of this dichotomy, and is often considered, as such, the core area of "the South 's Southwest. '' While the Trans - Pecos area is generally acknowledged as part of the desert Southwest, most of Texas and large parts of Oklahoma are often placed into a sub-region of the South, which some consider southwestern in the general framework of the original application, meaning the "Western South ''. This is an area containing the basic elements of Southern history, culture, politics, religion, and linguistic and settlement patterns, yet blended with traits of the frontier West. While this particular Southwest is notably different in many ways from the classic "Old South '' or Southeast, these features are strong enough to give it a separate southwestern identity quite different in nature from that of the interior southwestern states to the west.
One of these distinguishing characteristics in Texas -- in addition to being a Confederate state during the Civil War -- is that Indigenous and Spanish American culture never played a central role in the development of this area in relative comparison to the others, as the vast majority of settlers were Anglo and blacks from the South. Although the present day state of Oklahoma was Indian Territory until the early 20th century, many of these American Indians were from the southeastern United States and became culturally assimilated early on. The majority of members of these tribes also allied themselves with the Confederacy during the Civil War. Combined with that, once the territory was open for settlement, southeastern pioneers made up a disproportionate number of these newcomers. All this contributed to the new state having a character that differed from other parts of the Southwest with large American Indian populations.
The fact that a majority of residents of Texas and Oklahoma -- unlike those in other "southwestern '' states -- self - identify as living in the South and consider themselves southerners rather than the West and westerners -- also lends to treating these two states as a somewhat distinct and separate entity in terms of regional classification.
Vegetation of the southwest generally includes various types of yucca, along with saguaro cactus, barrel cactus, prickly pear cactus, desert spoon, creosote bush, sagebrush, and greasewood. Although cacti is thought to only grow in Arizona and New Mexico, many native cacti grow throughout Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and west Texas. Steppe is also located all over the high plains areas in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The mountains of the southwestern states have large tracts of alpine trees.
Landscape features of the core southwestern areas include mountains, canyons, mesas, buttes, high broad basins, plateaus, desert lands, and some plains, characteristic of the Basin and Range Province. The entire southwestern region features semi-arid to arid terrain. The far eastern part of southwestern Texas, for example the Texas Hill Country, consists of dry, tall, and rugged rocky hills of limestone and granite. South Texas and the Rio Grande Valley is mostly flat with many places consisting of scrub and bare topsoil, much like the deserts further west.
The region has an extremely diverse bird population, with hundreds of species being found in the American Southwest. In the Chiricahua Mountains alone, in southeastern Arizona, there can be found more than 400 species. Species include Canadian (Branta canadensis) and snow geese, sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis), and the roadrunner, the most famous bird in the region, is found in all states of the Southwest. Birds of prey include the red - tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), Cooper 's hawk (Accipiter cooperii), the osprey (Pandion haliaetus), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), Harris 's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), American kestrel (Falco sparverius), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), the gray hawk (Buteo plagiatus), the barn owl (Tyto alba), the western screech owl (Megascops kennicottii), the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), the elf owl (Micrathene whitneyi), and the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia)
Other bird species include the turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), the black vulture (Coragyps atratus), the northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), the blue grosbeak (Passerina caerulea), the house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus), the lesser goldfinch (Spinus psaltria), the broad - billed hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris), the black - chinned hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri), Costa 's hummingbird (Calypte costae), Gambel 's quail (Callipepla gambelii), the common raven (Corvus corax), the Gila woodpecker (Melanerpes uropygialis), the gilded flicker (Colaptes chrysoides), the cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus), and the rock wren (Salpinctes obsoletus). Four types of doves call the Southwest home: the white - winged dove (Zenaida asiatica), the mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), the common ground dove (Columbina passerina), and the Inca dove (Columbina inca).
Mammal species include the bobcat, coyote, black bear, black - tailed jackrabbit, desert cottontail, desert bighorn sheep, mule deer, white - tailed deer, gray fox, mountain lion, river otter, long - tailed weasel, western spotted skunk, pronghorn, raccoon, and Ord 's kangaroo rat, all of which can be found in parts of every southwestern state. Elk are found in parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. White - nosed coati, coati, and collared peccary -- or javelina -- in the Southwest are normally found in southern areas of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas near the Mexican border. Jaguars can be found in the bootheel region of Southwestern New Mexico. The Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) was reintroduced to Arizona and New Mexico in 1998. A U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study reported a minimum population of 109 Mexican wolves in southwest New Mexico and southeast Arizona at the end of 2014.
There is a large contingent of snakes native to the region. Among them include: the rosy boa (Lichanura trivirgata); several sub-species of the glossy snake (Arizona elegans); the Trans - Pecos ratsnake (Bogertophis subocularis); several sub-species of shovel - nosed snakes; several sub-species of kingsnake, including the desert kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula splendida) and the Arizona mountain kingsnake (Lampropeltis pyromelana); the Arizona coral snake (Micruroides euryxanthus); the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox); the Trans - Pecos copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster); the Sonoran sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes cercobombus); the Arizona black rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus cerberus); the western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis); the Grand Canyon rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus abyssus), found only in Arizona; several sub-species of the ridge - nosed rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi), the most recent rattlesnake species to be discovered in the United States, including the New Mexico ridge - nosed rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi obscurus), and the Arizona ridge - nosed rattlesnake, the state reptile of Arizona; and the desert massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii).
Other reptiles in the region include lizards and turtles. Lizards are highly represented in the region, the most distinctive denizen being the Gila monster, native only to the American Southwest and the state of Sonora in Mexico. Other lizards include: Sonoran collared lizard (Crotaphytus nebrius); several types of geckos, including western banded gecko (Coleonyx variegatus), the common house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), and the Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus), the last two species being non-native to the region but have been introduced; the desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis); the chuckwalla (Sauromalus ater); the greater earless lizard (Cophosaurus texanus scitulus); several sub-species of horned lizards (Phrynosoma); numerous species of spiny lizards (Sceloporus); Gilbert 's skink (Plestiodon gilberti); the western skink (Plestiodon skiltonianus); Trans - Pecos striped whiptail (Aspidoscelis inornata heptagrammus); and the Arizona night lizard (Xantusia arizonae). Turtles are less numerous than their other reptilian counterparts, but several are found in the region, including: the western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii); the Rio Grande cooter (Pseudemys gorzugi); the desert box turtle (Terrapene ornata luteola); the Big Bend slider (Trachemys gaigeae gaigeae); the Sonora mud turtle (Kinosternon sonoriense); and the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii).
Amphibians include numerous toads and frogs in the American Southwest. Toads which can be found in the region include: the Great Plains toad (Anaxyrus cognatus); the green toad (Anaxyrus debilis); the Arizona toad (Anaxyrus microscaphus); the New Mexico spadefoot (Spea multiplicata stagnalis); and the Colorado River toad (Incilius alvarius), also known as the Sonoran Desert toad. Frog representation includes: western barking frog (Craugastor augusti); the canyon tree frog (Hyla arenicolor); the Arizona treefrog (Hyla wrightorum); the western chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata); Chiricahua leopard frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis); and the relict leopard frog (Lithobates onca). There are quite a few salamanders throughout the region, including: the Arizona tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum) and the painted ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii picta).
The southwestern United States features a semi-arid to arid climate, depending on the location. Much of the Southwest is an arid desert climate, but higher elevations in the mountains in each state, with the exception of West Texas, feature alpine climates with very large amounts of snow. The metropolitan areas of Phoenix, Tucson, Las Vegas, and El Paso hardly ever receive any snow at all, as they are strictly desert lands with mountains. Albuquerque receives less snow than other cities, but still receive significant snowfalls in the winter time. Although it snows in this region, the snow in this part of the United States melts rapidly, often before nightfall. This is due mainly to the higher altitude and abundant sunshine in these states.
Nevada and Arizona are both generally arid with desert lands and mountains, and receive large amounts of snow in the higher elevations in and near the mountains. New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado are generally arid, with desert lands and mountains as well. They all receive decent amounts of snow and large amounts of snow in the high elevations in the mountains, although some areas in far southwestern and southern New Mexico do not receive much snow at all. West Texas is generally arid as well but does not receive the same amount of snow that the other southwestern states receive at their high elevations. The terrain of western Texas in the Southwest is the flat, rolling land of the plains, which eventually turns into a desert with some hills, and there are significant mountains as well once you reach the Trans - Pecos area.
The term "High Desert '' is also synonymous with this region. The High Desert is generally defined as the Mojave Desert, which extends from inland southern California into southern Nevada, and southwestern Utah. The High Desert also extends into other parts of the Northwest, such as the Red Desert in southwestern Wyoming. The High Desert is very different from the general desert lands found in Arizona, in the Sonoran Desert. This area of the desert land generally sits at a very high elevation, much higher than the normal desert land, and can receive very cold temperatures at night in the winter (with the exception of California, southern Nevada and southwestern Utah), sometimes near zero degrees on very cold nights. The High Desert also receives a decent amount of snowfall in the winter (with the exception of California, southern Nevada and southwestern Utah) but melts very quickly.
Other areas of the Southwest may also be referred to as the "High Desert '' such as the Colorado Plateau. The desert lands found in Eastern Utah, Northern Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico are usually referred to as the high desert. Colorado has scattered desert lands found in southern, southwestern, western, and the northwestern parts of the state. These scattered desert lands are located in and around areas such as, the Roan Plateau, Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado National Monument, Royal Gorge, Cortez, Dove Creek, Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, Four Corners Monument, Montrose, Blue Mesa Reservoir, Pueblo, San Luis Valley, Great Sand Dunes and Joshua Tree National Park. Besides the Chihuahuan Desert, lands in southwestern and southern New Mexico, they also have scattered desert lands in the northwestern and northern portions of their state, which is referred to as the high desert.
During El Niño, winters and springs are generally colder and wetter across southern portions of the region, while the northern portion stays warmer and drier due to a southern jet stream. Under La Niña, the opposite happens, meaning the cool and wet weather tends to stay further north.
The southwestern United States contains many national monuments and parks. Some of the more famous monuments and parks in the Southwest, or along the borders with the Southwest are the Grand Canyon National Park, Navajo National Monument, Four Corners Monument, Colorado National Monument, Great Sand Dunes National Park, Arches National Park, Red Rock Canyon, Big Bend National Park, and the White Sands National Monument.
In Utah there are also many other monuments and parks such as, Mexican Hat, Bryce Canyon National Park, Canyonlands National Park, Capitol Reef National Park, Zion National Park, Dixie National Forest, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument, Arches National Park, Manti - La Sal National Forest, Natural Bridges National Monument, Cedar Breaks National Monument, Hovenweep National Monument (also in Colorado), Monument Valley (also in Arizona), Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument, and the Rainbow Bridge National Monument.
In Arizona there is the Agua Fria National Monument, Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, Chiricahua National Monument, Ironwood Forest National Monument, Montezuma Castle National Monument, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Petrified Forest National Park, Pipe Spring National Monument, Saguaro National Park, Sonoran Desert National Monument, Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument, Tonto National Monument, Tumacacori National Historical Park, Tuzigoot National Monument, Vermilion Cliffs National Monument, Walnut Canyon National Monument, and the Wupatki National Monument.
In Colorado there is the Mesa Verde National Park, Royal Gorge, Blue Mesa Reservoir, Canyon of the Ancients National Monument, Yucca House National Monument, San Juan National Forest, Uncompahgre National Forest, San Isabel National Forest, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, and Bent 's Old Fort National Historic Site.
In New Mexico there is the Aztec Ruins National Monument, Bandelier National Monument, Chaco Culture National Historical Park, El Malpais National Monument, El Morro National Monument, Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, Kasha - Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument, Pecos National Historical Park, Petroglyph National Monument, Carson National Forest, Santa Fe National Forest, Cibola National Forest, Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, Apache - Sitgreaves National Forest, Gila National Forest, Coronado National Forest, Lincoln National Forest, and the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument.
In the western Texas part of the Southwest, there is Big Bend National Park, Chamizal National Memorial, Fort Davis National Historic Site, and the Guadalupe Mountains National Park.
In California and Nevada there is the Death Valley National Park, Joshua Tree National Park, Mojave National Preserve, Humboldt - Toiyabe National Forest, and the Lake Mead National Recreation Area.
The Southwest is ethnically varied, with significant Anglo American and Hispanic American populations in addition to more regional African American, Asian American, and American Indian populations.
Hispanic Americans (mostly Mexican Americans, with large populations of Spanish Americans) can be found in large numbers in every major city in the Southwest such as El Paso (80 %), Albuquerque (47 %), Phoenix (43 %), Tucson (41 %), Las Vegas (32 %).
Very large Hispanic American populations can also be found in the smaller cities such as, Flagstaff (18 %), Yuma (55 %), Mesa (27 %), Glendale (36 %), St. George (10 %), Las Cruces (56 %), Santa Fe (48 %), and Pueblo (48 %). Many small towns throughout the southwestern states also have significantly large Latino populations.
The largest African American populations in the Southwest can be found in Las Vegas (10 %), and Phoenix (5 %).
The largest Asian American populations in the southwest can be found in Nevada and Utah, with some significant Asian population in Phoenix. The most significant American Indian populations can be found in New Mexico and Arizona.
The area also contains many of the nation 's largest cities and metropolitan areas, despite relatively low population density in rural areas. Phoenix is the sixth most populous cities in the country, and Albuquerque and Las Vegas are some of the fastest - growing cities in America. Also, the region as a whole has witnessed some of the highest population growth in the United States, and according to the US Census Bureau, in 2008 -- 2009, Utah was the fastest growing state in America. As of the 2010 Census, Nevada was the fastest growing state in the United States, with an increase of 35.1 % in the last ten years. Additionally, Arizona (24.6 %), Utah (23.8 %), Texas (20.6 %), and Colorado (16.9 %) were all in the top ten fastest growing states as well.
Of the four major professional sports in the United States, in the American Southwest only the Phoenix metropolitan area currently has representatives (in 2017, the Oakland Raiders of Oakland, California, finalized a deal to move to Las Vegas.) And they are one of only 13 U.S. cities to have representatives in all four: Arizona Diamondbacks in Major League Baseball, Arizona Cardinals in the National Football League, the Phoenix Suns in the National Basketball Association, and the Arizona Coyotes in the National Hockey League. The Greater Phoenix area is home to the Cactus League, one of two spring training leagues for Major League Baseball; fifteen of MLB 's thirty teams are now included in the Cactus League. The region has also been the scene of several NFL super bowls. Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe held Super Bowl XXX in 1996, when the Dallas Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers. The University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona hosted Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008, in which the New York Giants defeated the New England Patriots, as well as Super Bowl XLIX, which resulted in the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks 28 - 24. The U.S. Airways Center hosted both the 1995 and the 2009 NBA All - Star Games.
In 1997, the Phoenix Mercury were one of the original eight teams to launch the Women 's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Indoor American football is represented by the Arizona Rattlers located in Phoenix. The region is also host to several major professional golf events: the LPGA 's Founder 's Cup; the Phoenix Open and the Shriners Hospitals for Children Open (in Las Vegas) of the PGA; and the Tucson Conquistadores Classic (in Tucson), and the Charles Schwab Cup Championship (in Scottsdale) on the Champions Tour of the PGA.
NASCAR has two venues within the region: The Phoenix International Raceway, was built in 1964 with a one - mile oval, with a one - of - a-kind design, as well as a 2.5 - mile road course, and the Las Vegas Motor Speedway, a 1,200 - acre (490 ha) complex of multiple tracks for motorsports racing. There are several nationally recognized running events in the region, including The Phoenix Marathon, a qualifier for the Boston Marathon, and the Rock ' n ' Roll Marathon Series in both Phoenix and Las Vegas. Las Vegas is also the end point for the annual Baker to Vegas Challenge Cup Relay, a 120 - mile - long foot race by law enforcement teams from around the world, which is the largest law enforcement athletic event in the world. Las Vegas is the premier boxing venue in the country, and is also known for mixed martial arts events.
The Southwest is also home to some of the most prominent rodeos in North America. The Professional Bull Riders association has its headquarters in Pueblo, Colorado. The PBR World Finals are held annually in Las Vegas, which also hosts the National Finals Rodeo, which is the nation 's premier rodeo event. Other major rodeo events include the week - long Fiesta de los Vaqueros in Tucson, the World 's Oldest Rodeo in Prescott, Arizona, the Southwestern International PRCA Rodeo in El Paso, Texas, and the Rodeo de Santa Fe, one of the nation 's premier rodeos.
The Southwest is home to a rich tradition of college sports. The Pac - 12 Conference has two teams in the region, the Arizona State Sun Devils and the University of Arizona Wildcats. The Mountain West Conference also has two teams, the UNLV Rebels and the University of New Mexico Lobos. Conference USA is represented by the University of Texas at El Paso Miners. The Big Sky Conference has two teams: the Lumberjacks of Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, Arizona, and the Southern Utah University Thunderbirds in Cedar City, Utah. The Western Athletic Conference also has two representatives, the New Mexico State University Aggies in Las Cruces, New Mexico, and the Grand Canyon University Antelopes in Phoenix.
Las Vegas is becoming the nexus for NCAA league basketball tournaments. The Mountain West Conference, the Western Athletic Conference, the West Coast Conference, and the Pac - 12 Conference all hold their conference basketball tournaments in Las Vegas.
The Southwest is the site of six college football bowl games: the TicketCity Cactus Bowl, formerly known as the Insight Bowl, in Tempe; the Arizona Bowl in Tucson; the Fiesta Bowl, played at the University of Phoenix Stadium; the Las Vegas Bowl; the New Mexico Bowl in Albuquerque; and the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas.
The erstwhile (20th century) "Southwest Conference '' might "seem '' to have been named after this region, but it had no teams from Arizona nor New Mexico. All but one of its teams were from schools in Texas.
Coordinates: 37 ° 00 ′ 00 '' N 111 ° 12 ′ 00 '' W / 37.0000 ° N 111.2000 ° W / 37.0000; - 111.2000
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who played the babies in the witches of eastwick | The Witches of Eastwick (film) - wikipedia
The Witches of Eastwick is a 1987 American comedy - fantasy film based on John Updike 's novel The Witches of Eastwick. Directed by George Miller, the film stars Jack Nicholson as Daryl Van Horne, alongside Cher, Michelle Pfeiffer and Susan Sarandon as the eponymous witches.
Alexandra Medford (Cher), Jane Spofford (Susan Sarandon), and Sukie Ridgemont (Michelle Pfeiffer) are three dissatisfied women living in the picturesque town of Eastwick, Rhode Island. Alex is a sculptor and single mother of one daughter; Jane is a newly divorced music teacher unable to have children; while Sukie has six daughters and works as a columnist for the Eastwick Word, the local newspaper. The three friends all have lost their husbands (Alex 's died, Jane 's divorced her, and Sukie 's abandoned her). Unaware that they are witches, the women unwittingly form a coven where they have weekly get - togethers and share their fantasies about ideal men.
A mysterious man (Jack Nicholson) arrives in town and stirs up trouble by buying the town 's landmark property: the Lennox Mansion. The arrival of this enigmatic stranger fascinates the townsfolk, all except for Felicia Alden (Veronica Cartwright), the devoutly religious wife of newspaper editor Clyde Alden (Richard Jenkins), Sukie 's boss. Felicia senses that this man (whose name is easily forgotten) is up to no good. One night, at one of Jane 's music recitals, the strange man appears and makes a spectacle of himself, which leads to more gossip. After the recital, Jane receives a bouquet of flowers with the initial D written on it. This sparks Sukie 's memory, finally revealing the man 's name as Daryl Van Horne. However, as chaos over the name spreads through the crowd, Sukie 's bead necklace inexplicably breaks and falls to the floor, causing Felicia (who had mocked Daryl 's name) to trip down a large staircase and break her leg.
The following day, Daryl sets out to seduce Alex. As he converses with her, he says insensitive, disgusting, and rude things every time he speaks. Appalled, she tells him off, refuses his amorous advances, and begins to walk out. Before she opens the door, he speaks to her, manipulating her emotions until she eventually agrees. The next morning, Daryl visits the shy and insecure Jane. As the two sit down and share polite conversation, Jane explains that the Lennox Mansion was built on a site where alleged witches were burned at the stake. Later that night, Daryl encourages Jane to play her cello with wild abandon, never before achieved, playing faster and faster while accompanied by Daryl on the piano, until finally the strings break, the cello bursts into flame, and Jane flings herself upon Daryl with passion. The following week, Daryl invites all three of the women to his mansion, his sights now on Sukie. Later, as envy and rivalry emerge among the women, they inadvertently levitate a tennis ball. Finally aware of their magical abilities, the women agree to share Daryl.
As the women spend more time at Daryl 's mansion, Felicia spreads rumors about their indecency. Alex, Jane, and Sukie become social outcasts. As the witches begin to question their loyalty to Daryl, he causes them to unknowingly cast a spell against Felicia. Later that night, while ranting to her husband about Daryl being the Devil, Felicia begins to vomit cherry stones. Horrified by her uncontrollable behavior, Clyde kills her with a fire poker.
After Felicia 's death, the three women become fearful of their powers and agree to avoid each other and Daryl until the situation has quieted down. Upset by this abandonment, Daryl uses his own powers to bring their worst fears to life. Alex awakens to a bed full of snakes; Jane 's body begins rapidly aging; and Sukie experiences sudden, agonizing pain. Realizing the only way to get rid of Daryl is by using witchcraft against him, the women reunite with him, pretending to have made amends.
The next morning, Daryl sets out to buy bagels and ice cream, as per the request of the three women. While he is out of the mansion, Alex uses wax & Daryl 's hair to create a voodoo doll in his image and the three women begin to harm the doll, hoping that Daryl will leave as a result. As the spell takes effect, Daryl - still in town - is buffeted by a sudden wind and begins to feel excruciating pain (each event corresponding to something the doll undergoes). He runs inside a church to hide from the wind and finds it full of people praying. Realizing the source of his troubles, he begins ranting about the women, cursing them as a group before vomiting cherry pits like Felicia did. An enraged Daryl then races home to punish the witches for their betrayal. Realizing their plot to make Daryl leave was ineffective, they attempt to hide their spell and toss the voodoo doll into a fire just as he enters the mansion. Daryl vanishes as a result, but not before reverting to a large, monstrous form that attempts to shake the mansion apart.
Eighteen months later, the women are living together in Daryl 's mansion, each with a new baby son (each boy shares his mother 's hair color). The boys are playing together when Daryl appears on a wall filled with video screens and invites them to "give Daddy a kiss. '' Before they can do so, Alex, Jane, and Sukie appear and switch off the televisions.
At one point, Bill Murray was considered for the role of Daryl Van Horne.
While the film follows the basic structure of the novel, several major developments are dropped, with the book being darker in tone. The setting of both is Rhode Island, but the novel sets the time during the late 1960s. In the novel, Daryl is more devil - like: less of an enabler and more of a selfish, perverse predator and architect of mayhem. Also, the film omits a key episode in the book, where Daryl unexpectedly marries a young, innocent girl named Jenny, and the jealous three witches magically cause her to die of cancer.
While The Witches of Eastwick was originally set to be filmed in Little Compton, Rhode Island, Warner Bros. instead turned to Cohasset, Massachusetts after controversy erupted in Little Compton over whether or not its Congregational church should be involved with the film 's production. Principal photography began on July 14, 1986 and took place over the course of six weeks in Cohasset and nearby Massachusetts towns, such as Marblehead, and Scituate. Castle Hill in Ipswich, Massachusetts was used for the exterior of the Lenox Mansion, while the lobby of the Wang Center in Boston stood in for the main hall. Other interiors were filmed at the Greystone Mansion in Beverly Hills, though the swimming pool and Daryl 's library were sets built on the Warner Bros. backlot.
Prior to filming, a small carving shop led by woodcarver Paul McCarthy was commissioned to hand - carve all the wooden signs for the businesses shown in the movie, including the newspaper where Michelle Pfeiffer 's character worked -- The Eastwick Word.
The musical score for The Witches of Eastwick was composed by John Williams. A soundtrack album was released by Warner Bros. Records in 1987.
The Witches of Eastwick received positive reviews. It currently holds a rating of 73 % on Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus "A wickedly funny tale of three witches and their duel with the Devil, fueled by some delicious fantasy and arch comedic performances. '' On Metacritic, based on 10 critics, the film has a 68 / 100 rating, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''.
The Washington Post wrote that "Hollywood pulls out all the stops here, including a reordering of John Updike 's original book to give you one flashy and chock - full - o ' - surprises witches ' tale. '' Janet Maslin in The New York Times commended the "bright, flashy, exclamatory style. '' Variety described it as a "very funny and irresistible set - up. ''
Some critics thought that the last part of the film spiraled into ridiculousness. The Washington Post wrote that the second half "lost its magic and degenerated into bunk. '' According to The New York Times, "beneath the surface charm there is too much confusion, and the charm itself is gone long before the film is over. '' Time Out wrote that "the last 20 minutes dive straight to the bottom of the proverbial barrel with a final crass orgy of special effects. '' Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun - Times acknowledged that "the movie 's climax is overdone '' yet added that "a lot of the time this movie plays like a plausible story about implausible people. ''
The majority of critics saw the film as a showcase for Nicholson 's comic talents. The Chicago Sun - Times thought it "a role he was born to fill... There is a scene where he dresses in satin pajamas and sprawls full length on a bed, twisting and stretching sinuously in full enjoyment of his sensuality. It is one of the funniest moments of physical humor he has ever committed. '' The New York Times wrote that although "the performers are eminently watchable... none of them seem a match for Mr. Nicholson 's self - proclaimed ' horny little devil '. '' Variety called it a "no - holds - barred performance, '' and wrote that the "spectacle of the film is really Nicholson. '' The Washington Post wrote that Nicholson was "undisputably the star of The Witches of Eastwick, despite formidable competition from his coven played by Cher, Michelle Pfeiffer, and Susan Sarandon, '' although even more praise was reserved for Veronica Cartwright in an eccentric, scene - stealing supporting role.
Ruth Crawford wrote: "This film includes many fantasy elements. By far the most fantastic of them is the depiction of a single mother of five, who has to work for a living and still has plenty of time and energy left to engage in wild adventures of sex and magic. If being a witch gives you the ability to do that, quite a few women I know would be very happy to sign up at the nearest coven. ''
The film was nominated for two Academy Awards in the categories of Best Original Score (for John Williams ' music) and Best Sound, winning neither. The film won a BAFTA Award, however, in the category of Best Special Effects, and received a nomination for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. Williams was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Instrumental Background Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television, and won a BMI Film Music Award.
Jack Nicholson won a Saturn Award for Best Actor, and the film received nominations in a further six categories: Best Fantasy Film, Best Actress (Susan Sarandon), Best Supporting Actress (Veronica Cartwright), Best Writing (Michael Cristofer), Best Music (John Williams), and Best Special Effects.
Jack Nicholson also won Best Actor awards from the New York Film Critics Circle (for his work in Witches, Ironweed and Broadcast News) and the Los Angeles Film Critics Association (for Witches and Ironweed), the latter shared with Steve Martin for Roxanne (1987).
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when was call of duty black ops 2 made | Call of Duty: Black Ops II - wikipedia
Call of Duty: Black Ops II is a first - person shooter video game, developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and the Xbox 360 on November 13, 2012, and for the Wii U on November 18 in North America and November 30 elsewhere. Black Ops II is the ninth game in the Call of Duty franchise of video games, a sequel to the 2010 game Call of Duty: Black Ops and the first Call of Duty game for the Wii U. A corresponding game for the PlayStation Vita, Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified, was developed by nStigate Games and also released on November 13.
The game 's campaign follows up the story of Black Ops and is set in two different time periods; the late 1980s and 2025. In the 80s, the player switches control between Alex Mason and Frank Woods, two of the protagonists from Black Ops, while in 2025, the player assumes control of Mason 's son, David (codenamed "Section ''). Both time periods involve the characters pursuing Raul Menendez, a Nicaraguan cartel leader, who is responsible for kidnapping Woods in the 80s and later sparking a second Cold War in 2025. The campaign features nonlinear gameplay and has multiple endings.
Development for the game began sometime after the release of Black Ops, with Activision promising that the follow - up would bring "meaningful innovation '' to the Call of Duty franchise. Black Ops II is the first game in the series to feature futuristic warfare technology and the first to present branching storylines driven by player choice as well as selecting weapons before starting story mode missions. It also offers a 3D display option.
Black Ops II received generally positive reviews from critics. The game was a commercial success; within 24 hours of going on sale, the game grossed over $500 million. It had remained the largest entertainment launch of all time until September 2013, when Take - Two Interactive announced that Grand Theft Auto V had grossed $800 million in its first day of release. It went on to sell 7.5 million copies in the U.S. in November 2012, making it the highest grossing game of the month. A sequel, Call of Duty: Black Ops III, was released in 2015. Black Ops II was made backwards compatible for the Xbox One in April 2017.
Black Ops II is the first Call of Duty video game to feature branching storylines, in which the player 's choice affects both the current mission and in turn, the overall course of the story. Known as "Strike Force missions '', these branching storylines appear during the 2025 storyline and feature permanent death. The success or failure of these missions can have ramifications for the wider campaign storyline. Choosing one of the missions locks out the others unless the player begins a fresh campaign.
Strike Force missions allow the player to control a number of different war assets, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, jet fighters and robots. If the player dies in a Strike Force mission, the campaign continues recording that loss, as opposed to letting the player load a previously saved checkpoint. The player 's progress in the Strike Force missions may go on to change even the plans of the story 's antagonist, Raul Menendez. By the end of the game, the player may have changed the results of the new Cold War.
Similarly, in the main story missions, there are certain points where the player is given different choices and paths to progress, which could have an effect on the gameplay, as well as the story. Black Ops II is also the first game in the series to allow the player to customize their loadout before beginning a mission, creating freedom in choosing how to approach a mission.
One of the biggest changes added to multiplayer in Black Ops II is the introduction of Pick 10, a new system within the Create - a-Class menu. Pick 10 gives the player a total of 10 allocation slots in a class, which are used for guns, perks, grenades, etc... The player can choose to allocate the slots however they like, to either have more attachments for a gun, or more perks.
Killstreaks from previous Call of Duty games are renamed as Scorestreaks, which are now earned by gaining points, rather than kills. This allows the player to focus on objective modes, which also earn points towards Scorestreaks.
Unlike past games, weapons in Black Ops II have a progression system, which is used to unlock weapon attachments. After maxing out a weapon 's level, the player can choose to "prestige '' the gun, similar to how they can prestige the player level, and reset their attachment progress. In exchange, the player can customize their weapons with custom clan tags and emblems.
Black Ops II is also the first Call of Duty game to include a competitive mode. Known as League Play, the mode allows players of similar skill level to be matched together, and play according to the rules of Major League Gaming.
Treyarch confirmed that the Zombies mode would return for Black Ops II with new game modes. Its predecessors were Call of Duty: World at War and Call of Duty: Black Ops. This is the third time for the Zombies mode to appear in a Call of Duty game, and the first time to have game modes other than the traditional Survival mode. Treyarch also confirmed that Zombies would run on the game 's multiplayer engine, allowing for a deeper community experience, along with new features. A new, 8 player co-op game called "Grief '' is also supported, featuring 2 teams of 4 players competing to survive, unlike Call of Duty: World at War and Call of Duty: Black Ops, which only supported 4 player online co-op. As with the previous game, each map contains "Easter eggs '' side quests, which is used to progress the story. A new mode, "Turned '', is introduced with several downloadable content maps, in which three players attempt to survive a player - controlled zombie, who must turn the other three players into zombies.
The single - player campaign features two connected storylines, with the first set from 1986 to 1989 during the final years of the First Cold War, and the other set in 2025 during a Second Cold War. The protagonist of Black Ops, Alex Mason (Sam Worthington) returns as the protagonist in the first Cold War section, and chronicles the rise to infamy of the game 's primary antagonist, Raul Menendez (Kamar de los Reyes).
The 2025 section of the game features Alex Mason 's son David (codenamed Section) (Rich MacDonald) as the protagonist, in which Menendez is plotting against the United States and China with one of his ultimate goals being to see the United States locked in a new Cold War with China, in revenge for many of his misfortunes. In this era, wars are defined by robotics, cyberwarfare, unmanned vehicles, and other futuristic technology. Returning characters include Alex 's CIA squadmates Frank Woods (James C. Burns) and Jason Hudson (Michael Keaton), former Soviet Army Colonel Lev Kravchenko (Andrew Divoff), and disgraced Red Army Captain Viktor Reznov (Gary Oldman). New characters include: Section 's SEAL teammates Mike Harper (Michael Rooker) and Javier Salazar (Celestino Cornielle), their commanding officer Admiral Tommy Briggs (Tony Todd), the CIA double agent Farid (Omid Abtahi), U.S. President Marion Bosworth (Cira Larkin), Strategic Defense Coalition leader General Tian Zhao (Byron Mann), Tacitus Corporation ex-employee Chloe Lynch (codename Karma) (Erin Cahill). The game also features several historical and real - life characters, including: UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi (Robert Wisdom), former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega (Benito Martinez), Colonel Oliver North (voiced by himself), and former CIA director David Petraeus (Jim Meskimen). Jimmy Kimmel cameos as himself in one of the game 's endings, while the rock band Avenged Sevenfold makes a non-canonical appearance at the end of the game.
In 1986, Alex Mason, now retired from active duty, pursues an obscure existence in Alaska with his son, seven - year - old David. Their shaky relationship is further strained when Mason is approached by Jason Hudson for an assignment in Cuando Cubango during the height of the Angolan Civil and South African Border Wars. Frank Woods and his team have disappeared aiding Jonas Savimbi 's UNITA rebels against Angola 's Marxist government; their actions have already been disavowed by the CIA, but Hudson hopes to rescue any survivors. Mason and Hudson recover Woods from the Kavango River, subsequently locating Raul Menendez among a contingent of Cuban military advisers. As a lengthy firefight breaks out, the trio are rescued by Savimbi. It is revealed that Menendez is responsible for holding Woods captive after murdering his team.
In light of this, Mason, Woods, and Hudson begin tracking Menendez, an established primary arms dealer for bush conflicts in Southern Africa and Latin America. The CIA later authorize a strike against the unscrupulous Nicaraguan, now making a healthy profit running arms across Soviet - occupied Afghanistan. The trio and Chinese operative Tian Zhao ally with the Afghan Mujahideen against the Soviets. They locate Lev Kravchenko, who survived the grenade explosion with Woods in Vietnam, and interrogate him into disclosing that Menendez has moles inside the CIA. The Mujahideen then betray the Americans and Zhao, leaving them to die in the Afghan wilderness until their rescue by two unidentified civilians.
The origins of Menendez 's anti-American sentiment is revealed at this point. His sister Josefina was disfigured in a fire as part of an insurance fraud masterminded by an American businessman. The CIA sanctions the assassination of Menendez 's father after uncovering his ties to South American drug trade. Mason, Woods, Hudson, and Panamanian security forces led by President Manuel Noriega raid Menendez 's compound in Nicaragua; during the chaos, Woods inadvertently kills Josefina with a grenade. Conspiring with Noriega to fake his demise, Menendez crosses paths with Mason and Woods again during the American invasion of Panama. Utilizing moles within the CIA, Menendez captures Hudson and David, and has Hudson manipulate Woods into shooting Mason before crippling Woods. He then executes Hudson, promising to return and complete his revenge at a later date.
In 2025, Menendez reemerges as the charismatic leader of Cordis Die, a militant populist movement. His organization stages a cyberattack that cripples the Chinese stock exchanges, forcing their government to leverage its economic influence and sparking a second Cold War between NATO and the Chinese - led Strategic Defense Coalition headed by Zhao. David, now a Navy SEAL code - named Section, spearheads an effort by American Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) to track down Menendez. They fail to apprehend him, but learn that Menendez is planning a second cyberattack with global repercussions, dependent on a quantum supercomputer engineered by rogue developer Chloe Lynch. Section and two other SEALs, Harper and Salazar, either rescue Lynch by killing Menendez 's second - in - command, DeFalco, or he escapes. The "Strike Force '' mission "Second Chance '' must be completed to rescue Lynch if the latter occurs.
JSOC finally capture Menendez in Yemen with the assistance of undercover CIA agent, Farid. However, prior to being apprehended, Menendez orders Farid to kill a captured Harper. Farid will be executed by Menendez if he refuses. American forces take Menendez aboard the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Barack Obama, commanded by Admiral Briggs; however, Menendez escapes with the aid of a mole inside JSOC: Salazar. How Salazar 's betrayal pans out is determinant on the fates of Lynch, Farid, and DeFalco. Menendez hacks into the U.S. military satellite to seize control of their entire drone fleet. Whether the Americans regain control is determined on whether the Strike Force missions were completed and whether Briggs remains alive to activate the ship 's defenses.
Regardless, Menendez uses the drones to attack Los Angeles during a meeting of G20 leaders, hoping to kill them and ferment widespread economic and civil chaos. With the drones also targeting several other strategic cities across the U.S. and China, Section escorts the President of the United States to safety in a Cougar HE. Menendez is tracked to Haiti, where Section must either execute or reapprehend him.
The events of the player 's ending is determinant on the fates of Menendez, Lynch, and Alex Mason, and whether the Strike Force missions were completed.
A non-canon ending is unlocked by completing the game, depicting Menendez and Woods performing at a concert with Synyster Gates and M. Shadows of Avenged Sevenfold.
Zombies takes place throughout various time periods, mostly focused during the modern time, in a post-apocalyptic world, created as a result of the missile launch from the moon striking the Earth. The majority of the story follows four new characters: Samuel Stuhlinger (David Boat), Marlton Johnson (Scott Menville), Abigail "Misty '' Briarton (Stephanie Lemelin) and Russman (Keith Szarabajka). Dr. Edward Richtofen (Nolan North), one of the previous playable characters from the previous game, returns as the demonic announcer, overseeing the four characters. Another returning character is Dr. Ludvig Maxis (Fred Tatasciore), who instructs the new group to help him defeat Richtofen. Players can choose whether to help Maxis or Richtofen, which will have different results once the story ends. The map "Mob of the Dead '' features a new crew of characters: Albert "The Weasel '' Arlington (Joe Pantoliano), Billy Handsome (Ray Liotta), Michael "Finn '' O'Leary (Michael Madsen), and Salvatore "Sal '' DeLuca (Chazz Palminteri). The map "Origins '' features an alternate version of the original crew: Tank Dempsey (Steven Blum), Nikolai Belinski (also voiced by Tatasciore), Takeo Masaki (Tom Kane), and Richtofen, as well as Maxis ' daughter, Samantha (Grace Kaufman).
