[
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1931, "culture": " English\n", "content": "HISTORY ***\n    [Illustration: INDIAN YOUTH AT \u201cSCHOOL\u201d (PAINTING BY A. O.\n    TIEMANN).]\n                         IN WISCONSIN\u2019S HISTORY\nThe author, a member of the History Division of the Milwaukee Public\nMuseum, died January 26, 1951, shortly after completing the manuscript\nof this handbook.\n    [Illustration: Indian head]\n                POPULAR SCIENCE HANDBOOK SERIES    NO. 6\n                        DESIGNED AND PRINTED AT\n                      THE MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM\n         WISCONSIN\u2019S INDIANS BEFORE THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN\n    [Illustration: ROACH HEADDRESS (MUSEUM EXHIBIT).]\nIt is difficult now to realize that Wisconsin, famed as a dairy state\nand rich in farm land and thriving communities, was once a great\nwilderness. Before the land was cleared for the farmer\u2019s plow and with\nits dense forests yet to hear the lumberjack\u2019s axe, the thick timberland\nof the north and even the rolling prairies of the central and southern\nportions of our state teemed with a great variety of wild life,\nincluding animals no longer occurring in Wisconsin, such as the woodland\ncaribou, moose, elk, and buffalo or bison, as well as the more familiar\ndeer, bear, and many smaller varieties.\nBefore the arrival of the Europeans, this Wisconsin wilderness was the\nhome of Indians who were wonderfully adapted to a life in the forests.\nThey depended almost entirely on hunting and the gathering of natural\nproducts for their food, shelter, clothing, tools, and weapons, although\nmost of them raised some garden crops such as corn, squash, beans, and\npossibly tobacco.\nLet\u2019s pretend that we can travel backwards in time about 350 years and\nvisit a typical Indian family of that period. As we arrive on the scene\nthe tribe is preparing to set up a new camp. The women are busy\nunpacking their household gear, including reed mats used to cover the\nouter sides of the wigwam. The women themselves have carried the loads\nduring the journey. This is not done because of any laziness on the part\nof the men, a common error of white observers, but simply because the\nmen need their hands free to ward off a sudden enemy attack, or to kill\nany game they might chance upon during the journey.\nWhile the women unpack, the men enter the woods to cut poles for the\nframework of the wigwams, and collect birch bark for the roofs. After\nthe poles are set into the ground to make an oval enclosure, they are\nbent and tied together at the top to form a rounded roof. The women then\ntie on the reed mats, and roof the hut with the rolls of bark. This is\nthe typical Wisconsin Indian winter lodge. Although it is the latter\npart of March, the weather is still too cold to live comfortably in a\nsummer lodge.\nIf we lift the bearskin covering the entrance and step into the lodge,\nwe may see the simple furnishings and personal possessions of the family\nwe are going to visit. A hole in the middle of the roof serves to carry\noff the smoke from the fire burning in the center of the floor. This\nfire serves the double purpose of heating the lodge and cooking the\nfamily meals. We find the hut almost too smoky to endure, accustomed as\nwe are to our modern homes, but our Indian friends seem quite\ncomfortable.\nSince our Indian family is fairly large, including the father\u2019s parents\nas well as the mother, father, two boys, and two girls, the wigwam is\nproportionately large in order to accommodate all of them.\nWe look about the inside of the lodge and see the sleeping mats and\nfurs. The family\u2019s spare clothing, breechclouts, shirts, leggings, and\nmoccasins of tanned deerskin for the men, and skirts, blouses, and\nmoccasins for the women, are in one corner. The garments are beautifully\ndecorated with designs grandma embroidered on them with dyed porcupine\nquills. The work is quite fine and it takes many hours to do a small\nportion of the embroidery. Father is especially fond of his headdress, a\nroach made of deer and porcupine hair, and an eagle feather which\nindicates that he has killed an enemy in battle.\n    [Illustration: WIGWAMS, OR WINTER LODGES.]\nAs we step outside again and look about, we can see why this particular\nspot has been chosen as the campsite. A small lake and several springs\nare only a short distance away, but the most important reason for\ncamping here at this season is a large grove of sugar maple trees\nimmediately to one side of the camp. March is the proper time to tap the\ntrees for their sap.\nThe next two or three weeks are spent tapping the trees, and boiling the\nsap down until maple syrup, and finally only maple sugar is left. This\nsugar keeps indefinitely and provides a very nourishing as well as a\ndelicious source of food for the entire family. The children are\nespecially fond of it.\nIt is not a case of all work and no play during this period, for the\nchildren, Morning Star, White Fawn, Blackbird, and Little Otter, play\ngames when their tasks are finished, and gambling games are popular with\nthe men and women. Here we see mother and some neighbor women playing\nthe cup and pin game. Each player in turn tosses into the air small\ncone-shaped cups made of antler tips or bear-toe bones, and tries to\ncatch one or more on a bone pin. The men are enthusiastic gamblers, too,\nusing marked sticks which are thrown and scored somewhat like our own\nfamiliar dice games.\nWhen the sugar making is finished, the tribe breaks camp and travels by\nbirch-bark canoe to a new location. The canoes are wonderfully light\nboats and can be paddled very swiftly. Their light weight makes them\nrelatively easy to carry or portage from one stream to another. Our\ncanoe has eyes painted on the bow and stern. The father explains that\nthese eyes enable the canoe to \u201csee where to go.\u201d\n    [Illustration: INDIAN CHILDREN AT PLAY (PAINTING BY A. O. TIEMANN).]\n    [Illustration: BIRCH-BARK CANOE.]\nAt the new summer camp we watch our friends build summer lodges. These\nare rectangular in shape with inverted-V-shaped roofs much like our own\nhouses. The entire lodge is covered with strips of elm or other bark.\nAs is often the case, the new campsite is near a river, and springs\nnearby furnish cool, pure drinking water. There are also open clearings\ncloseby which will be utilized for gardening. The next few weeks,\nhowever, will be used for making necessary utensils and equipment needed\nby the tribe.\n    [Illustration: SUMMER LODGE.]\n    [Illustration: ANCIENT WOODLAND POTTERY VESSEL.]\nOne day we are interested observers of pottery making. Grandma goes to a\nclay bed near the river and selects suitable materials including some\ncoarse sand for tempering the pottery paste, which is made of both clay\nand sand. The paste is worked into long cylinders which are finally\ncoiled about into the desired shape. After the vessel has assumed final\nshape it is paddled with a cord-wrapped tool and allowed to air-dry for\nseveral days, and finally baked in a large outdoor fire. The finished\npot can be used to boil water or cook food, and has the advantage of\nbeing easily replaced in case of breakage.\nMay soon arrives, and as this is the time to plant corn, our Indian\nfamily selects a suitable clearing for their garden. The men burn out\nthe underbrush and the women and girls prepare for the planting itself.\nGrandma informs us that it is always best to soak the grains in water\nseveral days before seeding. After the seeds have been properly\nsoftened, the women and girls dig holes in the ground, place six or\nseven grains of corn in each hole, and then heap up the dirt over the\nseeds in a little hillock. Squash and beans are planted in the clearing,\ntoo.\nOne day we are told that the tribe is going to have a game drive, since\nconsiderable meat is needed by the village. We go along into the forest\nand watch the men chop down trees with their stone axes. These are all\nfelled in one direction, the cut incomplete so that the tree is still\nattached to the stump, and in two rows so as to leave a gradually\nnarrowing corridor more than a mile long. The deer are then driven\ntowards the corridor where men stationed with bows are able to shoot\nthem easily as they approach the narrow opening between the barriers.\nA number of the animals are killed in this way and taken back to the\nvillage where their flesh can be preserved by being cut into strips and\nsmoke-dried. We are all too hungry, however, to wait until we return to\nthe village before eating. The chief says we can have some boiled\nvenison stew. We are puzzled at this, for no utensils have been brought\nalong, but we soon learn how resourceful our Indian friends are.\nOne of the men obtains some edible roots; another cuts the stomachs from\nseveral of the deer. Each one of the stomachs is cleaned and tied to\nform a pouch. The venison, roots, and some wild rice which some of the\nmen brought along, are placed in the prepared deer stomachs, water\nadded, and the ingenious \u201ckettles\u201d suspended over a slow fire. In a\nrelatively short time a delicious stew is set before each of us, served\nin birch-bark dishes prepared in a few minutes by another of the\nhunters.\nWhile we are eating we ask the father of the Indian family we are\nvisiting how the chief of his tribe obtained his position. We are told\nthat his ability as a warrior and leader has led to his being chosen war\nchief, and his ability as an orator and his power to make people like\nhim has kept him in authority. He says that in a nearby village the\nchief is also a great war leader, but he is not well liked otherwise.\nFor that reason he sometimes finds it difficult to make his warriors\nobey him and he is therefore not nearly as powerful as our leader. We\nsoon realize that the Indian chiefs depend primarily upon personal\nprestige and influence to keep them in power. We are informed, however,\nthat in some other tribes the chief is always selected from a certain\nclan.\n    [Illustration: YOUTH FASTING FOR A VISION (PAINTING BY A. O.\n    TIEMANN).]\nOne morning we witness a curious ceremony. Grandfather offers Blackbird,\nthe older boy, some charcoal as well as his food. The father seems very\nproud when his son rejects the food, applies the charcoal to his face,\nand leaves the village to enter the forest alone. Grandfather explains\nthat Blackbird, by accepting the charcoal, automatically agreed to fast\nalone in the forest for one day. This one-day fast will be good training\nfor the day when he will feel ready to go on the long fast of four or\nfive days. Every man has taken this long fast in the hope of seeing a\nvision of a guardian spirit who would then be his lifetime protector.\nThe girls, too, must fast, but in a somewhat different fashion. Soon\nMorning Star, the older girl in our friend\u2019s family, will reach\nwomanhood and be segregated for a number of days in a secluded lodge,\nand during this period no men may approach her.\nThe summer season rapidly nears an end. We have enjoyed ourselves\nwatching the activities of our friends at work and at play. We have\nlearned, too, some of the beliefs of our friends. Grandfather has told\nus stories about the great white bear with the copper tail who dwells\nunderground and is the greatest power for evil. He has told the children\nhow the \u201cIndian Sandman,\u201d a good-natured elf, would put people to sleep\nat night by hitting them on the head with a soft war club. We have\nlearned, too, of the many spirits for good and evil who control the sun,\nmoon, stars, winds, rain, thunder, and all the other phenomena of\nnature. One evening he pointed out the Milky Way and told us that this\nwas the road over which the dead travelled to the land of the spirits.\nHe also warned us about entering the woods alone at night because of the\nevil, living skeleton which haunts the forest paths seeking unwary men.\n    [Illustration: TALES OF THE SPIRIT WORLD (PAINTING BY A. O.\n    TIEMANN).]\n    [Illustration: THE RICE GATHERER.]\nAutumn, the time for harvesting garden crops as well as various wild\nvegetable foods, is a season of hard work for all. Corn is the most\nimportant garden crop, and from time to time we have sampled the ripe\ngrain. The women have served us some roasted on the cob, or the fresh\nkernels ground with a wooden mortar and pestle and served as a sort of\nporridge. The ripe corn is now gathered and the ears will be allowed to\ndry. The dried kernels can then be ground into a meal, as needed, since\nthe dry corn will remain edible for a long time.\nWild rice is the most important vegetable food provided for the Indians\nby nature. One day, in the middle of September, we all go a short\ndistance up the river in our canoes and enter a small lake. Here the\nwild grain grows in great quantities. The men selected by the chief to\ndetermine when the rice is ready to be gathered have already given us\nthe signal that the grain is ripe. We learn, however, that one more\nfunction is required before we can proceed with the harvesting of the\nrice.\nThe chief medicine man of our village approaches the edge of the water\nand blows tobacco smoke towards the heavens as an offering to his\n\u201cGrandfather,\u201d the \u201cMaster of the Rice.\u201d He then buries a small portion\nof tobacco in the ground, and we are ready to proceed.\nIn each canoe, as the man poles the boat slowly through the rice, the\nwoman, who sits facing the man, pulls the stalks over the canoe with one\ncedar stick, while with another stick she beats the ripe grain into the\nboat. When the canoes are full, we head back for camp where the rice is\nspread out to dry.\nThen the women heat the unhusked kernels in a pot over a slow fire until\nall have partially popped open. Next a small pit is dug and a stake set\ninto the ground beside it. The depression is lined with buckskin and\nfilled with the parched grain. The father then takes hold of the stake,\nsteps into the grain-filled pit, and begins treading the grain with his\nfeet to loosen the husks from the kernels.\nThe women take the grain from the pit and toss it up and down in bark\nwinnowing trays. The wind blows away the light chaff as the grain is\ntossed into the air, and allows only the kernels to fall back into the\ntray.\nThe time soon arrives for our friends to break camp and seek a winter\ncampsite where the hunting is known to be good. Hunting and fishing will\nbe the main source of food during the winter season.\nAt the new campsite, storage pits lined with birch bark are dug in the\nground to be used for storing the nuts, dried berries, dried corn, and\nrice that have been gathered and prepared during the Autumn. If hunting\nis poor, or if a severe winter threatens famine to the village, this\nstored food may be the sole means of preventing starvation.\nIt is now time for us to leave our Indian friends, but before we go we\nlearn that the winter season will be spent not only in the pursuits of\nfishing through the ice and hunting, but also, in the telling of\nstories, singing, and playing many different games. When the snows are\ndeep, the tribe will don snowshoes for their hunting trips. We will miss\nseeing them play snowsnake. In this game the Indians compete with each\nother to see who can hurl the wooden \u201csnake\u201d the greatest distance\nacross the snow or ice. We are sorry to miss all these things, but the\ntime has come for us to end our visit.\nAs we say farewell to our friends from the distant past, we reflect\nregretfully that the coming of the white man will change the old ways of\nlife for these people of the forests, and soon their independence and\nfreedom will vanish forever. The Indians seem destined to become largely\ndependent upon the whites for their livelihood, and even for the few\nremnants of land to be left them for their homes.\n    [Illustration: THRASHING RICE (MUSEUM EXHIBIT).]\n                 WISCONSIN\u2019S INDIANS UNDER FRENCH RULE\n    [Illustration: THE FUR TRADERS (MUSEUM MURAL BY A. O. TIEMANN).]\nFew of us realize that the early history of Wisconsin is as romantic as\nany our eastern seaboard states can boast. The area that is now the\nState of Wisconsin became the gateway into the Middlewest and the\nmeeting place for the French and the Indian tribes of what was then\nregarded as the West. This early period of French control was an era in\nwhich Jesuit missionaries carried the doctrine of Christianity from\nvillage to village, often visiting tribes that had never before seen\nwhite men. It was a time when the French traders, lured by the love of\nadventure and romance as well as the wealth to be obtained in the fur\ntrade, pushed through the forests and followed strange rivers until they\nreached the villages of unknown Wisconsin Indians. It was in these\nvillages that such traders, including the \u201cnoblest\u201d youth of New France,\nlived with the Indians, sat in their councils, took part in their war\ndances, accompanied their war parties to battle, and often married their\nwomen.\nIt was in this early French Regime that Wisconsin\u2019s Indian tribes\nunderwent great changes in their manner of life due to contacts with the\nwhite man\u2019s civilization, It was a time of warfare and a struggle for\nsupremacy in North America between the British and the French, and their\nIndian allies, with Wisconsin\u2019s tribes espoused to the cause of the\nFrench. It was the heyday of the fur trade with literally millions of\nbeaver and other skins being taken from Wisconsin to enrich the trader\nand obtain white man\u2019s goods for the Indians.\nDespite the fact that Wisconsin\u2019s Indians all lived in pretty much the\nsame manner, most of us are aware that there were different tribes in\nour state at various times, and that they spoke different languages in\nsome instances. If we use a comparison from European languages, we might\nbetter understand the character of these Indian languages. German,\nEnglish, and Swedish all originated from the same parent tongue and\nbelong to the same basic language division. English and Chinese are\nunrelated tongues belonging to different basic language stocks. Thus,\nwhile many words are very similar in English and German, in English and\nChinese no apparent similarity exists.\nThree basic language divisions, Algonkian, Siouan, and Iroquoian, were\nrepresented by Wisconsin\u2019s Indians. Algonkian was represented by such\ntribes as the Menomini, Potawatomi, Chippewa, Mascouten, Sauk, Fox,\nOttawa, and Kickapoo. Relatively late arrivals to Wisconsin (in the\n1800\u2019s), also speaking Algonkian tongues, were the Munsee, Brotherton,\nand Stockbridge tribes. The Siouan group included the Winnebago, and the\nSantee division of the Dakota Sioux. The Huron and the Oneida (the\nlatter also arriving in the 1800\u2019s) were Wisconsin representatives of\nthe Iroquoian language stock. The differences become more apparent when\nwe realize that languages in the Iroquoian division would be as\ndifferent from those in the Algonkian stock as English is from Chinese.\nThe historic period in Wisconsin began when Jean Nicolet, the first\nknown white man to visit Wisconsin, landed near what is now Green Bay,\nin 1634. Nicolet\u2019s mission was to arrange a peace between the powerful\nWinnebago tribe, or Puans, as they were known to the French, and the\nOttawa who were then acting as middlemen between the French and the\nIndians of the unknown Middlewest.\n    [Illustration: THE LANDING OF NICOLET (MUSEUM MURAL BY GEORGE\n    PETER).]\nNicolet\u2019s journey into the Wisconsin wilderness, a mere fourteen years\nafter the landing of our pilgrim forefathers at Plymouth Rock, was the\nbeginning of the period of French exploration and rule in Wisconsin\nwhich is as romantic and fascinating a story as any in our country\u2019s\nhistory. Imagine Nicolet\u2019s emotion as he approached his destination, a\nlone white man with seven Indians for companions, in a country which, as\nfar as was known, had never before been visited by a white man. He had\nno idea as to what sort of reception he would receive from these strange\npeople he was to visit. Their friendliness or enmity would be determined\nupon arrival. Fortunately he was hailed as a great visitor, and feasted\nand entertained accordingly.\nOnly three Indian tribes are definitely known to have been residents of\nWisconsin when Nicolet visited here in 1634. These were the Winnebago;\nthe Menomini, who resided along the shores of the Menominee River above\nGreen Bay; and the Santee Sioux, whose villages were scattered along the\nupper reaches of the Mississippi River in northwestern Wisconsin and\neastern Minnesota.\nDocumentary evidence strongly suggests that some other tribes, often\nmentioned as early residents, as, for example, the Mascouten, did not\narrive until a generation later. Archaeological findings conclusively\nshow the prehistoric occupation of Wisconsin by the Santee Sioux and the\nWinnebago, and support the probability of prehistoric occupation by the\nMenomini. Thus Wisconsin was controlled primarily by Siouan speaking\npeoples in 1634. The peaceful Menomini were far outnumbered by their\npowerful neighbors, the Winnebago, but this situation was soon to change\nradically.\n    [Illustration: WINNEBAGO VILLAGE (PAINTING BY A. O. TIEMANN).]\nEvents occurring far to the East, in what is now New York State and\neastern Canada, were to profoundly affect and change the Indian\npopulation of Wisconsin. When the French began permanent settlement\nalong the St. Lawrence they found the Huron and the Iroquois Confederacy\nengaged in a death struggle for supremacy in the area. The French\nespoused the cause of the Hurons who quickly became the middlemen in the\nfur trade between the French and the western Indians.\nThe Iroquois, who were farmers and hence controlled less land than\nhunting tribes who were their neighbors, soon depleted their land of fur\nbearing animals and began to plan acquisition of land held by nearby\ntribes. At about this time the Dutch considerately gave the Iroquois\nguns, and by this act unleashed what was probably the most potent Indian\nmilitary confederacy in North America upon the Hurons, who were\npractically exterminated in an amazingly short time. The Erie, Tobacco\nNation, and Neutrals soon suffered the same fate as the Hurons.\nThe Algonkian tribes, attacked first by the Neutrals and then by the\nvictorious Iroquois, fled pell-mell into eastern Michigan and the Sault\narea. Eventually most of these tribes either went around the southern or\nthe northern extremity of Lake Michigan to arrive in the relative\nsecurity of wilderness Wisconsin.\nThe exact dates for the arrival of these various dispossessed eastern\ntribes are not certain. We do know that they probably came to Wisconsin\nsometime after Nicolet\u2019s visit in 1634. The Mascouten, Potawatomi,\nKickapoo, Sauk, and Fox were coming into Wisconsin before 1654. Some\nHuron and Ottawa settled here temporarily at this time, but by 1678 were\ncompelled by the Sioux to flee back to the Sault. The Chippewa stayed\naround and west of the Straits of Mackinac and actually did not settle\nin Wisconsin until about 1670.\n    [Illustration: SAUK AND FOX INDIANS (FROM MAXIMILIAN).]\n    [Illustration: CHIPPEWA INDIANS (FROM GEO. CATLIN).]\nThe Winnebago at first defended themselves vigorously against the\ninvading refugee tribes; however, this constant warfare greatly reduced\ntheir numerical strength. Further decimated by plagues, probably\nsmallpox introduced by the whites, and by famine, the Winnebago were\ncompelled to make peace with the invading Algonkians who eventually\nsettled in great numbers along the Upper and Lower Fox rivers, the lower\nreaches of the Wolf River, and in the vicinity of Green Bay.\nFur trade with the western Indians was successfully blocked by the\nrampaging Iroquois for twenty odd years after Nicolet\u2019s voyage of\nexploration into the Middlewest, but with the establishment of a brief\npeace, the Ottawa, who had assumed the position of middlemen in the fur\ntrade, sent a large canoe fleet to the western Indians and soon returned\nwith large quantities of furs which had been accumulated by the Indians\nduring the Iroquois War.\nOn the return journey two young Frenchmen, Radisson and Groseilliers,\nwent into Wisconsin with the Ottawa and became the first known white\ntraders in the area. Other traders quickly followed their example, and\nby 1670, the fur trade in Wisconsin was proceeding at a good pace.\nThe Indians, even before actually being visited by the whites, had\nreceived European implements by trade with other Indians and soon\nlearned the superiority of iron knives and axes over those of stone. The\narrival of the white traders with their guns, kettles, cloth, brandy,\nand many other trade items was eagerly awaited by the Indians of what is\nnow Wisconsin.\nAs early as 1668, Perrot and traders with him had brought furs to Green\nBay (La Baye). Great activity in the fur trade was quick to follow with\nthe French traders using guns and brandy particularly as an inducement\nto increase the tempo of fur trapping by the Indian. The Indian was as\nanxious to obtain the white man\u2019s goods as the trader was to obtain the\nIndian\u2019s furs. This formed the basis for an understanding mutually\nagreeable to Indian and trader alike.\nThe fur trade, during the French Regime, went through many changes due\nto changing circumstances, and the issuing of different regulations from\ntime to time. The discovery of new western lands and tribes spurred\nliterally hundreds of Canadian youths to seek these virgin territories\nand the riches in furs to be had there. At first traders persuaded the\nIndians to make the long trip to Montreal with their furs. The presence\nof so many traders in the forests, however, soon made these long trips\nunnecessary. By the time Perrot began trading in Wisconsin the traders\nwere carrying their goods to the Indians in their own country.\nRegulations required that all traders must be licensed, or buy _Conges_\nas they were called. Twenty-five of these were issued each year and\npermitted the trader to take a designated load of goods into the\ninterior to be traded for the Indian\u2019s furs. The presence of great\nnumbers of unlicensed traders in the woods was responsible for an edict\nfrom the king declaring such illegal traders to be outlaws. The\npunishment for such activities was death. These outlaw traders were\nknown as _coureurs de bois_ and were actually never hampered too much by\nthe stringent laws passed against them.\nDuring the latter part of the 17th century outposts were built to help\ncontrol the trade. Nicolas Perrot built posts at Mt. Trempealeau, at\nLake Pepin, and at the mouth of the Wisconsin River. The Sieur DuLhut\n(Duluth) built posts in the Lake Superior region.\nSince these terms are often misused, it might be best to briefly\ndescribe the following occupations: A _bourgeois_, was an owner of goods\nand a license; the hired men were called _engages_; those hired men who\nonly carried the goods and paddled the canoe for a stipulated daily hire\nwere called _voyageurs_. The _coureurs de bois_ and sometimes the\n_voyageurs_ were usually the ones who often remained in the forests and\n\u201cwent native.\u201d\n    [Illustration: uncaptioned]\n    [Illustration: PIERRE RADDISON (COURTESY OF WISCONSIN STATE\n    HISTORICAL SOCIETY).]\nThe impact of the white man\u2019s civilization was bound to profoundly\nchange the life and geography of the Indians, and, particularly in the\nearly French period, this change was extremely rapid. Three groups were\nactively working to institute changes in the Indian pattern of life.\nThese were the fur trader, whose goods revolutionized the material\nculture of the natives, the Jesuit missionaries who hoped to convert the\ntribes to Christianity, and the French government itself, which\nattempted at various times to relocate the tribes, form confederacies,\nand even to \u201ccivilize\u201d them.\nThe fur trader was the only one of the three groups who really succeeded\nin materially changing the Indian\u2019s way of life, although his success\nwas unintentional. So completely did the materials of the white man\nreplace those of the Indian that within a few short generations almost\nno one knew how to make stone tools and weapons, pottery vessels, bows\nand arrows, and many other aboriginal products which were abandoned as\nrapidly as superior goods of the whites were made available.\nThe change in tools and weapons naturally changed the Indians\u2019 pattern\nof life in many ways, but the entire economy of the tribes was affected\ngreatly by the fur trade. The Indian\u2019s need for the white man\u2019s goods\nwas great and he became more and more dependent upon the trader. As the\ntempo of fur trading increased, the Indian began devoting almost all of\nhis time to hunting and trapping until, in a sense, he became an\nemployee in a great \u201cfur-trade factory\u201d with the goods he received from\nthe trader representing his wages. Much of the Indian\u2019s old life of\nfreedom gradually disappeared, since failure to obtain guns or powder\nand bullets meant starvation for the Indian and his family.\n    [Illustration: JESUIT MISSIONARY.]\n    [Illustration: uncaptioned]\nPerhaps the worst effect of the contact between the Europeans and the\nIndians was the introduction of brandy, always an effective persuader in\nbargaining, and the introduction of European diseases, particularly\nvenereal disease and smallpox, the latter in some instances wiping out\nentire tribes. The tendency for tribes to congregate around fur-trade\nareas at the behest of the traders also had a detrimental effect upon\nthe Indians. In the Fox River valley and around Green Bay this\noverpopulation resulted in famine and the voluntary exodus of some\ntribes before 1700, among them the Miami and some of the Kickapoo and\nMascouten.\nIt should be noted that the adoption of new materials and living habits\nwas not entirely one-sided. The white man learned how to use the\nIndian\u2019s birch-bark canoe, many of his foods, tobacco, moccasins, snow\nshoes, and often buckskin clothing.\nBoth the Jesuits and the French military deliberately aimed at changing\nthe Indian\u2019s way of life but their aims were in direct opposition to one\nanother. The Jesuits were not interested in \u201ccivilizing\u201d the Indians.\nThey desired to see these simple people maintained in their original\nignorance except for their belief in the \u201cOne True God,\u201d and such simple\nimprovements in agriculture and other techniques as would improve their\nlot as mission Indians. The Jesuits, not without some justification,\nregarded contact between their charges and the French traders and\nsoldiers as having a demoralizing influence.\n    [Illustration: MENOMINI INDIAN MEDICINE LODGE CEREMONY (PAINTING BY\n    A. O. TIEMANN).]\nDespite great heroism and prodigious efforts on the part of the\nmissionaries, permanent effects on the Indians by the Jesuits was to\nprove almost negligible. The Wisconsin Indian was highly war-like and\nfound it difficult to appreciate the humility preached by the\nmissionary. The Indian regarded such behavior as effeminate.\n    [Illustration: FATHER JACQUES MARQUETTE (COURTESY OF MARQUETTE\n    UNIVERSITY).]\nNevertheless, the story of their efforts to Christianize the tribes, and\nthe valor of these missionaries in exploring unknown territory, makes a\nfascinating story in our state\u2019s history. Not the least among such\nheroic deeds was the great voyage of exploration by Father Jacques\nMarquette and Louis Joliet. Traveling up the Fox River, crossing over on\nfoot at what is now Portage, Wisconsin, and proceeding down the\nWisconsin River, the two explorers entered the Mississippi River on the\nseventeenth of June, 1673. They explored the great river as far south as\nthe Arkansas River and then returned, by way of the Illinois River. This\ngreat discovery made known a continuous water route from the Atlantic\nOcean to the Gulf of Mexico, and opened to the French the interior of a\nvast continent.\nIt was the desire to exploit and unify this vast wilderness empire that\nled the French leaders to attempt deliberate changes in the Wisconsin\nIndian geography and political structure. This was necessary in order to\nstrengthen the Wisconsin tribes and keep them fighting the Iroquois who\nconsistently raided the western Indians and the French settlements along\nthe St. Lawrence.\nLaSalle conceived the idea of a great Indian confederacy which, it was\nhoped, would be able to successfully oppose the mighty Iroquois, and so\nbuilt forts in the Illinois country to help defend the area. The\nWisconsin Mascouten and Kickapoo left this area, partly because of their\ndesire to join the confederacy and partly because of population pressure\nin the Fox River valley.\nThe year before the Iroquois invasions of 1680, DuLhut helped to\nstrengthen the French cause by negotiating peace between the Dakota\nSioux and their enemy of long standing, the Chippewa, and also\nreconciling the Dakota Sioux and Assiniboine, who had been warring for\nthirty years.\nNicolas Perrot probably was the most influential French officer ever to\nhave worked with the Wisconsin tribes. It was mainly through his\nconstant efforts that they were kept from going over to the Iroquois\nwhen the tribes felt that the French had abandoned them. Perrot was\nprobably the only Frenchman to remain consistently on friendly terms\nwith the Foxes, who eventually were to engage the French in the\nbloodiest Indian war ever to be fought on Wisconsin soil. Perrot\nconstantly travelled from village to village organizing raids against\nthe Iroquois, raids which eventually assisted in forcing the Iroquois to\nsue for peace. The French, through the efforts of men like LaSalle,\nPerrot, and DuLhut, had once again secured a firm hold on the western\ntribes, but the Iroquois warfare of the 1680\u2019s had caused a slump in the\nfur trade. The trade was, moreover, soon to receive a blow which was to\nalmost completely kill all official commerce between the Indians and the\nFrench for a number of years. This was the issuance of a royal edict by\nthe French King, May 21, 1696, revoking all fur trade licenses and\nprohibiting all colonials from carrying goods to the western country.\nThere were really two main causes for the issuance of this edict. One\nwas a slump in the beaver market caused by the great flood of furs into\nFrance and a decline in beaver hat production, due partly to the\nemigration of the Huguenots who were the main hat felters; the other\ncause for the edict was the anger of the Jesuits, aroused by the sale of\nbrandy to the Indians by the traders and soldiers.\nIt was hoped that the Indian tribes would make the journey to Montreal\nthemselves to trade their furs, but it was soon discovered that most\ntribes either would not or could not make such a journey for purposes of\ntrade. The result, of course, was severe hardship for the Indians of\nWisconsin. Lack of gunpowder and lead restricted their hunting abilities\nand made it more difficult for them to defend themselves against the\nIroquois and other hostile tribes. The Indians were becoming\nincreasingly dependent upon the French to the extent that they had lost\nmuch of the freedom they had enjoyed as a self-sufficient people.\nThe rapid abandonment of the western posts followed the fur trade ban.\nThe commanders of these outposts, for the most part, did not consider it\nworthwhile to stay on in that capacity if they could not enrich\nthemselves by means of the Indian trade.\nPeace was finally arranged between the Iroquois and the French and their\nIndian allies in 1700. The Iroquois had suffered heavily from the raids\nby the western Indians. They claimed to have lost more than half their\nwarriors. With the fear of Iroquois raids ended, the confederacies of\nwestern tribes quickly fell apart, and the latter turned to fighting\namong themselves as they had always done in the past.\nThe French military now decided on a concentration policy. The western\nposts were to be restricted to three main centers. These were to be at\nDetroit, New Orleans, and near Tonty\u2019s post in the Illinois country.\nFairly large numbers of troops were stationed at these posts to provide\nadequate defense, and the western tribes were to be concentrated in\nthese areas. This would facilitate the fur trade by permitting the\nIndians to trap their furs and bring them directly to the trading\ncenters. The French government also hoped to \u201ccivilize\u201d the Indians,\nteaching them to farm the land, learn the French language, and\neventually even participate in the colonial economy.\nThe concentration policy was foredoomed to failure. The Wisconsin\ntribes, of whom many were hereditary enemies, only needed a spark to set\nthem at one another\u2019s throats. This led to trouble at Detroit which\nresulted in the bloody Fox Wars, long, costly fighting for the French\nwhich contributed much towards their final downfall in the New World.\n                THE FOX WARS AND THE FALL OF NEW FRANCE\n    [Illustration: SAUK AND FOX WARRIORS (FROM MAXIMILIAN).]\nEvents occurring in Wisconsin during the first half of the Eighteenth\nCentury were to bode little good for the French, and were to contribute\ntowards the final downfall of New France at the hands of the British.\nFor a good share of the years between 1701 and 1738 the French were to\nbe largely occupied with the attempt to subjugate the Fox Indians and\ntheir allies.\nNot only were the expeditions against the Fox to prove costly to the\nFrench, but the enmity of the Fox required shiftings of trade routes. As\nan inevitable result, friction between the French and English traders\ndeveloped, since the Fox at times blocked both the Fox River in\nWisconsin and the Illinois River to the French traders. The determined\nresistance of the Fox also prevented the fruition of French hopes to\ndominate the western tribes and influence them to espouse the French\ncause. Furthermore, the difficulty experienced by the French military in\nconquering a relatively small group of Wisconsin Indians did little to\nfurther French prestige among other western tribes.\nThe First Fox War was actually the result of the French concentration\npolicy. Within a few years after the founding of Detroit in 1701 by the\nSieur de Cadillac there were almost 6000 Indians in the vicinity of the\nfort. The Fox, meanwhile, determined to prevent the carrying of guns to\ntheir enemy, the Dakota Sioux, were halting French traders attempting to\nproceed up the Fox River on their journey to the Sioux country on the\nUpper Mississippi. A French fort in the Sioux country was also abandoned\nafter the loss of several men due to attacks by the Fox.\nCadillac, realizing the need for some measure to bring these warlike\ntribesmen under control, in 1710 invited the Fox, along with the other\ntribes resident around Green Bay, to come and reside near Detroit. At\nthis crucial time, when so much depended on the leadership of a\nFrenchman experienced in handling the tribes, Cadillac, probably the\nmost capable Colonial officer of the times, was sent to Louisiana as\ngovernor of that colony. The new commandant at Detroit had none of\nCadillac\u2019s ability with the Indians.\nThe arrival of the Fox and their allies, the Kickapoo, Sauk, and\nMascouten, was the signal for trouble. These tribesmen were feared as\nwell as hated by the other Indians about Detroit. After a band of\nMascouten were attacked by the Ottawa near the St. Joseph River, during\nthe winter of 1711-1712, the Fox, in revenge, immediately attacked the\nOttawa and Huron at the Detroit post.\nThe Detroit commandant sided with the Ottawa and Huron and permitted\nthem to seek refuge in the French fort. Shortly after, the Fox erected a\nstockade of their own and made preparations for a long fight. The French\nand their allies were reinforced by a large band of Illinois, Missouri,\nOsage, Potawatomi, and Menomini. This greatly superior force laid siege\nto the Fox fort and the latter soon offered to surrender. The French and\ntheir Indian supporters, however, were now determined to completely\nexterminate their enemies.\nAfter a siege of nineteen days, the Fox attempted to escape by taking\nadvantage of cover offered on a dark, rainy night. They were pursued,\novertaken, and the great majority of them were slaughtered. This was a\nvictory for the French, but a very costly one, for the Fox and their\nallies still had a great many warriors in the forests of Wisconsin.\nThese, in retaliation, began a war of extermination against the allies\nof the French who had participated in the Detroit massacre and the\nhunted tribesmen soon complained that their people were starving because\nthey dared not hunt in the forests lest their men be slain by the\nvengeful Fox.\nThe summer of 1716 saw the first white army ever to invade the forests\nof Wisconsin. The Sieur de Louvigny, in May of that year, left Montreal\nwith an army of several hundred French and a force of mission Indians\ndetermined to compel the Fox to sue for peace. He arrived in Wisconsin\nwith his army augmented by western tribesmen, and _coureurs de bois_ who\nhad been granted pardons for joining the expedition at their own\nexpense. With this total force amounting to about 800 men, Louvigny\nbesieged the fortified Fox village, situated near Little Lake Butte des\nMorts. While the French kept up a fire with two small cannon and a\ngrenade mortar, they sank a trench towards the Fox fort determined to\nmine the place and blow it up.\nThe Fox surrendered after three days of fighting and agreed to accept\nterms which Louvigny thought very severe, but which his Indian allies\nregarded as overmild. The terms included the requirement that the Fox\npay for the costs of the expedition against them by means of furs yet to\nbe gathered, to give up prisoners taken from the allies of the French,\nto furnish a number of hostages to guarantee their future good behavior,\nand to cede their territory to the French King.\nThe peace temporarily halted the bloody warfare of the four preceding\nyears and permitted the fur trade to be resumed. The concentration\npolicy had proven to be a failure, and shortly after the death of Louis\nXIV, in 1715, the posts were once more occupied and the licensing system\nfor the fur trade was restored. A fort was built at La Baye (Green Bay)\nin 1717, and a post was occupied at Chequamegon Bay to keep the Chippewa\nfrom attacking the Fox and causing a resumption of war, and also to\nregulate the fur trade in that area.\n    [Illustration: EARLY FORT AT MICHILLIMACKINAC (MUSEUM MURAL BY\n    GEORGE PETER).]\nThe quite considerable friction between the colonies of Canada and\nLouisiana provided the background for the events which led directly to\nthe Second Fox War. There was considerable argument as to the exact\nboundaries of Illinois which now was annexed to Louisiana, although\noriginally settled by Canadians. The Fox took advantage of these\nfeelings of hostility by attacking the Illinois in the vicinity of\nKaskaskia, even killing Frenchmen in this area. The Fox claimed the\nIllinois would not return Fox prisoners as they had promised according\nto treaty. The Canadian governor, Vaudreuil, tended to side with the Fox\nin the argument.\nAfter the death of Vaudreuil, his temporary successor, Baron de\nLongueuil ordered the Sieur de Lignery, commandant at Mackinac, to\nenforce a peace between the Fox, Kickapoo, and Mascouten, and their\nenemies, the Illinois. The Fox promised to obey this demand, and in\norder to ensure their obedience, a new post was built in the Sioux\ncountry. This was rendered necessary by the fact that the Dakota Sioux\nhad now become allies of the Fox, and the French intended to make sure\nthat no aid would be coming to the Fox from that warlike tribe. The\nthree forts in the northwest, at Chequamegon Bay, La Baye, and on the\nupper Mississippi in the Sioux country were to be maintained rather\nsteadily until near the end of the French regime.\nMeanwhile the Fox chief Kiala had succeeded in forming an alliance\nagainst the French between the Fox and their long-time allies the\nKickapoo and Mascouten, and a series of other tribes including, in\naddition to the nearby Winnebago, such far distant tribes as the Abnaki\nand Seneca in the East, and the Dakota Sioux, Missouri, Iowa, and Oto in\nthe West. Kiala hoped by this means to form a hostile circle about the\nFrench which would end in their complete defeat, a plan similar to that\nlater attempted by Pontiac, and Tecumseh.\nThe Marquis de Beauharnois, appointed governor of Canada to replace\nVaudreuil, was determined that the raids on the Illinois and the French\nat Kaskaskia must be stopped. A French army once more was sent against\nthe Fox. This time, headed by the Sieur de Lignery, the expedition\nnumbered about four hundred French and approximately one thousand\nIndians. Warned by the Potawatomi, the Fox escaped from their villages\nand the army arrived at each to find it deserted. At Little Lake Butte\ndes Morts the soldiers refused to go farther and Lignery had to be\nsatisfied with the burning of the Fox and Winnebago villages and their\nstores of food.\nDespite the poor showing of Lignery\u2019s expedition against the Fox,\nKiala\u2019s confederacy began to fall apart. Even their old allies, the\nMascouten and Kickapoo, were persuaded by the French to turn against\nthem, and the Sioux, closely watched by the French, no longer could give\nthe Fox refuge in their country. Discouraged by these losses and\ndefeated by the French under the capable Paul Marin, the Fox decided to\nflee to the Iroquois country. The Fox had long been secretly treating\nwith the English and the Seneca, a member tribe of the Iroquois\nConfederacy and hoped to find a friendly reception in their country.\nWarned by the Mascouten and Kickapoo regarding the plans of the Fox,\nFrench officers from nearby posts hastily gathered together Indian\nallies and prepared to attack their fleeing enemies. The Fox, warned by\ntheir scouts of the force advancing against them, hastily erected a\nstockade and prepared to fight for their lives. They managed to fight\noff the besiegers for twenty-three days. Then on a stormy night they\nattempted flight but were quickly overtaken. Almost all of the band were\neither slaughtered or taken as slaves.\nAfter the few survivors of this disaster, seeking refuge in their\nvillage near the mouth of the Wisconsin River, were attacked by Detroit\nIndians, Kiala and three other chiefs offered to give themselves up,\nasking mercy for themselves and the fifty surviving warriors, supposedly\nall that were left of the entire tribe. De Villiers accepted the\nsurrender and hastened to Montreal with his prisoners. De Villiers was\nordered to return and kill off the rest of the Fox, taking only the\nwomen and children as prisoners. These were to be sold into slavery,\nlike Kiala, who was fated to end his days as a slave in the West Indies.\nDe Villiers returned to the Sauk village at Green Bay and demanded that\nthe Sauk release the remnant of Fox survivors. The Sauk declined to\nrelease warriors with whom they had strong blood ties, and in an attempt\nto force an entrance, one of de Villiers\u2019 sons was killed. The French\nquickly retaliated and in the exchange of fire de Villiers himself was\nkilled by a twelve year old boy, who later became renowned as the Sauk\nChief Blackbird. In the battle that followed, the Sieur Duplessis, the\nSieur de Repentigny, and six other Frenchmen quickly met the same fate.\nThe Sauk and Fox, too, lost heavily and fled to the vicinity of the\npresent-day city of Menasha. The bloody battle that ensued there, it is\nsaid, accounts for the name Butte des Morts, or Hill of the Dead.\nAs a result of this battle, the remainder of the Fox and the Sauk\namalgamated and for all practical purposes became one tribe. They fled\ninto Iowa where they erected a new fort, and gradually their ranks were\nswelled by Fox released from captivity by tribes now secretly in\nsympathy with the Sauk and Fox. One more expedition was sent against\nthem, led by the Sieur de Noyelles, but although he followed the Sauk\nand Fox to the vicinity of the Des Moines River, they were so well\nentrenched that it was impossible to dislodge them and the expedition\nreturned home without success. Eventually the Fox Wars were brought to\nan end through a policy of conciliation inaugurated in 1740 by Paul\nMarin, the new commandant at La Baye. Force had, in the long run, proven\na failure in the campaign to completely subjugate the Fox.\n    [Illustration: SAUK AND FOX CHIEF (FROM GEO. CATLIN).]\nThroughout the first half of the Eighteenth Century the French, as we\nhave seen, had been occupied with more or less constant warfare with the\nFox. This warfare was the dominant note in the history of Wisconsin for\nthis period, and in general, the role of other Wisconsin tribes during\nthis era was that of serving as allies either of the French or of the\nFox.\nThe failure of Noyelles\u2019 expedition against the Fox had helped to lower\nFrench prestige among the western tribes, and in 1736 the Sioux, angered\nby French friendship for the Chippewa and Cree, murdered a French\nofficer, a priest, and a party of nineteen _voyageurs_. From this time\non the Sioux could no longer be numbered among the allies of the French.\nBy 1739, the Sioux-Chippewa War flamed into action and the Sioux were\ndriven westward from the areas in Wisconsin now held by the Chippewa.\nWarfare between the English and the French in America again was to\nseriously affect the western tribes. This conflict, lasting from 1744 to\n1748, saw the fur trade with the western tribes reach extremely low\nproportions. Goods were very scarce due to the loss of French ships at\nthe hands of British fighting vessels, and this failure to produce\nsufficient goods for the Indians, in addition to the already declining\nprestige of the French, encouraged some of the western tribes to seek\nmore favorable relations with the British. Most of the Huron, under\nChief Nicolas, began trading with the British, and many other western\ntribes exhibited the same inclination.\nThe end of the current conflict with the English enabled the French to\nregain control of these tribes, but the Miami had moved into Ohio and\nestablished a large village called Pickawillany which became a fairly\npermanent camp for a number of English traders. Several expeditions\nagainst this village by the French failed. In 1752, however, Charles de\nLanglade, later famed as one of Wisconsin\u2019s pioneer French settlers at\nGreen Bay, who was part French and part Ottawa and who thus had\ntremendous influence among the Indians, led an expedition against\nPickawillany which enjoyed remarkable success. The village was\ndestroyed, the English traders captured, and the Miami returned to\nFrench allegiance.\nFor a while France again enjoyed supremacy in the West. In 1755,\nLanglade and his contingent of Wisconsin and Mackinac braves\nparticipated in the famous battle culminating in \u201cBraddock\u2019s Defeat\u201d.\nChippewa, Menomini, Potawatomi, and Winnebago were said to be present at\nthis engagement, and for many years thereafter trophies of this battle\nwere to be found in Wisconsin Indian lodges. Despite this severe defeat\nof the British and American Colonials, the fortunes of the French were\ndestined to take a turn for the worse. By 1761, Wisconsin was under\nBritish control, and in 1763, France formally surrendered the rest of\nher American possessions to England. She had ceded Louisiana to Spain\nthe year before.\nMuch had happened to Wisconsin\u2019s Indians during this period, roughly\nfrom 1700 to 1760. The long and bloody Fox Wars had wrought hardship on\nthe other tribes as well as on the Fox. The Sioux-Chippewa war had\nresulted in the Sioux being forced to relinquish most of their Wisconsin\nterritory to the Chippewa. The Potawatomi Indians, who had fought under\nLanglade and participated in the killing of the unarmed English and\nAmericans at Fort William Henry, were visited by a grim vengeance in the\nform of smallpox, contracted from the English soldiers and brought back\nby the tribes to their own country where it raged virtually unchecked.\nGreat numbers of Indians lost their lives as a result.\nOther tribes left Wisconsin, some never to return. The Kickapoo and\nMascouten were now in Illinois and Indiana. The Potawatomi were below\nLake Michigan at St. Joseph. Thus many of the tribes here when the\nFrench traders and missionaries first arrived, no longer were in the\nWisconsin scene. The tribes remaining here were destined to know new\nmasters, the British, who were to control the fur trade in Wisconsin\nuntil the end of the War of 1812.\n    [Illustration: uncaptioned]\n    [Illustration: uncaptioned]\n                     THE PERIOD OF BRITISH CONTROL\n    [Illustration: PONTIAC.]\nBritish military control of Wisconsin was ushered in with the arrival of\nEnsign James Gorrell at Green Bay on the twelfth of October, 1761. With\nthe aid of his two non-commissioned officers and fifteen privates,\nGorrell set about to restore the old French fort which he renamed Fort\nEdward Augustus, in honor of the Duke of York. His next task was to win\nover the French _habitants_ about the fort and to gain the sympathy of\nthe Indians in the area for the British cause. Apparently Gorrell was\nquite successful in both tasks.\nThe French _habitants_ about the posts taken over by the British found\nit rather easy, for the most part, to transfer their allegiance to the\nBritish Crown since they were given the same privileges they enjoyed\nunder French authority. Moreover, the British traders found it more\nadvantageous to form partnerships with the more experienced French\ntraders than to attempt to supersede them.\nBritish success with the Indians varied according to local conditions at\nthe different forts. The British were not inclined to give presents as\nliberally as the French had done, and it was not British policy to\nfraternize or intermarry with their savage allies. The feeling of\ninferiority prompted by this treatment caused resentment among many\ntribes.