In the year 2025 at Nevada, a team of CIA and CDC operatives investigate a nuclear testing site known as "Nuketown '', where they are attacked by zombies. At the same time, Dr. Edward Richtofen seizes control of the zombies by entering the Aether from Group 935 's moon base. However, Dr. Ludvig Maxis joins with his daughter Samantha and Richtofen 's former allies, Tank Dempsey, Nikolai Belinski, and Takeo Masaki, to thwart him. To end this, Maxis launches three massive nuclear missiles filled with Element 115, the element responsible for the reanimation of dead cells, at the Earth, destroying its atmosphere. One missile completely destroys Nuketown and all present, except for one individual, Marlton Johnson, who escapes after hiding out in the site 's bunker.
Ten years later following the events on the Moon, Earth has been reduced to a crumbling, hellish wasteland overrun by zombies. In this new world, four survivors - Samuel Stuhlinger, Abigail "Misty '' Briarton, Marlton, and Russman - have banded together to survive in Washington with the help of a bus driven by a robotic driver. The four are contacted by both Richtofen and Maxis, who is now a digital artificial intelligence, for aid against the other. Both former scientists request the four to assist them in powering up a tower within the area to work in their favor. Once done, regardless of the path they choose, they are teleported by Richtofen to a crumbling skyline in Shanghai, China. The four learn of The Flesh, a cannibalistic cult that chooses to eat zombie meat, as well as the beginnings of a new airborne pandemic of Element 115. Stuhlinger is threatened by Richtofen, who knows of his past as a member of The Flesh, which allows only him to hear Richtofen and not the others. At the site, Maxis and Richtofen once again instruct the four to power up a second tower.
Following their battles in Shanghai, Russman leads the group across the continents to a large hole in the ground known as The Rift in Africa, hoping to find answers about the unseen forces commanding them. Richtofen commands Samuel to "mend the rift ''. The four gain a new ally in the form of a mute giant (real name later known as Arthur) in a Western town warped underground by temporal displacement, and are hampered by a ghostly woman in a massive mansion. In the canonical ending, the group aids Maxis, allowing him to use the power from the towers to enter the Aether and assume ultimate control, trapping Richtofen in a zombie 's body. However, the Earth begins shaking, and Maxis explains to the four that he is beginning the process of the destruction of the Earth and humanity to reach Agartha, where he believes Samantha is; in the non-canon ending, the group aids Richtofen, letting him gain unlimited power over the Aether and the Earth, allowing him to kill Maxis and condemn Samantha 's soul to eternal damnation.
Following the canonical ending, Maxis then plucks Samantha 's soul from Richtofen 's body on the Moon and forces her to join him in Agartha. Realizing her father has been corrupted by the Aether, Samantha reaches out to an alternate version of him, who resides in Dimension 63. She ends up in 1918 in France during World War I, where Group 935 was formed much earlier, with Maxis as one of its leaders, operating to secure German victory in the war. Group 935 created mechanical robots, as well as staffs that control the powers of the elements. Stumbling upon an ancient tomb believed to be of Vril origin, they accidentally unleash the first known zombie outbreak in history. Aiming to stop Germany, Japan, Russia and the United States of America send Takeo, Nikolai and Dempsey to capture Richtofen, the mastermind behind the advanced technology. By this time, Group 935 's operatives have been wiped out, and Maxis himself was lobotomized when he began to turn into a zombie. The group are contacted by Samantha, who begs them to free her from Agartha. Richtofen puts Maxis ' brain in a flying drone, and he joins the fight against the zombies and to free Samantha. The group is eventually successful, and while Maxis meets his daughter, they enter Agartha to be rewarded. A cutscene is played, showing Samantha with a boy named Eddie inside a house playing with toys of the characters who have appeared in the Zombies game mode throughout all three games. Air raid sirens are heard and the two children retreat to the basement with Maxis, with Samantha noting her father has a plan to make the heroes of their games real.
A separate story, "Mob of the Dead '', taking place also in Dimension 63, focuses on four mobsters: Salvatore "Sal '' DeLuca, Billy Handsome, Michael "Finn '' O'Leary, and Albert "The Weasel '' Arlington, who are incarcerated at Alcatraz Island. On New Year 's Eve 1933, the four attempt to escape the prison, using Weasel 's plan to build a makeshift airplane called Icarus. However, the prison becomes infested with zombies, and they are forced to fight their way out. They succeed in building the airplane, but crash - land at the Golden Gate Bridge. They are then teleported back to the prison, with no memories of their previous attempt (except Weasel, who keeps a journal of the ongoing events). They continuously try to escape, but the result remains the same. After many failures, they discover that they were actually stuck in Purgatory, constantly repeating a cycle as punishment for their past sins. In reality, the escape plan never came to fruition, and Weasel was killed by the other three on New Year 's Eve, while the rest were given the death penalty weeks later. Having remembered the truth, Sal, Billy and Finn set out to kill Weasel once again. Two possible endings can occur: if Weasel is killed, the cycle repeats once again; if Weasel lives and the other three are killed, the cycle is broken, and he is finally freed of his punishment.
Activision Blizzard CEO Robert Kotick stated on November 8, 2011, that a new Call of Duty game was in development for a 2012 release and will be the newest installment in the franchise. The game was officially confirmed by Activision during its fourth - quarter earnings call on February 9, 2012, and promised that it will feature "meaningful innovation '' for the series. Oliver North, who was involved in the Iran -- Contra affair was a consultant on the 1980s portion and helped promote the game. The author and defense expert Peter W. Singer served as a consultant on the 2025 storyline of the game.
Reports of Black Ops 2 surfaced following a product page for Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 appeared on Amazon France before quickly being taken down in February 2012. No information had yet been released by Activision, but Gameblog claimed that Activision demanded it remove its original report too. When it refused to do so, the publisher cut off Gameblog from ad support, review game mailings and future Activision events for refusing to comply. Later Activision denied Gameblog 's claims that it has been cut off. Around the same time, computer game artist Hugo Beyer also listed "Black Ops 2 '' as his current project in his Linkedin CV, before his LinkedIn page was taken down. Beyer is an artist working for Nerve Software, "a Dallas - based independent developer '' which has "helped '' with previous Activision games including, Black Ops in 2010. A "Black Ops 2 '' trademark by Activision was spotted January 2012. Further, Black Ops 2 was listed by the France international entertainment retail chain Fnac in March 2012, which touted a predictable November release date.
On April 9, 2012, an image was leaked from a URL on the official Call of Duty website, which leaked the Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 logo, as well as a reveal date of April 28, 2012. The URL was later removed. On April 18, 2012, Kotaku received an image from "a retail source '', which showed a teaser poster that lacked a game title but had clear nods to Black Ops and a May 2 date that seemingly points to a reveal. On April 27, 2012, an image containing two Target pre-order cards sent by IGN reader Richard confirmed the game 's title and release date. The cards clearly display the Call of Duty: Black Ops II logo, and the release date November 13, 2012.
On April 23, 2012, Activision redesigned CallofDuty.com to announce that the game will be revealed on May 1, 2012, during the NBA playoffs on TNT. The art featured on the site matched up perfectly with the supposed retailer leak received by Kotaku. However, parts of the official website went live hours prior to the announcement, which revealed the title, confirmed the release date for PC, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and the "21st Century Cold War '' setting. Activision had hinted that the game may eventually become available for Nintendo 's own consoles, although had no official announcements for the time being. As promised by Activision, the preview for the game was revealed in the form of a YouTube trailer that detailed the futuristic setting, the characters carried over from the previous games, and the conflict.
After the game was revealed, the preorder rates on the game set records three times higher than for the preorders of the first Black Ops. Critics have noted the trailer 's similarities to that of Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots. On July 19, 2012, a second trailer was released by Treyarch, offering insight into the game 's narrative. The storyline has been described by writer David S. Goyer as "better than a Hollywood movie ''.
In developing Black Ops II, Treyarch introduced several revisions to the gameplay mechanics for online multiplayer that have been a hallmark of the Call of Duty franchise. These include the introduction of "multi-team '' games that allow matches to host three or more teams of players, in contrast to the traditional two factions, and revisions to the "Create - A-Class '' function that allows users to select which guns, attachments, weapon camouflage and perks (additional bonuses that alter aspects of gameplay) to use in multiplayer matches. The "Kill Streak '' function, which gives players in - game rewards for killing other players, was revised and is now known as "Score Streaks ''.
Whereas players still receive in - game rewards, these are unlocked by performing certain actions -- such as killing other players, successfully capturing territory, and so on - rather than simply killing other players. Furthermore, the "wager matches '' feature included in Call of Duty: Black Ops was removed. These changes were introduced to shift the emphasis towards objective - based gameplay, to reward players who work in teams and to make the game more accessible to new players.
Additionally, Treyarch announced plans to integrate Black Ops II into the world of "eSports '' or competitive gaming. To this end, Treyarch unveiled a matchmaking system designed to pair players up based on their skills within the game to ensure that online games are relatively equal in terms of player skill. They also announced what they termed "CODcasting '', a form of live streaming that allows users to stream their games directly onto YouTube from their gaming consoles.
There is also 3D support if players are playing with an HDMI cable on a 3D TV. Before one enters multiplayer mode, one needs to simply just turn on the 3D setting in the "options '' menu.
Square Enix released the game for the Japanese market on November 22, 2012, as a subbed version. A Japanese voice - dubbed version was released separately on December 20, 2012. The script for this version was translated by Zenigame Nakamoto. The translated version was criticized for its translation errors.
The Japanese release of the Wii U port is only the dubbed version since the console was not available in Japan in November.
The game 's soundtrack was composed by Jack Wall, with the main theme composed by Trent Reznor the leader of industrial rock project Nine Inch Nails since 1988. The soundtrack was released as a part of the Hardened Edition and Care Package releases, as well as on iTunes and Amazon, with two supplemental tracks by Brian Tuey, as well as "Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K550 (Allegro Molto) '' by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Also, a version of the song "Try It Out '' by Skrillex and Alvin Risk is used in the game, but it is not present in the soundtrack album. When the Campaign is completed, after the end credits, Woods and Menendez perform a concert with heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold on their song "Carry On '', with Woods on drums and Menendez on rhythm guitar. The band chose to use Woods as the drummer in the game due to the loss of their original drummer The Rev, who died of a drug overdose on December 28, 2009. The band 's song "Shepherd of Fire '' is featured on the Zombie mode Origins. Additional artists include Sean Murray, Jimmy Hinson, Sergio Jimenez Lacima, Kamar de los Reyes, Azam Ali, & Rudy Cardenas.
Heralding the release of Black Ops II 's DLCs, Activision releases a live - action short starring a well - groomed Peter Stormare, who acts as a "Replacer '', part of a group who are sent by mutual friends to take your place during your daily life while you can stay at home and play Black Ops II 's new content. Stormare goes on to explain the aims of his jobs and is then shown in multiple situations where he has taken over random people 's jobs, such as masquerading as a pregnant lady 's husband, working at an office, and enduring a grandmother 's endless talking, as well as other such scenarios.
To promote Black Ops II 's second DLC, entitled "Uprising '', comedian J.B. Smoove joined Stormare in the second production of The Replacers, in which the two maintain a haphazard relationship. Stormare normally acts as a mentor to the new replacer Smoove by pointing out his various quirks while doing his job, such as his poor performance defending his client while he replaces a lawyer, admitting that he might be guilty.
A Black Ops II Season Pass was released by Treyarch with the release of the game. On December 12, 2012, all Xbox 360 Season Pass holders received access to the Nuketown Zombies map, with PC holders following on January 17, and PlayStation 3 holders on January 19, having been delayed two days due to PSN technical issues. It was later released as an individual download for PC on April 13, 2013.
The first major DLC pack is called Revolution. It was announced on January 8, 2013, and released for Xbox 360 on January 29 and PC and PS3 on February 28 The pack contained four new multiplayer maps - Downhill, Hydro, Mirage and Grind; and two new Zombies modes - Turned and Die Rise. Also included was the first DLC weapon; the Peacekeeper. Turned occurs in the Diner segment of the TranZit map from the original release, and allows up to four players to fight each other in two teams - one human against three zombies. The Die Rise map is a larger zombies survival map taking place in a destroyed office building, where one to four players use elevators to travel between floors.
Personalisation pack microtransactions for the game were released for Xbox 360 on March 12, 2013, and PC and PS3 on April 12. These allow the player to make small aesthetic changes to the multiplayer functionality of the game, like adding the flag of their country to the kill notification box, adding new weapon skins and allowing the player to use more Create - a-Class slots.
The second major DLC pack is known as Uprising. It was released for Xbox 360 on April 16, 2013, and came out for PC and PS3 players on 16 May. It includes the new zombies map Mob of the Dead as well as new multiplayer maps Magma, Vertigo, Encore, and a re-imagining of fan - favourite from previous installment Black Ops Firing Range, known as Studio.
The third major DLC pack is called Vengeance. It was released for Xbox 360 on July 2, 2013, and PC and PS3 on August 1. It includes new zombies map Buried as well as new multiplayer maps Cove, Detour, Rush and a remake of the popular map Summit from Black Ops: Uplink.
The fourth and final major DLC pack is called Apocalypse. It was released for Xbox 360 on August 27, 2013, and PC and PS3 on September 26. It includes new zombies map Origins back to the old characters (Takeo, Nikolai, Richtofen and Dempsey), as well as new multiplayer maps Pod, Frost and two remakes of popular maps Courtyard and Stadium of Call of Duty: World at War and Black Ops: First Strike DLC.
On July 8, 2014, Activision released Nuketown 2025 for the Wii U Version. On March 27, 2013, Activision revealed that they were considering releasing Revolution, but a firm decision has not yet been made.
Call of Duty: Black Ops II received generally positive reviews from critics. IGN editor Anthony Gallegos describes the game as "a good example of how to evolve an annualized franchise. '' Gallegos praised the game for telling a story was genuinely interesting and creating a villain that he empathised with to the point of questioning his own actions over the course of the story. Gallegos directed criticisms at the artificial intelligence of allies in Strike Force mode and at the ending of the campaign, which he felt was disappointing even though he was aware that the outcome was directly influenced by the choices he made.
Dan Ryckert of Game Informer was also critical of the artificial intelligence of Strike Force mode, and was unimpressed by the "Pick Ten '' system introduced to multiplayer modes, noting that it was "interesting, but ultimately less exciting '' than the system used in previous Call of Duty titles. Like Gallegos, Ryckert praised the narrative and structure of the single - player campaign, introducing changes that he felt were overdue and noting that the branching storylines "had me talking to others about their experiences in a way I had never done before with this (Call of Duty) series ''.
Steven O'Donnell and Stephanie Bendixsen, of video game talk show Good Game, both gave the game an 8.5 out of 10, praising the gameplay multiplayer and zombies mode, but were critical of the campaign 's confusing narrative and Strike Force missions. In particular to the narrative Good Game, was critical of the opening battle where the player guns down fleeing Africans rebels, feeling that it was added purely for shock value and commenting that
The landscape of shooters is changing somewhat. The fact is that everyone loves playing military shooters, but we 're also realising that we do n't want to glorify aimless killings. A lot of games are trying to make you feel that conflict and even make you feel bad about what you 're doing. But I do n't think it 's been handled very well here.
Frederick Charles Fripp of IT News Africa gave it a final score of 9.2 / 10 and wrote that "BO2 is a non-stop action - packed shooter that will keep gamers on their toes and on the edge of their seats. It has everything a player could want in a game: great graphics, a good story, easy controls and superb acting. ''
Activision reported sales figures for Black Ops II in the U.S. were more than 7.5 million copies sold on launch day and grossed over $500 million, in the US alone in its first 24 hours, making it the biggest entertainment launch of all time until the record was surpassed by Grand Theft Auto V in September 2013. It is the fourth year in a row that the Call Of Duty series has broken the same record. 2011 's Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 grossed $400 million on one full day; 2010 's Call of Duty: Black Ops grossed $360 million on day one; in 2009, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 brought in $310 million.
Black Ops II went on to gross $1 billion in the first 15 days of availability, beating Modern Warfare 3 's record of the first 16 days. On November 5, 2013, IGN confirmed that the game sold 24.2 million copies, making it the third highest selling game in the series, behind 2010 's Black Ops, and 2011 's Modern Warfare 3.
In July 2014, former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega sued Activision for lost profits from the use of his likeness in the game. He also claims that his inclusion translated to higher sales of Black Ops II. Noriega makes an appearance in the Cold War portions of the game and aids the primary antagonist. The suit sought compensation for lost profits and damages for his depiction as a "kidnapper, murderer, and enemy of the state '' in the game. On October 28, the Los Angeles court dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that Noriega 's inclusion was protected under free speech laws.
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where did the story of the holy grail come from | Holy Grail - wikipedia
The Holy Grail is a vessel that serves as an important motif in Arthurian literature. Different traditions describe it as a cup, dish or stone with miraculous powers that provide happiness, eternal youth or sustenance in infinite abundance. The term "holy grail '' is often used to denote an object or goal that is sought after for its great significance.
A "grail '', wondrous but not explicitly holy, first appears in Perceval, le Conte du Graal, an unfinished romance written by Chrétien de Troyes around 1190. Here, it is a processional salver, a tray, used to serve at a feast. Chrétien 's story attracted many continuators, translators and interpreters in the later 12th and early 13th centuries, including Wolfram von Eschenbach, who perceived the grail as a Stone. In the late 12th century, Robert de Boron wrote in Joseph d'Arimathie that the Grail was Jesus 's vessel from the Last Supper, which Joseph of Arimathea used to catch Christ 's blood at the Crucifixion. Thereafter, the Holy Grail became interwoven with the legend of the Holy Chalice, the Last Supper cup, a theme continued in works such as the Vulgate Cycle, the Post-Vulgate Cycle, and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur.
Scholars have long speculated on the origins of the Holy Grail before Chrétien, suggesting that it may contain elements of the trope of magical cauldrons from Celtic mythology combined with Christian legend surrounding the Eucharist, the latter found in Eastern Christian sources, conceivably in that of the Byzantine Mass, or even Persian sources.
The word graal, as it is earliest spelled, comes from Old French graal or greal, cognate with Old Provençal grazal and Old Catalan gresal, meaning "a cup or bowl of earth, wood, or metal '' (or other various types of vessels in different Occitan dialects). The most commonly accepted etymology derives it from Latin gradalis or gradale via an earlier form, cratalis, a derivative of crater or cratus, which was, in turn, borrowed from Greek krater (κρατήρ, a large wine - mixing vessel). Alternative suggestions include a derivative of cratis, a name for a type of woven basket that came to refer to a dish, or a derivative of Latin gradus meaning "' by degree ', ' by stages ', applied to a dish brought to the table in different stages or services during a meal ''.
Late medieval writers such as Thomas Malory invented a fanciful new etymology for Old French san - graal (or san - gréal), meaning "Holy Grail '', by parsing it as sang real, meaning "royal blood ''. After the cycle of Grail romances was well established, later writers used this alternative etymology. Since then, "Sang real '' is sometimes employed to lend a medievalising air in referring to the Holy Grail. This connection with royal blood bore fruit in a modern bestseller linking many historical conspiracy theories (see below).
The Grail was considered a bowl or dish when first described by Chrétien de Troyes. Hélinand of Froidmont described a grail as a "wide and deep saucer '' (scutella lata et aliquantulum profunda); other authors had their own ideas. Robert de Boron portrayed it as the vessel of the Last Supper. The Welsh romance Peredur had no Grail per se, presenting the hero instead with a platter containing his kinsman 's bloody, severed head.
The Grail is first featured in Perceval, le Conte du Graal (The Story of the Grail) by Chrétien de Troyes, who claims he was working from a source book given to him by his patron, Count Philip of Flanders. In this incomplete poem, dated sometime between 1180 and 1191, the object has not yet acquired the implications of holiness it would have in later works. While dining in the magical abode of the Fisher King, Perceval witnesses a wondrous procession in which youths carry magnificent objects from one chamber to another, passing before him at each course of the meal. First comes a young man carrying a bleeding lance, then two boys carrying candelabras. Finally, a beautiful young girl emerges bearing an elaborately decorated graal, or "grail ''.
Chrétien refers to this object not as "The Grail '' but as "a grail '' (un graal), showing the word was used, in its earliest literary context, as a common noun. For Chrétien a grail was a wide, somewhat deep dish or bowl, interesting because it contained not a pike, salmon, or lamprey, as the audience may have expected for such a container, but a single Mass wafer which provided sustenance for the Fisher King 's crippled father. Perceval, who had been warned against talking too much, remains silent through all of this and wakes up the next morning alone. He later learns that if he had asked the appropriate questions about what he saw, he would have healed his maimed host, much to his honour. The story of the Wounded King 's mystical fasting is not unique; several saints were said to have lived without food besides communion, for instance Saint Catherine of Genoa. This may imply that Chrétien intended the Mass wafer to be the significant part of the ritual, and the Grail to be a mere prop.
In Parzival, Wolfram von Eschenbach, citing the authority of a certain (probably fictional) Kyot the Provençal, claimed the Grail was a Stone (called Lapsit exillis which in alchemy is the name of the Philosopher 's stone), the sanctuary of the neutral angels who took neither side during Lucifer 's rebellion. Joseph Campbell considered Parzival the greatest of the Grail stories, told from a heroic view, where Parzival, is a married man and a self - motivated figure. There are Alchemical and Gnostic themes running through Wolfram 's Parzival. Campbell sees the Grail as, "... a stone vessel, which was brought down from heaven. Now what he (Wolfram) is doing is imitating the Muslim Kaaba, the stone at Mecca that was brought down from heaven ''. At the end of the story, writing appears on the stone which reads: "... any Templar whom God should bestow on a distant people for their lord must forbid them to ask his name of lineage, but must help them gain their rights ''. Campbell explains that for the first time in the history of civilization, "Here is the idea of the king ruling, not in his name, but in the name of the people. ''
Though Chrétien 's account is the earliest and most influential of all Grail texts, it was in the work of Robert de Boron that the Grail truly became the "Holy Grail '' and assumed the form most familiar to modern readers in its Christian context. In his verse romance Joseph d'Arimathie, composed between 1191 and 1202, Robert tells the story of Joseph of Arimathea acquiring the chalice of the Last Supper to collect Christ 's blood upon his removal from the cross. Joseph is thrown in prison, where Christ visits him and explains the mysteries of the blessed cup. Upon his release Joseph gathers his in - laws and other followers and travels to the west, and founds a dynasty of Grail keepers that eventually includes Perceval.
The authors of the Vulgate Cycle used the Grail as a symbol of divine grace; Galahad, illegitimate son of Lancelot and Elaine, the world 's greatest knight and the Grail Bearer at the castle of Corbenic, is destined to achieve the Grail, his spiritual purity making him a greater warrior than even his illustrious father. Galahad and the interpretation of the Grail involving him were picked up in the 15th century by Sir Thomas Malory in Le Morte d'Arthur and remain popular today.
Grail literature divides into two classes. The first concerns King Arthur 's knights visiting the Grail castle or questing after the object. The second concerns the Grail 's history in the time of Joseph of Arimathea.
The nine works from the first group are:
Of the second group there are:
The story of the Grail and of the quest to find it became increasingly popular in the 19th century, referred to in literature such as Alfred, Lord Tennyson 's Arthurian cycle the Idylls of the King. A sexualised interpretation of the grail, now identified with female genitalia, appeared in 1870 in Hargrave Jennings ' book The Rosicrucians, Their Rites and Mysteries. The combination of hushed reverence, chromatic harmonies and sexualized imagery in Richard Wagner 's late opera Parsifal, premiered in 1882, developed this theme, associating the grail -- now periodically producing blood -- directly with female fertility. The high seriousness of the subject was also epitomized in Dante Gabriel Rossetti 's painting in which a woman modeled by Alexa Wilding holds the Grail with one hand, while adopting a gesture of blessing with the other.
A major mural series depicting the Quest for the Holy Grail was done by the artist Edwin Austin Abbey during the first decade of the 20th century for the Boston Public Library. Other artists, including George Frederic Watts and William Dyce, also portrayed grail subjects.
There has been some debate regarding the question whether the "origin '' of the Grail legend should be seen as deriving from "Celtic mythology ''. This view was championed by Roger Sherman Loomis, Alfred Nutt and Jessie Weston. Loomis traced a number of parallels between Medieval Welsh literature and Irish material and the Grail romances, including similarities between the Mabinogion 's Bran the Blessed and the Arthurian Fisher King, and between Bran 's life - restoring cauldron and the Grail.
The opposing view dismissed the "Celtic '' connections as spurious and interpreted the legend as essentially Christian in origin. Joseph Goering of the University of Toronto has identified sources for Grail imagery in 12th - century wall paintings from churches in the Catalan Pyrenees (now mostly removed to the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain), which present unique iconic images of the Virgin Mary holding a bowl that radiates tongues of fire, images that predate the first literary account by Chrétien de Troyes. Goering argues that they were the original inspiration for the Grail legend.
Barber (2004) argued that the Grail legend is connected to the introduction of "more ceremony and mysticism '' surrounding the sacrament of the Eucharist in the high medieval period, proposing that the first Grail stories may have been connected to the "renewal in this traditional sacrament ''.
Scavone (1999, 2003) has argued that the "Grail '' in origin referred to the Shroud of Turin.
Psychologists Emma Jung and Marie - Louise von Franz used analytical psychology to interpret the Grail as a series of symbols in their book The Grail Legend. This expanded on interpretations by Carl Jung, which were later invoked by Joseph Campbell.
In 2016, Goulven Peron suggested that the Holy Grail may reflect the horn of the river - god Achelous as described by Ovid in the Metamorphoses.
The Grail legend was incorporated with the "Priory of Sion '' hoax and popularised in the 1982 Holy Blood, Holy Grail. The narrative developed here is that Jesus survived the cross to father children with Mary Magdalene whose descendants founded the Merovingian dynasty. The "Grail '' is taken as a reference to Mary Magdalene and the Merovingian lineage as the "receptacle '' of Jesus ' bloodline (playing on the sang real etymology).
In The Sign and the Seal (1992), Graham Hancock asserts that the Grail story is a coded description of the Ark of the Covenant.
The Holy Grail later appeared in films; it debuted in a silent Parsifal. The Silver Chalice, a novel about the Grail by Thomas B. Costain, was made into a 1954 film. In The Light of Faith (1922), Lon Chaney attempted to steal the Grail. Lancelot du Lac (1974) was made by Robert Bresson. Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975) (adapted in 2004 as the stage production Spamalot) was a comedic adaptation. John Boorman, in his film Excalibur, attempted to restore a more traditional heroic representation of an Arthurian tale, in which the Grail is revealed as a mystical means to revitalise Arthur and the barren land to which his depressive sickness is connected. Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and The Fisher King are more recent and successful adaptations.
The Grail is central in many modern Arthurian works, including Charles Williams 's novel War in Heaven and his two collections of poems about Taliessin, Taliessin Through Logres and Region of the Summer Stars, and in feminist author Rosalind Miles ' Child of the Holy Grail. Marion Zimmer Bradley 's The Mists of Avalon presented the Grail as a symbol of water, part of a set of objects representing the four classical elements. The Grail also features heavily in Umberto Eco 's 2000 novel Baudolino. and Robert B. Gregg 's 2016 releases King Arthur & The Holy Grail, and The Holy Grail: More than a Legend, both published by Avalon House Classics. The Grail has been used as a theme in fantasy, historical fiction and science fiction; a quest for the Grail appears in Bernard Cornwell 's series of books The Grail Quest, set during the Hundred Years War. Michael Moorcock 's fantasy novel The War Hound and the World 's Pain depicts a supernatural Grail quest set in the era of the Thirty Years ' War. It is also a central theme in the Stargate SG - 1 (season 10) episode "the Quest ''.
Influenced by the 1982 publication of the ostensibly non-fiction The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, Dan Brown 's The Da Vinci Code (2003) the "grail '' is taken to refer to Mary Magdalene as the "receptacle '' of Jesus ' bloodline (playing on the sang real etymology). In Brown 's novel, it is hinted that this Grail was long buried beneath Rosslyn Chapel in Scotland, but that in recent decades its guardians had it moved to a secret chamber embedded in the floor beneath the Inverted Pyramid in the entrance of the Louvre museum.
In the Fate series by Type - Moon and related spinoffs, the Holy Grail serves as the prize of the Holy Grail War, granting a single wish to the victor of the battle royale. However, it 's hinted at throughout the series that this Grail is not the real chalice of Christ, but is actually an item of uncertain nature created by mages some generations ago.
In Persona 5, the Holy Grail is the Treasure of the game 's final Palace, representing the combined desires of all of humanity for a higher power to take control their lives and make a world that has no sense of individuality.
In the television series "Knightfall '', the search for the Holy Grail by the Knights Templar is a major theme of the series ' first season. The Grail, which appears as a simple earthenware cup, is coveted by various factions including the Pope, who thinks that possession of it will enable him to ignite another Crusade.
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what is the average summer temperature in missouri | Climate of Missouri - wikipedia
Missouri generally has a variety of seasonal humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with cool winters and long, hot summers. In the southern part of the state, particularly in the Bootheel, the climate borders on a more mild - type humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), and in the northern third, the state transitions into a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa). Because of its location in the interior United States, Missouri often experiences extremes in temperatures. Lacking either large mountains or oceans nearby to moderate its temperature, its climate is alternately influenced by air from the cold Arctic and the hot and humid Gulf of Mexico. As of late, Missouri has seen a drastic decline in annual snowfall, with some daily high winter temperatures sometimes dwindling in early summer / late spring temperatures.
While the adjacent table would suggest a very mild climate, a temperature fluctuation of 20 degrees Fahrenheit on average and 30 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit (17 to 22 degrees Celsius) in a twenty - four - hour period is common. Although the mean temperature for June and July is only 73 ° F and 76 ° F (23 ° C and 24 ° C) it is not uncommon for the temperature to reach 100 ° F (38 ° C) at least three concurrent days each week in these months, as it did in 1904 during the World Fair where the temperature in St. Louis, Missouri was 103 ° F (39 ° C).
Spring is generally the wettest season of the year, with the mean temperature from 1895 until 2003 being about 12 ° C (54 ° F) and its mean precipitation (in the form of rain) for this period being approximately 300 mm (12 inches). April through June is generally the wettest period. The spring also produces the most tornadoes, with an average of 35 tornadoes each year.
Summer, June through August, is the hottest time of the year with a mean temperature of 24 ° C (75 ° F) and a mean precipitation of 300 mm (12 inches) with June having more precipitation than either July or August. The extreme highs for the year often occur in July or August. Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state during this time of the year, contributing to area rainfall.
Fall, September through November, has less and less precipitation towards the end of the season. The mean temperatures for this season are 13.6 ° C (56.5 ° F) and the mean precipitation is 250mm (10 in). Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state into October, contributing to area rainfall.
Winters in Missouri can be long with temperatures ranging from mildly to bitterly cold. Kansas City 's average January low is 26 ° F (− 3 ° C) and St. Louis 's average January low is 29 ° F (− 2 ° C). The coldest temperature ever recorded in Missouri was − 40 ° F (− 40 ° C), set at Warsaw on 13 February 1905. Winter also tends to be the driest season, but typically yields significant amounts of winter precipitation. Snowfall averages 20 inches (51 cm) in the state 's northern region, and 10 inches (25 cm) in the southeast. During the winter, northwest winds prevail; the air movement is largely from the south and southeast during the rest of the year.
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who played the little girl in night of the grizzly | The night of the grizzly - wikipedia
The Night of the Grizzly is a 1966 western -- adventure film starring Clint Walker, Martha Hyer, Keenan Wynn, Jack Elam and Nancy Kulp. Directed by Joseph Pevney and written by Warren Douglas, the film was released by Paramount Pictures on April 20, 1966. It was Pevney 's final film.
The film 's plot centers around Marshall "Big Jim '' Cole (Clint Walker), who inherits land in Wyoming and trades his dangerous lawman 's life for the comparatively cushy existence of a rancher. But he barely gets his family settled when new dangers plague them -- a treacherous grizzly bear is on a murderous rampage; angry neighbors covet Cole 's property, and an outlaw he once sent to prison seeks revenge.
The film contains beautiful scenery from Holcomb Valley, Big Bear Lake, California, United States and Big Bear Valley, San Bernardino National Forest, California, United States.
At the time of release there was no rating code established for motion pictures in North America.
Jim Cole, his wife Angela, along with their children Charlie and Gypsy, niece Meg, and friend Sam Potts arrive in a small Wyoming town. Jim has inherited a ranch from his late uncle and decided to give up his former job as a lawman and become a rancher instead. In town, they meet Mr. Benson the banker, who tells them about a $675 mortgage on the property. Jim initially hesitates to take the land title, since it would take nearly all their savings, but when told that another rancher Jed Curry wants the land for himself, he relents. Benson then explains that Jed initially owned the property but lost it to Jim 's late uncle in a card game and wants it back. Jim finally agrees to keep the land when Mr. Benson hands him the money / landowner 's bill and settles the mortgage.
As they leave the bank, the Coles encounter Jed, who acts like he is happy for the family but is actually planning to get the ranch by any means possible. In the countryside, they arrive at the ranch 's cottage, which appears to be nothing more than a tumbled - down shack. But they are not discouraged and think of all the wonderful things that will happen next.
The next morning, as Jim is building a fence by chopping wood, Benson comes by and warns him of a giant grizzly bear called Satan, who is notorious for invading ranches and killing livestock just for fun, and that many have tried to shoot him but have failed. In addition, the Currys come by. Jed tries to persuade Jim to sell the land to him, but he refuses.
Jim goes back to town the next day and asks Wilhelmina Peterson, who owns the general store, if she knows where he can buy some cattle to breed with his prize bull Duncan. She asks her sidekick Hank to bring Jim to Hazel Squires ' place. There, Hazel tells Jim that she can sell some cattle for a buck each. When she goes to the hog pen to check on the pigs, she finds them all missing or dead, which was the work of Satan.
During the night, Satan makes his initial appearance at the Cole place, killing Duncan, causing Sam 's mule to run away, and badly injuring the family 's dog. The next morning, while waiting for the doctor to finish stitching up the dog, Jim and Meg go to the general store for coffee. Unfortunately, the Curry boys are also there with cohorts and start harassing Jim. They eventually get into a fight, with the Curry sons driven out. Jed arrives and chastises his sons, telling them not to antagonize Jim any more if they are to get his ranch.
Needing a replacement bull but with no cash to buy one, Jim is compelled to get a loan from the bank, giving Benson various possessions like his saddle and gold sheriff star as collateral. He goes to the Squires ranch to purchase the bull as well as cattle for breeding. When Jed learns of the loan, he warns Benson not to do it again and reminds Benson that he, as the major stockholder of the bank, had the authority to do this.
While doing work on the farm, the Coles and Sam see Sam 's mule appear and it is badly injured and dies just a few minutes later. Sam grieves for his loss, and both he and Jim vow to hunt Satan and kill him.
As Jim and Sam track Satan through the woods, they are attacked and nearly killed, escaping narrowly by jumping off a cliff into a lake. As the Coles return home from a dance social, they find that Satan has killed most of their cattle. Again, Jim goes to Benson for a loan to buy replacement animals, but this time, Benson apologetically refuses his request, fearing Jed 's wrath. Satan 's depredations on livestock have reached a crisis point, and Jed posts a $750 reward for anyone who can kill the bear. In response to the offer of a reward, a bounty hunter named Cass Dowdy shows up in town with hunting dogs. Jim remembers he had sent Cass to jail for two years for murder. Cass has decided to hunt Satan for the reward money just to make sure Jim wo n't get it and thus ruin him financially.
Jim and Sam set a trap for Satan. The men carelessly doze off while waiting, and while they are doing so, Satan attacks again, driving off one of the horses and killing Sam, who with his dying breath urges Jim to continue the hunt. Dowdy 's dogs, which had run off the previous night, are also killed by Satan. More traps are set up for Satan, but with no success. One night, Dowdy visits one of Jim 's traps with the intention of sabotaging it but is accidentally injured instead. The next morning, the two meet again, with Jim realizing what Cass did, and the two have a fight, with Jim coming off the winner and leaving Cass there.
At home, Angela tells Jim that she no longer wants to live here and will leave Jim if he continues to hunt Satan. She eventually calms down when he says he is killing the grizzly just to protect his family. The next morning, he is stunned to find that Charlie has gone after Satan himself. Jim decides to follow Charlie into the woods while Angela apologizes for her anger.
In the woods, Jim once again runs into Dowdy, who almost kills him, but Jim fights back and drives him away. Night comes, and Satan attacks Charlie and chases him up a tree. As Jim arrives, Charlie jumps out of the tree and distracts Satan, while Dowdy fires at the bear to save the boy, but is fatally mauled. Jim gets out of cover and shoots Satan, killing him at last. After comforting a dying Dowdy, who gave his life to save Charlie 's, Jim and Charlie return home and rejoice with the others.
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the ocean at the end of the universe | The Ocean at the End of the Lane - wikipedia
The Ocean at the End of the Lane is a 2013 novel by British author Neil Gaiman. The work was first published on 18 June 2013 through William Morrow and Company and follows an unnamed man who returns to his hometown for a funeral and remembers events that began forty years earlier.
Themes in The Ocean at the End of the Lane include the search for self - identity and the "disconnect between childhood and adulthood ''.
Among other honours, it was voted Book of the Year in the British National Book Awards.
The book starts with the unnamed protagonist returning to his childhood hometown for a funeral. There he revisits the home in which he and his sister grew up and remembers a young girl named Lettie Hempstock, who had claimed that the pond behind her house was an ocean. He stops at the house where Lettie had lived with her mother and grandmother and encounters a member of her family and starts to remember forgotten incidents from the past.
The main narrative starts as he recalls a time when an opal miner, who was living at the boy 's home, steals the narrator 's father 's car and commits suicide in the back seat, having gambled away his friends ' money; this death allows a supernatural being to gain access to our world, leaving money for people in unpleasant ways.
After a coin becomes lodged in the narrator 's throat overnight, choking him, he seeks his neighbour Lettie 's help. She agrees to help, insisting that he accompany her on the travel necessary to find the spirit and bind it. Having been instructed never to let go of her hand, in a moment of surprise he does, and in that instant something lodges in his foot. Once home, he pulls what appears to be a worm out of his foot, but a piece is left inside him.
The next day, his mother tells him she is starting a new job and a woman named Ursula Monkton is to look after him and his sister. The narrator takes an instant dislike to her and soon realises that she is actually the worm he had pulled out of his foot. She had used him as a way to travel out of the place he and Lettie had visited and is now inhabiting his house. Ursula quickly ingratiates herself with his family, winning over his sister and seducing his father, while the narrator is alienated from his family and is almost drowned in the bath by his father as Ursula watches.