\n    [Illustration: TRADERS PORTAGING (PAINTING BY T. LINDBERG).]\nIn central Wisconsin, however, Gorrell\u2019s diplomatic treatment of the\nIndians, added to the fact that the Sauk, Fox, Winnebago, and Menomini\nheld a certain amount of resentment towards the French, swung these\ntribes over to the British. The promises of medals and commissions to\nthe Indian chiefs, and the fact that the British trade goods were\ncheaper by far than those offered by the French, also tended to offset\nthe more arrogant treatment of the tribes by the British.\nGorrell\u2019s success with the Indians of central Wisconsin was very\nimportant to Wisconsin history, for in 1763 the British were compelled\nto deal with a widespread Indian uprising largely led by Pontiac, chief\nof an Ottawa tribe from around the Straits of Mackinac, and one of the\nmost able Indian leaders who ever lived. It was Pontiac\u2019s plan to drive\nall the British and Colonials into the sea by means of an alliance of\nIndian tribes from the Alleghenies to the Mississippi River, and from\nthe Ohio River to the Great Lakes. Pontiac\u2019s chief claim to greatness\nlies in his remarkable feat of keeping a number of tribes together for a\nseven-month siege of Detroit, a unique event in Indian warfare.\nIn addition to the attack on Detroit, concerted attacks were made on\nother British posts, of which a number fell, including the one at\nMackinac. The failure of the Indians to take Forts Detroit, Pitt, and\nNiagara assured defeat for Pontiac\u2019s campaign.\nOn June 2, 1763, the Chippewa Indians took Fort Mackinac by a clever\nsubterfuge. They faked a game of LaCrosse in front of the stockade and\npretended accidentally to knock the ball into the fort. As the players\nrushed after the ball they seized guns from the watching Indian women\nwho had concealed the weapons under their blankets. Most of the garrison\nwas massacred before they had a chance to defend themselves.\nThe loyalty to the British of Wisconsin\u2019s Sauk, Fox, Winnebago, and\nMenomini Indians, and the timely arrival of a delegation of Sioux, sworn\nenemies of the Chippewa, probably saved Green Bay from a similar fate.\nEtherington hastily summoned Gorrell to his assistance. Gorrell\nabandoned Fort Edward Augustus at Green Bay and with the aid of 90 men\nof the Sauk, Fox, Menomini, and Winnebago tribes succeeded in obtaining\nthe prisoners\u2019 release from the Indians. The party then proceeded on to\nMontreal. British military occupation of Wisconsin was not resumed until\nthe War of 1812.\nThe Pontiac rebellion also served to bring the problems relating to the\nIndians home to the British Government and probably helped as an\nincentive to the issuance of the Proclamation of 1763. British subjects\nwere now forbidden to purchase lands west of the Appalachian mountains\nwithout special license. It was hoped that this would prevent further\nencroachments by white settlers upon Indian lands. Trade with the\nIndians was to be permitted where licenses with the various colonial\ngovernments had been procured. Moreover, since Wisconsin was not\nincluded in the limits of any of the colonies, Wisconsin was left\nwithout any government other than that exercised by the military at\nMackinac. This matter was not rectified until 1774 when the Quebec Act\nplaced Wisconsin under the authority of the Governor of Canada.\nMackinac became the seat of Wisconsin\u2019s fur trade when the fort was\nrebuilt there in 1764. It was the only fort northwest of Detroit with\ngovernment officers and Indian agents. By 1767, large numbers of traders\nwere coming into the Wisconsin area. The Indians by this time were so\ndependent on the white trader that any interruption in the supply of\ngoods flowing to the Indians worked severe hardships upon them.\nWisconsin\u2019s fur trade was still largely controlled by Montreal\ninvestors, mostly British. The actual traders, however, who contacted\nthe Indians were still primarily Frenchmen, and this was to remain so\nthroughout Wisconsin\u2019s fur-trade period. Some competition in Wisconsin\nwas given to the British by Spanish and French traders from Louisiana,\nwhich had become Spanish territory by the peace treaty in 1763. But the\nBritish managed to retain the bulk of the northwest fur trade with the\nIndians.\nWisconsin\u2019s Indians did not participate strongly in the American\nRevolution, but they did take part in some action. Charles de Langlade,\nhalf French, half Ottawa Indian leader who helped the French so\nefficiently during the French and Indian War, now espoused the British\ncause as ardently as he had the French. Langlade\u2019s tremendous influence\nover the Indians was well known, and the British hoped to persuade him\nto obtain Wisconsin Indian help in fighting the Colonists. Langlade did\nsucceed in leading Chippewa and Ottawa east to help Burgoyne in 1777,\nand in 1778 Wisconsin Indians went to Detroit to help General Hamilton.\nOn the whole, however, Wisconsin\u2019s Indians were too disinterested in the\nwhite man\u2019s war to be enthusiastic about long trips east to aid the\nBritish.\n    [Illustration: MICHILLIMACKINAC, RESTORATION OF LAST FORT.]\nThe American Revolutionary War hero, Major George Rogers Clark, whose\ncapture of Vincennes and Kaskaskia, and the French villages of the\nIllinois country, provided the basis for United States claims to the\nNorthwest Territory during the peace negotiations between the British\nand the United States, called together a great assembly of Indians at\nCahokia, Illinois, in 1778, and succeeded in obtaining their pledges of\nallegiance to the United States. Many Wisconsin Indians attended the\nmeeting, including the noted Blackbird, chief of a Milwaukee village\ncomposed of Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawatomi. Blackbird apparently\nremained loyal to the American cause. Major Clark\u2019s influence with the\nWisconsin Indians tended to nullify the efforts of Charles Langlade, and\nother French officers in the service of England, to mobilize the\nWisconsin Indians against the United States.\nIn 1780, England utilized some Wisconsin Indians in an attack on the\nSpanish with whom she was then at war. Twelve hundred warriors were\nassembled at Prairie du Chien, and marched on St. Louis. Aided by the\nfact that they had advance knowledge of the enemy movements, that some\nof the tribesmen were more or less sympathetic with the American cause,\nand that the Indians showed no enthusiasm for attacking in the face of\ncannon fire, the Spanish and Americans succeeded in routing the\nattackers. After this action Wisconsin\u2019s Indians were not involved in\nany important campaigns during the remaining years of the American\nRevolution.\n    [Illustration: CHIEF OSHKOSH (PORTRAIT BY S. M. BROOKS, COURTESY OF\n    THE WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY).]\nBritish control of Wisconsin\u2019s Indians did not cease with the end of the\nRevolutionary War. Despite the British agreement in the Treaty of Paris,\nin 1783, to turn over their posts at Niagara, Detroit, and\nMichillimackinac, they continued to hold these forts until after the Jay\nTreaty of 1794. It was not until October, 1796, that Mackinac, the last\npost to be turned over by the British, was officially occupied by\nAmerican troops. The British, however, still maintained their control\nover Wisconsin\u2019s Indians through the fur trade now operating from posts\njust across the Canadian border.\nWithin a month after the declaration of war against England by the\nAmerican Congress in 1812, Mackinac was retaken by the British and\nMenomini and Winnebago Indians from Wisconsin. Among the Menomini were\nchiefs Tomah and Oshkosh, the latter destined to become a famous\nMenomini leader and friend of the Americans. Within another month Fort\nDearborn (at Chicago) was attacked by Indians and most of its civilian\nand military inhabitants massacred. Menomini, Potawatomi, and Winnebago\nIndians from Wisconsin took part in this attack.\n    [Illustration: MENOMINI WARRIOR (FROM INDIAN TRIBES OF NORTH\n    AMERICA).]\nThe Americans were well aware of the strategic importance of Prairie du\nChien in any attempt to control Wisconsin\u2019s Indians. In June, 1814, Fort\nShelby, probably the first building over which an American flag ever\nflew in Wisconsin, was erected at this strategic location. Lt. Perkins\nand sixty men were left in charge at the fort.\nThe British quickly determined to drive out the Americans and succeeded\nin forcing Perkins to surrender the fort on July 19, 1814. About 500\nIndians, mostly Menomini, Chippewa, Winnebago, and Sioux, took part in\nthe assault on the American post.\nThe British renamed the post Fort McKay and managed to hold it against\nthe Americans until, in agreement with the Treaty of Ghent, they finally\nabandoned the fort in May, 1815, and British control of Wisconsin\u2019s\nIndians was finally at an end. The fate of Wisconsin\u2019s Indians was now\nin the hands of the United States Government.\n                   THE PERIOD OF AMERICAN SETTLEMENT\n    [Illustration: uncaptioned]\nWisconsin\u2019s Indians, under the French and British had become\nincreasingly dependent upon the white man. Without the invaders\u2019 tools,\nweapons, utensils, and various other things which the Indian had come to\ndepend upon, he found himself unable to supply himself with the\nnecessities of life. The French and British traders, of course, were\ninterested almost exclusively in procuring furs from the Indians, and as\nlong as the aborigines could obtain furs for them, the traders would\nsupply their needs.\nThe Americans, however, were primarily interested in exploiting and\nsettling the Indians\u2019 land; fur trading was secondary. As they pushed\ninto the new territory in ever increasing numbers, first to exploit the\nlead mines of southwestern Wisconsin, and then to farm the fertile soil,\nthe Indian was doomed to be relentlessly pushed aside. He had lost his\nindependence. Now he was to lose his land and the very means of his\nlivelihood.\nThe arrival of the Americans upon the Wisconsin scene pleased neither\nthe Indians nor the French traders. Both relied to a great extent on the\nfur trade, and they knew that the clearing of land by the settlers would\nhasten the end of this activity. Many of the French, too, had Indian\nblood and considered their cause as one with the Indians. The United\nStates government first showed poor judgment in its attempt to make\nthese people conform to American standards. For example, the French and\nIndians were warned that common-law marriages between the two races\nwould no longer be tolerated, but must be legalized by either a civil or\nchurch ceremony, and violators would face punishment. Both the French\nand Indians bitterly fought what seemed to them oppression, and\neventually later decisions recognized the legality of common-law unions\nof earlier regimes.\nWisconsin\u2019s Indian agents were for a time under the authority of two\nsuperintendents of Indian affairs. Lewis Cass, Governor of Michigan\nTerritory, of which Wisconsin was a part from 1818 to 1836, was in\ncharge of the Indian agent at Green Bay. The agent at Prairie du Chien\nworked under the direction of William Clark who, as Superintendent of\nSt. Louis from 1807 to 1838, had authority to the source of the\nMississippi River. These agents distributed annuities and payments due\nthe Indians and attempted to keep white settlers from squatting on\nIndian land. The settlers, however, rudely took over Indian land and, in\nthe inevitable conflict that followed, the militia and army would be\ncalled out to protect the whites. In the ensuing \u201cpeace treaty\u201d the\nIndians would be forced to cede their lands and move westward.\n    [Illustration: INVADING SETTLERS (PAINTING BY A. O. TIEMANN).]\nWisconsin\u2019s early territorial period was also the era of the frontier\nfort manned by the regular U. S. Army. Since the pay for the ordinary\nsoldier was very small, the army attracted men who could not succeed\nelsewhere, or immigrants who wished to desert at the first opportunity\nand travel westward. The officers, however, were of different character\nentirely. Educated at West Point, they were by far the most educated and\ncultured men in the frontier settlements. With their wives, they\nrepresented the cream of Wisconsin society of this period.\n    [Illustration: THE ENFORCING OF LEGAL MARRIAGE (PAINTING BY A. O.\n    TIEMANN).]\nWisconsin had three main forts along the Fox-Wisconsin waterway. Fort\nHoward was erected at Green Bay in 1816, the same year that Fort\nCrawford was established at Prairie du Chien. Fort Winnebago was built\nat what is now Portage in 1828, shortly after the Red Bird rebellion.\nThe United States army did its best to maintain peace between the\nIndians and whites, and to protect the Indians from unlicensed traders,\nand sometimes legitimate ones, who illegally sold whiskey to them. In\ntheir efforts in this direction they often found themselves in conflict\nwith civil authorities who sometimes protected the traders apprehended\nin such violations.\nThe fur trade continued in Wisconsin while the population was primarily\nIndian, but by 1835 it was no longer of any significance in this area.\nFollowing the War of 1812, the United States Government set up fur trade\n\u201cfactories\u201d at Prairie du Chien and Green Bay, hoping by this means to\ncontrol some of the evils, one of the most vicious of which was the\npeddling of whiskey to the Indians. The whiskey was usually diluted with\nwater, and adulterants such as turpentine, or even corrosive acids,\nadded to restore the \u201cbite.\u201d\nThe government entry into the fur trade was unsuccessful. The factors,\nas the proprietors of the trade \u201cfactories\u201d were called, lacked\nexperience in dealing with the Indians. They did not give credit\nadvancements to them as did the other traders, and the American Fur\nCompany applied pressure on Congress to end this system. Gradually this\nCompany acquired the fur trade monopoly in this area; Solomon Juneau,\nMilwaukee\u2019s famous founder, was one of the American Fur Company\u2019s agents\nin what is now the State of Wisconsin. The gradual decadence of the fur\ntrade, of course, increased the hardships of Wisconsin tribes.\n    [Illustration: OLD FORT WINNEBAGO (COURTESY OF THE WISCONSIN STATE\n    HISTORICAL SOCIETY).]\n    [Illustration: THE SECOND OR STONE FORT CRAWFORD (COURTESY OF THE\n    WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY).]\n    [Illustration: THE FIRST OR LOG FORT CRAWFORD (COURTESY OF THE\n    WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY).]\nAs settlers began encroaching on the Indians\u2019 land, conflicts were\ninevitable. John C. Calhoun, the Secretary of War in 1825, sponsored a\nplan for the removal of eastern tribes across the Mississippi to the\nwestern plains. It was believed that by furnishing them with equipment\nfor hunting and farming they could survive readily and would be safe\nfrom further pressure by white homesteaders. No one realized at this\ntime how soon these western lands would be overrun by the relentless\npressure of the American pioneer. The land purchased from the Indians\nwas to be made available to American settlers. The lands of certain\ntribes of Wisconsin Indians were to be included in this overall plan.\n    [Illustration: SOLOMON JUNEAU, AGED 60.]\nUnfortunately for the smooth functioning of this operation, the Indians\ndid not care to leave the land on which they and their ancestors had\nhunted for so long a time, and travel to new hunting grounds. In many\ninstances they were not removed without a show of force, sometimes with\nconsiderable blood being shed by both whites and Indians.\nIn 1825, Lewis Cass and William Clark held a conference of Wisconsin\ntribes at Prairie du Chien. They hoped to establish definite boundaries\nfor the holdings of the different tribes in order to eliminate friction\nbetween them. This would also facilitate future land purchases from the\nIndians. Roughly these boundaries were recognized: the southwest and\nsoutheast corners of Wisconsin were allotted to the southern Chippewa,\nOttawa, and Potawatomi; the Winnebago held the remainder of southern\nWisconsin; the Menomini kept the northeast part of the state from the\nMilwaukee River up; and the Chippewa held all of northern Wisconsin west\nof the Menomini. These Indian territories were not to be respected for\nvery long by white squatters, however, and the Winnebago were to be\namong the first to encounter trouble from this source.\nThe fact that southwestern Wisconsin was very rich in lead was\ndiscovered quite early in the French regime, and it is probable that the\nFrench taught the Indians how to mine and smelt the ore. By 1811, the\nSauk and Fox are reported to have devoted almost all their attention to\nlead mining, only hunting to supply themselves with meat. They exchanged\nthe metal with Canadian traders for the goods they needed. Some early\nAmerican traders who attempted to get in on this trade were killed by\nthe Indians, who feared that once the Americans learned of the value of\nthe lead deposits their cupidity would be aroused and the Indians would\nlose their land. Later events were to prove the excellence of this\nreasoning.\nAroused by the rich deposits, Cornish miners, particularly, began to\narrive in force by 1827. The Indians were rudely expelled from their\ndiggings and their mines appropriated by armed whites. In the same year,\nRed Bird, a young Winnebago chief, killed two settlers and scalped a\nbaby who, interestingly enough, survived to become the mother of a large\nfamily and live to a ripe old age. Following this attack Red Bird and\nhis warriors, about forty in number, celebrated the scalp taking with a\ndrunken carousal at the mouth of the Bad Axe River, about forty miles\nnorth of Prairie du Chien. Two keelboats on their way from Fort Snelling\nto St. Louis were fired upon by the drunken Winnebago braves, and after\na battle of about three hours, the keelboats escaped with a loss of four\nmen dead and several wounded. The Indians were reported to have suffered\nlosses of seven dead and fourteen wounded.\n    [Illustration: JUNEAU\u2019S TRADING POST, MILWAUKEE (PAINTING BY A. O.\n    TIEMANN).]\n    [Illustration: MENOMINI INDIANS OF THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY (PORTRAIT\n    BY S. M. BROOKS).]\n    [Illustration: THE PIONEERS (PAINTING BY A. O. TIEMANN).]\nUnited States troops rapidly arrived at the scene, and after fleeing up\nthe Wisconsin River, Red Bird found himself and his tribe surrounded.\nThe Americans agreed to forget the matter of the keelboats providing the\nmurderers of the settlers would give themselves up for trial. On Sept.\n3, 1827, Red Bird, rather than engage his people in a hopeless war\nagainst the whites, voluntarily surrendered to Major Whistler at\nPortage. Arrangements were made for the Americans to use the lead mines\nuntil a treaty could be arranged, and in July, 1829, another Grand\nCouncil was held at Prairie du Chien. The Winnebago, southern\nPotawatomi, Chippewa, and Ottawa agreed to cede their land. The United\nStates Government now owned the rich lead mining country of southwestern\nWisconsin.\n    [Illustration: WINNEBAGO CHIEF (PORTRAIT BY S. M. BROOKS).]\nDuring this period of American settlement, beginning as early as 1821\nand lasting through 1834, a migration of Indians from New York occurred\nwhich was to add some permanent residents to Wisconsin\u2019s Indian\npopulation. The Oneida and Munsee settled near Green Bay, and the\nStockbridge and Brotherton Indians settled along the eastern shore of\nLake Winnebago. The Menomini ceded 500,000 acres of their land to these\ntribes in 1831.\nMeanwhile the stage had been set for what was to become the most famous,\nand also, perhaps, the most infamous Indian and white conflict in the\nWisconsin area. This was the so-called Black Hawk War, although it was\nmore of a systematic extermination of Indians by whites, hardly\ndeserving the term \u201cwar.\u201d\nBlack Hawk was leader of the \u201cBritish band\u201d of the Sauk with a large\nvillage, said to number about 500 families, situated near the mouth of\nthe Rock River in Illinois. His people were known as the \u201cBritish band\u201d\nbecause of their known sympathies with the English, and also since Black\nHawk and his warriors had fought with Tecumseh and the British against\nthe Americans in the War of 1812.\nWhite settlers began squatting on Black Hawk\u2019s land as early as 1823,\ndespite the fact that according to treaty the Indians were not required\nto give up their land until land offices had been set up, an event which\nhad not occurred. The Indians\u2019 cornfields were fenced in, wigwams were\nburned, and the women mistreated. Black Hawk went to the British agent\nin Canada, near Detroit. He was advised that the treaties of 1804 and\n1816 were being violated and that he rightfully could resist the\nsettlers and expect the backing of the United States Government. Black\nHawk returned and warned the settlers that they would be attacked unless\nthey left at once.\n    [Illustration: I-TWA-KU-AM, MOHICAN LEADER (PORTRAIT BY HAMLIN).]\nThe alarmed settlers sought help from the Illinois militia which was\nrapidly called to arms in 1831. This show of force compelled Black Hawk\nto retire to the west side of the Mississippi River with his people, and\npromise not to return without government permission. Chief Keokuk, head\nof the combined Sauk and Fox tribes, had already taken all of his\npeople, except the rebellious Black Hawk and his band, into what is now\nIowa in 1830, realizing the futility of fighting the tremendously\nsuperior white forces.\n    [Illustration: BLACK HAWK (FROM INDIAN TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA).]\nOn April 6, 1832, Black Hawk crossed back into Illinois with\napproximately 1000 of his people, about 400 of whom were warriors. He\nhad been promised aid by emissaries of the Potawatomi, Winnebago,\nOttawa, and Chippewa, but before a month had passed Black Hawk realized\nhe would get little aid either from these tribes or from the British in\na war against the settlers. The militia had been called out again in the\nmeantime, and Black Hawk now only desired to make peace and get his\npeople back to Iowa. He sent messengers under a white flag to Major\nStillman who was encamped nearby with about 400 volunteers. The white\nflag was ignored, and three of the Indians were killed. Black Hawk had\nonly forty warriors with him at the time, but angered by this treachery,\nhe attacked Stillman\u2019s men in what he himself called a \u201csuicide charge.\u201d\nThe tremendously superior force of volunteers, upon seeing Black Hawk\u2019s\ncharging braves, fled frantically with the first volley fired by the\nIndians. As they fled they spread the alarm over most of northern\nIllinois, and maintained that Black Hawk had ambushed them with 2000\nwarriors. Following this event Black Hawk removed his women and children\nto the Lake Koshkonong area in Wisconsin, so that they could forage for\ndesperately needed food and be relatively safe from attack. Black Hawk\nand his warriors spent the following two months attacking settlements\nalong the Wisconsin-Illinois frontier. Two hundred whites and possibly\nas many Indians were killed in these border skirmishes.\nBlack Hawk soon found himself pursued by a greatly superior force of\nmilitia and regular U. S. Army troops. He and his band fled through the\nMadison, Wisconsin, area and were overtaken attempting to cross the\nWisconsin River, where the Battle of Wisconsin Heights took place on\nJuly 21, 1832. Black Hawk\u2019s braves succeeded in holding back the\nAmericans while the tribe crossed the river, and the following morning\none of his men made a surrender speech in the Winnebago language. No one\nin the American camp understood the plea for surrender terms, since the\nWinnebago followers of the Americans were not in their camp at the time.\nThe Indians were again compelled to flee.\nBlack Hawk then divided his people into two groups, one of which\nobtained rafts and canoes from friendly Winnebago, and proceeded down\nthe Wisconsin River, hoping to reach the Mississippi River and cross\nback to Iowa. Soldiers from Prairie du Chien captured or shot most of\nthem. Some others were hunted down in the woods by Menomini Indians led\nby white officers. As the rest of Black Hawk\u2019s band fled overland toward\nthe Mississippi River, they were pursued by the combined forces of\nGeneral Atkinson, General Henry, and Major Dodd, a total force of some\nfour thousand men.\nWhen Black Hawk\u2019s band arrived at the Mississippi River, they were met\nby the steamboat \u201cWarrior.\u201d Black Hawk again attempted to surrender, but\nthe \u201cWarrior\u2019s\u201d captain preferred to believe this a trick and opened\nfire on the Indians. The infantry then arrived and attacked the Indians\nfrom the rear. Men, women, and children were forced into the river at\nbayonet point. Many were drowned as they attempted to swim the river,\nand others were picked off by American sharpshooters from the shore.\nThis was the massacre of the Bad Axe River, which lasted three hours,\nand in which 150 Indians were killed and as many more drowned. A band of\nSioux, brought there for the purpose by General Atkinson, set upon the\n300 Indians who reached the other bank and killed about half of them.\nOnly about 150 survivors remained of the thousand Indians who had\ncrossed with Black Hawk into Illinois in April only four months before.\nBlack Hawk fled to the Winnebago, who later surrendered him to the\nAmericans. He was then taken on a tour through the eastern states to\nimpress him with the power of the American Government, and released in\nJune, 1833. His tribe was given a small reservation in Iowa on the Des\nMoines River, where he died October 3, 1838. The treatment of Black Hawk\nand his people in the so-called \u201cBlack Hawk War\u201d will always remain a\nblot on American history and a discredit to the Government.\nFrom the time of the \u201cBlack Hawk War\u201d on, Wisconsin Indians were rapidly\ndeprived of their land. In September, 1832, the Winnebago ceded the rest\nof their holdings south and east of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. Upon\npromise of payment of about one million dollars to the Indians and their\ncreditors, the southern Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi, in a treaty at\nChicago, Illinois, turned over their holdings in southern Wisconsin in\n1833. The Menomini ceded almost four million acres between Green Bay and\nthe Wolf River to the United States Government in 1836. In 1838, the\nOneida ceded most of their land in this same area to the United States.\nThe Chippewa, Sioux, and Winnebago, in three separate treaties, ceded\nthe western half of Wisconsin, above the Wisconsin River, in 1837. With\nthe final cession of some small holdings of the Menomini in the east\ncentral part of the state, in 1848, the United States Government now had\npossession of all Indian land in Wisconsin.\nThe Indians, in most cases, had western lands assigned to them. The\nUnited States army forcibly removed many Winnebago to Nebraska, some of\nwhom remain there today. Other Winnebago, homesick for Wisconsin and\nafraid of the Sioux, gradually wandered back to Wisconsin where they\nstill are. In 1854 the Menomini were placed on a reservation on the\nUpper Wolf River. Shortly after this, they sold two townships to the\nStockbridge Indians. In 1854, also, three large reservations: Lac Court\nOreilles, Lac du Flambeau, and Bad River, were assigned to the Chippewa.\n    [Illustration: SURRENDER OF BLACK HAWK (MURAL BY CAL PETERS, VILLA\n    LOUIS, COURTESY OF THE WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY).]\n                       WISCONSIN\u2019S INDIANS TODAY\n    [Illustration: MIXED COSTUME IN FOX CEREMONIAL DANCE.]\nIn considering the story of those Indians who were important in the\nhistory of our state, we have seen that from time to time some tribes\nhave left the Wisconsin scene. We might well wonder what has been their\nfinal fate and where they may be found today. As we remember the United\nStates Government removal plan, we are not too surprised to find many of\nthem located at reservations and agencies in our western United States.\nThe Sauk and Fox are at agencies in Iowa, Kansas, and Oklahoma. The Sauk\nand Fox reservation in Iowa has an Indian population of 473, and there\nare 129 Sauk and Fox at the Kansas reservation and an additional 910 at\nthe Sauk and Fox reservation at the Shawnee agency in Oklahoma.\nThe Kickapoo have small reservations in Oklahoma and Kansas. The Indian\npopulation at the Kickapoo reservation in Oklahoma numbers 269; and at\nthe Kickapoo reservation in Kansas, 343. In addition, there are some 350\nKickapoo living in the state of Coahuila, Mexico, having split off from\nthe Oklahoma band in 1852. Population figures given here for the Sauk,\nFox, and Kickapoo are from the estimates of the Office of Indian Affairs\nof the United States Department of the Interior for the year 1940.\nThe present whereabouts of the Mascoutens presents somewhat of a\nmystery. Most students of the subject at present believe that members of\nthe Prairie Band of the Potawatomi, who also call themselves the\nMascoutens, are the descendents of that tribe, which is so often\nreferred to in early Wisconsin history. The early Mascoutens were\nclosely related to the Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo, according to early\nreports, in language and culture, and usually were the political allies\nof these tribes as well. Some bands of the Prairie Potawatomi are found\nassociated with the Kickapoo in Oklahoma and Kansas, and also in Mexico.\nAs for the Santee Sioux, who were in northern Wisconsin even before the\narrival of the white man, it is again difficult to give accurate present\npopulation figures. The term Santee originally designated one band of\nIndians, but eventually came to mean all of the forest bands of the\nSioux, of whom, in all probability, many never resided in Wisconsin.\nThere are, according to the 1940 estimate, 1,197 Sioux living on the\nSantee reservation in Nebraska, and there are 585 Sioux in Minnesota who\nwould be included in the Santee division. If we were to include all\ntribes generally classed as Santee Sioux today, expressed in round\nnumbers, 5,000 would probably be a conservative estimate. However, many\nof these are not derived from those bands formerly living in Wisconsin.\nReturning to the Wisconsin scene today, we learn from the 1940 estimates\nof the Office of Indian Affairs that the present Indian population in\nWisconsin is 13,678. Of this total, 5,605 are Chippewa, residing at the\nBad River, Lac Court Oreilles, Lac du Flambeau, and Red Cliff\nreservations. Also included in this figure are the Mole Lake Chippewa\nand the St. Croix band.\n    [Illustration: FOX INDIAN, IOWA.]\n    [Illustration: THE CHIPPEWA STILL PREPARE BUCK-SKIN.]\nIncluded in Wisconsin\u2019s present Indian population are also 2,454\nMenomini, located at their reservation in Shawano County; 460\nStockbridge and Munses, on their reservation adjoining that of the\nMenomini; 1,700 Oneida, scattered around the village of Oneida, 10 miles\nsouthwest of Green Bay; 1,498 Winnebago, on public domain land\nallotments, primarily in Jackson, Wood, and Shawano counties; and 310\nPotawatomi, in Forest County. While only a small number of Potawatomi\nhave returned to this state since their removal, over half of the\nWinnebago are now back in their Wisconsin homeland. In addition to the\nWinnebago who returned to Wisconsin after their removal by the United\nStates Army, 1,268 remained at their reservation in Nebraska. Thus of\nthis reportedly numerous and powerful tribe first encountered by the\nFrench when Nicolet landed near Green Bay, in 1634, about 2,766 still\nsurvive.\n    [Illustration: A CHARACTERISTIC WISCONSIN ONEIDA.]\n    [Illustration: ELDERLY ONEIDA WOMAN.]\n    [Illustration: DECORAH HENRY THUNDER, WISCONSIN WINNEBAGO.]\n    [Illustration: THE CRADLE-BOARD BARELY SURVIVED AMONG THE WISCONSIN\n    CHIPPEWA.]\n    [Illustration: YOUNG POTAWATOMI FACES A DIFFICULT WORLD.]\nThe future status of Wisconsin\u2019s Indians presents a considerable problem\nto the United States Government. Their life on reservations is hardly an\neasy one for the majority. Even among the Menomini, whose tribal\nlumbering industry makes them economically the most prosperous in the\nstate, the standard of living is not high. Finding a means whereby they\ncan earn a decent living is probably the greatest difficulty. For the\nmost part they suffer for lack of adequate clothing and food,\nparticularly during the winter season. To alleviate the situation, a\nconsiderable number have migrated to the cities to obtain employment,\nand there are an estimated one thousand Indians living in Milwaukee, for\nexample, of which the largest group is Oneida.\nSo far no satisfactory solution to the problem has been reached,\nalthough some sincere attempts have been made in that direction. The\nhope, of course, is that eventually the Indians will be assimilated by\nthe rest of our population and be able to live normal lives as United\nStates citizens. Without intelligently directed help this process will\ntake a long time, and during that period the Indians will continue to\nsuffer.\nThe Wisconsin Indians of today are acculturated to a greater or lesser\ndegree: among the Chippewa, Potawatomi, Menomini, and Winnebago a\nconsiderable amount of the traditional culture survives; among the\nStockbridge and Oneida nearly all of the old culture is lost. It is to\nbe hoped that all of the colorful pattern of Indian culture and\ntradition is not lost in the process of assimilation.\nOne thing is certain, the Indians of Wisconsin, along with most of those\nof the entire United States, have suffered much at the hands of the\nwhite man. They deserve constructive help now toward accomplishing the\nultimate adjustment to the final demands made on them by the white man\u2019s\ncivilization.\n    [Illustration: MODERN POTAWATOMI.]\n    [Illustration: YOUNG FOLKS IN ANCIENT DRESS.]\n    [Illustration: POTAWATOMI TAR-PAPERED SHACK.]\n    [Illustration: uncaptioned]\n    [Illustration: CABIN TYPE OF ONEIDA HOUSE.]\n    [Illustration: BETTER TYPE OF ONEIDA HOUSE.]\n    [Illustration: MENOMINI SAWMILL AT NEOPIT.]\nLOCATION OF INDIAN TRIBES\n    [Illustration: 1634]\n  SANTEE SIOUX\n  MENOMINI\n  WINNEBAGO\n    [Illustration: 1634-1673]\n  OTTOWA\n  CHIPPEWA\n  SANTEE SIOUX\n  HURON\n  MENOMINI\n  SAUK\n  FOX\n  WINNEBAGO\n  POTAWATOMI\n  MASCOUTEN\n  MIAMI\n  KICKAPOO\n  ILLINOIS\n    [Illustration: 1700-1760]\n  CHIPPEWA\n  SANTEE SIOUX\n  MENOMINI\n  SAUK\n  FOX\n  WINNEBAGO\n  POTAWATOMI\n  KICKAPOO\n    [Illustration: TODAY]\n    RED CLIFF RES.\n    LA POINTE RES.\n  CHIPPEWA\n    LAC DU FLAMBEAU RES.\n  POTAWATOMI\n  ST. CROIX BAND\n    LAC COURT OREILLES RES.\n  MENOMINI\n    STOCKBRIDGE\n  WINNEBAGO\n    ONEIDA\nPOPULAR MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS\n    [Illustration: PREHISTORIC INDIANS OF WISCONSIN]\nA well illustrated summary of what is known about the Indians of\nWisconsin previous to the coming of the white man, identifying such\ncultural divisions as the Old Copper, Woodland, Hopewellian, Upper\nMississippi, and Middle Mississippi, and discussing their products, ways\nof living, history, and health. This instructive booklet will be of\ninterest to readers of all ages.\n    [Illustration: FOR BEAUTY\u2019S SAKE]\nThe Indians of the Americas employed a wide variety of beauty aids\ninvolving tatooing, nose rings, ear plugs, lip quills, skull deforming,\nlip ornamentation, hair styles, nose feathers, and head shaving, all\nillustrated in this popularly treated booklet.\n    [Illustration: MASKS OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS]\nContains seventeen illustrations of masks, including illustrations of\nthe Iroquois false-face, Hopi Katchina, Apache Devil Dance and other\nmasks, with text telling how they were made and used.\n    [Illustration: INDIAN CRADLES]\nPeople have long been interested in how the Indians cared for and\nprotected their babies. This entertaining and instructive booklet\nexplains the use and construction of cradles made by the Kwakiutl, Hopi,\nPomo, Chippewa, Chinook, Paiute, and Sioux Indians. Six different\ncradles are illustrated showing a variety of materials and styles,\nincluding the head-deforming cradle board.\n    [Illustration: SHRUNKEN HEADS]\nHow the Jivaro Indians of Eastern Ecuador shrunk and preserved human\nheads has been a fascinating story which is told in detail in this\ngenerously illustrated, popular booklet.\n    [Illustration: WEST AFRICAN ART]\nA profusely illustrated eighty-four page booklet with popular and\nreference value, covering such areas as the British Cameroons, Nigeria,\nFrench Guinea, and the Gold and Ivory coasts.\n\u2014Silently corrected a few typos.\n\u2014Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook\n  is public-domain in the country of publication.\n\u2014In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by\n  _underscores_.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  The Indians in Wisconsin's History\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1931, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by StevenGibbs and the Online Distributed\n  THE KEY TO THE\n  BRONT\u00cb WORKS.\n  THE KEY TO THE\n  BRONT\u00cb WORKS\n  THE KEY TO CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS,\"\n  \"JANE EYRE,\" AND HER OTHER WORKS.\n  SHOWING THE METHOD OF THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND THEIR\n  RELATION TO THE FACTS AND PEOPLE OF HER LIFE.\n  BY\n  JOHN MALHAM-DEMBLEBY.\n  London and Felling-on-Tyne:\n  THE WALTER SCOTT PUBLISHING CO., LTD.\n  NEW YORK AND MELBOURNE.\n  _All Rights Reserved._\nCONTENTS.\n     I. OUTLINE OF CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S LIFE                    13\n    II. ORIGIN OF THE CANDLE-BEARING BEDSIDE VISITANT AND\n          THE UNCOUTH SERVANT IN \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS\" AND\n   III. ORIGIN OF THE FOUNDLING HEATHCLIFFE AND HIS NAME\n          IN \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS\"--ORIGIN OF THE INSANE\n          LADY AND THE WHITE VEIL SCENE IN \"JANE EYRE\"        33\n    IV. A RAINY DAY IN CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S CHILDHOOD:\n          THE OPENING INCIDENT IN THE AUTOBIOGRAPHIES\n          OF THE HEROINES OF \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS\" AND\n     V. CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S FRIEND, TABITHA AYKROYD, THE\n          BRONT\u00cbS' SERVANT, AS MRS. DEAN OF \"WUTHERING\n          HEIGHTS,\" AND AS BESSIE AND HANNAH OF \"JANE EYRE\"   43\n    VI. CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S CHILD APPARITION IN \"THE\n          PROFESSOR,\" \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS,\" AND \"JANE EYRE\"    52\n   VII. THE ORIGINALS OF GIMMERTON, GIMMERDEN, GIMMERTON\n          KIRK AND CHAPEL, PENISTON CRAGS, THE FAIRY CAVE,\n          ETC., IN \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS,\" AND OF THE FAIRY\n          CAVE AND THE FAIRY JANET IN \"JANE EYRE\"             57\n  VIII. THE RIVERS OR BRONT\u00cb FAMILY IN \"JANE EYRE\"            69\n    IX. ORIGIN OF THE YORKSHIRE ELEMENT IN CHARLOTTE\n          BRONT\u00cb'S HUNSDEN OF \"THE PROFESSOR\"; HEATHCLIFFE\n          OF \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS\"; ROCHESTER OF \"JANE EYRE\";\n     X. HEATHCLIFFE OF \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS\" AND ROCHESTER\n    XI. CATHERINE AND HEATHCLIFFE OF \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS\"\n          AS JANE AND ROCHESTER OF \"JANE EYRE\"                93\n   XII. EUG\u00c8NE SUE AND CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S BRUSSELS LIFE.\n          I. MDLLE. LAGRANGE AND HER MANUSCRIPT\n  XIII. EUG\u00c8NE SUE AND CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S BRUSSELS LIFE.\n          II. ACCUSATIONS AND PROTESTATIONS!                 120\nAPPENDIX.\n  MINOR IDENTIFICATIONS OF PERSONS AND PLACES IN THE\n  THE H\u00c9GER PORTRAIT OF CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb IN THE\n  LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE FIRST EDITION                   179\nPREFACE.\n_The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_ is the absolutely necessary companion\nvolume to Charlotte Bront\u00eb's _Wuthering Heights_, _Jane Eyre_,\n_Shirley_, _The Professor_, and _Villette_. Without it the reader cannot\nknow the real Currer Bell and her people, or see her works as they were\nto herself. Great indeed and continuous has been the task of writing\nthis volume: a comprehension of my duty to law and literature, to\nposterity and to Charlotte Bront\u00eb, set aside any other consideration. It\ncould be no compliment to my learned and distinguished subscribers to\nassume importance would attach to _The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_ were the\nvolume a mere skimming of extant Bront\u00eb biography, albeit that has its\nprovince of interest. _The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_, I repeat, is the\nonly book which shows us the life and works of Charlotte Bront\u00eb as\nintimately known to herself. Herein is my task accomplished; herewith is\nmy reward. To quote my words from a private correspondence with Sir\nCharles Holroyd, Kt., Director of the National Gallery, London:--\n    \"After her return from Brussels in 1844, Charlotte Bront\u00eb\n    conceived the idea of perpetuating the drama of her life. Again\n    and again, true artist as she was, she cleared her presentations,\n    till finally the world had those great works which stand as a\n    signal testimony to the high value of the true artist, and as\n    testimony to the divine origin of real inspiration. And now\n    priest, statesman, writer--whatsoever a man may be, he will\n    discover in the works of Charlotte Bront\u00eb salutary instruction,\n    and at the same time will perceive with thrilling admiration the\n    greatness of Art when she is at one with Genius. As I pen these\n    lines to you, Sir Charles, I am reminded of the evanescence of the\n    halo of romance round so many historic characters and personages\n    when sober history speaks apart; but Charlotte Bront\u00eb we find to\n    be a greater luminary the closer we approach her.\"\nThe utmost possible interest attaches to my sensational evidence, now\nfirst showing Charlotte Bront\u00eb to be the author and heroine of\n_Wuthering Heights_, a book many have declared \"the finest work of\ngenius written by a woman,\" and some look upon as \"one of the greatest\nnovels in our or any other literature.\" In view of my evidence it will\nbe impossible hereafter to convince the world that Charlotte Bront\u00eb did\nnot write _Wuthering Heights_. _The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_ in his\nhands, every reader is an expert upon the subject. By resort to each\nindexed reference to Charlotte Bront\u00eb's methods I have discovered, and\nnamed Methods I. and II., sensational ratification of all I say hereon\nwill be found.\nIt will presently seem incredible the chief argument hitherto advanced\nagainst my assertion that Charlotte Bront\u00eb wrote _Wuthering Heights_ was\nthat _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_ are \"totally dissimilar in\nstyle, thought, etc.,\" for my evidence is proof absolute to the\nopposite. A recent writer on the Bront\u00ebs[1] says _Wuthering Heights_\ncontains nothing whatsoever biographically, or in any way, suggestive of\nEmily Bront\u00eb and her personality, and admits upon the other hand that\nthe characteristic of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's writing is her full and\nintimate self-revelation of the incidents of her own life. Nothing can\nrecall these words. They are a frank, or an ingenuous, statement of\nirrefutable fact; and though the writer did not journey to the logical\nconclusion, it is well he is associated with this fundamental admission.\nThe same significant truth is voiced still more recently by another\nwriter, who says: \"_Wuthering Heights_ reveals nothing of Emily Bront\u00eb.\nNot one of the characters thought or felt as did the quiet, retiring\"\nEmily[2].\nMuch detached yet valuable and interesting evidence I have omitted for\nthe sake of clearness, but it has aided me in regard to the final\ndiscoveries I now present, and is ready further to substantiate my\nconclusions. One of these detached pieces of evidence shows that the\nyounger Catherine and Hareton Earnshaw--the two lovers who at the close\nof _Wuthering Heights_ become teacher and pupil--latterly were to\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb herself and M. H\u00e9ger. Apparently she did not wish to\nend _Wuthering Heights_ without a picture of reconciled relations\nbetween two characters who could present a phase of M. H\u00e9ger and\nherself. The teacher and pupil relations between Miss Bront\u00eb and M.\nH\u00e9ger were most dear and gladdening to her memory. We have a glimpse of\nthem in _Villette_, _Shirley_, and in _The Professor_, Chapter XIX.,\nwhere Crimsworth is reading a book with Francis Evans Henri, whom he is\nteaching to read and pronounce English. These two characters represent\nM. H\u00e9ger and Charlotte Bront\u00eb; and Miss Bront\u00eb taught M. H\u00e9ger to read\nand pronounce English out of her own favourite old books, \"consecrated\nto her by other associations,\" to quote her own words in _Wuthering\nHeights_, Chapter XXXI., though often in _The Professor_ she alternates\nthe position of the characters by an interchange of the sexes, a method\nof Miss Bront\u00eb I have discovered and termed her Method I. Let the reader\nperuse carefully the scene in _The Professor_ in the light of my\nreference to Eug\u00e8ne Sue and Charlotte Bront\u00eb's old copy in English of\n_The Imitation of Christ_ at Brussels, and in the light of the \"reading\nand pronouncing\" scenes in Chapters XXX., XXXI., and XXXII., of\n_Wuthering Heights_;\nalso:--\n  Charlotte Bront\u00eb in a letter:--     _Wuthering Heights_,\n  \"If you could see and hear          \"I heard him trying to read to\n  the efforts I make to teach         himself, and pretty blunders he\n  [M. H\u00e9ger] to pronounce ... and     makes!... it was extremely funny\n  [his] unavailing attempts to        ... still, he has no right to\n  imitate you would laugh to all      appropriate what is mine, and\n  eternity.\"--Mrs. GASKELL'S          make it ridiculous to me with\n  _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_.         his vile mistakes and\nNote how in _The Professor_ and _Wuthering Heights_ the male lover is\nunable to devote himself to the reading lesson because of the\ndistraction of the heroine's interesting physiognomy. In this connection\nwe may glance at the following little parallel of the hen-killing\nfigure, with which, like the foregoing, I do not deal in the course of\n_The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_. Again we perceive Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nMethod I.:--\n  _Wuthering Heights._                _Jane Eyre._\n  Chapter XXX.                        Chapter XIV.\n  Hareton contented himself with      Mr. Rochester had been looking\n  ... looking at Catherine instead    ... at the fire, and I had been\n  of the book. She continued          looking at him, when, turning\n  reading. His attention became       suddenly, he caught my gaze\n  ... quite centred in the study      fastened on his physiognomy.\n  of her ... curls ... and perhaps\n  not quite aware to what he did      \"You examine me, Miss Eyre,\"\n  ... he put out his hand and         said he; \"do you think me\n  stroked one curl as gently as if    handsome?\"\n  it were a bird. He might have\n  stuck a knife into her neck, she    \"No sir.\"\n  started with such a taking....\nMr. Rochester and Jane Eyre were of course M. H\u00e9ger and Miss Bront\u00eb. It\nis indeed important and interesting to find at the old farmstead of\nWuthering Heights scenes reminiscent of the intimately pedagogic\nrelations that existed between Charlotte Bront\u00eb and M. H\u00e9ger of the\nschool at Brussels.\nDiscovering _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_ are practically as the\nsame book, I have disclosed their relationship in parallel columns--the\nmost satisfactory and conclusive evidence in the world. Herewith we see\nboth volumes agree in scenes and chapters virtually word for word, and\nfrom beginning to end. Both works we now find are one in origin, each\ncontaining not less than four identical characters portrayed by\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb from her own life, she herself being the original of\nthe heroine in each book, and her friend M. H\u00e9ger in the main the\noriginal of the hero thereof. Charlotte Bront\u00eb's brother, Branwell\nBront\u00eb, in agreement with her estimate of him as a wreck of selfishness,\nis the unhappy fool of both books; while her life-long companion,\nTabitha Aykroyd, who was to her as nurse, mother, and friend, is therein\nthe indispensable domestic servant and motherly good woman of the humble\nclass.\nI will not occupy my preface with an enumeration of the many important\nand interesting Bront\u00eb discoveries I have been enabled to make and\npresent herewith in _The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_. I may briefly\nindicate my chief sensational discoveries:--The discovery of the origin\nof _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_; the discovery that in _Jane\nEyre_ Charlotte Bront\u00eb immortalized not only herself and M. H\u00e9ger, but\nalso her father, the Rev. Patrick Bront\u00eb, her brother, four sisters, her\naunt and a cousin, and Tabitha Aykroyd, the Bront\u00eb servant or\nhousekeeper; the discovery first revealing the history of Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's life at Brussels and friendship with M. H\u00e9ger, the original of\nher chief heroes; and the discovery of the most sensational fact that\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb and not Emily wrote _Wuthering Heights_, and was\nherself the original of the heroine and M. H\u00e9ger that of the hero, as I\nhave mentioned.\nMy warm thanks are due to Mr. Harold Hodge, who commissioned me to write\nmy article \"The Key to _Jane Eyre_\" for _The Saturday Review_;[3] and to\nMr. W. L. Courtney, M.A., LL.D., the editor of _The Fortnightly Review_,\nwho commissioned me to write my article \"The Lifting of the Bront\u00eb Veil:\nA New Study of the Bront\u00eb Family.\"[4] Mr. Courtney's words of\nencouragement--those of a true gentleman and an eminent literary scholar\nand author--have made bright to me the accomplishment of this work.\nI thank Lady Ritchie--the gifted author-daughter of Thackeray the writer\nof _Vanity Fair_ to whom Charlotte Bront\u00eb in her second edition\ndedicated _Jane Eyre_--for her kind permission to use in _The Key to the\nBront\u00eb Works_ what her ladyship had written me privately in regard to\nher sitting at dinner beside Charlotte Bront\u00eb on June 12th, 1850, with\nMr. Thackeray and Mr. George Smith the publisher, when Miss Bront\u00eb was\nwearing a light green dress, an incident that has relation to the green\ndress in the interesting H\u00e9ger portrait of Charlotte Bront\u00eb drawn in\n1850, now the property of the nation and in the National Portrait\nGallery, London.\nI desire to express my gratitude to Miss Catherine Galbraith Welch, who\nintroduced an outline of my Bront\u00eb discoveries to the readers of _The\nNew York Times Saturday Review of Books_. I thank _The Spectator_, _The\nOutlook_, and other organs for their open acknowledgment of the fact\nthat I have made a discovery at last throwing light upon Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's Brussels experiences and her relations with the H\u00e9gers at\nBrussels. And I wish also to thank the anonymous and scholarly writer\nwho penned the long and careful article in _The Dundee Advertiser_ under\nthe heading \"The Original of Jane Eyre,\" containing an encouraging\nappreciation of the importance of my discovery I dealt with in my\narticle \"The Key to _Jane Eyre_\" in _The Saturday Review_.\nI would like to give a pressure of the hand to my subscribers for the\nfirst edition of _The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_. Your kind letters to me\nand your active interest in _The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_ will ever\ndwell among my pleasant memories. One I grieve will never see on earth\nthese pages--the late Most Honourable Marquis of Ripon, K.G., who\nnumbered with my earliest subscribers.\nThe readers of _The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_ will love Charlotte Bront\u00eb\nmore and know her better than ever they have loved or known her in the\npast. They will see her books are rich with new-found treasures, and\nwill recognize her to be a world's writer--a character of signal\neminence, one of the most illustrious of women.\nTruth will out, and facts have their appointed day of revelation; thus I\ncannot help it that more than sixty years of writing on the Bront\u00ebs is\nplaced out of date by my discoveries.\nTHE KEY TO THE BRONT\u00cb WORKS.\nCHAPTER I.\nOUTLINE OF CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S LIFE.\nSt. Michael the Prince of Messengers--to him was dedicated the little\nchurch on the hill at Haworth, in the Parish of Bradford, Yorkshire,\nwhose living gave sustenance to the family of the restless, ambitious\nson of Erin, Patrick Bront\u00eb.[5] Is it for nothing that a spiritual\nbanner is raised by man and appeal made for the beneficent influence of\na conception of definite personal character? Within this sacred\ncircumscription came to be written the works of Charlotte Bront\u00eb, and\nherefrom the words of a Messenger went out to the uttermost parts of the\nworld.