Most of the narrator 's time is then spent locked up in his bedroom, avoiding Ursula. Frightened, he manages to escape one night. He barely makes it to the Hempstock farm, where the Hempstocks take care of him and remove the wormhole from his foot, which had been left behind by Ursula as an escape path. Lettie and the narrator confront Ursula, who refuses offers from the Hempstocks to leave peacefully for a world that is less dangerous for her. Unwilling to believe that there could be anything in the world that could harm her, Ursula is attacked and eliminated by "hunger birds '', entities that serve a purpose similar to scavengers. These insist on eating the narrator 's heart, as a piece of Ursula 's wormhole still remains there. The Hempstocks bring him back to the safety of their property through the ocean by their house, which Lettie carries to him in a bucket. While in the ocean, the narrator understands the nature of all things, but the memory fades once he gets out.
The Hempstocks promise to keep him safe, but the hunger birds begin to eat his world in order to force him off the property. This proves effective and the narrator attempts to sacrifice himself, only for Lettie to jump in between him and the hunger birds. Lettie 's grandmother threatens the hunger birds, which she refers to as "varmints '', with annihilation if they do not leave. They comply, but Lettie is near death as a result of their attack. The Hempstocks place Lettie 's body in the ocean behind their house, where they say that she will rest until ready to return to this world. After these events, the narrator 's memory of the incident fades. He has no recollection of Lettie 's near - death, instead believing that she had gone to Australia.
The book then returns to the present, where the narrator finishes his remembering and is shocked when the Hempstocks inform him that this is not his first time returning to the house -- he had visited the house at least twice during his adult years and it is implied that he visited the farm at least once more before that to return a kitten that he had found during his initial travels with Lettie. It is suggested that the hunger birds did eat his heart after all, but Lettie 's sacrifice revived him, and his heart has been slowly growing back ever since. His visits to the farm are the result of Lettie wanting to check up on him while she sleeps and heals. The narrator 's concern over the unremembered visits soon fades as he begins to forget the past events once again, telling the Hempstock women to tell Lettie he said "hello '' if she contacts them from Australia.
Gaiman has said that members of the Hempstock family have shown up in several of his other works, such as Stardust and The Graveyard Book. He began writing Ocean for his wife Amanda Palmer and did not initially intend for it to become a novel, instead intending to write a novella; while writing, he inserted things that he knew Palmer would enjoy, as she "does n't really like fantasy ''. Some events in the book were drawn from Gaiman 's childhood, such as the theft of a car belonging to the protagonist 's father, mirroring a similar event where his father 's car was stolen and the thief committed suicide in the vehicle.
Critical reception for the book has been generally positive. The New York Times gave a positive review for The Ocean at the End of the Lane, commenting that the book would appeal to multiple age groups. USA Today stated that the novel was thematically similar to Gaiman 's 2002 children 's novel Coraline and the 2005 film MirrorMask in that the enemy is "closer than they might think '', which "makes his monsters that much more sinister when a woman like Ursula is just downstairs ''. An aggregate review site lists it as 81 % positive reviews.
In February 2013, Focus Features acquired the rights of the novel to make into a feature film. Tom Hanks will produce the film and Joe Wright will direct.
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how ions are held together by strong forces | Ionic compound - wikipedia
In chemistry, an ionic compound is a chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding. The compound is neutral overall, but consists of positively charged ions called cations and negatively charged ions called anions. These can be simple ions such as the sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) in sodium chloride, or polyatomic species such as the ammonium (NH) and carbonate (CO) ions in ammonium carbonate. Individual ions within an ionic compound usually have multiple nearest neighbours, so are not considered to be part of molecules, but instead part of a continuous three - dimensional network, usually in a crystalline structure.
Ionic compounds containing hydrogen ions (H) are classified as acids, and those containing basic ions hydroxide (OH) or oxide (O) are classified as bases. Ionic compounds without these ions are also known as salts and can be formed by acid -- base reactions. Ionic compounds can also be produced from their constituent ions by evaporation of their solvent, precipitation, freezing, a solid - state reaction, or the electron transfer reaction of reactive metals with reactive non-metals, such as halogen gases.
Ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points, and are hard and brittle. As solids they are almost always electrically insulating, but when melted or dissolved they become highly conductive, because the ions are mobilized.
The word ion is the Greek ἰόν, ion, "going '', the present participle of ἰέναι, ienai, "to go ''. This term was introduced by English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday in 1834 for the then - unknown species that goes from one electrode to the other through an aqueous medium.
In 1913 the crystal structure of sodium chloride was determined by William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg. This revealed that there were six equidistant nearest - neighbours for each atom, demonstrating that the constituents were not arranged in molecules or finite aggregates, but instead as a network with long - range crystalline order. Many other inorganic compounds were also found to have similar structural features. These compounds were soon described as being constituted of ions rather than neutral atoms, but proof of this hypothesis was not found until the mid-1920s, when X-ray reflection experiments (which detect the density of electrons), were performed.
Principal contributors to the development of a theoretical treatment of ionic crystal structures were Max Born, Fritz Haber, Alfred Landé, Erwin Madelung, Paul Peter Ewald, and Kazimierz Fajans. Born predicted crystal energies based on the assumption of ionic constituents, which showed good correspondence to thermochemical measurements, further supporting the assumption.
Ionic compounds can be produced from their constituent ions by evaporation, precipitation, or freezing. Reactive metals such as the alkali metals can react directly with the highly electronegative halogen gases to form an ionic product. They can also be synthesized as the product of a high temperature reaction between solids.
If the ionic compound is soluble in a solvent, it can be obtained as a solid compound by evaporating the solvent from this electrolyte solution. As the solvent is evaporated, the ions do not go into the vapour, but stay in the remaining solution, and when they become sufficiently concentrated, nucleation occurs, and they crystallize into an ionic compound. This process occurs widely in nature, and is the means of formation of the evaporite minerals. Another method of recovering the compound from solution involves saturating a solution at high temperature and then reducing the solubility by reducing the temperature until the solution is supersaturated and the solid compound nucleates.
Insoluble ionic compounds can be precipitated by mixing two solutions, one with the cation and one with the anion in it. Because all solutions are electrically neutral, the two solutions mixed must also contain counterions of the opposite charges. To ensure that these do not contaminate the precipitated ionic compound, it is important to ensure they do not also precipitate. If the two solutions have hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions as the counterions, they will react with one another in what is called an acid -- base reaction or a neutralization reaction to form water. Alternately the counterions can be chosen to ensure that even when combined into a single solution they will remain soluble as spectator ions.
If the solvent is water in either the evaporation or precipitation method of formation, in many cases the ionic crystal formed also includes water of crystallization, so the product is known as a hydrate, and can have very different chemical properties.
Molten salts will solidify on cooling to below their freezing point. This is sometimes used for the solid - state synthesis of complex ionic compounds from solid reactants, which are first melted together. In other cases, the solid reactants do not need to be melted, but instead can react through a solid - state reaction route. In this method the reactants are repeatedly finely ground into a paste, and then heated to a temperature where the ions in neighbouring reactants can diffuse together during the time the reactant mixture remains in the oven. Other synthetic routes use a solid precursor with the correct stoichiometric ratio of non-volatile ions, which is heated to drive off other species.
In some reactions between highly reactive metals (usually from Group 1 or Group 2) and highly electronegative halogen gases, or water, the atoms can be ionized by electron transfer, a process thermodynamically understood using the Born -- Haber cycle.
Ions in ionic compounds are primarily held together by the electrostatic forces between the charge distribution of these bodies, and in particular the ionic bond resulting from the long - ranged Coulomb attraction between the net negative charge of the anions and net positive charge of the cations. There is also a small additional attractive force from van der Waals interactions which contributes only around 1 -- 2 % of the cohesive energy for small ions. When a pair of ions comes close enough for their outer electron shells (most simple ions have closed shells) to overlap, a short - ranged repulsive force occurs, due to the Pauli exclusion principle. The balance between these forces leads to a potential energy well with a minimum energy when the nuclei are separated by a specific equilibrium distance.
If the electronic structure of the two interacting bodies is affected by the presence of one another, covalent interactions (non-ionic) also contribute to the overall energy of the compound formed. Ionic compounds are rarely purely ionic, i.e. held together only by electrostatic forces. The bonds between even the most electronegative / electropositive pairs such as those in caesium fluoride exhibit a small degree of covalency. Conversely, covalent bonds between unlike atoms often exhibit some charge separation and can be considered to have a partial ionic character. The circumstances under which a compound will have ionic or covalent character can typically be understood using Fajans ' rules, which use only charges and the sizes of each ion. According to these rules, compounds with the most ionic character will have large positive ions with a low charge, bonded to a small negative ion with a high charge. More generally HSAB theory can be applied, whereby the compounds with the most ionic character are those consisting of hard acids and hard bases: small, highly charged ions with a high difference in electronegativities between the anion and cation. This difference in electronegativities means that the charge separation, and resulting dipole moment, is maintained even when the ions are in contact (the excess electrons on the anions are not transferred or polarized to neutralize the cations).
Ions typically pack into extremely regular crystalline structures, in an arrangement that minimizes the lattice energy (maximizing attractions and minimizing repulsions). The lattice energy is the summation of the interaction of all sites with all other sites. For unpolarizable spherical ions only the charges and distances are required to determine the electrostatic interaction energy. For any particular ideal crystal structure, all distances are geometrically related to the smallest internuclear distance. So for each possible crystal structure, the total electrostatic energy can be related to the electrostatic energy of unit charges at the nearest neighbour distance by a multiplicative constant called the Madelung constant that can be efficiently computed using an Ewald sum. When a reasonable form is assumed for the additional repulsive energy, the total lattice energy can be modelled using the Born -- Landé equation, the Born -- Mayer equation, or in the absence of structural information, the Kapustinskii equation.
Using an even simpler approximation of the ions as impenetrable hard spheres, the arrangement of anions in these systems are often related to close - packed arrangements of spheres, with the cations occupying tetrahedral or octahedral interstices. Depending on the stoichiometry of the ionic compound, and the coordination (principally determined by the radius ratio) of cations and anions, a variety of structures are commonly observed, and theoretically rationalized by Pauling 's rules.
In some cases the anions take on a simple cubic packing, and the resulting common structures observed are:
Some ionic liquids, particularly with mixtures of anions or cations, can be cooled rapidly enough that there is not enough time for crystal nucleation to occur, so an ionic glass is formed (with no long - range order).
Within an ionic crystal, there will usually be some point defects, but to maintain electroneutrality, these defects come in pairs. Frenkel defects consist of a cation vacancy paired with a cation interstitial and can be generated anywhere in the bulk of the crystal, occurring most commonly in compounds with a low coordination number and cations that are much smaller than the anions. Schottky defects consist of one vacancy of each type, and are generated at the surfaces of a crystal, occurring most commonly in compounds with a high coordination number and when the anions and cations are of similar size. If the cations have multiple possible oxidation states, then it is possible for cation vacancies to compensate for electron deficiencies on cation sites with higher oxidation numbers, resulting in a non-stoichiometric compound. Another non-stoichiometric possibility is the formation of an F - center, a free electron occupying an anion vacancy. When the compound has three or more ionic components, even more defect types are possible. All of these point defects can be generated via thermal vibrations and have an equilibrium concentration. Because they are energetically costly, but entropically beneficial, they occur in greater concentration at higher temperatures. Once generated, these pairs of defects can diffuse mostly independently of one another, by hopping between lattice sites. This defect mobility is the source of most transport phenomena within an ionic crystal, including diffusion and solid state ionic conductivity. When vacancies collide with interstitials (Frenkel), they can recombine and annihilate one another. Similarly vacancies are removed when they reach the surface of the crystal (Schottky). Defects in the crystal structure generally expand the lattice parameters, reducing the overall density of the crystal. Defects also result in ions in distinctly different local environments, which causes them to experience a different crystal - field symmetry, especially in the case of different cations exchanging lattice sites. This results in a different splitting of d - electron orbitals, so that the optical absorption (and hence colour) can change with defect concentration.
Ionic compounds containing hydrogen ions (H) are classified as acids, and those containing electropositive cations and basic anions ions hydroxide (OH) or oxide (O) are classified as bases. Other ionic compounds are known as salts and can be formed by acid -- base reactions. If the compound is the result of a reaction between a strong acid and a weak base, the result is an acidic salt. If it is the result of a reaction between a strong base and a weak acid, the result is a basic salt. If it is the result of a reaction between a strong acid and a strong base, the result is a neutral salt. Weak acids reacted with weak bases can produce ionic compounds with both the conjugate base ion and conjugate acid ion, such as ammonium acetate.
Some ions are classed as amphoteric, being able to react with either an acid or a base. This is also true of some compounds with ionic character, typically oxides or hydroxides of less - electropositive metals (so the compound also has significant covalent character), such as zinc oxide, aluminium hydroxide, aluminium oxide and lead (II) oxide.
Electrostatic forces between particles are strongest when the charges are high, and the distance between the nuclei of the ions is small. In such cases, the compounds generally have very high melting and boiling points and a low vapour pressure. Trends in melting points can be even better explained when the structure and ionic size ratio is taken into account. Above their melting point ionic solids melt and become molten salts (although some ionic compounds such as aluminium chloride and iron (III) chloride show molecule - like structures in the liquid phase). Inorganic compounds with simple ions typically have small ions, and thus have high melting points, so are solids at room temperature. Some substances with larger ions, however, have a melting point below or near room temperature (often defined as up to 100 ° C), and are termed ionic liquids. Ions in ionic liquids often have uneven charge distributions, or bulky substituents like hydrocarbon chains, which also play a role in determining the strength of the interactions and propensity to melt.
Even when the local structure and bonding of an ionic solid is disrupted sufficiently to melt it, there are still strong long - range electrostatic forces of attraction holding the liquid together and preventing ions boiling to form a gas phase. This means that even room temperature ionic liquids have low vapour pressures, and require substantially higher temperatures to boil. Boiling points exhibit similar trends to melting points in terms of the size of ions and strength of other interactions. When vapourized, the ions are still not freed of one another. For example, in the vapour phase sodium chloride exists as diatomic "molecules ''.
Most ionic compounds are very brittle. Once they reach the limit of their strength, they can not deform malleably, because the strict alignment of positive and negative ions must be maintained. Instead the material undergoes fracture via cleavage. As the temperature is elevated (usually close to the melting point) a ductile -- brittle transition occurs, and plastic flow becomes possible by the motion of dislocations.
The compressibility of an ionic compound is strongly determined by its structure, and in particular the coordination number. For example, halides with the caesium chloride structure (coordination number 8) are less compressible than those with the sodium chloride structure (coordination number 6), and less again than those with a coordination number of 4.
When ionic compounds dissolve, the individual ions dissociate and are solvated by the solvent and dispersed throughout the resulting solution. Because the ions are released into solution when dissolved, and can conduct charge, soluble ionic compounds are the most common class of strong electrolytes, and their solutions have a high electrical conductivity.
The solubility is highest in polar solvents (such as water) or ionic liquids, but tends to be low in nonpolar solvents (such as petrol / gasoline). This is principally because the resulting ion -- dipole interactions are significantly stronger than ion - induced dipole interactions, so the heat of solution is higher. When the oppositely charged ions in the solid ionic lattice are surrounded by the opposite pole of a polar molecule, the solid ions are pulled out of the lattice and into the liquid. If the solvation energy exceeds the lattice energy, the negative net enthalpy change of solution provides a thermodynamic drive to remove ions from their positions in the crystal and dissolve in the liquid. In addition, the entropy change of solution is usually positive for most solid solutes like ionic compounds, which means that their solubility increases when the temperature increases. There are some unusual ionic compounds such as cerium (III) sulfate, where this entropy change is negative, due to extra order induced in the water upon solution, and the solubility decreases with temperature.
Although ionic compounds contain charged atoms or clusters, these materials do not typically conduct electricity to any significant extent when the substance is solid. In order to conduct, the charged particles must be mobile rather than stationary in a crystal lattice. This is achieved to some degree at high temperatures when the defect concentration increases the ionic mobility and solid state ionic conductivity is observed. When the ionic compounds are dissolved in a liquid or are melted into a liquid, they can conduct electricity because the ions become completely mobile. This conductivity gain upon dissolving or melting is sometimes used as a defining characteristic of ionic compounds.
In some unusual ionic compounds: fast ion conductors, and ionic glasses, one or more of the ionic components has a significant mobility, allowing conductivity even while the material as a whole remains solid. This is often highly temperature dependant, and may be the result of either a phase change or a high defect concentration. These materials are used in all solid - state supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells, and in various kinds of chemical sensors.
The colour of an ionic compound is often different to the colour of an aqueous solution containing the constituent ions, or the hydrated form of the same compound.
The anions in compounds with bonds with the most ionic character tend to be colourless (with an absorption band in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum). In compounds with less ionic character, their colour deepens through yellow, orange, red and black (as the absorption band shifts to longer wavelengths into the visible spectrum).
The absorption band of simple cations shift toward shorter wavelength when they are involved in more covalent interactions. This occurs during hydration of metal ions, so colourless anhydrous ionic compounds with an anion absorbing in the infrared can become colourful in solution.
Ionic compounds have long had a wide variety of uses and applications. Many minerals are ionic. Humans have processed common salt (sodium chloride) for over 8000 years, using it first as a food seasoning and preservative, and now also in manufacturing, agriculture, water conditioning, for de-icing roads, and many other uses. Many ionic compounds are so widely used in society that they go by common names unrelated to their chemical identity. Examples of this include borax, calomel, milk of magnesia, muriatic acid, oil of vitriol, saltpeter, and slaked lime.
Soluble ionic compounds like salt can easily be dissolved to provide electrolyte solutions. This is a simple way to control the concentration and ionic strength. The concentration of solutes affects many colligative properties, including increasing the osmotic pressure, and causing freezing - point depression and boiling - point elevation. Because the solutes are charged ions they also increase the electrical conductivity of the solution. The increased ionic strength reduces the thickness of the electrical double layer around colloidal particles, and therefore the stability of emulsions and suspensions.
The chemical identity of the ions added is also important in many uses. For example, fluoride containing compounds are dissolved to supply fluoride ions for water fluoridation.
Solid ionic compounds have long been used as paint pigments, and are resistant to organic solvents, but are sensitive to acidity or basicity. Since 1801 pyrotechnicians have described and widely used metal - containing ionic compounds as sources of colour in fireworks. Under intense heat, the electrons in the metal ions or small molecules can be excited. These electrons later return to lower energy states, and release light with a colour spectrum characteristic of the species present.
In chemistry, ionic compounds are often used as precursors for high - temperature solid - state synthesis.
Many metals are geologically most abundant as ionic compounds within ores. To obtain the elemental materials, these ores are processed by smelting or electrolysis, in which redox reactions occur (often with a reducing agent such as carbon) such that the metal ions gain electrons to become neutral atoms.
According to the nomenclature recommended by IUPAC, ionic compounds are named according to their composition, not their structure. In the most simple case of a binary ionic compound with no possible ambiguity about the charges and thus the stoichiometry, the common name is written using two words. The name of the cation (the unmodified element name for monatomic cations) comes first, followed by the name of the anion. For example, MgCl is named magnesium chloride, and Na SO is named sodium sulfate (SO, sulfate, is an example of a polyatomic ion). To obtain the empirical formula from these names, the stoichiometry can be deduced from the charges on the ions, and the requirement of overall charge neutrality.
If there are multiple different cations and / or anions, multiplicative prefixes (di -, tri -, tetra -,...) are often required to indicate the relative compositions, and cations then anions are listed in alphabetical order. For example, KMgCl is named magnesium potassium trichloride to distinguish it from K MgCl, magnesium dipotassium tetrachloride (note that in both the empirical formula and the written name, the cations appear in alphabetical order, but the order varies between them because the symbol for potassium is K). When one of the ions already has a multiplicative prefix within its name, the alternate multiplicative prefixes (bis -, tris -, tetrakis -,...) are used. For example, Ba (BrF) is named barium bis (tetrafluoridobromate).
Compounds containing one or more elements which can exist in a variety of charge / oxidation states will have a stoichiometry that depends on which oxidation states are present, to ensure overall neutrality. This can be indicated in the name by specifying either the oxidation state of the elements present, or the charge on the ions. Because of the risk of ambiguity in allocating oxidation states, IUPAC prefers direct indication of the ionic charge numbers. These are written as an arabic integer followed by the sign (..., 2 −, 1 −, 1 +, 2 +,...) in parentheses directly after the name of the cation (without a space separating them). For example, FeSO is named iron (2 +) sulfate (with the 2 + charge on the Fe ions balancing the 2 − charge on the sulfate ion), whereas Fe (SO) is named iron (3 +) sulfate (because the two iron ions in each formula unit each have a charge of 3 +, to balance the 2 − on each of the three sulfate ions). Stock nomenclature, still in common use, writes the oxidation number in Roman numerals (..., − II, − I, 0, I, II,...). So the examples given above would be named iron (II) sulfate and iron (III) sulfate respectively. For simple ions the ionic charge and the oxidation number are identical, but for polyatomic ions they often differ. For example, the uranyl (2 +) ion, UO, has uranium in an oxidation state of + 6, so would be called a dioxouranium (VI) ion in Stock nomenclature. An even older naming system for metal cations, also still widely used, appended the suffixes - ous and - ic to the Latin root of the name, to give special names for the low and high oxidation states. For example, this scheme uses "ferrous '' and "ferric '', for iron (II) and iron (III) respectively, so the examples given above were classically named ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate.
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is it legal to carry a gun in new hampshire | Gun laws in New Hampshire - wikipedia
Gun laws in New Hampshire regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of New Hampshire in the United States.
Since 22 February 2017, New Hampshire is a constitutional carry state, requiring no license to open carry or concealed carry a firearm in public. Concealed carry permits are still issued for purposes of reciprocity with other states.
The New Hampshire license is issued for carry of a "pistol or revolver, '' and is not a license to carry "weapons '' as exists in some other states. The New Hampshire license is issued by the local mayor, selectmen, or police department at a cost of $10 for residents, and by the New Hampshire State Police at a cost of $100 for non-residents (changed from $20 on July 1, 2009). The term of issue of the license is five years. Turn around time is generally one to two weeks, with fourteen days being the maximum time allowed by law.
New Hampshire has no laws restricting the age at which a person may possess and carry firearms.
On June 2, 2016, the New Hampshire Supreme Court, in Bach v. New Hampshire Dept. of Safety, No. 2014 -- 0721, 2016 WL 3086130, threw out a rule imposed by concealed carry permit issuing authorities that had required non-residents to have a permit to carry issued by the state in which they resided. The basis for invalidating such rule was that it denied a New Hampshire non-resident permit to residents of jurisdictions that are effectively No - Issue, such as New Jersey, California, Hawaii, and others.
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when was the last time auburn was in march madness | Auburn Tigers men 's basketball - wikipedia
The Auburn Tigers men 's basketball team is the intercollegiate men 's basketball program that represents Auburn University. The school competes in the Southeastern Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Tigers play their home games at Auburn Arena in Auburn, Alabama on the university campus. The program began in 1906, and is currently coached by Bruce Pearl.
Auburn has won three SEC championships and one SEC Tournament championship. Auburn has appeared in the NCAA Tournament nine times, making it as far as the Elite Eight in 1986. 11 Auburn players have been named All - Americans and Auburn has had 87 All - SEC selections. Auburn has produced 29 NBA Draft picks, including Chuck Person (1986) and Chris Morris (1988), both of whom were selected with the fourth overall pick, the highest in Auburn history. Two Auburn players have been named SEC Player of the Year: Charles Barkley in 1984 and Chris Porter in 1999. Auburn has had five head coaches selected as SEC Coach of the Year a total of seven times, and former Auburn head coach Cliff Ellis was named National Coach of the Year by multiple outlets in 1999. Former Auburn player Charles Barkley was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2006.
Auburn has had 20 head men 's basketball coaches since the program was started in 1906 by Mike Donahue. The program is currently coached by Bruce Pearl.
Mike "Iron Mike '' Donahue was Auburn 's first head men 's basketball coach, starting the program in 1906. He coached the program for 16 seasons, the longest tenure of any men 's basketball coach in Auburn history, finishing with a record of 74 -- 80 -- 1 (. 481). In addition to coaching basketball, Donahue served as athletic director and coached the football, baseball, track, and soccer teams while at Auburn.
Though perhaps more famous for his career as a football coach at Auburn, Ralph "Shug '' Jordan coached the Auburn men 's basketball program for 10 seasons prior to becoming the head football coach. Jordan was a football assistant coach when he coached the men 's basketball program.
After playing football and basketball for Auburn from 1929 to 1932, Jordan became the head men 's basketball coach in 1933. He coached until 1942, when he was called overseas to fight as an officer in World War II. Following his service, Jordan returned to Auburn to coach the 1945 -- 46 team. He left Auburn to become the head men 's basketball coach at Georgia after the season. Jordan finished with a record of 95 -- 77 (. 552) at Auburn.
Joel Eaves was Auburn 's 12th head men 's basketball coach, coaching from 1949 to 1963. Eaves was a former Auburn football and basketball player, playing from 1934 to 1937 under head coach "Shug '' Jordan.
Auburn won its first ever SEC championship under Eaves in 1960, finishing 12 -- 2 in the conference and 19 -- 3 overall. Eaves was named SEC Coach of the Year following the 1960 season. Eaves finished with a 213 -- 100 (. 681) record at Auburn, making him the winningest men 's basketball coach in Auburn history.
Joel Eaves was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 1978. Auburn 's Memorial Coliseum was renamed after Eaves to Joel H. Eaves Memorial Coliseum in 1987, and later to Beard - Eaves - Memorial Coliseum in 1993.
Sonny Smith was the 15th head men 's basketball coach at Auburn, coaching for 11 seasons from 1978 -- 1989.
Smith coached Auburn to the NCAA Tournament in 5 consecutive seasons, 1984 to 1988, including Auburn 's deepest run: reaching the Elite Eight in 1986 before losing to eventual national champion Louisville. In addition to leading Auburn to its first ever NCAA Tournament in 1984, he also coached Auburn to its first SEC Tournament championship in 1985. Smith is the only head men 's basketball coach in Auburn history to coach three consecutive 20 - win seasons, doing so from 1984 to 1986. Sonny Smith was named SEC Coach of the Year in 1984 and 1988.
Smith coached his final season at Auburn in 1989, leaving to become the head men 's basketball coach at VCU. Smith finished with a record of 173 -- 154 (. 529). Smith was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 2007.
Cliff Ellis was the 17th head men 's basketball coach at Auburn. He coached for 10 seasons from 1994 to 2004.
Ellis had some success early in his career, leading Auburn to the NIT three times in his first four seasons and being named SEC Coach of the Year in 1995. His most successful season at Auburn was the 1998 -- 99 season, where he led the Tigers to an SEC championship and the program 's first ever # 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament, in which they reached the Sweet Sixteen. Ellis was named both SEC and National Coach of the Year in 1999. Ellis would take Auburn to the NCAA Tournament two more times: reaching the Second Round in 2000 and returning to the Sweet Sixteen in 2003.
Ellis was fired following the 2003 -- 04 season after finishing the season with a 14 -- 14 record. Auburn faced NCAA sanctions over alleged recruiting violations during the season, but Ellis was not found at fault after the investigation. Ellis finished with a record of 186 -- 125 (. 598) at Auburn.
Bruce Pearl became Auburn 's 20th head men 's basketball coach on March 18, 2014. Pearl 's current record at Auburn is 70 -- 62 (. 530).
National Coach of the Year
SEC Coach of the Year
Alabama Sports Hall of Fame
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
SEC Player of the Year
SEC Tournament MVP
SEC Rookie of the Year
Alabama Sports Hall of Fame
USBWA Most Courageous Award
Auburn has produced 29 NBA Draft picks, including 6 first round picks. The most players that have been selected from Auburn in a single draft was 3 in the 1988 draft. Chuck Person and Chris Morris both hold the record for the highest draft pick from Auburn, as each were selected 4th overall in their respective drafts.
In addition to its 29 NBA Draft picks, Auburn has produced several undrafted free agents that went on to have NBA careers.
League MVP
Rookie of the Year
All - Stars
Auburn has won three Southeastern Conference championships in its history: in 1960, 1999, and 2018. Auburn was also the SEC West Division champion in 1999.
Auburn has won the SEC Tournament once, in 1985 under coach Sonny Smith, beating Alabama 53 -- 49 in overtime. That 1985 Auburn team was the first ever to win four games in four days to win the SEC Tournament. Auburn has reached the SEC Tournament final two other times: in 1984, where they lost to Kentucky 51 -- 49, and in 2000, where they lost to Arkansas 75 -- 67. Auburn has had two SEC Tournament MVPs: Charles Barkley in 1984 and Chuck Person in 1985.
Auburn has appeared in the NCAA Tournament 9 times. Their combined record is 13 -- 9.
Auburn has appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) 6 times. Their combined record is 4 -- 6.
Auburn 's first on - campus basketball facility was Alumni Gymasium, which opened in February 1916. Auburn played its home games in Alumni Gymnasium until Auburn Sports Arena was opened in 1946.
Auburn Sports Arena was a 2,500 seat multi-purpose arena. Nicknamed "The Barn, '' it opened in 1946. It was replaced when Beard - Eaves - Memorial Coliseum opened in 1969.
Beard -- Eaves -- Memorial Coliseum was a 10,500 - seat multipurpose arena that opened in 1969 under the name Memorial Coliseum. It was renamed after former player and coach Joel Eaves to Joel H. Eaves Memorial Coliseum in 1987. It was renamed for the final time to Beard - Eaves - Memorial Coliseum in 1993, adding the name of former Auburn athletic director Jeff Beard.
Auburn boasted a 393 -- 182 (. 683) overall record at Beard -- Eaves -- Memorial Coliseum. Auburn had a winning record at home in 37 of the 42 seasons Auburn played in the Coliseum. Auburn 's 30 - game home winning streak from the 1997 -- 98 season to the final game of the 1999 -- 2000 season was the longest in Coliseum history. It was the nation 's second longest current winning streak at the time and is the second longest home winning streak in Auburn history.
Auburn played its final season in Beard -- Eaves -- Memorial Coliseum in the 2009 -- 10 season. Auburn 's final game in Beard -- Eaves -- Memorial Coliseum was on March 3, 2010; Auburn beat Mississippi State 89 -- 80.
On June 29, 2007, Auburn announced plans to build a new $92.5 million basketball arena and practice facilities that would eventually be completed for the 2010 -- 11 season. The arena was named Auburn Arena. With a seating capacity of 9,121, Auburn Arena is the smallest men 's basketball arena in the SEC. Aside from the main court, the arena also contains two practice courts, a weight room, twelve suites, coaches offices, the Auburn Ticket Office, and the Lovelace Athletic Museum.
Auburn played its first game in Auburn Arena on November 12, 2010, losing to UNC Asheville in overtime 70 -- 69. Auburn 's first win in Auburn Arena came on November 21, 2010, when Auburn beat Middle Tennessee 68 -- 66. Auburn currently holds a 84 -- 51 (. 622) record in Auburn Arena.
Sometimes referred to as the "Iron Bowl of Basketball, '' Auburn and Alabama have a fierce rivalry that dates back to 1924. Auburn and Alabama first met in the Southern Conference Tournament on March 1, 1924, and Auburn lost 19 -- 40. The two programs did not meet again until 1941 in the SEC Tournament, a matchup that Auburn lost again 16 -- 38. The programs have played regularly since 1948, meeting at least twice every season starting in 1949. Auburn 's first win in the rivalry came in their sixth meeting on December 20, 1949, when Auburn beat Alabama 45 -- 40.
Auburn and Alabama have met in the SEC Tournament 9 times, including Auburn 's 53 -- 49 overtime victory over Alabama in the 1985 SEC Tournament championship game. Alabama leads the all - time series 96 -- 62.
Georgia is Auburn 's oldest rival, first meeting in 1908 in Columbus, GA. Auburn won that game 34 -- 20. Auburn and Georgia have played at least once every year since 1945. Georgia leads the all - time series 94 -- 93.
Though Auburn and UAB have met just 20 times, the two programs have a strong history. The first game between the two schools was played on November 26, 1982, a matchup won by Auburn, 63 -- 61. The programs met 16 more times over the next two decades until the series was discontinued after the 1999 -- 2000 season. In 2015, Auburn and UAB agreed to a four - game series that reignited the rivalry. The all - time series is tied at 10 wins a piece.
Auburn 's student section is known as The Jungle. Auburn held a vote to name their student section at the start of the 2011 -- 12 season, and The Jungle was chosen from several options. Auburn officially started The Jungle on January 11, 2012 for the Auburn -- Kentucky game. The Jungle was awarded the Sixth Man Award at the 2012 team banquet for its "outstanding support throughout the season and making Auburn Arena one of the loudest venues in the SEC. ''
The Auburn student section was previously known as Lebo 's Lunatics during Jeff Lebo 's tenure at Auburn and the Cliff Dwellers during Cliff Ellis ' tenure.
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where is the great mosque of cordoba located | Mosque -- cathedral of Córdoba - wikipedia
The Mosque -- Cathedral of Córdoba (Spanish: Mezquita - Catedral de Córdoba), also known as the Great Mosque of Córdoba (Spanish: Mezquita de Córdoba) and the Mezquita, whose ecclesiastical name is the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption (Spanish: Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción), is the Catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Córdoba dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and located in the Spanish region of Andalusia. The structure is regarded as one of the most accomplished monuments of Moorish architecture.
According to a traditional account, a small temple of Christian Visigoth origin, the Catholic Basilica of Saint Vincent of Lérins, originally stood on the site. In 784 Abd al - Rahman I ordered construction of the Great Mosque, which was considerably expanded by later Muslim rulers. Córdoba returned to Christian rule in 1236 during the Reconquista, and the building was converted to a Roman Catholic church, culminating in the insertion of a Renaissance cathedral nave in the 16th century.
Since the early 2000s, Spanish Muslims have lobbied the Roman Catholic Church to allow them to pray in the cathedral. This Muslim campaign has been rejected on multiple occasions, both by the church authorities in Spain and by the Vatican.
It is commonly believed that the site of the Mosque - Cathedral was originally a Christian church dedicated to Saint Vincent the Third, which was divided and shared by Muslims and Christians after the Islamic conquest of the Visigothic kingdom. This sharing arrangement of the site lasted until 784, when the Christian half was purchased by the Emir ' Abd al - Rahman I, who then proceeded to demolish the original structure and build the grand mosque of Córdoba on its ground. This narrative, which goes back to the tenth - century historian al - Razi, echoed similar narratives of the Islamic conquest of Syria, in particular the story of building the Great Mosque of Damascus. For medieval Muslim historians, these parallels served to highlight a dynastic Umayyad conquest of Spain and appropriation of the Visigothic Córdoba. The historicity of this narrative has been challenged, as it is neither archeologically attested nor corroborated by accounts of the events following Abd al - Rahman I 's initial arrival in al - Andalus. Another tenth - century source mentions a church that stood at the site of the mosque without giving further details. However, it is almost certain that the building which housed the original mosque was destroyed to build the first version of the Great Mosque. An archaeological exhibit in the Mosque - Cathedral of Cordoba displays fragments of a Visigothic building, emphasizing an originally Christian nature of the complex. According to Susana Calvo Capilla, a specialist on the history of the Mosque -- Cathedral, although remains of multiple church - like buildings have been located on the territory of the Mosque - Cathedral complex, no clear archaeological evidence has been found of where either the church of St. Vincent or the first mosque were located on the site, and the latter may have been a newly constructed building. The evidence suggests that it may have been the grounds of the episcopal complex rather than a particular church which were initially divided between Muslims and Christians.
According to a traditional account, when the exiled Umayyad prince Abd al - Rahman I escaped to Iberia and defeated the governor of Al - Andalus, Yusuf al - Fihri, he found the Cordovese divided into various sects, including the Gnostics, Priscillianists, Donatists, and Luciferians. His ambition was to erect a temple which would rival in magnificence those of Baghdad, Jerusalem, and Damascus, and approach in sanctity the fame of Mecca. Above a Christian church dedicated do Saint Vincent, Abd al - Rahman decided to raise his great mosque. He offered to buy the church and the plot. The negotiations for the sale were placed in the hands of the Sultan 's favourite secretary, Umeya ibn Yezid. Under the terms of the transfer, the Cordovese were permitted to reconstruct the church formerly dedicated to Ss Faustus, Januarius, and Marcellus, three Christian martyrs whom they deeply revered.
Abd al - Rahman allowed the Christians to rebuild their ruined churches and purchased the Christian half of the church of St Vincent, as agreed upon in the sale terms. The Emirate was rich. Apart from the treasure wrested from the Goths during the recent wars, he also extracted a tithe upon the produce of the land and on manufactures. All able Muslims in Andalusia were asked to provide to pay the Zakat. A mandatory tax known as Jizya was also laid upon only one able Christian and Jew per household in Andalusia as a precondition for services & protection provided by the government of Andalusia, unless they participated in the protection services themselves. The Jizya was lesser than the Zakat, and both were one of the main sources of income for the Muslim rulers in lands occupied by Islamic tribes but populated still by Christians, to provide all needed services for all people living in the land, especially the poor. Beyond this, the Moorish kings were greatly enriched by the acquisition of the valuable mines of Iberia, the quarries of marble, and other sources of wealth. From these revenues Abd al - Rahman and his successors, Hisham, Abd - al Rahman II, the greatest of the dynasty and the third of the line, and lastly the extravagant Almanzor, lavished large sums upon the designing, construction, and costly adornment of the Mosque. Abd al - Rahman I and his descendants reworked the building over the next two centuries to fashion it as a mosque, starting in 784. Additionally, Abd al - Rahman I used the mosque (originally called Aljama Mosque) as an adjunct to his palace and named it in honour of his wife. Traditionally, the mihrab (or apse) of a mosque faces in the direction of Mecca; by facing the mihrab, worshipers pray towards Mecca. Mecca is east - southeast of the mosque, but the mihrab of this mosque unusually points south.
The work of building the resplendent Mezquita employed thousands of artisans and labourers, and such a vast undertaking led to the development of all the resources of the district. Hard stone and beautifully veined marble were quarried from the Sierra Morena and the surrounding regions of the city. Metals of various kinds were dug up from the soil, and factories sprang up in Córdoba amid the stir and bustle of an awakened industrial energy. A famous Syrian architect made the plans for the Mosque. Leaving his own house on the edge of Córdoba, the Emir came to reside in the city, so that he might personally superintend the operations and offer proposals for the improvement of the designs. Abd al - Rahman moved about among the workers, directing them for several hours of every day.
The mosque underwent numerous subsequent changes: Abd al - Rahman II ordered a new minaret, while in 961 Al - Hakam II enlarged the building and enriched the Mihrab. The last of such reforms was carried out by Almanzor in 987. It was connected to the Caliph 's palace by a raised walkway, mosques within the palaces being the tradition for previous Islamic rulers -- as well as Christian Kings who built their palaces adjacent to churches. The Mezquita reached its current dimensions in 987 with the completion of the outer naves and courtyard.
In planning the mosque, the architects incorporated a number of Roman columns with choice capitals. Some of the columns were already in the Gothic structure; others were sent from various regions of Iberia as presents from the governors of provinces. Ivory, jasper, porphyry, gold, silver, copper, and brass were used in the decorations. Marvellous mosaics and azulejos were designed. Panels of scented woods were fastened with nails of pure gold, and the red marble columns were said to be the work of God. The primitive part of the building, erected under the direction of Abd al - Rahman I., was that which borders the Court of Oranges. Later, the immense temple embodied all the styles of Morisco architecture into one composition.
The Great Mosque of Córdoba held a place of importance amongst the Islamic community of al - Andalus for three centuries. In Córdoba, the capital, the Mosque was seen as the heart and central focus of the city. Muhammad Iqbal described its hypostyle hall as having "countless pillars like rows of palm trees in the oases of Syria ''. To the people of al - Andalus "the beauty of the mosque was so dazzling that it defied any description. ''
The main hall of the mosque was used for a variety of purposes. It served as a central Prayer hall for personal devotion, the five daily Muslim prayers and the special Friday prayers. It also would have served as a hall for teaching and for Sharia Law cases during the rule of Abd al - Rahman & his successors.
The Great Mosque of Córdoba exhibited features, and an architectural appearance, similar to the Great Mosque of Damascus, therefore it is evident that it was used as a model by Abd al - Rahman for the creation of the Great Mosque in Córdoba.
The building is most notable for its arcaded hypostyle hall, with 856 columns of jasper, onyx, marble, and granite. These were made from pieces of the Roman temple which had occupied the site previously, as well as other destroyed Roman buildings, such as the Mérida amphitheatre. The double arches were a new introduction to architecture, permitting higher ceilings than would otherwise be possible with relatively low columns. The double arches consist of a lower horseshoe arch and an upper semi-circular arch. The famous alternating red and white voussoirs of the arches were inspired by those in the Dome of the Rock. and also resemble those of the Aachen Cathedral, which were built almost at the same time. Horseshoe arches were known in the Iberian Peninsula since late Antiquity, as can be seen on the 3rd - century "Estela de los Flavios '', now in the arqueological museum of León. A centrally located honey - combed dome has blue tiles decorated with stars.
The edifice also has a richly gilded prayer niche or mihrab. The mihrab is a masterpiece of architectural art, with geometric and flowing designs of plants. Other prominent features were: an open court (sahn) surrounded by arcades, screens of wood, minarets, colourful mosaics, and windows of coloured glass. The walls of the mosque had Quranic inscriptions written on them. As many adherents of Islam reject sculptural or pictorial representations of people or of God within religious contexts, all decoration of the cathedral is accomplished through tile work, calligraphy and architectural forms.
Marbles of spotless white were chosen for the columns. Arrazi, an Arab writer, speaks of the valuable wine - coloured marble, obtained from the mountains of the district, which was much used in embellishing the naves of the mosque. Hisham 's temple covered an area of 460 by 280 feet (140 m × 85 m). It was flanked by stout, fortified walls, with watch towers and a tall minaret. The number of the outer gates was nine, and of the inner doors eleven. These doors led to the same number of naves within the mosque. The court had spacious gates on the north, west, and east sides, and fountains for the purification of the pious. The naves were eleven in number, stretching from north to south, and these were crossed by twenty - one smaller naves running from east to west.
The building 's floor plan is seen to be parallel to some of the earliest mosques built from the very beginning of Islam. It had a rectangular prayer hall with aisles arranged perpendicular to the qibla, the direction towards which Muslims pray. The prayer hall was large, flat, with timber ceilings held up by arches of horseshoe - like appearance.
One hundred and fifty years after its creation, a staircase to the roof was added, along with a southward extension of the mosque itself. A bridge was built linking the prayer hall with the Caliph 's palace. The mosque was later expanded even further south, as was the courtyard which surrounded it. The mosque was built in four stages, with each Caliph and his elite contributing to it.
Until the 11th century, the courtyard was unpaved earth with citrus and palm trees irrigated -- at first by rainwater cisterns, and later by aqueduct. Excavation indicates the trees were planted in a pattern, with surface irrigation channels. The stone channels visible today are not original.
Abd al - Rahman III added a new tower. The minaret contained two staircases, which were built for the separate ascent and descent of the tower. On the summit there were three apples, two of gold and one of silver, with lilies of six petals. The minaret is four - faced, with fourteen windows, having arches upon jasper columns, and the structure is adorned with tracery.
West wall, from north to south:
South wall, from west to east:
East wall, from north to south:
North wall, from west to east:
Capilla de Villaviciosa
Capilla Sagrario
Capilla Mayor
Capilla Real
Capilla Teresa
Capilla San Clemente
Capilla San Bartolomé
Capilla de la Concepción
West façade, along Calle Torrijos, north to south:
Postigo de la Leche.
Puerta de los Deanes.
Puerta de San Esteban.
Puerta de San Miguel.
Puerta del Espíritu Santo.
Postigo del Palacio.
Puerta de San Ildefonso
Puerta del Sabat
East façade, along Calle del Magistrado González Francés, north to south:
Puerta de la Grada Redonda
Puerta de Santa Catalina
Puerta de San Juan
Puerta del Baptisterio
Puerta de San Nicolás
Puerta de la Concepción Antigua
Puerta de San José
Puerta del Sagrario
Puerta de Jerusalén
North façade, along calle Cardenal Herrero, west to east:
Puerta del Perdón
Puerta del Caño Gordo
In 1236, Córdoba was conquered by King Ferdinand III of Castile, and the centre of the mosque was converted into a Catholic cathedral. Alfonso X oversaw the construction of the Villaviciosa Chapel and the Royal Chapel within the mosque. The kings who followed added further Christian features, such as King Henry II rebuilding the chapel in the 14th century. The minaret of the mosque was also converted to the bell tower of the cathedral. It was adorned with Santiago de Compostela 's captured cathedral bells.
The most significant alteration was the building of a Renaissance cathedral nave in the middle of the expansive structure. The insertion was constructed by permission of Charles V, king of Castile and Aragon. However, when Charles V visited the completed cathedral he was displeased by the result and famously commented, "they have taken something unique in all the world and destroyed it to build something you can find in any city. ''
Artisans and architects continued to add to the existing structure until the late 18th century.
Muslims across Spain have lobbied the Roman Catholic Church to allow them to pray in the complex, with the Islamic Council of Spain lodging a formal request with the Vatican. However, Spanish church authorities and the Vatican have opposed this move. These battles over the cathedral reflect the contested view of what constitutes Spanish history and Spanish identity.
In April 2010, two Muslim tourists were arrested at the Cathedral, after an incident in which two security guards were seriously injured. The incident occurred when the building was filled with tourists visiting the cathedral during Holy Week.
According to cathedral authorities, when half a dozen Austrian Muslims, who were part of a group of 118 people on an organised tour for young European Muslims, knelt to pray at the same time, security guards stepped in and "invited them to continue with their tour or leave the building ''. A fight took place between two of the tourists and the security guards. The security guards suffered serious injuries and had to be hospitalised and two Muslim men were detained.
Sacred for lovers of art, you are the glory of faith, You have made Andalusia pure as a holy land!
Barbara Messina, Geometrie in pietra. La moschea di Cordova, Giannini editore, Napoli 2004, ISBN 9788874312368
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when will figure skating olympic team be announced | Figure Skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia
Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics will be held at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung, South Korea. The five events will take place 9 -- 23 February 2018.
The following is the competition schedule for all five events.
All times are (UTC + 9).
Countries began announcing their entries in 2017. The International Skating Union published the complete list on 30 January 2018.
The following new ISU best scores were set during this competition.
A total of 148 quota spots are available to athletes to compete at the games. A maximum of 18 athletes can be entered by a National Olympic Committee, with a maximum of 9 men or 9 women. An additional six quota spots were made available for the team event. A further ten team trophy quotas (two in each discipline) will be distributed to countries qualifying for the team event, but not the discipline itself. This means up to a maximum of 158 athletes can partake.
The following National Olympic Committees have earned spots to compete. 153 athletes from 32 nations are expected to participate, with number of athletes in parentheses. Malaysia made their Olympic debuts in the sport.
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when did the braves go to the world series | Atlanta Braves - wikipedia
The Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball franchise based in the Atlanta metropolitan area. The franchise competes in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member of the National League (NL) East division. The Braves played home games at Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium from 1966 to 1996, and Turner Field from 1997 to 2016. Since 2017, their home stadium has been SunTrust Park, a new stadium 10 miles (16 km) northwest of downtown Atlanta in the Cumberland neighborhood of Cobb County. The Braves play spring training games in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. In January 2017, the Braves announced a formal agreement to move their spring training home to North Port, Florida.
The "Braves '' name, which was first used in 1912, originates from a term for a Native American warrior. They are nicknamed "the Bravos '', and often referred to as "America 's Team '' in reference to the team 's games being broadcast on the nationally available TBS from the 1970s until 2007, giving the team a nationwide fan base.
From 1991 to 2005, the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball, winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times (omitting the strike - shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions), and producing one of the greatest pitching rotation in the history of baseball. The Braves won the NL West 1991 -- 93 and the NL East 1995 -- 2005, and they returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010. The Braves advanced to the World Series five times in the 1990s, winning the title in 1995. Since their debut in the National League in 1876, the franchise has won 17 divisional titles, 17 National League pennants, and three World Series championships -- in 1914 as the Boston Braves, in 1957 as the Milwaukee Braves, and in 1995 in Atlanta. The Braves are the only Major League Baseball franchise to have won the World Series in three different home cities.
The Braves and the Chicago Cubs are the National League 's two remaining charter franchises. The Braves were founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1871, as the Boston Red Stockings (not to be confused with the American League 's Boston Red Sox). The team states it is "the oldest continuously operating professional sports franchise in America. ''
After various name changes, the team eventually began operating as the Boston Braves, which lasted for most of the first half of the 20th century. Then, in 1953, the team moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and became the Milwaukee Braves, followed by the final move to Atlanta in 1966. The team 's tenure in Atlanta is noted for Hank Aaron breaking Babe Ruth 's career home run record in 1974.
The Cincinnati Red Stockings, established in 1869 as the first openly all - professional baseball team, voted to dissolve after the 1870 season. Player - manager Harry Wright, with brother George and two other Cincinnati players, then went to Boston, Massachusetts at the invitation of Boston Red Stockings founder Ivers Whitney Adams to form the nucleus of the Boston Red Stockings, a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP). The original Boston Red Stockings team and its successors can lay claim to being the oldest continuously playing team in American professional sports. (The only other team that has been organized as long, the Chicago Cubs, did not play for the two years following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.) Two young players hired away from the Forest City club of Rockford, Illinois, turned out to be the biggest stars during the NAPBBP years: pitcher Al Spalding (founder of Spalding sporting goods) and second baseman Ross Barnes.
Led by the Wright brothers, Barnes, and Spalding, the Red Stockings dominated the National Association, winning four of that league 's five championships. The team became one of the National League 's charter franchises in 1876, sometimes called the "Red Caps '' (as a new Cincinnati Red Stockings club was another charter member).
The Boston Red Caps played in the first game in the history of the National League, on Saturday, April 22, 1876, defeating the Athletics, 6 -- 5.
Although somewhat stripped of talent in the National League 's inaugural year, Boston bounced back to win the 1877 and 1878 pennants. The Red Caps / Beaneaters were one of the league 's dominant teams during the 19th century, winning a total of eight pennants. For most of that time, their manager was Frank Selee. Boston came to be called the Beaneaters in 1883, while retaining red as the team color. The 1898 team finished 102 -- 47, a club record for wins that would stand for almost a century. Stars of those 1890s Beaneater teams included the "Heavenly Twins '', Hugh Duffy and Tommy McCarthy, as well as "Slidin ' '' Billy Hamilton.
The team was decimated when the American League 's new Boston entry set up shop in 1901. Many of the Beaneaters ' stars jumped to the new team, which offered contracts that the Beaneaters ' owners did not even bother to match. They only managed one winning season from 1900 to 1913, and lost 100 games five times. In 1907, the Beaneaters (temporarily) eliminated the last bit of red from their stockings because their manager thought the red dye could cause wounds to become infected (as noted in The Sporting News Baseball Guide during the 1940s when each team 's entry had a history of its nickname (s). The American League club 's owner, Charles Taylor, wasted little time in adopting Red Sox as his team 's first official nickname (up to that point they had been called by the generic "Americans ''). Media - driven nickname changes to the Doves in 1907 and the Rustlers in 1911 did nothing to change the National League club 's luck. The team became the Braves for the first time in 1912. Their owner, James Gaffney, was a member of New York City 's political machine, Tammany Hall, which used an Indian chief as their symbol.
Two years later, the Braves put together one of the most memorable seasons in baseball history. After a dismal 4 -- 18 start, the Braves seemed to be on pace for a last place finish. On July 4, 1914, the Braves lost both games of a doubleheader to the Brooklyn Dodgers. The consecutive losses put their record at 26 -- 40 and the Braves were in last place, 15 games behind the league - leading New York Giants, who had won the previous three league pennants. After a day off, the Braves started to put together a hot streak, and from July 6 through September 5, the Braves went 41 -- 12. On September 7 and 8, the Braves took two of three games from the New York Giants and moved into first place. The Braves tore through September and early October, closing with 25 wins against six losses, while the Giants went 16 -- 16. They were the only team, under the old eight - team league format, to win a pennant after being in last place on the Fourth of July. They were in last place as late as July 18, but were close to the pack, moving into fourth on July 21 and second place on August 12.
Despite their amazing comeback, the Braves entered the World Series as a heavy underdog to Connie Mack 's Philadelphia A 's. Nevertheless, the Braves swept the Athletics -- the first unqualified sweep in the young history of the modern World Series (the 1907 Series had one tied game) to win the world championship. Meanwhile, Johnny Evers won the Chalmers Award.
The Braves played the World Series (as well as the last few games of the 1914 season) at Fenway Park, since their normal home, the South End Grounds, was too small. However, the Braves ' success inspired owner Gaffney to build a modern park, Braves Field, which opened in August 1915. It was the largest park in the majors at the time, with 40,000 seats and a very spacious outfield. The park was novel for its time; public transportation brought fans right to the park.
After contending for most of 1915 and 1916, the Braves only twice posted winning records from 1917 to 1932. The lone highlight of those years came when Judge Emil Fuchs bought the team in 1923 to bring his longtime friend, pitching great Christy Mathewson, back into the game. However, Mathewson died in 1925, leaving Fuchs in control of the team.
Fuchs was committed to building a winner, but the damage from the years prior to his arrival took some time to overcome. The Braves finally managed to be competitive in 1933 and 1934 under manager Bill McKechnie, but Fuchs ' revenue was severely depleted due to the Great Depression.
Looking for a way to get more fans and more money, Fuchs worked out a deal with the New York Yankees to acquire Babe Ruth, who had started his career with the Red Sox. Fuchs made Ruth team vice president, and promised him a share of the profits. He was also granted the title of assistant manager, and was to be consulted on all of the Braves ' deals. Fuchs even suggested that Ruth, who had long had his heart set on managing, could take over as manager once McKechnie stepped down -- perhaps as early as 1936.
At first, it appeared that Ruth was the final piece the team needed in 1935. On opening day, he had a hand in all of the Braves ' runs in a 4 -- 2 win over the Giants. However, that proved to be the only time the Braves were over. 500 all year. Events went downhill quickly. While Ruth could still hit, he could do little else. He could not run, and his fielding was so terrible that three of the Braves ' pitchers threatened to go on strike if Ruth were in the lineup. It soon became obvious that he was vice president and assistant manager in name only and Fuchs ' promise of a share of team profits was hot air. In fact, Ruth discovered that Fuchs expected him to invest some of his money in the team.
Seeing a franchise in complete disarray, Ruth retired on June 1 -- only six days after he clouted what turned out to be the last three home runs of his career. He had wanted to quit as early as May 12, but Fuchs wanted him to hang on so he could play in every National League park. The Braves finished 38 -- 115, the worst season in franchise history. Their. 248 winning percentage is the third - worst in baseball history, and the second - worst in National League history (behind only the 1899 Cleveland Spiders).
Fuchs lost control of the team in August 1935, and the new owners tried to change the team 's image by renaming it the Boston Bees. This did little to change the team 's fortunes. After five uneven years, a new owner, construction magnate Lou Perini, changed the nickname back to the Braves. He immediately set about rebuilding the team. World War II slowed things down a little, but the team rode the pitching of Warren Spahn to impressive seasons in 1946 and 1947.
In 1948, the team won the pennant, behind the pitching of Spahn and Johnny Sain, who won 39 games between them. The remainder of the rotation was so thin that in September, Boston Post writer Gerald Hern wrote this poem about the pair:
The poem received such a wide audience that the sentiment, usually now paraphrased as "Spahn and Sain and pray for rain '', entered the baseball vocabulary. However, in the 1948 season, the Braves actually had the same record in games that Spahn and Sain started that the team had overall, in terms of winning percentage.
The 1948 World Series, which the Braves lost in six games to the Indians, turned out to be the Braves ' last hurrah in Boston. In 1950, Sam Jethroe became the team 's first African American player, making his major league debut on April 18. Amid four mediocre seasons, attendance steadily dwindled until, on March 13, 1953, Perini, who had recently bought out his original partners, announced he was moving the team to Milwaukee, where the Braves had their top farm club, the Brewers. Milwaukee had long been a possible target for relocation. Bill Veeck had tried to return his St. Louis Browns there earlier the same year (Milwaukee was the original home of that franchise), but his proposal had been voted down by the other American League owners.
Milwaukee went wild over the Braves, who were welcomed as genuine heroes. The Braves finished 92 -- 62 in their first season in Milwaukee, and drew a then - NL record 1.8 million fans. The success of the team was noted by many owners. Not coincidentally, the Philadelphia Athletics, St. Louis Browns, Brooklyn Dodgers, and New York Giants would leave their original hometowns within the next five years.
As the 1950s progressed, the reinvigorated Braves became increasingly competitive. Sluggers Eddie Mathews and Hank Aaron drove the offense (they would hit a combined 1,226 home runs as Braves, with 850 of those coming while the franchise was in Milwaukee), often aided by another power hitter, Joe Adcock, while Warren Spahn, Lew Burdette, and Bob Buhl anchored the rotation. The 1956 Braves finished second, only one game behind the Brooklyn Dodgers.
In 1957, the Braves celebrated their first pennant in nine years spearheaded by Aaron 's MVP season, as he led the National League in home runs and RBI. Perhaps the most memorable of his 44 round - trippers that season came on September 23, a two - run walk - off home run that gave the Braves a 4 -- 2 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals and clinched the League championship. The team then went on to its first World Series win in over 40 years, defeating the powerful New York Yankees of Berra, Mantle, and Ford in seven games. One - time Yankee Burdette, the Series MVP, threw three complete game victories against his former team, giving up only two earned runs.
In 1958, the Braves again won the National League pennant and jumped out to a three games to one lead in the World Series against the New York Yankees once more, thanks in part to the strength of Spahn 's and Burdette 's pitching. But the Yankees stormed back to take the last three games, in large part to World Series MVP Bob Turley 's pitching.
The 1959 season saw the Braves finish the season in a tie with the Los Angeles Dodgers, both with 86 -- 68 records. Many residents of Chicago and Milwaukee were hoping for a Sox - Braves Series, as the cities are only about 75 miles (121 km) apart, but it was not to be because Milwaukee fell in a best - of - 3 playoff with two straight losses to the Dodgers. The Dodgers would go on to defeat the Chicago White Sox in the World Series.
The next six years were up - and - down for the Braves. The 1960 season featured two no - hitters by Burdette and Spahn, and Milwaukee finished seven games behind the Pittsburgh Pirates, who ultimately were to win the World Series that year, in second place, one year after the Braves were on the winning end of the 13 - inning near - perfect game of Pirates pitcher Harvey Haddix. The 1961 season saw a drop in the standings for the Braves down to fourth, despite Spahn recording his 300th victory and pitching another no - hitter that year.
Aaron hit 45 home runs in 1962, a Milwaukee career high for him, but this did not translate into wins for the Braves, as they finished fifth. The next season, Aaron again hit 44 home runs and notched 130 RBI, and Spahn was once again the ace of the staff, going 23 -- 7. However, none of the other Braves produced at that level, and the team finished in the lower half of the league, or "second division '', for the first time in its short history in Milwaukee.
The Braves were somewhat mediocre as the 1960s began, but fattened up on the expansion New York Mets and Houston Colt. 45s. To this day, the Milwaukee Braves are the only major league team who played more than one season and never had a losing record.
Perini sold the Braves to a Chicago - based group led by William Bartholomay in 1962. Almost immediately Bartholomay started shopping the Braves to a larger television market. Keen to attract them, the fast - growing city of Atlanta, led by Mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. constructed a new $18 million, 52,000 - seat ballpark in less than one year, Atlanta Stadium, which was officially opened in 1965 in hopes of luring an existing major league baseball and / or NFL / AFL team. After the city failed to lure the Kansas City A 's to Atlanta (the A 's would move to Oakland in 1968), the Braves announced their intention to move to Atlanta for the 1965 season. However, an injunction filed in Wisconsin kept the Braves in Milwaukee for one final year. In 1966, the Braves completed the move to Atlanta.
Eddie Mathews is the only Braves player to have played for the organization in all three cities that they have been based in. Mathews played with the Braves for their last season in Boston, the team 's entire tenure in Milwaukee, and their first season in Atlanta.
The Braves were a. 500 team in their first few years in Atlanta; 85 -- 77 in 1966, 77 -- 85 in 1967, and 81 -- 81 in 1968. The 1967 season was the Braves ' first losing season since 1952, their last year in Boston. In 1969, with the onset of divisional play, the Braves won the first - ever National League West Division title, before being swept by the "Miracle Mets '' in the National League Championship Series. They would not be a factor during the next decade, posting only two winning seasons between 1970 and 1981 -- in some cases, fielding teams as bad as the worst Boston teams.
In the meantime, fans had to be satisfied with the achievements of Hank Aaron. In the relatively hitter - friendly confines and higher - than - average altitude of Atlanta Stadium ("The Launching Pad ''), he actually increased his offensive production. Atlanta also produced batting champions in Rico Carty (in 1970) and Ralph Garr (in 1974). In the shadow of Aaron 's historical home run pursuit, was the fact that three Atlanta sluggers hit 40 or more home runs in 1973 -- Darrell Evans, Davey Johnson and, of course, Aaron.
By the end of the 1973 season, Aaron had hit 713 home runs, one short of Ruth 's record. Throughout the winter he received racially motivated death threats, but stood up well under the pressure. The next season, it was only a matter of time before he set a new record. On April 4, opening day, he hit No. 714 in Cincinnati, and on April 8, in front of his home fans and a national television audience he finally beat Ruth 's mark with a home run to left - center field off left - hander Al Downing of the Los Angeles Dodgers. Aaron spent most of his career as a Milwaukee and Atlanta Brave before asking to be traded to the Milwaukee Brewers, while Ruth finished his career as a Boston Brave. In fact, until Barry Bonds eclipsed the 714 home runs hit by Babe Ruth in 2006, the top two home run hitters in Major League history had at one time been Braves.
In 1976, the team was purchased by media magnate Ted Turner, owner of superstation WTBS, as a means to keep the team (and one of his main programming staples) in Atlanta. The financially strapped Turner used money already paid to the team for their broadcast rights as a down - payment. It was then that Atlanta Stadium was renamed Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium. Turner quickly gained a reputation as a quirky, hands - on baseball owner. On May 11, 1977, Turner appointed himself manager, but because MLB passed a rule in the 1950s barring managers from holding a financial stake in their teams, Turner was ordered to relinquish that position after one game (the Braves lost 2 -- 1 to the Pittsburgh Pirates to bring their losing streak to 17 games).
Turner used the Braves as a major programming draw for his fledgling cable network, making the Braves the first franchise to have a nationwide audience and fan base. WTBS marketed the team as "The Atlanta Braves: America 's Team '', a nickname that still sticks in some areas of the country, especially the South. Among other things, in 1976 Turner suggested the nickname "Channel '' for pitcher Andy Messersmith and jersey number 17, in order to promote the television station that aired Braves games. Major League Baseball quickly nixed the idea.
After three straight losing seasons, Bobby Cox was hired for his first stint as manager for the 1978 season. He promoted 22 - year - old slugger Dale Murphy into the starting lineup. Murphy hit 77 home runs over the next three seasons, but he struggled on defense, unable to adeptly play either catcher or first base. In 1980, Murphy was moved to center field and demonstrated excellent range and throwing ability, while the Braves earned their first winning season since 1974. Cox was fired after the 1981 season and replaced with Joe Torre, under whose leadership the Braves attained their first divisional title since 1969. Strong performances from Bob Horner, Chris Chambliss, pitcher Phil Niekro, and short relief pitcher Gene Garber helped the Braves, but no Brave was more acclaimed than Murphy, who won both a Most Valuable Player and a Gold Glove award. Murphy also won an MVP award the following season, but the Braves began a period of decline that defined the team throughout the 1980s. Murphy, excelling in defense, hitting, and running, was consistently recognized as one of the league 's best players, but the Braves averaged only 65 wins per season between 1985 and 1990. Their lowest point came in 1988, when they lost 106 games. The 1986 season saw the return of Bobby Cox as general manager. Also in 1986, the team stopped using their Indian - themed mascot, Chief Noc - A-Homa.
Cox returned to the dugout as manager in the middle of the 1990 season, replacing Russ Nixon. The Braves finished the year with the worst record in baseball, at 65 -- 97. They traded Dale Murphy to the Philadelphia Phillies after it was clear he was becoming a less dominant player. Pitching coach Leo Mazzone began developing young pitchers Tom Glavine, Steve Avery, and John Smoltz into future stars. That same year, the Braves used the number one overall pick in the 1990 MLB draft to select Chipper Jones, who became one of the best hitters in team history. Perhaps the Braves ' most important move was not on the field, but in the front office. Immediately after the season, John Schuerholz was hired away from the Kansas City Royals as general manager.
The following season, Glavine, Avery, and Smoltz would be recognized as the best young pitchers in the league, winning 52 games among them. Meanwhile, behind position players David Justice, Ron Gant and unexpected league Most Valuable Player and batting champion Terry Pendleton, the Braves overcame a 39 -- 40 start, winning 55 of their final 83 games over the last three months of the season and edging the Los Angeles Dodgers by one game in one of baseball 's more memorable playoff races. The "Worst to First '' Braves, who had not won a divisional title since 1982, captivated the city of Atlanta (and the entire southeast) during their improbable run to the flag. They defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in a very tightly contested seven - game NLCS only to lose the World Series, also in seven games, to the Minnesota Twins. The series, considered by many to be one of the greatest ever, was the first time a team that had finished last in its division one year went to the World Series the next; both the Twins and Braves accomplished the feat.
Despite the 1991 World Series loss, the Braves ' success would continue. In 1992, the Braves returned to the NLCS and once again defeated the Pirates in seven games, culminating in a dramatic game seven win. Francisco Cabrera 's two - out single that scored David Justice and Sid Bream capped a three - run rally in the bottom of the ninth inning that gave the Braves a 3 -- 2 victory. It was the first time in post season history that the tying and winning runs had scored on a single play in the ninth inning. The Braves lost the World Series to the Toronto Blue Jays, however. In 1993, the Braves signed Cy Young Award winning pitcher Greg Maddux from the Chicago Cubs, leading many baseball insiders to declare the team 's pitching staff the best in baseball. The 1993 team posted a franchise - best 104 wins after a dramatic pennant race with the San Francisco Giants, who won 103 games. The Braves needed a stunning 55 -- 19 finish to edge out the Giants, who led the Braves by nine games in the standings as late as August 11. However, the Braves fell in the NLCS to the Philadelphia Phillies in six games.
In 1994, in a realignment of the National League 's divisions following the 1993 expansion, the Braves moved to the Eastern Division. This realignment was the main cause of the team 's heated rivalry with the New York Mets during the mid-to - late 1990s.
The player 's strike cut short the 1994 season, prior to the division championships, with the Braves six games behind the Montreal Expos with 48 games left to play.
The Braves returned strong the following strike - shortened (144 games instead of the customary 162) year and beat the Cleveland Indians in the 1995 World Series. This squelched claims by many Braves critics that they were the "Buffalo Bills of Baseball '' (January 1996 issue of Beckett Baseball Card Monthly). With this World Series victory, the Braves became the first team in Major League Baseball to win world championships in three different cities. With their strong pitching as a constant, the Braves appeared in the 1996 and 1999 World Series (losing both to the New York Yankees, managed by Joe Torre, a former Braves manager), and had a streak of division titles from 1991 to 2005 (three in the Western Division and eleven in the Eastern) interrupted only in 1994 when the strike ended the season early. Pitching was not the only constant in the Braves organization -- Cox was the Braves ' manager, while Schuerholz remained the team 's GM until after the 2007 season when he was promoted to team president. Terry Pendleton finished his playing career elsewhere, but returned to the Braves system as the hitting coach.
In October 1996, Time Warner acquired Ted Turner 's Turner Broadcasting System and all of its assets, including its cable channels and the Atlanta Braves. Over the next few years, Ted Turner 's presence as owner of the team would diminish.
A 95 -- 67 record in 2000 produced a ninth consecutive division title. However, a sweep by the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League Division Series prevented the Braves from reaching the NL Championship Series.
In 2001, Atlanta won the National League East division yet again, swept the Houston Astros in the NLDS, then lost to the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Championship Series four games to one. One memorable game the Braves played that year came on September 21, when they played rival New York Mets in the first major professional sporting event held in New York City since 9 / 11.
In 2002, 2003 and 2004, the Braves won the Eastern division again, but lost in the NLDS in all three years in the same fashion: 3 games to 2 to the San Francisco Giants, Chicago Cubs, and Houston Astros.
Six National League Cy Young Awards in the 1990s were awarded to three Braves pitchers:
In 2005, the Braves won the Division championship for the 14th consecutive time from 1991 to 2005. 14 consecutive division titles stands as the record for all major league baseball. The 2005 title marked the first time any MLB team made the postseason with more than 4 rookies who each had more than 100 ABs (Wilson Betemit, Brian McCann, Pete Orr, Ryan Langerhans, Jeff Francoeur). Catcher Brian McCann, right fielder Jeff Francoeur, and pitcher Kyle Davies all grew up in the suburbs of Atlanta. The large number of rookies to debut in 2005 were nicknamed the "Baby Braves '' by fans and became an Atlanta - area sensation, helping to lead the club to a record of 90 -- 72.
However, the season would end on a sour note as the Braves lost the National League Division Series to the Astros in four games. In Game 4, with the Braves leading by 5 in the eighth inning, the Astros battled back with a Lance Berkman grand slam and a two - out, ninth inning Brad Ausmus home run off of Braves closer Kyle Farnsworth. The game did not end until the 18th inning, becoming the longest game in playoff history at 5 hours 50 minutes. Chris Burke ended the marathon with a home run off of Joey Devine.
After the 2005 season, the Braves lost their long - time pitching coach Leo Mazzone, who left to go to the Baltimore Orioles. Roger McDowell took his place in the Atlanta dugout. Unable to re-sign shortstop Rafael Furcal, the Braves acquired shortstop Édgar Rentería from the Boston Red Sox.
In 2006, the Braves did not perform at the level they had grown accustomed to. Due to an offensive slump, injuries to their starting rotation, and subpar bullpen performances, the Braves compiled a 6 -- 21 record during June, the worst month ever in Atlanta with a winning percentage of. 222; this was only better than the woeful Boston Braves in May 1935 (4 -- 20) with a. 166 winning percentage.
After the break, the Braves came out with their bats swinging, setting many franchise records. They won five straight, sweeping the Padres and taking two from the Cardinals, tallying a total of 65 runs in that span. The 65 runs in five games is the best by the franchise since 1897, when the Boston Beaneaters totaled 78, including 25 in one game and 21 in another, from May 31 -- June 3; the 2006 Braves also became the first team since the 1930 New York Yankees to score ten runs or more in five straight games. The Braves had a total of 81 hits during their five - game run and 98 hits in their last six games, going back to an 8 -- 3 victory over Cincinnati on July 9, the last game before the All - Star break. Additionally, Chipper Jones was able to maintain a 20 - game hitting streak and tie Paul Waner 's 69 - year - old Major League record with a 14 - game extra-base hit streak.
However, on September 18, the New York Mets ' win over the Florida Marlins mathematically eliminated the Braves from winning the NL East, ending the Atlanta Braves ' 11 - year reign over the NL East. On September 24, the Braves ' loss to the Colorado Rockies mathematically eliminated the Braves from winning the NL Wild Card, making 2006 the first year that the Braves would not compete in the postseason since 1990, not counting the strike - shortened 1994 season. Also, a loss to the Mets on September 28 guaranteed the Braves their first losing season since 1990. Although the Braves won two of their last three games against the Astros, including rookie Chuck James besting Roger Clemens, Atlanta finished the season in third place, one game ahead of the Marlins, at 79 -- 83.
In December 2005, team owner Time Warner, who inherited the Braves after purchasing TBS in 1996, announced it was placing the team for sale. Liberty Media began negotiations to purchase the team.
In February 2007, after more than a year of negotiations, Time Warner agreed to a deal that would sell the Braves to Liberty Media Group (a company which owned a large amount of stock in Time Warner, Inc.), pending approval by 75 percent of MLB owners and the Commissioner of Baseball, Bud Selig. The deal included the exchange of the Braves, valued in the deal at $450 million, a hobbyist magazine publishing company, and $980 million cash, for 68.5 million shares of Time Warner stock held by Liberty Media, then worth approximately $1.48 billion. Team President Terry McGuirk anticipated no change in the current front office structure, personnel, or day - to - day operations of the Braves. Liberty Media is not expected to take any type of "active '' ownership in terms of day - to - day operations.
On May 16, 2007, Major League Baseball 's owners approved the sale of the Braves from Time Warner to Liberty Media. The Braves are one of only two Major League Baseball teams under majority corporate ownership (and the only NL team with this distinction); the other team is the Toronto Blue Jays (owned by Canadian media conglomerate Rogers Communications).
On July 5, Chipper Jones surpassed Dale Murphy for the Atlanta club record of 372 home runs by belting two against the Los Angeles Dodgers.
After struggling during the second half of the 2007 season, Atlanta finished over. 500 and missed the post season again. On October 12, 2007, John Schuerholz stepped down as General Manager to take over as team president. Assistant GM Frank Wren took over as General Manager.
On December 4, 2008, the Atlanta Braves received Javier Vázquez and Boone Logan, while the Chicago White Sox received prospects catcher Tyler Flowers, shortstop Brent Lillibridge, third baseman Jon Gilmore and pitcher Santos Rodriguez. On January 13, 2009, the Braves signed Japanese pitcher Kenshin Kawakami to a three - year deal, and two days later signed free agent pitcher Derek Lowe to a four - year contract. During the course of the offseason, the Braves signed veteran pitcher and former Brave Tom Glavine, while losing long - time Brave John Smoltz to the Boston Red Sox.
On February 25, 2009, just before the start of spring training, Atlanta agreed to terms on a one - year contract with free - agent outfielder Garret Anderson. The additional outfield depth allowed the Braves to trade Josh Anderson to the Detroit Tigers for minor league pitcher Rudy Darrow on March 30, 2009.
On June 3, 2009, the Braves acquired Nate McLouth from the Pittsburgh Pirates for prospects Jeff Locke, Charlie Morton and Gorkys Hernández. They also released veteran pitcher Tom Glavine. On July 10, 2009, the Braves traded outfielder Jeff Francoeur to the New York Mets for outfielder Ryan Church. On July 31, 2009, hours before the trade deadline, the Braves and Boston Red Sox swapped 1st basemen: Atlanta dealt Casey Kotchman to Boston and reacquired Adam LaRoche, whom the Braves had traded away during the 2006 -- 07 off - season to Pittsburgh.
The Braves made a late - season surge, coming within 2 games of the wild card leading Colorado Rockies in late September. On October 1, 2009 with the Braves four games back, Colorado beat the Milwaukee Brewers 9 -- 2 to clinch the wild card spot and end the Braves ' 2009 postseason hopes.
The 2010 Atlanta Braves Season features the Braves ' attempt to reclaim a postseason berth for the first time since 2005. The Braves were once again skippered by Bobby Cox, now in his 25th and final season managing the team. The Braves started the 2010 season slowly and had a nine - game losing streak in April. Then they had a nine - game winning streak from May 26 through June 3, the Braves longest since 2000 when they won 16 in a row. On May 31, the Atlanta Braves defeated the then - first place Philadelphia Phillies at Turner Field to take sole possession of first place in the National League East standings, a position they had maintained through the middle of August. The last time the Atlanta Braves led the NL East on August 1 was in 2005. On July 13, 2010 at the 2010 MLB All - Star Game in Anaheim, Braves catcher Brian McCann was awarded the All - Star Game MVP Award for his clutch two - out, three - run double in the seventh inning to give the National League its first win in the All - Star Game since 1996. He became the first Brave to win the All - Star Game MVP Award since Fred McGriff did so in 1994. The Braves made two deals before the trade deadline to acquire Álex González, Rick Ankiel and Kyle Farnsworth from the Toronto Blue Jays and Kansas City Royals, giving up shortstop Yunel Escobar, pitchers Jo - Jo Reyes and Jesse Chavez, outfielder Gregor Blanco and three minor leaguers. On August 18, 2010 they traded three pitching prospects for first baseman Derrek Lee from the Chicago Cubs. On August 22, 2010 against the Chicago Cubs, Mike Minor struck out 12 batters across 6 innings; an Atlanta Braves single game rookie strikeout record. The Braves dropped to second in the NL East in early September, but won the NL Wild Card. They lost to the San Francisco Giants in the National League Division Series in four games. Every game of the series was determined by one run. After the series - clinching victory for the Giants in Game 4, Bobby Cox was given a standing ovation by the fans, also by players and coaches of both the Braves and Giants.
On October 13, 2010, the Atlanta Braves announced that Fredi González would replace long - time Braves manager Bobby Cox as manager of the team in 2011. The announcement came just two days after the 2010 Braves were eliminated from the postseason. It was also announced that pitching coach Roger McDowell, third - base coach Brian Snitker, and bullpen coach Eddie Pérez would retain their current positions, while former hitting coach Terry Pendleton would replace Glenn Hubbard as the first - base coach and newcomer Carlos Tosca would become the new bench coach. Hubbard and former bench coach Chino Cadahia were not offered positions on the new coaching staff. Larry Parrish was hired as hitting coach on October 29, 2010.