\nThe mystery of impulse! The servant is not master, nor is the messenger\nhe that sendeth. Behind the lives of the great was ever an influence to\ndo: blind may be the early groping of Genius, stumbling her feet on the\nrugged road of a darksome journey begun in the veiling mist of life's\ndawn, but onward and ever onward is she impelled to the journey's end.\nEre Night blots out Genius her Message has accomplished. Glancing back\nto the literary strivings of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's childhood, and upon\nthose quaint little efforts [Greek: peri t\u00f4n apist\u00f4n], which her young\nbrother and sisters sought to emulate,[6] we see her responsive to some\ninward prompting that told her she must write.\nBorn on April 21st, 1816, at Thornton, near Bradford, during her\nfather's curacy of that parish, Charlotte Bront\u00eb was one of a family of\nsix, whose mother died in 1821. The story of her literary beginnings\nshows them to have been of the kind known to many aspirants. There were\nthe rebuffs of editors and of at least one famous author; and, in\naddition, was the divertisement of her life as teacher and governess.\nHer correspondence is voluminous. It was ever written down to the\nintended recipient. As to the somewhat commonplace Ellen Nussey, whose\nfriendship, begun at Roe Head, near Dewsbury, the school of a Miss\nMargaret Wooler, lasted to the end: she invariably discussed the\ndomestic and social happenings of the acquaintances known by or of\ninterest to them. Thus her letters[7] are commonly circumstantial and\nseldom soared beyond the capacity, or exceeded the limits of the\ndepartmental interests, of those for whom they were written.\nThis was primarily the result of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's nervous perception\nof character and recognition of the want of a truly psychical\nreciprocity with her friends. She tells us that of all living beings\nonly \"Rochester\" understood her, and her letters to M. H\u00e9ger, of her\nBrussels school--the original of this character--were not preserved. In\nthe day of high fame, when she corresponded with literary folk, she\nfelt herself as on parade, rushed to make opinions, as say, on Miss\nAusten, whom she criticized somewhat adversely. Obviously she hated to\nbe at the service of bookish letter-writers. Erratically she responded\nto their promptings, trying not to be ruffled, but she could not reveal\nher heart. From these letters, and the epistles of the class I have\npreviously mentioned, Mrs. Gaskell in the main wrote her famous\nbiography. The Charlotte Bront\u00eb known of the recipients of this\ncorrespondence her biographer presented, backed with the necessary local\ncolour. She had enjoyed in the days of Miss Bront\u00eb's popularity a short\nacquaintance with her; and when, at the death of Currer Bell, Mr. Bront\u00eb\nrequested her to write his daughter's \"life,\" she was eminently fitted\nto give the world Charlotte Bront\u00eb as known by her acquaintances.\nBut of the intimate Charlotte Bront\u00eb, and the origin of the Bront\u00eb\nworks, the method of their construction, and their relation to the facts\nand people of her life, Mrs. Gaskell could tell us virtually nothing.\nNeither could she, nor any succeeding biographer, throw light upon Miss\nBront\u00eb's Brussels life, or upon the subject of her friendship with M.\nH\u00e9ger, who is discovered by internal evidence to be the original of\nCurrer Bell's chief heroes. Charlotte Bront\u00eb's was an intensely reserved\nnature. She built to herself a universe which she peopled in secret. Her\nreal life she lived out again in her books. Therein appeared the real\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb, and see we her life and its people as known to\nherself. Whether she thought the secrets of her works would be revealed\nI cannot tell; but as the traveller who in far distant lands inscribes\non some lonely rock the relation of his experience, conscious that a\nfuture explorer will read the tale, so does Genius, with the faith which\ngave her being, leave her message in the hope of an early day of\nrevelation, and in the secure knowledge of the final penetration of\ntruth.\nWe now, sixty years after, find by aid of the many discoveries I have\nmade and present my readers in the pages of this, _The Key to the Bront\u00eb\nWorks_, that Charlotte Bront\u00eb, penning in her connective works the story\nof her life, gave us the spectacle of a living drama wherein she was\nherself a leading actor. Herein we see the imperfections and\nshortcomings of human nature, and Charlotte Bront\u00eb herself is shown\nstanding in the slippery places. Before our eyes flits the procession of\nthe people who moved about her, and the air is filled with the\natmosphere through which her genius saw the world. In this new light of\nrevelation we perceive her great message is--the Martyrdom of Virtue. A\nmore poignant message I know not! And Charlotte Bront\u00eb was martyr in\nthis moving drama--nay, I believe there also was another. Spending two\nyears at a Brussels _pensionnat_ she gained the friendship of Monsieur\nH\u00e9ger, a devout Roman Catholic and a man of intellect who, himself once\na teacher at the establishment, as was M. Pelet in _The Professor_ at a\nsimilar school, came to marry the mistress. Miss Bront\u00eb went twice to\nBrussels, on the first occasion being accompanied by her sister Emily.\nFinally, Charlotte Bront\u00eb left Brussels abruptly on account, it has been\nsaid, of the harsh attitude of Madame H\u00e9ger, who even forbade her\nhusband to correspond with Miss Bront\u00eb. Concerning this period and the\nincidents associated therewith, I have been enabled to lift the veil. We\nhave thus, for the first time, external evidence that shows Charlotte\nBront\u00eb, at Brussels, endured the greatest ordeal through which it is the\nlot of a woman to pass. We see how she and M. H\u00e9ger emerged triumphantly\nfrom dangerous temptation, and how they were aided, the one by her\nChristian upbringing, the other by the influence of his Church.\nIt was in January 1844 when Charlotte Bront\u00eb returned finally from\nBrussels; and she and her sisters printed a circular in connection with\na project of starting a private school at Haworth, but no progress was\nmade. Charlotte Bront\u00eb's life at this period will be better understood\nby a reference to the chapters on \"The Recoil\" in this work--it was her\ndarkest time: when the human in her cried out--as it has, alas! in so\nmany at the bitter hour. She rebelled. Not violently; but by reproach.\nOnly her own pen can tell how cruelly she suffered mentally. She had\ndone no wrong and had resisted a great evil, but the recoil found her\nweak: it was the martyrdom of virtue. She was suffering for the sake of\nright; and that she cried aloud as in an agony showed her suffering was\nintense. The storm left the world _Wuthering Heights_. The tone of\nribald caricature in dealing with the Pharisee Joseph; the impatient,\nvindictive pilloring of her own nervous and physical infirmities as\n\"Catherine\"; the ruthless baring of the flesh to show \"Heathcliffe's\"\nheart was stone; the wilful plunging into an atmosphere of harsh levity,\ncrude animalism, and repulsive hypochondria, all contributed to a sombre\nand powerful work of art grand in its perpetration, standing alone in\nsolemn majesty like the black rack that stretches low athwart a clear\nsky--the rearward of the storm. But it bears the story of a sad Night,\nand Charlotte Bront\u00eb's subsequent works were written in repentance: for\nin Heathcliffe and Catherine of _Wuthering Heights_ she had portrayed M.\nH\u00e9ger and herself.\nIn this dark hour of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's life, Emily Bront\u00eb, to whom she\nafterwards gave _Wuthering Heights_, was writing, on July 30th, 1845,[8]\nthat she, Emily, was \"contented and undesponding,\" and was engaged upon\nand intended to continue some puerile compositions called _The Gondal\nChronicles_, which she spoke of as \"delighting\" her and Anne. She and\nAnne had been engaged upon this effort three and a half years, and it\nwas yet unfinished.\nWhile making comparison between Emily's and Charlotte's standpoint at\nthis time--and Charlotte obtained for herself the names of Currer Bell\nfrom Montagu's book which, as I show, contained the \"plot,\" etc., of\n_Wuthering Heights_, for her own use in the Bront\u00eb poem publishing\nproject of 1845-46--it is most important to note that but some months\nafter Emily's diary entry _Wuthering Heights_ was offered by Charlotte\nto Messrs. Aylott and Jones, with _The Professor_ and _Agnes Grey_--on\nApril 6th, 1846. The literal evidence of _The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_\ndoes not require that we ask by what miracle the \"contented\" Emily\nBront\u00eb, who had collaborated three and a half years with Anne on _The\nGondal Chronicles_, and declared an intention at the end of July 1845 to\n\"stick firmly\" to their composition, could come, in addition to\npreparing her poems for the press, to begin and to finish _Wuthering\nHeights_ by or before April 6th, 1846.[9]\nAfter Charlotte Bront\u00eb's return from Brussels the degeneracy of her only\nbrother, Patrick Branwell Bront\u00eb, a young man ambitious, but not\nsuccessful, as an artist, made him an object of her disgust and\nantipathy, and we find she portrayed him unflinchingly as Hindley\nEarnshaw of _Wuthering Heights_, and again as John Reed of _Jane Eyre_.\nEmily, we have been told, liked her brother, though an attempt was made\nsomewhat recently to dissipate the tradition.[10] But Charlotte, after\nthe deaths of her elder sisters, Maria and Elizabeth, the eldest of the\nfamily, obviously was piqued from childhood by the advantage Branwell's\nsex gave him over her seniority, more especially as he seems to have\nbeen brutal to her:--See \"A Rainy Day in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Childhood,\"\nin _The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_.\nIt may be observed Charlotte Bront\u00eb went to three schools, and that each\nhad a remarkable influence upon her life and literature. The first was\nthe Clergy Daughters' School in the Kendal locality, to which her\nsisters Maria, Elizabeth, and Emily also went upon the death of the\nailing Mrs. Bront\u00eb at Haworth. The second was Miss Wooler's school\nalready mentioned, and the third the Brussels _pensionnat_. The fact\nthat _Jane Eyre_ virtually opens with the Clergy Daughters' School\nincidents--incidents drawn from her child-memory regarding the temporary\nmismanagement of an establishment which subsequently has proved a most\nuseful foundation--shows she began _Jane Eyre_ with the utmost possible\nfidelity to truth in so far as regarded herself and her associations.\nThe story of how this famous work was sent in 1847 to a firm of\npublishers who had just declined her novel _The Professor_ is well known\nhistory, as is the relation of the subsequent success of the book and\nthe elevation of Charlotte Bront\u00eb to the highest recognition.\n_Wuthering Heights_ had been published as Ellis Bell's work, a _nom de\nguerre_ that also had appeared over Emily Bront\u00eb's poems. It was issued\nunder the condition that the next book by its author went to the same\npublisher, a Mr. Newby, which, of course, made impossible thereafter\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's acknowledging her authorship of this work, as the\nnext book by the author of _Wuthering Heights_, her _Jane Eyre_, was\npublished by another house. But there are evidences in _Shirley_ that\ndespite her nervous apprehensions, and her letters show she was very\nmuch afraid of this Mr. Newby, who afterwards asserted she wrote\n_Wuthering Heights_, she therein carefully placed significations of her\nauthorship of _Wuthering Heights_.\n_Villette_ was published in January 1853, and in the June of 1854 Currer\nBell married her father's curate, the Rev. A. B. Nicholls, whom she\npreviously had refused. She married him, it may be, as a final\nimmolation of herself on the altar of Right and Duty. Her married life\nwas but for some few months--it was so short we yet call her Charlotte\nBront\u00eb. Her father outlived her by six years. The last survivor of the\nyoung Bront\u00ebs, she died in March 1855, within a month of old Tabitha\nAykroyd, her best loved woman friend and companion apart from her own\nkinsfolk. Charlotte Bront\u00eb, with other members of her family, rests in\nthe grey fabric which is the modern representative of that early\ndescribed as the church of St. Michael the Archangel de Haworth. Her\nmessage is yet with us; the tablets of her life she has bequeathed to\nposterity, and the key to open the way to their repository is now in our\nhands. Her genius has shown the price of right-doing and the grim and\ndangerous valley through which Virtue must go ere break of Day.\nCHAPTER II.\nTHE ORIGIN OF THE CANDLE-BEARING BEDSIDE VISITANT AND THE UNCOUTH\nSERVANT IN \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS\" AND \"JANE EYRE.\"\nMy evidence shows that between 1837 and 1847 Charlotte Bront\u00eb was\nperusing very attentively a little volume entitled _Gleanings in Craven,\nor the Tourist's Guide_, by one Frederic Montagu of Lincoln's Inn, son\nof Basil Montagu, second (natural) son of John Montagu, fourth Earl of\nSandwich, whose ancestor brought Charles II. over from Holland on the\nRestoration in 1660 and therefor received his earldom.[11] The book,\nwhich had never been associated by any person with the name or works of\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb till I wrote my article, \"The Key to _Jane Eyre_,\" upon\nit for _The Saturday Review_, was in the form of \"Six letters to a\nfriend in India,\" addressed as, \"My dear Howard ... now at Bombay,\" and\nwas dedicated by special permission to the Duke of Devonshire, a fact\nnot mentioned save in the early editions. It was printed at Briggate,\nLeeds, by A. Pickard, and published at Skipton-in-Craven in 1838.\nMessrs. Simpkin, Marshall & Co. were the London publishers.\nFrederick Montagu was a gentleman travelling in Yorkshire for his\nhealth's sake it seems, and it occurred to him to relate in epistolary\nform the story of his adventures. He had read the local writers, but it\nis most clear Charlotte Bront\u00eb was particularly influenced in the\nconstruction of her great masterpieces, _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane\nEyre_, by his purely personal contributions. It was not only as a\ngleaner of local hearsay that Montagu wrote the long panegyric upon Miss\nCurrer which obviously resulted in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's choosing the name,\nbut as one whose attention had been drawn to her literary eminence.\nThomas Frognall Dibdin, who in his _Reminiscences of a Literary Life_\n(1836) spoke so good a word for Basil Montagu, Frederic's father,[12]\nunder whom he had studied for the bar, also devoted in those\n_Reminiscences_ many pages to Miss Currer and Eshton Hall. Thus we read\nin Montagu's _Gleanings in Craven_:--\n    And now as to literature ... Miss Currer is the head of all the\n    female bibliopolists (_sic_) in Europe, the library of Eshton Hall\n    fully bearing out this truth.... In taking my leave of Eshton\n    Hall, there is a subject upon which I must say a word: it is only\n    the repetition of the echo I have heard about Eshton.... There was\n    one name connected by every person with worth and excellence--one\n    who in the continual performance of charity, like a pure but\n    imbedded stream, silently pursues her kind course, nourishing all\n    within her sweet influence:--I believe it may be truly said no\n    person is more deservedly loved and respected than Miss Currer.\nAs to \"Bell,\" which like \"Currer,\" came to be chosen by Charlotte Bront\u00eb\nfrom Montagu's book for her pen-name in the poem publishing project of\nautumn 1845--only some months before _Wuthering Heights_ was supposed to\nhave been written--Montagu says:--\n    Kirkby-Lonsdale is a neat, stone-built town, and has a free\n    Grammar School.... It was at this school that the celebrated\n    lawyer, and one of his late Majesty's Counsels, the late John\n    Bell, Esq., received his education.\nAnd three lines before this Montagu has described the views of the Lune,\n\"and the prospect from the churchyard, taking in Casterton Hall.\"[13]\nThis is the very background of the early chapters of _Jane Eyre_.\nIndeed, Casterton Hall was the original of Brocklehurst Hall in _Jane\nEyre_, and here resided the Rev. W. Carus-Wilson, the original of Mr.\nBrocklehurst, \"the black marble clergyman\" of the school at Lowood;\nwhile Kirkby-Lonsdale was the original of Lowton of _Jane Eyre_. These\nfacts compel us to perceive that Charlotte Bront\u00eb would naturally be led\nby Montagu's words, to recall she too as regards her education had been\nassociated with the locality mentioned. These references seem to have\nmade Currer Bell relate in _Jane Eyre_ her experiences in that district.\nNeither Miss Bront\u00eb nor Mrs. Gaskell, her biographer, gave any\ninformation as to the origin of the \"Currer\" and \"Bell\" of Currer Bell,\nbut it is known the \"Bell\" was not chosen from the name of the Rev. A.\nBell Nicholls whom she afterwards married.[14]\nA further personal contribution by Montagu, one he based on gossip\nrather than on tradition, was the story of a foundling who, he says, was\ndiscovered by a shepherd on a rocky elevation. This I find Charlotte\nBront\u00eb evolved into \"a cuckoo story.\" The circumstance that this male\nchild was found on the craggy summit of a hill may have dictated to her\nthe name of the foundling Heathcliffe of _Wuthering Heights_.\nI moreover find that, influenced by Montagu's quaint descriptions of the\nwild and remote neighbourhood, Charlotte Bront\u00eb made Malham and the\nvalley of Malham the background of her story, _Wuthering Heights_. With\nMalham, Montagu associated the names of Linton and Airton (Hareton); the\nFairy Cave, the Crags, glens, mists; a grey old church in the valley,\nthe \"Kirk\" by Malham, Kirkby Malham Church, which Charlotte Bront\u00eb calls\nin _Wuthering Heights_ Gimmerton Kirk; a rapid stream and a Methodist\nchapel. And he draws attention to Malham, being at the foot of a range\nof steep mountains--\"the Heights,\" and having an annual sheep fair, when\nover one hundred thousand sheep are shown at one time, the which\nobservation was, we now discover, responsible for Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nchoice of \"Gimmerton\" and \"Gimmerden,\" from \"gimmer,\" a female sheep,\nand meaning respectively the village of sheep and the valley of sheep, a\ncharacteristic of hers being that she often chose her names on what she\ntermed the _lucus a non lucendo_ principle.[15]\nHaving in _Wuthering Heights_ made so pointed a reference to the Fairy\nCave in the neighbourhood of Gimmerton, and having therein associated\nwith it the names of Airton (Hareton) and Linton, which Montagu\nconnected with Gimmerton or Malham, Charlotte Bront\u00eb had not openly\nmentioned in that work the Fairy Janet referred to by Montagu, though\nshe hinted at \"the mysteries of the Fairy Cave.\" But I find that her\n\"elfish\" imagination induced her later, in _Jane Eyre_, to appropriate\nfor herself the r\u00f4le of the Fairy Janet, the Queen of the Malhamdale or\nGimmerden elves, who ruled in the neighbourhood of Gimmerton and of\nWuthering Heights, the home of Catherine Earnshaw. Thus we see Charlotte\nBront\u00eb primarily associated both Catherine Earnshaw, the heroine of\n_Wuthering Heights_, and Jane Eyre, the heroine of _Jane Eyre_, with\nMalham. And discovering the impetuosity of her imaginative nature and\nits romantic turn, I doubt not she was impatient to begin the tale of\nthe \"fairy-born and human-bred\" heroine whose surname she took from the\nRiver Aire or Ayre, which sprang, as Montagu carefully indicates, from\nMalham, or Gimmerton, as Charlotte Bront\u00eb would say in her _Wuthering\nHeights_. From this came the suggestion of the \"Rivers\" family, with\nwhich I deal later, the names employed by Charlotte Bront\u00eb being\nRiver(s), Burn(s), Aire or Eyre, Severn, Reed, and Keeldar.\nAnother of Montagu's personal contributions which greatly influenced\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb was on the leaf before the mention of John Bell, Esq.,\nand on the same leaf as the mention of Casterton Hall, headed \"A Night's\nRepose.\" This was the narration of a night's adventure, Montagu telling\nhow he went to a lonely hostelry and found an unwillingness in the\nhostess to give him bed and shelter. He also discovered a mystery\nsurrounded the hostess and a peculiar, harsh-voiced country-bred\nman-servant--who came to be the original of Joseph of _Wuthering\nHeights_. At night the apparition of the hostess appears at Montagu's\nbedside, white-faced and lighted candle in hand. It is plain the\npeculiar man-servant appealed very strongly to Charlotte Bront\u00eb, and\nthus in both her _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_ transcriptions of\nthe midnight incident this characteristic is marked and recognizable: in\nJoseph; and in Grace Poole, by what I have termed Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nMethod I., interchange of the sexes of characters. In _Wuthering\nHeights_, by her same Method I., Montagu's inhospitable hostess became\nthe inhospitable host Heathcliffe; but in each of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nversions--_Wuthering Heights_ or _Jane Eyre_--a central figure of the\nincidents she based upon Montagu's story of \"A Night's Repose\" was the\nuncouth, coarse-voiced country-bred servant.\nWe also shall see that Montagu's reference to lunacy being an exception\nto his objection against the separation of husband and wife, and the use\nhe made of a verse in his Malham letter, likening the moon to\n      \"A ... lady lean and pale\n  Who totters forth wrapt in a gauzy veil,\n  Out of her chamber led by the insane\n  And feeble wanderings of her fading brain,\"\nwere responsible for the \"plot\" of _Jane Eyre_ including an insane lady\nwho wanders out of her chamber at night and dons a vapoury veil.\nAnd evidence of the enthusiasm with which Charlotte Bront\u00eb applied\nherself to _Jane Eyre_ is the fact that she at once took from Montagu's\nlittle volume for this her second story based upon the book's\nsuggestions, the names of\n    Broughton, Poole (from Pooley), Eshton, Georgiana, Lynn (from\n    Linton), Lowood (from Low-wood), Mason, Ingram, Helen,[16] and\n    possibly Millcote (from Weathercote).\nThus far we see Charlotte Bront\u00eb drew _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane\nEyre_ from the same source; that in a word, _Jane Eyre_, was Charlotte's\nsecond attempt to utilize and amplify the suggestions in Montagu's work\nwhich had appealed to her when she began _Wuthering Heights_, and we see\nthe suggestions she utilized in _Jane Eyre_ always bear unmistakable\nrelationship to those she had utilized in her _Wuthering Heights_. But\nthe use Charlotte Bront\u00eb made of Montagu's book was not in the nature of\nliterary theft; that volume simply afforded suggestions which she\nenlarged upon.\nI shall presently show how I find _Jane Eyre_ is the second attempt of\nCurrer Bell to enlarge upon suggestions that had appealed to her when\nshe first read Montagu. For a commencement I will refer to the early\nconstruction of her _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_. As simple\nstories they both are based upon the description Montagu gives of an\nisolated hostelry with an inhospitable hostess, a midnight apparition,\nand an air of mystery that surrounds the hostess and a peculiar, uncouth\nservant, to whom I have already alluded. The stage properties of this\nnarrative, the characters, and the \"action\" or plot, I will give side by\nside, as they appear severally, first in Montagu, next in _Wuthering\nHeights_, and finally in _Jane Eyre_. Herewith the reader will have\nexcellent examples of the two chief methods I find Charlotte Bront\u00eb\nemployed often when she drew from a character in more than one work or\ninstance, or when she desired to veil the identity of her originals.\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's Methods I. and II., being discovered equally in\n_Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_ show, as conclusively as any other\nevidence, that she was the author of both works. No consideration\nwhatsoever can alter the iron fact or depreciate from its significance,\nthat it was absolutely my discovery of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Methods I. and\nII., which revealed to me the sensational verbal and other parallels\nbetween _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_ I give in _The Key to the\nBront\u00eb Works_:--\nRead carefully:--\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's Method I.--The interchange of sexes. Thus the\noriginal of A may be a woman, and the original of B a man; but A may be\nrepresented as a man, and B as a woman.\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's Method II.--Altering the age of a character\nportrayed. Thus the original of C may be young, and the original of D\nold; but C may be represented as old, and D as young.\nThe literal extracts to which I have referred I print as occurring in\nthe three works:--Montagu the original, _Wuthering Heights_, and _Jane\nEyre_. I will first give the substance, or subject matter, side by\nside:--\n  MONTAGU.                _Wuthering Heights._    _Jane Eyre._\n  Montagu goes on         Lockwood, of whom       Jane (Method I.,\n  horseback to a          Montagu was palpably    interchange of the\n  solitary house at a     the original, goes      sexes) goes to a\n  distance from any       on horseback to a       solitary house,\n  habitable dwelling,     solitary house at a     alone. Comfort is all\n  alone, and seeks a      distance from any       around, but an air of\n  night's repose. But     habitable dwelling,     mystery surrounds\n  though comfort is all   alone, and seeks a      the master's wife and\n  around, he finds an     night's repose. But     a peculiar\n  air of mystery          he finds an air of      harsh-voiced female\n  surrounds the           mystery surrounds the   servant (Method I.,\n  inhospitable hostess    inhospitable host       interchange of the\n  and her deep-voiced,    (Charlotte Bront\u00eb's     sexes).\n  Yorkshire               Method I.,\n  dialect-speaking,       interchange of the\n  country-bred            sexes) and his\n  man-servant.            harsh-voiced,\n  Montagu is shown to     Lockwood is shown to    Jane, in bed one\n  bed up a step-ladder    bed, and sleeps only    night, sleeps only\n  that leads through a    fitfully, dreaming.     fitfully, dreaming.\n  trap, and sleeps only   He hears noises and     She hears noises and\n  fitfully, dreaming.     perceives a gleam of    perceives a gleam of\n  He hears noises and     light. He starts to     light. She starts to\n  perceives a gleam of    find the white-faced    find the apparition\n  light He starts to      apparition of his       of her master's wife\n  find the white-faced    host standing at his    standing at her\n  apparition of his       bedside, lighted        bedside, lighted\n  hostess standing at     candle in hand, his     candle in hand, her\n  his bedside, lighted    features convulsed      features convulsed\n  candle in hand, her     with diabolical rage.   with diabolical rage.\n  features convulsed      The harsh-voiced,       The harsh-voiced,\n  with diabolical rage.   Yorkshire               peculiar female\n  The deep-voiced,        dialect-speaking        servant Jane first\n  Yorkshire               man-servant, a sour     encountered after\n  dialect-speaking        old man (Charlotte      having gone to the\n  peculiar man-servant    Bront\u00eb's Method II.,    attics and through a\n  he sees by looking      the altering of the     trap-door to the\n  down the step-ladder    age of a character      roof.\n  through the trap.       portrayed), comes\n                          that vanished through\nIn the literal extracts I now give the reader will perceive that in the\ndescription of the bedside, candle-bearing apparition in _Jane Eyre_,\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb followed Montagu almost word for word, and in the whole\nstaging of the midnight episode at the house of the inhospitable host in\n_Wuthering Heights_ followed him entirely in outlining the story. Both\nthe _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_ versions give unequivocal\nevidence of being refractions from Montagu conveyed through one brain\nalone, the peculiar idiosyncrasy and elective sensitiveness of which are\nundeniably recognizable as Charlotte Bront\u00eb's:--\n  MONTAGU.                _Wuthering Heights._    _Jane Eyre._\n  A Night's Repose.       A Night's Repose.       A Night's Repose.\n  My servant having       Heathcliffe, when he    Jane is shown the\n  lamed his steed ...     saw my horse's breast   bedrooms of the\n  I arrived alone at a    fairly pushing the      secluded Thornfield\n  small hostelry in a     barrier, did put out    Hall:--\n  secluded part of        his hand to unchain\n  the country, and        it ... calling as we    \"Do the servants\n  apparently at some      entered the court,      sleep in these\n  distance from any       \"Joseph, take Mr.       rooms?\"\n  habitable dwelling.     Lockwood's horse; and\n  Having determined to    bring some wine.\"       \"No ... no one sleeps\n  I discovered in the     Joseph was an           say that if there\n  woman who seemed to     elderly, nay an old     were a ghost at\n  be the hostess an       man, very old           Thornfield Hall this\n  anxiety to get rid      perhaps, though hale    would be its haunt.\"\n  of me; but with the     and sinewy. \"The Lord\n  usual obstinacy of      help us!\" he            ... I followed ... to\n  curiosity caused        soliloquised in an      the attics, and\n  by this apparent        undertone of peevish    thence by a trap-door\n  anxiety, I determined   displeasure, while      to the roof of the\n  not to be thwarted;     relieving me of my      hall ... a laugh\n  so, putting up my       horse, looking ... in   struck my ear ...\n  horse, I entered the    my face so sourly       \"Who is it?\"\n  house, and sat down     that I charitably\n  to a humble but         conjectured he must     ... the laugh was as\n  substantial meal,       have need of Divine     preternatural ... as\n  prepared during         aid to digest his       any I ever heard....\n  my absence in the       dinner, and his pious\n  stable; and though      ejaculation had no      The ... door opened,\n  comfort had sway with   reference to my         and a servant came\n  all around me, yet      unexpected advent.      out--a woman of\n  there was an evident                            between thirty and\n  air of profound         \"Guests are so          forty; a set,\n  mystery between my      exceedingly rare in     square-made figure\n  hostess and her         this house that I and   ... and with a hard,\n  boy-of-all-work, a      my dogs hardly know     plain face....\n  thick-set son of the    how to receive them,\"\n  north, with a deep      says Heathcliffe.       One day Jane, out for\n  manner; whilst I,       Resuming his            horseman approaching\n  with all the            narrative in Chapter    who, in sympathy with\n  malignant pleasure of   II., Lockwood tells     Montagu's story of\n  counteracting any       us he goes again to     laming a horse, has\n  mystery, secretly       Wuthering Heights and   an accident.\n  enjoyed the hope of     gains admittance with\n  discovering the         difficulty, after       \"Did the horse fall\n  reason of wishing my    muttering, \"Wretched    in Hay Lane?\" Jane\n  absence.... I was not   inmates, you deserve    asks later of a\n  at all disconcerted,    perpetual isolation     servant.\n  but philosophically     ... for your churlish\n  finished my meal ...    inhospitality. I        \"Yes, it slipped.\"\n  and at an early hour    don't care, I will\n  requested to be shown   get in.\"                Thus Jane learns the\n  where I was to rest                             horseman is the\n  for the night.          \"As to staying here,\"   master of Thornfield\n  Refusing to listen      cries Heathcliffe, \"I   Hall. She discovers\n  to any excuse, I was    don't keep              an air of mystery\n  shown up a ladder       accommodations for      surrounds the master\n  into a small room....   visitors: you must      of the house; and a\n  I thanked my guide,     share a bed with        thick-set woman\n  and ... laid down       Joseph [the             servant is involved.\n  with the expectation    country-bred servant]\n  of sleeping hard, an    if you do.\"\n  expectation which was                           Chapter XV.\n  not realized, for\n  thoughts obtruded       Chapter III.            Though I had now\n  themselves upon me,                             extinguished my\n  wholly preventing       Lockwood at last is     candle and was laid\n  repose. Midnight had    guided to bed by a      down in bed, I could\n  scarcely fallen when    servant. While          not sleep for\n  I heard voices in the   leading the way, she    thinking of the\n  room below, and by a    recommended ... \"I      [mystery that seemed\n  light which grew        should hide the         to surround Mr.\n  stronger every moment   candle, ... for her     Rochester].... I\n  I felt some person      master had an odd       hardly knew whether I\n  was about to ascend     notion about the        had slept or not\n  the ladder.             chamber ... and never   after this musing; at\n                          let anybody lodge       any rate I started\n  Before Charlotte        there willingly.\"...    wide awake on hearing\n  Bront\u00eb proceeds         I sank back in bed      a vague murmur.... I\n  with the dramatic       and fell asleep....     wished I had kept my\n  experiences of this     Alas! what could it     candle burning; the\n  terrible night she      be that made me pass    night was drearily\n  provides entirely       such a terrible         dark.... I rose and\n  original matter         night? I don't          sat up in bed\n  independent of          remember another that   listening;... I was\n  Montagu, as a           I can compare with it   chilled with fear....\n  preface. I will give    since I was capable     I began to feel the\n  Montagu his space,      of suffering.           return of slumber.\n  however, for we                                 But it was not fated\n  have here a duet in     ... I began to          ... I should sleep\n  unison, so to speak,    dream.... I had set     that night. A dream\n  between _Wuthering      out on my way home,     had scarcely\n  Heights_ and _Jane      with Joseph for a       approached my ear\n  Eyre_. The trio will    guide. The snow lay     when it fled\n  be resumed in perfect   yards deep in our       affrighted.... There\n  sequence after          road. We came to a      was a demonia laugh\n  Montagu has rested a    chapel.... Presently    ... at my chamber\n  few bars in the         the whole chapel        door.... I thought\n  introduction. My        resounded with          the goblin laughter\n  reader will note with   rappings and            stood at my\n  sensational interest,   counter-rappings; ...   bedside.... Something\n  I am sure, that in      at last, to my          ... moaned. \"Was that\n  both of Charlotte       unspeakable relief,     Grace Poole?\" [the\n  Bront\u00eb's                they awoke me....       thick-set servant]\n  introductions to the    What ... had            thought I.... There\n  appearance of the       suggested the tumult?   was a candle burning\n  candle-bearing,         ... the branch of a     outside.\n  frenzied, bedside       fir-tree that touched\n  apparition, the         my lattice as the\n  separate narrators      blast wailed by....     Chapter XXV.\n  tell us that a gale\n  is blowing; that        I dreamt again, if      ... After I went to\n  they dreamed most       possible still more     bed I could not\n  disagreeably twice.     disagreeably than       sleep--a sense of\n  The first dream being   before.... I heard      anxious excitement\n  in each instance that   the gusty wind, ... I   depressed me. The\n  of journeying upon an   thought I rose ... to   gale still rising\n  unknown road, and the   unhasp the casement.    seemed to my ear to\n  second dream that of    \"I must stop [the fir   muffle a ... doleful\n  an unknown ice-cold     bough's teasing         undersound.... During\n  little child (always    sound],\" I muttered,    my first sleep I was\n  referred to in the      knocking my hand        following the\n  neuter \"it\"), which     through the glass and   windings of an\n  \"wailed piteously\"      stretching an arm out   unknown road; ...\n  and \"clung\" to the      to seize the ...        rain pelted me; I was\n  narrators in            branch; instead of      burdened with the\n  \"terror,\" intense       which my fingers        charge of a little\n  horror being            closed on the fingers   child--a very small\n  accentuated by their    of an ice-cold hand!    creature, ... which\n  being unable to rid     The intense horror of   shivered in my cold\n  themselves of the       nightmare came over     arms and wailed\n  clinging, shivering     me: I tried to draw     piteously in my ear.\n  small \"creature,\" as    back my arm, but the\n  Charlotte Bront\u00eb        hand clung to it, and   I dreamt another\n  calls \"it.\" The         a most melancholy       dream.... I still\n  \"doleful\" moaning and   voice sobbed.... I      carried the unknown\n  the \"blast\" play        discerned ... a         little child: I might\n  their part in each      child's face looking    not lay it down\n  version, and in both    through the window.     anywhere, however\n  a \"branch\" is duly      Terror made me cruel,   tired were my\n  grasped or seized by    and finding it          arms--however its\n  the dreamer. For the    useless to attempt      weight impeded my\n  origin of this          shaking the creature    progress, I must\n  wailing little          off, I pulled its       retain it.... I\n  creature see my         wrist on to the         climbed the thin\n  chapter, \"Charlotte     broken pane, ...        wall [of the house]\n  Bront\u00eb's Child          rubbing it to and fro   with frantic,\n  Apparition.\"            till the blood ran      perilous haste, ...\n  Further, the reader     wailed ... and          from under my feet,\n  will observe that in    maintained its          the ivy branches I\n  both _Wuthering         tenacious gripe,        grasped gave way, the\n  Heights_ and _Jane      almost maddening me     child clung round my\n  Eyre_ Montagu's         with fear.              neck in terror, and\n  candle-bearing          I said, \"Let me go!\"    me.... The blast blew\n  apparition is not a     The fingers relaxed,    so strong.... I sat\n  dream, but a            I snatched mine ...     down on the narrow\n  candlelit reality,      and stopped my          ledge; I hushed the\n  immediately sequent     ears.... Yet the        scared infant, ...\n  to the dream of the     instant I listened      the wall crumbled; I\n  tenacious child         again, there was the    was shaken; the child\n  phantom.                doleful cry,            rolled from my knee;\n  I will here resume      to jump up, but could   fell, and awoke.\n  Montagu's narrative:    not stir a limb....\n  ... By a light which\n  grew stronger every     Hasty footsteps         \"Now, Jane, that is\n  moment, I felt some     approached my chamber   all,\" put in\n  person was about to     door, ... a light       Rochester. To which\n  ascend the ladder. At   glimmered ... at the    Jane Eyre replies,\n  this moment every       top of the bed. I sat   \"All the preface; the\n  murder ... I had        shuddering yet, and     tale is yet to come.\"\n  heard of crowded upon   wiping the              On waking a gleam\n  my brain, and I         perspiration from my    dazzled my eyes; ...\n  instantly determined    forehead. The           it was candle\n  to make the best        intruder appeared to    light.... A form\n  fight I could, ...      hesitate....            emerged from the\n  and with my partially                           closet; it took the\n  closed eyes turned      ... Heathcliffe stood   light and held it\n  towards the             near the entrance, in   aloft.... I had risen\n  trap-door. I had only   his shirt and           up in bed, I bent\n  just time to make my    trousers, with a        forward, ... then my\n  arrangements when,      candle dripping over    blood crept cold\n  clad in a white gown,   his fingers and his     through my veins....\n  fastened close up to    face white.... The      It was not even that\n  her neck, with her      first creak of the      strange woman Grace\n  black hair, matted by   oak startled him, ...   Poole [the thick-set\n  carelessness, hanging   the light leaped from   servant].... It\n  over her collar, and    his hold....            seemed ... a woman\n  ascended my hostess.    \"It is only your        dark hair hanging\n  Never shall I forget    guest, sir,\" I called   long down her back. I\n  her dreadfully          out. \"I had the         know not what dress\n  hideous expression.     nightmare.\"             she had on: it was\n  She came up to the                              white and straight;\n  bedside and looked at   \"Mr. Lockwood ... who   but whether gown,\n  me for a full minute,   showed you up to this   sheet or shroud I\n  and after passing the   room?\" grinding his     cannot tell. The\n  candle carefully        teeth to control the    features were fearful\n  before my eyes, left    maxillary               and ghastly to me;\n  me, and carefully       convulsions.            ... it was a savage\n  descended the ladder.                           face. I wish I could\n  Montagu arises, and,    Zillah,\" I replied,     lineaments.... Just\n  looking down the        flinging myself on to   at my bedside the\n  ladder, finds the       the floor, and ...      figure stopped: the\n  thick-set servant is    resuming my             fiery eye glared upon\n  also astir with the     garments.... \"The       me--she thrust up her\n  mysterious, hideous     place ... is swarming   candle close to my\n  visitant. Then          with ghosts and         face, and\n  Montagu hears his       goblins.\"               extinguished it under\n  and he wakes to learn   \"What do you mean?\"\n  he has had the          asked Heathcliffe....   \"Now,\" says\n  nightmare.              \"Lie down and finish    Rochester. \"I'll\n                          out the night since     explain to you all\n                          nothing was stirring    not, enter your room;\n                          wooden ladder that      been--Grace Poole\n                          vanished through a      [the thick-set\n                          trap--the ascent to     servant]. You call\nTruly Montagu's description of the coarse-voiced, thick-set,\ncountry-bred servant, and his implication with the mystery of the lonely\nhouse had impressed Charlotte Bront\u00eb considerably. Whether she portrayed\nhim as the Joseph of _Wuthering Heights_ or, by her Method I., as the\nGrace Poole of _Jane Eyre_, Charlotte Bront\u00eb respects the original\nassociations of this character as they were figured to her by Frederic\nMontagu's little fiction of \"A Night's Repose.\" Herewith have we\nevidence as to mental idiosyncrasy and elective-sensitiveness\nrecognizable as Charlotte Bront\u00eb's--proof that her brain and none other\nwas responsible for both the _Wuthering Heights_ and the _Jane Eyre_\nversions of the midnight incident from Montagu.\nCHAPTER III.\nORIGIN OF THE FOUNDLING HEATHCLIFFE AND HIS NAME IN \"WUTHERING\nHEIGHTS\"--ORIGIN OF THE INSANE LADY AND THE WHITE VEIL SCENE IN\n\"JANE EYRE.\"\nWe have now seen that Montagu's book provided Charlotte Bront\u00eb with the\nidea for a lonely house of mystery--a mystery which should surround a\nhost with a peculiar, harsh-voiced, uncouth, north-country servant, and\nI have shown how that idea was adopted by her for _Wuthering Heights_\nand afterwards for _Jane Eyre_. At one time Charlotte Bront\u00eb wrote the\n_Tale of a Foundling_, and she certainly read with interest a remarkable\nstory told by Montagu of a foundling who, he tells us in the letter next\nbefore the Malham letter, was discovered by a shepherd on the top of a\ncraggy \"mountain,\" a circumstance which perhaps led her in making use of\nthis foundling story to name the child Heathcliffe. I will place the\nsubstance of the two stories side by side:--\n  On the top of a craggy height       In a wild, hilly country, a male\n  a male infant \"was found by a       infant was brought home by a\n  shepherd, who took it to his        farmer who had found it\n  home, and after feeding and         homeless. He brought up the\n  clothing it he had the child        child, and the rest of its\n  named Simon; being himself but      career is the obvious \"cuckoo\n  a poor man he was unable to         story\": the child ousts the poor\n  maintain the foundling,\" when       farmer's family. It was called\n  was agreed to by his friends        Heathcliffe.\n  that the child should be kept\n  \"ameng 'em.\" The child was\n  called Simon Amenghem.\nThe cuckoo story derived obviously from the history Montagu gives of the\nfoundling became thus the backbone of _Wuthering Heights_; but it is\npossible that the cuckoo story requiring the foundling should be painted\nwith all the viciousness and cruelty of character necessary to his part,\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb found herself dissatisfied with the story. And\nportraying herself in the narrative as Catherine Earnshaw, her hero\nbecame M. H\u00e9ger. This naturally led to an awkward clashing. Whether the\nextreme \"demonism\" of Heathcliffe must be understood as being in the\nmain due to his r\u00f4le as the \"cuckoo,\" who was to oust the poor farmer's\noffspring \"like unfledged dunnocks,\" to quote Mrs. Dean, I will not in\nthis chapter inquire.\nTurning again to Montagu's book, Charlotte saw a further suggestion that\ncontained excellent \"plot\" possibilities. This was the question of\nlunacy being an exception to the objection against the separation of\nhusband and wife, Montagu's relation being Barry Cornwall (to whom, by\nthe way, Thackeray dedicated _Vanity Fair_), who was a Metropolitan\nCommissioner in Lunacy. To Charlotte Bront\u00eb, however, the subject came\nsimply as a useful suggestion. She had no views upon it, and she desired\nonly that her heroine would marry Rochester, the hero with an insane\nwife. At heart Charlotte was indifferent as to the vital point, even\nnullifying the very theme of the plot by making Rochester aver that if\nJane Eyre had been the mad wife, he would still have loved and cherished\nher.\nIt would appear that in conjunction with Montagu's remarks on lunacy and\nthe separation of husband and wife, an extract he gives from Shelley is\nalso responsible for a wife's lunacy being the theme of the plot of\n_Jane Eyre_. The extract which Montagu quotes in the Malham letter is\nwhere the poet speaks of \"The Waning Moon\" as like--\n      \"A ... lady lean and pale\n  Who totters forth wrapt in a gauzy veil\n  Out of her chamber led by the insane\n  And feeble wanderings of her fading brain.\"\nThus was evidently suggested to Charlotte Bront\u00eb the hanging up in the\ncloset of the \"vapoury veil\" for the stage purposes of the \"insane\nlady\"; and in _Jane Eyre_ Montagu's night-wandering, candle-bearing\nhostess became a lady who passed, after the manner of the lines he\nquoted,--\n  Out of her chamber led by the insane\n  And feeble wanderings of her fading brain--\nbecame Mrs. Rochester. Norton Conyers, a house near Ripon, it is said,\nis associated with the story that a mad woman was once confined\nthere.[17] If Charlotte Bront\u00eb was familiar with this story, and we are\ntold the interior is somewhat similar to the descriptions of Thornfield,\nwe can understand that, perusing Montagu's book at the time when she was\nutilizing his narrative of the candle-bearing, hideous-faced, white-clad\nmidnight visitant in a house of mystery, she would the more readily\nappropriate the further suggestions his work contained in regard to a\nwife's insanity, and the \"veil-clad\" apparition of a night-roaming\ninsane lady. It is important to note, however, that the evidence of my\npreceding chapter proves indubitably the \"mad woman\" was but a secondary\nsuggestion--the primary suggestion responsible for the plot of _Jane\nEyre_ being that of Montagu's midnight apparition. And just as the\nthick-set country-bred servant denotes in the question as to the origin\nand author of the candle-bearing bedside visitant in _Wuthering Heights_\nand _Jane Eyre_, the \"gauzy veil\" likewise denotes as to the origin of\nthe mad woman of _Jane Eyre_. So we read in the beginning of Chapter\nXXV. of _Jane Eyre_, that Jane leaves the vapoury veil in the closet:--\n    To conceal the strange, wraith-like apparel it contained; which,\n    at this evening hour ... gave out certainly a most ghostly shimmer\n    through the shadow of my apartment. \"I will leave you by yourself,\n    white dream,\" I said.\nThen farther on we read that:--\n    The moon shut herself wholly within her chamber, and drew close\n    her curtain of cloud,\nwhich is simply an antithetical paraphrase of Montagu's quoted verse on\n\"The Waning Moon\" which, like\n    A ... lady ... pale ... totters forth wrapt in a gauzy veil, out\n    of her chamber.\nAnd in the same chapter of _Jane Eyre_ we read finally that the insane\nlady, who has come out of her chamber,\n    \"... took my veil from its place; she held it up, gazed at it\n    long, and then she threw it over her head, and turned to the\n    mirror ... it removed my veil from its gaunt head, rent it in two\n    parts, and flinging both on the floor, trampled on them.\"\nCHAPTER IV.\nA RAINY DAY IN CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S CHILDHOOD: THE OPENING INCIDENT IN THE\nAUTOBIOGRAPHIES OF THE HEROINES OF \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS\" AND \"JANE EYRE.\"\nSeeing Catherine Earnshaw, the heroine of _Wuthering Heights_, was\ndrawn, as I find, by Charlotte Bront\u00eb for her autobiographical self, the\nreal commencement of that work, in so far as personal narrative was\nconcerned, is the diary extract she wrote of herself in her earliest\nchildhood.[18] In _Jane Eyre_ she placed her earliest childhood memories\nat the beginning of the story. I will give extracts side by side, when\nit will be seen they agree practically word for word. It is of course\nundeniable that none but Charlotte Bront\u00eb herself would or could have\npenned these incidents of her own childhood.\n  _Wuthering Heights._                _Jane Eyre._\n  A rainy day in the early            A rainy day in the early\n  childhood of Catherine              childhood of Jane Eyre,\n  Earnshaw, as told by herself.       as told by herself.\n  ... All day had been flooding       There was no possibility of\n  with rain; we could not go to       taking a walk that day, ...\n  church.                             the cold winter wind had\n  Hindley [Branwell Bront\u00eb] and       Eliza, John [Branwell Bront\u00eb],\n  his wife [? Sister Maria] basked    and Georgiana were now clustered\n  downstairs before a comfortable     round their mamma [Aunt\n  fire.                               Branwell] in the drawing-room\n  Heathcliffe [Method I.,             Me she had dispensed from\n  interchange of the sexes. In        joining the group.... A small\n  the childhood of Heathcliffe        breakfast-room adjoined the\n  Charlotte often portrays            drawing-room; I slipped in\n  herself], myself, and the ...       there, ... I possessed myself of\n  ploughboy were commanded to take    a volume, ... I mounted into the\n  our prayer-books and mount ...      window-seat, ... and having\n  on a sack ... [in the garret.       drawn the ... curtain nearly\n  They go downstairs again].          close, I was shrined in ...\n  \"You forget you have a master in    on my knee I was ... happy; ...\n  me,\" says the tyrant [Hindley:      but interruption ... came too\n  Branwell Bront\u00eb].                   soon. The ... door opened:\n  ... We made ourselves ... snug      Reed [Branwell Bront\u00eb].\n  ... in the arch of the dresser.\n  I had just fastened our             \"It is well I drew the curtain,\"\n  pinafores together and hung them    thought I, ... but Eliza ...\n  up for a curtain, when in comes     said: \"She is in the\n  Joseph.[19]... He tears down my     window-seat, ... Jack\n  handiwork [the curtain], boxes      [Branwell].\"\n  my ears, and ... thrust [a book]\n  upon us.... I took my ... volume\n  ... and hurled it into the\n  dog-kennel, vowing I hated a\n  good book.\n  Hindley [Branwell Bront\u00eb]           I came out immediately, for I\n  hurried up from his paradise on     trembled at the idea of being\n  the hearth, and seizing ... us      dragged forth by the said Jack\n  ... hurled both into the            [Branwell Bront\u00eb].\n  back-kitchen.\n  ... How little did I dream that     ... All John Reed's [Branwell\n  Hindley [Branwell Bront\u00eb] would     Bront\u00eb's] violent tyrannies ...\n  ever make me cry so.... My head     turned in my disturbed mind....\n  aches, till I cannot keep it on     My head still ached ... no one\n  the pillow; and still I can't       reproved John [Branwell].... How\n  give over.                          all my brain was in tumult.... I\nThus we see the \"volume-hurling\" incident with which John Reed is\nassociated had its origin in some incident connected with Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's childhood and her brother Branwell. As Catherine, Charlotte\nBront\u00eb calls Hindley \"a tyrant\" in this connection, and as Jane Eyre she\ncalls John Reed \"a tyrant\" here. Branwell, as John Reed, is made to tell\nJane in connection with this incident that \"all this house belongs to\nme, or will do\"; and as Hindley Earnshaw he tells his sister Catherine,\n\"You forget you have a master here.\" By Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Method II.,\naltering the age of a character portrayed, Branwell is represented in\nthe _Wuthering Heights_ scene as a man in years. Without further appeal\nit was likely enough that Hindley Earnshaw, Catherine's brother, was\ndrawn for Charlotte Bront\u00eb's brother, seeing Catherine was Charlotte.\nHerewith we find an explanation for a fact Mr. Francis A. Leyland has\nstrongly emphasized in his work _The Bront\u00eb Family_, that in _Wuthering\nHeights_ incidents (the carving-knife incident, etc.) and epithets known\nby his intimates to have been common to Branwell Bront\u00eb are associated\nwith Hindley Earnshaw in the days of his moral deterioration. That\ndeterioration is reflected in the portrayal of the latter end of John\nReed in _Jane Eyre_; in _Wuthering Heights_ it is given in detail. As\nfor Emily Bront\u00eb, she always liked and commiserated with Branwell\nBront\u00eb.[20]\nI hope the attempt to interfere with this tradition recently has no\nrelation to the fact that I briefly stated in my _Fortnightly Review_\narticle that John Reed and Hindley Earnshaw were one and the same. It is\nplain to see that if Emily really liked Branwell, as people stated who\ngleaned from hearsay, she could not have portrayed him as Hindley\nEarnshaw. But a wrong estimate of the nature of the evidence I promised\nto bring has been formed if it were thought I should base my book upon\nsuch a point. It is enough that Charlotte Bront\u00eb's private letters\nregarding Branwell are quite in agreement with her own harsh portrayals\nof him in her _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_.\nIt is interesting to recall Branwell avowed he, and not Emily, wrote\n_Wuthering Heights_. This fact and the association of Branwell Bront\u00eb\nincidents and epithets with the book induced Mr. Leyland to advocate\nBranwell's authorship. _The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_ shows the\nabsurdness of such a claim. Mr. Leyland suggested Branwell may have\ncollaborated with Emily; and he professed to discover a break in the\nstyle. I find, however, that though there were violent psychical\nfluctuations in the mood of the writer of _Wuthering Heights_, the book\nis throughout the work of Charlotte Bront\u00eb. This may be proved alone by\nthe Chapter III., with which I now deal: it is the \"key\" chapter, and\nis, so to speak, a microcosm of _Wuthering Heights_, as the reader will\nperceive by help of my index. Whosoever was the writer of this third\nchapter wrote the whole of _Wuthering Heights_, and we see it was Currer\nBell.\nBy Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Method I., interchange of the sexes, the\ninterloper Jane in the early chapters of _Jane Eyre_ and the interloper\nHeathcliffe in the early chapters of _Wuthering Heights_ become one and\nthe same; and Hindley's tyrannizing over Heathcliffe is John Reed's\n(Branwell Bront\u00eb's) tyrannizing over Jane Eyre (Charlotte Bront\u00eb).\nAgain, by Method I., interchange of the sexes, old Joseph, in\nCharlotte's _Wuthering Heights_ version of the rainy day incident in her\nchildhood, serves the part of the servant Tabitha Aykroyd, for whom\nBessie in the _Jane Eyre_ version of the rainy day incident was drawn.\n(See \"Joseph\" and his bit of garden, _Wuthering Heights_, Chapter\nXXXIII.; also my footnote on page 47.) Thus Charlotte Bront\u00eb as\nCatherine tells us that when she was banished from the comfortable fire\n\"Joseph\" sermonizes, and that she hoped he might give \"a short homily\nfor his own sake\"; and in the scene in _Jane Eyre_ drawn from the same\nincident Jane was left to Bessie, who \"supplied the hiatus by a homily\nof an hour's length, in which she proved beyond a doubt that I was the\nmost wicked and abandoned child ever reared under a roof.\"\nCatherine's story of the rainy day in _Wuthering Heights_ was written by\nher in childhood on \"a 'red-hot' Methodist's tract.\" Hence it is\ninteresting to read Charlotte Bront\u00eb's words in _Villette_, where as\nLucy Snowe she says she had \"once read when a child certain Wesleyan\nMethodist tracts seasoned with ... excitation to fanaticism.\" As\nCaroline Helstone[21] in _Shirley_, Charlotte tells us she had read\n\"some mad Methodist magazines, full of miracles and apparitions, of\npreternatural warnings, ominous dreams, and frenzied fanaticism; ...\nfrom these faded flowers Caroline had in her childhood extracted the\nhoney--they were tasteless to her now.\" Let the reader compare Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's reference to Briar Chapel and the shouts, yells, ejaculations,\nfrantic cries of \"the assembly\" in Chapter IX. of _Shirley_ with the\nreferences in Chapter III. of _Wuthering Heights_ to the frantic zeal of\n\"the assembly\" of the chapel of Gimmerden Sough. It will be at once\nrecognized that the former is but the extension of the other, amplified\nby the same hand.\nThus, in the light of the name Branderham (\"Brander'em,\" from \"brander,\"\na hot iron over a fire) for the name of the zealous Rev. Jabes\nBranderham,[22] of the chapel of Gimmerden Sough, of _Wuthering\nHeights_, we see a connection with the play Charlotte Bront\u00eb makes upon\n\"burning and fire\" in the hymn sung at Briar Chapel in Chapter IX. of\n_Shirley_:--\n  \"For every fight\n  Is dreadful and loud--\n  The warrior's delight\n  Is slaughter and blood;\n  His foes overturning\n  Till all shall expire--\n  And this is with burning\n  And fuel and fire.\"\nIn the rainy day incident Charlotte Bront\u00eb as Catherine vowed \"she hated\na good book,\" and this rebellion against the thrusting upon her of\nreligious \"lumber,\" as she calls it in _Wuthering Heights_, was a\ncharacteristic of her childhood shown also in the \"Jane Eyre and Mr.\nBrocklehurst\" incident, where the latter asks--\n    \"And the Psalms? I hope you like them?\"\n    \"No, sir,\" replied Jane.\n    \"No? Oh, shocking!\"\nAt heart, however, Charlotte Bront\u00eb was a true Christian, though\ndisliking excessive zealousness in the demonstrations of the members of\nany church. Read what M. Emanuel says in Chap. XXXVI. of _Villette_; the\nlast paragraph. Lockwood tells us in the incident connected with\nCatherine's diary that \"a glare of white letters started from the dark\nas vivid as spectres--the air swarmed with Catherines.\" This, Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's idea of spectral writing running in the air, occurs in Chap.\nXV. of _Jane Eyre_, where Rochester speaks of a phantom hag (see\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's phantom hag in Chap. XII. of _Wuthering Heights_),\nwho \"wrote in the air a memento which ran in lurid hieroglyphics all\nalong the house-front.\" Says Lockwood in _Wuthering Heights_,\ncontinuing:--\"An immediate interest kindled within me for the unknown\nCatherine, and I began ... to decipher her hieroglyphics\"--the diary.\nCHAPTER V.\nCHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S FRIEND, TABITHA AYKROYD, THE BRONT\u00cbS' SERVANT,\nAS MRS. DEAN OF \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS,\" AND AS BESSIE AND HANNAH OF\n\"JANE EYRE.\"\nIt is a remarkable fact that of all the members of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nhome circle the one to whom, excepting herself, she gave most prominence\nin her works was Tabitha Aykroyd, the Bront\u00ebs' servant or housekeeper.\nFor I find this good woman was portrayed by Charlotte Bront\u00eb as Mrs.\nDean of _Wuthering Heights_, Bessie and Hannah of _Jane Eyre_, and, on\noccasion, as Mrs. Pryor of _Shirley_. Indeed, strange though it may\nsound to say, my discovery that Tabitha Aykroyd, as she appealed to\nCurrer Bell, was the original of these characters, alone explains the\nchief mystery of _Wuthering Heights_, and shows clearly enough Charlotte\nBront\u00eb was its heroine and its author. In a word, we see by this\ndiscovery that _Wuthering Heights_ is book the first of Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's life as told by herself from old Tabitha's standpoint, and\n_Jane Eyre_ book the second, giving her life's story and confession as\nrelated by herself entirely from her own point of view.\nNever in _Wuthering Heights_ did Nelly Dean really understand Catherine,\nand \"the honest but inflexible servant,\" as Currer Bell calls Tabitha as\nHannah of _Jane Eyre_, never yielded herself to a surrender of her\nrough-hearted but genuine nature wherein Charlotte was concerned.\n\"Tabby,\" said Mrs. Gaskell, \"had a Yorkshire keenness of perception into\ncharacter, and it was not everybody she liked.\" That Tabitha Aykroyd\nwould readily appeal to Charlotte Bront\u00eb as fitted for the narrator of\nthe histories in _Wuthering Heights_ we may easily perceive by reading\nMrs. Gaskell's further words on this Bront\u00eb servant:--\n\"When Charlotte was little more than nine years old ... an elderly woman\nof the village came to live as servant at the parsonage. She remained\nthere, as a member of the household, thirty years [Hannah was thirty\nyears with the Rivers family in _Jane Eyre_--an approximate date, of\ncourse, when that work was written] and from the length of her faithful\nservice, and the attachment and respect she inspired is deserving of\nmention. Tabby was a thorough specimen of a Yorkshire woman of her\nclass, in dialect, in character. She abounded in strong, practical sense\nand shrewdness. Her words were far from flattering, but she would spare\nno deeds in the cause of those whom she kindly regarded. She ruled the\nchildren pretty sharply; and yet never grudged a little extra trouble to\nprovide them with such small treats as came within her power. In return\nshe claimed to be looked upon as a humble friend.... Tabby had lived in\nHaworth in the days when the pack-horses went through once a week....\nWhat is more, she had known the 'bottom' or valley in those primitive\ndays when the fairies frequented the margin of the 'beck' on moonlight\nnights, and had known folk who had seen them. [See references to\n'Bessie's' fairy tales in _Jane Eyre_, Chaps. I., II., and IV.].... No\ndoubt she had many a tale to tell of bygone days of the countryside: old\nways of living, former inhabitants, decayed gentry, who had melted away,\nand whose places knew them no more; family tragedies and dark\nsuperstitious dooms; and in telling these things, without the least\nconsciousness that there might ever be anything requiring to be softened\ndown, would give at full length the bare and simple details.\"\nSays Mrs. Dean, the Yorkshire servant who narrates the family tragedies\nof _Wuthering Heights_ just after the manner of Tabitha Aykroyd:--\n    \"But, Mr. Lockwood, I forget these tales cannot divert you, ... I\n    could have told Heathcliffe's history, all that you need hear, in\n    half-a-dozen words.\"\n    \"Sit still, Mrs. Dean,\" cried Lockwood, \"... you've done just\n    right to tell the story leisurely. That is the method I like....\n    Excepting a few provincialisms, ... you have no marks of the\n    manners ... peculiar to your class; ... you have been compelled to\n    cultivate your reflective faculties for want of occasions for\n    frittering your life away in silly trifles.\"\n    Mrs. Dean laughed. \"I certainly esteem myself a steady, reasonable\n    kind of body,\" she said; \"not exactly from living among the hills\n    and seeing one set of faces, and one series of actions, from\n    year's end to year's end; but I have undergone sharp discipline\n    which has taught me wisdom.\"\n\"Jane\" says of Mrs. Dean as \"Bessie\" of _Jane Eyre_, Chap. IV., Method\nII., altering the age of characters portrayed:--\n    When gentle, Bessie seemed to me the ... kindest being in the\n    world;... I wished ... intensely ... she would always be so\n    pleasant and amiable, and never push about or scold, or task me\n    unreasonably, as she was ... wont to do. Bessie Lee[23] must, I\n    think, have been a girl of good natural capacity, for she was\n    smart in all she did, and had a remarkable knack of narrative; so,\n    at least, I judge from the impression made upon me by her nursery\n    tales.... But she had a capricious and hasty temper and\n    indifferent ideas of principle or justice [\"Hannah\" would have\n    driven off the destitute Jane Eyre], still, such as she was, I\n    preferred her to any one else at Gateshead Hall.\n\"Mrs. Dean\"[24] in her turn says of \"Catherine\"--Charlotte Bront\u00eb:--\n    \"She was never so happy as when we were all scolding her at once\n    and she defying us.... I vexed her frequently by trying to bring\n    down her arrogance; she never took an aversion to me though.\"\nIn Chap. IV. of _Jane Eyre_ Bessie says to Jane Eyre, after the latter\nhas asked her not to scold:--\n    \"Well, I will, but mind you are a very good girl, and don't be\n    afraid of me. Don't start when I chance to speak sharply.\"\n    \"I don't think I shall ever be afraid of you again, Bessie,\n    because I have got used to you.\"\nJane suggests Bessie dislikes her, to which is replied:--\n    \"I don't dislike you.... I believe I am fonder of you than of all\n    the others.\"\n    \"You don't show it.\"\n    \"You sharp little thing!... What makes you so venturesome and\n    hardy?\"\nThe idiosyncratic appeal Tabitha Aykroyd made to Charlotte is related\nidentically wherever she is portrayed. That Charlotte Bront\u00eb had been\ninitially entranced by her fairy tales, and the old songs she sang, is\nshown more especially in the phases she gives of Tabitha as Bessie and\nas Ellen Dean. Thus we read in _Jane Eyre_, Chap. IV., in the close of\nthe scene just given:--\n\"That afternoon lapsed in peace and harmony; ... in the evening Bessie\ntold me some of her most enchaining stories, and sang me some of her\nsweetest songs. Even for me life had its gleams of sunshine.\" And in\n_Wuthering Heights_, Chap. XXII., Ellen Dean says of Miss Catherine\nLinton (see my reference to this character as a phase of Charlotte\nBront\u00eb, in my preface):--\"From dinner to tea she would lie doing nothing\nexcept singing old songs--my nursery lore--to herself, ... half\nthinking, half dreaming, happier than words can express.\" So in the same\nwork, Chap. XXIV., the same Catherine says:--\"He was charmed with two or\nthree pretty songs [I sang]--_your_ songs, Ellen.\" The italics are\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's.\n_Jane Eyre_, Chap. III., says:--\n    Bessie had now finished ... tidying the room ... she sang:--\n        \"In the days we went agipsying\n    I had often heard the song before, and always with lively delight;\n    for Bessie had a sweet voice--at least I thought so. But now,\n    though her voice was still sweet, I found in its melody an\n    indescribable sadness. Sometimes, preoccupied with her work, she\n    sang the refrain very low, very lingeringly: \"a long time ago,\"\n    came like the saddest cadence of a funeral hymn. She passed into\n    another ballad.\nTabby Aykroyd going to the Parsonage when the motherless Charlotte\nBront\u00eb was but nine, Charlotte seems to have been drawn to look upon\nher as a new-found friend, and afterwards she idealized those memories\nassociated with her. It is noticeable she had been impressed in\nchildhood by her singing and the sympathetic sweetness of her voice.\nThere is a world of meaning--a gracious waiving aside of qualifying fact\nin the sentence, \"Bessie had a sweet voice--at least I thought so.\"\nCharlotte was fond of Scottish ballads, and in _Villette_, Chapter XXV.,\nshe identifies herself in her phase as Paulina (see my further reference\nto this phase of Charlotte Bront\u00eb) with a a love for a Scottish song.\nWith Tabitha Aykroyd she loved to associate the singing of her favourite\nballads, as we have seen in her reference to the songs of Tabitha in her\nphases as Bessie of _Jane Eyre_ and Mrs. Dean of _Wuthering Heights_.\nAnd so it is we find Mrs. Dean telling us in Chapter IX. of _Wuthering\nHeights_, 'I was rocking Hareton on my knee, and humming a song that\nbegan:--\n  \"It was far in the night and the bairnies grat,\n  The mither beneath the mools heard that.\"'\nWhether traits of Nancy Garrs or her sister, or Martha Brown, the other\nBront\u00eb servants, contributed to Charlotte's portrayal is doubtful. I\nthink they did not. We see in this chapter the original of Bessie of\n_Jane Eyre_ was certainly the original of Mrs. Dean of _Wuthering\nHeights_--Tabitha Aykroyd; and as Charlotte Bront\u00eb portrayed Mrs. Dean\nas an elderly woman servant, before she began _Jane Eyre_, we must\ndecide the question of the real age of the original of Bessie by that\nfact. Confirming is the portrayal of the same character by Charlotte as\nthe elderly Hannah in _Jane Eyre_. See my chapter on \"The Rivers or\nBront\u00eb Family.\"[25]\nOf \"Dean\" or Tabitha Aykroyd in the r\u00f4le of Hannah of the family \"Jane\"\nsays:--\"I had a feeling that she did not understand me, ... that she was\nprejudiced against me.\" Nevertheless she says to her: \"You ... have been\nan honest and faithful servant, I will say so much for you.\"\nMuch stress is placed by Tabitha Aykroyd, as Nelly Dean, and Bessie, on\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's passionateness. Says Mrs. Dean of Catherine in\n_Wuthering Heights_:\n    \"The doctor had said that she would not bear crossing much, she\n    ought to have her own way; and it was nothing less than murder in\n    his eyes, for any one to presume to stand up and contradict her,\n    ... serious threats of a fit ... often attended her rages.\"\nThus I find there is a connection between Catherine's \"fit of frenzy\"\nand delirium in _Wuthering Heights_, Chapters XI. and XII., and the\nscenes attendant upon Jane's fit of frenzy in _Jane Eyre_, Chapters I.,\nII., III. The one is told by Charlotte as from Tabitha Aykroyd's\n(Bessie's) standpoint, the other from Catherine's (Charlotte Bront\u00eb's),\nan inversion of attitude which proves Charlotte Bront\u00eb to be the author\nand heroine of _Wuthering Heights_.\n  _Wuthering Heights._                _Jane Eyre._\n  Charlotte Bront\u00eb in the locked      Charlotte Bront\u00eb in the locked\n  chamber, and Tabitha Aykroyd,       chamber, and Tabitha Aykroyd,\n  the Bront\u00eb servant, told by         the Bront\u00eb servant, told by\n  Tabitha, as it were.                Charlotte.\n  She [Catherine--Charlotte           I [Jane--Charlotte Bront\u00eb] sat\n  Bront\u00eb] rang the bell till it       looking at the white bed, ...\n  broke.... I [Tabitha--Nelly         occasionally turning a\n  Dean] entered leisurely. It was     fascinated eye towards the ...\n  enough to try the temper of a       mirror ... I hushed my sobs,\n  saint, such senseless, wicked       fearful lest ... signs of grief\n  rages! There she lay dashing her    might waken a preternatural\n  head against the ... sofa and       voice ... or elicit from the\n  grinding her teeth.... I brought    gloom some haloed face.... This\n  a glass of water; and as she        ... I felt would be terrible....\n  would not drink, I sprinkled it     At this moment a light gleamed\n  on her face. In a few seconds       on the wall; ... shaken as my\n  she stretched herself out stiff,    nerves were by agitation, I\n  and ... assumed the aspect of       thought the swift-darting beam\n  death.                              was a herald of some coming\n  Linton [? Mr. Bront\u00eb] looked        heart beat thick, my head grew\n  terrified. \"There is nothing the    hot; a sound filled my ears\n  matter,\" ... and I                  which I deemed the rushing of\n  [Tabitha--Mrs. Dean] told him       wings: something seemed near me;\n  how she had resolved ... on         I was oppressed, suffocated;\n  exhibiting a fit of frenzy. I       endurance broke down; I rushed\n  incautiously gave the account       to the door and shook the lock\n  aloud, ... she [Charlotte           in desperate effort. Steps came\n  Bront\u00eb] started up ... and then     running along the ... passage,\n  rushed from the room. The master    ... Bessie and Abbot entered.\n  directed me to follow; I did to\n  her chamber door; she ...           \"Miss Eyre, are you ill?\" said\n  secured it against me.... On the    Bessie [Tabitha Aykroyd].\n  third day Catherine [Charlotte\n  Bront\u00eb] un-barred her door, ...     \"What a dreadful noise! It went\n  desired a basin of gruel, for       through me!\" exclaimed Abbot.\n  she believed she was dying.\n  \"These ... awful nights; I've\n  never closed my lids--and oh!...    \"... Are you hurt? Have you seen\n  I've been ... haunted, Nelly!       something?\" demanded Bessie\n  [Tabitha]. But I begin to fancy     [Tabitha].\n  you don't like me.... They have\n  all turned to enemies; ...          \"Oh! I ... thought a ghost would\n  _they_ have, the people _here_.\"    come.\"\n  Tossing about, she increased her    \"She has screamed on purpose,\"\n  feverish bewilderment of            declared Abbot [?].... \"And what\n  madness.... \"Don't you see that     a scream! If she had been in\n  face?\" she inquired, gazing         pain one would have excused it,\n  nervously at the mirror.... \"Oh!    but she only wanted to bring us\n  Nelly [Tabitha], the room is        all here: I know her naughty\n  haunted! I'm afraid of being        tricks.\"\n  left alone....\"\n  I [Nelly Dean--Tabitha]             came.... \"Silence!\" she\n  attempted to steal to the door      exclaimed; \"this scene is\n  ... but I was summoned back by a    repulsive.\" I was a precocious\n  piercing scream.                    actor in her eyes. She sincerely\n  ... \"As soon as ever I barred       compound of virulent passions,\n  the door,\" proceeded Catherine      mean spirit, and dangerous\n  [Charlotte Bront\u00eb], \"utter          duplicity.... I suppose I had a\n  darkness overwhelmed me, and I      species of fit: unconsciousness\n  fell on the floor. I couldn't       closed the scene.... The next\n  explain ... how certain I felt      thing I remembered is waking ...\n  of having a fit, or going mad.\"     with a feeling as if I had had a\n  \"A sound sleep would do you         agitation, uncertainty, and a\n  good,\" said Nelly Dean--Tabitha     predominant sense of terror\n  Aykroyd.                            confused my faculties.... Bessie\nBy her Method II.: altering the age of a character portrayed, Charlotte\nBront\u00eb gives us Tabitha Aykroyd as a young woman in Bessie; and by the\nsame Method II, in the scene just read from _Wuthering Heights_, we have\nan instance of her presenting, as an incident in womanhood, an incident\nwhich the testimony of _Jane Eyre_ and other evidences show occurred\nreally in Charlotte's own childhood. As she relates in _Jane Eyre_, her\ndread was \"such dread as children only can feel\"; and she goes on to say\n\"this incident [of the locked room] gave my nerves a shock of which I\nfeel the reverberation to this day.\" Thus in both _Wuthering Heights_\nand _Jane Eyre_ Charlotte paints an excellent picture of the\nmatter-of-fact but good-hearted Tabitha Aykroyd going to the room in\nresponse to her, Charlotte Bront\u00eb's, frantic appeal, sceptical and\ncertainly unsympathetic.\nThe part played by the wild summoning of Tabitha to the room, the\nreferences to \"a fit,\" the ghost and haunted chamber, the dread of the\nmirror, the suggestion that the frenzy of fear was wilfully assumed, the\npiercing scream, Tabitha Aykroyd with her basin and her final suggestion\nof sleep, are in themselves ample evidence that Charlotte Bront\u00eb in both\n_Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_ drew this scene from an experience\nof the kind in her own childhood. In each work stress is laid by her\nupon her own hypersensitiveness, and we learn how the Bront\u00eb household\nmisunderstood her excessive passionateness and misread it as wicked\nacting[26].\nWe see Tabitha best in Mrs. Dean of _Wuthering Heights_, as Hannah of\nthe Rivers family of _Jane Eyre_, and by Currer Bell's Method II.,\nalteration of age of the character portrayed, as Bessie of that work.\nTabitha Aykroyd lives and breathes her life through the pages of\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_ to-day, and ever\nwill she remain in literature, a real Yorkshire woman amazingly\ntranslated from the wide Yorkshire hearth with its great, wind-whitened\nfire and smell of hot cakes, to the pages of two of the finest examples\nof the English novel. Her portrayal I declare to be one of the most\nadmirable achievements in the works of Charlotte Bront\u00eb.\nCHAPTER VI.\nCHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S CHILD APPARITION IN \"THE PROFESSOR,\" \"WUTHERING\nHEIGHTS,\" AND \"JANE EYRE.\"\nMrs. Gaskell, the Bront\u00eb biographer, relates that a friend of Charlotte\nBront\u00eb said Charlotte had told her \"a misfortune was often preceded by\nthe dream which she gives to Jane Eyre of carrying a wailing child. She,\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb, described herself as having the most painful sense of\npity for the little thing.... The misfortunes she mentioned were not\nalways to herself. She thought such sensitiveness to omens was ...\npresent to susceptible people....\" This in the main explains the origin\nof the child-apparition as an omen of disaster in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nworks.\nIt would seem by Charlotte's statement in _Jane Eyre_ that Tabitha\nAykroyd, as \"Bessie,\" was responsible for the origin of this little\nsuperstition; and it is instructive to find the child-apparition as an\nill-omen in connection with Tabitha Aykroyd as Mrs. Dean in _Wuthering\nHeights_. I have shown John Reed and Hindley Earnshaw represent Branwell\nBront\u00eb; we may notice, therefore, that the child-apparition is given\nequally in _Wuthering Heights_ and in _Jane Eyre_ as coming before\ndisaster or disgrace to Branwell Bront\u00eb.\n  _Wuthering Heights._                _Jane Eyre._\n  Tabitha Aykroyd's child-apparition  Tabitha Aykroyd's child-apparition\n  as a token of calamity to Branwell  as a token of calamity to Branwell\n  Says Mrs. Dean [Tabitha]: \"I        Presentiments are strange\n  came to a stone which serves as     things! ... and so are signs....\n  a guide-post to ... the Heights     Sympathies I believe exist (for\n  and the village.... Hindley         instance, between far-distant\n  [Branwell Bront\u00eb] and I held it     ... wholly estranged relatives).\n  a favourite spot twenty years       When I was a ... girl I heard\n  before, ... and ... it appeared     Bessie [Tabitha Aykroyd] say\n  that I beheld my ... playmate       that to dream of children was a\n  seated on the ... turf, ... his     sure sign of trouble.... During\n  little hand scooping out the        the last week scarcely a night\n  \"Poor Hindley!\" [Branwell           infant which I ... watched\n  Bront\u00eb] I exclaimed                 playing with daisies on a lawn\n  involuntarily. I started--my        or ... dabbling its hands in\n  bodily eye was cheated in the       running water.[27] It was a\n  belief that the child lifted its    wailing child this night, ... a\n  face and stared straight into       laughing one the next, ... but\n  mine! It vanished in a              whatever mood the apparition\n  twinkling; but immediately I        evinced ... it failed not ... to\n  felt an irresistible yearning to    meet me.... I grew nervous....\n  be at the Heights. Superstition     It was from companionship with\n  urged me to comply with this        this baby-phantom I had been\n  impulse--\"Suppose he were dead!     roused ... when I heard the cry:\n  ... supposing it were a sign of     and on the ... day following ...\n  death!\"                             I found a man [Bessie's husband]\nBranwell Bront\u00eb was not dead when Charlotte Bront\u00eb wrote those two\nversions, but it seems certain that an apparition of a child in some\nperiod of Charlotte's life preceded a further debasement of Branwell,\nthe original of Hindley Earnshaw and John Reed. We may note Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's Method II., in regard to Hindley.\nIn Charlotte Bront\u00eb's _The Professor_ we find reference to her\nchild-phantom wailing outside, and to the eerie, premonitory signal made\nagainst a lattice, as in her _Wuthering Heights_:--\n  _Wuthering Heights._                _The Professor._\n  Chapter III.                        Chapter XVI.\n  Scene: An isolated homestead on     Scene: An isolated homestead on\n  a winter's night, snow-wind         a winter's night, snow-wind\n  blowing, storm threatening.         blowing, storm threatening.\n  While leading me upstairs she       Take care, young man\n  [Zillah, the stout housewife]       [recommended \"the herdsman's\n  recommended that I should hide      wife\"], that you fasten the door\n  the candle and not make a noise,    well, ... whatever sound you\n  ... they had so many queer          hear stir not and look not out.\n  goings-on.                          The night will soon fall, ...\n  He sleeps and is awakened by--      ... you might chance to hear, as\n  The branch of a fir that touched    opening the door to give it\n  my lattice.... I listened           succour ... a shadowy goblin dog\n  doubtingly, ... I heard the         might rush over the threshold;\n  gusty wind and the driving of       or more awful still, if\n  the snow;... I heard also the       something flapped, as with\n  firbough repeat its teasing         wings, against the lattice, and\n  sound.... I ... endeavoured to      then a raven or a white dove\n  unhasp the casement, ...            flew in and settled on the\n  knocking my knuckles through the    hearth, such a visitor would be\n  glass, and stretching an arm out    a sure sign of misfortune.\n  to seize the ... branch; instead\n  of which my fingers closed on       The stranger, left alone,\n  the fingers of a little ice-cold    listens awhile to the muffled\n  hand.[28]... I tried to draw        snow-wind.\n  back my arm, but the hand clung\n  to it and a melancholy voice\n  sobbed--\"Let me in--let me in!\"\n  ... As it spoke, I discerned\n  obscurely a child's face looking\n  through the window.... Still it\n  wailed \"Let me in!\" and it\n  maintained its tenacious gripe,\n  almost maddening me with fear.\n  \"How can I?\" I said.... \"Let\n  _me_ go, if you want me to let\n  you in.\" I stopped my ears to\n  exclude the lamentable prayer,\n  ... yet the instant I listened\n  again, there was the doleful cry\n  moaning on!\n  \"Begone!\" I shouted; \"I'll never\n  let you in, not if you beg for\n  twenty years.\"\nIn _Wuthering Heights_ Charlotte Bront\u00eb has worked the child-phantom\ninto the story proper, setting it for the spirit of the departed\nCatherine, who as a child again (Method II., altering age of the\ncharacter portrayed) seeks Heathcliffe. The building of the\nchild-phantom in the plot of _Wuthering Heights_ created a peculiar\nstate of affairs; but as we have seen by Charlotte Bront\u00eb's reference to\nit in the extract from _The Professor_, she was impressed by its\npossibilities of giving a weird spiritual atmosphere, and she did not\nextend the idea in _The Professor_. The substance of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\ntwo versions of the child-phantom wailing outside a house for admittance\nis identical:--\n  _The Professor._                    _Wuthering Heights._\n  Scene: An isolated homestead on a   Scene: An isolated homestead on a\n  winter's night, snow-wind blowing,  winter's night, snow-wind blowing,\n  storm threatening. Young stranger   storm threatening. Young stranger\n  admonished by the good housewife    admonished by the good housewife\n  that there are queer goings-on      that there are queer goings-on\n  thereabouts.                        thereabouts.\n  Subjunctive Mood.                   Indicative Mood.\n  Something might brush against       Something brushes against the\n  the lattice, and a phantom-child    lattice, and a phantom-child\n  might wail outside for succour.     wails outside for succour.\n  On opening to admit it an awful,    On opening to admit it an awful,\n  supernatural incident might occur.  supernatural incident occurs.\nThus we perceive the famous child-phantom incident in Chapter III. of\n_Wuthering Heights_ had its origin (1) in Montagu's lonely-house\nincident; (2) in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's awe of a child-apparition; (3) in\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's Method II., alteration of age of character portrayed,\nby which Catherine the woman becomes a child again; and (4) in Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's notion, as evidenced in _Shirley_, Chapter XXIV., that a loved\ndead one can \"revisit those they leave\"; can \"come in the elements\";\nthat \"wind\" could give \"a path to Moor(e)\"--Heath(cliffe), \"passing the\ncasement sobbing\"; that the loved dead one could \"haunt\" the wind.\nThese, then, we see were the notions in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's head\nresponsible for Catherine's returning so sensationally to the abode of\nher lover as a child-spectre. For Catherine's love for Wuthering Heights\nwas not simply because of the place and its moors, as so many writers\nhave wrongly contended, but because it was associated with\nHeathcliffe.[29] Let my reader peruse again the \"wailing child\" passages\nI quote from _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_ in Chapter II. of _The\nKey to the Bront\u00eb Works_.\nTruly the testimony of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's child-phantom were alone the\nsign-manual that she and none other wrote _Wuthering Heights_.\nCHAPTER VII.\nTHE ORIGINALS OF GIMMERTON, GIMMERDEN, GIMMERTON KIRK AND CHAPEL,\nPENISTON CRAGS, THE FAIRY CAVE, ETC., IN \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS,\" AND OF THE\nFAIRY CAVE AND THE FAIRY JANET IN \"JANE EYRE.\"\nThe uncommon stress Charlotte Bront\u00eb has laid upon the outlandishness of\nthe _Wuthering Heights_ country and its solitudes assuredly would have\nbeen absent from that work had she drawn her background from the\ncomparatively characterless Haworth moors on the skirts of manufacturing\ntowns, and not from impressions created in her mind by Montagu's\ndescription in his _Gleanings in Craven_ of the wildest and weirdest\nscenery in Yorkshire. There has been a noticeable tendency on the part\nof town-bred, and also of romantic, biographers to be awed by the\nordinary moorland surroundings of Haworth, and to associate with them\nall the wildness of the Craven or Scottish Highlands, though Miss Mary\nRobinson, whose work entitled _Emily Bront\u00eb_ is in effect an\n\"appreciation\" of _Wuthering Heights_, says frankly regarding the house\nstanding beyond the street on the summit of Haworth Hill, shown as the\noriginal of _Wuthering Heights_, that to her thinking \"this fine old\nfarm of the Sowdens is far too near the mills of Haworth to represent\nthe God-forsaken, lonely house.\" But of course an author can place a\ngiven abode against any background. Wuthering Heights has been connected\nby some people with a locality called Withins--how wrongly a reference\nto the origin of Gimmerton and Gimmerden alone shows. The primary origin\nof the name and title of \"Wuthering Heights\" I reveal in the final\nchapter on \"The Recoil.\"\nThe following passage from _Wuthering Heights_ tells that Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's imagination was enjoying the latitude of a half-realized,\nsuggested background. It reads just like the traveller Montagu with his\nhorse, attendant servant on horseback, roadside inns, hostlers, and\ndescription of country. But the connection of Montagu with Lockwood of\n_Wuthering Heights_ we have already seen in the early chapters of _The\nKey to the Bront\u00eb Works_:--\n    1802--This September I was invited to devastate the moors of a\n    friend in the North, and on my journey ... I unexpectedly came\n    within fifteen miles of Gimmerton. The hostler at a roadside\n    public-house was holding a pail of water to refresh my horses when\n    a cart of very green oats ... passed by, and he remarked--\n    \"Yon's frough Gimmerton, nah! They're allus three wick after other\n    folk wi' ther harvest.\"\n    \"Gimmerton?\" I repeated; my residence in that locality had already\n    grown dim and dreamy. \"Ah, I know. How far is it from this?\"\n    \"Happen fourteen mile o'er th' hills; and a rough road.\" A sudden\n    impulse seized me to visit Thrushcross Grange. It was scarcely\n    noon, and I conceived that I might as well pass the night under my\n    own roof as in an inn.... Having rested a while, I directed my\n    servant to inquire the way to the village; and, with great fatigue\n    to our beasts, we managed the distance in some three hours. I left\n    him there, and proceeded ... down the valley alone. The grey\n    church looked greyer, and the churchyard lonelier. I\n    distinguished a moor sheep cropping the short turf on the\n    graves.... The heat did not hinder me from enjoying the delightful\n    scenery above and below; had I seen it nearer August, I'm sure it\n    would have tempted me to waste a month among its solitudes. [Be it\n    observed he would rather have done so than have gone to \"the\n    moors\" of his friend.] In winter nothing more dreary than those\n    glens shut in by hills,[30] and those bluff, bold swells of heath.\nSo we too would imagine, judging by Montagu's description of the\ndistrict in his little work.\nThroughout _Wuthering Heights_ we hear mention of Gimmerton, but it is\napparent the village was \"dim and dreamy\" to Charlotte Bront\u00eb--somewhere\nabout the little valley we should imagine, to conclude by general\nobservations. However, clear it is that Gimmerton and Gimmerden were\ndrawn by Charlotte Bront\u00eb merely from impressions created in her mind by\nother than a personal acquaintance with the district. Where then, and in\nwhat peculiar circumstances, did Charlotte receive these\nsuggestions--suggestions that must have appealed to her at a time\nimmediately coincident with her commencing this foundling story with\nthe house of mystery, the inhospitable host, the uncouth man-servant,\nand the candle-bearing bedside visitant--all from Montagu's book? My\nevidence declares these suggestions also came from Montagu's little\nwork, and that the originals of Gimmerton in _Wuthering Heights_, and\nGimmerden, or the valley of Gimmerton, were Malham and Malhamdale, or\nthe valley of Malham. This district Montagu describes as being \"most\ninteresting ... in its own variety of wildness.\"\nI believe Kilnsey Crags, which Montagu describes on the last page of the\nletter next to that written from Malham, figured in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nmind as the originals of Peniston Crags (\"Peniston\" may have been\nsuggested by Montagu's mention of Pennigent). Montagu's description of\nKilnsey Crags I will place side by side with the reference to Peniston\nCrags in _Wuthering Heights_:--\n  KILNSEY CRAGS.                      PENISTON CRAGS.\n  A lofty range of limestone rocks    The abrupt descent of Peniston\n  ... stretching nearly half a        Crags particularly attracted her\n  mile along the valley, and          notice; especially when the\n  rendered perhaps, more striking     setting sun shone on it and the\n  by contrasting with the vale        topmost heights, and the whole\n  immediately at its base.            extent of the landscape, besides\nClearly Joseph's \"leading of lime\" from Peniston Crags in _Wuthering\nHeights_ was suggested to Charlotte Bront\u00eb by the \"Kiln\" of Kilnsea\nCrags, and Montagu's reference to the crags being limestone. Dean\ndescribes them to Cathy, and her words are simply Montagu's\ndescription--treated antithetically--of Gordale Scar in the Malham\nletter:--\n  In the clefts in the rocks'         They were bare masses of stone,\n  sides, or wherever a lodgement      with hardly enough earth in\n  of earth appears [is] the ...       their clefts to nourish ... a\nIn his Malham letter Montagu describes a Fairy Cave, and of course\nGimmerton has the Fairy Cave in its neighbourhood. It is placed under\nthe Crags, but we have no description in _Wuthering Heights_:--\n  Montagu has a boy-guide \"adapted    Says Catherine Linton to the boy\n  to show the prominent features      Hareton:--\"I want ... to hear\n  to strangers.\" He takes Montagu     about the _fairishes_, as you\n  on to Malham, where Montagu sees    call them.\".... Hareton opened\n  the Fairy Cave. This boy-guide      the mysteries of the Fairy Cave\n  was called Robert Airton, and he    and twenty other queer places.\n  was aged twelve.[31]                But ... I was not favoured with\n                                      a description of the interesting\nThe name of Linton appears in Montagu in the letter next that in which\nhe describes the Fairy Cave. We may understand that Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nromantic imagination was entranced, as she says Catherine Linton's was,\nwith the mention of the Fairy Cave; and _Jane Eyre_ is testimony that\nafter writing _Wuthering Heights_ she turned again to consider its\npossibilities of suggestion.\nIn fact, I find that Charlotte Bront\u00eb when she chose the name of Janet\nEyre for herself was also calling herself the Fairy Janet. And where,\nthen, read Charlotte Bront\u00eb of the fairy Janet Eyre? The evidence of\nMontagu's work proves that when she wrote the name Eyre, she was\nimplying by this Derbyshire variant the name Aire or Ayre, meaning the\nriver Ayre. Where acquired Charlotte Bront\u00eb so intimate an acquaintance\nwith the history of the Fairy Janet of the Aire as to take upon herself\npoetically, the r\u00f4le of that Craven elf and her name?\nMr. Harry Speight recently, in _The Craven Highlands_, told us \"the\nFairy Jennet or Janet was queen of the Malhamdale elves\" who frequented\nthe enchanted ground round the source of the Aire. But prior to\nMontagu's dealing with Janet's Cave, the home of the Malhamdale fays,\nthe queen-elf had been referred to as Gennet. Montagu spelt the name\nJannet, and later writers having referred to him, the fairy cave now\nbears the name Janet's Cave. A Malham writer prior to Montagu referred\nonly briefly to the Fairy Cave, and quite prosily. In his Malham letter\nMontagu says:--\n\"Leaving a farmhouse at the entrance of the vale to the left, we [he and\nhis boy-guide] proceeded over two fields, then ascended about twenty\nyards, suddenly turned an acute angle, and penetrating some bushes we\nstood at the entrance of a deep and narrow glen, before a perpendicular\nfall of water. At the foot of this cascade is\n  JANNET'S CAVE.\nIt is so called from the queen or governess of a numerous tribe of\nfaeries, which tradition assures us anciently held their court here; and\nas there may be some of my readers who may like at the moonlit hour to\nbe entertained at one of Jannet's banquets, I will give an idea as to\nthe mode of obtaining admission into such society.... On the evening\nwhen I first learned the mystic lore, the golden sun had kissed every\nflower, even unto the retiring lily, and was gliding westward when, from\nthe heart's couch of a moss rose, there came the eldest daughter of\nfaeryland, probably the self-same Jannet's daughter, saying:--\n  'I have come from whence\n  Peace with white sceptre wafting to and fro,\n  Smooths the wide bosom of the Elysian world,'\nand who, upon being informed that I was desirous of swearing allegiance\nto her sweet mother, said that she would bring intelligence whether I\nmight be admitted to her pretty vassalage; she then bade her attendants\nbring her car, which was a leaf of a favourite hyacinth, drawn by two\nlady-birds who were guided by reins of gossamer; the mellow horn of the\nherald bee summoned her attendants, who, to the number of twenty, obeyed\nthe call; and taking the coronets from off their brows, made low\nobeisance to their young princess, which she pleasingly acknowledged.\nThen they each captured a sphere of thistle-down, and seating themselves\nthereon, followed their princess; who, attended by her guards, each\narmed with a maiden's eye-lash, journeyed onwards towards the realms of\nenchanted ground. I should think that not many minutes elapsed when the\ncavalcade returned, and the charter written upon the leaf of a\n'forget-me-not,' with the gold from a butterfly's wing, was placed into\nmy hand by 'a fay,' with injunctions not to divulge the secrets of the\norder. I would have promised but awoke from this pleasant dream.\"\nWe will now read Montagu's description of the Fairy Janet, and a fairy\ncoming to him at sundown when adapted by Charlotte Bront\u00eb in _Jane\nEyre_.\nAd\u00e8le asks Rochester whether she is to go to school without her\ngoverness, Jane Eyre:--\n    \"Yes,\" he replied; ... \"for I am to take mademoiselle to the moon,\n    and there I shall seek a cave in one of the white valleys among\n    the volcano tops, and mademoiselle shall live with me there, and\n    only me.\"\n    \"... But you can't get her there....\"\n    \"Ad\u00e8le ... late one evening ... I sat down to rest me on a stile\n    ... when something came up the path.... Our speechless colloquy\n    was to this effect--\n    \"It was a fairy, and come from Elf-land, it said.... It told me of\n    the alabaster cave and silver vale.... I said I should like to\n    go.... 'Oh,' returned the fairy.... 'Here is a talisman which will\n    remove all difficulties' and she held out a pretty gold ring....\"\n    \"But what has mademoiselle [Jane Eyre] to do with it? I don't care\n    for the fairy....\"\n    \"Mademoiselle [Jane Eyre] is a fairy,\" he said, whispering\n    mysteriously.\nBut Ad\u00e8le assures him she made no account of his \"_contes de f\u00e9e_.\"\nFor the present it is enough to know that in the main and ostensibly the\nFairy Janet Eyre was Charlotte Bront\u00eb's adaptation of Montagu's Fairy\nJanet, the queen-elf of the Malhamdale fairies, said to frequent the\nenchanted land round the source of the Aire.\nThe fairy idea, Charlotte discovered, served well to give a certain\ngallantry to Rochester's bestowing of epithets. These the reader may\nhave interest in finding in _Jane Eyre_. For instance, when Jane,\nreturning from her visit to a dead relative, informs Rochester, he\nsays:--\n    \"A true _Janian_ reply! [italics mine]. Good angels be my guard!\n    She comes from the other world--from the abode of people who are\n    dead, and tells me so when she meets me alone here in the\n    gloaming! If I dared, I'd touch you, to see if you are substance\n    or shadow, you elf!--but I'd as soon offer to take hold of a blue\n    _ignis-fatuus_ light in the marsh.\"\nA few lines lower Rochester asks:--\n    \"Tell me, now, fairy as you are--can't you give a charm?\"\nAnd then farther down:\n    \"Pass, Janet: go up home and stay your weary little wandering feet\n    at a friend's threshold.\"\nWhen Rochester's bed is in flames, and he awakes to find Janet has\nthrown water upon it, he demands:--\n    \"In the name of all the elves in Christendom, is that Jane Eyre?\"\nAnd so I might continue. It is observable Charlotte Bront\u00eb never allows\nRochester to call Jane Eyre \"Janet\" and \"fairy\" in the same breath. She\npermits the use of Janet, however, when the fairy notion is concealed,\nas when Rochester says:\n    \"Just put your hand in mine, Janet, that I may have the evidence\n    of touch as well as sight, to prove you are near me.\"\nCertain it is that in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's inmost heart her\nautobiographical self was called Janet Aire.[32]\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's conceptions, when she let her imagination have play\nand forgot the world of readers were, like Jane Eyre's thoughts,\n\"elfish.\" See the fairy tale, _The Adventures of Ernest Alembert_\n(attributed by Charlotte Bront\u00eb to her pen in her fifteenth year). It\nhas been remarked this story is not in the handwriting Charlotte Bront\u00eb\naffected at this period, and that the manuscript has not Charlotte's\ncustomary title-page.[33] In view of the evidence of _The Key to the\nBront\u00eb Works_, it is of interest to make a comparison between _Alembert_\nand Montagu's _Gleanings in Craven_, published eight years later than\nthe date Charlotte Bront\u00eb ascribed to its completion. The association of\nthe family of Lambert with hypothetical high treason and with being\nextinct; with the Malham country as described by Montagu--the\nreferences, so frequent in his pages, to the awe inspired by the\nwildness of the scenery, to the underground torrent, the contrasting\nrange of crags, the lake, the fairy cave, the fairy and the admittance\ninto faerydom; to \"the mellow hum of the bee,\" etc., are interesting in\nthe extreme, seeing by aid of Montagu that Malham as presented by him\nbecame Gimmerton of _Wuthering Heights_. Whether \"coincidence\" has to do\nwith this matter of _Alembert_ and Montagu, or Charlotte Bront\u00eb has for\nsome reason ante-dated _Alembert_, I leave to the reader to decide.\n  MONTAGU.                            _The Adventures of Ernest\n  Montagu, speaking of the church     Charlotte Bront\u00eb begins by\n  of Kirkby-Malham, \"in the ...       relating that there once lived\n  vale of Malham,\" says:--\"Some of    an Ernest Alembert. One of the\n  the Lamberts are buried             Alemberts having been \"beheaded\"\n  here--here is a monument to ...     for \"high treason,\"[34] \"the\n  John Lambert, who aided Cromwell    family had decayed\" until the\n  in his murder of Charles the        only survivor was Ernest\n  First (as all did who were          Alembert. We are told that he\n  implicated in Cromwell's            beside a valley; and the river\n  rebellion)[34]--after the           became a lake. A stranger\n  Restoration lived he died           putting him under a spell,\n  banished and forgotten at           [A]lembert accepts him for a\n  Guernsey. The family is now         guide, and they wend their way\n  In the chapter on Malham,           [A]lembert finds himself at a\n  Montagu accepts a guide who         place where the torrent goes\n  takes him up the vale of Malham.    underground.\n  He mentions Malham Lake, or\n  Tarn, and says of the River Aire\n  in the connection that the water\n  \"delves into the mountain, and\n  does not appear again until it\n  reaches the village of Airton,\n  below Malham.\"\n  We have descriptions of wild        We have descriptions of wild\n  moor, \"tremendous\" precipices,      moors and precipices, and\n  and \"grand and terrific             foaming cataracts. When they\n  cataracts\":--\"At last we            stopped to rest after a climb\n  attained the summit of the          \"the scene was grand and awful\n  mountain, when, looking down in     in the extreme.... The mellow\n  the chasm beneath, horror and       hum of the bee was no longer\n  immensity were defined with         heard.... Above rose tremendous\n  thrilling truth.\"                   precipices, whose vast shadows\n  Montagu and his guide go to a       [A]lembert and his guide go to a\n  cave--the cave of the Fairy         cave. Farther on the guide\n  Janet. Montagu falling asleep as    vanishes, but [A]lembert wakes\n  it were, a fairy comes to his       to find him by his side as a\n  side and tells him he is in the     fairy [Charlotte Bront\u00eb, Method\n  realm of fairies. She promises      I., interchange of the sexes],\n  to induct him into the wonders      who addresses [A]lembert as\n  of faeryland, and \"the mellow       follows:--\n  horn of the herald bee\" summoned\n  her attendants. And so on. See      \"I am a fairy. You have been,\n  Charlotte Bront\u00eb's mention in       and still are, in the land of\n  _Alembert_ of \"the mellow hum of    fairies. Some wonders you have\n  the bee.\"                           seen; many more you shall see if\nI have often wondered why no one has ever observed before that the hand\nwhich wrote _The Adventures of Ernest Alembert_ must assuredly have\nwritten every line of _Wuthering Heights_. We may well understand why\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb in _Wuthering Heights_ wrote of Catherine Linton that\n\"the mentioning the Fairy Cave quite turned her head\" with interest. And\nthat the original of the Fairy Cave in _Wuthering Heights_ was the Fairy\nCave of Malhamdale Montagu mentions at such length in his Malham\nletter, the use of the names Linton and Airton in the connection\nirrefutably proves without other appeal: Hareton--that variant of Aire,\ncannot be associated with Derbyshire like \"Eyre\"; and despite the use of\n\"Eyre,\" Aire was the name in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's mind, just as \"Airton\"\nwas when she wrote \"Hareton.\"\nBoth the \"boy-guide\" and \"Gimmerton's mist\" were obviously suggested to\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb for _Wuthering Heights_ by Montagu, the original, as I\nhave shown, of Lockwood:--\n  I ... took leave of my host and     Says Heathcliffe:--\"People\n  followed the youthful steps of      familiar with these moors often\n  my guide whose services I had       miss their road on such an\n  accepted.... Upon the summit of     evening.\"\n  the mountain is Kilnsea Moor,\n  over which it is impossible to      \"Perhaps I can get a guide among\n  find a route to Malham Water        your lads, ... could you spare\n  without a guide, more               one?\" asks Lockwood of his host.\n  particularly as a mist creates a\n  difficulty, even to a person\n  well acquainted with the\n  locality.