On November 16, 2010 in an offseason trade, the Braves acquired Dan Uggla from the Florida Marlins in exchange for left - handed reliever Mike Dunn and infielder Omar Infante. According to Elias Sports Bureau, the Braves had an all - time franchise win - loss record over. 500 for the first time since 1923 after their win over the Houston Astros on June 11, 2011. The Braves franchise became the third franchise in MLB history to reach 10,000 wins with their win over the Washington Nationals on July 15, 2011. On July 31, 2011, just sixteen days after registering their 10,000 th win, the Florida Marlins defeated the Braves by a score of 3 -- 1, handing the team the 10,000 th loss in franchise history. The Braves become only the second team in big league history with 10,000 losses after the Philadelphia Phillies reached the plateau in 2007.
Players from the Braves ' farm system, such as Freddie Freeman and Brandon Beachy, played regularly with the big league club, while Julio Teherán, Randall Delgado, and Mike Minor were called up for spot starts. With late season injuries to starters Jair Jurrjens and Tommy Hanson, these three young pitchers made their way into the starting rotation in their absence. Eight players made their major league debuts for the team in 2011.
The Braves led the National League Wild Card standings for much of the 2011 season, with the division - rival Philadelphia Phillies firmly in control of first place in the National League East. The Braves entered the final month of the regular season 25 games above. 500 with a record of 80 -- 55 and an 8 ⁄ - game lead in the Wild Card standings. The nearest team trailing them, the St. Louis Cardinals, who also trailed the National League Central - leading Milwaukee Brewers by 8 ⁄ games at the time, were considered a long - shot to gain a spot in the postseason. Just days prior on August 26, the Cardinals found themselves 10 ⁄ games behind and in third place.
With 27 games to play, the Braves went 9 -- 18 in September to finish the season with a record of 89 -- 73. The Cardinals, meanwhile, went 18 -- 8 to finish at 90 -- 72. Braves closer Craig Kimbrel, who had not surrendered a single earned run in July or August, carried a 4.76 ERA in September with three blown saves. After being dominant in his role for much of the season, Braves setup man Jonny Venters posted a 5.11 September ERA. These sharp declines in both relievers led many critics to question the handling of the bullpen by Braves manager Fredi González. Veteran starter Derek Lowe posted a win - loss record of 0 -- 5 in September with an ERA of 8.75. Shortly into the offseason, Lowe would be traded to the Cleveland Indians. The Braves starters lasted six or more innings only three times over the last 23 games. Over the last five games, all of which were losses for the Braves, the team managed to score only seven runs. Braves catcher Brian McCann, often regarded as the best offensive catcher in the Majors, hit only. 183 with two home runs in September. The offense as a whole hit for only a. 235 batting average and a. 300 on - base percentage in September, both second - worst in the National League. The. 195 RISP average by Braves hitters was second worst in the Majors. Hitting coach Larry Parrish was fired two days following the last game of the season.
In 2012, the Braves began their 138th season after an upsetting end to the 2011 season. On March 22, the Braves announced that third baseman Chipper Jones would retire following the 2012 season after 19 Major League seasons with the team. The Braves also lost many key players through trades or free agency, including pitcher Derek Lowe, shortstop Alex González, and outfielder Nate McLouth. To compensate for this, the team went on to receive many key players such as outfielder Michael Bourn, along with shortstops Tyler Pastornicky and Andrelton Simmons. To fill the void of a quality starting pitcher left by Lowe (as well as a mid-season injury to Brandon Beachy), manager Fredi González elected relief pitcher Kris Medlen to the starting pitching rotation. The Braves went on to win every game Medlen started, setting the MLB record for most consecutive wins when a single pitcher starts (total of 23). Atlanta stayed close to the Washington Nationals in the race to win the National League East title. They also stayed on top of the National League Wild Card race. Washington ended up winning their first division title in franchise history, but the Braves remained in first place of the NL wild card race. Keeping with a new MLB rule for the 2012 season, the top two wild card teams in each league must play each other in a playoff game before entering into the Division Series.
The Braves played the St. Louis Cardinals in the first ever Wild Card Game. The Braves were behind 6 -- 3 in the bottom of the eighth inning when Andrelton Simmons hit a fly ball to left field that dropped in between the Cardinals shortstop and left fielder. Umpire Sam Holbrook called Simmons out, citing the infield fly rule. Had an infield fly not been called, Simmons would have been credited with a single and Atlanta would have had the bases loaded with one out. Fans at Turner Field began to litter the field with debris, prompting the game to be delayed for 19 minutes. The Braves lost the game 6 -- 3, ending their season.
During the offseason following a gut wrenching exit against the St. Louis Cardinals in the Wild Card Game, the Braves spent the 2012 -- 2013 offseason revamping and retooling their offense. The Braves turned heads across baseball by acquiring B.J. Upton from the Tampa Bay Rays, signing him to a 5 - year $75.25 million contract and making him their starting center fielder, and uniting him with his younger brother Justin Upton from the Arizona Diamondbacks in a seven player trade that sent fan favorite utility man Martín Prado to the Diamondbacks, they also filled a need for a new Third Baseman in Chris Johnson after the retirement of Chipper Jones the previous year. The Braves began the 2013 season with a hot start in April by going 17 -- 9 for the month, which saw the emergence of rookie sensation Evan Gattis, while taking hold of first place in the National League East division, a lead they would never relinquish for the rest of the season. The Braves suffered many injuries to key players throughout the season, including injuries to Jason Heyward, Brian McCann, Freddie Freeman, Eric O'Flaherty, Jonny Venters, Ramiro Pena and others, but found a way to win despite these blows to the team. Leading up to the All Star break, First Baseman Freddie Freeman was voted in to play for the 2013 National League All - Star Team, in the 2013 All Star Game, which he did not play. The Braves also witnessed the emergence of rookie pitcher Julio Teherán after much hype during Spring training. From July 26 to August 10, the Braves won 14 games in a row. The winning streak was the longest of its kind since April -- May 2000.
On June 28, 2013 the Atlanta Braves retired former third baseman Chipper Jones ' jersey, number 10, before the game against the Arizona Diamondbacks. He was honored before 51,300 fans at Turner Field in Atlanta. He served as a staple of the Braves franchise for 19 years before announcing his retirement at the beginning of the 2012 season. Chipper Jones played his last regular season game for the Braves on September 30, 2012.
The Braves opened up a 15 - game lead on the Washington Nationals in the National League East on September 3, 2013, riding that lead en route to its first division title since 2005, the last of 14 straight division titles. This was also Braves manager Fredi González 's first division title since beginning his managerial career in 1990; including his first since becoming the manager of the Braves after the 2010 season. The Braves clinched the 18th division title in team history on September 22, 2013 after a Nationals loss to the Marlins in the first game of a double header; the Braves also won their game that day, beating the Chicago Cubs 5 -- 2 at Wrigley Field.
After clinching the division title, they lost to the Dodgers 3 -- 1 in the Division Series.
On November 11, 2013, the Braves announced that they would vacate Turner Field for a new stadium in Cobb County, in the northwest suburbs outside of Atlanta in 2017. The move is to follow the expiration of the Braves ' 20 - year lease on Turner Field in 2016. The new stadium is to be constructed in a public / private partnership. During the offseason the Braves signed few of their young talents to multi year contracts; Craig Kimbrel (4 years / $42 M), Freddie Freeman (8 years / $135 M), Kris Medlen (1 year / $5.8 M), Jason Heyward (2 years / $13.3 M), Julio Teherán (6 years / $32.4 M) and Andrelton Simmons (7 years / $58 M).
The Braves finished the season in a distant second place with a 79 -- 83 record, which was their first losing season since 2008 and only their third since 1990.
Prior to the 2015 season, the Braves fired their General Manager Frank Wren, and John Hart replaced him as interim general manager, choosing to only take the title of President of Baseball Operations. The Braves promptly traded Gold Glove Award winner Jason Heyward to the St. Louis Cardinals along with pitcher Jordan Walden for pitchers Shelby Miller and Tyrell Jenkins. Hart would then trade All Star left fielder Justin Upton to the San Diego Padres for Max Fried, Jace Peterson, Dustin Peterson, and Mallex Smith. Catcher Evan Gattis and minor league prospect James Hoyt were traded to the Houston Astros for minor leaguers Mike Foltynewicz, Rio Ruiz, and Andrew Thurman. A day before the season began, the Braves made a final trade involving former All - Star Craig Kimbrel and outfielder Melvin Upton Jr... They were traded to the San Diego Padres for outfielders Cameron Maybin and Carlos Quentin along with two minor league players. By the beginning of the season, the Braves did 11 trades in all.
Prior to the start of the 2016 regular season, the Braves continued their offseason rebuilding by trading Andrelton Simmons to the Los Angeles Angels for Erick Aybar, and pitching prospects Sean Newcomb and Chris Ellis and $2.5 million. They agreed to 1 year contracts with Kelly Johnson, Chris Withrow, and Arodys Vizcaino, and agreed to terms on a minor league contract for Carlos Torres and Jeff Francoeur. The Braves would end up purchasing the Major League contract of Francoeur.
On April 13, 2016, Hector Olivera was arrested and charged with the assault of a woman at the team hotel when the Braves were in Washington D.C. facing the Nationals. He was placed on Administrative Leave by Major League Baseball and was placed on the Braves Restricted List until further disciplinary action is given.
The Braves began the season on a nine - game losing streak, which is the worst opening by the franchise since 1988, when they dropped the first 10 games of that season.
After a 9 -- 28 start in 2016, Fredi González was fired on May 17 and replaced by third base coach Brian Snitker as interim general manager. Snitker replaced González once before in the 2006 -- 07 off - season as the Braves third base coach when González left the Braves to manage the Marlins. The Braves finished the season 68 -- 93 and in last place in NL East.
During the 2016 off - season, the Braves signed pitchers R.A. Dickey and Bartolo Colón and promoted interim manager Brian Snitker to full - time manager.
The Braves opened their new stadium, SunTrust Park, on April 14, 2017, with a four - game sweep of the San Diego Padres. The park received positive reviews. Woody Studenmund of the Hardball Times called the park a "gem '' and he was impressed with "the compact beauty of the stadium and its exciting approach to combining baseball, business and social activities. '' J.J. Cooper of Baseball America praised the "excellent sight lines for pretty much every seat. '' Cooper also noted that "the Wi - Fi works and it 's very fast, even with a park full of smartphone users. ''
On October 2, 2017, John Coppolella resigned as general manager of the Braves amid a Major League Baseball investigation into Atlanta 's international signings, having committed what the Braves termed "a breach of MLB rules regarding the international player market ''. On November 13, 2017, the Braves announced Alex Anthopoulos as the new general manager and executive vice president. John Hart was removed as team president and assumed a senior adviser role with the organization. Braves chairman Terry McGuirk apologized to fans "on behalf of the entire Braves family '' for the scandal. McGuirk described Anthopoulos as "a man of integrity '' and that "he will operate in a way that will make all of our Braves fans proud. '' On November 17, 2017, the Braves announced that John Hart had stepped down as senior advisor for the organization. Hart said in a statement that "with the hiring of Alex Anthopoulos as general manager, this organization is in great hands. ''
On November 21, 2017, Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred announced the findings of the MLB investigation into Atlanta 's international signings. Manfred ruled that the Braves must forfeit 13 international prospects, including highly touted Kevin Maitan, an infielder from Venezuela who signed for $4.25 million in 2016. The team also forfeited a third - round draft pick in the 2018 draft. Former Braves general manager John Coppolella was placed on baseball 's permanently ineligible list.
Additionally, the Braves shall be prohibited from signing any international player for more than $10,000 during the 2019 -- 20 signing period and their international signing bonus pool for the 2020 -- 21 signing period will be reduced by 50 percent.
Over its 138 seasons, the Braves franchise has won a total of three World Series Championships, one in each of the three cities they have played in.
The Braves -- Mets rivalry is a rivalry between the two teams, featuring the Braves and the New York Mets as they both play in the National League East.
Although their first major confrontation occurred when the Mets swept the Braves in the 1969 NLCS, en route to their first World Series championship, the first playoff series won by an expansion team (also the first playoff appearance by an expansion team), the rivalry did not become especially heated until the 1994 season when division realignment put both the Mets and the Braves in the NL East division. During this time the Braves became one of the most dominant teams in professional baseball, earning 14 straight division titles through 2005, including five world series berths, and one world series championship during the 1995 season. The rivalry remained heated through the early 2000s.
While their rivalry with the Philadelphia Phillies lacks the history and hatred of the Mets, it has been the more important one in the last decade. Between 1993 and 2013, the two teams reigned almost exclusively as NL East champions, the exceptions being in 2006, when the Mets won their first division title since 1988 (no division titles were awarded in 1994 due to the player 's strike), and in 2012, when the Washington Nationals claimed their first division title since 1981 when playing as the Montreal Expos. The Phillies 1993 championship was also part of a four - year reign of exclusive division championships by the Phillies and the Pittsburgh Pirates, their in - state rivals. While rivalries are generally characterized by mutual hatred, the Braves and Phillies deeply respect each other. Each game played (18 games in 2011) is vastly important between these two NL East giants, but at the end of the day, they are very similar organizations. Overall, the Braves have one more National League East division title than the Phillies, having won 12 times each since 1969, with the Braves holding it for eleven consecutive years from 1995 through 2005.
The Braves currently have five different game baseball uniform combinations. The home uniforms consist of a standard white uniform, a red, military appreciation jersey worn with the standard white pants, and a cream alternate uniform. The road uniforms consist of a standard gray uniform, and an alternate navy blue jersey worn with the standard gray pants.
The white home uniform, introduced in 1987, is the primary home uniform. The jersey has "Braves '' written in script across the chest with the tomahawk logo underneath. The jersey also includes piping around the collar and down the front of the jersey and around the bottom of the sleeves. Player numbers appear on the back of the jersey with a nameplate above. The Braves script, player numbers, and piping are red with a navy blue border. The tomahawk is primarily red with blue and yellow detail and a navy blue border. The white pants have identical piping to the jersey about the belt loops and down the outside seam of the pants. The player names consist of navy blue lettering sewn to a white nameplate. The player names originally used vertically arched lettering but, since 2006, the team has used radially arched lettering. The white uniform is paired with the standard home cap. It is a red brimmed, navy blue cap with a white embroidered "script A '' logo. The home batting helmet is identical to the primary home cap.
The gray road uniforms are the primary road uniform. The uniforms are identical to the white home uniforms with the exception of the "Braves '' script, which is replaced by the "Atlanta '' script. Player names are sewn to a gray nameplate. The primary uniforms are very similar to the uniforms that the Braves wore from 1946 to 1965 -- during their latter years in Boston and throughout their tenure in Milwaukee.
The red, military appreciation jersey was introduced on February 5, 2014. The jerseys feature navy blue piping with a white border, the Braves script in blue with white stars, and the American Flag on the left sleeve. The updated red jerseys will not include the tomahawk logo. The jerseys will be worn for five home games in 2014: April 26 vs. the Cincinnati Reds (military family night), June 13 vs. the LA Angels of Anaheim (celebrating the Army), July 26 vs. the San Diego Padres (celebrating the Marines), Aug. 30 vs. the Miami Marlins (celebrating the Navy), and September 19 vs. NY Mets (celebrating the Air Force). The jerseys will be paired with camouflage caps. The military appreciation jerseys replace the red jerseys introduced in 2005. Worn with the white pants, these jerseys included the same elements as the white jerseys, with the Braves script, player numbers, and piping in navy blue with a white border. The tomahawk was primarily blue, with red and yellow detail and a white border. The player names consisted of white lettering sewn to a red nameplate. These jerseys were paired with an alternate home cap, which was a red brimmed, navy blue cap with a red, embroidered "script A '' logo with a tomahawk, outlined in white. The alternate cap did not have a matching batting helmet. The red alternate jerseys were worn for Sunday home games from 2005 to 2011. The only exceptions to this were the opening game of the 2005 NLDS, which was played on a Wednesday, and on Memorial Day in 2006. The 2006 Memorial Day game is also the only time the red jerseys were paired with the primary home cap. With the introduction of the cream uniform in 2012, the red jerseys were worn for Friday night home games from 2012 to 2013. However, the Braves chose to wear the traditional white jerseys for their 2012 home opener, which took place on Friday, April 13.
The cream alternate uniforms were introduced in February 2012 as a tribute to the Braves ' first season in Atlanta in 1966. The jersey includes the "Braves '' script across the breastplate, but the player number replaces the tomahawk underneath the "Braves '' script on the left placket. Player numbers and the "Braves '' script are in red with a navy blue border. The player names consist of navy blue lettering sewn to a cream nameplate. The jersey has a thin, navy piping about the collar and down the front of the jersey. There is no piping around the sleeves. The cream pants include piping identical to the jersey down the outside seam. The left sleeve of the jersey has a "crossed tomahawk '' logo that replaces the "screaming Indian '' logo that appeared on the 1966 jerseys. The new logo has two, primarily red, crossed tomahawks. Underneath the tomahawks is a blue circle outlined in red, with "1876 '' in red above (commemorating the year the franchise was founded), and "Atlanta Braves '' in white below. The cream uniforms are paired with the standard home cap and are worn for Saturday and Sunday home games.
The alternate navy blue road jerseys were introduced on opening night of the 2008 season against the Washington Nationals. Worn with the gray road pants, the jerseys feature the "Atlanta '' script on the breastplate in navy blue with a white outline. The tomahawk is primarily navy blue with red and yellow detail and a white border. The player numbers are blue with white borders and the player names are white letters sewn to a navy blue nameplate. The navy blue jerseys have no piping either on the sleeves or around the collar.
From 1987 to 2008, the red brimmed, primary home cap was also worn on the road. However, when the navy blue jerseys were introduced in 2008, they were paired with a navy blue cap, similar to the team 's road cap worn from 1966 to 1971. While the red brimmed cap was still primarily worn with the gray road uniforms, the team sometimes wore the navy blue cap with the gray jerseys, and the red brimmed cap was occasionally worn with the navy blue jerseys. The red brimmed home batting helmets were also worn on the road from 1987 through 2008. Beginning in 2009, the navy blue cap became the official road cap and was paired with a navy blue road batting helmet.
Unlike the home uniforms, which are worn based on a schedule, the road uniforms are chosen on game day by the starting pitcher. However, they are also subject to Major League Baseball rules requiring the road team to wear uniforms that contrast with the uniforms worn by the home team. Due to this rule, the gray uniforms are worn when the home team chooses to wear navy blue, and sometimes when the home team chooses to wear black.
From 1912 to 1989 the Braves logo consisted of the head of an Indian warrior. From 1912 to 1956 it was an Indian with a headdress, and thereafter a laughing Indian with a mohawk and one feather in his hair. In 1990 the logo was changed to just the word "Braves '' in cursive with a tomahawk below it.
The Braves have retired eleven numbers in the history of the franchise, including most recently Chipper Jones ' number 10 in 2013, John Smoltz 's number 29 in 2012, Bobby Cox 's number 6 in 2011, Tom Glavine 's number 47 in 2010, and Greg Maddux 's number 31 in 2009. Additionally, Hank Aaron 's 44, Dale Murphy 's 3, Phil Niekro 's 35, Eddie Mathews ' 41, Warren Spahn 's 21 and Jackie Robinson 's 42, which is retired for all of baseball with the exception of Jackie Robinson Day, have also been retired. The color and design of the retired numbers reflect the uniform design at the time the person was on the team, excluding Robinson.
Of the ten Braves whose numbers have been retired, all who are eligible for the National Baseball Hall of Fame have been elected with the exception of Murphy, whose eligibility has expired.
Earl Averill Dave Bancroft Dan Brouthers John Clarkson * Jimmy Collins Hugh Duffy * Johnny Evers
Burleigh Grimes Billy Hamilton Billy Herman Rogers Hornsby Joe Kelley King Kelly Ernie Lombardi
Rabbit Maranville Rube Marquard Tommy McCarthy Bill McKechnie Joe Medwick Kid Nichols * Jim O'Rourke
Charley Radbourn Babe Ruth Frank Selee * * Al Simmons George Sisler Casey Stengel Ed Walsh
Lloyd Waner Paul Waner Deacon White Vic Willis * * George Wright Harry Wright Cy Young
Eddie Mathews
Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter
Warren Spahn
Hank Aaron Orlando Cepeda Bobby Cox
Tom Glavine Chipper Jones Greg Maddux * * *
Phil Niekro Gaylord Perry
John Schuerholz * * John Smoltz Bruce Sutter
Joe Torre Hoyt Wilhelm
Milo Hamilton
Pitchers
Catchers
Infielders
Outfielders
Pitchers
Catchers
Infielders
Outfielders
Manager
Coaches
60 - day disabled list
40 active, 0 inactive, 22 non-roster invitees
7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster, coaches, and NRIs updated February 21, 2018 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters
After years of stability, the Braves have faced a period of transition in their radio and television coverage.
The 2007 season was the last for Braves baseball on the TBS Superstation. TBS showed 70 games throughout the country, then cleared the decks to make way for a new national broadcast package that began in earnest with the 2007 postseason, and expanded to Sunday afternoon games in 2008. Until his dismissal in 2009, Chip Caray, one of the Braves ' current broadcasters, called play - by - play for the national package, which includes the Division Series every season and alternating coverage of the ALCS and NLCS. Caray is joined by Joe Simpson, who has provided color commentary for the Braves since 1992.
Braves baseball had been on TBS since it was WTCG in 1972 and had been a cornerstone of the national superstation since it began in 1976. WPCH - TV / Peachtree TV, formerly WTBS Atlanta, still carried Braves games after 2007, but only in parts of the Southern United States. After the transfer of the channel 's operations from Time Warner to Meredith Corporation, all Peachtree TV games were simulcast on Fox Sports South outside of the Peachtree TV coverage area in 2011 and 2012. On February 27, 2013, it was announced that Fox Sports South and SportSouth (now called Fox Sports Southeast) would carry every regionally televised Braves game exclusively, ending the team 's partnership with WPCH - TV after 40 years.
After the 2004 season, longtime radio flagship station 750 WSB was replaced by WGST 640AM. Due to WGST 's weak signal at night, which fails to cover the entire Atlanta metropolitan area, all games began to be simulcast on FM radio when the rights were transferred. The games first appeared on 96.1 WKLS (formerly "96 Rock '') in 2005, but moved to country music station 94.9 WUBL ("94.9 The Bull '') in 2007 after WKLS underwent a change in format from classic rock to active rock and became Project 9 -- 6 -- 1. As of the 2009 season, the Braves returned to WKLS on the FM frequency but remained on WGST on AM. It was announced that for the 2010 season, the Braves will be flagshipped on WCNN 680 The Fan and in Atlanta on the AM dial and WNNX 100.5 FM.
The Atlanta Braves radio network currently serves 134 radio stations across the Southern United States, including 20 in Alabama, 4 in Florida, 68 in Georgia, 1 in Mississippi, 13 in North Carolina, 14 in South Carolina, and 14 in Tennessee.
Since 2009, the radio announcers have been former Brewers announcer Jim Powell and Don Sutton. Sutton was released after the 2006 season and called Washington Nationals games on television from 2007 to 2008, but he has since returned for the 2009 season. Longtime Braves voices Skip Caray and Pete Van Wieren were the primary play - by - play voices of Braves baseball until Skip 's sudden death on August 3, 2008, and Van Wieren 's retirement after the 2008 season.
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which vice president worked under three different presidents in india | List of Vice-Presidents of India - wikipedia
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The Vice-President of India is the second highest constitutional office in the Indian Government after the President. In accordance with Article 65 of the Indian Constitution, the Vice-President discharges the functions of the President when a contingency arises due to the resignation, removal, death or the inability of the President to discharge his functions. He is also the ex officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India. The Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of all the members of both houses of the Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote via a secret ballot conducted by the Election Commission of India. Once elected the Vice President continues in office for a five - year term, but can continue in office irrespective of the expiry of the term, until a successor assumes office. The Vice President can be removed by a resolution passed by an effective majority in the Rajya Sabha.
There have been 13 vice-president, since the inception of the post in 1950. The first Vice-president of India took oath at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 13 May 1952
On 11 August 2017 Venkaiah Naidu was sworn in as the 15th Vice-President of India, thus becoming the 13th person to hold the office.
The complete list of Vice-Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as Vice-President of India, following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950. Some of whom later became presidents.
1957 (Unopposed)
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974)
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where is the largest cache of serotonin located within the body | Serotonin - Wikipedia
Serotonin (/ ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnɪn, ˌsɪərə - /) or 5 - hydroxytryptamine (5 - HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter, and is popularly thought to be a contributor to feelings of well - being and happiness. Biochemically, the indoleamine molecule is derived from the amino acid tryptophan. Serotonin is primarily found in the enteric nervous system located in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). However, it is also produced in the central nervous system (CNS), specifically in the Raphe nuclei located in the brainstem. Additionally, serotonin is stored in blood platelets and is released during agitation and vasoconstriction, where it then acts as an agonist to other platelets.
Approximately 90 % of the human body 's total serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract, where it is used to regulate intestinal movements. The serotonin is secreted luminally and basolaterally which leads to increased serotonin uptake by circulating platelets and activation after stimulation, which gives increased stimulation of myenteric neurons and gastrointestinal motility. The remainder is synthesized in serotonergic neurons of the CNS, where it has various functions. These include the regulation of mood, appetite, and sleep. Serotonin also has some cognitive functions, including memory and learning. Modulation of serotonin at synapses is thought to be a major action of several classes of pharmacological antidepressants.
Serotonin secreted from the enterochromaffin cells eventually finds its way out of tissues into the blood. There, it is actively taken up by blood platelets, which store it. When the platelets bind to a clot, they release serotonin, where it can serve as a vasoconstrictor or a vasodilator while regulating hemostasis and blood clotting. In high concentrations, serotonin acts as a vasoconstrictor by contracting endothelial smooth muscle directly or by potentiating the effects of other vasoconstrictors (e.g. angiotensin II, norepinephrine). The vasoconstrictive property is mostly seen in pathologic states affecting the endothelium such as atherosclerosis or chronic hypertension. In physiologic states, vasodilation occurs through the serotonin mediated release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells. Additionally, it inhibits the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerves. Serotonin is also a growth factor for some types of cells, which may give it a role in wound healing. There are various serotonin receptors.
Serotonin is metabolized mainly to 5 - HIAA, chiefly by the liver. Metabolism involves first oxidation by monoamine oxidase to the corresponding aldehyde. This is followed by oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase to 5 - HIAA, the indole acetic acid derivative. The latter is then excreted by the kidneys.
Aside from mammals it is found in all bilateral animals including worms and insects, as well as in fungi and plants. Serotonin 's presence in insect venoms and plant spines serves to cause pain, which is a side - effect of serotonin injection. Serotonin is produced by pathogenic amoebae, and its effect in the human gut is diarrhea. Its widespread presence in many seeds and fruits may serve to stimulate the digestive tract into expelling the seeds.
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and is found in all bilateral animals including insects. Serotonin is also present in plants (phytoserotonin).
Serotonin mediates the animal 's perceptions of resources; In less complex animals, such as some invertebrates, resources simply mean food availability. In plants serotonin synthesis seems to be associated with stress signals. In more complex animals, such as arthropods and vertebrates, resources also can mean social dominance. In response to the perceived abundance or scarcity of resources, an animal 's growth, reproduction or mood may be elevated or lowered. This may somewhat depend on how much serotonin the organism has at its disposal.
The 5 - HT receptors, the receptors for serotonin, are located on the cell membrane of nerve cells and other cell types in animals, and mediate the effects of serotonin as the endogenous ligand and of a broad range of pharmaceutical and hallucinogenic drugs. Except for the 5 - HT receptor, a ligand - gated ion channel, all other 5 - HT receptors are G - protein - coupled receptors (also called seven - transmembrane, or heptahelical receptors) that activate an intracellular second messenger cascade.
Serotonergic action is terminated primarily via uptake of 5 - HT from the synapse. This is accomplished through the specific monoamine transporter for 5 - HT, SERT, on the presynaptic neuron. Various agents can inhibit 5 - HT reuptake, including cocaine, dextromethorphan (an antitussive), tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). A 2006 study conducted by the University of Washington suggested that a newly discovered monoamine transporter, known as PMAT, may account for "a significant percentage of 5 - HT clearance ''.
Contrasting with the high - affinity SERT, the PMAT has been identified as a low - affinity transporter, with an apparent K of 114 micromoles / l for serotonin; approximately 230 times higher than that of SERT. However, the PMAT, despite its relatively low serotonergic affinity, has a considerably higher transport ' capacity ' than SERT, "resulting in roughly comparable uptake efficiencies to SERT in heterologous expression systems. '' The study also suggests some SSRIs, such as fluoxetine and sertraline anti-depressants, inhibit PMAT but at IC values which surpass the therapeutic plasma concentrations by up to four orders of magnitude. Therefore, SSRI monotherapy is "ineffective '' in PMAT inhibition. At present, no known pharmaceuticals are known to appreciably inhibit PMAT at normal therapeutic doses. The PMAT also suggestively transports dopamine and norepinephrine, albeit at K values even higher than that of 5 - HT (330 -- 15,000 μmoles / L).
Serotonin can also signal through a nonreceptor mechanism called serotonylation, in which serotonin modifies proteins. This process underlies serotonin 's effects upon platelet - forming cells (thrombocytes) in which it links to the modification of signaling enzymes called GTPases that then trigger the release of vesicle contents by exocytosis. A similar process underlies the pancreatic release of insulin.
The effects of serotonin upon vascular smooth muscle tone (this is the biological function from which serotonin originally got its name) depend upon the serotonylation of proteins involved in the contractile apparatus of muscle cells.
The neurons of the raphe nuclei are the principal source of 5 - HT release in the brain. There are nine raphe nuclei, designated B1 - B9, which contain the majority of serotonin - containing neurons (some scientists chose to group the nuclei raphes lineares into one nucleus), all of which are located along the midline of the brainstem, and centered on the reticular formation. Axons from the neurons of the raphe nuclei form a neurotransmitter system reaching almost every part of the central nervous system. Axons of neurons in the lower raphe nuclei terminate in the cerebellum and spinal cord, while the axons of the higher nuclei spread out in the entire brain.
The serotonin nuclei may also be divided into two main groups, the rostral and caudal containing three and four nuclei respectively. The rostral group consists of the caudal linear nuclei (B8), the dorsal raphe nuclei (B6 and B7) and the median raphe nuclei (B5, B8 and B9), that project into multiple cortical and subcortical structures. The caudal group consists of the nucleus raphe magnus (B3), raphe obscurus nucleus (B2), raphe pallidus nucleus (B1), and lateral medullary reticular formation, that project into the brainstem.
Serotonergic pathway are involved in sensorimotor function, with pathways projecting both into cortical (Dorsal and Median Raphe Nuclei), subcortical, and spinal areas involved in motor activity. Pharmacological manipulation suggest that serotonergic activity increases with motor activity, while firing rates of serotonergic neurons increase with intense visual stimuli. The descending projections form a pathway that inhibits pain called the "descending inhibitory pathway '' that may be relevant to disorder such as fibromyalgia, migraine and other pain disorders, and the efficacy of antidepressants in them.
Serotonergic projections from the caudal nuclei are involved in regulating mood, emotion and hypo or hyperserotonergic states may be involved in depression and sickness behavior.
Serotonin is released into the synapse, or space between neurons, and diffuses over a relatively wide gap (> 20 μm) to activate 5 - HT receptors located on the dendrites, cell bodies and presynaptic terminals of adjacent neurons.
When humans smell food, dopamine is released to increase the appetite. But, unlike in worms, serotonin does not increase anticipatory behaviour in humans; instead, the serotonin released while consuming activates 5 - HT2C receptors on dopamine - producing cells. This halts their dopamine release, and thereby serotonin decreases appetite. Drugs that block 5 - HT receptors make the body unable to recognize when it is no longer hungry or otherwise in need of nutrients, and are associated with weight gain, especially in people with a low number of receptors. The expression of 5 - HT receptors in the hippocampus follows a diurnal rhythm, just as the serotonin release in the ventromedial nucleus, which is characterised by a peak at morning when the motivation to eat is strongest.
In macaques, alpha males have twice the level of serotonin released in the brain than subordinate males and females (as measured by the levels of 5 - Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5 - HIAA) in the cerebro - spinal fluid). Dominance status and cerebro - serotonin levels appear to be positively correlated. When dominant males were removed from such groups, subordinate males begin competing for dominance. Once new dominance hierarchies were established, serotonin levels of the new dominant individuals also increased to double those in subordinate males and females. The reason why serotonin levels are only high in dominant males but not dominant females has not yet been established.
In humans, levels of 5 - HT receptor activation in the brain show negative correlation with aggression, and a mutation in the gene that codes for the 5 - HT receptor may double the risk of suicide for those with that genotype. Serotonin in the brain is not usually degraded after use, but is collected by serotonergic neurons by serotonin transporters on their cell surfaces. Studies have revealed nearly 10 % of total variance in anxiety - related personality depends on variations in the description of where, when and how many serotonin transporters the neurons should deploy.
Serotonin has been implicated in cognition, mood, anxiety and psychosis, but strong clarity has not been achieved.
The gut is surrounded by enterochromaffin cells, which release serotonin in response to food in the lumen. This makes the gut contract around the food. Platelets in the veins draining the gut collect excess serotonin.
If irritants are present in the food, the enterochromaffin cells release more serotonin to make the gut move faster, i.e., to cause diarrhea, so the gut is emptied of the noxious substance. If serotonin is released in the blood faster than the platelets can absorb it, the level of free serotonin in the blood is increased. This activates 5 - HT3 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone that stimulate vomiting. The enterochromaffin cells not only react to bad food but are also very sensitive to irradiation and cancer chemotherapy. Drugs that block 5HT3 are very effective in controlling the nausea and vomiting produced by cancer treatment, and are considered the gold standard for this purpose.
In mice and humans, alterations in serotonin levels and signalling have been shown to regulate bone mass. Mice that lack brain serotonin have osteopenia, while mice that lack gut serotonin have high bone density. In humans, increased blood serotonin levels have been shown to be significant negative predictor of low bone density. Serotonin can also be synthesized, albeit at very low levels, in the bone cells. It mediates its actions on bone cells using three different receptors. Through 5 - HT receptors, it negatively regulates bone mass, while it does so positively through 5 - HT receptors and 5 - HT receptors. There is very delicate balance between physiological role of gut serotonin and its pathology. Increase in the extracellular content of serotonin results in a complex relay of signals in the osteoblasts culminating in FoxO1 / Creb and ATF4 dependent transcriptional events. These studies have opened a new area of research in bone metabolism that can be potentially harnessed to treat bone mass disorders.
Since serotonin signals resource availability it is not surprising that it affects organ development. Many human and animal studies have shown that nutrition in early life can influence, in adulthood, such things as body fatness, blood lipids, blood pressure, atherosclerosis, behavior, learning and longevity. Rodent experiment shows that neonatal exposure to SSRI 's makes persistent changes in the serotonergic transmission of the brain resulting in behavioral changes, which are reversed by treatment with antidepressants. By treating normal and knockout mice lacking the serotonin transporter with fluoxetine scientists showed that normal emotional reactions in adulthood, like a short latency to escape foot shocks and inclination to explore new environments were dependent on active serotonin transporters during the neonatal period.
Human serotonin can also act as a growth factor directly. Liver damage increases cellular expression of 5 - HT2A and 5 - HT2B receptors, mediating liver compensatory regrowth (see Liver § Regeneration and transplantation) Serotonin present in the blood then stimulates cellular growth to repair liver damage. 5HT2B receptors also activate osteocytes, which build up bone However, serotonin also inhibits osteoblasts, through 5 - HT1B receptors.
Serotonin, in addition, evokes endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and stimulates, through a 5 - HT1B receptor - mediated mechanism, the phosphorylation of p44 / p42 mitogen - activated protein kinase activation in bovine aortic endothelial cell cultures. In blood, serotonin is collected from plasma by platelets, which store it. It is thus active wherever platelets bind in damaged tissue, as a vasoconstrictor to stop bleeding, and also as a fibrocyte mitotic (growth factor), to aid healing.
Several classes of drugs target the 5 - HT system, including some antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, antiemetics, and antimigraine drugs, as well as the psychedelic drugs and empathogens.
The psychedelic drugs psilocin / psilocybin, DMT, mescaline, psychedelic mushroom and LSD are agonists, primarily at 5HT receptors. The empathogen - entactogen MDMA releases serotonin from synaptic vesicles of neurons.
Drugs that alter serotonin levels are used in treating depression, generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) prevent the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters (including serotonin), and therefore increase concentrations of the neurotransmitter in the brain. MAOI therapy is associated with many adverse drug reactions, and patients are at risk of hypertensive emergency triggered by foods with high tyramine content, and certain drugs. Some drugs inhibit the re-uptake of serotonin, making it stay in the synaptic cleft longer. The tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. The newer selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have fewer side - effects and fewer interactions with other drugs.
Certain SSRI medications have been shown to lower serotonin levels below the baseline after chronic use, despite initial increases. The 5 - HTTLPR gene codes for the number of serotonin transporters in the brain, with more serotonin transporters causing decreased duration and magnitude of serotonergic signaling. The 5 - HTTLPR polymorphism (l / l) causing more serotonin transporters to be formed is also found to be more resilient against depression and anxiety.
Extremely high levels of serotonin can cause a condition known as serotonin syndrome, with toxic and potentially fatal effects. In practice, such toxic levels are essentially impossible to reach through an overdose of a single antidepressant drug, but require a combination of serotonergic agents, such as an SSRI with an MAOI. The intensity of the symptoms of serotonin syndrome vary over a wide spectrum, and the milder forms are seen even at nontoxic levels.
Some 5 - HT antagonists, such as ondansetron, granisetron, and tropisetron, are important antiemetic agents. They are particularly important in treating the nausea and vomiting that occur during anticancer chemotherapy using cytotoxic drugs. Another application is in the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Some serotonergic agonist drugs cause fibrosis anywhere in the body, particularly the syndrome of retroperitoneal fibrosis, as well as cardiac valve fibrosis. In the past, three groups of serotonergic drugs have been epidemiologically linked with these syndromes. These are the serotonergic vasoconstrictive antimigraine drugs (ergotamine and methysergide), the serotonergic appetite suppressant drugs (fenfluramine, chlorphentermine, and aminorex), and certain anti-Parkinsonian dopaminergic agonists, which also stimulate serotonergic 5 - HT receptors. These include pergolide and cabergoline, but not the more dopamine - specific lisuride.
As with fenfluramine, some of these drugs have been withdrawn from the market after groups taking them showed a statistical increase of one or more of the side effects described. An example is pergolide. The drug was declining in use since it was reported in 2003 to be associated with cardiac fibrosis.