\nMontagu's frequent references to the mountainous character of the Malham\ncountry were doubtless responsible for Charlotte Bront\u00eb's choice of the\nword \"heights\" used in her title. Why the name of Gimmer, from \"gimmer\"\na female sheep, and signifying with \"ton\" the place of sheep, was chosen\nby her for Gimmerton, is clear when we read the etymology Montagu gives\nof Skipton. He mentions Skibden and Skipton, proceeding to explain that\n\"Skipton, or Sceptown (from the Saxon word 'scep,' a sheep)\" meant \"the\ntown of sheep\"; and Montagu tells us a native spoke of the village as\n\"the town of Malham.\" Hence we perceive why Charlotte Bront\u00eb coined\n\"Gimmerton,\" the village of sheep, and \"Gimmerden,\" the valley of sheep,\nfor Malham and Malhamdale with the source of the Aire, the Fairy Cave,\nthe Sough, the adjacent crags, the heights, the glens, the rising mists,\nthe Methodist chapel and kirk in the lonely vale, when in the light of\nall the foregoing we read in Montagu's work that:--\n\"Here [at Malham] there is an annual fair held on the 15th of October,\nappropriated entirely for the sale of sheep.[35] I am within the limit\nof fact when I say that upwards of one hundred thousand [sheep] have\nbeen shown at one time. [Joseph takes cattle to \"Gimmerton Fair,\" of\ncourse not in October.] The houses are mostly built of limestone, and\ncovered with grit slates, and irregularly situated at the base of a\nrange of steep mountains\"--\"the Heights.\"\nMalham he describes as \"a small township, divided into east and west\nportions by a rapid stream\"--\"the beck down Gimmerton.\" \"There is a\nMethodist chapel at Malham,\" he states, and says that the old church of\nKirkby-Malham \"is in the very bosom of the vale of Malham.\" Thus\nGimmerton Kirk, in the lonely valley of Gimmerton,[36] was Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's name in _Wuthering Heights_ for the kirk by Malham, in the\nlonely vale of Malham. This insight into the origin of the name of\n\"kirk\" for a Yorkshire church excuses what, without it, would have been\nan anachronistic misnomer. As for the Nonconformists' place of worship,\nDean is made to remark:--\"They call the Methodists' or Baptists'\nplace--I can't say which it is at Gimmerton--a chapel.\"\nIn the light of the foregoing evidence it is impossible to ignore the\nreference Montagu makes to \"the sinks,\" where the water from Malham Tarn\nsinks underground for a considerable distance. Whether Charlotte Bront\u00eb\nthought this would produce a quag in the neighbourhood I cannot tell;\nbut if she has used the word \"sough\" (pronounced _suff_) in its ordinary\nacceptance in Yorkshire, she originally meant \"a subterranean passage or\ntunnel, draining water as from a sink,\" if I may quote a definition in\nDr. Joseph Wright's _English Dialect Dictionary_. There is every sign in\nher writings of a loose, composite adaptation of Montagu's topography,\netc., yet Charlotte Bront\u00eb was ever jealous of associations, and under a\nguise or not she frequently preserved carefully recognizable\ncharacteristics necessary to locality and to personality; and we see\nMontagu had associated a sough with Malham. We have mention of Gimmerton\nSough in Chapter III. of _Wuthering Heights_, and in Chapter X.:--\"...\nthe valley of Gimmerton, with a long list of mist winding nearly to its\ntop (for very soon after you pass the chapel ... the sough that runs\nfrom the marshes joins a beck which follows the bend of the glen).\nWuthering Heights rose above this silvery vapour.\" And we have read what\nMontagu says about the mists of Malham.\nThe influence of Montagu's descriptions of this wild locality is\nlikewise observable in the scenery and the background of _Jane\nEyre_,[37] as I mentioned in the article \"The Key to _Jane Eyre_\" I\nwrote in _The Saturday Review_. The yews and evergreens, mentioned by\nMontagu in connection with Malham, and introduced by Charlotte Bront\u00eb,\nwith other trees of the fir-tribe, in descriptions of Morton in _Jane\nEyre_, Chap. XXX., etc., and in _Wuthering Heights_, are not common to\nHaworth.\nCHAPTER VIII.\nTHE RIVERS OR BRONT\u00cb FAMILY IN \"JANE EYRE.\"\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb, while she often portrayed the main characters of her\nstories from people in her own life, was quite at home with them in\nwhatsoever condition or surroundings she placed them.[38] She loved the\nmemory of Tabitha Aykroyd--that faithful servant, companion, and friend;\nhated the vices of her brother Branwell Bront\u00eb, and was obsessed by\nthoughts of M. H\u00e9ger, her Brussels friend. So she placed the good old\nhousekeeper of the parsonage--under an ecclesiastical cognomen truly--as\nMrs. Dean at Wuthering Heights; set up her brother Branwell on the same\npremises as Hindley Earnshaw, and put her Brussels friend in the\nposition of master of that abode.\nIn _Jane Eyre_ Tabitha Aykroyd is Bessie of Mrs. Reed's household, and\nHannah of the Rivers family; Branwell is among better surroundings as\nJohn Reed, and M. H\u00e9ger is portrayed more proportionately as the master\nof Thornfield; while in the same work Charlotte Bront\u00eb portrays her own\nsister Maria Bront\u00eb, and makes her say she is a native of Northumberland\nand describe the scenery round her birthplace there!\nIn _Shirley_ Charlotte admits to having placed Emily Bront\u00eb as \"Shirley\nKeeldar,\" surrounded by the environment of a wealthy woman--a landed\nproprietress in the Dewsbury neighbourhood; and she gives us phases of\nM. H\u00e9ger as a resident of Yorkshire, in the two Moores.\n_Villette_ contains in Dr. John, towards the close, a portrait of the\nRev. Mr. Nicholls, who became her husband, as a resident of the foreign\ntown Villette--for I find the character Dr. John was a portrait not\nwholly drawn, as is supposed, from Mr. Smith of Messrs. Smith & Elder,\nthe Bront\u00eb publishers; and glimpses of Mr. Thackeray as a Villette\nlecturer appear in a flitting usurpation of M. H\u00e9ger's rights as the\noriginal of M. Paul.\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's thus placing given characters against any background\nis doubtless responsible for the fact that when I wrote the _Fortnightly\nReview_ article, \"The Lifting of the Bront\u00eb Veil: A New Study of the\nBront\u00eb Family,\" in March, 1907, nigh on sixty years of readers of the\nBront\u00eb works had failed to recognize Charlotte Bront\u00eb had portrayed in\n_Jane Eyre_ not only herself and her sister, Maria Bront\u00eb, as was\ncommonly known, but also her brother, Branwell Bront\u00eb; her Aunt\nBranwell; her cousin, Eliza Branwell; her sister, Elizabeth Bront\u00eb; her\nsister, Emily Bront\u00eb; her sister, Anne Bront\u00eb; her father, the Rev.\nPatrick Bront\u00eb; and also Tabitha Aykroyd, the Bront\u00eb servant. Perhaps it\nwas because readers believed Morton was Hathersage, Derbyshire, that a\nsuspicion of the Rivers family being the Bront\u00eb family at Haworth never\nhad been entertained.\nI found, however, that all the above-mentioned members of the Bront\u00eb\nfamily were placed in _Jane Eyre_ under a \"Rivers\" surname; and\nproceeding into the inquiry as to their identity, I perceived this\ndiscovery of the Bront\u00eb family in _Jane Eyre_ numbered with the more\nimportant of my Bront\u00eb discoveries, and that despite her purposed and\nreasonable cross-scents--the spired church, the mention of\nknife-grinders, and the hinting at the proximity of Sheffield, all so\nnecessary in her day to permit the portrayal of phases of the life at\nHaworth Parsonage--Morton to Charlotte Bront\u00eb was in the main Haworth.\nWhat importance would attach to a discovery of an unknown portrait group\nof his family deliberately painted from life by an old master! Such is\nthe importance of this discovery of the Bront\u00eb family drawn by the pen\nof Charlotte Bront\u00eb herself in _Jane Eyre_. Currer Bell portrayed with\nunvarying truth; and with cunning artistry she brought forward in her\nliterary legacy to the English novel the sure characteristics--the very\nsoul, the shallowness, the pretty affectionateness, the cooing\n\"dove-like voice,\" the \"blue steel glance,\" of those she had watched and\nloved and feared.\nNow, in the selection of a Christian name for the heroine Jane Eyre, in\nwhom she had portrayed herself, there was every reason why Charlotte\nBront\u00eb would be unlikely to adopt the second name of her sister, Emily\nJane. We have seen, however, that Charlotte Bront\u00eb had been led by\nMontagu's mention of the Fairy Jannet, or Janet, poetically to make her\nheroine a Fairy Janet. This evidence shows, therefore, that \"Jane\" was\nreally only secondary. The Fairy Cave which this fairy was supposed to\nfrequent is near Malham or Gimmerton, and, as I have said, the Fairy\nJanet is termed \"the queen of the Malhamdale elves that frequent the\nenchanted land round the source of the Aire.\" Montagu mentions the fact\nthat the river Ayre takes its rise at Malham--at Malham Tarn, and hence\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb seems to have named her heroine originally Janet Aire.\nObvious it is she would be led, naturally, to use later some variant of\nAire or Ayre; and the fact that she visited in the summer of 1845\n(evidence shows she had read Montagu at the time)[39] her friend Miss\nNussey, then at Hathersage in Derbyshire, where Eyre is a common name,\nwould suggest she was led to adopt this variant through her visit there.\nWe already have seen Charlotte Bront\u00eb used the variant of \"Hare\" for\n\"Air\" in _Wuthering Heights_ for the boy Hareton from Montagu's\nboy-guide, Robert Airton. And that she wished in _Jane Eyre_ to break\nthrough the confines of the variant she had chosen for Aire, and give\nopen expression to her original and poetic idea, is seen plainly enough\nwhere Ad\u00e8le asks:--\n    \"And Mademoiselle--what is your name?\"\n    \"Eyre--Jane Eyre.\"\n    \"Aire? bah, I cannot say it.\"\nHaving made this interesting discovery, I further found that, not\nsatisfied with appropriating for herself the \"stream\" surname, she\nplaced such a surname upon those who were related to her and whom she\nhad portrayed in _Jane Eyre_. So she used Burns from \"burn,\" a stream\nspelt with an \"s,\" for Maria Bront\u00eb; Rivers, from a river also spelt\nwith an \"s,\" for Emily Bront\u00eb, Anne Bront\u00eb, and the Rev. Patrick Bront\u00eb,\nwith Tabitha Aykroyd in attendance as Hannah; Reed, from the river of\nthat name for Charlotte's Aunt Branwell, her cousin Eliza Branwell, and\nher brother, Branwell Bront\u00eb; Severn, from the river of that name for\nher sister Elizabeth Bront\u00eb--just as she used Aire from the river of\nthat name for herself, as Janet Aire.\nA reference to Mrs. Gaskell's Bront\u00eb _Life_ were sufficient to establish\nthe identifications, when I say that by Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Method II.\n(the alteration of the age of a character portrayed) the Rev. Patrick\nBront\u00eb is represented as a young man in the Rev. St. John Eyre\nRivers--certainly a very necessary obfuscation, for it is to be seen the\nhome at Morton gives a most enlightening insight into the life at the\nHaworth Parsonage. A death is supposed to have occurred in the Rivers\nfamily; and when it is remembered Thornfield to Charlotte Bront\u00eb\nrepresented the H\u00e9gers' establishment at Brussels, and that she left\nBrussels the first time on account of the death of her aunt, Miss\nElizabeth Branwell who, after being the female head of the parsonage\nsome years, died there in the close of 1842, we may know for whom the\nRivers family were really in mourning. Charlotte Bront\u00eb tells us that,\nlooking through the window of Moor House--Haworth Parsonage:--\n    I could see ... an elderly woman [Tabitha Aykroyd--the Mrs. Dean\n    of _Wuthering Heights_], somewhat rough-looking, but scrupulously\n    clean, like all about her, ... knitting a stocking.... Two young,\n    graceful women [Emily and Anne Bront\u00eb]--ladies in every\n    point--sat, one in a low rocking-chair, the other on a lower\n    stool; both wore deep mourning, ... which sombre garb singularly\n    set off very fair necks and faces: a large old ... dog [Emily had\n    a favourite dog] rested his massive head on the knee of one\n    girl--in the lap of the other was cushioned a black cat. A strange\n    place was this humble kitchen for such occupants [but they were\n    ever fond of it]. Who were they? They could not be the daughters\n    of the elderly person at the table [Tabitha]; for she looked like\n    a rustic, and they were all delicacy and cultivation. I had\n    nowhere seen such faces as theirs; and yet, as I gazed on them I\n    seemed intimate with every lineament. I cannot call them\n    handsome--they were too pale and grave for the word: as they each\n    bent over a book they looked thoughtful almost to severity. A\n    stand between them supported a second candle and two great volumes\n    to which they frequently referred; comparing them ... with the\n    smaller books they held in their hands like people consulting a\n    dictionary to aid ... in the task of translation. This scene was\n    as silent as if all the figures had been shadows and the fire-lit\n    apartment a picture.\n    \"Listen, Diana [Emily Bront\u00eb]\", said one of the absorbed students,\n    ... and in a low voice she read ... in German.... The other girl,\n    who had lifted her head to listen to her sister, repeated, while\n    she gazed at the fire, a line.... \"Good!\" ... she exclaimed, while\n    her dark and deep eyes sparkled, ... \"I like it!\"\n    \"Is there ony country where they talk i' that way?\" asked the old\n    woman [Tabitha, using her Haworth Yorkshire dialect], and being\n    told there is:--\"Well, for sure case, I knawn't how they can\n    understand t'one t'other: and if either o' ye went there, ye could\n    tell what they said, I guess?\"\n    \"... Not all--for we are not as clever as you think us, Hannah. We\n    don't speak German....\"\n    \"And what good does it do you?\"\n    \"We mean to teach it some time--or at least the elements, as they\n    say; and then we shall get more money than we do now.\"\n    \"Varry like; but give ower studying: ye've done enough for\n    to-night.\"\n    \"I think we have.... I wonder when St. John [the Rev. Patrick\n    Bront\u00eb] will come home.\"\n    \"Surely he will not be long now: it is just ten\" (looking at a\n    little gold watch she drew from her girdle). \"It rains fast.\n    Hannah, will you have the goodness to look at the fire in the\n    parlour?\"\nCharlotte seems to have portrayed particularly those happy months at\nhome in 1842, when, after the death of their aunt, all three sisters\nwere together and their brother Branwell was away. It is Anne Bront\u00eb\nwho, as Mary Rivers, consults her watch. For the circumstances in which\nshe acquired this gold watch see the will of Miss Elizabeth Branwell,\nher aunt.[40]\n    The woman [Tabitha] rose: she opened a door, ... soon I heard her\n    stir the fire in an inner room. She presently came back: \"Ah\n    childer!\" said she, \"it fair troubles me to go into yond room now:\n    it looks so lonesome wi' the chair empty and set back in a\n    corner.\"\nThe Bront\u00eb sisters were \"always children in the eyes of Tabitha.\"\nContinuing her description of her sisters, Charlotte as Jane says:--\n    Both were fair complexioned and slenderly made; both possessed\n    faces full of distinction and intelligence. One [Emily Bront\u00eb] to\n    be sure had hair a shade darker than the other, and there was a\n    difference in their style of wearing it: Mary's [Anne Bront\u00eb's]\n    pale brown locks were parted and braided smooth; Diana's [Emily\n    Bront\u00eb's] duskier tresses covered her neck with thick curls....\n    [She] had a voice toned to my ear, like the cooing of a dove. She\n    possessed eyes whose gaze I delighted to encounter. Her whole face\n    seemed to me full of charm, Mary's [Anne Bront\u00eb's] countenance was\n    equally intelligent--her features equally pretty; but her\n    expression was more reserved; and her manner, though gentle, more\n    distant. Diana looked and spoke with a certain authority [it was\n    Emily Bront\u00eb's manner]: she had a will.... It was my nature to\n    feel pleasure in yielding to an authority supported like hers; and\n    to bend, where my conscience and self-respect permitted, to an\n    active will.\nThe following is the portrait of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's father (Method II.,\nthe altering the age of the character portrayed) as her imagination\npictured him to have been in his young days. St. John's was the Rev.\nPatrick Bront\u00eb's college at Cambridge:--\n    Mr. St. John ... had he been a statue instead of a man ... could\n    not have been easier. He was ... tall, slender; his face riveted\n    the eye; it was like a Greek face, very pure in outline; quite a\n    straight classic nose, quite an Athenian mouth and chin. It is\n    seldom indeed an English face comes so near the antique models as\n    did his.... His eyes were large and blue, ... his high forehead,\n    colourless as ivory, was partially streaked over by careless locks\n    of fair hair.... He ... scarcely impressed one with the idea of a\n    gentle ... or even of a placid nature; ... there was something\n    about his nostril, his mouth, his brow, which ... indicated\n    elements within either restless, or hard or eager.\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's references herewith, and in other instances, to the\npassionate nature of her father are interesting reading, especially in\nview of the fact that this point has been the subject of controversy. To\nreturn to _Jane Eyre_:--\n    Mr. Rivers [Mr. Bront\u00eb] now closed his book, approached the table,\n    and, as he took a seat, fixed his pictorial-looking eyes full upon\n    me. There was an unceremonious directness, a searching, decided\n    steadfastness in his gaze now which told that intention ... had\n    hitherto kept it averted ... St. John's eyes, though clear enough\n    in a literal sense, in a figurative one were difficult to fathom.\n    He seemed to use them rather as instruments to search other\n    people's thoughts, than as agents to reveal his own: the which\n    combination of keenness and reserve was considerably more\n    calculated to embarrass than to encourage.\nMrs. Gaskell states that even in his old age Mr. Bront\u00eb[41] was a tall\nand a striking-looking man, with a nobly shaped head and erect carriage,\nand that in youth he must have been unusually handsome. And to use the\nwords of Hannah, \"Mr. St. John when he grew up would go to college and\nbe a parson.\" Continuing, Mrs. Gaskell further says:--\n    The course of his life shows a powerful and remarkable character,\n    originating and pursuing a purpose in a resolute and independent\n    manner--separating himself from his family. There was no trace of\n    his Irish origin in his speech; he never could have shown his\n    Celtic origin in the straight Greek lines and long oval of his\n    face.\nAnother writer accentuating this says Mr. Bront\u00eb was \"proud of his Greek\nprofile,\" and we have now seen that Charlotte Bront\u00eb herself says his\n(St. John's) face was \"like a Greek face, pure in outline.\" Mr. Bront\u00eb\nhad also \"fine blue eyes,\" like Mr. St. John. \"His (Mr. Bront\u00eb's)\npassionate nature was compressed down with stoicism, but it was there,\nnotwithstanding all his philosophic calm and dignity of demeanour,\nthough he did not speak when displeased. He was an active walker,\nstretching away over the moors for many miles. He dined alone, and did\nnot require companionship.\"\nWhich is, of course, all consonant with what we read of St. John Eyre\nRivers. Charlotte Bront\u00eb continues:--\n    As to Mr. St. John, the intimacy which had arisen so naturally ...\n    between me and ... [my] sisters did not extend to him. One reason\n    of the distance ... observed between us was, that he was\n    comparatively seldom at home: a large proportion of his time\n    appeared devoted to visiting the sick and poor among the scattered\n    population of his parish. No weather seemed to hinder him in these\n    pastoral excursions: rain or fair, he would, when his hours of\n    morning study were over, take his hat and ... go out on his\n    mission of love and duty.... But, besides his frequent absences,\n    there was another barrier to friendship with him: he seemed of a\n    reserved, an abstracted, and even a brooding nature. Zealous in\n    his ministerial labours, blameless in his life and habits, he yet\n    did not appear to enjoy that mental serenity, that inward content\n    which should be the reward of every sincere Christian and\n    practical philanthropist. Often of an evening, when he sat at the\n    window, his desk and papers before him, he would cease reading or\n    writing, rest his chin on his hand, and deliver himself up to I\n    know not what course of thought; but that it was perturbed and\n    exciting might be seen in the frequent dilation of his eye.\n    I think, moreover, that Nature was not to him that treasury of\n    delight it was to his [my] sisters. He once expressed, and but\n    once in my hearing, a strong sense of the rugged charm of the\n    hills, and an inborn affection for the dark roof and hoary walls\n    he called his home; but there was more of gloom than pleasure in\n    the tone and words in which the sentiment was manifested; and\n    never did he roam the moors for the sake of their soothing\n    silence--never to seek out or dwell upon the thousand peaceful\n    delights they could yield.\n    Incommunicative as he was, some time elapsed before I had an\n    opportunity of gauging his mind. I first got an idea of its\n    calibre when I heard him preach in his own church.... I wish I\n    could describe that sermon; but it is past my power. I cannot even\n    render faithfully the effect it produced on me.\n    It began calm, and indeed, as far as delivery and pitch of voice\n    went, it was calm to the end: an earnestly felt, yet strictly\n    restrained zeal breathed soon in the distinct accents, and\n    prompted the nervous language. This grew to force--compressed,\n    condensed, controlled.... Throughout there was a strange\n    bitterness; an absence of consolatory gentleness; stern allusions\n    to Calvinistic doctrines--election, predestination,\n    reprobation--were frequent.... It seemed to me ... that the\n    eloquence to which I had been listening had sprung from a depth\n    where lay turbid dregs of disappointment--where moved troubling\n    impulses of insatiable yearnings and disquieting aspirations. I\n    was sure St. John Rivers, pure-lived, conscientious, zealous as he\n    was--had not yet found that peace of God which passeth all\n    understanding: he had no more found it ... than had I: with my\n    concealed and racking regrets for my broken idol and lost elysium.\n\"Charlotte Bront\u00eb,\" says Miss Laura C. Holloway, \"early exhibited\nantagonistic feelings towards the Calvinistic views of her father.\" And\nso I might continue at great length. Excluding the love passages\nnecessary to \"story\" and the missionary suggestions for which it seems\nthat Brussels priest whom I may call Charlotte Bront\u00eb's F\u00e9nelon was\noriginally responsible, the portrayal of the Rev. Patrick Bront\u00eb, like\nthat of Charlotte's sisters, is absolutely true to prototype and\nfact.[42] We discover that at heart Charlotte Bront\u00eb loved her father,\nhence she honoured him--the head of the \"Rivers\" family--by giving him\nthe final word in her autobiography, speaking of him as he appeared to\nher: an old man whose days were drawing to a close. Jane relates of\nMorton:--\n    Near the churchyard, and in the middle of the garden, stood a\n    well-built though small house, which I had no doubt was the\n    parsonage.\nIn Charlotte Bront\u00eb's mind this was Haworth Parsonage; but it is clear\nthat, despite the church \"spire\" and other efforts at obfuscation, she\ndid not dare to portray her sisters and father in the parsonage. Thus\nshe placed the family in another house. And now we will have another\nglimpse of Tabitha Aykroyd, this time as \"Hannah,\" speaking her Haworth\nYorkshire dialect:--\n    \"Have you been with the family long?\"\n    \"I've lived here thirty year. I nursed them all three.... I thowt\n    more o' th' childer nor of mysel'.... They've like nobody to tak'\n    care on 'em but me ... I'm like to look sharpish.\"\n    Hannah was evidently fond of talking [see my chapter on Tabitha\n    Aykroyd]. While I picked the fruit and she made the paste for the\n    pies, she proceeded to give me sundry details about ... her\n    deceased ... mistress, and \"the childer,\" as she called the young\n    people.... There was nothing like them in these parts, nor ever\n    had been; they had liked learning, all three, almost from the time\n    they could speak; and they had always been \"of a mak\" of their own\n    [had individual character]. They had lived very little at home for\n    a long while, and were only come now to stay a few weeks on\n    account of their father's [aunt's] death: but they did so like\n    Marsh End and Morton [Haworth] and all these moors and hills\n    about. They had been in ... many grand towns, but they always said\n    there was no place like home; and then they were so agreeable with\n    each other--never fell out nor \"threaped\" [asserted beyond the\n    argumentative point]. She did not know where there was such a\n    family for being united.\nEmily Bront\u00eb as Diana says it is \"a privilege we exercise in our home to\nprepare our own meals when ... so inclined, or when Hannah [Tabby] is\nbaking, brewing, washing or ironing,\" which of course was true at\nHaworth Parsonage. To give yet another description:--\n    The Rivers [Bront\u00ebs] clung to the purple moors behind and around\n    their dwelling with a perfect enthusiasm of attachment. I could\n    comprehend the feeling, and share both its strength and truth. I\n    saw the fascination of the locality, ... my eye feasted on the\n    outline of swell and sweep.... The strong blast and the soft\n    breeze; the rough and the halcyon day; the hours of sunrise and\n    sunset ... developed for me ... the same attraction as for\n    them--wound round my faculties the same spell that entranced\n    theirs.\nThen follow pictures of the life at Haworth Parsonage, which tell us how\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb adored her sisters; and with the modesty of true genius\nshe places herself at their feet, as it were. We have a sketch of\nTabitha Aykroyd ironing Aunt Branwell's lace frills and crimping her\nnightcap borders in _Jane Eyre_, Chapter I., wherein both figure as\nBessie and Aunt Reed. Years ago it came to be thought the original of\nJane Eyre's Aunt Reed was Miss Branwell, the aunt of the Bront\u00eb\nchildren, though one writer identified her with a certain Mrs. Sidgwick\nwhose son threw a book at Miss Bront\u00eb in her governess days, because\n\"the son of Mrs. Reed\" threw a Bible at Jane Eyre. The fact the\nrainy-day narrations in _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_ establish,\nthat Charlotte Bront\u00eb associated a \"volume-hurling\" incident with her\nchildhood and Branwell Bront\u00eb's \"tyranny,\" disposed finally of the\nSidgwick identifications. John Reed we have now seen was, like Hindley\nEarnshaw, Catherine's brother, drawn by Charlotte Bront\u00eb from her\nbrother Branwell Bront\u00eb. Always she wrote of him vindictively, and with\na retributive justice, her strong characteristic. At about the period\nwhen Currer Bell was penning _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_\nBranwell was a source of considerable distress to her. He was disgraced;\nhis habits were the reverse of temperate, and it was daily feared that\nin a fit of delirium he might make an attempt upon his own life. Indeed\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb palpably writes of Branwell Bront\u00eb and those miserable\nassociations which brought trouble upon Mrs. Gaskell's first edition of\nthe Bront\u00eb _Life_, in _The Professor_, Chapter XX., where she says:--\n    Limited as had yet been my experience of life, I had once had the\n    opportunity of contemplating, near at hand, an example of the\n    results produced by a course of ... domestic treachery.... I saw\n    it bare and real, and it was very loathsome. I saw a mind degraded\n    ... by the habit of perfidious deception, and a body depraved by\n    the infectious influence of the vice-polluted soul. I had suffered\n    much from the forced and prolonged view of this spectacle.\nCharlotte's letters also show she was ashamed of and losing patience\nwith him. John Reed is spoken of as \"a dissipated young man; they will\nnever make much of him, I think.... Some people call him a fine-looking\nyoung man; but he has such thick lips.\" For obfuscation's sake he is\n\"tall,\" and Mrs. Gaskell in speaking of Branwell's profile says:--\"There\nare coarse lines about the mouth, and the lips, though handsome in\nshape, are loose and thick, indicating self-indulgence.\" Aunt Reed\nexclaims at the last of her favourite:--\"John is sunken and degraded,\nhis look is frightful--I feel ashamed for him when I see him.\" It was\nnear the time that Aunt Branwell died at Haworth there was this decided\ndegradation of her favourite nephew Branwell. For story purposes\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb makes her aunt a married woman in _Jane Eyre_, and\nplaces her nephew Branwell and her niece Eliza Branwell in the relation\nof children to her as John and Eliza Reed--Georgiana is no doubt a\nBront\u00eb relative of whom we have not heard, and Charlotte thought vain.\nThe fact that in _Jane Eyre_, Chapter XXI., her name is mentioned in\nconnection with \"a title,\" would show Currer Bell early apportioned her\na place in the book by reason of Montagu's reference to a Lady\nGeorgiana.\nA child, sympathetic and intensely emotional, Charlotte Bront\u00eb,\nevidently, felt injustices with an acuteness not easy to understand\nwithout reading her _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_ by aid of _The\nKey to the Bront\u00eb Works_. It would be like Maria Bront\u00eb to protest with\nher younger sister on her holding resentment against Aunt Branwell; and\nwith the inference that she herself had endured her harshness, she says\nas Helen Burns:--\"What a singularly deep impression her injustice seems\nto have made on your heart! No ill-usage so brands its record on my\nfeelings. Would it not be happier if you tried to forget her severity,\ntogether with the passionate emotions it excited?\"\nOf Eliza Reed (Cousin Eliza Branwell), as seen by Jane at the death of\nAunt Reed, we are told: \"she was now very thin, and there was something\nascetic in her look.\" She wore \"a nun-like ornament of a string of ebony\nbeads and a crucifix. This I felt sure was Eliza, though I could trace\nlittle resemblance to her former self in that elongated and colourless\nvisage.\" In 1840 Charlotte Bront\u00eb wrote of her \"Cousin Eliza Branwell\"\nthat she spoke of nothing but botany, her own conversion, Low Church,\nEvangelical clergy, and the Millennium.[43] And thus in _Jane Eyre_ we\nread of Cousin Eliza Reed, by way of emphasis on this side of her\ncharacter:--\n    Eliza ... had no time to talk, ... yet it was difficult to say\n    what she did.... Three times a day she studied a little book which\n    I found ... was a Common Prayer Book. I asked her once what was\n    the great attraction of that volume, and she said 'the Rubric.'\n    Three hours she gave to stitching, with gold thread, the border of\n    a square crimson cloth; ... she informed me it was ... for the\n    altar of a new church.... Two hours she devoted to ... working by\n    herself in the kitchen garden. [Cousin Eliza's parterre is also\n    referred to in Chapter IV. of _Jane Eyre_.] Eliza [attended] a\n    saint's-day service at ... church--for in matters of religion she\n    was a rigid formalist: no weather ever prevented the punctual\n    discharge of what she considered her devotional duties; fair or\n    foul she went to church thrice every Sunday, and as often on\n    week-days as there were prayers. And by way of climax, Jane Eyre\n    tells us that Cousin Eliza says:--\"I shall devote myself ... to\n    the examination of the Roman Catholic dogmas, and to a careful\n    study of the workings of their system; if I find it to be, as I\n    half suspect it is, the one best calculated to ensure the doing of\n    all things decently and in order, I shall embrace the tenets of\n    Rome and probably take the veil.\"\nThe river Reed, I may remark, has its rise close to the Cheviot Hills,\nwithin about five miles of the source of the Keeldar Burn, which name\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb used later in _Shirley_ for the surname of Shirley\nKeeldar who, the world knows, is really Emily Bront\u00eb. To quote a ballad\nof Leyden,\n  \"The heath-bell blows where Keeldar flows,\n  By Tyne the primrose pale.\"\nThe Reed has a Rochester near, which doubtless provided a name for\nCharlotte's hero.\nHaving now the key to this method of Charlotte Bront\u00eb, we also discover\nportrayed in _Jane Eyre_ an utterly neglected sister of Currer Bell in\nJulia Severn, called after a river. Remembering that Emily Bront\u00eb would\nbe younger than Charlotte, we perceive Julia must mean Elizabeth Bront\u00eb,\nborn, like Emily, in July. We almost had forgotten this sister was at\nthe Clergy Daughters' School. One of two things was responsible, it\nseems, for the choice of \"Julia\": either her natal month or her going to\nthe above school in July. Elizabeth Bront\u00eb, the second sister of\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb, was born at Hartshead, near Dewsbury.\n    \"Miss Temple,\" cries Mr. Brocklehurst, \"... what--_what_ is that\n    girl with curled hair--red hair, ma'am, curled--curled all over?\"\n    \"It is Julia Severn,\" replies Miss Temple quietly, ... \"Julia's\n    hair curls naturally.\"\nThus from this discovery the world learns for the first time that Diana\nRivers represents Emily Bront\u00eb, afterwards Shirley Keeldar;[44] Mary\nRivers, Annie or Anne Bront\u00eb; St. John Eyre Rivers, the Rev. Patrick\nBront\u00eb; and the elderly Hannah, the old, dialect-speaking Tabitha\nAykroyd--the original of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Mrs. Dean and Bessie; that\nAunt Reed represents Aunt Branwell; Cousin Eliza Reed, Cousin Eliza\nBranwell; John Reed, Charlotte Bront\u00eb's brother Branwell; and Julia\nSevern, her sister Elizabeth Bront\u00eb, all of whom but for _The Key to the\nBront\u00eb Works_ would have remained for ever hidden and unrecognized in\n_Jane Eyre_.\nI have refrained from extending this volume with full extracts from the\nBront\u00eb books, once having indicated the place and nature of my\nreferences. I must emphasize, however, that in dealing with the Rivers\nfamily Charlotte Bront\u00eb gives most appealing portrayals of the various\nphases of the life at Haworth Parsonage:--The studying, the\npainting,[45] the minor interesting domestic incidents dear to her\nmemory, the parting of the Bront\u00eb sisters with St. John (Mr. Bront\u00eb),\nthe \"house-cleaning\"--so very \"Yorkshire\"!--the preparations for\nChristmas, the return home of the Bront\u00eb girls, and many other facts and\nassociations that render _Jane Eyre_ in the light of _The Key to the\nBront\u00eb Works_ the surpassing of all Bront\u00eb biographies. Presented for\nposterity by her own sure hand, Charlotte Bront\u00eb's picture is bright and\nexhilarating; and as we glance uneasily again to Mrs. Gaskell's sombre\nportrayal, we on a sudden remember that biographer wrote in the shadow\nof death. But it is with life we have to do.\nCHAPTER IX.\nTHE ORIGIN OF THE YORKSHIRE ELEMENT IN CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S HUNSDEN OF\n\"THE PROFESSOR\"; HEATHCLIFFE OF \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS\"; ROCHESTER OF \"JANE\nEYRE\"; AND YORKE OF \"SHIRLEY.\"\nM. H\u00e9ger, Miss Bront\u00eb's Brussels friend, by the showing of all evidence\nwas essentially the original of her leading male characters.[46] M.\nSue's _Miss Mary_ and its \"Manuscript of Mdlle. Lagrange,\" which I\npresent farther on, are sufficient testimony that M. H\u00e9ger was the\noriginal of the inner Heathcliffe and Rochester, and Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nother chief male characters. An inquiry, therefore, is at once required\nas to the significance of Mrs. Gaskell's statement that she suspected\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb drew from the sons of the Taylor family[47] \"all that\nwas of truth in the characters of the heroes of her first two works.\"\nThat the Yorkshire element of her heroes was provided by a living model\nor models from one family, is proved by a consistency of the\ncharacterization in this regard. I find, truly enough, that male members\nof the Taylor family were indeed the originals to which she referred in\nthe composition of a Yorkshire-H\u00e9ger.[48] The Taylors, of the Red House,\nGomersall, (obviously the Briarmains of the Yorkes), and of Hunsworth,\nwere mill-owner friends, and Independents, with whom Charlotte Bront\u00eb\nvisited. In _Shirley_ Miss Bront\u00eb ostensibly portrayed Mr. Taylor and\nhis two daughters, her friends Mary and Martha, as Mr. Yorke and Rose\nand Jessie. Mary and Martha Taylor were at school with Charlotte at Roe\nHead, near Dewsbury and Huddersfield. They were also at Brussels with\nCharlotte, though not at the H\u00e9gers'. Martha was taken ill and died at\nBrussels; a touching reference to her death is made where she is\nportrayed as Jessie Yorke, in _Shirley_, Chapter XXIII. Mary Taylor\n(Rose Yorke) was in New Zealand when Charlotte Bront\u00eb died. Her fondness\nfor travel is mentioned in the _Shirley_ chapter named. The male members\nof this family were thought by Currer Bell most characteristic Yorkshire\nfolk, hence the name of Yorke. I mention Yorke Hunsden as one of the\nYorkshire-H\u00e9gers of Miss Bront\u00eb's method of dual portraiture. I believe\nthis important character in _The Professor_ will be found, like his\nfellows, to be entirely a Taylor-H\u00e9ger. The name for Hunsden was\napparently dictated by the Taylors' connection with Hunsworth, and it\nmay be noted his Christian name of Yorke came to be later the surname of\nMr. Taylor as portrayed in _Shirley_.\nBut the H\u00e9ger element was always superior to the Yorkshire element in\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's heroes. The latter might provide useful and necessary\nexternal characteristics, but the \"intensitives\" were the lines she drew\nfrom her model, M. H\u00e9ger. Of him as M. Pelet in _The Professor_, she\nwrites:--\n    His face was pale, his cheeks were sunk, and his eyes hollow; his\n    features ... had a French turn, ... the degree of harshness\n    softened by ... a melancholy, almost suffering expression of\n    countenance; his physiognomy was _fine et spirituelle_.\nThis \"melancholy almost suffering expression of countenance\" she thus\ndescribed was evidently once a marked characteristic of M. H\u00e9ger's\nphysiognomy. A reference to it occurs in M. Sue's _Miss Mary_, in the\nFrench and \"adapted\" version, where we find M. de Morville, whom I\nidentify as a phase of M. H\u00e9ger, sitting in a reverie:--\n    ... l'expression de l\u00e9g\u00e8re souffrance habituelle \u00e0 sa physionomie,\n    d'ailleurs si ouverte, s'est compliqu\u00e9e d'une sorte de contrainte\n    lorsqu'il se trouve au milieu de sa famille. Seul, et ne subissant\n    pas cette contrainte ... M. de Morville semble profond\u00e9ment\n    attrist\u00e9.\nThus, of Yorke Hunsden in _The Professor_, we read:--\n    His general bearing intimated complete ... satisfaction, ... yet,\n    at times, an indescribable shade passed like an eclipse over his\n    countenance, and seemed to me like the sign of a sudden and strong\n    inward doubt of himself, ... an energetic discontent, ... perhaps\n    ... it might only be a bilious caprice.\nAnd again of Hunsden, in the same vein:--\n    I discerned ... there would be contrasts between his inward and\n    outward man; contentions too.... Perhaps in these\n    incompatibilities of the \"physique\" with the \"morale\" lay the\n    secret of that fitful gloom; he _would_ but _could_ not, and the\n    athletic mind scowled scorn on its more fragile companion, ... his\n    features ... character had set a stamp upon ... expression re-cast\n    them at her pleasure, and strange metamorphoses she wrote, giving\n    him now the mien of a morose bull, and anon, that of an ... arch\n    girl.\nRegarding these facial metamorphoses Charlotte Bront\u00eb wrote similarly\nconcerning M. H\u00e9ger.[49]\nI remark that M. H\u00e9ger's harshness evidently had impressed Charlotte\nBront\u00eb considerably at first, and thus reflects her thoughts on this\npoint in the introduction of the phases she gives of him in her books.\nSo we read of Yorke Hunsden, of Heathcliffe, and of Rochester:--\n  _The Professor._        _Wuthering Heights._    _Jane Eyre._\n  I said to myself \"his   Heathcliffe's \"walk     There was something\n  rough freedom pleases   in\" expressed the       in the forced, stiff\n  me not at all.\"...      sentiment \"Go to        bow, in the\n  There was something     the Deuce.\"[50]...      impatient, yet formal\n  in Mr. Hunsden's        I think that            tone which seemed ...\n  point-blank mode of     circumstance            to express: \"What the\n  speech which rather     determined me           Deuce is it to me\n  pleased me than         to accept the           whether Miss Eyre be\n  otherwise, because it   invitation; I felt      there or not?[50] At\n  set me at my ease.      interested in a         this moment I am not\n  I continued the         man who seemed          disposed to accost\n  conversation with       more exaggeratedly      her.\" I sat down,\n  a degree of             reserved than           quite disembarrassed.\n  interest....            myself.                 A reception of\n  Hunsden's manner now                            finished politeness\n  bordered on the                                 would probably have\n  impertinent, still                              confused me, ... but\n  his manner did not                              harsh caprice laid me\n  piqued my curiosity;                            Besides, the\n  I wanted him to go                              eccentricity of the\nWe read of Rochester:--\"The frown, the roughness of the stranger\nset me at my ease\"; and in _Villette_, we read of M. H\u00e9ger as M.\nPaul:--\"Once ... I held him harsh and strange, ... the darkness, the\nmanner displeased me. Now ... I preferred him before all humanity,\"\nwhich explains why Charlotte Bront\u00eb wrote of Rochester:--\"The sarcasm\nthat had repelled, the harshness that had startled me once, were only\nlike keen condiments in a choice dish,\" and explains why she admits to\nthe piquancy in exploiting the possibilities of Heathcliffe's startling\nharshness.\nAnd again, as further evidence of the influence of M. H\u00e9ger over her\nYorkshire Hunsden, we find this character in the close of _The\nProfessor_ implicated with a mysterious \"Lucia,\" whom he would have\nmarried but could not, which Lucia we discover to have meant really the\noriginal of the Lucy Snowe of _Villette_--Charlotte Bront\u00eb herself.\nIt is obvious that while Currer Bell, for \"story\" and other purposes,\nmade use of a composite method in presenting a portrait, she drew from\ncharacters who possessed much in common: as with the composite character\nof the Rev. Mr. Helstone, meant for her father, a clergyman, but\npresenting also a phase of another clergyman, the Rev. Hammond Roberson;\nand as with Dr. John Bretton, a composite character drawn from the two\nScotsmen, Mr. Smith her publisher, and the Rev. A. B. Nicholls, who\nsubsequently became her husband. Doubtless, characteristics in the\nTaylors were similar to some of M. H\u00e9ger's. Perhaps the fact that they\nspoke French and sojourned on the Continent, accentuated to her these\ncharacteristics. In a letter, Miss Bront\u00eb described all the Taylors as\n\"Republicans.\" And so of Yorke Hunsden in _The Professor_, Chap. XXIV.,\nwe read, \"republican, lord-hater, as he was, Hunsden was proud of his\nold ----shire blood ... and family standing.\" Thus, in _Shirley_, Chap.\nIV., in which work that character appears stripped of the H\u00e9ger element,\nas Mr. Yorke, we read of the latter:--\n    Kings and nobles and priests ... were to him an abomination....\n    The want of ... benevolence made him very impatient of ... all\n    faults which grated on his strong, shrewd nature: it left no check\n    to his ... sarcasm. As he was not merciful, he would sometimes\n    wound ... without ... caring how deep he thrust.... Mr. Yorke's\n    family was the first and oldest in the district.\n_Vi\u00e2_ Yorke Hunsden of _The Professor_ and Mr. Yorke of _Shirley_ the\nreader has returned to a character who typified more than any other of\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's Yorkshire-H\u00e9ger portrayals the merciless, strong and\nshrewd-natured Taylor--Heathcliffe of _Wuthering Heights_. But the\nYorkshire element in Heathcliffe was a caricature and an exaggeration\nfor the purposes of the \"cuckoo story,\" resulting from the tale Montagu\ntells of a foundling; and the emphasis laid upon his barbarity was\nlargely a result, too, of the consideration I mention in the chapters\nentitled \"The Recoil,\" which consideration had to do with the H\u00e9ger\nphase of Heathcliffe. The fact that evidence shows Heathcliffe to have\nbeen, like Hunsden and Rochester, a composite character drawn from a\ndual model--the Taylor-H\u00e9ger model--traceable in origin absolutely to\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's idiosyncratic estimate of two male characters who are\nshown to have seriously interested her, in itself sufficiently\ndemonstrates her authorship of _Wuthering Heights_, and is indeed of\ngreat interest.\nIf reference be made to a letter written by Charlotte Bront\u00eb in\n1846, the year when she offered _Wuthering Heights_ to a publisher,\nit will be found she mentioned that one of the Taylors had--like\nHeathcliffe--suffered in the teens of years from hypochondria, \"a most\ndreadful doom,\" Charlotte called it, and related she herself had endured\nit for a year.[51]\nHaving herself suffered thus, there was a temptation--at what I\nelsewhere call the dark season of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's inner life, at the\nseason of the recoil--to present in her work _Wuthering Heights_ the\nYorkshire-H\u00e9ger with the hypochondria of her Yorkshire model, and let\nhis demon be the original of her Catherine Earnshaw--be herself. To this\ntemptation Charlotte Bront\u00eb gave no opposition, much to her regret\nlater. Herewith we have the origin of Heathcliffe's miserable\nhypochondria and monomania--his digging for Catherine in the grave till\nhis spade scraped the coffin, in _Wuthering Heights_, Chap. XXIX., and\nhis saying because his \"preternatural horror\" always haunted, but never\nabided with him:--\n    \"She showed herself, ... a devil to me! And, since then ... I've\n    been the sport of that intolerable torture! Infernal--keeping my\n    nerves at such a stretch that, if they had not resembled catgut,\n    they would long ago have relaxed.... It racked me! I've groaned\n    aloud.... It was a strange way of killing! not by inches, but by\n    fractions of hairbreadths, ... through eighteen years!\" Mr.\n    Heathcliffe paused, ... his hair wet with perspiration, ... the\n    brows not contracted, but raised next the temples; diminishing the\n    grim aspect of his countenance, but imparting a peculiar look of\n    trouble, and a painful appearance of mental tension towards one\n    absorbing subject.\nIn the light of the foregoing, therefore, we may understand the truth of\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's narration in _The Professor_, Chap. XXIII.:--\n    My nerves ... jarred ... A horror of great darkness fell upon me;\n    I felt my chamber invaded by one I had known formerly, ... I was\n    ... a prey to hypochondria. She had been ... my guest ... before\n    ... for a year.... I had her to myself in secret; she lay with me,\n    she ate with me, showing me nooks in woods, hollows in hills,\n    where we could sit together, and where she could drop her drear\n    veil over me, and so hide sky and sun, grass and green tree;\n    taking me entirely to her death-cold bosom and holding me with\n    arms of bone. What tales she would tell me at such hours!... How\n    she would discourse to me of her own country--the grave.... I was\n    glad when ... I could ... sit ... freed from the dreadful tyranny\n    of my demon.\nBoth by reason of Mrs. Gaskell's suspicion that she had drawn from them\nin the portrayals of the heroes of her first books and by reason of the\nundeniable evidence of her works, we must accept the Taylors as the\noriginals of most that was \"Yorkshire\" in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Yorke\nHunsden, Heathcliffe, Rochester, and Yorke, understanding the term in\nCurrer Bell's implication of \"independent,\" \"hard,\" and \"open-spoken.\"\nBut M. H\u00e9ger contributed what Charlotte Bront\u00eb calls in Chap. XXVII. of\n_Villette_, in speaking of him as M. Paul Emanuel--\"that swart, sallow,\nsouthern darkness which spoke his Spanish blood,\" and this gave colour\nto the physiognomy of \"the swart, sallow\" Heathcliffe and Rochester.[52]\nIn the succeeding chapters I deal more particularly with the relation of\nHeathcliffe of _Wuthering Heights_, to Rochester of _Jane Eyre_, and I\npromise my readers to present therein most important and sensational\nrevelations.\nCHAPTER X.\nHEATHCLIFFE OF \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS\" AND ROCHESTER OF \"JANE EYRE\" ONE\nAND THE SAME.\nWithout herewith further entering into the question as to the original\nof the morose and harsh characters who were the heroes of Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's novels, I will at once show she had drawn from the same model\nin both _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_. I have given in the\nforegoing chapter the introduction of Lockwood to Heathcliffe and that\nof Jane to Rochester side by side. Let us also read the following:--\n  _Wuthering Heights._                _Jane Eyre._\n  Heathcliffe.                        Rochester.\n  With a stubborn countenance ...     Most people would have thought\n  Heathcliffe is a dark-skinned       Mr. Rochester an ugly man; yet\n  gipsy in aspect, in dress and       there was an unconscious pride\n  manners a gentleman; ... rather     in his port; so much ease in his\n  slovenly, perhaps, yet not          demeanour; such a look of\n  looking amiss with his              complete indifference to his own\n  negligence, because he has an       appearance ... that ... one\n  erect and handsome figure; and      inevitably shared the\n  rather morose. Possibly some        indifference, and even in a\n  people might suspect him of a       blind sense put faith in his\n  degree of under-bred pride; I       confidence.... He was proud,\n  have a sympathetic cord within      sardonic; ... in my secret soul\n  that tells me it is nothing of      I knew his kindness to me was\n  the sort: I know by instinct his    balanced by unjust severity to\n  reserve springs from an aversion    others. He was moody, too, ...\n  to showy displays of feeling--to    and when he looked up a morose,\n  manifestations of mutual            almost a malignant, scowl\n  kindliness. He'll love and hate     blackened his features.\n  equally under one cover, and\n  esteem it a species of\n  impertinence to be loved or\n  hated again. No, I am running on\n  too fast; I bestow my own\n  attributes over liberally on\n  him.\nHeathcliffe and Rochester are both black-avised, stubborn of\ncountenance, negligent as to external appearance, moody, proud in carry,\nand morose. Charlotte Bront\u00eb tells us of one that on external judgment\n\"most people would have thought him\" possessed of a disqualification,\nand of the other that \"some people might suspect him\" of having a\ndisqualification. And in each case a similar offset--the internal\nreading of the man's character--is brought forth by Charlotte Bront\u00eb as\nLockwood or Jane:--\"A sympathetic cord within\" tells the former that\nHeathcliffe's reserve read as under-bred pride springs from an aversion\nto \"manifestations of mutual kindliness\"; and Jane, commenting on\nRochester's being proud and sardonic, says, \"In my secret heart I\nknew ... his kindliness to me was balanced by unjust severity to\nothers.\"\nI find the singular expression indicated by the \"hell's light\" epithets\napplied to Heathcliffe's eyes was an expression Charlotte Bront\u00eb had\napparently noticed in the original of this character. Rochester's eyes\nin _Jane Eyre_ have \"strange gleams,\" and we are told \"his eye had a\ntawny--nay, a bloody light in its gloom,\" and so forth. Indeed,\nHeathcliffe's eyes, which were \"clouded windows of hell\" with\n\"black-fire in them,\" are seen in Rochester's clearly enough, and the\nsingular \"hell's light\" is associated with them at considerable length,\nin\n  _Jane Eyre_:--\n    And as for the vague something--was it a sinister or a sorrowful\n    ... expression?--that opened upon a careful observer ... in his\n    eye, and closed again before one could fathom the strange depth\n    partially disclosed; that something which used to make me fear and\n    shrink, as if I had been wandering amongst volcanic-looking hills,\n    and had suddenly felt the ground quiver and seen it gape.