Two independent studies published in the New England Journal of Medicine in January 2007, implicated pergolide, along with cabergoline, in causing valvular heart disease. As a result of this, the FDA removed pergolide from the United States market in March 2007. (Since cabergoline is not approved in the United States for Parkinson 's Disease, but for hyperprolactinemia, the drug remains on the market. Treatment for hyperprolactinemia requires lower doses than that for Parkinson 's Disease, diminishing the risk of valvular heart disease).
Several plants contain serotonin together with a family of related tryptamines that are methylated at the amino (NH) and (OH) groups, are N - oxides, or miss the OH group. These compounds do reach the brain, although some portion of them are metabolized by monoamine oxidase enzymes (mainly MAO - A) in the liver. Examples are plants from the genus Anadenanthera that are used in the hallucinogenic yopo snuff. These compounds are widely present in the leaves of many plants, and may serve as deterrents for animal ingestion. Serotonin occurs in several mushrooms of the genus Panaeolus.
Serotonin is used by a variety of single - cell organisms for various purposes. SSRIs have been found to be toxic to algae. The gastrointestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica secretes serotonin, causing a sustained secretory diarrhea in some people. Patients infected with E. histolytica have been found to have highly elevated serum serotonin levels, which returned to normal following resolution of the infection. E. histolytica also responds to the presence of serotonin by becoming more virulent. This means serotonin secretion not only serves to increase the spread of enteamoebas by giving the host diarrhea but also serves to coordinate their behaviour according to their population density, a phenomenon known as quorum sensing. Outside the gut of a host, there is nothing that the entoamoebas provoke to release serotonin, hence the serotonin concentration is very low. Low serotonin signals to the entoamoebas they are outside a host and they become less virulent to conserve energy. When they enter a new host, they multiply in the gut, and become more virulent as the enterochromaffine cells get provoked by them and the serotonin concentration increases.
In drying seeds, serotonin production is a way to get rid of the buildup of poisonous ammonia. The ammonia is collected and placed in the indole part of L - tryptophan, which is then decarboxylated by tryptophan decarboxylase to give tryptamine, which is then hydroxylated by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, yielding serotonin.
However, since serotonin is a major gastrointestinal tract modulator, it may be produced by plants in fruits as a way of speeding the passage of seeds through the digestive tract, in the same way as many well - known seed and fruit associated laxatives. Serotonin is found in mushrooms, fruits and vegetables. The highest values of 25 -- 400 mg / kg have been found in nuts of the walnut (Juglans) and hickory (Carya) genera. Serotonin concentrations of 3 -- 30 mg / kg have been found in plantains, pineapples, banana, kiwifruit, plums, and tomatoes. Moderate levels from 0.1 -- 3 mg / kg have been found in a wide range of tested vegetables.
Serotonin is one compound of the poison contained in stinging nettles (Urtica dioica), where it causes pain on injection in the same manner as its presence in insect venoms (see below). It is also naturally found in Paramuricea clavata, or the Red Sea Fan.
Serotonin and tryptophan have been found in chocolate with varying cocoa contents. The highest serotonin content (2.93 μg / g) was found in chocolate with 85 % cocoa, and the highest tryptophan content (13.27 -- 13.34 μg / g) was found in 70 -- 85 % cocoa. The intermediate in the synthesis from tryptophan to serotonin, 5 - hydroxytryptophan, was not found.
Serotonin functions as a neurotransmitter in the nervous systems of most animals. For example, in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, which feeds on bacteria, serotonin is released as a signal in response to positive events, such as finding a new source of food or in male animals finding a female with which to mate. When a well - fed worm feels bacteria on its cuticle, dopamine is released, which slows it down; if it is starved, serotonin also is released, which slows the animal down further. This mechanism increases the amount of time animals spend in the presence of food. The released serotonin activates the muscles used for feeding, while octopamine suppresses them. Serotonin diffuses to serotonin - sensitive neurons, which control the animal 's perception of nutrient availability.
If lobsters are injected with serotonin, they behave like dominant individuals whereas octopamine causes subordinate behavior. A crayfish that is frightened may flip its tail to flee, and the effect of serotonin on this behavior depends largely on the animal 's social status. Serotonin inhibits the fleeing reaction in subordinates, but enhances it in socially dominant or isolated individuals. The reason for this is social experience alters the proportion between serotonin receptors (5 - HT receptors) that have opposing effects on the fight - or - flight response. The effect of 5 - HT receptors predominates in subordinate animals, while 5 - HT receptors predominates in dominants.
Serotonin is evolutionarily conserved and appears across the animal kingdom. It is seen in insect processes in roles similar to in the human central nervous system, such as memory, appetite, sleep, and behavior. Locust swarming is mediated by serotonin, by transforming social preference from aversion to a gregarious state that enables coherent groups. Learning in flies and honeybees is affected by the presence of serotonin. Insect 5 - HT receptors have similar sequences to the vertebrate versions, but pharmacological differences have been seen. Invertebrate drug response has been far less characterized than mammalian pharmacology and the potential for species selective insecticides has been discussed.
Wasps and hornets have serotonin in their venom, which causes pain and inflammation. as do scorpions.
If flies are fed serotonin, they are more aggressive; flies depleted of serotonin still exhibit aggression, but they do so much less frequently.
In the nematode C. elegans, artificial depletion of serotonin or the increase of octopamine cues behavior typical of a low - food environment: C. elegans becomes more active, and mating and egg - laying are suppressed, while the opposite occurs if serotonin is increased or octopamine is decreased in this animal. Serotonin is necessary for normal nematode male mating behavior, and the inclination to leave food to search for a mate. The serotonergic signaling used to adapt the worm 's behaviour to fast changes in the environment affects insulin - like signaling and the TGF beta signaling pathway, which control long - term adaption.
In the fruit fly insulin both regulates blood sugar as well as acting as a growth factor. Thus, in the fruit fly, serotonergic neurons regulate the adult body size by affecting insulin secretion. Serotonin has also been identified as the trigger for swarm behavior in locusts. In humans, though insulin regulates blood sugar and IGF regulates growth, serotonin controls the release of both hormones, modulating insulin release from the beta cells in the pancreas through serotonylation of GTPase signaling proteins. Exposure to SSRIs during Pregnancy reduces fetal growth.
Genetically altered C. elegans worms that lack serotonin have an increased reproductive lifespan, may become obese, and sometimes present with arrested development at a dormant larval state.
Serotonin is known to regulate aging, learning and memory. The first evidence comes from the study of longevity in C. elegans. During early phase of aging, the level of serotonin increases, which alters locomotory behaviors and associative memory. The effect is restored by mutations and drugs (including mianserin and methiothepin) that inhibit serotonin receptors. The observation does not contradict with the notion that the serotonin level goes down in mammals and humans, which is typically seen in late but not early phase of aging.
In animals including humans, serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid L - tryptophan by a short metabolic pathway consisting of two enzymes: tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (DDC) and the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. The TPH - mediated reaction is the rate - limiting step in the pathway. TPH has been shown to exist in two forms: TPH1, found in several tissues, and TPH2, which is a neuron - specific isoform.
Serotonin can be synthesized from tryptophan in the lab using Aspergillus niger and Psilocybe coprophila as catalysts. The first phase to 5 - hydroxytryptophan would require letting tryptophan sit in ethanol and water for 7 days, then mixing in enough HCl (or other acid) to bring the pH to 3, and then adding NaOH to make a pH of 13 for 1 hour. Asperigillus niger would be the catalyst for this first phase. The second phase to synthesizing tryptophan itself from the 5 - hydroxytryptophan intermediate would require adding ethanol and water, and letting sit for 30 days this time. The next two steps would be the same as the first phase: adding HCl to make the pH = 3, and then adding NaOH to make the pH very basic at 13 for 1 hour. This phase uses the Psilocybe coprophila as the catalyst for the reaction.
Serotonin taken orally does not pass into the serotonergic pathways of the central nervous system, because it does not cross the blood -- brain barrier. However, tryptophan and its metabolite 5 - hydroxytryptophan (5 - HTP), from which serotonin is synthesized, does cross the blood -- brain barrier. These agents are available as dietary supplements, and may be effective serotonergic agents. One product of serotonin breakdown is 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5 - HIAA), which is excreted in the urine. Serotonin and 5 - HIAA are sometimes produced in excess amounts by certain tumors or cancers, and levels of these substances may be measured in the urine to test for these tumors.
Consuming purified tryptophan increases brain serotonin whereas eating foods containing tryptophan does not. This is because the transport system which brings tryptophan across the blood - brain barrier is also selective for the other amino acids contained in protein sources. High plasma levels of other large neutral amino acids compete for transport and prevent the elevated plasma tryptophan from increasing serotonin synthesis.
In 1935, Italian Vittorio Erspamer showed an extract from enterochromaffin cells made intestines contract. Some believed it contained adrenaline, but two years later, Erspamer was able to show it was a previously unknown amine, which he named "enteramine ''. In 1948, Maurice M. Rapport, Arda Green, and Irvine Page of the Cleveland Clinic discovered a vasoconstrictor substance in blood serum, and since it was a serum agent affecting vascular tone, they named it serotonin.
In 1952, enteramine was shown to be the same substance as serotonin, and as the broad range of physiological roles was elucidated, the abbreviation 5 - HT of the proper chemical name 5 - hydroxytryptamine became the preferred name in the pharmacological field. Synonyms of serotonin include: 5 - hydroxytriptamine, thrombotin, enteramin, substance DS, and 3 - (β - Aminoethyl) - 5 - hydroxyindole. In 1953, Betty Twarog and Page discovered serotonin in the central nervous system.
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where is the new raiders stadium going in las vegas | Las Vegas stadium - wikipedia
Las Vegas Stadium is the working name for a domed stadium under construction in Paradise, Nevada for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL) and the UNLV Rebels football team of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). It is located on about 62 acres west of Mandalay Bay at Russell Road and Hacienda Avenue and between Polaris Avenue and Dean Martin Drive, just west of Interstate 15. Construction of the $1.8 billion stadium began in September 2017 and is expected to be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season.
In January 2016, reports emerged that Las Vegas Sands was considering developing a stadium in conjunction with Majestic Realty and UNLV, on a 42 - acre site on Tropicana Avenue owned by UNLV. UNLV had been in the market for a new stadium to replace Sam Boyd Stadium since at least 2011. Raiders owner Mark Davis visited Las Vegas on January 29 to tour the site and meet with Sands chairman Sheldon Adelson and other local figures. The Raiders, who had been trying to get a new stadium built for the team since the 1980s, had just missed out on relocating to Los Angeles that same month and were at an impasse in Oakland. In order for the team to relocate to Las Vegas, a new stadium was required, since Sam Boyd Stadium was undersized for the NFL and there were no other professional - caliber stadiums in Nevada.
On March 21, 2016, when asked about Las Vegas, Davis said, "I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan, '' and "it 's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan. '' Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan. On April 1, 2016, Davis met with UNLV officials and toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether it could serve as a temporary home for the team.
On April 28, 2016, Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of the proposed $2.4 - billion domed stadium. "Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state, '' Davis said.
In the spring of 2016, the board of directors of Las Vegas Sands rejected Adelson 's stadium proposal. Adelson decided to move ahead with the stadium as an individual investment, pledging $650 million of his personal wealth to the project.
The viability of the Tropicana Avenue site was called into serious question in June 2016, when Southwest Airlines objected to the location because its proximity to the northern end of one of McCarran Airport 's runways could negatively affect the safety and capacity of air traffic at the airport. The list of potential locations soon expanded to nine candidates, including the sites of the Wild Wild West casino, the Wynn golf course, the Riviera casino, the Las Vegas Festival Grounds, and Cashman Center. By September, the list was narrowed to two possibilities: the Bali Hai Golf Club, south of Mandalay Bay, and a vacant lot on Russell Road, just west of Interstate 15.
On August 25, 2016, the Raiders filed a trademark application for "Las Vegas Raiders '' on the same day renderings of a proposed stadium design were released. On September 15, 2016, the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan.
Majestic Realty revealed in October 2016 that it had withdrawn from the stadium project.
Sandoval called a special session of the Nevada Legislature to consider the stadium and other tourism - related proposals in October 2016. The funding bill for the stadium was approved by a 16 -- 5 vote in the Senate and by 28 -- 13 in the Assembly, and was signed into law by Sandoval on October 17. The bill allowed Clark County to increase its hotel tax to raise the $750 million in funding.
The Raiders filed relocation papers on January 19 to move from Oakland to Las Vegas. On January 26, 2017, the Raiders submitted a proposed lease agreement for the stadium. It was reported that the Raiders had selected the Russell Road site as the stadium location, the team would pay one dollar in rent, and that they could control the naming rights for both the stadium and plaza and in addition keep signage sponsorship revenue.
Days after the Raiders ' announced proposal, Adelson dropped out of the stadium project, pulling his proposed $650 million contribution Shortly after this announcement, Goldman Sachs, which had planned to finance part of the project, withdrew as well. As a result, the Raiders were expected to increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion.
On March 6, the Raiders revealed Bank of America would lend $650 million to replace the Adelson portion of the funding.
NFL owners voted to approve the move by a margin of 31 to 1 on March 27. The next day, the Raiders and the Las Vegas Stadium Authority began accepting deposits for season tickets for the new stadium. The Raiders announced that they planned to remain in Oakland until the stadium was complete.
The Raiders closed the purchase of the land for the stadium at the Russell Road site on May 1. The purchase price was reported at $77.5 million. On May 11, it was announced that in a joint venture Mortenson Construction and McCarthy Construction would be the developers for the stadium. Mortenson previously worked on U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis. The stadium authority approved a stadium lease with the Raiders on May 18. The lease was to be for 30 years with four successive extension options of five years each.
On September 18, construction activity began on the stadium site with site preparation. A groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 13. The ceremony featured NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell, Raiders owner Mark Davis, his mother Carol Davis, various Raiders legends including Howie Long, Jim Plunkett, Tom Flores, and Ray Guy, Las Vegas and Nevada politicians such as Governor Brian Sandoval, Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman, Clark County Commissioner Steve Sisolak and stadium authority head Steve Hill. The event was hosted by George Lopez and included other celebrities like Carlos Santana, longtime Vegas icon Wayne Newton, and Howie D. and Nick Carter of the Backstreet Boys. There was also a tribute to the victims of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that happened nearby with Judith Hill and the Las Vegas House of Blues Gospel Choir performing ' Rise up ' while 58 beams of light symbolizing the 58 victims were lit.
In January, construction crews began blasting caliche rock with dynamite to excavate and create the stadium bowl. On February 3, the Raiders opened a 7,500 - square - foot stadium preview center at Town Square, located a few miles from the stadium site, featuring interactive exhibits and team memorabilia, with plans for simulations of views from individual seats and a large - scale stadium model.
The budget for development of the stadium is estimated at $1.8 billion. Of this, $78 million was spent to purchase the land, $1.33 billion is estimated to be spent on construction, $123 million on furniture, fixtures, and equipment, $234 million on design and engineering, and $31 million on utilities and infrastructure. Some reports gave a budget of $1.9 billion, which also included $100 million to build a separate Raiders practice facility.
The financing for the project is expected to come in the form of $750 million in public funding and $1.1 billion from the Raiders. The public portion of the funding will come from municipal bonds issued by Clark County, backed by the proceeds of a special tax on hotel rooms in the Las Vegas area, which took effect in March 2017. The Raiders ' contribution was expected to include a $650 million loan from Bank of America, $200 million from the NFL 's stadium loan program, and $300 million from sales of personal seat licenses at the stadium, naming rights for the stadium, and sponsorships.
Local government can not receive any rent or revenue sharing from the stadium, because such an arrangement would not be compatible with the tax - exempt status of the bonds. Proponents instead argued that the public financing would be justified by increased economic activity and tax revenue related to the stadium. Critics have argued that the economic projections were based on overly optimistic assumptions.
A total of $645 million in construction bonds sold out in 90 minutes in April 2018, representing Clark County 's contribution to the project beyond room taxes already collected.
For Las Vegas Stadium, Mark Davis retained the same architecture firm, MANICA Architecture, that had designed the previously proposed Carson Stadium near Los Angeles. Davis retained much the look from the Carson stadium because he "fell in love with the overall design of it ''. The stadium will be a 10 level domed stadium with a clear ETFE roof, silver and black exterior and large retractable curtain - like side windows facing the Las Vegas Strip. The design includes a large torch in one end that will house a flame in honor of Al Davis, the late long - time owner of the Raiders.
Updated renderings released after the relocation vote passed show the stadium with a roll - in natural grass field similar to the one at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. In an August 17, 2017 Las Vegas Stadium Authority meeting it was revealed that the stadium will have a designated pickup / drop off loop for ride sharing services such as Uber and Lyft, a first for a stadium in the NFL.
The stadium will replace Sam Boyd Stadium and will serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels football program. In addition, it will host the annual Las Vegas Bowl.
Stadium backers project 20 to 25 additional events per year, with plausible possibilities including the Super Bowl, the Pro Bowl, the NFL Draft, the NCAA Final Four, the USA Sevens rugby tournament, the Monster Jam World Finals, boxing matches, Ultimate Fighting Championship events, the Pac - 12 Football Championship Game, neutral - site college football games, international soccer matches, concerts, and corporate shows.
David Beckham visited Las Vegas in 2016 to advocate for the stadium as a possible home for his Major League Soccer expansion team, although he ultimately announced the launch of the team with a stadium in Miami.
The stadium was submitted as a potential site for the 2026 World Cup, but was later withdrawn from consideration.
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a cloud on title that is difficult to remove may require that | Cloud on title - Wikipedia
In United States property law, cloud on title or title defect refers to any irregularity in the chain of title of property (usually real property) that would give a reasonable person pause before accepting a conveyance of title. According to Investopedia, a cloud can be defined as: "Any document, claim, unreleased lien or encumbrance that might invalidate or impair the title to real property or make the title doubtful. Clouds on title are usually discovered during a title search. '' Clouded title can thus be contrasted with a clear title, which indicates that a property is unencumbered.
A cloud on title may reduces the value and marketability of property because any prospective buyer aware of the cloud will know that they are buying the risk the grantor may not be able to convey good title. Often, the discovery of a cloud on title will provide the grantee a reason to back out of a contract for the sale of real property. Some documents that affect title may be considered clouds, but nonetheless are unlikely to affect marketability or resale, such as with covenants, conditions and restrictions in a homeowner 's association or subdivision.
Examples of clouds on title include a property 's address being misspelled in a deed conveying title, a mortgage lien whose repayment has n't been officially recorded, a deed which has been signed but has n't been properly recorded, an easement that has not been properly recorded, unpaid property taxes, a failure to transfer property rights (such as mineral rights) to a former owner of the property, and a pending lawsuit before a court of law over ownership to the property. The usual remedy for a cloud on title is to file a civil action to quiet title which resolves the outstanding or unresolved cloud.
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who made up the upper middle class during the industrial revolution | Upper class - wikipedia
The upper class in modern societies is the social class composed of the wealthiest members of society, who also wield the greatest political power. According to this view, the upper class is generally distinguished by immense wealth which is passed on from generation to generation. Prior to the 20th century, the nomenclature aristocracy was widely used.
Because the upper classes of a society may no longer rule the society in which they are living, they are often referred to as the old upper classes and they are often culturally distinct from the newly rich middle classes that tend to dominate public life in modern social democracies. According to the latter view held by the traditional upper classes, no amount of individual wealth or fame would make a person from an undistinguished background into a member of the upper class as one must be born into a family of that class and raised in a particular manner so as to understand and share upper class values, traditions, and cultural norms. The term is often used in conjunction with terms like "upper - middle class '', "middle class '', and "working class '' as part of a model of social stratification.
Historically in some cultures, members of an upper class often did not have to work for a living, as they were supported by earned or inherited investments (often real estate), although members of the upper class may have had less actual money than merchants. Upper - class status commonly derived from the social position of one 's family and not from one 's own achievements or wealth. Much of the population that composed the upper class consisted of aristocrats, ruling families, titled people, and religious hierarchs. These people were usually born into their status and historically there was not much movement across class boundaries.
In many countries, the term "upper class '' was intimately associated with hereditary land ownership. Political power was often in the hands of the landowners in many pre-industrial societies despite there being no legal barriers to land ownership for other social classes. Upper - class landowners in Europe were often also members of the titled nobility, though not necessarily: the prevalence of titles of nobility varied widely from country to country. Some upper classes were almost entirely untitled, for example, the Szlachta of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, the "upper class '' traditionally comprised the landed gentry and the aristocracy of noble families with hereditary titles. The vast majority of post-medieval aristocratic families originated in the merchant class and were ennobled between the 14th and 19th centuries while intermarrying with the old nobility and gentry. Since the Second World War, the term has come to encompass rich and powerful members of the managerial and professional classes as well.
In the United States, the upper class, as distinguished from the rich, is often considered to consist of those families that have for many generations enjoyed top social status based on their leadership in society. In this respect, the US differs little from countries such as the UK where membership of the ' upper class ' is also dependent on other factors. In the United Kingdom, it has been said that class is relative to where you have come from, similar to the United States where class is more defined by who as opposed to how much; that is, in the UK and the US people are born into the upper class. The American upper class is estimated to constitute less than 1 % of the population. By self - identification, according to this 2001 -- 2012 Gallup Poll data, 98 % of Americans identify with the 5 other class terms used, 48 -- 50 % identifying as "middle class ''.
The main distinguishing feature of the upper class is its ability to derive enormous incomes from wealth through techniques such as money management and investing, rather than engaging in wage - labor or salaried employment. Successful entrepreneurs, CEOs, politicians, investment bankers, venture capitalists, heirs to fortunes, some lawyers, top - flight physicians, and celebrities are considered members of this class by contemporary sociologists, such as James Henslin or Dennis Gilbert. There may be prestige differences between different upper - class households. An A-list actor, for example, might not be accorded as much prestige as a former U.S. President, yet all members of this class are so influential and wealthy as to be considered members of the upper class. At the pinnacle of U.S wealth, 2004 saw a dramatic increase in the numbers of billionaires. According to Forbes Magazine, there are now 374 U.S. billionaires. The growth in billionaires took a dramatic leap since the early 1980s, when the average net worth of the individuals on the Forbes 400 list was $400 million. Today, the average net worth is $2.8 billion. Wal - Mart Walton family now has 771,287 times more than the median U.S household (Collins and Yeskel 322).
Upper - class families... dominate corporate America and have a disproportionate influence over the nation 's political, educational, religious, and other institutions. Of all social classes, members of the upper class also have a strong sense of solidarity and ' consciousness of kind ' that stretches across the nation and even the globe. -- William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, Society in Focus, 2005.
.)) Since the 1970s income inequality in the United States has been increasing, with the top 1 % experiencing significantly larger gains in income than the rest of society. Alan Greenspan, former chair of the Federal Reserve, sees it as a problem for society, calling it a "very disturbing trend ''.
According to the book Who Rules America? by William Domhoff, the distribution of wealth in America is the primary highlight of the influence of the upper class. The top 1 % of Americans own around 34 % of the wealth in the U.S. while the bottom 80 % own only approximately 16 % of the wealth. This large disparity displays the unequal distribution of wealth in America in absolute terms.
In 1998, Bob Herbert of The New York Times referred to modern American plutocrats as "The Donor Class '' (list of top donors) and defined the class, for the first time, as "a tiny group -- just one - quarter of 1 percent of the population -- and it is not representative of the rest of the nation. But its money buys plenty of access ''.
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star vs the forces of evil when is the next episode | List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes - wikipedia
Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated television series created by Daron Nefcy and produced by Disney Television Animation. The series centers on Star Butterfly, a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni who is sent to Earth by her parents the Queen and King Butterfly, when they decide she should learn to wield magic away from their kingdom. As an exchange student on Earth, she boards the house of Marco Diaz whom she befriends as they both attend high school. Before the series was picked up, Nefcy had worked as an artist for Disney 's Wander Over Yonder and Nickelodeon 's Robot and Monster.
The first episode of the series premiered on January 18, 2015, on Disney Channel. Succeeding episodes have premiered on Disney XD starting March 30, 2015. The series had been renewed for a second season a month before its Disney XD premiere. In March 2016, it was renewed for a third season prior to its second - season premiere scheduled for July that year. The episode "Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' marked the mid-season finale for the second season, according to Nefcy. The second half of the season aired entirely in February 2017 on weekdays, with either a half - episode segment or a full episode premiering each day. In the same month, the series was renewed for a fourth season. The show will be moving from Disney XD to Disney Channel for its fourth season.
A two - hour television film called The Battle for Mewni, which comprises the first four episodes of the third season, premiered on July 15, 2017. The season concluded on April 7, 2018, with a two - part one hour finale.
Star and Marco are trapped inside a tool shed by Ludo 's army. As Marco tries to fashion something to fight them off, he recounts how he tried to cheer up Star because she left her phone number for her crush, a keytar - playing student named Oskar, but he has not called her back.
Star experiences "mewberty '', that is, her skin breaks out in hearts whenever she is near boys. Although Marco thinks it 's much like the Earthling condition, Star 's is more extreme. She sprouts hearts all over her body, and transforms into a butterfly creature that captures boys and steals them away. Marco turns to Glossaryck, a genie inside Star 's book of magic, for advice on how to stop her.
After making prank calls on Star 's magic mirror, Marco, Alfonzo, Ferguson, and Star must go to Pixtopia: Land Of The Pixies and pay the bill. When they ca n't pay it, they are forced to work in a mine shaft. The Pixie Empress flirts with Ferguson.
Star 's ex-boyfriend Tom invites her to the Blood Moon Ball, an Underworld event that occurs once every 667 years. Tom claims he has turned over a new leaf, having hired an anger management consultant. Marco does not believe Tom has changed but Star decides to go anyway. When Marco disrupts Tom 's plan to take Star for himself under the Blood Moon 's light, Tom reverts to his old self.
Following yet another victory over Ludo and his minions, Marco and Star eat at a Chinese restaurant. Marco tricks Star into thinking the sayings in fortune cookies can really predict the future. Meanwhile, Ludo hires a monster named Toffee to shape up his minions. They come up with a plan to take advantage of Star 's fortune cookie obsession.
Star freezes time with her wand so that Marco can appear at Echo Creek Academy on time for his morning greeting nod with his crush Jackie Lynn Thomas. But when she is unable to cancel out the effects, she and Marco visit the Plains of Time in order to get Father Time to restart time again.
Star gets an unexpected visit from her father who had been kicked out of the house for not picking up after himself. After getting excited over Earth activities such as using a flush toilet and playing miniature golf, he ends up overstaying his welcome. He hosts a party with his inter-dimensional friends, but it is soon crashed by a sun character named Helios.
Star and Marco go undercover as new princess students in order to break Flying Princess Pony Head out of St. Olga 's on her birthday. They discover that Pony Head has been brainwashed to be a compliant princess and try to evade the robot guards and the reform school 's headmistress Miss Heinous.
Guidance counselor Mr. Candle tells Star that she is fated to be Queen of Mewni. She has to read her mother 's book on how to act like a queen but she gets frustrated and decides to dress up in a more rebellious punk style. Meanwhile, Marco, who is displeased of Candle 's career suggestion of being the head janitor on Garbage Island, discovers that Mr. Candle is actually in cahoots with Tom, who planned to ensure "Starco '' does n't happen. He confronts Mr. Candle but is captured by Tom, and must duel Tom to get his freedom.
Star throws her wand by accident and it ends up in the mouth of a growling dog who refuses to let it go. She has to take care of the dog and find its owner. Meanwhile, Marco struggles to get a straw into his juice box and has to take care of the laser puppies. She eventually discovers the dog named Willoughby is actually an extra-dimensional being who did n't like life on her planet, so Star has her adopted by a strange lady named Lydia.
After getting a sugar high from seasoning her burrito with sugar, Star sets off some magic that accidentally causes a sign to fall and crush a police cruiser. While trying to evade the police, Star encounters a woman by the river bank named Brigid who likes making things out of discarded hair and taking care of injured animals. She later encounters an underwater sea creature who tells her that hiding out is a good thing, but it is revealed the creature is actually her own conscience trying to convince her that she has n't made a big mistake. Missing her family and friends, she returns to a very worried Marco and turns herself in to the police who have her wash the other squad cars as part of her police - supervised community service.
While foraging for donuts that are being tossed at the end of the day, Star encounters Mina Loveberry, a magical girl from Mewni who is Star 's idol. Mina has been living as a homeless person on Earth. Star follows Mina and tries to train in her ways, which annoys Marco. At a park, when Mina announces she plans to take over the world, the people decide to hold a vote on whether Mina should rule, and Star is left to break the tie.
Star, Marco, Pony Head, and a bush - themed female named Kelly go to an unidentified desert - themed dimension to purchase a Goblin Dog (a goblin version of a hot dog). They end up having a hard time when they must deal with the various jobs of the goblin vendor Roy and the many lines that lead to the Goblin Dog truck.
Tom invites Marco to a movie marathon featuring Mackie Hands, Marco 's favorite kung - fu film star. They start to become friends on the way there after learning they both like Mackie Hands and a band called Love Sentence, but when Marco wants to leave to catch the marathon, Tom refuses to let him go, and gets angry, voiding his chance to earn an anger management graduation badge. Tom apologizes and tries to win back Marco with a Love Sentence song, and then raises Mackie Hands from the dead. Although they can not get into the theatre, Tom and Marco watch Mackie lay a beatdown on the movie 's security guards.
After Mr. Diaz fails to scare some kids with his haunted house, Star and Janna summon Hungry Larry, reputed to be a very scary spirit, to haunt the house. Janna goes missing and screams attract the kids back to the house. But the kids get scared and go missing; Star and Marco are attacked. Mr. Diaz arrives to find Hungry Larry has eaten everyone, and rescues them.
Spider With a Top Hat has been entertaining Star 's wand monsters at a party. Afterwards, he tries to learn a fighting move where he tries to blast through a wall. Despite getting training from Narwahl and Rock, he is unable to break through the wall. The other monsters are summoned for a fight but they are beaten up. Encouraged by Rock 's words, Spider is finally called to fight a monster '.
Star and Marco attend the birthday party for Marco 's sensei. Star becomes suspicious of magician - for - hire Preston Change - O, who, after every magic trick he does, seems to be taking something spiritual from the person, and that his hat is becoming longer and longer. She discovers that Preston has the ability to steal joy from people, so she warns him not to do so or else she 'll blast him, but Preston does it anyway. When Star tells everyone what is happening, the audience is angry with Star for ruining the magic show and leaves. Sensei talks about his feelings and then informs Star and Marco that he put Preston in the trunk, but when they open it, Preston has disappeared.
Star 's parents send a fairy godmother named Baby to evaluate Star, who takes the task seriously, as failing the eval would mean she would have to return to Mewni. At first, Star cleans up her room, shoving stuff in closets or dimensional pockets, but when Baby starts asking Star questions, and things start falling out of the pockets, Star 's responses are met with the same neutral phrase "Interesting. '' followed by jotting down of notes. Meanwhile Marco tries to help Star by bringing Baby food. Baby then asks Star to bring her an apple using magic, but Star fails to do the task despite repeated tries. Baby concludes that Star failed, but Star tries one last time and ends up using the apple seeds to grow an apple tree which drops an apple for Baby. Star 's parents learn from Baby that despite not being organized, losing the book of spells, and failing to do simple spells, Star has magic potential way ahead of when her mother was her age, and might even be comparable to Queen Eclipsa.
Marco borrows Star 's Dimensional Scissors to find a place to walk the laser puppies, but he soon becomes accustomed to its conveniences, opening a bunch of portals from his bed to access things. Hekapoo, the forger of all of the Dimensional Scissors, pulls Marco into her dimension and confiscates the Scissors as they did not belong to him or Star (Pony Head had stolen them and gave them to Star). Marco must earn the scissors by having to blow out the flame atop Hekapoo 's head. Star goes to Hekapoo 's dimension to recover Marco, who had chased Hekapoo for 16 years before winning the challenge. When they return, Marco reverts to his teenage body as only eight minutes have passed on Earth time.
Star is called to solve a problem in Miss Skullnick 's math class, but she refuses to do it. She tries to cast some magic to get out of it but ends up in a time loop. However with each iteration, the scenario is slightly different. Star goes to Father Time 's dimension, but Father Time is too busy to help her, and she gets advice from Omnitraxus Prime, who is in charge of space - time. Star must solve the problem or her world will fall apart.
Pony Head tells Star the bad news that the Bounce Lounge, their favorite partying venue, is closing. Star and Pony Head round up their former Bounce Lounge posse. They start partying and raise enough funds to save the place, however the owner Milly tells them that she is still closing the place because she is tired from having partied over 5,000 years. Afterwards, the Bounce Crew members and Marco take a group picture in a photo booth that Ponyhead took from the lounge.
Star surprises Marco with tickets to a Love Sentence concert, but also invites Jackie. Star and Jackie start bonding from wearing similar t - shirts and riding skateboards to the concert where they stop and help an animal in the creek. Marco starts to feel bad about the mishaps he caused and wants them to go on without him, but Jackie and Star convince him otherwise. At the concert, everyone is having fun until couples start kissing, and when Jackie and Marco engage in a kiss, Star decides to let the two be. As Star leaves the concert, she fires a blast of tainted magic, destroying a billboard.
The songstrel Ruberiot is tasked to write a song about Star for the Mewman tradition of Song Day. However, Star is reluctant to participate as it portrays princesses as being perfect, until Ruberiot reveals he wants to sing about the real Star. Meanwhile, Moon visits Ludo 's parents and with help from his brother, Dennis, learns that he is at the monster temple and in possession of the other half of Star 's wand. On Song Day, a large crowd, including Marco, Star 's parents and the Magic High Commission, gather to hear Star 's song. However, the song ends up revealing that she lost the Book of Spells and has a crush on Marco. These revelations cause the crowd to riot while the Commission gets angry at Moon for withholding information. Marco confronts Star about Ruberiot 's claim that she has a crush on him, causing her to run off.
King River tries to take care of the kingdom by partying it up every day, but he and his subjects wear down quickly. Marco arrives, but River has to deal with angry villagers as well as a large monster who approaches the castle after he yelled at it to leave. River tries to hide, but Marco encourages him to stand up to the monster. River rallies the villagers to fight the monster, and it is revealed that the monster thought River was beckoning it to come to the castle, not to go away. It leaves peacefully, but as River is about to have a party to celebrate, Ludo and his minions appear and they take over the kingdom.
Star and Marco prepare for the Midnight Warrior Blowout Sale at Quest Buy. During the event, they meet fellow shoppers who will stop at nothing to get the best knight gear. After meeting female squire Higgs, she ridicules Marco by telling him that in spite of being named squire, it was handed to him under the impression that he 's Star 's boyfriend, which he denies. With all their efforts, Star reassures him that she only named him squire so they can go on adventures again like they used to. They finish the blowout sale by buying random, fun things instead of suitable knight gear much to the praise of the knights and Higgs ' chagrin.
Star goes out into the field to understand why Mewmans treat Monsters unfairly. She meets the expert on the subject, the Royal Monster Examiner, who initially seems to understand Star 's point of view, but eventually reveals that she simply sees Monsters as animals and wants to put them in a sanctuary, by blowing up a dam and surrounding the monster village with water. Star manages to save village with Buff Frog and the other Monster 's help, and then, when the Monster Examiner decides to "live like a monster '' in the mud, Star gives her position to Buff Frog.
Ludo 's brother Dennis stumbles upon dimensional scissors at their family home, so he decides to use it to find his brother. Ludo 's minions Spider and Eagle volunteer by venturing into each portal, but to no success in finding him. Spider senses something in one portal, so Dennis ventures into it and finds Ludo having a mental breakdown in a makeshift home with their parents made up of various objects to keep himself company. Dennis unsuccessfully tries various ways to convince Ludo to come home, but Ludo ultimately comes to realize that he 's just not ready to return home yet. Dennis wishes him the best and returns to his own dimension, leaving Ludo pondering over Star and Marco.
Marco and Star return to Earth to find out that he will soon have a baby brother named after him. He soon has a Mewni painter paint a portrait of him as a present to his new sibling, but the painter gets his image wrong, and the distorted magic painting disfigures him.
Pony Head returns to St. Olga 's Reform School, just as Meteora breaks into the facility with Gemini and Rasticore to find the robot maid who raised her, St. Olga. She has Gemini hack into her to discover what she knows about her true origins. It is revealed that King Shastacan gave Meteora to St. Olga as a baby, who then brainwashed her and taught her to despise her monster side. Believing they have come to retake the school, the princesses fight them but are defeated, with Meteora taking Pony Head 's horn. Terrified of Meteora, Rasticore tries to flee. However, Meteora destroys Gemini, revealing he 's a robot, with the resulting explosion reducing Rasticore back to an arm. Meteora then takes Rasticore and announces her intentions to take the throne of Mewni for herself.
During Foolduke 's and Ruberiot 's wedding, Star finds photo - booth and drags Marco inside to take a photo. However, Star is unsatisfied with it and forces Marco to redo them until they 're perfect. The photo - booth eventually breaks down, locking them inside. The photo - booth repair goblin, Ben Fotino, claims that the booth is magic and that they must take a sincere photo for it to release them. Star and Marco discuss how their relationship has been since Star confessed that she had a crush on Marco before finally taking a sincere photo that ultimately leads to them kissing, leaving them both flabbergasted and dumbstruck. Ben then reveals that he actually locked them inside in hopes this would happen, having deduced they had feelings for each other. Afterwards, Star decides to keep the "perfect picture '' which shows the kiss they exchanged.
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who are the sakas who is the first saka king in india | Saka - wikipedia
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Saka, Śaka, Shaka or Saca (Persian: old Sakā, mod. ساکا; Sanskrit: Śaka; Ancient Greek: Σάκαι, Sákai; Latin: Sacae; Chinese: 塞, old * Sək, mod. Sāi) is the name used in Middle Persian and Sanskrit sources for the Scythians, a large group of Eurasian nomads on the Eurasian Steppe speaking Eastern Iranian languages. Modern scholars usually use the term Saka to refer to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe and the Tarim Basin.
René Grousset wrote that they formed a particular branch of the "Scytho - Sarmatian family '' originating from nomadic Iranian peoples of the northwestern steppe in Eurasia. They migrated into Sogdia and Bactria in Central Asia and then to the northwest of the Indian subcontinent where they were known as the Indo - Scythians. In the Tarim Basin and Taklamakan Desert region of Northwest China, they settled in Khotan and Kashgar which were at various times vassals to greater powers, such as Han China and Tang China.
Modern debate about the identity of the "Saka '' is partly from ambiguous usage of the word by ancient, non-Saka authorities. According to Herodotus, the Persians gave the name "Saka '' to all Scythians. However, Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus, AD 23 -- 79) claims that the Persians gave the name Sakai only to the Scythian tribes "nearest to them ''. The Scythians to the far north of Assyria were also called the Saka suni (Saka or Scythian sons) by the Persians. The Neo-Assyrian Empire of the time of Esarhaddon record campaigning against a people they called in the Akkadian the Ashkuza or Ishhuza. However, modern scholarly consensus is that the Eastern Iranian language ancestral to the Pamir languages in North India and the medieval Saka language of Xinjiang, was one of the Scythian languages.
Another people, the Gimirrai, who were known to the ancient Greeks as the Cimmerians, were closely associated with the Sakas. In Biblical Hebrew, the Ashkuz (Ashkenaz) are considered to be a direct offshoot from the Gimirri (Gomer).
The Saka were regarded by the Babylonians as synonymous with the Gimirrai; both names are used on the trilingual Behistun Inscription, carved in 515 BC on the order of Darius the Great. (These people were reported to be mainly interested in settling in the kingdom of Urartu, later part of Armenia, and Shacusen in Uti Province derives its name from them.) The Behistun Inscription initially only gave one entry for saka, they were however further differentiated later into three groups:
An additional term is found in two inscriptions elsewhere:
The Sakā paradraya were the western Scythians (European Scythians) or Sarmatians. Both the Sakā tigraxaudā and Sakā haumavargā are thought to be located in Central Asia east of the Caspian Sea. Sakā haumavargā is considered to be the same as Amyrgians, the Saka tribe in closest proximity to Bactria and Sogdia. It has been suggested that the Sakā haumavargā may be the Sakā para Sugdam, therefore Sakā haumavargā is argued by some to be located further east than the Sakā tigraxaudā, perhaps at the Pamir Mountains or Xinjiang, although Syr Darya is considered to be their more likely location given that the name says "beyond Sogdia '' rather than Bactria.
In the modern era, the archaeologist Hugo Winckler (1863 -- 1913) was the first to associate the Sakas with the Scyths. John Manuel Cook, in The Cambridge History of Iran, states: "The Persians gave the single name Sakā both to the nomads whom they encountered between the Hunger steppe and the Caspian, and equally to those north of the Danube and Black Sea against whom Darius later campaigned; and the Greeks and Assyrians called all those who were known to them by the name Skuthai (Iškuzai). Sakā and Skuthai evidently constituted a generic name for the nomads on the northern frontiers. '' Persian sources often treat them as a single tribe called the Saka (Sakai or Sakas), but Greek and Latin texts suggest that the Scythians were composed of many sub-groups. Modern scholars usually use the term Saka to refer to Iranian - speaking tribes who inhabited the Eastern Steppe and the Tarim Basin.
The Saka people were an Iranian people who spoke a language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo - European languages. They are known to the ancient Greeks as Scythians and are attested in historical and archaeological records dating to around the 8th century BC. In the Achaemenid - era Old Persian inscriptions found at Persepolis, dated to the reign of Darius I (r. 522 - 486 BC), the Saka are said to have lived just beyond the borders of Sogdia. Likewise an inscription dated to the reign of Xerxes I (r. 486 - 465 BC) has them coupled with the Dahae people of Central Asia. The contemporary Greek historian Herodotus noted that the Achaemenid Empire called all of Scythians as "Saka ''.
Greek historians wrote of the wars between the Saka and the Medes, as well as their wars against Cyrus the Great of the Persian Achaemenid Empire where Saka women were said to fight alongside their men. According to Herodotus, Cyrus the Great confronted the Massagetae, a people related to the Saka, while campaigning to the east of the Caspian Sea and was killed in the battle in 530 BC. Darius I also waged wars against the eastern Sakas, who fought him with three armies led by three kings according to Polyaenus. In 520 -- 519 BC, Darius I defeated the Sakā tigraxaudā tribe and captured their king Skunkha (depicted as wearing a pointed hat in Behistun). The territories of Saka were absorbed into the Achaemenid Empire as part of Chorasmia that included much of the Amu Darya (Oxus) and the Syr Darya (Jaxartes), and the Saka then supplied the Achaemenid army with large number of mounted bowmen. They were also mentioned as among those who resisted Alexander the Great 's incursions into Central Asia.
The Saka were known as the Sak or Sai (Chinese: 塞) in ancient Chinese records. These records indicate that they originally inhabited the Ili and Chu River valleys of modern Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. In the Book of Han, the area was called the "land of the Sak '', i.e. the Saka. The exact date of the Sakas ' arrival in the valleys of the Ili and Chu in Central Asia is unclear, perhaps it was just before the reign of Darius I. Around 30 Saka tombs in the form of kurgans (burial mounds) have also been found in the Tian Shan area dated to between 550 -- 250 BC. Indications of Saka presence have also been found in the Tarim Basin region, possibly as early as the 7th century BC.
The Saka were pushed out of the Ili and Chu River valleys by the Yuezhi, thought by some to be Tocharians. An account of the movement of these people is given in Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian. The Yuezhi, who originally lived between Tängri Tagh (Tian Shan) and Dunhuang of Gansu, China, were assaulted and forced to flee from the Hexi Corridor of Gansu by the forces of the Xiongnu ruler Modu Chanyu, who conquered the area in 177 - 176 BC. In turn the Yuezhi were responsible for attacking and pushing the Sai (i.e. Saka) west into Sogdiana, where around 140 and 130 BC the latter crossed the Syr Darya into Bactria. The Saka also moved southwards towards to the Pamirs and northern India where they settled in Kashmir, and eastwards to settle in some of the oasis city - states of Tarim Basin sites like Yanqi (焉耆, Karasahr) and Qiuci (龜 茲, Kucha). The Yuezhi, themselves under attacks from another nomadic tribe the Wusun in 133 - 132 BC, moved again from the Ili and Chu valleys and occupied the country of Daxia (大 夏, "Bactria '').
The ancient Greco - Roman geographer Strabo noted that the four tribes that took down the Bactrians in the Greek and Roman account -- the Asioi, Pasianoi, Tokharoi and Sakaraulai -- came from land north of the Syr Darya where the Ili and Chu valleys are located. Identification of these four tribes varies, but Sakaraulai may indicate an ancient Saka tribe, the Tokharoi is possibly the Yuezhi, and while the Asioi had been proposed to be groups such as the Wusun or Alans.
Grousset wrote of the migration of the Saka: "the Saka, under pressure from the Yueh - chih (Yuezhi), overran Sogdiana and then Bactria, there taking the place of the Greeks. '' Then, "Thrust back in the south by the Yueh - chih, '' the Saka occupied "the Saka country, Sakastana, whence the modern Persian Seistan. '' According to Harold Walter Bailey, the territory of Drangiana (now in Afghanistan and Pakistan) became known as "Land of the Sakas '', and was called Sakastāna in the Persian language of contemporary Iran, in Armenian as Sakastan, with similar equivalents in Pahlavi, Greek, Sogdian, Syriac, Arabic, and the Middle Persian tongue used in Turfan, Xinjiang, China. This is attested in a contemporary Kharosthi inscription found on the Mathura lion capital belonging to the Saka kingdom of the Indo - Scythians (200 BC - 400 AD) in North India, roughly the same time the Chinese record that the Saka had invaded and settled the country of Jibin 罽 賓 (i.e. Kashmir, of modern - day India and Pakistan).
Migrations of the 2nd and 1st century BC have left traces in Sogdia and Bactria, but they can not firmly be attributed to the Saka, similarly with the sites of Sirkap and Taxila in ancient India. The rich graves at Tillya Tepe in Afghanistan are seen as part of a population affected by the Saka.
The Shakya clan of India, to which Gautama Buddha, called Śākyamuni "Sage of the Shakyas '', belonged, has been suggested to be Sakas by Michael Witzel and Christopher I. Beckwith.
The region in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan where the Saka moved to become known as "land of the Saka '' or Sakastan. The Sakas also captured Gandhara and Taxila, and migrated to North India. An Indo - Scythians kingdom was established in Mathura (200 BC - 400 AD). Weer Rajendra Rishi, an Indian linguist, identified linguistic affinities between Indian and Central Asian languages, which further lends credence to the possibility of historical Sakan influence in North India. According to historian Michael Mitchiner, the Abhira tribe were a Saka people cited in the Gunda inscription of the Western Satrap Rudrasimha I dated to 181 CE.
The Kingdom of Khotan was a Saka city state in on the southern edge of the Tarim Basin. As a consequence of the Han -- Xiongnu War spanning from 133 BCE to 89 CE, the Tarim Basin (now Xinjiang, Northwest China), including Khotan and Kashgar, fell under Han Chinese influence, beginning with the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141 - 87 BC). The region once again came under Chinese suzerainty with the campaigns of conquest by Emperor Taizong of Tang (r. 626 - 649). From the late eighth to ninth centuries, the region changed hands between the rival Tang and Tibetan Empires. However, by the early 11th century the region fell to the Muslim Turkic peoples of the Kara - Khanid Khanate, which led to both the Turkification of the region as well as its conversion from Buddhism to Islam.
Archaeological evidence and documents from Khotan and other sites in the Tarim Basin provided information on the language spoken by the Saka. The official language of Khotan was initially Gandhari Prakrit written in Kharosthi, and coins from Khotan dated to the 1st century bear dual inscriptions in Chinese and Gandhari Prakrit, indicating links of Khotan to both India and China. Surviving documents however suggest that an Iranian language was used by the people of the kingdom for a long time Third - century AD documents in Prakrit from nearby Shanshan record the title for the king of Khotan as hinajha (i.e. "generalissimo ''), a distinctively Iranian - based word equivalent to the Sanskrit title senapati, yet nearly identical to the Khotanese Saka hīnāysa attested in later Khotanese documents. This, along with the fact that the king 's recorded regnal periods were given as the Khotanese kṣuṇa, "implies an established connection between the Iranian inhabitants and the royal power, '' according to the Professor of Iranian Studies Ronald E. Emmerick. He contended that Khotanese - Saka - language royal rescripts of Khotan dated to the 10th century "makes it likely that the ruler of Khotan was a speaker of Iranian. '' Furthermore, he argued that the early form of the name of Khotan, hvatana, is connected semantically with the name Saka.
Later Khotanese - Saka - language documents, ranging from medical texts to Buddhist literature, have been found in Khotan and Tumshuq (northeast of Kashgar). Similar documents in the Khotanese - Saka language dating mostly to the 10th century have been found in the Dunhuang manuscripts.
Although the ancient Chinese had called Khotan Yutian (于 闐), another more native Iranian name occasionally used was Jusadanna (瞿薩 旦那), derived from Indo - Iranian Gostan and Gostana, the names of the town and region around it, respectively.
Much like the neighboring people of the Kingdom of Khotan, people of Kashgar, the capital of Shule, spoke Saka, one of the Eastern Iranian languages. According to the Book of Han, the Saka split and formed several states in the region. These Saka states may include two states to the northwest of Kashgar, and Tumshuq to its northeast, and Tushkurgan south in the Pamirs. Kashgar also conquered other states such as Yarkand and Kucha during the Han dynasty, but in its later history, Kashgar was controlled by various empires, including Tang China, before it became part of the Turkic Kara - Khanid Khanate in the 10th century. In the 11th century, according to Mahmud al - Kashgari, some non-Turkic languages like the Kanchaki and Sogdian were still used in some areas in the vicinity of Kashgar, and Kanchaki is thought to belong to the Saka language group. It is believed that the Tarim Basin was linguistically Turkified before the 11th century ended.
Attestations of the Saka language show that it was an Eastern Iranian language. The linguistic heartland of Saka was the Kingdom of Khotan, which had two varieties, corresponding to the major settlements at Khotan (now Hotan) and Tumshuq (now Tumxuk). Both the Tumshuqese and Khotanese varieties of Saka contain many borrowings from the Middle Indo - Aryan Prakrit, but also share features with modern Wakhi and Pashto.
The Issyk inscription, a short fragment on a silver cup found in the Issyk kurgan (modern Kazakhstan) is believed to be an early example of Saka, constituting one of very few autochthonous epigraphic traces of that language. The inscription is in a variant of Kharosthi. Harmatta identifies the dialect as Khotanese Saka, tentatively translating its as: "The vessel should hold wine of grapes, added cooked food, so much, to the mortal, then added cooked fresh butter on ''.
The Saka heartland was gradually conquered during the Turkic expansion, beginning in the 4th century and the area was gradually Turkified linguistically under the Uyghurs.
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areas near the equator have what kind of climate | Equator - wikipedia
An equator is the intersection of the surface of a rotating spheroid (such as a planet) with the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation and midway between its poles. On Earth, the Equator is an imaginary line on the surface, equidistant from the North and South Poles, dividing the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It is about 40,075 kilometres (24,901 mi) long, of which 78.7 % lies across water and 21.3 % over land.
The latitude of the Earth 's equator is, by definition, 0 ° (zero degrees) of arc. The Equator is one of the five notable circles of latitude on Earth; the other four are the two Polar Circles (the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle) and the two Tropical Circles (the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn). The Equator is the only line of latitude which is also a great circle -- that is, one whose plane passes through the center of the globe. The plane of Earth 's equator, when projected outwards to the celestial sphere, defines the celestial equator.
In the cycle of Earth 's seasons, the plane of the equator passes through the Sun twice per year: at the March and September equinoxes. To an observer on the Earth, the Sun appears to travel North or South over the Equator (or the celestial equator) at these times. Light rays from the center of the Sun are perpendicular to the surface of the Earth at the point of solar noon on the Equator.
Locations on the Equator experience the quickest sunrises and sunsets, because the sun moves nearly perpendicular to the horizon for most of the year. The length of daylight (sunrise to sunset) is almost constant throughout the year; it is about fourteen minutes longer than nighttime due to atmospheric refraction and the fact that sunrise is begun (or sunset is ended) as the upper edge, not the centre, of the Sun 's disk crosses the horizon.
The Earth bulges slightly at the Equator; the "average '' diameter of the Earth is 12,750 kilometres (7,922 mi), but the diameter at the Equator is about 43 kilometres (27 mi) greater than at the poles.
Sites near the Equator, such as the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana, are good locations for spaceports as they have a faster rotational speed than other latitudes; the added velocity reduces the fuel needed to launch spacecraft. Because the Earth spins to the east, spacecraft must also launch to the east (or to the southeast or northeast) to take advantage of this Earth - boost of speed.
The precise location of the Equator is not truly fixed; the true equatorial plane is perpendicular to the Earth 's spin axis, which drifts about 9 metres (30 ft) during a year. This effect must be accounted for in detailed geophysical measurements.
In two widely used geodetic standards, the Equator is modelled as a circle whose radius is a whole number of metres. In 1976 the IAU chose a radius of 6,378.140 kilometres (3,963.192 mi) (codified as the IAU - 1976 value), later refined by the IUGG to 6,378.137 kilometres (3,963.191 mi) and adopted in WGS - 84. Despite this change, the yet more recent IAU - 2000 retained the old IAU - 1976 value. If it were really circular, the length of the Equator would be exactly 2π times the radius, namely 40,075.036 kilometres (24,901.473 mi). However, due to the effect of tidal force on the Earth 's surface the actual circumference at the equator is about 40,075.16 kilometres (24,901.55 mi).
The geographical mile is defined as one arc minute of the Equator, so it has different values depending on which radius is assumed. For example, by WSG - 84, the distance is 1,855.3248 metres (6,087.024 ft), while by IAU - 2000, it is 1,855.3257 metres (6,087.027 ft). This is a difference of less than one millimeter over the total distance (approximately 1.86 kilometres (1.16 mi)).
The earth is commonly modeled as a sphere flattened 0.336 % along its axis. This makes the Equator 0.16 % longer than a meridian (a great circle passing through the two poles). The IUGG standard meridian is, to the nearest millimetre, 40,007.862917 kilometres (24,859.733480 mi), one arc minute of which is 1,852.216 metres (6,076.82 ft), explaining the SI standardization of the nautical mile as 1,852 metres (6,076 ft), more than 3 metres (9.8 ft) less than the geographical mile.
The sea - level surface of the Earth (the geoid) is irregular, so the actual length of the Equator is not so easy to determine. Aviation Week and Space Technology on 9 October 1961 reported that measurements using the Transit IV - A satellite had shown the equatorial "diameter '' from longitude 11 ° West to 169 ° East to be 1,000 feet (300 m) greater than its "diameter '' ninety degrees away.
Certain navies, such as the Royal Navy, Russian Navy, and US Navy, have a tradition of holding ceremonies aboard ships to mark sailors ' first crossing of the Equator. These rites of initiation have in the past been notorious for their brutality. Milder line - crossing ceremonies, typically featuring King Neptune, are also held for passengers ' entertainment on some civilian ocean liners and cruise ships.
The Equator traverses the land of 11 countries. Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the Equator passes through:
Despite its name, no part of Equatorial Guinea 's territory lies on the Equator. However, its island of Annobón is 155 km (96 mi) south of the Equator, and the rest of the country lies to the north.
Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth 's axis relative to the plane of revolution. During the year the northern and southern hemispheres are inclined toward or away from the sun according to Earth 's position in its orbit. The hemisphere inclined toward the sun receives more sunlight and is in summer, while the other hemisphere receives less sun and is in winter (see solstice).
At the equinoxes, the Earth 's axis is not tilted toward the sun, instead it is perpendicular to the sun meaning that the day is about 12 hours long, as is the night, across the whole of the Earth.
The Equator lies mostly on the three largest oceans: the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. Near the Equator there is little temperature fluctuation throughout the year, though there may be dramatic differences in rainfall and humidity. The terms summer, autumn, winter and spring do not generally apply. Lowlands around the Equator generally have a tropical rainforest climate, also known as an equatorial climate, though cold currents cause some regions to have tropical monsoon climates with a dry season in the middle of the year, and the Somali Current generated by the Asian monsoon due to continental heating via the high Tibetan Plateau causes Greater Somalia to have an arid climate despite its equatorial location.
Average annual temperatures in equatorial lowlands are around 31 ° C (88 ° F) during the afternoon and 23 ° C (73 ° F) around sunrise. Rainfall is away from cold current upwelling zones very high, from 2,500 to 3,500 mm (98 to 138 in) per year. Average rainy days are around 200 per year and average annual sunshine hours around 2,000. Despite high year - round sea level temperatures, some higher altitudes such as the Andes and Mount Kilimanjaro sustain glaciers. The highest point on the Equator is at the elevation of 4,690 metres (15,387 ft), at 0 ° 0 ′ 0 '' N 77 ° 59 ′ 31 '' W / 0.00000 ° N 77.99194 ° W / 0.00000; - 77.99194 (highest point on the Equator), found on the southern slopes of Volcán Cayambe (summit 5,790 metres (18,996 ft)) in Ecuador. This is slightly above the snow line and is the only place on the Equator where snow lies on the ground. At the Equator the snow line is around 1,000 metres (3,280 ft) lower than on Mount Everest and as much as 2,000 metres (6,560 ft) lower than the highest snow line in the world, near the Tropic of Capricorn on Llullaillaco.
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who was born in two halves in mahabarata | Jarasandha - Wikipedia
According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Jarasandha (Sanskrit: जरासन्ध) was the king of Magadha. He was a descendant of King Brihadratha, the founder of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha. He was also a great devotee of the Hindu god Shiva. He was a great senapati and a Maharathi, but he is generally held in a negative light owing to his enmity with the Yadava clan in the Mahabharata.
The word Jarasandha is a combination of two Sanskrit words, Jara (जरा) and sandha (सन्ध), "joining ''. Jara was a demoness who put the two halves of Jarasandha together after finding them by a tree. In return for saving Brihadratha 's son, he named Jarasandha after her. The meaning of Jarasandha is ' the one who is joined by Jara '.
Jarasandha 's father king Brihadratha was married to the twin daughters of the King of Kashi. Brihadratha loved both his wives equally, but had no sons. Once sage Chandakaushika visited his kingdom and gave a mango to the king as a boon. The king divided the mango equally and gave to his both the wives. Soon, both wives became pregnant and gave birth to two halves of a human body. These two lifeless halves were very horrifying to view. So, Brihadratha ordered these to be thrown in the forest. A Rakshasi (demoness) named Jara (or Barmata) found the two pieces and held each of them in her two palms. Incidentally, when she brought both of her palms together, the two pieces joined giving rise to a living child. The child cried loudly which created panic for Jara. Not having the heart to eat a living child, the demoness gave it to the king and explained to him all that had happened. The father was overjoyed to see him.
Chandakaushika arrived at the court and saved the child. He prophesied to Brihadratha that his son would be specially gifted and would be a great devotee of the god Shiva.
Karna helped Duryodhana marry the Princess Bhanumati of Kalinga. Duryodhana abducted Princess Bhanumati from her Swayamvara ceremony in a chariot and Karna fought with the rest of the suitors. Many legendary rulers like Shishupala, Jarasandha, Bhishmaka, Vakra, Kapotaroman, Nila, Rukmi, Sringa, Asoka, Satadhanwan etc. were defeated by Karna and Duryodhana. The ashamed Jarasandha, later challenged Karna to a one - on - one fight. Karna and Jarasandha fought continuously with different weapons until Karna defeated Jarasandha by trying to tear him apart during a wrestling fight. Jarasandha conceded defeat and Karna spared his life. Jarasandha gifted the city of Malini to Karna as a token of appreciation. The victory over Jarasandha made Karna famous on all over the world.
Jarasandha had also participated in the Swayamvara of Draupadi, and after being unable to lift the bow, left the place.
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how many times does the digit grouping 57 | Decimal separator - Wikipedia
A decimal separator is a symbol used to separate the integer part from the fractional part of a number written in decimal form.
Different countries officially designate different symbols for the decimal separator. The choice of symbol for the decimal separator also affects the choice of symbol for the thousands separator used in digit grouping, so the latter is also treated in this article.
Any such symbol can be called a decimal mark, decimal marker or decimal sign. But symbol - specific names are also used; decimal point and decimal comma refer to an (either baseline or middle) dot and comma respectively, when it is used as a decimal separator; these are the usual terms used in English, with the aforementioned generic terms reserved for abstract usage.
In many contexts, when a number is spoken, the function of the separator is assumed by the spoken name of the symbol: comma or point in most cases. In some specialized contexts, the word decimal is instead used for this purpose (such as in ICAO - regulated air traffic control communications).
In mathematics the decimal separator is a type of radix point, a term that also applies to number systems with bases other than ten.
In the Middle Ages, before printing, a bar (_̄) over the units digit was used to separate the integral part of a number from its fractional part, e.g. 9995 (meaning, 99.95 in decimal point format). This practice derived from the decimal system used in Indian mathematics and was popularized by the Persian mathematician Al - Khwarizmi, when Latin translation of his work on the Indian numerals introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world. His Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing presented the first systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations in Arabic. A similar notation remains in common use as an underbar to superscript digits, especially for monetary values without a decimal separator, e.g. 99. Later, a "separatrix '' (a short, roughly vertical ink stroke) between the units and tenths position became the norm among Arab mathematicians (e.g. 99ˌ95), while an L - shaped or vertical bar () served as the separatrix in England. When this character was typeset, it was convenient to use the existing comma (99, 95) or full stop (99. 95) instead.
Gerbert of Aurillac marked triples of columns with an arc (called a "Pythagorean arc '') when using his Hindu -- Arabic numeral - based abacus in the 10th century. Fibonacci followed this convention when writing numbers such as in his influential work Liber Abaci in the 13th century. Tables of logarithms prepared by John Napier in 1614 and 1619 used the period (full stop) as the decimal separator, which was then adopted by Henry Briggs in his influential 17th century work.
In France, the full stop was already in use in printing to make Roman numerals more readable, so the comma was chosen. Many other countries, such as Italy, also chose to use the comma to mark the decimal units position. It has been made standard by the ISO for international blueprints. However, English - speaking countries took the comma to separate sequences of three digits. In some countries, a raised dot or dash (upper comma) may be used for grouping or decimal separator; this is particularly common in handwriting.
In the United States, the full stop or period (.) was used as the standard decimal separator.
In the nations of the British Empire, although the full stop could be used in typewritten material and its use was not banned, the interpunct (also known as the decimal point, point, or mid dot) was preferred for the decimal separator in printing technologies that could accommodate it, e.g. 99 95. However, as the mid dot was already in common use in the mathematics world to indicate multiplication, the SI rejected its use as the decimal separator. During the beginning of British metrication in the late 1960s and with impending currency decimalisation, there was some debate in the United Kingdom as to whether the decimal comma or decimal point should be preferred: the British Standards Institution and some sectors of industry advocated the comma and the Decimal Currency Board advocated for the point. In the event, the point was chosen by the Ministry of Technology in 1968.
When South Africa adopted the metric system, it adopted the comma as its decimal separator, although a number of house styles, including some English - language newspapers such as The Sunday Times, continue to use the full stop.
The three most spoken international auxiliary languages, Ido, Esperanto, and Interlingua, all use the comma as the decimal separator. Interlingua has used the comma as its decimal separator since the publication of the Interlingua Grammar in 1951. Esperanto also uses the comma as its official decimal separator, while thousands are separated by non-breaking spaces: 12 345 678, 9. Ido 's Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di la Linguo Internaciona Ido (Complete Detailed Grammar of the International Language Ido) officially states that commas are used for the decimal separator while full stops are used to separate thousands, millions, etc. So the number 12,345,678.90123 (in American notation) for instance, would be written 12.345. 678, 90123 in Ido. The 1931 grammar of Volapük by Arie de Jong uses the comma as its decimal separator, and (somewhat unusually) uses the middle dot as the thousands separator (12 345 678, 90123).
In 1958, disputes between European and American delegates over the correct representation of the decimal separator nearly stalled the development of the ALGOL computer programming language. ALGOL ended up allowing different decimal separators, but most computer languages and standard data formats (e.g. C, Java, Fortran, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)) specify a dot.
The 22nd General Conference on Weights and Measures declared in 2003 that "the symbol for the decimal marker shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line ''. It further reaffirmed that "numbers may be divided in groups of three in order to facilitate reading; neither dots nor commas are ever inserted in the spaces between groups '' (e.g. 7009100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000). This usage has therefore been recommended by technical organizations, such as the United States ' National Institute of Standards and Technology.
For ease of reading, numbers with many digits may be divided into groups using a delimiter, such as comma ", '' or dot ". '' or space or underbar "_ '' (as in maritime "21_450 ''). In some countries, these "digit group separators '' are only employed to the left of the decimal separator; in others, they are also used to separate numbers with a long fractional part. An important reason for grouping is that it allows rapid judgement of the number of digits, via subitizing (telling at a glance) rather than counting -- contrast 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 000 with 100000000 for one hundred million.
Since 2003, the use of spaces as separators (for example: 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20 000 and 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 for "twenty thousand '' and "one million '') has been officially endorsed by SI / ISO 31 - 0 standard, as well as by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the American Medical Association 's widely followed AMA Manual of Style, and the Metrication Board, among others.
The groups created by the delimiters tend to follow the use of the local language, which varies. In European languages, large numbers are read in groups of thousands and the delimiter (which occurs every three digits when it is used) may be called a "thousands separator ''. In East Asian cultures, particularly China, Japan, and Korea, large numbers are read in groups of myriads (10,000 s) but the delimiter commonly separates every three digits. The Indian numbering system is somewhat more complex: it groups the rightmost three digits together (till the hundreds place) and thereafter groups by sets of two digits. One trillion would thus be written as 10, 00, 00, 00, 00,000 or 10 kharab.
The convention for digit group separators historically varied among countries, but usually seeking to distinguish the delimiter from the decimal separator. Traditionally, English - speaking countries employed commas as the delimiter -- 10,000 -- and other European countries employed periods or spaces: 10.000 or 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 000. Because of the confusion that could result in international documents, in recent years the use of spaces as separators has been advocated by the superseded SI / ISO 31 - 0 standard, as well as by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, which have also begun advocating the use of a "thin space '' in "groups of three ''. Within the United States, the American Medical Association 's widely followed AMA Manual of Style also calls for a thin space. In some online encoding environments (for example, ASCII - only) a thin space is not practical or available, in which case a regular word space or no delimiter are the alternatives.
Digit group separators can occur either as part of the data or as a mask through which the data is displayed. This is an example of the separation of presentation and content, making it possible to display numbers with spaced digit grouping in a way that does not insert any whitespace characters into the string of digits in the content. In many computing contexts, it is preferred to omit digit group separators from the data and instead overlay them as a mask (an input mask or an output mask). Common examples include spreadsheets and databases in which currency values are entered without such marks but are displayed with them inserted. (Similarly, phone numbers can have hyphens, spaces, and / or parentheses as a mask rather than as data.) In web content, such digit grouping can be done with CSS style. It is useful because the number can be copied and pasted into calculators (including a web browser 's omnibox) and parsed by the computer as - is (without the user manually purging the extraneous characters). For example, Wikipedia content can display numbers this way, as in the following examples: 7011149597870700000 ♠ 149 597 870 700 metres is 1 astronomical unit; 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 is π rounded to 20 decimal places, and 2.71828 18284 59045 23536 is e rounded to 20 decimal places.
In some programming languages, it is possible to group the digits in the program 's source code to make it easier to read; see Integer literal: Digit separators. Ada, D, Rust, Swift, Java, OCaml, Perl, Python (from version 3.6) C# (from version 7.0) and Ruby use the underscore (_) character for this purpose. All these languages allow seven hundred million to be entered as 700_000_000. Fixed - form Fortran ignores whitespace (in all contexts), so 700 000 000 is permissible. C + + 14 allows the use of an apostrophe for digit grouping, so 700'000'000 is permissible.
The International Bureau of Weights and Measures states that "when there are only four digits before or after the decimal marker, it is customary not to use a space to isolate a single digit ''. Likewise, some manuals of style state that thousands separators should not be used in normal text for numbers from 1000 to 9999 inclusive where no decimal fractional part is shown (in other words, for four - digit whole numbers), whereas others use thousands separators, and others use both. For example, APA style stipulates a thousands separator for "most figures of 1,000 or more '' except for page numbers, binary digits, temperatures, etc.
There are always "common - sense '' country - specific exceptions to digit grouping, such as year numbers, postal codes and ID numbers of predefined nongrouped format, which style guides usually point out.
In binary (base - 2), a full space can be used between groups of four digits, corresponding to a nibble, or equivalently to a hexadecimal digit. For integer numbers, dots are used as well to separate groups of four bits. Alternatively, binary digits may be grouped by threes, corresponding to an octal digit. Similarly, in hexadecimal (base - 16), full spaces are usually used to group digits into twos, making each group correspond to a byte. Additionally, groups of eight bytes are often separated by a hyphen.
In countries with a decimal comma, the decimal point is also common as the "international '' notation because of the influence of devices, such as electronic calculators, which use the decimal point. Most computer operating systems allow selection of the decimal separator and programs that have been carefully internationalized will follow this, but some programs ignore it and a few may even fail to operate if the setting has been changed.
Countries where a dot ". '' is used as decimal separator include
Countries where a comma ", '' is used as decimal separator include
Unicode defines a decimal separator key symbol (⎖ in hex U + 2396, decimal 9110) which looks similar to the apostrophe. This symbol is from ISO / IEC 9995 and is intended for use on a keyboard to indicate a key that performs decimal separation.
In the Arab world, where Eastern Arabic numerals are used for writing numbers, a different character is used to separate the integer and fractional parts of numbers. It is referred to as an Arabic decimal separator (٫) (in hex U + 066B) in Unicode. An Arabic thousands separator (٬) also exists.
In Persian, the decimal separator is called momayyez, which is written like a forward slash -- there is a small difference between the upside - down (Persian) comma character used in sentences and the Latin comma (٫) (in hex U + 066B) used to separate sequences of three digits. To separate sequences of three digits, a Latin comma or blank space may be used; however this is not a standard.
In English Braille, the decimal point, ⠨, is distinct from both the comma, ⠂, and the full stop, ⠲.
The following examples show the decimal separator and the thousands separator in various countries that use the Arabic numeral system.
Used with Western Arabic numerals (0123456789):
Used with Eastern Arabic numerals (٠١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨٩):
Used with keyboards:
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who was the governor of massachusetts in 2013 | Deval Patrick - wikipedia
Deval Laurdine Patrick (born July 31, 1956) is an American politician, civil rights lawyer, author and businessman who served as the 71st Governor of Massachusetts from 2007 to 2015. He was first elected in 2006, succeeding Mitt Romney, who chose not to run, and was re-elected in 2010. He is the only African American to have served as governor of Massachusetts. A member of the Democratic Party, Patrick served from 1994 to 1997 as the United States assistant attorney general for the civil rights division under President Bill Clinton.
Born to and raised by a single mother on the South Side of Chicago, Patrick earned a scholarship to Milton Academy in Massachusetts in the eighth grade. He went on to attend Harvard College and Harvard Law School, where he was president of the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau. After graduating, he practiced law with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund and later joined a Boston law firm, where he was named a partner, at age 34. In 1994, Bill Clinton appointed him as the United States assistant attorney general for the civil rights division of the United States Department of Justice, where he worked on issues including racial profiling and police misconduct.
During his governorship, Patrick oversaw the implementation of the state 's 2006 health care reform program which had been enacted under Mitt Romney; increased funding to education and life sciences; won a federal Race to the Top education grant; passed an overhaul of governance of the state transportation function, signing a law to create the Massachusetts Department of Transportation; increased the state sales tax from 5 % to 6.25 %; and raised the state 's minimum wage from $8 per hour to $11 per hour by 2017. Under Patrick, Massachusetts joined the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and the planned introduction of casinos in Massachusetts. Patrick 's second term began on January 6, 2011, and in an interview with The Boston Globe, Patrick declared he would not seek re-election in 2014. He is a managing director at Bain Capital and serves as the chairman of the board for Our Generation Speaks, a fellowship program and startup incubator whose mіѕѕіоn іѕ to bring together young Israeli and Palestinian leaders through entrepreneurship. In August 2017, Politico reported that members of his and Obama 's inner circles are encouraging Patrick to run for president in 2020.
Patrick was born on July 31, 1956, in the South Side of Chicago, where his family resided in a two - bedroom apartment in the Robert Taylor Homes ' housing projects. Patrick is the son of Emily Mae (née Wintersmith) and Laurdine "Pat '' Patrick, a jazz musician in Sun Ra 's band. In 1959, Patrick 's father abandoned their family in order to play music in New York City and because he had fathered a daughter, La'Shon Anthony, by another woman. Deval reportedly had a strained relationship with his father, who opposed his choice of high school, but they eventually reconciled. Patrick was raised by his mother, who traces her roots to American slaves in Kentucky. The family spent many months living on welfare.
While Patrick was in middle school, one of his teachers referred him to A Better Chance, a national non-profit organization for identifying, recruiting and developing leaders among academically gifted minority students, which enabled him to attend Milton Academy in Milton, Massachusetts. Patrick graduated from Milton Academy in 1974 and went on to attend college, the first in his family. He graduated from Harvard College, where he was a member of the Fly Club, with a Bachelor of Arts degree, cum laude, in English and American literature, in 1978. He then spent a year working with the United Nations in Africa. In 1979, Patrick returned to the United States and enrolled at Harvard Law School. While in law school, Patrick was elected president of the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau, where he first worked defending poor families in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. At Harvard, Patrick won "Best Oralist '' in the prestigious Ames Moot Court Competition, in 1981.
Patrick graduated from Harvard Law School with a J.D., cum laude, in 1982. He proceeded to fail the State Bar of California exam twice, before passing on his third try. Patrick then served as a law clerk to Judge Stephen Reinhardt on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit for one year. In 1983, he joined the staff of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund (LDF), where he worked on death penalty and voting rights cases.
While at LDF, he met Bill Clinton, the then Governor of Arkansas, when he sued Clinton in a voting case. In 1986, he joined the Boston law firm of Hill & Barlow and was named partner in 1990, at the age of 34. While at Hill & Barlow, he managed high - profile engagements such as acting as Desiree Washington 's attorney in her civil lawsuit against Mike Tyson.
In 1994, President Bill Clinton nominated Patrick as the United States Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division, and he was subsequently confirmed by the United States Senate. Federal affirmative action policy was under judicial and political review, and Patrick defended Clinton 's policy. Patrick also worked on issues including racial profiling, police misconduct, and the treatment of incarcerated criminals. ''
Between 1995 and 1997, Patrick coordinated an investigation into a series of arsons of predominantly black churches across the South. The investigation brought together a number of state and federal agencies, and was the largest federal investigation in history until the time of 9 / 11. In the end, more than 100 arrests were made, but no evidence of national or regional conspiracy was found.
In 1997, Patrick returned to Boston to join the firm Day, Berry & Howard (now called Day Pitney LLP), and was appointed by the federal district court to serve as Chairman of Texaco 's Equality and Fairness Task Force to oversee implementation of the terms of a race discrimination settlement. Working with employees at all levels, Patrick and his Task Force examined and reformed Texaco 's complex corporate employment culture, and created a model for fostering an equitable workplace.
Some gay rights activists criticized him for his tenure on the United Airlines (UAL) board. During this time, the company originally fought an ordinance requiring that it offer domestic partnership benefits, but Patrick successfully encouraged UAL to offer such benefits to all employees, making it the first airline to do so.
In 1999, partly because of his work on the Equality and Fairness Task Force, Patrick was offered the job as General Counsel of Texaco, responsible for all of the company 's legal affairs. While he continued his work transforming employment practices at the company, the majority of his time was devoted to exploring and working out a merger, ultimately announced in October 2000, with larger Chevron Corp.
In 2001, Patrick left Texaco to become the Executive Vice-President, General Counsel and Secretary at The Coca - Cola Company. Patrick pushed for a thorough review of allegations that some workers at bottlers of Coke products in Colombia had been abused or even killed by paramilitary groups as a result of union organizing activity. Patrick concluded the allegations to be unsubstantiated and untrue, but counseled that the company allow an independent inquiry to lay all questions to rest. After initially supporting Patrick 's view, then - CEO Douglas Daft changed his mind, precipitating Patrick 's decision to leave Coke.
From 2004 to 2006, he served on the board of directors of ACC Capital Holdings, the parent company of Ameriquest and Argent Mortgage. Ameriquest was the largest lender of so - called subprime mortgages and was under investigation by Attorneys General across the country. Patrick joined the board at the request of Ameriquest 's founder, Roland Arnall, who asked for his help managing the investigations and changing the company 's culture. During his tenure on the board, Ameriquest and Argent originated over $80 billion in subprime mortgages, but those conducting the investigation said that at the time Patrick left Ameriquest the company was on the road to change.
Following his career as governor, Patrick joined the private, alternative asset management firm Bain Capital in 2015, where he is currently acting as a Managing Director.
In 2005, Patrick announced his candidacy for governor of Massachusetts. He was at first seen as a dark horse candidate, facing veteran politicians Thomas Reilly and Chris Gabrielli in the Democratic primary. Patrick secured the nomination in the September primary, winning 49 % of the vote in the three - way race. In the general election, Patrick faced Republican lt. governor, Kerry Healey and independent Massachusetts Turnpike Commission member Christy Mihos.