\nThe following description of Heathcliffe could be read as of Rochester,\nwhose \"olive cheek\" and \"deep eyes\" Jane describes:--\n  _Wuthering Heights._\n    His cheeks were sallow and half-covered with black whiskers, the\n    brows were lowering, the eyes deep-set and singular. I remembered\n    the eyes. His upright carry suggested his having been in the army\n    [M. H\u00e9ger had fought as a soldier] ... His countenance ... looked\n    intelligent. A half-civilized ferocity lurked in the depressed\n    brows and eyes full of black fire, but it was subdued, and his\n    manner was even dignified, though too stern for grace.\nIn view of the general evidence that Heathcliffe, like Rochester, was\ndrawn by Charlotte Bront\u00eb from M. H\u00e9ger, her Brussels friend the\nprofessor, it is not surprising that Heathcliffe's was \"a deep voice and\nforeign in sound.\" Her reference in _Wuthering Heights_ to his Spanish\nextraction reminds us of M. Paul Emanuel's \"jetty hair and Spanish face\"\nin _Villette_, and of course it is well known M. Paul Emanuel was drawn\nby Currer Bell from M. H\u00e9ger.\nCHAPTER XI.\nCATHERINE AND HEATHCLIFFE OF \"WUTHERING HEIGHTS\" AS JANE AND ROCHESTER\nOF \"JANE EYRE.\"\nWe have already seen Catherine in _Wuthering Heights_ represented\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb as intimately portrayed by herself in the work, and\nthat Heathcliffe was drawn by her from the original of the Rochester of\n_Jane Eyre_. So faithfully did Charlotte Bront\u00eb tell again in _Jane\nEyre_ the history of her life in relation to her family and M. H\u00e9ger,\nthat she gives the main lines of her biography in both works. I will\nshow them side by side.\nFor the literal parallels when not given in this chapter see the index.\nMy amazing discovery on the return of the runaway Heathcliffe to\nCatherine and the return of the runaway Jane to Rochester I give\nliterally herewith.\n  _Wuthering Heights._                _Jane Eyre._\n  Opening scene: A rainy day in       Opening scene: A rainy day in\n  Catherine's (Charlotte Bront\u00eb's)    Jane's (Charlotte Bront\u00eb's)\n  childhood. She is treated           childhood. She is treated\n  unkindly by the rest of the         unkindly by the rest of the\n  household. It is impossible to      household. It is impossible to\n  go out on account of the rain.      go out on account of the rain.\n  She had been commanded to keep      She had been commanded to keep\n  aloof from the family group.        aloof from the family group.\n  This group included in              This group included in\n  particular, little Catherine        particular, little Jane tells us\n  tells us with bitter feeling,       with bitter feeling, John Reed\n  Hindley Earnshaw (Branwell          (Branwell Bront\u00eb), who\n  Bront\u00eb), who luxuriated in the      luxuriated in the warmth of the\n  warmth of the fire with other       fire with other members of the\n  members of the family.              family.\n  Nevertheless, though banished,      Nevertheless, though banished\n  Catherine (Charlotte Bront\u00eb)        herself, Jane (Charlotte Bront\u00eb)\n  makes herself snug in a recess      makes herself snug in a recess\n  behind a curtain, and believes      behind a curtain, and believes\n  herself secure, when Hindley        herself secure, when John Reed\n  Earnshaw (Branwell Bront\u00eb),         (Branwell Bront\u00eb), coming up\n  coming up from his paradise on      from his paradise on the hearth,\n  the hearth, makes her come out      makes her come out of the recess\n  of the recess precipitantly,        precipitantly. He hurls the book\n  after she has hurled the book       she was reading. Little Jane\n  she was reading. Little             (Charlotte Bront\u00eb) sees a tyrant\n  Catherine (Charlotte Bront\u00eb)        in John Reed (Branwell Bront\u00eb).\n  sees a tyrant in Hindley            He tells her that he is the\n  Earnshaw (Branwell Bront\u00eb). He      master of the house, or soon\n  tells her that he is the master     will be.\n  of the house.\n  Later, Catherine complains to       Later, Jane complains to herself\n  herself of her brother Hindley's    of John Reed's (Branwell's)\n  (Branwell's) tyrannies. He has      tyrannies. He has made her cry\n  made her cry and her head ached,    and her head ached, she says, as\n  she says, as a result of his        a result of his behaviour.\n  behaviour.\n  Little Catherine (Charlotte         Little Jane (Charlotte Bront\u00eb),\n  Bront\u00eb), although she was held      although she was held to be\n  to be passionate, and was           passionate, and was treated\n  treated harshly and almost as an    harshly and almost an outsider\n  outsider by the rest of the         by the rest of the household,\n  household, finds a kind, but        finds a kind, but apparently\n  apparently unsympathetic, friend    unsympathetic, friend in a\n  in a woman-servant, Nelly Dean,     woman-servant, Bessie, who has a\n  who has a remarkable gift of        remarkable gift of narrative,\n  narrative, like Tabitha Aykroyd,    like Tabitha Aykroyd, whom\n  whom Charlotte Bront\u00eb loved, and    Charlotte Bront\u00eb loved, and who\n  who came to the Haworth             came to the Haworth parsonage\n  parsonage when Charlotte was        when Charlotte was about nine\n  about nine years of age. But        years of age. But even Bessie\n  even Nelly Dean (Tabitha            (Tabitha Aykroyd) sometimes\n  Aykroyd) sometimes tasked and       tasked and scolded Jane\n  scolded Catherine (Charlotte        (Charlotte Bront\u00eb) unreasonably,\n  Bront\u00eb) unreasonably, and           and mistrusted her.\n  mistrusted her.\n  She even believes that Catherine    She even believes that Jane\n  (Charlotte Bront\u00eb) is an actor      (Charlotte) is an actor and\n  and feigns in regard to certain     feigns in regard to certain fits\n  fits of frenzy.                     of frenzy.\n  On the occasion of one of these     On the occasion of one of these\n  bouts of frenzy, Catherine          bouts of frenzy, Jane (Charlotte\n  (Charlotte Bront\u00eb) is in a room,    Bront\u00eb) is in a room, the door\n  the door of which has been          of which has been locked.\n  locked.\n  In a paroxysm of alarm,             In a paroxysm of alarm, Jane\n  Catherine (Charlotte Bront\u00eb)        (Charlotte Bront\u00eb) summons\n  summons Mrs. Dean (Tabitha          Bessie (Tabitha Aykroyd)\n  Aykroyd) frantically, and with a    frantically, and with a piercing\n  piercing scream. The latter         scream. The latter enters\n  enters annoyed, and quite           annoyed, and quite\n  unsympathetic.                      unsympathetic.\n  It is suggested Catherine was       It is suggested Jane was only\n  only acting, and Catherine          acting, and Jane overhears this.\n  overhears this. She had desired     She finds Bessie (Tabitha\n  Mrs. Dean (Tabitha Aykroyd) to      Aykroyd) at the foot of her bed\n  bring her a basin of gruel.         with a basin in her hand.\n  Catherine (Charlotte) relates       Jane (Charlotte) relates her\n  her fears of the locked room:       fears of the locked room: How\n  How she thought it haunted; she     she thought it haunted; she\n  showed fear of the mirror, and      showed fear of the mirror, and\n  describes excitedly to Mrs. Dean    describes excitedly to Bessie\n  (Tabitha) her terrifying            (Tabitha) her terrifying\n  sensations previous to her          sensations previous to her\n  losing consciousness, and how       losing consciousness. She\n  she supposed she must               supposed she must immediately\n  immediately have had a species      have had a species of fit.\n  of fit.\n  Mrs. Dean (Tabitha) suggests        Bessie (Tabitha) suggests sleep\n  sleep to Catherine (Charlotte       to Jane (Charlotte Bront\u00eb).\n  Bront\u00eb).\n  Mrs. Dean (Tabitha) believes        Bessie (Tabitha) believes that\n  that to see the apparition of a     the apparition of a child is a\n  child is a sign of calamity         sign of calamity having befallen\n  having befallen some one near       some one near akin. Jane dreams\n  akin. One day Mrs. Dean sees a      of a child-apparition, and fears\n  child-apparition, and fears it      it may be a sign of calamity,\n  may be a sign of calamity to        and the day following Bessie's\n  Catherine's (Charlotte's)           husband brings word of the\n  brother, Hindley Earnshaw           disgrace of John Reed (Branwell\n  (Branwell Bront\u00eb). He is really     Bront\u00eb, Charlotte's brother).\n  in disgrace.\n  Catherine falls in love with        Jane falls in love with a\n  a morose, \"sallow-cheeked\"          morose, \"olive-cheeked\"\n  individual with deep eyes, that     individual with deep eyes, that\n  have a singular expression,         have a singular expression,\n  which makes the narrator            which makes the narrator\n  associate \"hell's light\" with       associate \"hell's light\" with\n  them. He has a handsome, erect      them. He has a handsome, erect\n  carry, but is rather negligent      carry, but is rather negligent\n  in his apparel. His speech is       in his apparel. His speech is\n  abrupt. (His name is                abrupt. (His name is Rochester.)\n  Heathcliffe.)\n  But Catherine loved him, and he     But Jane loved him, and he loved\n  loved Catherine. Indeed,            Jane. Indeed, Jane likens\n  Catherine likens themselves to a    themselves to a cloven tree,\n  cloven tree by saying that          which is one at the root, but\n  whosoever would come between        divided by storm. Thus she\n  them to divide them would meet      believes in the \"twin-soul\" or\n  the fate of M\u00eflo, who, of           the elective affinities, and\n  course, endeavoured to drive        says of Rochester:--\n  asunder a cloven tree held\n  firmly at its base, and was\n  himself trapped by it for his\n  pains. Thus she believes in the\n  \"twin-soul\" or the elective\n  affinities, and says:--\n  \"It would degrade me to marry       \"I feel akin to him.... I have\n  Heathcliffe now; so he shall        something in my brain and heart\n  never know how I love him; and      that assimilates me mentally to\n  that not because he's handsome,     him.... I know I must conceal my\n  ... but because he's more myself    sentiments.... Yet, while I\n  than I am. Whatever our souls       breathe and think, I must love\n  are made of, his and mine are       him.\"[53]\n  the same.\"[53]\n  However, Heathcliffe and            However, Rochester and Jane\n  Catherine part, Heathcliffe         part, Jane running away\n  running away unexpectedly.          unexpectedly.\n  (Method I., interchange of\n  the sexes of characters.)\n  Catherine dreams she is in          Jane finds refuge with the\n  heaven, but broke her heart to      Rivers family (the Bront\u00eb family\n  come to earth again, upon which     at Haworth). She is tempted to\n  the angels flung her out near       take to a religious\n  Heathcliffe's abode, where she      life:--\"Angels beckoned, and\n  awoke sobbing for joy: Catherine    Heaven rolled together like a\n  preferred her lover to              scroll,\" but she heard\n  heaven.[54]                         Rochester's voice calling,\n  The two parted lovers, however,     The two parted lovers, however,\n  meet again, and by Charlotte        meet again, and by Charlotte\n  Bront\u00eb's Method I., (interchange    Bront\u00eb's Method I., (interchange\n  of the sexes of characters          of the sexes of characters\n  portrayed), we arrive at another    portrayed), we arrive at another\n  of my sensational and important     of my sensational and important\n  Bront\u00eb discoveries.                 Bront\u00eb discoveries.\n  THE RETURN OF THE RUNAWAY LOVER     THE RETURN OF THE RUNAWAY LOVER\n  HEATHCLIFFE TO CATHERINE.[55]       JANE TO ROCHESTER.[55]\n  _Wuthering Heights._                _Jane Eyre._\n  On [an] ... evening ... I was       ... I came, just ere dark ...\n  coming from the garden.... It       the darkness ... of dusk\n  had got dusk, ... the moon          gathered.... I beheld the\n  causing ... shadows to lurk in      house--scarce by this dim light\n  the corners of ... portions of      distinguishable.... Entering a\n  the building. I set my burden on    portal fastened by a latch, ...\n  the house steps by the ... door     I stood.... The windows were\n  and lingered to rest ... my back    latticed, ... the front door was\n  to the entrance, when I heard a     narrow; ... one step led up to\n  voice behind me say:--              it.... I heard a movement--that\n  \"... Is that you?\"                  and some shape was about to\n  It was a deep voice, and foreign    [Charlotte Bront\u00eb's _Wuthering\n  in sound.... Something stirred      Heights_ version of the returned\n  in the porch; and moving nearer     runaway lover, is also staged at\n  I distinguished a tall man          \"the grange.\"] It opened slowly:\n  dressed in dark clothes, with       a figure came out into the\n  dark face and hair. He leant        twilight and stood on the step;\n  against the side, and held his      a man, ... he stretched forth\n  fingers on the latch as if          his hand.... Dusk as it was I\n  intending to open for               had recognized him--it was my\n  himself.... A ray fell on his       master ... Rochester. I stayed\n  features; the cheeks were           my step, almost my breath....\n  sallow, and half-covered with       His form was of the same strong\n  black whiskers; the brows           and stalwart contour as ever:\n  lowering, the eyes deep-set and     his port was still erect, his\n  singular. I remembered the eyes.    hair was still raven-black: nor\n  \"What!\" I cried, uncertain          Miss, come at this late\n  whether to regard him as a          hour...?\" I answered by taking\n  worldly visitor, and raised my      her hand.\n  hands in amazement. \"What! you\n  come back? Is it really you? Is     \"... Tell your master ... a\n  \"Yes; Heathcliffe,\" he replied      When she returned, I inquired\n  ... \"where is she?... Is she        what he had said.\n  here? Speak! I want to have one\n  word with her--your mistress        \"You are to send in your name\n  [Catherine]. Go, and say some       and business,\" she replied.\n  person ... desires to see her.\"\n  \"... And you _are_ Heathcliffe.     glass of water, and place it on\n  But altered!\"                       a tray, together with candles.\n  ... I could not persuade myself     \"Is that what he rang for?\" I\n  to proceed. At length I resolved    asked.\n  on making an excuse to ask if\n  ... [Catherine] would have the      \"Yes; he always has candles\n  candles lighted, and I opened       brought in at dusk....\"\n  the door. [She] sat ... by a\n  window whose lattice lay back.      \"Give the tray to me, I will\n  \"What does he want?\" asked\n  Catherine.                          ... Mary opened the door for\n  \"I did not question him,\" I         mechanically.\n  answered.\n  ... Mr. Edgar inquired ... who\n  \"Some one mistress does not\n  expect,\" I replied. \"That           \"_Who_ is it? _What_ is it? Who\n  Heathcliffe.... Hush! you must      speaks?\"\n  not call him ... names.... She'd\n  be sadly grieved to hear you.       \"... I came only this evening,\"\n  She was nearly heart-broken when    I answered.\n  he ran off. I guess his return\n  will make a jubilee to her.\"        \"Great God!--what delusion has\n  \"Oh, ... Heathcliffe's come         has seized me?... Oh! I _cannot_\n  back--he is,\" panted Catherine.     see.... Whatever--whoever you\n  \"... I'll ... secure my guest.      are--be perceptible to my touch\n  I'm afraid the joy is too great     or I cannot live!\"\n  to be real!\"\n  \"... Catherine, try to be glad      it in both mine.\n  without being absurd! The whole\n  household need not witness the      \"Is that Jane?\"\n  sight of your welcoming a\n  runaway servant.\"                   \"... This is her voice,\" I\n  I ... found Heathcliffe ... and     am Jane Eyre:... I am come back\n  ushered him into the presence of    to you.\"\n  the master and mistress.\n  ... Now, I was amazed [by] the      living Jane?\"\n  transformation of\n  Heathcliffe;... A half-civilized    \"You touch me, sir--you hold me.\n  ferocity lurked yet in the          I am not vacant like air, am I?\"\n  depressed brows and eyes full of\n  black fire, but it was subdued,     \"... But I cannot be so blest\n  quite divested of roughness,        after all my misery. It is a\n  though too stern for grace....      dream: such dreams I have\n  He took a seat opposite             had.... But I always woke and\n  Catherine, who kept her gaze        found it an empty mockery; and I\n  fixed on him, as if she feared      was desolate and abandoned.\"\n  he would vanish were she to\n  remove it. He did not raise his     ... I began ... to withdraw\n  to her often; a quick glance now    myself from his arms--but he\n  and then sufficed; but it           eagerly snatched me closer:--\n  flashed back each time; ... the\n  undisguised delight he drank        \"No, you must not go. No--I have\n  from hers.... Catherine ... rose    touched you, heard you; ... my\n  and seized Heathcliffe's hands      very soul demands you.... Who\n  again, and laughed like one         can tell what a dark, hopeless\n  beside herself.                     life I have dragged on for\n  \"I shall think it a dream           ceaseless sorrow, and at times a\n  to-morrow!\" she cried. \"I shall     very delirium of desire to\n  not be able to believe that I       behold my Jane again. Yes; for\n  have seen and touched, and          her restoration I longed....\n  spoken to you once more....         Will she not depart as suddenly\n  Cruel Heathcliffe! You don't        as she came? To-morrow ... I\n  deserve this welcome. To be         shall find her no more....\n  absent and silent for three         Cruel, cruel deserter! O Jane,\n  years, and never to think of        what did I feel when I\n  me!\"                                discovered you had fled and left\n  \"... I've fought through a\n  bitter life since I last heard       \"Jane! ... my heart swells\n  your voice, and you must forgive    with gratitude to the beneficent\n  me, for I struggled only for        God of this earth just now.... I\n  you!\"                               did wrong: I would have sullied\n  \"... The event of this evening,\"    Omnipotent snatched it from me.\n  said Catherine, \"has reconciled     I, in my stiff-necked rebellion,\n  me to God and humanity! I had       almost cursed the dispensation:\n  risen in angry rebellion against    instead of bending to the decree\n  Providence--oh, I've endured        I defied it.... Of late, Jane,\n  very, very bitter misery.... I      ... I began to experience\n  can afford to suffer anything       remorse, repentance; the wish\n  hereafter! Should the meanest       for reconciliation to my\n  thing alive slap me on the          Maker.... Now I thank God.\"\n  cheek, I'd not only turn the\n  other, but I'd ask pardon for\n  provoking it.... I'm an angel!\"\n  (Later on in _Wuthering Heights_\n  Charlotte Bront\u00eb, temporarily\n  neglecting her use of Method I.,\n  interchange of the sexes, in\n  this connection, makes\n  Heathcliffe say to Catherine:--\n  \"Why did you betray your own\n  heart, Cathy?... You loved me,\n  then what _right_ had you to\n  leave me?... Because misery and\n  degradation and death and\n  nothing that God or Satan could\n  inflict would have parted us,\n  _you_ of your own will did it.\").\nThe above parallel descriptions, it will be found, agree practically\nword for word. I will now give the substance side by side, and let the\nreader keep in mind Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Method I., interchange of the\nsexes of characters:--\n  _Wuthering Heights._                _Jane Eyre._\n  Catherine and Heathcliffe love      Jane and Rochester love each\n  each other, but Heathcliffe         other, but Jane suddenly\n  suddenly disappears.                disappears.\n  One evening Heathcliffe as          One evening Jane as suddenly\n  suddenly returns. The narrator      returns. The narrator of the\n  of the return of the runaway        return of the runaway Jane tells\n  Heathcliffe tells us that it is     us that it is evening, and she\n  evening, and she is outside the     is outside the house, when in\n  house, when in the dim light she    the dim light she distinguishes\n  distinguishes the figure of a       the figure of a man, a stranger\n  man, a stranger she has not seen    she has not seen for some time.\n  for some time. Dusk as it is,       Dusk as it is, she recognizes\n  she recognizes Heathcliffe.         Rochester.\n  In his countenance, however,        In his countenance, however,\n  there is \"a transformation, ...     there is \"a change--that looked\n  a half-civilized ferocity lurked    desperate and brooding--that\n  yet in his eyes full of black       reminded ... of ... some\n  fire, but was subdued.\"             fettered wild beast ...\n  \"What! you come back? Is it         \"Is it really you, Miss, come at\n  really you?\" cries the servant,     this late hour?\" cries the\n  \"raising her hands, uncertain       servant, \"starting as if she had\n  whether to regard him as a          seen a ghost,\" addressing the\n  worldly visitor,\" addressing the    runaway Jane.\n  runaway Heathcliffe.\n  \"I want to have one word with       \"... Tell your master a person\n  your mistress,\" says Heathcliffe    wishes to see him,\" says Jane to\n  to the servant. \"Go and tell her    the servant.\n  some person ... desires to see\n  her.\"\n  But there is a difficulty, and      But there is a difficulty, and\n  eventually, to accomplish the       eventually, to accomplish the\n  meeting of the parted lovers,       meeting of the parted lovers,\n  the taking in of the candles is     the taking in of the candles is\n  considered as a pretext.            considered as a pretext.\n  Catherine cries:--\"Heathcliffe's    Rochester cries:--\"... What\n  come back--he is.... I'm afraid     sweet delusion has come over me?\n  the joy is too great to be          What sweet madness has seized\n  \"I shall think it a dream           \"I am come back to you,\" says\n  to-morrow. I shall not be able      Jane.\n  to believe I have seen and\n  touched and spoken to you once      \"I have touched you, heard\n  more,\" says Catherine to            you.... To-morrow I fear I shall\n  Heathcliffe. And reproachfully      find [you] no more,\" says\n  he exclaims:--                      Rochester to Jane. And\n  \"I've fought through a bitter\n  life since last I heard your        \"Who can tell what a dark,\n  voice, and you must forgive me,     hopeless life I have dragged on\n  for I struggled only for you.\"      for months past? ... feeling ...\n  \"Cruel Heathcliffe, you don't       ... a very delirium of desire to\n  deserve this welcome,\" says         behold my Jane again. Yes; for\n  Catherine; \"to be absent ... and    her restoration I longed....\n  never think of me.\"                 Cruel, cruel, deserter! O Jane,\n  Catherine had risen in angry        Rochester had risen in angry\n  rebellion against God because of    rebellion against God because of\n  the cruel fate that had divided     the cruel fate that had divided\n  her and Heathcliffe; but now        him and Jane, but now that she\n  that he was restored to her, she    was restored to him, he was\n  was reconciled, and was thankful    reconciled, and was thankful of\n  And thus, from the rainy day        And thus, from the rainy day\n  incident in Catherine's early       incident in Jane's early\n  childhood to the reconciliation     childhood to the reconciliation\n  of Catherine and Heathcliffe, we    of Jane and Rochester, we have\n  have the main narrative of the      the main narrative of the\n  heroine and hero of _Wuthering      heroine and hero of _Jane Eyre_,\n  Heights_, obviously written by      obviously written by Charlotte\n  Charlotte Bront\u00eb from facts in      Bront\u00eb from facts in her own\nThe absolute dependence of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's _Wuthering Heights_, _Jane\nEyre_, and _Villette_ upon her own inner life in relation to M. H\u00e9ger is\nproved by the evidence in the chapter on \"The Rivers Family,\" in the\nchapters on \"Eug\u00e8ne Sue and Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Brussels Life,\" and in\nthose entitled \"The Recoil.\"\nCHAPTER XII.\nEUG\u00c8NE SUE AND CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S BRUSSELS LIFE.\nI.\nMDLLE. LAGRANGE AND HER MANUSCRIPT \"CATHERINE BELL THE ORPHAN.\"\nWhen Mrs. Gaskell published her Bront\u00eb biography it was discovered that\nwhile she had been enabled by aid of the mass of commonplace Bront\u00eb\ncorrespondence to present an interesting picture of the domestic\nconditions at the Haworth parsonage, she had yet been unable to throw\nany light upon that episode in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's life which, it had\nbeen suspected, was responsible for the extraordinary love passages in\nthe Bront\u00eb works and Miss Bront\u00eb's insistence in choosing the hero of\neach of her books from the same model.\nIt is therefore most miraculous and sensational that after having found\nMontagu's _Gleanings in Craven_ was the key to _Wuthering Heights_ and\n_Jane Eyre_, I should further come to discover, what the world had\nthought would never be found: external evidence throwing light upon Miss\nBront\u00eb's real relations with the H\u00e9gers at Brussels, to whose\n_pensionnat_ she went in the 'forties. This discovery was the subject of\nmy article \"The Lifting of the Bront\u00eb Veil\" Mr. W. L. Courtney\ncommissioned me to write in the _Fortnightly Review_. Therein I showed\nEug\u00e8ne Sue had presented the whole history of M. H\u00e9ger's passion for\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb, and Madame H\u00e9ger's jealousy, in a work entitled _Miss\nMary ou l'Institutrice_, published in 1850-51--seven years before the\npublication of Mrs. Gaskell's _Life_, and before the publication of\neither _The Professor_ or _Villette_; and we saw that M. H\u00e9ger knew all\nMiss Bront\u00eb's literary secrets in 1850.\nSkilfully enough Eug\u00e8ne Sue in this story--the first version of which\nwas issued serially in September 1850, from _The Weekly Times_ Office,\nLondon, whence were published many of M. Sue's serials;[56] the second,\nan abridged and altered version for French readers, published in Paris\nin March 1851--gave two phases of Charlotte Bront\u00eb, something after the\nmethod we see Miss Bront\u00eb herself employed in _Jane Eyre_, wherein she\ngave two phases of Tabitha Aykroyd, one in the beginning as Bessie,\nanother later on as Hannah of the Rivers family.[57]\nIndeed it will be found that in this work Eug\u00e8ne Sue also imitated\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's Method I., interchange of the sexes of characters\nportrayed from life.\nThe two phases of Miss Bront\u00eb in this romance are Miss Mary Lawson, an\nIrish governess at the de Morville establishment; and Mademoiselle\nLagrange, a former governess at the same house. The Mademoiselle\nLagrange is, however, always referred to in the abstract, and serves to\nillustrate, it appears, Miss Bront\u00eb before her first departure from and\nreturn to Brussels, as well as after, for she was twice at the H\u00e9gers.\nAnd it may be observed that Charlotte Bront\u00eb was called \"Mademoiselle\nCharlotte\" at the H\u00e9ger _pension_ when she was governess there in 1843.\nCertainly the choice of Lagrange for Miss Bront\u00eb was pertinent: _la\ngrange_ is French for \"the barn,\" and may have been suggested by the\nEyre of _Jane Eyre_, which to a French ear would recall _aire_--a barn\nfloor. Mdlle. Lagrange who had left the de Morville (_Anglic\u00e8_, Morton.\nAs we have seen, Morton of _Jane Eyre_ was Haworth to Charlotte Bront\u00eb)\nestablishment on account of the jealousy of Madame de Morville, whom I\nidentify as Madame H\u00e9ger, is a plain-featured literary aspirant, and she\nwrites a manuscript entitled not exactly Currer Bell, but \"Kitty Bell,\nthe Orphan.\"\nThis manuscript has been sent by the author for an opinion of its merits\nto M. de Morville, who reads it aloud to his family. It is a parody, as\nit were, of _Jane Eyre_, with an imitation of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's methods\nof introducing private biographical facts. For instance, in presenting\nthe Lowood school incidents it calls the school \"the Kendall Institute,\"\nnamed after \"a Mr. Kendall, its founder.\" Evidently the writer had\nheard, as only few indeed had at this early day, that the Lowood school\nof _Jane Eyre_ was afterwards removed to Casterton in the Union of\nKendal, or had heard that in a wise it was connected with a place of\nthat name.\nOther extraordinary facts with which he shows acquaintance are, that\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb had a sister Elizabeth at this school; that Helen Burns\nwas her sister; that there was a West Indian girl at the school; that\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb was born on or about the 21st of April; that she might\nbe called Kitty (Currer) Bell at home, but she must be called Catherine\n(Catherine Earnshaw); that Miss Bront\u00eb was the governess-daughter of an\nIrishman; that the original of John Reed was her brother and was no\nhero, and had shown strange signs of insanity during the last year or\ntwo, as it is now known he had at the time; that a female relative had\nprovided Miss Bront\u00eb the money for the _pensionnat_; that skin disorders\nas well as the typhus fever were prevalent at the Clergy Daughters'\nSchool (it is in a private letter that Miss Bront\u00eb referred to scrofula\nat this school); that the original of Mr. Rochester was a foreigner and\na resident abroad, an ex-soldier, and married to a lady who was not\npretty, albeit \"la vivacit\u00e9, l'agr\u00e9ment de sa physionomie expressive,\nsuppl\u00e9aient \u00e0 la beaut\u00e9 qui lui manquait\"; that Charlotte Bront\u00eb had had\nin her possession since her childhood an old copy in English of _The\nImitation of Christ_; that Miss Bront\u00eb was called a _bas bleu_ at the\n_pensionnat_; that to form an opinion of her character by Madame H\u00e9ger's\nestimate of her disposition would be completely erroneous; that M. H\u00e9ger\nwas accustomed to read _feuilletons_ aloud; that religious differences\nexisted between her and others at the establishment where Charlotte\nBront\u00eb was; that Catherine's (Catherine Earnshaw's) rival was Isabella\n(Heathcliffe's wife--Madame H\u00e9ger of the Rue d'Isabelle); that Miss\nBront\u00eb travelled alone to Brussels and was accosted by _deux jeunes\ngens_--compare the opening chapters of _Miss Mary_ with Lucy Snowe's\narrival at Villette, evidently in some wise founded on fact, as to these\ntwo young men. See also _The Professor_, Chapter VII.\nBut to return to \"Mdlle. Lagrange's Manuscript,\" the pseudo _Jane Eyre_,\nwhich of course at once identifies its author, Mdlle. Lagrange, as\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb, I find therein the whole Lowood school incidents--the\ntyphus fever, the hair-cutting incident, the death of the consumptive\nHelen Burns, etc., amplified with biographical additions. For instance,\ntake the hair-cutting incident of _Jane Eyre_ as represented in\n\"Lagrange's Manuscript\"--\n    The master called out:--\n    \"Elizabeth----\"\n    ... Meanwhile all the Elizabeths in the school must have felt the\n    claws of the tiger in their necks, for who could tell which of them\n    \"Superintendent of the Kendall Institute! you are aware, madam, one\n    of the rules of this establishment enjoins you to cut short the\n    hair of every new girl.... And yet what do I see? Six girls with\n    long hair....\"\n    The last of these had not been a week at the institution. She was a\n    girl of fourteen, very dark, ... with a fine tinge of the Creole in\n    her face. How well I thought did Isabella Hutchinson, with her\n    dark, West Indian head, look by the side of the fair Yorkshire\n    girl, Sophia Leigh, whose pale, straw-coloured locks, looked paler\n    still by the side of that dark heap of hair, blacker than a raven's\nWe have seen in the chapter on \"The Rivers or Bront\u00eb Family in _Jane\nEyre_\" that Charlotte Bront\u00eb portrayed in the character Julia Severn,\nwho is first mentioned in connection with the hair-cutting incident, her\nsister Elizabeth, and it is most significant that M. Sue made play upon\nthe name Elizabeth in the connection. In regard to the mention of a West\nIndian girl at the Lowood school and her being coupled with a\nfair-haired Yorkshire girl, it is important to note that no reference is\nmade in _Jane Eyre_ to a West Indian girl at this school. It is indeed\nastonishing how much M. Sue knew of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's private life.\nHere we find him telling the world in 1850 of a West Indian girl being\nwith Charlotte Bront\u00eb at the Clergy Daughters' School, and not till\nseven years later did Mrs. Gaskell learn of the Rev. Patrick\nBront\u00eb--Charlotte Bront\u00eb was then dead--that a girl from the West Indies\nhad been Charlotte's friend at this school. Her name, he thought, was\nMellany Hane, so far as he could remember to pronounce it. Mysteriously\nenough, the words \"West Indies\" or \"West Indian\" in this connection have\nbeen deleted from the later editions of Mrs. Gaskell's _Life of\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb_. See the Second Edition.\n\"Lagrange's Manuscript\" is of considerable length and interest, and can\nbe drawn upon in future editions of _The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_.\nFrequently it follows in parallel to _Jane Eyre_, but as parody\ninterspersed with biographical details which must have been intended\nchiefly for Charlotte Bront\u00eb herself, as scarcely any one else could at\nthat day have understood the pertinence of the references.[58] Take a\nHelen Burns incident whereby M. Sue shows he is aware she was a Bront\u00eb\nsister, older than Charlotte--Maria Bront\u00eb who died of consumption:--\n    But the inexorable hand ... was upon Agnes Jones [Helen Burns].\n    Day by day I saw her pretty cheeks growing thinner and thinner,\n    her eyes sinking still more deeply into her head, her little mouth\n    becoming more blue and ashy, her long, thin fingers more\n    transparent. Her voice, at all times so meek and low, dwindled\n    away to that thin and tiny sound to which we listen as to\n    something absent--already gone--something that comes from above or\n    below us--that is not living amongst us--not breathing as we\n    breathe--a retreating echo, rather than a living voice--a sigh,\n    and not a sound.... It was not much I had learned from Agnes\n    [Helen] since I had been at the institution; but never till then\n    had I known her spirit so genial, her heart so lovingly\n    persuasive; the beneficent lessons of those days, burning like\n    candles within me, have since guided me well through life: _she\n    spoke to me like a prophet, and I listened to her like a\n    believer_. Oh, I could have lived for ever in that chamber, and\n    Agnes [Helen] might have been to me the world! How often, as our\n    cheeks lay against each other have I wished that I, too, had been\n    ill, so that I also might have died, as she was dying, in my\n    innocence!... One evening, ... just at that pleasant hour of\n    twilight when two of God's wonders--night and day--cross each\n    other like ships on the sea, Agnes [Helen] said:--'Life has its\n    holiness as well as death, Catherine [Jane]; and you may live in\n    the world as purely and justly as those who die in the cradle.'\n    \"The world is full of temptation?\"\n    \"So it is, but there lies the merit, my dear; wrestle with\n    temptation and do what is right, ... you must not allow my death\n    to afflict you much, since I rejoice at it.... If you think of me,\n    think of me living, not dead. Think of your playfellow in the\n    garden; think of your elder sister who lived with you for six\n    years.\"\nMaria Bront\u00eb, Charlotte's eldest sister, and the original of Helen\nBurns, died when Charlotte was eight or nine. It is sensational indeed,\nthat M. Sue thus identified Helen Burns seven years before the\npublication of Mrs. Gaskell's _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_. The death of\nthis character in \"Lagrange's Manuscript\" is in perfect agreement with\nthat of Helen Burns. I will place the two side by side:--\n  _Jane Eyre._                        \"Kitty Bell, the Orphan.\"\n  Chapter IX.                         By the Mademoiselle Lagrange, of\n  By Currer Bell.                     L'Institutrice_.\n  The death of Helen Burns.           The death of Agnes Jones.\n  That forest dell, where Lowood      The Master of the Kendall\n  lay, was the cradle of ...          Institution ... had ... been\n  fog-bred pestilence, which ...      very much shocked by the ravages\n  crept into the Orphan Asylum,       of typhus fever, and since the\n  breathed typhus through [it] ...    reports of Agnes's health had\n  and transformed the seminary        become serious, had sent several\n  into a hospital.... One evening     times to ascertain how she\n  ... Mr. Bates came out, and ...     was.... \"Miss Bell, I am come to\n  a nurse.... I ran up to her.        inquire after our friend, Miss\n  \"How is Helen Burns?\"\n  \"Very poorly,\" was the              easy-minded.... This is very\n  answer.... Two hours later ... I    kind of you.\"\n  reached ... Miss Temple's room,\n  ... I looked in. My eye sought      ... As I was preparing to lie\n  Helen, and feared to find           down in the room, Agnes called\n  death.... \"Helen!\" I whispered      to me:--\n  softly; \"are you awake?\"\n  ... I got on to her crib and        rather cold to-night; will you\n  kissed her: her forehead was        sleep with me?\"\n  cold, and her cheek both cold\n  and thin, and so were her hand      Of course I complied, and we lay\n  and wrist, but she smiled as of     talking in each other's arms\n  \"Jane, ... lie down and cover       indeed cold; a strange chill\n  yourself with the quilt.\"           came through me as I lay by her\n  I did so: she put her arm over      orphan breathe and pant.... Why\n  me, and I nestled close to her.     did I listen ... so greedily?\n  ... I clasped my arms closer        round once in the night, and\n  round Helen; she seemed dearer      said: \"Another kiss,\n  to me than ever; I felt as if I     Catherine!\"--why did I feel in\n  could not let her go; I lay with    giving it her, as if a hundred\n  my face hidden on her neck.         steel arrows had gone through my\n  Presently she said:--\"... Don't     heart? How long I lay awake and\n  leave me, Jane; I like to have      thinking--wondering at the cold\n  you near me.\"                       emerging from the pure body at\n  \"I'll stay with you, _dear_         slept, too; for I remember\n  Helen; no one shall take me         opening my eyes with the first\n  away.\"... She kissed me, and I      dawn, before the bells rang.\n  her; and we soon slumbered. When\n  I awoke it was day; an unusual      \"Agnes!\" said I, softly; \"are\n  movement roused me.                 you awake?\"\n  A day or two afterwards, I          But there was no answer!... I\n  learned that Miss Temple, on        called again--then a third, and\n  returning to her own room at        a fourth time! But still ... no\n  dawn, had found me laid in a        reply! Wondering at this\n  little crib; my face against        silence, ... I listened for that\n  Helen Burn's shoulder, my arms      hard breathing I knew so well.\n  round her neck. I was asleep,       But nothing--not a sound could I\n  and Helen was--dead.                hear! Alarmed, but unwilling to\nAnother biographical passage occurs where Catherine Bell first sees the\nMiss Temple of \"Lagrange's Manuscript,\" who herself, under the name of\nAshton (Eshton),[59] is at times Miss Bront\u00eb, who took the name of the\noriginal of Miss Temple (Evans) for herself in the phase of Frances\nEvans Henri in _The Professor_, a work not published, we must note, till\nafter Charlotte Bront\u00eb's death:--\n    \"I love you, madam,\" I said.\n    \"Your name, I believe, is Catherine Bell, is it not?\"\n    \"Kitty Bell, if you please, madam,\" I answered.\n    \"Kitty Bell at home, my dear, but here we must call you Catherine;\n    for a school, you know, is where many forms must be observed. How\n    old are you?\"\n    \"I shall be ten next birthday, madam.\"\n    \"And when will that be?\"\n    \"On the 23rd of April.\"\n    \"Shakespeare's Day, I declare!\"\nThe above is, of course, not in _Jane Eyre_. There is a stroke of\nsarcasm in the last sentence. It would appear that Currer Bell playfully\nhad moved her birthday forward two days, in her private conversation\nwith one from whom M. Sue had gleaned information--and this could be\nonly M. H\u00e9ger himself. Charlotte Bront\u00eb, as Lucy Snowe, in _Villette_,\nChapter XLI., tells us that M. Paul Emanuel (M. H\u00e9ger) said:--\n\"I wanted to prove to Miss Lucy that I _could_ keep a secret. How often\nhas she taunted me with lack of dignified reserve and needful caution!\nHow many times has she saucily insinuated that all my affairs are the\nsecret of Polichinelle!\" And this had doubtless a reference to some such\nindiscretions as resulted in M. Sue whilst at Brussels (and he was\npublishing _L'Orgueil_ from Brussels in 1844, in the January of which\nyear Charlotte Bront\u00eb arrived home from the Belgian capital), learning\nthe literary secrets of _Jane Eyre_, and perhaps _Wuthering Heights_.\nA further reference to Currer Bell's literary aspirations--in the spirit\nof Mdlle. Reuter's sneers, in _The Professor_, at Mdlle. Henri's\nliterary ambition--occurs in M. Sue's _feuilleton_ in another version of\nthe fortune-telling incident of _Jane Eyre_:--\n    \"Here,\" said I, to a brown, sunburnt damsel, ... \"take this\n    shilling and tell me when I shall be Empress of Morocco?\"\n    I held out my hand.... The young girl looked at it, ... then shook\n    her head doubtfully:--\n    \"Your life, lady, will be a troubled one--full of hopes and\n    fears!\"\n    \"So I suppose; most people's lives are pretty well divided in this\n    manner.\"\n    \"But not so much as yours will be.... First, you are without\n    father or mother?... Without fortune, too?\"\n    \"True, what more?\"\n    \"You will be married and not married.\"\n    \"That's impossible. What can you mean by married and not married?\"\n    \"That deserves another shilling!\"\n    \"No; I only want a shillingsworth, ... that will do for to-day.\"\n\"Mdlle. Lagrange's Manuscript\" was bound in blue morocco leather, and\nthe term \"Empress of Morocco\" may have a reference to a literary\nambition, as has the \"Shakspeare's Day, I declare!\" passage.\nFor constructive purposes the West Indian girl, or Creole, in\n\"Lagrange's Manuscript,\" is made to take the place of the Mrs. Rochester\nof _Jane Eyre_, who is therein represented as a Creole:--\n    I did my best [continues Catherine Bell] to make a friend of her,\n    but to no purpose. Whatever was the reason she disliked me from\n    the first. [\"I am convinced she does not like me,\" wrote Charlotte\n    to Emily of Madame H\u00e9ger.] I felt intuitively she was my enemy....\n    Had we been thrown together when I was a child [!] I should\n    probably have suited her ... for at that time I was a little given\n    to flattery myself. But that was before I had learned how many\n    better things there are than mere beauty.... Perhaps ... I\n    preferred more solid advantages, because my vanity assured me that\n    I had them myself, whilst my personal appearance was insignificant\n    compared with hers. I was certainly fond of talking of what I\n    knew, which answered very well with those who knew as much, and\n    was rather pleasing to those who knew more. [M. H\u00e9ger seems to\n    have found pleasure in his intellectual talks with Currer Bell],\n    but to Isabella [this, as I have said, is the name of Catherine's\n    rival in _Wuthering Heights_, who was married to Heathcliffe] it\n    was hateful. She imagined I wanted to expose her ignorance.\nI have given some of the biographical facts respecting Miss Bront\u00eb\nembodied in Mdlle. Lagrange's story, and before closing this chapter\ndealing with that extraordinary manuscript I will print a further\nextract or so from it. The opening is as follows:--\n  \"KITTY BELL, THE ORPHAN.\"\n    I was not above four years old when my mother died, my father\n    having gone to his grave two years before.... Oh, it is a sad, sad\n    thing to be an orphan!... My little head has been cut with more\n    than one fall, and blood has flowed down my neck. But nobody\n    cared.... It was only Kitty Bell.... There was no loving heart to\n    take me to itself and soothe me.... I had been taken home by some\n    relation of my mother, ... a widow [Mrs. Burke], and though she\n    treated me with great rigour, she melted on her death-bed.\nShe is locked in the room wherein Mrs. Burke died, after the manner of\nthe same incident in _Jane Eyre_, and the writer takes an opportunity of\ninserting the most distinctive feature of _Jane Eyre_, the light-bearing\napparition, the original of which I have shown Charlotte Bront\u00eb found in\nMontagu's _Gleanings in Craven_:--\n    Suddenly there came a gleam of light through the key-hole, ... and\n    now I could hear a short, heavy tread upon the stairs--it was\n    coming up.... The gleam shot through the key-hole a third time,\n    with treble radiance. But what had I seen?... Was it a vision? was\n    it a ghost? It was a tall figure in white, like a winding sheet,\n    with a hideous face and balls of gleaming fire where the eyes\n    should be. The sight had stunned and levelled me almost like a\n    blow on the temple.... I cannot say how long I continued in this\n    swoon, but when I began to recover myself I was in my own bed.\nShe had received medical treatment, she learns as did Jane Eyre in the\nsimilar incident. The \"ghost,\" however, had been only George Burke--the\nJohn Reed of _Jane Eyre_. Hence the choice of the name Burke by reason\nof its connection with the Hare of the Burke and Hare association, the\nwriter by this choice showing his acquaintance with the fact that in\nreal life the Reeds and Jane Eyre were relations. After this incident\nthe story is for a while occupied with the petty happenings connected\nwith this orphan who \"was not yet nine years old.\" An aunt of the Burkes\n[? Aunt Branwell] comes to live with them, a \"poor, quiet, elderly\nspinster who paid a small stipend in order to preserve her independence\nand keep up her dignity.... I must not attempt to describe her ... she\nwas fully six feet high.\" This is palpably antithetical: Miss Branwell\nwas not tall. And it is this aunt who provides the money for Catherine\nBell to go to school. Under the guise of presenting the Lowood school in\n\"Lagrange's Manuscript,\" M. Sue gives us often the H\u00e9ger _pensionnat_.\nAunt Branwell provided Charlotte Bront\u00eb the money that enabled her to go\nto the H\u00e9gers'.\nI will give in parallel columns the arrival of Charlotte Bront\u00eb at the\nClergy Daughters' Institute as it is described in \"Mademoiselle\nLagrange's Manuscript,\" and in _Jane Eyre_ the original:--\n  _Jane Eyre._                        \"Kitty Bell, the Orphan.\"\n  By Currer Bell.                     of Eug\u00e8ne Sue's _Miss Mary ou\n  The first days at the               The first days at the\n  Institution.                        Institution.\n  The coach door was open and ...     We got to Kendall House.... I\n  a servant was standing at it: I     had been sitting near my trunk\n  saw her ... by the light of the     on the outside of the coach, and\n  lamps.                              my legs were numb with cold. I\n  \"Is there a little girl called      coachman lifted me down along\n  Jane Eyre here?\" she asked. I       with my box. The door was open\n  answered \"Yes,\" and was lifted      when the coach stopped; a\n  out, my trunk was handed down.      servant was standing there with\n  The servant led me ... into a       The girl returned no answer, but\n  room, with a fire, where she        having ushered me into a\n  left me alone.... I stood and       spacious room with a fire in it,\n  warmed my numbed fingers over       she left me there by myself; ...\n  the blaze; ... there was no         there was no candle. I stood ...\n  candle.                             warming my numb hands and limbs.\n  The door opened, and an             saw a face ... I never can\n  individual entered, ... a tall      forget. My heart told me\n  lady with dark hair, dark eyes,     directly it was Miss Ashton\n  and a pale and large forehead       [Eshton]. Dear, noble girl! her\n  [Miss Temple. Her real name was     face was rather large, but\n  Miss Evans], her countenance was    accurately oval--just as you see\n  grave, her bearing erect.           them in the fine sacred pictures\n  She considered me attentively       Everything in that face was\n  for a minute or two.                great, open, frank, truthlike,\n  ... \"Are you tired?\" she asked,     ... melancholy overspreading\n  placing her hand on my shoulder.    that regal countenance.... It\n  ... \"A little, ma'am.\"              acting as the manager of a\n  I have not ... alluded to the       I had been at the Kendall\n  visits of Mr. Brocklehurst [Rev.    Institute about three weeks\n  Mr. Carus Wilson]; his absence      without seeing Mr. King [Mr.\n  was a relief to me.... One          Brocklehurst] the master or\n  afternoon (I had ... been three     registrar.... One morning when I\n  weeks at Lowood) ... I              woke up I heard the bells in the\n  recognized almost instinctively     dormitories ringing louder than\n  that gaunt outline, ... it was      ever....\n  Mr. Brocklehurst.\n  After some lines we have the        strange man was Mr. King.\n  hair-cutting incident I have\n  quoted already from \"Lagrange's     \"Catherine Bell!\" called out\n  Manuscript.\" This incident comes    Miss Ashton.\n  after and not before Catherine\n  (Jane) has been commanded to\n  stand before the class.\n  ... \"Fetch that stool,\" said Mr.    they tell me she is a naughty,\n  Brocklehurst.... \"Place the         vicious, headstrong child--very\n  child upon it.\"                     ungrateful to those for whose\n  And I was placed there.             much respect and gratitude! Is\n  \"Miss Temple, ... children, it\n  becomes my duty to warn you that    \"No, sir; not a word of it.\"\n  this girl ... is a little\n  castaway, ... this girl is--a       \"What, child!... Are you a\n  liar!... Let her stand ... on       little liar as well as an\n  that stool.\"                        ingrate? Stand here!\"\n  What my sensations were no          The passions and feelings of a\n  language can describe.... I         child are only known to\n  mastered the rising hysteria ...    children. Grown-up people seem\n  and took a firm stand on the        to have forgotten them.[60] I\n  stool.                              stood there with cheeks burning\nOften Mdlle. Lagrange's \"Kitty Bell the Orphan\" is mysterious in its\nallusions. As when Catherine Bell says she does not like a French lady\nteacher. The seed-cake incident of Chapter VIII. of _Jane Eyre_, which\nis given at length in \"Lagrange's Manuscript,\" is herewith worked in\nagain:--\n    \"I don't like Madame Dubois....\"\n    \"Why so? she is a very good sort of a woman.\"\n    \"That may be, but she takes snuff....\"\n    \"What is that to you or me, Catherine Bell? Surely it is no\n    business of ours?\"\n    \"Sometimes it is, though.... I gave her a slice of my seed-cake\n    yesterday, and she returned me half of it.\"\n    \"That showed a good disposition in poor Madame Dubois; did it\n    \"Yes; but when I was going to eat it myself I was seized with a\n    fit of sneezing, which I shall not forget in a hurry, I promise\n    \"You took snuff then, Catherine Bell, for the first time in your\n    life?\"\n    \"ALL IN--ALL IN--FOR SCHOOL!\" shouted the teachers and examples\n    that moment.\nThe following is an extract dealing with the fever scenes of _Jane\nEyre_:--\n    Fever and consumption had fixed their abode under the large roof\n    of Kendall Institution, death was stealing along with its soft,\n    wolf-like tread, to feed upon these poor children. The first\n    symptoms I remember that startled me were certain cold shiverings\n    and sudden fits of perspiration without warmth, which seized upon\n    the younger children. Then sickness and nausea, followed\n    immediately by vomiting. [M. Sue had been a surgeon.] ... Oh, how\n    cruel, how bitter it was to us when we saw the first little coffin\n    borne out of the school!... And now we began to hear, for the\n    first time, the dismal word _typhus_ uttered here and there in\n    whispers through the school.... When we went to the church on\n    Sundays, and saw the many little mounds of fresh black earth lying\n    over our innocent playmates of yesterday, our heads sank upon our\n    bosoms and we wept most sorrowfully.\nFaithful to its model, \"Lagrange's Manuscript\" brings Isabella the\nCreole as the rival of Catherine Bell, and thus of the Creole's husband\nCatherine writes:--\n    Unwittingly, and quite unknown to myself, I became the object of\n    his admiration--nay, of his marked preference; but I rejected\n    indignantly the homage of an affection which he had sworn to\n    another, and which it was his sacred duty to preserve\n    undefiled.... In the hope of overcoming my persistency in refusing\n    his so often proffered and as often rejected love, he urged on by\n    every imaginable means the final decision, which in the eyes of\n    man were to permit a second marriage, guilty in the sight of God.\n    With the natural instinct of divination peculiar to female\n    jealousy, his wife had guessed who was the deity at whose altar\n    the captain was burning his incense.... Nor did she consider\n    whether I encouraged or rebuked him. She suspected, she spied, she\n    believed, and unscrupulously involved me in the hateful vengeance\n    she swore to take both on her husband and myself.\nFor a portrait of Mdlle. Lagrange who, as the author of this version of\n_Jane Eyre_, is of course meant for Charlotte Bront\u00eb, we turn to the\n_feuilleton_ itself:--\n    Meanwhile we have lost sight of our blue-stocking friend, Mdlle.\n    Lagrange ['Madame herself deemed me a regular _bas bleu_,' says\n    Lucy Snowe of Madame Beck (Madame H\u00e9ger) in _Villette_] ... her\n    character ... remains to be described. Now, to form any opinion of\n    it by Madame de Morville's [Madame H\u00e9ger's] appreciation of that\n    girl's disposition, would be completely erroneous. Lagrange was\n    not devoid of intellectual faculties; she possessed an imaginative\n    mind, rather too fond of romance, and too little of practical\n    truths; but, above all, cunning and ambition formed the main basis\n    of her character: she had risen from nothing, and _would_ become\n    something. Imbued as she was with the ideas prevalent among the\n    lower rank [Had Charlotte Bront\u00eb related her father's history to\n    the H\u00e9gers? She had 'views' on money. M. Sue, however, never seems\n    to have forgotten the rank of his own god-parents], she deemed it\n    her right and duty to concentrate all the power of her faculties\n    towards the end she sighed for--wealth and a name. Thus it was she\n    displayed all the resources of her subtle nature to make every\n    circumstance serve to the gratifying of her ambition. What, then,\n    was to be her means of success? Marriage?--yes, that perpetual\n    dream of maidens, and a dream which too often ends in an\n    everlasting nightmare. But the task was not easy, for, it has been\n    said, beauty had been forgotten by Dame Nature among the few gifts\n    she had granted her.[61] What the appearance failed in, the mind\n    should, at any cost, supply [!]. This had become her ruling\n    desire. Thence the manuscript ['Catherine Bell, The Orphan'] we\n    have already read had been the first ponderous lucubration of her\n    fortune-seeking imagination: she had been praised for this first\n    attempt by her friends, and also by one two distinguished\n    critics.[62] This was already a point gained, and an encouragement\n    to her literary propensities.\nThus far the Mdlle. Lagrange phase of Currer Bell according to Eug\u00e8ne\nSue, and before the publication of _The Professor_, _Villette_, and Mrs.\nGaskell's _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_. The next chapter shall deal with\nEug\u00e8ne Sue's relation of her as \"Miss Mary,\" the leading character of\nthis extraordinary _feuilleton_, whereby it will be proved finally that\nin her works Charlotte Bront\u00eb has written from her own life-story.\nCHAPTER XIII.\nEUG\u00c8NE SUE AND CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb'S BRUSSELS LIFE.\nII.\nACCUSATIONS AND PROTESTATIONS!\nI have said Eug\u00e8ne Sue, in _Miss Mary ou l'Institutrice_, gave two\nphases of Charlotte Bront\u00eb. With the one as Mdlle. Lagrange I dealt in\nthe preceding chapter, and now I write concerning that wherein Miss\nBront\u00eb is openly represented as the Irish governess at the de Morville\nestablishment.[63] Easy it is to recognize this character is a phase of\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb, but as her pupil Alphonsine puts it plainly in\ndescribing her, she is \"Mdlle. Lagrange, avec la beaut\u00e9 de\nplus\"--Charlotte Bront\u00eb, with beauty and virtues exaggerated. The\nfollowing incident I find only in the _feuilleton_ (not the extant\nvolume), the which circumstances support as history concerning the days\nof Miss Bront\u00eb's dejection at the Brussels _pensionnat_. It should be\nread in the light of the lines in Chapter XIX. of _The Professor_, where\nshe, as Frances Evans Henri, tells Crimsworth, obviously M. H\u00e9ger, that\nhe remarked her _devoirs_ dwelt a great deal on fortitude in bearing\ngrief. In the evening Alphonsine, M. de Morville's daughter, who says\nmany things we know must have issued from M. H\u00e9ger's lips--(this is in\npalpable imitation of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Method I., interchange of the\nsexes of characters portrayed from life. For further use of this method\nsee also the close of Chapter XII. and elsewhere in _The Professor_, and\nmy writing on _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_)--pays a visit to the\nchamber of the Irish governess:--\n    \"Were you not reading?... I see a book on your work-table. May I\n    look?... _The Imitation of Christ!_\" exclaimed Alphonsine, after\n    having read the title-page. \"Oh! this is a beautiful book, is it\n    \"Truly beautiful!\" answered Mary; \"the cover is old, the pages\n    worn out in many places. You must not wonder at it: from the age I\n    began to read, I don't think I ever passed three nights without\n    reading at least one chapter of this admirable work.\"\n_The Imitation of Christ_ in English was a book Charlotte Bront\u00eb was\nsetting much store upon when she was but nine years of age.[64] Her copy\nwas then an old one. Evidently she took the book with her to Brussels\nand read it at the _pensionnat_. It would seem M. H\u00e9ger, whom she\ninstructed in English, requested to hear the work in this English\ntranslation:--\n    \"Pray what chapter were you reading?\" continues Alphonsine. \"I\n    should so much like to hear you read it to me: I have occasionally\n    read a page of _The Imitation_, but always in French; now, if you\n    would be so good as to read slowly and pronounce very distinctly,\n    I think I could understand this pious work in your language.\"\nShe read:--\n    \"THE NECESSITY OF HUMBLE SUBMISSION.\n    \"Let your conscience be pure, and surely God will know how to\n    defend you.... Learn to suffer in silence, without repining, and\n    you will ... receive assistance from Him.\"\n    \"What a truthful, becalming lesson!\" observed Alphonsine; \"you\n    will read to me every evening some passage of your _Imitation_,\n    will you not? English sounds so sweetly to my ear when spoken by\n    you. We will begin to-morrow evening, n'est ce pas?\"\nSurely this is M. H\u00e9ger and his sympathetic, depressed English teacher.\nThere is in the opening chapter of _Miss Mary_ a long conversation\nregarding the departed governess Lagrange, and Madame de Morville\n(Madame H\u00e9ger) avows she had been jealous of her, and that her harshness\ntowards the governess had resulted in her abruptly leaving on a false\nplea of ill-health. Thus she says to M. de Morville:--\n    \"I am speaking seriously to you of my foolish but most acute\n    sufferings ... tandis que tu restais seul ici avec tes livres. You\n    never suspected them;... I endeavoured to suppress them, to\n    suffer no part of what I felt to transpire; for I must confess\n    poor Lagrange was quite the lamb du bon Dieu, yet in spite of\n    myself I sometimes broke out into fits of petulance and absurd\n    irony, which wounded her. I saw it did by the sudden dejection of\n    that excellent young person. But even this was not all.\"\n    \"Louise! is it you who speaks thus? You whose kind, benevolent\n    heart I have so often admired.\"\n    \"Would you that I should avow something worse to you? What made me\n    tolerate that poor Lagrange is that she was as ugly as the seven\n    cardinal sins.... In fine, I cannot conceal from myself that the\n    result of all this was that Mdlle. Lagrange gave up her situation\n    on the plea of ill-health. [\"Ah! she was not dismissed,\" said\n    Mdlle. Reuter (Madame H\u00e9ger) in _The Professor_, Chapter XVIII.,\n    when the Professor asked whether Mdlle. Frances Henri[65] (Miss\n    Bront\u00eb) had left voluntarily. \"... No need to have recourse to\n    such extreme measures, I assure you.\"] Enfin, it faut bien me\n    l'avouer, le r\u00e9sultat de tout ceci a \u00e9t\u00e9 que Mademoiselle Lagrange\n    a demand\u00e9 \u00e0 quitter la maison, sous pr\u00e9texte de sant\u00e9; v\u00e9ritable\n    pr\u00e9texte. For the rest I will do myself this justice, I would have\n    suffered even to the end rather than have sent back that excellent\n    girl.\"\nThe H\u00e9gers were surprised at Miss Bront\u00eb's sudden resolution to leave\nthem, but she is said to have had her father's failing eyesight as a\nreason. \"I suffered much before I left Brussels,\" wrote Charlotte, and\nthis was in mind, not body.\n    \"I have long concealed the greater part of these resentful\n    sentiments from you,\" continues Madame de Morville,\n    \"notwithstanding the implicit trust reposed in you. I wish I alone\n    had suffered by them. But no, poor Lagrange doubtless could not\n    endure the thousand vexations and spites ('taquineries\n    sournoises') to which she was subjected, and was thereby driven\n    from our house.\"\nAll this should be read as in connection with the departure of Miss\nMary, the other phase of Miss Bront\u00eb, towards the end of the book. \"I\nthink, however long I live I shall not forget what the parting with M.\nH\u00e9ger cost me,\" said Charlotte Bront\u00eb.[66]\nHere is M. Sue's version:--\n    M. de Morville started, then regarding the governess with stupor,\n    for he could not believe what he heard, he cried:--\n    \"Quoi! Miss Mary, vous dites?\"\n    \"I say, monsieur, that I return to England, where I am recalled by\n    my family.\"\nThe real reason why Miss Bront\u00eb left is given in the Lagrange passages\nto which I have alluded.\n    \"Partir! but that is impossible! A departure so brusque, si peu\n    attendu!\"\n    \"Pray do not perceive, monsieur,\" says the Irish governess, \"in\n    this unlooked for departure any want of regard for you; ... il a\n    fallu des raisons graves, very grave, to compel me to such a\n    resolution.\"\n    \"Partir!\" wailed M. de Morville. \"What! that this should be the\n    last time that I should see you, that I should speak to you! But\n    this is not possible! They do not kill a man thus by a single\n    blow! For you well know that you kill me! You well know that I\n    love you! Oh! do not say you were unaware of my unhappy love,\" he\n    continues, \"you know well enough what an irresistible charm has\n    drawn me towards you, what happiness I have had to tell you my\n    life, my secret thoughts, my wrongs even! A timid reserve followed\n    the first entrancement, but it was the struggle of respect, of\n    honour against a fatal passion. Ah! the traces of that struggle,\n    should they not have been too evident to your eyes! What! have\n    not you divined the cause of that sombre discouragement which made\n    me seek solitude where I isolated myself from all interests, from\n    all affection? And those nights without sleep passed in consuming\n    my tears, exaggerating more the consequences of that fatal\n    passion!... What! you have divined nothing, read nothing of mes\n    traits, in my eyes red with tears and sleeplessness? Mon Dieu! mon\n    Dieu! to have suffered so much ... suffered so much, and not to\n    have even the consolation of saying: She knows that I have\n    suffered.\"\nThe reader of _Miss Mary_ will perceive throughout this scene in the\nextant and apparently re-written French volume that M. de Morville's\nunhappy love was that of an honourable and a loyal-hearted man, while\nthe governess was also without reproach. (These extracts do not occur in\nthe _feuilleton_ as published in English.) As he asks:--\n    \"Is it my fault if in the monotony of my existence est tout \u00e0 coup\n    apparue a person whose talents, education, and character have been\n    appreciated by all and by me.... Have I attempted to pervert your\n    mind, to seduce your heart? No, no! I have suffered, suffered in\n    silence [see my reference to the _Imitation of Christ_], suffered\n    alone, suffered always. And my crime, what is it?... It is to make\n    to you the avowal of suffering on the day when you go to leave me\n    for ever a prey to incurable despair!\"\nThus have we real insight into the state of affairs at Brussels when\nMiss Bront\u00eb left. We see the divining, jealous Madame de\nMorville--Madame H\u00e9ger, of course--subjecting her to the \"taquineries\nsournoises\"; we hear Madame saying of her: \"Ce que me faisait tol\u00e9rer\ncette pauvre Mdlle. Lagrange, c'est qu'elle \u00e9tait laide comme les sept\np\u00e9ch\u00e9s mortels,\" and sneering at the excuse she made to leave the\nestablishment, calling it a \"v\u00e9ritable pr\u00e9texte\" when the real reason\nwas Madame's jealousy and its causes. Oh, the bitterness of it! And now\nin this light read the carefully worded representation of Mrs Gaskell\nthat:--\n    Towards the end of 1843 various reasons conspired ... to make her\n    [Charlotte Bront\u00eb] feel that her presence was absolutely and\n    imperatively required at home, while she was ... no longer\n    regarded with the former kindliness of feeling by Madame H\u00e9ger. In\n    consequence of this state of things working down with a sharp edge\n    into a sensitive mind, she suddenly announced to that lady her\n    immediate intention of returning to England.\nSomething of the foregoing I gave in my article \"The Lifting of the\nBront\u00eb Veil\" in _The Fortnightly Review_, and I have to thank the press\ngenerally for their kind acknowledgment of my important discovery. _The\nSpectator_, in consonance with others, says:--\"Mr. Malham-Dembleby has\nfound a _feuilleton_ by Eug\u00e8ne Sue which is curious, as it certainly\nindicates a knowledge of Charlotte Bront\u00eb and of Monsieur and Madame\nH\u00e9ger at Brussels.\"\nIn the extant French copy Eug\u00e8ne Sue has given a dramatic version of the\nparting scene between \"Miss Mary\" and \"Madame de Morville\"--Charlotte\nBront\u00eb and Madame H\u00e9ger. The latter had surprised her husband and the\nIrish governess, _t\u00eate-\u00e0-t\u00eate_ in the lonely pavilion, late in the\nevening. Monsieur protests:--\n    \"Madame,\" he cries, \"... I will not permit you, in my presence, to\n    dare to calumniate and outrage Mademoiselle Lawson.\"\n    Miss Mary asks him not to defend her, as she does not wish to be a\n    cause of irritating discussion between them.\n    \"That is charming!\" cried Madame de Morville, with a burst of\n    sardonic laughter--\"Gr\u00e2ce au bon accord du m\u00e9nage, mademoiselle\n    would desire to continue in perfect tranquillity the undignified\n    r\u00f4le she has played at my house!\"\nHer husband protests that she outrages one of the purest characters in\nthe world, but the governess interrupts by addressing the wife:--\n    \"Madam, suspicions so odious, so senseless, are unable to wound an\n    honourable soul.... I reply nothing to these words, which you will\n    soon regret. The two years that I have been here [Charlotte Bront\u00eb\n    was two years with the H\u00e9gers] I have learned to know you, madam;\n    and if sometimes I have without complaint [see the Lagrange\n    passages] suffered from the vivacit\u00e9 de vos premiers mouvements, I\n    have also often been able to appreciate your goodness of heart.\"\n    \"Enough, mademoiselle, enough! Believe you that you can dupe me by\n    your hypocrisies and base flatteries? Do you think you can impose\n    my silence by that pretended resignation?\"\nSo the scene continues until Madame de Morville accuses the other of\nwishing to take the affections of her husband. To this, the governess\nretorts:--\n    \"You accuse me, madam, of wishing to win the affections of M. de\n    Morville, and of desiring to dominate at your house? Here is my\n    reply.\"\nAnd her reply is that she is returning to England.\n    \"You go away!\" cried Madame de Morville.... \"No, no, that is a lie\n    or a trick!\"... Madame ... fut compl\u00e8tement d\u00e9rout\u00e9e par\n    l'annonce du d\u00e9part de Miss Mary.\nThe latter says she profoundly regrets if she had caused \"malheurs,\" for\nshe had been the involuntary cause.\n    \"Involuntary or not,\" cried Madame de Morville, \"you are un\n    _porte-malheur_, and thus have been two years, since your arrival\n    here. I have said it to M. de Morville, who, par pr\u00e9vision without\n    doubt, took at once your part against me.... And on whom, then,\n    will that responsibility fall!... We were all happy and peaceful\n    before your advent here, and to-day, when you go you leave us dans\n    le chagrin.\"\n    To which Miss Mary retorts:--\n    \"Ah! madame, le jour le plus malheureux de ma vie serait celui o\u00f9\n    je quitterais votre famille avec la douloureuse conviction que mon\n    nom y serait maudit.\"\nThere were, we see, conflicting views in Brussels social and literary\ncircles, in the eighteen-forties, as to the degree of intimacy to which\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb and M. H\u00e9ger attained. It is when we perceive the\nambiguity of the relations existing between Miss Bront\u00eb and the\nprofessor that we recognize the fidelity of Eug\u00e8ne Sue's portrayal of\nCurrer Bell's Brussels life. Even Charlotte Bront\u00eb herself, in\n_Villette_, published after M. Sue's story, relates that M. Paul Emanuel\n(M. H\u00e9ger) said to her:--\"I call myself your brother. I hardly know what\nI am--brother--friend--I cannot tell. I know I think of you--I feel I\nwish you well--but I must check myself; you are to be feared. My best\nfriends point out danger and whisper caution.\" In Mdlle. Lagrange and\nCatherine Bell, Charlotte Bront\u00eb figures as represented by those who\nsaid ill of her; as Miss Mary Lawson, the Irish governess, she has\n\"beauty, youth, and grace,\" which charms, Jane tells us, she possessed\nin Rochester's eyes. Of her, in the phase of Catherine Bell, we have\nmany insinuations of a detractive character, the keynote to which is\nfound in the fortune-telling incident, wherein Catherine is foretold she\nwill be \"married and not married\"; while in Miss Mary Lawson we have a\nportrayal of _un bon ange_[67] of whom Madame de Morville is jealous,\nnot without reason, though, to use Miss Mary's own words, she had been\n\"la cause involontaire.\"\nWe must, therefore, set it to the credit of Eug\u00e8ne Sue that he placed\ntwo versions in the balance; and his evidence for ever sweeps away the\nillogical and unfair contention of some writers on the Bront\u00ebs, that\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb may have cared for M. H\u00e9ger, but that he, in his turn,\nhad been only \"intellectually\" interested in her. M. Sue shows the\nattitude of M. H\u00e9ger was ever unequivocal as regards Charlotte Bront\u00eb;\nwhether in her phase as \"Lagrange,\" as \"Catherine Bell,\" or as \"Miss\nMary Lawson\"--she was loved by him. We now see Morton of _Jane Eyre_ was\nHaworth to Charlotte Bront\u00eb, and Thornfield, the home of Mr. Rochester,\nthe Pensionnat H\u00e9ger. And the flight from temptation at Thornfield and\nseeking refuge with the Rivers family were really representative of her\nleaving Brussels and returning home to her father and sisters. Obviously\nM. Sue wrote his _feuilleton_ to aid, maliciously or not, in breaking\nthe dangerous friendship between M. H\u00e9ger and Miss Bront\u00eb. Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's works are testimony it was not only Madame H\u00e9ger's harsh\njealousy that led her to leave Brussels. In Chapter XX. of _The\nProfessor_, published years after M. Sue's work, but written before it,\nshe gives us the reason for this determination. By her Method I.,\nInterchange of the sexes of characters portrayed from life, Professor\nCrimsworth, who is alternately Charlotte Bront\u00eb and M. H\u00e9ger, in this\ninstance is Charlotte Bront\u00eb, while Mdlle. Reuter is M. H\u00e9ger.\nCrimsworth [Miss Bront\u00eb] says:--\n    I could not conceal ... that it would not do for me to remain....\n    Her [his] present demeanour towards me was deficient neither in\n    dignity nor propriety; but I knew her [his] former feeling was\n    unchanged. Decorum now repressed, and Policy masked it, but\n    Opportunity would be too strong for either of these--Temptation\n    would shiver their restraints. I was no pope, ... in short, if I\n    stayed, the probability was that, in three months' time, a\n    practical modern French novel would be in full process of\n    concoction.... From all this resulted the conclusion that I must\n    leave, ... and that instantly.... The Spirit of Evil ... sought to\n    lead me astray.[68] Rough and steep was the path indicated by\n    divine suggestion; mossy and declining the green way along which\n    Temptation strewed flowers.\nAnd thus at last do we understand why Charlotte Bront\u00eb asks herself as\nJane Eyre when at home with the Rivers family--with her father, her\nsisters, and Tabby at Haworth:--\n    Which is better? To have surrendered to temptation; listened to\n    passion; made no painful effort--no struggle; but to have sunk\n    down in the silken snare; fallen asleep on the flowers covering it\n    ... to have been now living in France, Mr. Rochester's mistress\n    ... I shall never more know the sweet homage given to beauty,\n    youth, and grace--for never to any one else shall I seem to\n    possess these charms.... Whether is it better, I ask, to be a\n    slave in a fool's paradise at Marseilles--fevered with delusive\n    bliss one hour--suffocating with the bitterest tears of remorse\n    and shame the next--or to be a village schoolmistress [The Bront\u00eb\n    school project was under contemplation in 1844], free and honest,\n    in a breezy mountain nook in the healthy heart of England? Yes, I\n    feel now that I was right when I adhered to principle and law, and\n    crushed the insane promptings of a frenzied moment. God directed\n    me to a correct choice: I thank His providence for the guidance.\nAnd her fervent gratitude is as sincere when in the same connection she\nsays in _Villette_ of her confessor--her F\u00e9nelon[69]:--\"He was kind when\nI needed kindness; he did me good. May Heaven bless him!\" But we now see\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb did not suffer alone. Eug\u00e8ne Sue has given us an\ninsight into the bitterness of M. de Morville's (M. H\u00e9ger's) life, which\nresulted from their unhappy love, and doubtless those words of\nHeathcliffe to Catherine in _Wuthering Heights_ were uttered or written\nby M. H\u00e9ger in reproach to Charlotte Bront\u00eb:--\n    \"_Why_ did you despise me? _Why_ did you betray your own heart,\n    Cathy?... You loved me--then what _right_ had you to leave me?...\n    Because misery and degradation and death, and nothing that God or\n    Satan could inflict would have parted us, _you_, of your own will\n    did it. I have not broken your heart--_you_ have broken it; and in\n    breaking it, you have broken mine. So much the worse for me that I\n    am strong.\"\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb tells us in _Jane Eyre_ she loved to imagine she and\nMr. Rochester had met under happier conditions; and if the meeting of\nthe runaway lovers Charlotte Bront\u00eb repeats so faithfully in _Wuthering\nHeights_ and _Jane Eyre_ did not refer to a private meeting subsequent\nto the beginning of 1844, between her and M. H\u00e9ger, or to their meeting\nagain when she returned to Brussels the second time, then have we\nevidence of the fact that she at one time perhaps believed _Wuthering\nHeights_ would be never published. Assuredly nothing was sweeter to\nCurrer Bell's fancy than a dream of the happiness that might have been\nhers, and well may she have written in the last sentences of\n_Villette_:--\n    Leave sunny imaginations hope. Let it be theirs to conceive the\n    delight of joy born again fresh out of great terror, the rapture\n    of rescue from peril, the wondrous reprieve from dread, the\n    fruition of return. Let them picture union and a happy succeeding\n    life.\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb and M. Constantin Gilles Romain H\u00e9ger loved each other\nas those who are worshippers of two high ideals, when one of these\nideals is love, the other honour. And this was tragedy. To the agonizing\nnature of unrequitable affection endured for honour's sake do we owe\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_.\nCHAPTER XIV.\nTHE RECOIL.\nI.\nThe elements that conduce to reaction and recoil are sometimes fatal to\nthe best proposed and ablest evolved schemes of man. Priests and\ncounsellors may gravely devise; knight and maid may devoutly swear; the\npious neophyte and the exalted religionist may make solemn pledge, but\nreaction often brings catastrophe. Thus the Christian Church is\nrightfully a watchful Body, a militant Force, preaches the weakness of\nman and cries \"Ora continenter!\" And herein lies the value of a\nponderous state procedure. Irritating in its slow gravity and\nindifferent to the passionate appeals of emotionalism, such procedure\nyet withstands the backward wave which comes as answer to courageous but\ncostly proposals.\nThe unsupported and undisciplined individual, like communities, cannot\nalways safely stand alone, and finally resolves into an automaton at the\nservice of unlicensed and unconsidered impulse when the day of reaction\ncomes. The anthropologist and the pathologist relate how exacting\nstraitness suddenly has broken down with a lamentable demonstration of\nmost morbid prurience; and relentless history has chronicled grievous\nmoral declensions in the lives of men and women whose careers in the\ngreater part were records of generous and unselfish devotion to a noble\ncause or an honourable work. Until the day of reaction is safely fought\nthrough the battle is not won.\nPerhaps it was to prevent all possibility of a final and definite\nreconciliation between M. H\u00e9ger and Miss Bront\u00eb that M. Sue, aided by\nhis friends, ridiculed their attachment in his _feuilleton, Miss Mary_.\nNot that Eug\u00e8ne Sue would do this necessarily for Virtue's sake, but the\nposition of moral reprehender gave him title to the r\u00f4le he had assumed.\nM. H\u00e9ger was sorely punished to lose Miss Bront\u00eb, as M. Sue has shown,\nand as we have seen Charlotte Bront\u00eb herself tells us in a letter; and\nthe intensity of his affection for her is only further accentuated by\nthe light M. Sue throws upon the subject in a conversation which occurs\nbetween Alphonsine and the jealous mother, concerning Mdlle. Lagrange in\nthe opening chapters of his _feuilleton_. As I have stated, evidence\ncompels us to perceive M. Sue often presented by imitation of Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's Method I., Interchange of the sexes for obfuscation's sake, M.\nH\u00e9ger in Alphonsine: Madame de Morville (Madame H\u00e9ger) has just said\nMdlle. Lagrange (Miss Bront\u00eb) affected a little to speak of her humble\norigin.\n    \"Elle affecter,\" replies Alphonsine, \"... c'est une erreur. Quand,\n    par hasard, elle parlait de sa famille, c'est que la conversation\n    venait l\u00e0-dessus. D'ailleurs, \u00e9coute donc, Mademoiselle Lagrange\n    e\u00fbt \u00e9t\u00e9 fi\u00e8re qu'elle en avait le droit.\"\n    \"Proud! what of? not of her face, poor girl.\"\n    \"No, that is true.\"\nMadame de Morville admits that Mdlle. Lagrange was endowed with\npatience, learning, and fortitude; and says, \"Tu le sais, nous avions\npour elle les plus grands \u00e9gards.\"\n\"Without doubt ... and myself, I loved her like a sister.\"\nTo which Madame de Morville retorts:\n    \"A ce point que, pendant les premiers jours qui ont suivi son\n    d\u00e9part je t'ai vue souvent pleurer, et que depuis je te trouve\n    triste.\"\n    \"Que veux-tu ... se quitter apr\u00e8s plus de trois ans d'intimit\u00e9,\n    cela vous laisse du chagrin.\"\n    \"This sensibility does credit to your heart, but after all it\n    seems to me that you and I shall be able by our mutual tenderness\n    to console each other for the loss d'une \u00e9trang\u00e8re.\"\n    \"Une \u00e9trang\u00e8re!\" says Alphonsine, na\u00efvely; \"dis donc une amie, une\n    soeur.... Ainsi, toi ... tu es pour moi, n'est-ce pas, aussi\n    affectueuse que possible; pourtant tu m'imposes toujours; il y a\n    mille riens, mille folies, mille b\u00eatises si tu veux, que je\n    n'oserais jamais te dire, et qui nous amusaient et nous faisaient\n    rire aux larmes avec cette pauvre Mademoiselle Lagrange; et puis\n    ces causeries sans fin pendant les r\u00e9cr\u00e9ations, nos jeux m\u00eames,\n    car elle \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s enfant quand elle s'y mettait[70]; all this\n    made our temps de l'\u00e9tude pass like a dream, and that of\n    recreation like a flash.\"\n    \"Without doubt,\" replied Madame de Morville, with a forced smile;\n    ... \"and I, ... je ne jouissais de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de ces demoiselles\n    que lors de notre promenade d'avant d\u00eener, ou le soir jusqu'\u00e0\n    l'heure du th\u00e9.\"\nThe irreparableness of the loss at first to M. H\u00e9ger is herein clearly\nshown. But whether he would confess himself to Miss Bront\u00eb afterwards is\nnot certain. The tone of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's successive writings suggests\nhe did not, as do many points of evidence and the reference in\n_Villette_, Chapter XIX., to that \"He was a religious little man, in his\nway: the self-denying and self-sacrificing part of the Catholic religion\ncommanded the homage of his soul.\"\nLikely enough it is that M. H\u00e9ger hailed, as do truly noble men, the day\nof trial, and elevated by the very agony of great sacrifice the\npersonality which worshipped a conception of duty consonant with Divine\nlaw. It seems, though, that then the battle was won; his day of reaction\nwas fought through. At the time of what M. Sue makes M. de Morville call\n\"ce premier entra\u00eenement\" was the greatest danger, and abundant\ntestimony goes to prove he would have gone the length of indiscretion\nbut that Charlotte Bront\u00eb, herself innately honourable and influenced by\nher Christian upbringing, checked the mad rush of impetuous passion.\nThen the Church of M. H\u00e9ger intervened. As Charlotte Bront\u00eb tells us in\n_Villette_, Chapter XXXVI.: \"We were under the surveillance of a\nsleepless eye: Rome watched jealously her son through that mystic\nlattice at which I had knelt once, and to which M. Emanuel drew nigh\nmonth by month--the sliding panel of the confessional.\" She was much\ngratified by M. H\u00e9ger's fervent admiration, though she had perforce to\nremember their circumstances. As M. Sue said of Lagrange so it had been\nwith Miss Bront\u00eb:--\n    The girl had never before known love, save by reading and hearing\n    of its magical influence. All the natural tenderness which lay in\n    her heart she had year after year suppressed.\nThe references in her poems to a recognition of growing coldness in a\nlover--see \"Frances,\" \"Preference,\" etc., if we may read them in the\nbiographical sense Mr. Mackay suggests, show there had been a day when\nshe perceived external influences were dictating to M. H\u00e9ger a line of\nmoral procedure. Obviously, while she herself had held temptation at\nbay she was strong; but once she discovered an ally was lessening the\nnecessity of her defence her woman's nature awoke. She doubted the\nsincerity of the past protestations of passion; she saw in every eye a\nsinister spy; she found in the Roman Church nothing but a partisan of\nMadame H\u00e9ger (see Madame Beck and the Roman Church in _Villette_), and\nM. H\u00e9ger became to her a very impersonation of insincerity and\ntreachery. Of the secret tempest which had begun to rage within herself\nshe would disclose nothing to M. H\u00e9ger; and she would know that once the\nstorm slept the end might be the worst. But Charlotte Bront\u00eb was not yet\nin the season of the recoil, though alone, wretched, and rapidly losing\nfaith in God and man. As for M. H\u00e9ger, he was supported by the knowledge\nthat the ideal of the good and pious is glorified by sacrifice. That\n\"Hell holds no fury like a woman scorned\" is a platitude, for a woman\nscorned in the meaning of the writer is a woman with a shattered life.\nIn her fullest and native sense she ceases to exist thereafter. However,\nas in many cases Nature provides a remedy for her maimed, woman has\ngiven her dissimulation. But to quote Charlotte Bront\u00eb's poem,\n\"Frances\":--\n    \"Who can for ever crush the heart,\n    Restrain its throbbing, curb its life?\n    Dissemble truth with ceaseless art,\n    With outward calm mask inward strife?\"\nIt is a dangerous day when woman is her very self and thwarted. Then,\nand only then, can she utter the distressing blasphemies Charlotte\nBront\u00eb places in the mouth of the speaker in her verses, \"Apostasy\":--\n    \"Talk not of thy Last Sacrament,\n    Tell not thy beads for me;\n    Both rite and prayer are vainly spent,\n    As dews upon the sea.\n    Speak not one word of Heaven above\n    Rave not of Hell's alarms;\n    Give me but back my Walter's love,\n    Restore me to his arms!\n    \"Then will the bliss of Heaven be won;\n    Then will Hell shrink away;\n    As I have seen night's terrors shun\n    The conquering steps of day.\n    'Tis my religion thus to love,\n    My creed thus fixed to be;\n    Not Death shall shake, nor Priestcraft break\n    My rock-like constancy!\"\nAnd places in the mouth of Catherine of _Wuthering Heights_, Chapter\nIX., in the same connection:--\n    \"If I were in heaven ... I should be extremely miserable.... I\n    dreamt once ... I was there, ... heaven did not seem to be my\n    home; and I broke my heart with weeping to come back to earth; and\n    the angels were so angry that they flung me out ... on the top of\n    Wuthering Heights; where I woke sobbing for joy.[71] ... I cannot\n    express it; but surely you ... have a notion that there is ... an\n    existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation if\n    I were entirely contained here? My great miseries in this world\n    have been Heathcliffe's miseries ... my great thought in living is\n    himself. If all else perished, and _he_ remained, I should still\n    continue to be; and if all else remained, and he were annihilated,\n    the universe would turn to a mighty stranger. I should not seem a\n    part of it. [See my remarks on Charlotte Bront\u00eb's belief in the\n    elective affinities, page 96-7.] My love for Heathcliffe resembles\n    the eternal rocks beneath.... I _am_ Heathcliffe,--he's always,\n    always in my mind--not as a pleasure, any more than I am a\n    pleasure to myself--but as my own being--so don't talk of our\n    separation again.\"\nIt is of the barriers which divided the woman of the verses \"Apostasy\"\nfrom her lover that the priest has reminded her. Thus she says:--\n    \"... Did I need that thou shouldst tell\n    What mighty barriers rise\n    To part me from that dungeon-cell\n    Where my loved Walter lies?\"\nThe whole history of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Brussels life before us, the\nfact that an insurmountable barrier--his marriage--separated her from M.\nH\u00e9ger, and the fact that she herself consulted[72] a Roman Catholic\npriest whom I designate as her \"F\u00e9n\u00e9lon,\" advising, like the Mentor of\nT\u00e9l\u00e9maque,[73] the tempted one to \"flee temptation,\" identify these\n\"barriers\" as a covert reference to the circumstances unhappily existing\nwhich made intimacy between Miss Bront\u00eb and M. H\u00e9ger dangerous. To quote\nmy words in _The Fortnightly Review_:--\"We see why Miss Bront\u00eb, herself\na Protestant, went to the confessional at Brussels.... We know this was\nno freak, as also that it was impossible for Charlotte to mention the\nsubject to her sister without attributing it to a freak. More, we\nperceive now the nature of her confession, and, the \"Flee temptation!\"\nnote of F\u00e9n\u00e9lon's _Les Aventures de T\u00e9l\u00e9maque_ fresh in our minds, we\nsee why she wrote of her father-confessor in _Villette_, Chapter XV.:--\n    There was something of F\u00e9nelon about that benign old priest; and\n    whatever ... I may think of his Church and creed, ... of himself I\n    must ever retain a grateful recollection. He was kind when I\n    needed kindness; he did me good. May heaven bless him!\nI mention that by her composite method of presenting characters, which\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb admitted to have employed, Dr. John Bretton, while\noften in the beginning representing Mr. Smith the publisher, becomes\nfinally a representation of the Rev. Mr. Nicholls who married Miss\nBront\u00eb.[74] So in _Jane Eyre_, St. John Rivers while in the main\nrepresenting the Rev. Patrick Bront\u00eb, becomes associated temporarily\nwith that priest I have called Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Brussels F\u00e9n\u00e9lon. She\ntells us in _Villette_ that she broke off the seduction of visiting this\npriest and says:--\"The probabilities are that had I visited ... at\nthe ... day appointed, I might just now ... have been counting my beads\nin the cell of a ... convent....\" Miss Bront\u00eb admits he had had great\ninfluence with her, and this fact and the testimony of her poem\n\"Apostasy\" just quoted show this priest and his admonitions were in her\nmind when she wrote the final scene between herself and St. John Rivers\nin _Jane Eyre_ (Chapter XXXV.). Therein, as in that poem and in\n_Wuthering Heights_, \"Religion\" and \"Angels\"[75] are set as being less\nto her than the vicinage of her lover. Indeed the India and the\nmissionary life of _Jane Eyre_, and the marriage with St. John (see\nChapter XXXIV.), may be said to have been in Miss Bront\u00eb's mind that\nlife of religious consecration which in _Villette_ she owns to have been\nthe likely result of her further listening to the advice of the priest,\nto whom she had given \"the ... outline of my experience,\" as she terms\nit.\nTherefore it is interesting to observe that, as the woman in \"Apostasy\"\nsuddenly hears the voice of her lover calling and says:--\n    \"He calls--I come--my pulse scarce beats,\n      My heart fails in my breast.\n    Again that voice--how far away,\n      How dreary sounds that tone!\n    And I, methinks, am gone astray\n      In trackless wastes and lone.\n    \"I fain would rest a little while:\n      Where can I find a stay,\n    Till dawn upon the hills shall smile,\n      And show some trodden way?[76]\n    I come! I come! in haste she said,\n      'Twas Walter's voice I heard!\"\n    Then up she sprang--but fell back, dead,\n      His name her latest word.\nso in the scene in _Jane Eyre_: St. John ejaculates--\n    'My prayers are heard!' He pressed his hand firmer on my head, as\n    if he claimed me; he surrounded me with his arm, _almost_ as if he\n    loved me [\"That priest had arms which could influence me; he was\n    naturally kind, with a sentimental French kindness, to whose\n    softness I knew myself not wholly impervious. Without respecting\n    some sorts of affection, there was hardly any sort having a fibre\n    of root in reality, which I could rely on my force wholly to\n    withstand.\"--Charlotte Bront\u00eb speaking of her Brussels F\u00e9n\u00e9lon in\n    _Villette_, Chapter XV.], I say _almost_--I knew the\n    difference--for I had felt what it was to be loved; but, like him,\n    I now ... thought only of duty;... I sincerely, ... fervently\n    longed to do what was right.... 'Show me, show me the path!' I\n    entreated of Heaven.... My heart beat fast and thick.... I heard a\n    voice somewhere cry 'Jane! Jane! Jane!' nothing more.... I had\n    heard it--where or whence, for ever impossible to know! And it was\n    ... a known, loved, well-remembered voice--that of Edward Fairfax\n    Rochester.... 'I am coming!' I cried.... 'Wait for me! Oh, I will\n    come!' I broke from St. John, who would have detained me. It was\n    _my_ time to assume ascendency. _My_ powers were in play, and in\n    force. I told him to forbear question or remark.... I mounted to\n    my chamber ... fell on my knees, and prayed in my way--a different\n    way to St. John's, but effective in its own fashion.... I rose\n    from the thanksgiving--took a resolve--and lay down ... eager but\n    for the daylight.\nMrs. Gaskell related that Charlotte Bront\u00eb in private conversation in\nreference to this preternatural crying of a voice, replied with much\ngravity and without further enlightenment that such an incident really\ndid occur in her experience. Whether it occurred in connection with her\nBrussels F\u00e9n\u00e9lon and immediately preceded a reconciliation between\nherself and M. H\u00e9ger I know not. As, however, Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nexpression of gratitude to this priest and the whole fervent story of\nthankfulness for the deliverance from dangerous temptation were written\nsubsequently to her return from Brussels, it is clear there was never a\nreconciliation which cost either her or M. H\u00e9ger honour. I do not urge\nthis as an advocate; I state it upon the strength of unmistakable\nevidence.\nMiss Bront\u00eb believed it better to leave Brussels and avoid the\npossibilities of the peculiar situation--a situation always fraught with\ntemptation. Hence her sudden resolve to return to England.\nArrived at Haworth the full recoil came. She had won through a great\nordeal, and she knew that surrounded by his wife and family,[77]\ncomforted by piety and the knowledge of his happy issue from involution\nin disastrous complications, M. H\u00e9ger would resume tranquilly his\naccustomed course of life. To Charlotte Bront\u00eb, who by the showing of\nall evidence was initially responsible for a morally gratifying outcome\nof their dangerous attachment, this was a galling picture. Knowing\nnothing of the ecstatic delights of the pietist in the sacrificial sense\nof M. H\u00e9ger, who was a devoted member of the Society of St. Vincent de\nPaul, and, as he is made to describe himself in _Villette_, \"a sort of\nlay Jesuit,\" she became just a woman living in the world of her primal\nnature and conceiving but that she had lost. Miss Rigby--afterwards Lady\nEastlake--who wrote the remarkable article on _Jane Eyre_ in _The\nQuarterly Review_ of 1849, perceived with a flash of real insight and\nthe instinct of womanhood that Currer Bell's pen had presented ungarbed,\nvital relations of some man and woman identical in both _Wuthering\nHeights_ and _Jane Eyre_. The circumstances were full difficult for the\nreviewer; she was irritated and encompassed. _Wuthering Heights_, which\nso soon had followed the appearance of _Jane Eyre_, she suddenly\nrecognized as the very storm-centre of this literary tornado of\npassionate declamation; and she chastised that work in the name of _Jane\nEyre_, for she could not know all the cruel truth, and she feared to\npopularize _Wuthering Heights_. Although Miss Rigby wrote:--\"It is true\nJane does right, and exerts great moral strength,\" she added, \"but it is\nthe strength of a mere heathenish mind which is a law unto itself.\" And\nlater, turning upon _Wuthering Heights_ she says with a final vehemency,\nand most sensationally:--\n    There can be no interest attached to the writer of _Wuthering\n    Heights_--a novel succeeding _Jane Eyre_ ... and purporting [!] to\n    be written by Ellis Bell--unless it were for the sake of a more\n    individual reprobation. For though there is a decided family\n    likeness between the two [!], yet the aspect of the Jane and\n    Rochester animals in their native state as Catherine and\n    Heathcliffe [!], is abominably pagan.\nMiss Rigby thus excused herself a further consideration of _Wuthering\nHeights_. In the days of the gratification of discovering the one she\nloved in return loved her,[78] this recognition stood between Charlotte\nBront\u00eb and \"every thought of religion, as an eclipse between man and the\nbroad sun,\" so in another sense truly did the contemplation of M.\nH\u00e9ger's self-pacification intervene in the time of reaction. The\ndoubtings and agonizing emotions of her equivocal season in Brussels\nwere now precipitated. Her poems \"Gilbert,\" \"Frances,\" and \"Preference\"\nare testimony to her vengeful and retaliative instinct; as are her\nportrayals of M. H\u00e9ger as M. Pelet of _The Professor_ and as Heathcliffe\nof _Wuthering Heights_. But as I show in the next chapter, Charlotte\nBront\u00eb afterwards regretted her human weakness and her vituperations of\nthe day of the recoil. She began to set forth the story of her ordeal\nmore sanely and proportionately in _Jane Eyre_. As one who soberly\nrewrites of fact, she recited therein much that she already had given\ndetachedly; and consistently she presented by aid of the frame-work of\n\"plot\" from Montagu's _Gleanings in Craven_ which already had given her\nelemental suggestions for her _Wuthering Heights_, the history of her\nlife in _Jane Eyre_--a work that stands as testimony to Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's love of truth as to her heroic battling in the days of fiercest\ntemptation.\nA constant yearning to fine a presentation from untruthfulness is the\nGod-given attribute of the artist, and this was responsible for much\nthat is called harsh in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's character as a writer: she\nwould not even spare her own physical and nervous imperfections in her\nself-portrayals. Emily Bront\u00eb would have presented Branwell Bront\u00eb as\nviewed through _couleur de rose_, yet Charlotte Bront\u00eb immortalized him\nas Hindley Earnshaw and John Reed--as she saw him: weak, tyrannical, a\nmoral wreck. So she presented M. H\u00e9ger. She knew his faults--and they\nwere many; but she loved him though she hated them. Her sense of truth\nand justice, albeit she had lost the rancour of the time of the\nreaction, determined her in _Jane Eyre_, it is obvious, to show the\noccultation of her life's happiness by the incidents of her Brussels\nlife. She would show there had been a day when the barriers between\nthem would have been rashly ignored by him. Thus Rochester is made to\nsing in _Jane Eyre_, Chap. XXIV.:--\n    \"I dreamed it would be nameless bliss,\n      As I loved, loved to be;\n    And to this object did I press\n      As blind as eagerly.\n    But wide as pathless[79] was the space\n      That lay, our lives, between,\n    And dangerous as the foamy race\n      Of ocean-surges green.\n    And haunted as a robber-path\n      Through wilderness or wood;\n    For Might and Right, and Woe and Wrath,\n      Between our spirits stood.[80]\n    I dangers dared; I hindrance scorned;\n      I omens did defy:\n    Whatever menaced, harassed, warned,[81]\n      I passed impetuous by.\n    On sped my rainbow, fast as light;\n      I flew as in a dream;\n    For glorious rose upon my sight\n      That child of Shower and Gleam.\n    Still bright on clouds of suffering dim\n      Shines that soft, solemn joy;\n    Nor care I now, how dense and grim\n      Disasters gather nigh;\n    I care not in this moment sweet,\n      Though all I have rushed o'er\n    Should come on pinion, strong and fleet,\n      Proclaiming vengeance sore.\"\nIt is clear the impediment of M. H\u00e9ger's marriage is suggested in these\nverses. But undeniable evidence as to Charlotte Bront\u00eb's having escaped\nby flight what she considered a most dangerous temptation, is the fact\nthat we find she was influenced to pen these lines, wherein M. H\u00e9ger\n(Rochester) is likened to a wild pursuer of a \"shower and gleam\" nymph\nwho sped before him \"fast as light\" and \"glorious rose upon his sight,\"\nby Montagu's reference, in _Gleanings in Craven_, to the story of a\nCraven nymph a satyr pursued yet lost by her being changed into a\nspring. Says Frederic Montagu:--\n    \"In the _Polyolbion_, published in 1612, is the following\n    passage:--\n        In all my spacious tract let them (so wise) survey\n        Thy Ribble's rising banks, their worst and let them say;\n        At Giggleswick, where I a fountain can you show,\n        That eight times in a day is said to ebb and flow!\n        Who sometime was a Nymph, and in the mountains high\n        Of Craven, whose blue heads, for caps put on the sky,\n        Among the Oreads there, and Sylvans, made abode\n        (It was ere human foot upon these hills had trod),\n        Of all the mountain kind, and since she was most fair;\n        It was a Satyr's chance to see her silver hair\n        Flow loosely at her back, as up a cliff she clame,\n        Her beauties noting well, her features and her frame,\n        And after her he goes; which when she did espy,\n        Before him like the wind, the nimble Nymph did fly:\n        They hurry down the rocks, o'er hill and dale they drive,\n        To take her he doth strain, t' outstrip him she doth strive,\n        Like one his kind that knew, and greatly feared....\n        And to the Topic Gods by praying to escape,\n        They turned her to a Spring, which as she then did pant,\n        When, wearied with her course, her breath grew wond'rous scant,\n        Even as the fearful Nymph, then thick and short did blow,\n        Now made by them a Spring, so doth she ebb and flow.\"\nThis is not all. We know now the truth regarding Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nBrussels life, and seeing she discovered a pertinence in the state of\nthe Craven Nymph to her own--for it is undeniable Rochester's song was\nmodelled upon the lines Montagu quotes--it is likely that what I term\nthe \"river\" suggestion and the Craven Elf suggestion which resulted in\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's portraying herself in the r\u00f4le of the stream-named\nCraven elf, Janet Aire or Eyre, had to do with Montagu's mention of this\nnymph of Craven who escaped a dangerous persecution by becoming a\nspring. It seems, indeed, that if she did not at first utilize the\nparallel of this narrative in verse with her own experience, she yet in\n_Wuthering Heights_ was influenced by it, in the days which I call the\nperiod of the recoil, to represent her hero Heathcliffe as a\nruin-creating, semi-human being. Whether the lines--\n    \"It was a Satyr's chance to see her silver hair\n    Flow loosely at her back as up a cliff she clame,\"\nhad in the connection to do with the \"cliffe\" in \"that ghoul\nHeathcliffe's\" name a reference to Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Preface to\n_Wuthering Heights_, and her words on the creation of Heathcliffe, in my\nnext chapter, may declare.\nIt is now impossible not to understand the origin of the Satyr and Nymph\npassage and its implication in the chapter of _Jane Eyre_ containing\nRochester's song, when he says to Jane in the very same chapter:--\n    \"You shall sojourn at Paris, Rome, and Naples: at Florence,\n    Venice, and Vienna: all the ground I've wandered over shall be\n    retrodden by you: wherever I stamped my hoof, your sylph's foot\n    shall step also.\"\nCHAPTER XV.\nTHE RECOIL.\nII.\n    A ridge of lighted heath, alive, glancing, devouring, would have\n    been a meet emblem of my mind when I accused; ... the same ridge,\n    black and blasted after the flames are dead, would have\n    represented as meetly my subsequent condition when ... reflection\n    had shown me the madness of my conduct, and the dreariness of my\n    hated and hating position. Something of vengeance I had tasted....\n    As aromatic wine it seemed, on swallowing, warm and racy; its\n    after-flavour, metallic and corroding, gave me a sensation as if I\n    had been poisoned.... I would fain exercise some better faculty\n    than that of fierce speaking--fain find nourishment for some less\n    fiendish feeling than that of sombre indignation.\nThese words, written by Charlotte Bront\u00eb in _Jane Eyre_, Chapter IV., in\nrelation to herself and \"Mrs. Reed,\" give us an insight into her\nextraordinary alternations of mood. To inquire deeply into her\ndetermining initially to disavow the authorship of _Wuthering Heights_\nrequires a somewhat ruthless baring of the \"fiendish\" vindictiveness\nagainst M. H\u00e9ger between the dates of 1844-46, that was a characteristic\nof the portrayals of him I have mentioned; but it also reveals her\nactive turn to a spirit of repentance for past vindictive feeling, the\nwhich she acknowledges to have known.\nIt seems that it was in a spirit of reproach Charlotte Bront\u00eb wrote the\nvengeful scene between Heathcliffe and Catherine in _Wuthering Heights_,\nharsh in threat almost as her poem \"Gilbert,\" wherein the man, satisfied\nwith the affections of his wife and children, has banished the\nremembrance of her of whom he boasted--\"She loved me more than life,\"\nand who is made to say, before her spirit in the form of a white-clad\nspectre comes to him:--\n    \"As I am busied now,\n    I could not turn from such pursuit\n    To weep a broken vow.\"\nThus in _Wuthering Heights_, Chapter XV., when Catherine is embraced by\nHeathcliffe, she says bitterly:--\n    \"I wish I could hold you till we were both dead! I shouldn't care\n    what you suffered. I care nothing for your sufferings. Why\n    shouldn't you suffer? I do! Will you forget me? Will you be happy\n    when I am in the earth? Will you say ... 'That's the grave of\n    Catherine Earnshaw. I loved her long ago, and was wretched to lose\n    her; but it is past. I've loved many others since: my children are\n    dearer to me than she was; and at death, I shall not rejoice that\n    I am going to her; I shall be sorry that I must lose them!' Will\n    you say so, Heathcliffe?\" Well might Catherine deem that heaven\n    would be a land of exile to her, unless with her mortal body she\n    cast away her mortal character also. [See my footnote in the\n    foregoing chapter, on Catherine's dream that the angels flung her\n    out of heaven.] Her present countenance had a wild\n    vindictiveness....