The general election was very heated, described by former governor Michael Dukakis as "the dirtiest gubernatorial campaign in my memory ''. Patrick faced criticism for having once written letters to the parole board describing correspondence from Benjamin LaGuer, a man convicted of a brutal eight - hour rape, as "thoughtful, insightful, eloquent, (and) humane ''.
Patrick contributed $5,000 towards the DNA testing which linked LaGuer to the crime. However, once the DNA test proved LaGuer 's guilt, Patrick withdrew his support for the inmate 's release. Patrick won the general election with 55 % of the vote, becoming the first African - American governor of Massachusetts.
On April 2, 2009, Patrick announced alongside Lt. Governor Timothy Murray that they would both run for re-election.
Patrick was opposed for the Democratic nomination by Grace Ross, the 2006 Green - Rainbow nominee for governor, but she withdrew when she could not garner the number of signatures needed to run.
In the general election, Patrick faced Republican Charlie Baker and Massachusetts Treasurer Tim Cahill, an Independent. Patrick won the general election, garnering 48 % of the vote, compared to Baker 's 42 % and Cahill 's 8 %.
Before taking office, Patrick assembled a transition team headed by lawyer Michael Angelini, bank executive Ronald Homer, and Weld administration economic affairs secretary Gloria Cordes Larson. In his first meetings with the legislative leadership, he proposed his first action would be to hire 1,000 new police officers and to expand full - day kindergarten statewide.
Breaking with the tradition of being inaugurated in the House Chamber of the Massachusetts State House, Patrick and Murray took their oaths of office, and Patrick delivered his inaugural address, outdoors on the West Portico of the State House facing Boston Common.
Doing this allowed a larger part of the public to witness the event, and was intended to signal a more open, transparent, and accessible government. In honor of his heritage, he took his oath of office on the Mendi Bible, which was given to then - Congressman John Quincy Adams by the freed American slaves from the ship La Amistad.
A series of regional inaugural balls, seven in total, were held to bring the inauguration to the citizens of the Commonwealth. The celebrations took place in Cape Cod, Worcester, Dartmouth, Pittsfield, Springfield, and Boston.
Patrick crafted and signed a bill that allows for the construction and operation of three resort - style casinos in the state. He argued that these casinos would generate over $2 billion for the state economy. He also touted that the casinos would create 30,000 construction jobs and 20,000 permanent jobs.
Patrick proposed that the revenue generated would be spent to beef up local law enforcement, create a state gambling regulatory agency, repair roads and bridges, gambling addiction treatment and the remainder would go towards property tax relief.
Patrick 's casino plan had faced strong opposition from Salvatore DiMasi, the former Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. DiMasi questioned Patrick 's projections of new jobs, revenues to be generated and he was opposed to what he referred to as a casino culture, saying: "Do we want to usher in a casino culture -- with rampant bankruptcies, crime and social ills -- or do we want to create a better Massachusetts for all sectors of the society? ''
Casino gaming lobbying in Massachusetts has also received scrutiny for associations with the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal and efforts by the Mashpee Wampanoag people to secure rights to a casino outside of the federal Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. In 2009, Patrick was among the top campaign contribution recipients from casino lobbying interests, and from financiers backing the Wampanoag casino interests.
On March 20, 2008, the Massachusetts House of Representatives rejected Patrick 's casino bill by a vote of 108 to 46. Despite the overwhelming vote, questions were raised by critics of DiMasi as to the tactics he used to win. These included allegations that he promised a subsequent vote on a bill that would allow slot machines at the state 's four racetracks and the pre-vote promotions of six lawmakers who had been thought to support the bill, but either abstained or voted against the bill. DiMasi denied that any promise had been made on the race track bill and denied that the promotions were connected to the casino bill vote.
Patrick 's conduct was also criticized and his commitment to the bill questioned when it was revealed that he was not in the state on the day the bill was voted on in the legislature. As the bill was being voted down, Patrick was in New York City on personal business, finalizing a $1.35 - million deal with Broadway Books, an imprint of Random House, to publish his autobiography.
By mid-2010, the house and senate passed a bill with plans for three resort - style casinos and two slot parlors. However, Patrick vetoed it as he previously stated that he would only accept one slot parlor. When the 2011 casino legislation was still in debate, an investigative report in The Boston Globe revealed the governor violated his self - imposed policy of not accepting money from or meeting with lobbyists for the gambling industry by accepting more than $6,000 in campaign contributions and meeting with and attending fundraisers hosted by gaming lobbyists.
Patrick signed the legislation into law in December 2011. Its implementation, however, has seen hurdles and delays. The governor 's point man on crafting gaming legislation and negotiating a state compact with the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, Assistant Secretary for Policy & Economic Development Carl Stanley McGee, was forced to resign from his appointment to direct the newly formed Massachusetts Gaming Commission following reports of 2007 charges that he molested a child in Florida. Stan McGee was forced to return to his economic development post where he still oversees casino policies for the governor. The scandal resulted in the Massachusetts legislature passing a bill and overriding a veto by Patrick requiring background checks on casino regulators.
In June 2014, the Supreme Judicial Court ruled that a referendum to repeal legislation permitting casino gambling could appear on the November ballot, throwing the prospects of the casino legislation into question.
In 2010, Patrick pushed for legislation to limit the purchase of firearms, citing a series of gun violence incidents and violent crime in Boston. In 2011, Patrick proposed new legislation that would require more stringent regulations on firearms. During an event surrounding the announcement, Patrick said one of his main goals was to "stop children from killing children. '' Patrick also reported that he would ask for $10 million in private and public funding to help "fill the gaps. '' Reacting to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, in 2013 Patrick proposed stricter gun control laws, including a limit of one firearm purchase a month and closing the gun show loophole.
Throughout his term in office, Patrick has made achieving "world - class public education '' a main priority of his administration. Patrick also committed a historic amount of public funds to Massachusetts schools, introduced legislation to tackle a persistent education gap among minority students, and won the national Race to the Top competition. Patrick now supports a doubling of the number of charter schools in Massachusetts. In his first year in office, Patrick proposed making community college free to all Massachusetts high school graduates.
Patrick favored the legalization of same - sex marriage because of the fundamental principle that "citizens come before their government as equals ''. He worked with the state legislature to prevent a ballot measure eliminating same - sex marriage in Massachusetts, which protected the state 's first - in - the - nation same - sex marriage allowance.
Patrick proposed a bill that would streamline Massachusetts ' permit appeals process for wind - energy projects. The Wind Energy Sitting Reform bill would reduce the permitting process from the current litigation limbo to nine to 19 months.
Patrick made expanding renewable energy a focus of his second term, but faced a setback when lawmakers failed to raise caps on solar generation in Massachusetts and to expand the amount of hydropower purchased by utility companies from Canada.
The legislatively chartered Transportation Finance Commission (TFC) reported in 2007 that over the next 20 years there would be $15 -- $19 billion gap between revenues and necessary expenditures, just to maintain the existing transportation system in Massachusetts. The Commission identified several reforms and revenue options to close the gap. The Patrick Administration lobbied for and passed a major transportation reform bill, which incorporated many of the TFC - recommended reforms, and which created the Massachusetts Department of Transportation by merging smaller transportation agencies.
Patrick proposed raising the state gas tax by 19 ¢ per gallon to forestall Massachusetts Turnpike toll and MBTA fare increases, fully fund Regional Transit Authority and Turnpike operations, and address part of the capital shortfall identified by the TFC, but this was defeated in the state legislature. Instead, a sales tax increase of 1.25 % was passed, with part of that dedicated to transportation. This was enough to prevent the short - term toll and fare increases, but did not address the long - term funding gap. Patrick has been a supporter of the South Coast Rail Link project.
In response to the influx of children from Central America crossing the US border in the summer of 2014, Patrick proposed taking 1,000 migrants to be housed at various sites in Massachusetts, until they can be processed at immigration centers.
On September 24, 2009, Patrick appointed Paul G. Kirk as the interim U.S. senator in the wake of Ted Kennedy 's death.
On January 30, 2013, Patrick chose his former chief - of - staff William "Mo '' Cowan to serve as interim U.S. senator until a special election to fill the seat left vacant by Secretary of State designate John Kerry.
In the early months of Patrick 's administration, a series of decisions the governor later conceded as "missteps '' brought substantial unfavorable press. These included spending almost $11,000 on drapery for the governor 's state house suite, changing the state 's customary car lease from a Ford Crown Victoria to a Cadillac (thus earning Patrick the snide nickname "Deville ''), and hiring Amy Gorin, an assistant who had previously helped chair his election campaign, as a staff assistant to Diane Patrick, the Commonwealth 's First Lady, at an annual salary of almost $75,000. Emerging from a weekend of working on the state 's budget and calling for cuts in services to taxpayers, Patrick responded in a February 20, 2007 press conference that "I realize I can not in good conscience ask the agencies to make those choices without being willing to make them myself. ''
Patrick subsequently reimbursed the Commonwealth for the cost of the drapery and furniture purchased for the state house, and the additional monthly difference in his car lease. Gorin later resigned.
Later in the same month Patrick again came under fire, this time for contacting Citigroup Executive Committee chair and former Clinton Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin on behalf of the financially beleaguered mortgage company Ameriquest, a subsidiary of ACC Capital Holdings, that had been accused of predatory lending practices and of which Patrick is a former board member. Both Citigroup and ACC Capital Holdings have substantial holdings in Massachusetts. Patrick attempted to deflect criticism, claiming he was calling not as governor but as a private citizen. Later Patrick backed down, stating "I appreciate that I should not have made the call. I regret the mistake. ''
On September 17, 2014, Patrick fired the Massachusetts Sex Offender Registry Board chair Saundra Edwards and placed director Jeanne Holmes on paid administrative leave because they pressured the board to force Patrick 's brother - in - law to register as a sex offender, based on his conviction for raping his wife, Patrick 's sister.
In June 2015, the Boston Herald reported that the Patrick 's administration secretly diverted nearly $27 million in government funds to off - budget accounts that paid for trade junkets tab, advertising contracts, and a deal with a federally subsidized tourism venture backed by U.S. Sen. Harry Reid. According to the Herald, state legislators never approved the funding, which began in 2009 when Patrick 's office directed quasi-public state agencies, including the Massachusetts Convention Center Authority and Massport to begin funding off - budget trusts. A week later, the Boston Globe quoted Representative David Linsky, chair of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Post Audit and Oversight Committee, as saying that, upon review, the expenditures were either approved by the state legislature or permissible under the state 's budget rules and that they violated no applicable law.
After his speech at the 2012 Democratic National Convention, a reporter asked if Patrick was interested in a 2016 presidential bid. He responded, "Just chatter... I 'm gon na finish my term (as governor) in 2014. I 'm gon na return to the private sector where I 've spent... most of my career. '' However, he would not rule out a run in the more distant future.
After Obama 's 2008 election as president, speculation arose that Patrick would be chosen by Obama to serve as United States attorney general, but the post ultimately went to Eric Holder. Following the 2012 presidential election, Patrick was considered a potential successor to Holder, though he had said he would not consider any other position as long as he remained governor.
Speculation grew once again, in September 2014, when Holder announced his intention to step down.
In July 2013, Patrick unequivocally ruled out a presidential bid in 2016, stating that he intended to go back into the private sector, following the completion of his second term as governor.
Again in March 2018, he stated on radio, while attending a Kansas City event titled "An Evening with Deval Patrick: Reinvesting in America '', a 2020 presidential run is "on my radar screen ''. Reportedly, David Axelrod and Valerie Jarrett had encouraged him to consider it. He had previously also discussed the idea in The New York Times the previous month.
Following allegations of plagiarism Patrick came to the defense of presidential candidate Barack Obama during the 2008 Democratic primaries, when it was reported that some key phrases from an Obama stump speech were very similar to words used during Patrick 's own 2006 gubernatorial run. The charges were largely dismissed, after Patrick explained that he had encouraged their use.
During the 2012 Presidential election, he served as a surrogate for the Obama campaign. Patrick generated controversy, when he defended the business practices of the Boston - based private equity firm Bain Capital, which was founded by Mitt Romney, the Republican presidential nominee; a position in direct opposition to the Obama campaign.
Patrick was named by USA Today as a possible Obama nominee to fill the U.S. Supreme Court associate justice seat, vacated by the February 2016 death of Antonin Scalia.
Patrick and his wife Diane, a lawyer specializing in labor and employment law, married in 1984. They have lived in Milton, Massachusetts since 1989 and have two daughters, Sarah and Katherine. In July 2008, Katherine publicly announced that she is a lesbian, and mentioned that her father did not know this while he was fighting against a proposed amendment to the state constitution that would have banned same - sex marriage. In a joint interview Patrick expressed support for his daughter and said he was proud of her. In September 2011, his daughter Sarah married Marco Morgese, a former Italian soldier. On May 20, 2013, Patrick became a grandfather when Sarah gave birth to a son, Gianluca Noah Patrick Morgese.
In addition to his Milton home, Patrick and his family own a home in Richmond, Massachusetts. In 2013, Illinois governor Pat Quinn renamed a part of Wabash Avenue in Chicago, where Patrick grew up, "Deval Patrick Way '' in Patrick 's honor. On May 28, 2015, Patrick was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws by Harvard University.
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hms victory wreck to be raised from english channel | HMS Victory (1737) - wikipedia
HMS Victory was a 100 - gun first - rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built to the dimensions of the 1733 proposals of the 1719 Establishment at Portsmouth Dockyard, and launched on 23 February 1737.
A small number of the timbers used in the construction of Victory were taken from the remains of the previous HMS Victory, which had caught fire and been burnt to the waterline in February 1721 whilst having weed burned from her bottom (in a process called "breaming ''). Officially a rebuild of the previous vessel, the new Victory was built by master shipwright Joseph Allin and cost £ 38,239 to assemble, plus £ 12,652 fitting as a flagship. Launched in 1737 she became the flagship of the Channel Fleet under Sir John Norris following completion in 1740. She was the last British First Rate to be armed entirely with bronze cannon.
The Victory was "a high - sided ship for her draught and this was believed to have made her leewardly and to have led to her loss ''. The term "leewardly '' means she had a tendency to be pushed to leeward (down wind) more than normal when sailing with the wind on or forward of the beam, increasing the risk of being driven ashore. A plan of the ship reproduced in Howard and an extant contemporary model also show her with four rows of lights (stern galleries), three open balconies along her stern, and four quarter galleries, one more of each than was usual for an English three - decker. These expansive features improved her internal capacity and conditions for the crew, but were heavy enough to compromise her stability in rough weather. Their addition to the ship reflected a long - running dispute between Jacob Acworth, the Surveyor of the Navy and representative of the Admiralty Board, and master shipwright Allin who had carriage of the actual construction of the ship. Acworth had instructed Allin that Admiralty required the ship 's upper works to be "low and snug. '' Allin, jealous of his prerogatives as a shipwright, refused to adhere to this direction and instead built a particularly large and roomy craft. The completed ship was revealed to be so incompetent a sailer that she required several refits before she passed her sea trials.
Victory carried 28 guns on each of her gundecks, but with an additional set of unused gunports to the aft of the middle deck. She was the last Royal Navy three - decker to carry bronze cannons; after her loss the Navy switched instead to cheaper iron - made weapons for all first - and second - rate ships.
She was wrecked with the loss of her entire crew while returning to England as the flagship of Admiral Sir John Balchen after relieving Sir Charles Hardy, who had been blockaded in the Tagus estuary by the French Brest fleet. As the fleet reached the English Channel on 3 October 1744 it was scattered by a large storm. At around 15: 30 on 4 October, the ships accompanying Victory lost sight of her near the Channel Islands. For over 260 years she was believed to have been wrecked during the night on Black Rock just off the Casquets, with the loss of her entire complement.
Frigates were dispatched across the English Channel to search for her where she had last been seen wallowing on the horizon on 4 October. Eventually, Captain Thomas Grenville of HMS Falkland landed at Guernsey in the Channel Islands to provision, and there heard from locals that wreckage and part of a topmast had washed up on the island 's shores. Further investigation proved that the wreckage had indeed come from Victory, which was believed to have run into the Casquets, a group of rocks nearby. Other wreckage was washed up on Jersey and Alderney, whose inhabitants had heard distress guns the night before the wreck but were unable to provide aid in the severe storm. No trace of any of the 1,150 sailors aboard Victory was found until the wreck was discovered in 2008.
On 1 February 2009, the Associated Press reported that Odyssey Marine Exploration, based in Tampa, Florida, United States, claimed to have found the wreck in May 2008, and has recovered two of the one hundred bronze cannons. Located in the Western Approaches between England and France, as a military wreck she legally remains the property of the British Government under the laws of marine salvage. The wreck was found "more than 80 km (43 nm) from where anybody would have thought it went down '', according to Odyssey Marine Exploration CEO Gregg Stemm, and 100 m (330 ft) deep, meaning that the vessel had not foundered on the Casquets as had been surmised, but lay approximately at latitude 49 ° 42.5 ' N and longitude 3 ° 33.3 ' W. The team announced their findings publicly on 2 February and stated that they were negotiating with the British government over the wreckage. On 26 March 2009, the TV show Treasure Quest, which had followed the company 's ship Odyssey Explorer exploring several different shipwreck sites, aired two hours of footage of the Odyssey Explorer 's initial findings of the ship. The show included footage of the Odyssey Explorer 's crew finding a 42 pounder cannon that identified the wreck as the Victory. The crew raised a 42 pounder cannon and a 12 pounder cannon which are now on display at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard. In 2011 a Dutch salvage company was caught having illegally looted a cannon from the wreck site.
In January 2012 it was reported that the remains of HMS Victory are to be raised from the sea bed. The wreck is to be handed over to the Maritime Heritage Foundation, which is expected to employ Odyssey Marine Exploration to carry out the recovery. The terms of the contract with Odyssey Marine Exploration remain controversial, with concerns over, "allowing foreign investors to profit from the property, grave and memorial of Royal Navy personnel ''..
There has been research which has backed up anecdotal evidence that there is a possibility that Victory was carrying significant quantities of gold and silver when she sank which could be worth hundreds of millions of pounds. Lisbon was the bullion capital of Europe and the Mediterranean world and, following the blockade of the river Tagus, there would have been a backlog of bullion to transport to England and Royal Navy ships were often used to safely transport private coinage. In addition to this, admiral Sir John Balchin had recently captured six prize ships and could also have been carrying their assets. The Amsterdamsche Courant of 18 / 19 November 1744 describes how a huge sum of money was being carried by the flagship when she foundered: "People will have it that on board of the Victory was a sum of 400,000 pounds sterling that it had brought from Lisbon for our merchants. '' This would equate to approximately 4 tons of gold coins.
Treasure Quest (TV series)
Coordinates: 49 ° 42.5 ′ N 3 ° 33.3 ′ W / 49.7083 ° N 3.5550 ° W / 49.7083; - 3.5550
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when is a car considered a salvage title | Salvage title - wikipedia
In North America, a salvage title is a form of vehicle title branding, which notes that the vehicle has been damaged and / or deemed a total loss by an insurance company that paid a claim on it. The criteria for determining when a salvage title is issued differ considerably by each state, province or territory. In a minority of states and Canadian provinces, regulations require a salvage title for stolen or vandalized vehicles which are not recovered by police within 21 days. In such cases insurance companies declare a vehicle total loss and pay off the previous owner; but, in others, it is issued only for losses due to damage. Under some circumstances, a salvage title denotation may be removed or replaced with a Rebuilt Salvage designation; and cars imported to, or exported from, the United States may be issued a clean title regardless of history.
Because a salvage title can be issued to a vehicle with easily repairable problems or no damage whatsoever, the low cost of the salvaged motorcycle or car is appealing to some hobbyists and investors. Experts recommend caution when purchasing a salvaged vehicle, because there may be hidden damage, which, if unrepairable, may render the vehicle a "pile of parts. ''
In general, a vehicle is deemed "salvage '' when the insurer determines that the repair or replacement cost is in excess of approximately 70 % of its market value at the time of the accident or theft. Thresholds range between 50 % and 95 % of the vehicle 's value, while "total loss states '' leave the specifics to the insurer. In the state of Michigan, the issuance of a salvage title does not mean that the vehicle is also deemed a total loss. Michigan issues a salvage title when the damage equals 75 - 90 % of the pre-damage value; if the loss is 91 % or greater the vehicle is eligible only for a "scrap '' title, which can not be subsequently upgraded by any means. In Oregon, vehicles are determined to be Salvage title meet the 70 % total loss value as state previously, as well as when a vehicle is abandoned and worth less than $500.
Many people are confused about the actual repair cost that insurance companies use to deem the vehicle a salvage title. Skeptical shoppers automatically assume that 50 - 70 % repair to value ratio of a vehicle would suggest that the vehicle is completely totaled and beyond reasonable repair. This is not always true and the shoppers who understand this are the ones who can obtain very good bargains. Although it is true that salvage titles are typically issued to vehicles when the repair costs exceed 50 - 70 % of the vehicle value, this percentage needs to be considered in detail before assumptions are made.
Upon paying the claim, the insurer may offer to return the vehicle to the owner as an insurance buy - back, in which case the owner is responsible for having the repairs made and having the car inspected by a State - designated facility. Depending on the state, this inspection may remove the salvage brand from the vehicle 's title. The exact percentage of value that triggers the decision to total the vehicle is guided by applicable laws and regulations. The damage estimate is calculated at retail repair rates, which may be more than the cost of wholesale repair. Vehicles that are not bought back are auctioned as salvage to an auto recycler or a rebuilder and given a salvage title.
In the US, motorcycles and cars which carry a salvage title may not be registered and driven on public roads in most states, which impacts resale value. Rebranding of the title is not permitted without having an inspection to verify that they meet all safety standards. The inspection procedure may be complex, and attempts to illegally circumvent the inspections are periodically reported.
Industry standards followed by the National Automobile Dealers Association Appraisal Guides, Kelley Blue Book Market Report Official Guide, and the International Society of Automotive Appraisers devalue a motor vehicle that has a salvage title. The Kelley Blue Book automatically rates any salvage vehicle as "poor '' and does not value it at all. The value of a vehicle with a salvage title is generally 65 - 75 % lower than the vehicle 's estimated value.
If the vehicle is rebuilt to a road worthy condition and has passed State inspection, the difference in price is 60 - 70 % of fair KBB. These cars have "rebuild '' or "rebuild salvage '' annotation in the title and can be registered and operated just like a new car.
Cars that previously had "junk '' title and were restored to road worthy condition get a new title and VIN after state inspection. The new VIN will not match any other VIN numbers on the vehicle doors or panels. Year of the vehicle is determined by title issue date. These are considered to be self assembled cars.
Title washing refers to transferring a vehicle 's registration for the express purpose of removing a title brand. The practice is legal, and practiced by the insurance companies themselves. Title brands such as "salvage, '' "junk, '' and "rebuilt '' are not standardized, and a vehicle which has such a designation may receive a clean title when registered in a different jurisdiction. Further, vehicles imported to or exported from the United States and Canada are issued a clean title, even if they have been involved in an accident. Other states have relatively lax inspection criteria to remove the salvage brand.
Vehicle history reports sold by specialty services are intended to disclose the title history of the vehicle, including title washing. Because many US states do n't submit accident information to the central National Motor Vehicle Title Information System and junkyards do n't always file required paperwork for destroyed vehicles, the accuracy of these reports is not high. Consumer Reports noted that vehicle history checks would at times produce "clean '' results despite the vehicles ' being offered for sale as damaged on salvage - vehicle resale websites; title report provider Carfax settled a class - action lawsuit regarding the comprehensiveness of its reports in 2007.
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who has the fastest tennis serve of all time | Fastest recorded Tennis serves - wikipedia
This article lists the fastest recorded tennis serves in the men 's and women 's games. This list may not be historically complete. For instance, there are reports that Bill Tilden had a serve that was clocked at 163.3 mph but there is nothing to verify that.
Although the Association of Tennis Professionals does not formally recognise service speed records made in Challenger events due to the variance in radar guns, the serve of 263.4 km / h (163.7 mph) recorded by Australian Sam Groth at an ATP Challenger event in Busan, South Korea in May 2012 was measured using approved equipment, and other data gathered appeared within a normal range. However, John Isner holds the official record for the fastest serve at 253 km / h (157.2 mph).
Ivo Karlović with a 232 km / h (144 mph) second serve in the quarterfinals of the 2007 Legg Mason Tennis Classic in Washington, holds the record for the fastest second serve ever recorded.
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top 5 nba scoring leaders of all time | List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - wikipedia
This article provides two lists:
The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored.
This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years.
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who did butler lose to in the championship | Butler Bulldogs men 's basketball - wikipedia
Missouri Valley Conference 1933, 1934
Mid-American Conference 1947
Indiana Collegiate Conference 1952, 1953, 1959, 1961, 1962
The Butler Bulldogs men 's basketball team represents Butler University in Indianapolis, United States. The school 's team currently competes in the Big East Conference. Their current head coach is LaVall Jordan and they play their home games at Hinkle Fieldhouse.
Despite having played in a mid-major conference, Butler rose to national prominence in the 1990s. They ranked in most media polls for all but a few weeks from the 2006 -- 07 season to the 2011 -- 12 season, and competed in the postseason every year since 1997, except for 2004, 2005, and 2014. In the 2010 NCAA Tournament, Butler was the National runner - up to Duke, advancing to the National Championship Game after defeating Michigan State in the Final Four. With a total enrollment of only 4,500 students, Butler is the smallest school to play for a national championship since the tournament expanded to 64 teams in 1985. The Bulldogs also went to the championship game in the following NCAA Tournament, falling to UConn after defeating VCU in the Final Four. With the victory over VCU, Butler became the first mid-major program to reach the championship game in successive seasons since 1979, when seeding of the tournament began, and the only team from the state of Indiana to reach back - to - back championship games.
After spending one season in the Atlantic 10 Conference, Butler moved into the realigned basketball - only Big East Conference for the 2013 -- 14 season. Their first season was mediocre, finishing 9th out of 10 teams with a 14 -- 17 record, their first losing record since 2004 -- 05. In their second season, despite being picked to finish 7th, the Bulldogs surprised many by finishing tied for second place in the conference. Butler finished the 2015 -- 16 season in a tie for fourth place in Big East play with a record of 21 -- 11, 10 -- 8 in conference and receiving a bid to the NCAA Tournament where they advanced to the Second Round.
Because of the school 's history of basketball success, location in the heart of the land of "Hoosier Hysteria '', and lack of a scholarship football program, the Butler University fan base is primarily basketball oriented. Other athletics enjoy substantial followings of current students and alumni, but only basketball has garnered interest from a national audience.
Two studies estimated that television, print, and online news coverage of Butler 's 2010 and 2011 appearances in the NCAA tournament championship game resulted in additional publicity for the university worth about $1.2 billion. In an example of the "Flutie effect '', applications rose by 41 % after the 2010 appearance. In June 2011, USA Today ranked Butler as one of the top five colleges making use of social media. Specific to basketball, Butler 's mascot, Butler Blue, the men 's basketball program, head coach LaVall Jordan, and other coaches have university - endorsed Twitter accounts. Also, online communities BU Hoops, Butler Hoops, and / r / ButlerUniversity exist to facilitate discussion among fans. In 2013, a student - run podcast, called the "Front Row Hoopcast, '' was started to give commentary and insight to Butler Basketball from the student perspective.
In recent years, the Butler program has also received national attention for its philosophy to the game, which it calls "The Butler Way ''. At its core, The Butler Way calls for complete commitment and exalts teamwork above self.
The Bulldogs have appeared in 15 NCAA Tournaments. Their combined record is 23 -- 15.
* Following the introduction of the "First Four '' round in 2011, the Round of 64 and Round of 32 were referred to as the Second Round and Third Round, respectively, from 2011 to 2015. Then from 2016 moving forward, the Round 64 and Round of 32 will be called the First and Second rounds, as they were prior to 2011.
The Bulldogs have appeared in eight National Invitation Tournaments. Their combined record is 5 -- 8.
The Bulldogs have appeared in one College Basketball Invitational. Their record is 2 -- 1.
NBA & ABA players who attended Butler University
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame
National Coach of the Year
All - Americans
(*) Denotes Honorable Mention
Academic All - Americans
(*) Denotes 1st team (* *) Denotes 2nd team (* * *) Denotes 3rd team
Academic All - American of the Year
McDonald 's All - American
Senior Class Award
Big East Coach of the Year
Horizon League Player of the Year
Horizon League Coach of the Year
Indiana Collegiate Conference Player of the Year
Indiana Collegiate Conference Coach of the Year
MAC Most Valuable Player
Information on the awards comes from the 2009 -- 2010 media guide.
Source
Sources of information
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when is the next municipal election in canada | Canadian electoral calendar, 2018 - wikipedia
This is a list of elections in Canada scheduled to be held in 2018. Included are municipal, provincial and federal elections, by - elections on any level, referendums and party leadership races at any level.
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ottoman reforms launched a series of radical reforms in the nineteenth century known as the | Tanzimat - wikipedia
The Tanzimât (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات, Tanẓīmāt), literally meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire (see Nizam), was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.
It was characterised by various attempts to modernise the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements and external aggressive powers. The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire and attempted to stem the tide of nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire.
The reforms sought to emancipate the empire 's non-Muslim subjects and more thoroughly integrate non-Turks into Ottoman society by enhancing their civil liberties and granting them equality throughout the empire.
Many changes were made to improve civil liberties, but many Muslims saw them as foreign influence on the world of Islam. That perception complicated reformist efforts made by the state.
The reforms emerged from the minds of reformist sultans like Mahmud II, his son Abdulmejid I and prominent, often European - educated bureaucrats, who recognised that the old religious and military institutions no longer met the needs of the empire. Most of the symbolic changes, such as uniforms, were aimed at changing the mindset of imperial administrators. Many of the officials affiliated with the government were encouraged to wear a more western style of dress. Many of the reforms were attempts to adopt successful European practices. The reforms were heavily influenced by the Napoleonic Code and French law under the Second French Empire as a direct result of the increasing number of Ottoman students being educated in France. Changes included the elimination of the devshirme system of conscription in favour of universal conscription; educational, institutional and legal reforms; and systematic attempts at eliminating political corruption.
Also, a policy called Ottomanism was meant to unite all the different peoples living in Ottoman territories, "Muslim and non-Muslim, Turkish and Greek, Armenian and Jewish, Kurd and Arab ''. The policy officially began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839, declaring equality before the law for both Muslim and non-Muslim Ottomans.
The ambitious project was launched to combat the slow decline of the empire that had seen its borders shrink and its strength weaken in comparison to the European powers. There were both internal and external reasons for the reforms.
Internally, the Ottoman Empire hoped that getting rid of the millet system would lead to direct control of all of its citizens by the creation of a more - centralized government and an increase of the legitimacy of Ottoman rule. Another major hope was that by being more open to various demographics, more people would be attracted into the empire. There was fear of internal strife between Muslims and non-Muslims, and allowing more religious freedom to all was supposed to diminish this threat. Giving more rights to the Christians was considered likely to reduce the danger of outside intervention on their behalf.
The Ottomans became worried of an escalating intervention of the European powers in Ottoman affairs, another reason for the reforms. After the Crimean War, caused by Russia 's incursion into the Ottoman Empire in the 1850s, Ottoman leaders tried to avoid a repeat. They thought that the Great Powers would accept the Tanzimat as long as the reforms were ongoing.
Although the motives for the implementation of Tanzimât were burocratic, it was impulsed by liberal ministers and intellectuals like Kabuli Mehmed Pasha and the secret society Young Ottomans, and liberal minded like Midhat Pasha who is also often considered as one of the founders of the Ottoman Parliament. Thanks to the emerging internal, financial and diplomatic crises of 1875 -- 1876, Midhat Pasha introduce the constitution of 1876, ending the Tanzimat.
The Tanzimât reforms began under Sultan Mahmud II. On November 3, 1839, Sultan Abdülmecid issued a hatt - i sharif or imperial edict called the Edict of Gülhane or Tanzimât (تنظيمات) Fermânı. This was followed by several statutes enacting its policies.
In the edict the Sultan stated that he wished "to bring the benefits of a good administration to the provinces of the Ottoman Empire through new institutions. '' Among the reforms were
The Hatt - ı Şerif, lit. Noble Decree or Imperial Rescript of Gülhane, was the first major reform in the Tanzimat reforms under the government of sultan Abdulmecid and a crucial event in the movement towards secularization. The decree, named after the rosehouse (gülhane) on the grounds of the Topkapi Palace, abolished tax farming. It also created a bureaucratic system of taxation with salaried tax collectors. This reflects the centralizing effects of the Tanzimat reforms. Additionally, the Edict of Gülhane imposed forced military conscription within the administrative districts based on their population size.
However, the most significant clause of the Gülhane decree is the one enforcing the rule of law for all subjects, including non-Muslims, by guaranteeing the right to life and property for all. This put an end to the kul system, which allowed the ruler 's servants to be executed or have their property confiscated at his desire. These reforms sought to establish legal and social equality for all Ottoman citizens. The reforms eliminated the millet system in the Ottoman Empire. The millet system created religiously based communities that operated autonomously, so people were organized into societies, some of them often receiving privileges. This clause terminated the privileges of these communities and constructed a society where all followed the same law.
The new reforms called for an almost complete reconstruction of public life in the Ottoman Empire. Under the reconstruction, a system of state schools was established to produce government clerics. Ottomans were encouraged to enroll. Each province was organized so that each governor would have an advisory council and specified duties in order to better serve the territory. The new reforms also called for a modern financial system with a central bank, treasury bonds and a decimal currency. Finally, the reforms implemented the expansion of roads, canals and rail lines for better communication and transportation.
The reaction to the edict was not entirely positive. Christians in the Balkans refused to support the reforms because they wanted an autonomy that became more difficult to achieve under centralized power. In fact, its adoption spurred some provinces to seek independence by rebelling. It took strong British backing in maintaining Ottoman territory to ensure that the reforms were instated.
The Reform Edict of 1856 was intended to carry out the promises of the Tanzimat. The Edict is very specific about the status of non-Muslims, making it possible "to see it as the outcome of a period of religious restlessness that followed the Edict of 1839. '' Officially, part of the Tanzimat 's goal was to make the state intolerant to forced conversion to Islam, also making the execution of apostates from Islam illegal. Despite the official position of the state in the midst of the Tanzimat reforms, this tolerance of non-Muslims seems to have been seriously curtailed, at least until the Reform Edict of 1856. The Ottoman Empire had tried many different ways to reach out to non-Muslims. First they tried to reach out to them by giving all non-Muslims an option to apply for Dhimmi status. Having Dhimmi status gave non-Muslims the ability to live in the Ottoman Empire and own property but this ability was not without special taxes (jizya).
For the "Ottoman ruling elite, ' freedom of religion ' meant ' freedom to defend their religion. ' ''
Although the Edict of Gülhane and the Tanzimat provided strong guidelines for society, it was not a constitution and did not replace the authority of the sultan.
Still, the Tanzimat reforms had far - reaching effects overall. Those educated in the schools established during the Tanzimat period included major personalities of the nation states that would develop from the Ottoman Empire, such as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and other progressive leaders and thinkers of the Republic of Turkey and many other personalities from the Balkans, the Middle East and North Africa. The system was ultimately undone by negotiations with the Great Powers following the Crimean War. As part of the Charter of 1856, European powers demanded a much stronger sovereignty for ethnic communities within the empire, differing from the Ottomans, who envisioned equality meaning identical treatment under the law for all citizens. That served to strengthen the Christian middle class, increasing their economic and political power.
Arab notables generally opposed the Tanzimat. They could see that positions of administrative authority in the changing Ottoman state were going to young men trained in the government schools. Beginning in the 1870s, many of the leading Arab families adopted the practice of enrolling their sons in the higher academies of Istanbul. Upon completing their studies, these young Arabs obtained positions in the Ottoman bureaucracy and thus gave their families access to the government. Indeed, throughout the Tanzimat, the Arab urban elite managed to preserve their privileges and to make themselves indispensable to the Ottoman officials sent out from Istanbul. The politics of the notables survived the centralizing reforms.
The reforms peaked in 1876 with the implementation of an Ottoman constitution checking the autocratic powers of the Sultan. The details of this period are covered under the First Constitutional Era. Although the new Sultan Abdülhamid II signed the first constitution, he quickly turned against it.
State institutions were reorganized; laws were updated according to the needs of the changing world; modern education, clothing, architecture, arts, and lifestyle were encouraged. This reorganization and addition of state institutions resulted in an enormous increase in the number of bureaucrats in the Ottoman Empire.
Some scholars argue that from the Muslim 's population traditional Islamic view, the Tanzimat 's fundamental change regarding the non-Muslims, from a status of a subjugated population (dhimmi) to that of equal subjects, was in part responsible for the Hamidian massacres and subsequent Armenian Genocide. In their view, these were inevitable backlashes from the Muslim community to the legal changes, as the Tanzimat 's values were imposed from above and did not reflect those of society.
In Lebanon, the Tanzimat reforms were intended to return to the tradition of equality for all subjects before the law. However, the Sublime Porte assumed that the underlying hierarchical social order would remain unchanged. Instead, the upheavals of reform would allow for different understandings of the goals of the Tanzimat. The elites in Mount Lebanon, in fact, interpreted the Tanzimat far differently from one another, leading to ethno - religious uprisings among newly emancipated Maronites. As a result, "European and Ottoman officials engaged in a contest to win the loyalty of the local inhabitants -- the French by claiming to protect the Maronites; the British, the Druze; and the Ottomans by proclaiming the sultan 's benevolence toward all his religiously equal subjects. ''
In Palestine, land reforms, especially the change in land ownership structure via the Ottoman Land Law of 1858, allowed Russian Jews to buy land, thus enabling them to immigrate there under the first Aliya. In order to boost its tax base, the Ottoman state required Arabs in Palestine, as elsewhere, to register their lands for the first time. As a rule the fellahin did n't trust the ailing regime, fearing that registration would only lead to higher taxation and conscription. Prevailing illiteracy among the fellahin meant in the end that many local mukhtars were able to collectively register village lands under their own name. Thus, they were able to later claim ownership and to sell the local peasants ' lands out from under their feet to the new Jewish immigrants, as they themselves relocated permanently to Syria or Turkey. Alternately, rich Christian or Muslim families, the class of the ' Effendis ', were able to accumulate large amounts of land which they exploited by themselves or sold on.
In Armenia, the Armenian National Constitution (Turkish: "Nizâmnâme − i Millet − i Ermeniyân '') of 1863 was approved by the Ottoman government. The "Code of Regulations '' consisted of 150 articles drafted by the Armenian intelligentsia and defined the powers of the Armenian Patriarch under the Ottoman Millet System and the newly formed "Armenian National Assembly ''.
http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/14/62/10/PDF/LafiEminonuOttomanReforms.pdf
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