\n    \"Are you possessed with a devil,\" he pursued savagely, \"to talk in\n    that manner to me when you are dying?\"\nAnd later, as though in answer to the apparent threat of the poem\n\"Gilbert,\" wherein, as I have said, the spectre of the woman who has\ndied broken-hearted through the neglect of her married lover haunts him\nand drives him mad, Heathcliffe, in the words of that poem, \"Wild as one\nwhom demons seize,\" cries:--\n    \"Catherine Earnshaw ... you said I killed you--haunt me then! The\n    murdered _do_ haunt their murderers, I believe. I know that ghosts\n    _have_ wandered on earth. Be with me always--take any form--drive\n    me mad!\"\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's poems, \"Frances,\"[82] \"Gilbert,\" and \"Preference\"\n(wherein we have literature in allegory preferred to a lover), show\nthere had been to her a season of darkest misery when, to quote\n_Villette_ concerning herself as Lucy Snowe, \"all her life's hope was\ntorn by the roots out of her riven outraged heart.\" Whether this was the\ntime when, in the words of herself as Jane Eyre, \"faith was blighted,\nconfidence destroyed\": a time to her when Mr. Rochester (M. H\u00e9ger) was\nnot to her \"what she had thought him,\" the reader shall decide. But in\n_Villette_ and _Jane Eyre_ she \"would not ascribe vice to him; ... would\nnot say he had betrayed\" her. She forgave him all: yet not in words, not\noutwardly; only at [her] heart's core. See the phase of M. Pelet in the\n_The Professor_.\nEvidence shows it was in her dark season when Charlotte Bront\u00eb wrote\n_Wuthering Heights_, and that she portrayed M. H\u00e9ger therein with all\nthe vindictiveness of a woman with \"a riven outraged heart,\" the wounds\nin which yet rankled sorely. Thus may we understand her saying in her\nfamous preface to _Wuthering Heights_:--\n    Heathcliffe betrays one solitary human feeling, and that is _not_\n    his love for Catherine, which is a sentiment fierce and inhuman: a\n    passion such as might boil and glow in the bad essence of some\n    evil genius [see my reference to \"Robin-a-Ree\"; and to the Craven\n    Satyr, page 142]; a fire that might form the tormented centre--the\n    ever-suffering soul of a magnate of the infernal world: and by its\n    quenchless and ceaseless ravage effect the execution of the decree\n    which dooms him to carry Hell with him ... we should say he was a\n    man's shape animated by demon life.... Whether it is right or\n    advisable to create a being like Heathcliffe I do not know; I\n    scarcely think it is.\nEven in _Villette_ there were recurrences of the spasmodic spirit of\nvindictiveness responsible for Charlotte Bront\u00eb's harsh portrayal of M.\nH\u00e9ger as Heathcliffe, though \"at her heart's core she then forgave him.\"\nIn _Villette_, Chapter XX., she refers to M. Paul (M. H\u00e9ger)\nantithetically, and all the more significantly, in a comparison of him\nwith Dr. John Bretton, of whom she says:--\n    Who could help liking him? _He_ betrayed no weakness which\n    harassed all your feelings with considerations as to how its\n    faltering must be propped; from _him_ broke no irritability which\n    startled calm and quenched mirth; _his_ lips let fall no caustic\n    that burned to the bone; _his_ eye shot no morose shafts that went\n    cold, and rusty, and venomed through your heart.\n_Wuthering Heights_, however, containing too humiliating a story of\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's heart-thrall, her misery and her wild vindictiveness,\nand also for the reasons stated in the beginning of this chapter--her\nsaving remorse--she seems early to have determined to repudiate her\nauthorship of it; indeed, so largely is she now found to have used the\nwork in _Jane Eyre_, we might say she once had contemplated destroying\nthe manuscript. The subsequent arrangement made in the name of Ellis\nBell that the work by the same author should go to Mr. Newby, the\npublisher of _Wuthering Heights_, gave finality to this tragedy of\nauthorship which, but for the discoveries in this, _The Key to the\nBront\u00eb Works_, would have remained for ever unrevealed, and a reproach\nto literature--a thing of untruth thickly hidden.\nHad Charlotte Bront\u00eb destroyed _Wuthering Heights_ before its\npublication she would have saved this sensational disclosure. But she\nhesitated to destroy the manuscript at once, and as an alternative to\nidentifying herself with its authorship, she sent forth her work under a\n_nom de guerre_, part of which had been employed by her sister Emily. We\nwell know the difficulties that resulted; the judgment of scholars and\nthinkers was impugned and their sane pronouncements were pilloried. To\ncover Charlotte Bront\u00eb's regretful error were to connive against law and\nliterature. _Wuthering Heights_ being published, the work was the\nworld's property; it stood for public purposes, to submit to all\ncriticism and research, and it came neither in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nprovince nor in that of any person to prevent its being subjected to the\nfinal inquiry with which the cold light of truth exposes all things.\nDoubtless Charlotte Bront\u00eb perceived this, and regretting the facileness\nof her pen and the vituperativeness of her mood of that past and hateful\nnight, she set herself, in her subsequent works, to make clear she had\noverdrawn the bitterness of the relations which one time had existed\nbetween herself and M. H\u00e9ger. Perhaps she could not expect her\nretractions would be understood of all men, but it pleased her inmost\nsoul, and having a final sense of justice, and a softening of her heart\nfor her vehement passionateness, she continued in all her works\nsubsequent to her _Wuthering Heights_ to reconstruct this her early\nversion. Thus Charlotte Bront\u00eb as Caroline Helstone of _Shirley_ is\nCatherine Earnshaw of _Wuthering Heights_, with the distinction I\nmention. Moore is admitted, as I have said, to have been drawn from M.\nH\u00e9ger[83]:--\n  _Wuthering Heights._                _Shirley._\n  Chapter XII.                        Chapter XXIV.\n  Catherine's illness, and her        Caroline's illness, and her\n    doubting the absent lover,          doubting the absent lover,\n    Heath(cliffe). Mrs. Dean in         Moor(e). Mrs Pryor in\n  \"And I dying!\" exclaimed            \"Am I ill?\" asked Caroline of\n  Catherine to Mrs. Dean. \"I on       Mrs. Pryor, and looked at\n  the brink of the grave! My God!     herself in the glass; ... she\n  does he know how I'm altered?\"      felt ... her brain in strange\n  continued she, staring at her       activity.... Now followed a hot,\n  reflection in a mirror.... How      parched, restless night ... one\n  dreary to meet death surrounded     terrible dream seized her like a\n  by their cold faces.... Edgar [?    tiger ... a fever of mental\n  Mr. Bront\u00eb] standing solemnly by    excitement, and a languor of\n  to see it over; then offering       long conflict and habitual\n  prayers of thanks to God for        sadness had fanned the flame ...\n  restoring peace to his house,       and left a well-lit fire behind\n  and going back to his _books_.      it....\n  Tossing about, she increased her\n  feverish bewilderment of            \"Oh!\" exclaimed Caroline, \"God\n  madness, ... then, raising          grant me a little comfort before\n  herself, desired that ... [Mrs.     I die!... But he [Moor(e)] will\n  Dean] would open the window.        come when I am senseless, cold,\n  And farther on, in delirium, as     soul feel then? Can it see or\n  though her lover were present:--    know what happens to the clay?\n  \"Heath(cliffe) ... they may bury    communicate with living flesh?\n  me twelve feet deep, and throw      Can the dead at all re-visit\n  the church down over me, and I      those they leave? Can they come\n  won't rest till you are with        in the elements? Will wind,\n  me!\" [\"Heath(cliffe), I only        water, fire, lend me a path to\n  wish us never to be parted, and     Moor(e)? Is it for nothing the\n  should a word of mine distress      wind ... passes the casement\n  you hereafter, think I feel the     sobbing?... Does nothing haunt\n  same distress underground,\" says    it?\"\n  Catherine, in a further chapter]\n  \"I never will.\" She paused and      When Catherine dies Heathcliffe\n  resumed ... [Heath(cliffe's)]       says:--\"Catherine ... you said I\n  considering--\"He'd rather I'd       killed you--haunt me then!\" And\n  come to him! Find a way             haunt him she does. In the words\n  then![84] not through that          of Caroline Helstone of\n  kirkyard. You are slow! Be          _Shirley_ she \"revisits him she\n  content, you always followed        has left.\" She \"goes in the\n  Mrs. Dean perceived it vain \"to     is not \"for nothing the wind\n  argue against her insanity.\"        passes the casement of\n  Chapter XIII.\n  Mrs. Dean continues:--              Convalescent, Caroline\n  In those two months [Catherine]\n  encountered and conquered the       \"... I am better now.... I feel\n  worst shock of what was             where I am: this is Mrs. Pryor\n  denominated as brain fever. The     near me.... I was dreaming....\n  first time she left the chamber     Does the churchyard look\n  ... on her pillow [was] a           peaceful?... Can you see many\n  handful of golden crocuses; her     long weeds and nettles among the\n  eye, long stranger to any gleam     graves, or do they look turfy or\n  of pleasure, caught them in         flowery?\"\n  waking.\n  \"These are the earliest flowers     gleaming like pearls on some\n  at the Heights!... Is there not     mounds,\" replied Mrs. Pryor.[85]\n  a south wind, and is not the\n  snow gone?\"\nIt is in _Shirley_ that Charlotte Bront\u00eb gives, inadvertently\nor purposely, the origin of the title of _Wuthering Heights_,\nand we see therewith why she came afterwards to choose for her\nautobiographical-self in _Villette_, the name of Lucy Snowe. We perceive\nshe had been singularly impressed by an old Scottish ballad, entitled,\n\"Puir Mary Lee,\" and it is important and interesting to note that Dr.\nJoseph Wright's _English Dialect Dictionary_ refers readers to this very\nsame poem in connection with the origin of the northern word\n\"wuthering,\" in the form of the verb \"whudder,\" or \"wuther.\" And so, in\na letter to Mr. W. S. Williams, of November 6th, 1852, Miss Bront\u00eb wrote\nof Lucy Snowe[86]:--\n    As to the name of the heroine, I can hardly express what subtlety\n    of thought made me decide upon giving her a cold name; but at\n    first I called her 'Lucy Snowe' (spelt with an 'e'), which 'Snowe'\n    I afterwards changed to 'Frost.' Subsequently I rather regretted\n    the change, and wished it 'Snowe' again. If not too late, I should\n    like the alteration to be made now throughout the MS. A _cold_\n    name she must have; partly, perhaps on the _lucus a non lucendo_\n    principle--partly on that of the 'fitness of things,' for she has\n    about her an external coldness.\nThus we understand Charlotte Bront\u00eb was anxious that her\nautobiographical-self in _Villette_ should be called Snowe. While, in\nmentioning the matter to her publishers, she endeavoured to show a\nsuperficial and commonplace reason for her singular choice, the truth\nunderlies her words wherein she says she \"can hardly express what\nsubtlety of thought\" made her decide upon \"a cold name.\"\nThe subtlety of thought that dictated the choice of the \"cold name\"\nSnowe had, we shall see, a connection with the old Scottish ballad,\n\"Puir Mary Lee,\" which evidence shows was responsible at the dark season\nto which I have referred for Charlotte Bront\u00eb's choice of the title of\n_Wuthering Heights_--for her identifying her own bitterness with that of\n\"Puir Mary Lee.\"\nIt is in _Shirley_, Chapter VII., that Charlotte Bront\u00eb writes:--\n    Nature ... is an excellent friend, sealing the lips, interdicting\n    utterance, commanding a placid dissimulation; a dissimulation\n    often wearing an easy and gay mien at first, settling down to\n    sorrow and paleness in time, then passing away, and leaving a\n    convenient stoicism, not the less fortifying because half-bitter.\n    [As Lucy Snowe, Charlotte Bront\u00eb writes in _Villette_ in perfect\n    sympathy with this: \"If I feel, may I never express? I groaned\n    under her (Reason's) bitter sternness ... she could not rest\n    unless I were altogether crushed, cowed, broken-in, and\n    broken-down. According to her, I was born only to work for a piece\n    of bread, to await the pains of death, and steadily through all\n    life to despond. Reason might be right.\"] Who has read the ballad\n    of 'Puir Mary Lee'?--that old Scotch ballad, written I know not in\n    what generation nor by what hand. Mary had been ill-used--probably\n    in being made to believe that truth which is falsehood; she is not\n    complaining, but she is sitting alone in the snow-storm, and you\n    hear her thoughts ... those of a deeply feeling, strongly\n    resentful peasant girl. Anguish has driven her from the ingle-nook\n    of home, to the white-shrouded and icy hills: crouched under the\n    'cauld drift,' she recalls every image of horror, ... she hates\n    these, but 'waur' she hates 'Robin-a-Ree!'\n      \"Oh! ance I lived happily by yon bonny burn--\n        The warld was in love wi' me;\n      But now I maun sit 'neath the cauld drift and mourn,\n        And curse black Robin-a-Ree!\n      \"Then whudder awa' thou bitter biting blast,\n        And sough through the scrunty tree,\n      And smoor me up in the snaw fu' fast\n        And ne'er let the sun me see!\n      \"Oh, never melt awa' thou wreath o' snaw,\n        That's sae kind in graving me;\n      But hide me frae the scorn and guffaw\n        O' villains like Robin-a-Ree!\"\nThus internal evidence proves that the name of _Wuthering Heights_ for\nthe abode of the \"deeply feeling, strongly resentful peasant girl,\"\nCatherine Earnshaw, was primarily chosen by Charlotte Bront\u00eb because of\nits special appeal to her own mood at a given period, in relation to the\nballad of \"Puir Mary Lee,\" and proves that the choice of the name of\nSnowe for her \"cold and altered\" autobiographical self in _Villette_ was\ndictated by its connection therewith.\nIn this light glance at Charlotte Bront\u00eb's poem \"Mementos,\" and at the\nfollowing verses from her \"Frances\":--\n    \"And when thy opening eyes shall see\n      Mementos, on the chamber wall,\n    Of one who has forgotten thee,\n      Shed not the tear of acrid gall.\n    \"Vain as the passing gale, my crying;\n      Though lightning-struck,[87] I must live on;\n    I know, at heart, there is no dying\n      Of love and ruined hope alone.\n    \"The very wildness of my sorrow\n      Tells me I yet have innate force;\n    My track of life has been too narrow,\n      Effort shall trace a broader course.\"\nThere is an apparent relationship of this last verse with the remarks in\nChapter XXV. of _The Professor_, on Hunsden's \"Lucia,\" of whom he\nsays:--\"I should ... have liked to marry her, and that I _have_ not done\nso is a proof that I _could_ not.\" Lucia's (Miss Bront\u00eb's) \"faculty\" was\nliterature: the physiognomy was obviously an obfuscation. It is\nsignificant that Charlotte Bront\u00eb again took \"Lucia,\" for the Christian\nname of Lucia or Lucy Snowe. See my references to Hunsden as a phase of\nM. H\u00e9ger.\nPerceiving, therefore, that Charlotte Bront\u00eb had likened herself to the\nheroine of \"Puir Mary Lee,\" in so far as to be influenced by it to give\nthe title of _Wuthering Heights_ to one of her works, and to take the\nname of Snowe later for her autobiographical self, we understand why she\nwrote in _Jane Eyre_, Chapter XXVI.:--\n    Jane Eyre, who had been an ardent, expectant woman, ... was a\n    cold, solitary girl again: her life was pale; her prospects were\n    desolate. A Christmas frost [see my reference to the name of Lucy\n    Frost] had come at midsummer; a white December storm had whirled\n    over June; ice glazed the ripe apples, drifts crushed the blowing\n    roses; on hayfield and cornfield lay a frozen shroud [see \"the\n    snow-storm, the white-shrouded and frosty hills,\" the \"cauld\n    drift,\" the \"whuddering blast,\" etc., of \"Puir Mary Lee\" in\n    _Shirley_], lanes which last night blushed full of flowers to-day\n    were pathless with untrodden snow; and the woods, ... now spread\n    waste, wild, and white as pine forests in wintry Norway. My hopes\n    were all dead--struck with a subtle doom.... I looked at my love:\n    that feeling which was my master's--which he had created; it\n    shivered in my heart like a suffering child in a cold cradle;\n    sickness and anguish had seized it; it could not seek Mr.\n    Rochester's arms--it could not derive warmth from his breast. Oh,\n    never more could it turn to him; for faith was\n    blighted--confidence destroyed! Mr. Rochester was not to me what\n    he had been.... I would not say he had betrayed me: but the\n    attribute of stainless truth was gone from his idea [see\n    \"Robin-a-Ree\"], and from his presence I must go; _that_ I\n    perceived well.... That bitter hour cannot be described: in truth,\n    'the waters came into my soul; I sank in deep mire; I felt no\n    standing; I came into deep waters; the floods overflowed me.'\nThe inclusion in _Shirley_ of the ballad of \"Puir Mary Lee\" and the\nremarks anent it were apparently digressive, but they are followed by\nthe \"subtle\" disclaimer:--\n    But what has been said in the last page or two is not germane to\n    Caroline Helstone's feelings, or to the state of things between\n    her and Robert Moore. Robert had done her no wrong; he had told\n    her no lie; it was she that was to blame, if any one was; what\n    bitterness her mind distilled should and would be poured on her\n    own head.\nIndeed, there is evidence of a reconciliation between M. H\u00e9ger and\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb, this being most marked in _Jane Eyre_ and _Shirley_.\nIn connection with the reasons responsible for Charlotte Bront\u00eb's choice\nof the title of _Wuthering Heights_, it is interesting to note some\n\"subtlety of thought\" dictated Charlotte's telling us in _Shirley_,\nChapter XXXIII., of Caroline and her lover that:--\n    The air was now dark with snow; an Iceland blast was driving it\n    wildly. This pair neither heard the long \"wuthering\" rush, nor saw\n    the white burden it drifted; each seemed conscious but of one\n    thing--the presence of the other.\nAfter the close of 1850, Charlotte Bront\u00eb resolved into the mood which\nwas an earlier characteristic; and the choice of the name of Snowe for\nherself and the extraordinary tenacity with which she held to the name,\nhaving it re-inscribed in _Villette_ by the printers though she had\nherself changed it, show she had returned somewhat to that state in\nregard to her affection for M. H\u00e9ger responsible for the passionateness\nof her _Wuthering Heights_. And as following the completion of\n_Villette_ she decided to marry a man she did not really love, I would\nsay her mood was honestly in sympathy with that in which she wrote\n_Wuthering Heights_ through bitter, adverse circumstances and the\nwarping of destiny, and did not result from Sydney Dobell's advice to\nher when, having read _Shirley_ and _Jane Eyre_, and despite her\ndisclaimer in a preface, thinking she was the author of _Wuthering\nHeights_, he advised her to resume the frame of mind in which she had\npenned her _Wuthering Heights_.[88]\nDobell's supposition that she wrote the book had no connection\nwhatsoever with my discovering Charlotte Bront\u00eb was the author of\n_Wuthering Heights_; neither had the fact that Miss Rigby--Lady\nEastlake--in _The Quarterly Review_, spoke of _Wuthering Heights_ as\n\"purporting to be written by Ellis Bell\" but having \"a decided family\nlikeness to _Jane Eyre_,\" and with still more point, identified\n\"Catherine and Heathcliffe of _Wuthering Heights_ as Jane and Rochester\nof _Jane Eyre_ in their native state.\" For I early found I must credit\nonly the internal evidence of the Bront\u00eb works as my interpretative\nguide. Having written \"The Key to _Jane Eyre_\" nothing could prevent my\ndiscovery of that novel's kinship with _Wuthering Heights_; and so far\nback as August 29, 1902, I penned in a private letter enclosed with the\nproof sheets of my article to Mr. Harold Hodge, the editor of _The\nSaturday Review_, a confession that I was finding a strong kinship\nbetween the two novels. I owe to my persistent consciousness of this\nclose kinship the fact that I finally discovered the amazing secrets of\n_Wuthering Heights_, and was enabled to state publicly in my\n_Fortnightly Review_ article of March 1907, Charlotte Bront\u00eb and none\nother wrote _Wuthering Heights_. It was then I turned with interest to\nthe remarks of Sydney Dobell, the author of _Balder_, and \"a notable\nfigure in the history of English thought\" as he has been named, whose\nreview of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's works had resulted in her being acclaimed a\nleading author and a genius. It was in _The Palladium_ of September 1850\nSydney Dobell said:--\n    That any hand but that which shaped _Jane Eyre_ and _Shirley_ cut\n    out the rougher earlier statues [in _Wuthering Heights_] we should\n    require more than the evidence of our senses to believe; ... the\n    author of _Jane Eyre_ need fear nothing in acknowledging these ...\n    immature creations.[89]... When Currer Bell writes her next novel,\n    let her remember ... the frame of mind in which she sat down to\n    write her first [_Wuthering Heights_]. She will never sin so much\n    against consistent drawing as to draw another Heathcliffe.... In\n    _Jane Eyre_ we find ... only further evidence of the same\n    producing qualities to which _Wuthering Heights_ bears testimony.\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb warmly thanked him and protested. With eager honesty he\nagain and again begged her to visit him and discuss the authorship of\n_Wuthering Heights_. Could Sidney Dobell but have been told the secret\ntragedy of Currer Bell's life and the bitterness of her cup, how he\nwould have shrunk from inflicting her with an intrusive personal\ninquiry. And in all innocence he had asked her to revive the frame of\nmind in which, to use the words in _Jane Eyre_, her heart had been\n\"weeping blood\"!\n_Wuthering Heights_ was wrought near the furnace of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nfiery ordeal, and gives at its intensest that which glows through her\nother works, finally to flash up and smoulder out in _Villette_. By\nreason of its clear portrayal of woman when she is very woman _Wuthering\nHeights_ towers above all common literary artistry, one of the finest\nnovels in the world, an abiding monument to the vital genius of\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb. After her return from Brussels her life was a long\nhuman conflict, with vain regrets, vindictive recriminations, and luring\nmemories opposing heroic commandings in the name of right and virtue.\nAll honour to her that she fought to win!\nHad Charlotte Bront\u00eb and M. H\u00e9ger been characterless individuals of the\ncommon type who, knowing nothing of self-sacrifice and nobleness of\nlife, yield to the call of immediate and unlicensed impulse, we could\nnever have had these most vital representations, these most poignant\nrevelations of the Martyrdom of Virtue--the works of our immortal Currer\nBell. Her vehicle of confession--her dialect, was what men have termed\nfiction. But her heart was satisfied that truth has its ultimate appeal;\nand in the way of those sententious writers of old who garbed in an\nattractive vesture veritable and momentous records which would be\npreserved because they entertained, she gave the history of her life in\na series of dramas we call the Bront\u00eb novels. For sixty years these have\nbeen read only as the creations of a brain that spun interesting\nfiction! Now, by aid of _The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_, it is revealed\nthey are more than this, and we discover the real greatness of Currer\nBell and the high rank of her genius. Like that which creates the\nnoblest and most enduring of the world's literature, the genius of\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb truthfully preserves the past, while it will intimately\nappeal to and have a salient lesson and an inspiring message for any one\nso ever who shall read, be it here and now, or in the time to come.\nCHAPTER XVI.\nTHE BRONT\u00cb POEMS.\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb loved her sisters Emily and Anne, but in her\nintroduction to the poetical selections from their literary remains she\nsays little concerning their verse, preferring to give of each sister a\nkind of short biographical memoir. In dealing with Emily she dwelt\npoetically upon the features of the Yorkshire moors, and thus extended\nto Emily's verses that atmosphere and charm which she (Charlotte) had\nfixed in _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_; and in writing upon Anne\nshe complained her verse gave evidence of a too melancholy religious\nfeeling. The eldest surviving child in the Bront\u00eb family, after the\ndeaths of Maria and Elizabeth, it was Charlotte Bront\u00eb who would first\nset the ideal of literary composition before the Bront\u00eb children. To her\ninitial impulse, therefore, owe we the literary compositions that came\nfrom the pens of Emily, Anne, and Branwell. Evidence of this truth is\nthe fact that Emily, Anne, and Branwell, in their writing, never got\n\"right away,\" as the hunting phrase has it.\nThere are many definitions of genius: may I define it as a message?\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb had a message. Emily had none. _Wuthering Heights_ and\nall the other works of Charlotte Bront\u00eb, prose and verse, had a vital\nmessage. Ellis Bell had no message. In a sort of idle, ruminative\ncontemplation Emily Bront\u00eb constructed verse unburdened with\npurpose--verse that became involved at the moment it should have soared.\nI believe we have the secret of what I may call Emily's \"involved\nmoments\" in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's description of her as Shirley Keeldar in\n_Shirley_, Chapter XXII., wherein we are told Emily saw visions, as it\nwere, \"faster than Thought can effect his combinations.\" We feel\nsomething of the clouded chaos of her moment of writing in her more\nimpassioned or laboured verses; their illogic and incoherence fix it\ndistressfully. Charlotte, to resume her reference to Emily in _Shirley_\nabove quoted, further tells us that \"so long as she is calm, indolence,\nindulgence, humour, and tenderness possess\" her eye; \"incense her, ...\nit instantly quickens to flame.\" And with her verse, so long as it was\nunburdened, indolent, it ran smoothly and pleasantly along with the\nsimplicity of the _insouciant_; but confronted with magnitude the\nimagination flamed, reason and logic were involved, and there was an end\nof art. In her excited combativeness she hit out rashly. Thus in her\nlast verses, considered her masterpiece, she says the \"thousand creeds\"\nwhich move men's hearts were \"vain\" to \"waken doubt\" in her creed, blind\nto the fact that truth and worship finally converge to one point,\nhowsoever diverse their starting-places. The very unbeliever is a\nwitness to man's innate seeking for truth and right: he is a\nnon-believer in this or that because he conceives truth to be remote\nfrom it. He seeks truth albeit he is a wide wanderer.\nIn \"The Old Stoic\" we have a \"stoic\" in Emily's r\u00f4le of bold challenger\nof chimera. \"Courage to endure\" and \"a chainless soul\" are what this old\nstoic would ask for! The poet was ignorant of or indifferent to the fact\nthat a true stoic, according to the rule of Epictetus, seeks to be not\nother than he is, and is content wheresoever he be, whatsoever his lot.\nThe words of this poem are those of a bold neophyte, and they are\ninteresting chiefly because we see advanced in them the hypothesis of\npunishment common to Emily's chimera-creating imagination. To repeat: so\nlong as her mood was calm her verse ran pleasantly and smoothly along.\nBut the saying tells us, \"The good seaman is known in bad weather\"; and\nso with the poet. Life is not a placid lake: the lethal lightnings play,\nand faith and happiness are threatened continually and on the whole\nhorizon.\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb, with memory of her own life-storm which has left us\nher _Wuthering Heights_, _Jane Eyre_, and her other great prose works,\nwrote her introduction to Emily's poems in the spirit of one who looked\nupon her pieces as the reflections of an uneventful life in the inner\nsense of vital soul-conflict.\nAnne Bront\u00eb's gentle poems, like Emily's, will appeal particularly to\nsuch readers as have sympathetic temperaments; they will not call to the\nhuman heart like the clarion notes of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's poem \"Passion,\"\nbut mayhap their low whisperings may waken sadly pleasant memories.\nWith Currer Bell's poems I deal in various chapters, wherein we perceive\ntheir relationship to _Wuthering Heights_ and her other books which\nresulted from the harsh rigours of her tempest-bestormed night.\nAnd shall we not say a word for Branwell Bront\u00eb? He too wrote verse.[90]\nHe was not a genius in the sense of my definition, but his verse is such\nas might appear in a member of a family a generation or a degree of kin\nremoved from the genius of the house. Him we must remember\ncompassionately as one physically weak, an unhappy victim of\ncircumstances against which he had not the moral force to fight. Nor\nshall we forget that the Rev. Patrick Bront\u00eb, the father, wrote and\npublished verse. His productions were printed in pamphlet form, and have\nbeen collected and republished.[91] As literature they are unimportant,\nbut to the curious they may have a sort of interest.\nAPPENDIX.\nMINOR IDENTIFICATIONS OF PERSONS AND PLACES IN THE BRONT\u00cb WORKS.\n\"WUTHERING HEIGHTS.\"\nThere is not satisfactory evidence to enable the identification of the\noriginals of Wuthering Heights the abode, and Thrushcross Grange.\nSimilar homesteads are found anywhere near the Yorkshire moors.\nArchitectural peculiarities and appointments are ever accretive\nproperties with the novelist of imagination and latitude. This\nobservation should be kept in mind also in regard to Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\nother works. See my remarks on page 57.\n\"JANE EYRE.\"\nThe interior of Thornfield Hall, as I mention on page 35, has been\nidentified with that of \"Norton Conyers,\" near Ripon; externally it has\nbeen associated with \"The Rydings,\" near Birstall. Ferndean Manor has\nbeen identified with Wycollar Hall, near Colne. A Bront\u00eb biographer says\nthis place was set on fire by a mad woman,[92] but the story finds no\nmention in _The Annals of Colne_, 1878, or in _Lancashire Legends_,\n1873, though \"Wyecoller Hall\" is dealt with at length in each work.\n\"SHIRLEY.\"\nGomersall and Birstall, near Batley, Yorkshire, contribute to the\nbackground of this story. \"Field Head\" has been identified with\nOakwell Hall, an Elizabethan mansion. Evidence shows that intimately the\nRectory in _Shirley_ was in the main Haworth Parsonage to Charlotte\nBront\u00eb. In _The Dictionary of National Biography_ Leslie Stephen\nsays:--\"Bront\u00eb, ... a strong Churchman and a man of imperious and\npassionate character, ... is partly represented by Mr. Helstone in\n_Shirley_, though a [Rev.] Mr. Roberson ... supplied ... characteristic\ntraits.\" And Mr. Francis Leyland, who drew much of his information from\nNancy Garrs, a Bront\u00eb servant, says that the fourth chapter of\n_Shirley_, wherein Charlotte speaks of the grossly untrue reports of\nMr. Helstone's dry-eyed mourning, etc., for his wife, is a defence\nreally of Mr. Bront\u00eb. Helstone was a composite character, as also was\nMrs. Pryor, to whom, without doubt, Miss Wooler contributed, though\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb once had a grave difference with her. Miss Nussey, who\npathetically and wrongly believed herself Caroline Helstone, proclaimed\nMiss Wooler, her schoolmistress, as the prototype of Mrs. Pryor.\nEvidence declares, however, that in many regards this character was also\ndrawn from Tabitha Aykroyd. And we see that Charlotte Bront\u00eb, years\nbefore, in her _Wuthering Heights_, had given an ecclesiastical\nname--that of Dean--to her portrayal of the one woman who alone ever\ntook up the part of mother for her--Tabitha Aykroyd. Nevertheless Mrs.\nPryor was in the main a composite character, largely at the service of\n\"story\" requirements. Sometimes she is Tabitha, sometimes Miss Wooler;\nelsewhile she is neither. Mr. Macarthey is said to represent the Rev.\nArthur Bell Nicholls, who became Charlotte Bront\u00eb's husband.\nThe references in _Shirley_, Chapters XII. and XXVII., to Robin Hood's\nconnection with Nunnwood and to the ruins of a nunnery, identify Nunnely\nin the circumstances, with Hartshead, near Brighouse and Dewsbury;\nNunnely Church with Hartshead Church (Mr. Bront\u00eb was once vicar here),\nand the Priory with Kirklees Hall or Priory--Kirklees Park, as we may\nsee by turning to Dr. Whitaker's _Loidis and Elmete_, pages 306-9\n(1816), wherein we find mention of Robin Hood and an old Cistercian\nnunnery in connection with Kirklees, appropriately now the residence of\nSir George J. Armytage, Bart., one of the founders of the Harleian\nSociety. Whinbury has been identified with Dewsbury; but I do not know\nthat it has been remarked the name Dewsbury may have suggested to\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb the dewberry, bramble, or blackberry, thus leading her\nto adopt \"whinberry\" and, finally, Whinbury. The attack on Hollow's Mill\nis said to have been founded on an attempt in 1812, when an assault was\nmade on the factory of Mr. Cartwright near Dewsbury.\n\"THE PROFESSOR\" AND \"VILLETTE.\"\n_The Professor_, Charlotte Bront\u00eb offered to Messrs. Aylott & Jones in\nApril 1846, was not published till after her death. It is related to\n_Villette_ in something of the way, though not so verbally and\nintimately, that _Wuthering Heights_ is to _Jane Eyre_. The early\nchapters deal vaguely with a West Riding of Yorkshire town, but the\nscene quickly changes to Brussels. The H\u00e9ger _pension_ is recognized as\nthe original of the schools in both novels, but in _Villette_ the place\nVillette occasionally becomes London as Charlotte Bront\u00eb knew it on her\nvisits. Mr. George Smith, the Bront\u00eb publisher, and his mother, are\nportrayed as the Brettons. Mr. Smith showed Charlotte Bront\u00eb the sights\nof London: the theatres, picture galleries, churches, etc.; and we have\nreflected in _Villette_ incidents associated with her seeing these\nplaces.[93] The reader will find a phase of Currer Bell in Paulina--Miss\nde Bassompierre, and a sympathetic phase of Mr. Bront\u00eb in her father,\nfor after the deaths of Emily, Anne, and Branwell, Charlotte and her\nfather were brought closer to each other. And like Mr. \"Home\" de\nBassompierre, he had \"no more daughters and no son.\"[94] Towards the\nclose of _Villette_ we may find a phase of the Rev. Mr. Nicholls,\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's husband, in Dr. John Bretton, my previous remarks\nupon whom observe. It was shortly after the completion of _Villette_ Mr.\nNicholls proposed successfully, but it would seem by the concluding\nchapters Miss Bront\u00eb expected this. The picture of the disappointment of\nthe old father that his popular daughter would marry a plain character\nin life suggests to us the disappointment of the Rev. Patrick Bront\u00eb in\nregard to his daughter's marrying a curate. See Chapter XXXVII. Paulina,\nof course, is the feminine of Paul; and the original of M. Paul of this\nwork we now well know. See footnote on page 120.\nThe chronological sequences in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's novels are seldom\ncarefully ordered: this should be remembered in reference to her record\nof events in her own life.\n\"AGNES GREY\" AND \"THE TENANT OF WILDFELL HALL.\"\n_Agnes Grey_ contains simple and natural portrayals of governess life in\nthe eighteen-forties; and the following _Wildfell Hall_, we may\nconjecture, is built from evolved incidents founded on hearsay and\nexperience. Whether Miss Bront\u00eb had assisted Anne or not, it is certain\n_Wildfell Hall_ has something in common with Currer Bell's novels. The\nbooks connected with the name of Acton Bell, however, are not important\nas literature in the higher sense of the word; and though a member of\nMessrs. Smith & Elder remarked to Miss Bront\u00eb upon a similarity in the\nleading male characters of _Wildfell Hall_ to Rochester, interest in it\nis merely dependent upon its association with the greater Bront\u00eb works,\nand the book does not call for sedulous inquiry.\nTHE H\u00c9GER PORTRAIT OF CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb IN THE NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY.\nThe Trustees of the National Portrait Gallery, London, purchased in July\n1906, a hitherto unheard of portrait of Charlotte Bront\u00eb, painted in\nwater-colours in 1850, and stated to be by M. H\u00e9ger. A reproduction of\nthe portrait was given in _The Cornhill Magazine_ for October 1906, Mr.\nReginald J. Smith, K.C., of Messrs. Smith, Elder & Co., the Bront\u00eb\npublishers, having to do with its discovery.\nIn the early autumn of 1906, Mr. Lionel Cust, M.V.O., Surveyor of the\nKing's Pictures and Works of Art, then Director of the National Portrait\nGallery, was busily corresponding with me in regard to this portrait of\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb, the authenticity of which became sensationally\nattacked. At once I pointed out the importance and significance of the\nportrait's being signed \"Paul H\u00e9ger,\" instead of \"Constantin H\u00e9ger\"; and\nother matters. In March 1907, I appended a footnote[95] to my article,\n\"The Lifting of the Bront\u00eb Veil,\" in _The Fortnightly Review_, and on\nMay 16th, 1907, the literary editor of _The Tribune_, Mr. E. G. Hawke,\nhaving placed space at my disposal, I wrote as follows:--\n  CHARLOTTE  BRONT\u00cb.\n  THE H\u00c9GER PORTRAIT.\n  To the Editor of _The Tribune_.\n    SIR,--As the water-colour drawing by M. H\u00e9ger is now a valuable\n    property of the nation, and gives a more intimately faithful and\n    characteristic likeness of Charlotte Bront\u00eb than the Richmond\n    portrait of \"Currer Bell,\" now also hung in the National Portrait\n    Gallery, kindly permit me publicly to present some of the many\n    interesting facts connected with it. The portrait is signed \"Paul\n    H\u00e9ger, 1850\" (the accent is correct), and it represents Miss Bront\u00eb\n    with curls, and reading _Shirley_, on one leaf of which is a heart\n    transfixed with an arrow. The dress that she wears is light green,\n    and on the back of the drawing is inscribed:\n    The Wearin' of the Green; First since Emily's death; that being\n        the first occasion on which Miss Bront\u00eb wore colours after\n        the death of her sister.\n    And below:\n    This drawing is by P. Heg\u00e9r (accent thus), done from life in 1850.\n        The pose was suggested first by a sketch done by her brother\n        Branwell many years previous.\n     The Trustees of the National Portrait Gallery acquired the portrait\n     from a lady whose family obtained it nigh on forty years ago from\n     Mr. Thomas Baylis, a personal friend of Lord Lytton. Mr. Baylis\n     stated that he himself had acquired the portrait from the H\u00e9ger\n     family at Brussels. The children of the Mme. H\u00e9ger who refused to\n     see Mrs. Gaskell because of her dislike to Miss Bront\u00eb, aver that\n     M. H\u00e9ger never drew or painted. The statement, however, is directly\n     opposed by indisputable evidence:\n    (1.) The portrait is authentic, and was drawn from life in 1850, and\n        the inscriptions that it bears it is proved could have been\n        inspired by none other than Charlotte Bront\u00eb herself or\n    (2.) The statement of Mr. Thomas Baylis, a well-connected gentleman.\n    (3.) Eug\u00e8ne Sue, in his 1851 volume of _Miss Mary ou\n        l'Institutrice_, gives, with a clouding of mystery,\n        a lover--G\u00e9rard de Morville--drawing a portrait of Miss\n        Mary \"d'apr\u00e8s nature;\" and M. Sue's _feuilleton_, as\n        I showed in _The Fortnightly Review_ for March, identifies\n        Miss Mary and the de Morvilles as phases of Charlotte\n        Bront\u00eb and the H\u00e9gers.[96]\n    (4.) Miss Bront\u00eb, in _Shirley_, herself presents M. H\u00e9ger--Louis\n        G\u00e9rard Moore--as an artist, and refers to past drawing\n    The authenticity of the inscriptions is not involved in the\n    question as to whether Charlotte Bront\u00eb would use careless\n    spelling, for, if she had written them, couching them in the third\n    person, it is clear that she had not desired to be known as the\n    writer. Upon the other hand, it is discovered to be utterly\n    impossible for any one but Charlotte Bront\u00eb or M. H\u00e9ger to have\n    inspired the inscriptions, whosoever wrote them.\n    SIGNIFICANT PIECES OF EVIDENCE.\n    I find that M. H\u00e9ger was Paul to none but Charlotte Bront\u00eb in 1850,\n    and that before the publication, two years ago, of _Charlotte\n    Bront\u00eb and Her Sisters_, by Mr. Clement Shorter, who, for reasons\n    which he should explain, calls M. Constantin Gilles Romain H\u00e9ger\n    \"M. Paul H\u00e9ger,\" [Throughout that writer's correspondence in _The\n    Times_, etc., and in _Charlotte Bront\u00eb and Her Sisters_: beneath\n    the portrait of M. H\u00e9ger, facing page 198, and bearing the\n    inscription:--M. Paul H\u00e9ger: The Hero of _Villette_ and _The\n    Professor_; and on page 161 of that work] no reference in print had\n    been made to M. H\u00e9ger but as Constantin. The H\u00e9gers state that M.\n    H\u00e9ger was not called Paul, and that Dr. Paul H\u00e9ger, his son, was\n    the first member of the family named Paul.\n    A native of Haworth[98] who lived from 1830 till after the death\n    of Charlotte Bront\u00eb in 1855, \"within twenty yards of the Haworth\n    Parsonage,\" her home, has pronounced the H\u00e9ger portrait of Miss\n    Bront\u00eb to be a correct likeness and \"just like her.\" He says that\n    it reminds him of her as he knew her and as she was in her younger\n    days, and he pointed out to me particularly that he had seen her\n    with her hair as in the H\u00e9ger likeness, \"scores of times before she\n    went away\"--this giving the clue to the reference in the\n    inscription to a pose in a portrait by Branwell \"many years\n    previous\" to 1850; and I have seen a reproduction of a sketch by\n    Branwell wherein the Bront\u00eb sisters have curls. Moreover, I find\n    that Miss Bront\u00eb really liked curls and disliked the other styles,\n    though she conformed to the fashion.\n    I also find that the paper on which the H\u00e9ger portrait of Miss\n    Bront\u00eb was drawn was that used in 1850 by the house where she was a\n    guest in London in the early June of 1850, at the very time to\n    within a day when, as there is indisputable evidence--despite\n    assertions that she \"never under any circumstances during the later\n    period of her life wore a green dress\"--Charlotte Bront\u00eb was\n    wearing a light green dress. That was \"the first occasion on which\n    Miss Bront\u00eb wore colours,\" as the inscription tells us, and fact\n    substantiates, after she had concluded the remarkably long mourning\n    period for her sisters, which began with \"the death of Emily\" and\n    did not end till twelve months after the death of Anne, who died on\n  Scarr Hill, Eccleshill, Bradford, May 16th, 1907.\nThe publication of this letter ended the controversy.[99] Since it was\npublished Mrs. Gaskell's daughters, who well knew Miss Bront\u00eb, have\ndeclared themselves fully satisfied as to the authenticity of the H\u00e9ger\nportrait of Charlotte Bront\u00eb and the faithfulness of the likeness. The\ntestimony of Lady Ritchie, Thackeray's daughter, also supports this\nportrait. See my further references to my correspondence with her\nladyship herewith. As regards the green dress, apart from the\nindisputable external evidence I referred to in the printed letter, I\nbelieve Charlotte Bront\u00eb speaks of it in _Villette_, though therein it\nis for obfuscation's sake (necessary indeed, since _Villette_ was\npublished only a short time after her London visit) made \"pink\" and\n\"flounceless.\" In Chapter XXVIII. we find M. Paul saying--and it is\ninteresting thus to have connected with the green dress a character\nwhose prototype was M. H\u00e9ger--that:\n    \"Pink or scarlet, yellow or crimson, _pea-green_ or sky-blue, [the\n    dress] was all one.\"[100]\nAs I stated to Lady Ritchie in 1907, I believe that in Chapter XX. of\n_Villette_ we undoubtedly have a real glimpse of incidents connected\nwith the wearing of the green dress; and it should be remembered that\nMrs. Bretton and Dr. John Graham Bretton in this chapter represent Mrs.\nSmith, and her son Mr. George Smith, the publisher, whose guest\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb was in 1850, when she first wore the green dress:--\n    One morning, Mrs. Bretton ... desired me to ... show her my\n    dresses; which I did, without a word.\n    \"That will do,\" said she.... \"You must have a new one.\"\n    ... She returned presently with a dressmaker. She had me measured.\n    \"I mean,\" said she, \"to follow my own taste, and to have my own\n    way in this little matter.\"\n    Two days after came home--a pink [green] dress! \"That is not for\n    me,\" I said hurriedly, feeling that I would ... as soon clothe\n    myself in the costume of a Chinese lady of rank.\n    ... \"You will wear it this ... evening.\"\n    I thought I should not; I thought no human force should avail to\n    put me into it.... I knew it not. It knew not me. I had not proved\nBut wear it she did; and when Graham [Mr. George Smith] stood in the\ndoorway looking at her, she tells us her uneasy aspiration was:--\n    \"I _do_ hope he will not think I have been decking myself out to\n    draw attention.\"\nClearly Charlotte Bront\u00eb wished posterity to learn how it came about she\nwas garbed in \"light fabric and bright tint,\" because the green dress\nwas a page in her life's history. In a green dress she sat down to dine,\nas Mr. Thackeray's daughter, Lady Ritchie has written me she well\nremembers, when Charlotte Bront\u00eb dined at Thackeray's house on June 12,\n1850--not the event of the distinguished party, when Carlyle, Miss\nPerry, Mrs. Procter, and others were present, though Lady Ritchie had\nonce confounded the two in writing upon the subject[101]. Mr.\nThackeray's daughter was a young girl at the time to which she referred,\nbut she has made clear to me she saw Miss Bront\u00eb three times; that the\nchief occasion was when Charlotte Bront\u00eb wore the light green dress.\nThis, to quote her ladyship's words to me, was \"not Mrs. Brookfield's\nparty, when neither my sister and I nor our governess dined--though we\ncame down in the evening. The second occasion was just casually at my\nfather's lecture-room, when she did not speak to me, and the third,\nfinally, at the Brookfield evening party, which seems to have been such\na solemn affair[102].\"\nThese facts fix the wearing of the light green dress by Miss Bront\u00eb as\nJune 12, 1850. Lady Ritchie tells me that \"It was at an early family\ndinner by daylight with Charlotte Bront\u00eb, my father, Mr. George Smith,\nmy sister and our governess, that I remember sitting next Miss Bront\u00eb at\ndinner and gazing at her _sleeve_ and mittens. Her dress was of some\ntexture like one I had had myself, which I suppose impressed it upon me,\nand it had a little moss or coral pattern in green on a white ground. I\nonly remember the sleeve, the straight look, and the smooth Victorian\nbandeaux of hair. I am sure she was _differently_ dressed at the\nBrookfield evening party.\"\nOn June 12, 1850, Charlotte Bront\u00eb wrote to her friend, Miss Nussey,\nfrom the Smiths' in London, saying:--\n    Thackeray made a call.... If all be well, I am to dine at his\n    house this evening.[103]\nAnd this was when Miss Bront\u00eb sat in a light green dress at the\nThackeray dinner-table.\nThe Richmond portrait of Charlotte Bront\u00eb being now also in the National\nPortrait Gallery, I may remark that Mrs. Gaskell herself says of this\nportrait:--\"Those best acquainted with the original were least satisfied\nwith the resemblance.... Mr. Bront\u00eb thought ... it looked good and\nlifelike.\" Charlotte Bront\u00eb herself said her father thought the portrait\nlooked older than she. In view of the new interest now attaching to\nTabitha Aykroyd and Charlotte, it is instructive to find the latter\ntelling us Tabitha \"maintains that it is not like,\" and also, that\nTabitha thought it \"too old looking.\" Then she apologized for the old\nservant in a sentence that pathetically recalls Mrs. Dean and Bessie of\n\"Catherine's\" and \"Jane's\" childhood--\"Doubtless she confuses her\nrecollections of me as I was in childhood, with present\nimpressions.\"[104] We discover, therefore, that in the main there was\nreally dissatisfaction at the \"old looking\" presentation, and we see\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb from the beginning must have wished she had had her\nhair arrangement in that portrait as was common to her at home and in\nher younger days. Hence do we get a further insight into the origin of\nthe different pose in the more characteristic and intimately faithful\nH\u00e9ger portrait of Charlotte Bront\u00eb.\nI stated in a letter to _The Academy_, August 1st, 1908, that \"were it\npossible by application of a cipher code to discover the words 'Emily\nBront\u00eb' in every sentence of _Wuthering Heights_, I could not even then\nsay any one wrote the book but Charlotte Bront\u00eb.\" If people write before\nthey think, then importance can be attached to clerical testimony and\nexternal associations to the disadvantage of internal and literal\nevidence. But inspiration, thought, and fact denote in questions of\nauthorship, and therefore that is author of a work whose thoughts and\nwords are expressed and inmost life revealed therein. _Wuthering\nHeights_, we now see, is Charlotte Bront\u00eb, and it matters not what\namanuensis dealt with the relation--what sequence of complications\nresulted from her first day of handing over the work to her sister, and\nof conspiring to conceal her authorship.\nHad not my own two sisters died, I might have been tempted to make them\nnovelists: out of my bottom drawer I could have provided them with a\nnovel each and one for a \"follow-on,\" and yet have left myself some\nmaturer works in hand. But _my_ sisters would have had to copy out the\nmanuscripts for the printers from my first drafts, and in every way\npossible to merit and to establish association with the books as\nauthors. And how indignant we would have been--nay, alarmed, had there\nbeen a \"Newby arrangement,\" at some daring critic, like Lady Eastlake\nand Sydney Dobell, imputing they were the work of one mind! Would we not\nhave appealed to clerical testimony? With a more practised hand\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb in her days of fame corrected and edited _Wuthering\nHeights_. Emily was dead. Well might Charlotte say the labour left her\n\"prostrate and entombed.\" What memories had it recalled!--what a\nhistory! It is obvious to all who consider carefully the letter\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb penned Wordsworth, to which I refer in the footnote on\npage 17 of _The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_, that she wrote her books\nrapidly; and a review of the fact that the Bront\u00eb school project was\nrenounced in favour of literary projects suggests Currer Bell in 1845-46\nrevealed to her sisters the advantages of having a bottom drawer. Let\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb, and it will be perceived quite easily that _Wuthering\nHeights_ is irrefutably at one with Currer Bell and all her other\nbooks--that the works of Charlotte Bront\u00eb are all related to each other,\nto Charlotte Bront\u00eb, and to the facts and people of her life as seen and\nknown by herself. The reader of a given Bront\u00eb work will glance down the\nto find these very important and intensely interesting connections, now\nfirst shown to exist:--\nTO THE LIFE AND WORKS OF CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb.\nWUTHERING HEIGHTS.\n  Its relation to Charlotte Bront\u00eb's life, vii.-xi.[105], 16-19, 32-3,\n  ---- Taylor of Hunsworth, 83-9\n  ---- Rev. Patrick Bront\u00eb, 49, 147;\n    the younger Cathy's father, 161\n  ---- Maria Bront\u00eb, 37\nJANE EYRE.\n  Its relation to Charlotte Bront\u00eb's life, vii., viii., x.,[105] 15, 18,\n  In relation to Branwell Bront\u00eb, x., xi., 18, 37-40, 52-3, 78-9, 93-5,\n  ---- Taylor of Hunsworth, 83-9\n    Elizabeth Bront\u00eb, xi., 72, 81, 106-7\n  ---- Cousin Eliza Branwell, xi., 69, 70-2, 79-81\n  ---- _Wuthering Heights_, same as opposite\nSHIRLEY.\n  Its relation to Charlotte Bront\u00eb's life, vii., ix., 41, 43, 69, 75,\n  In relation to Tabby Aykroyd, 43, 160\n  ---- Taylor of Hunsworth, 83-9;\n    Martha and Mary, 83-4\n  ---- Rev. A. B. Nicholls, 160;\n    Miss Wooler, 160\n  ---- Charlotte Bront\u00eb's _Poems_, 136\nTHE PROFESSOR.\n  Its relation to Charlotte Bront\u00eb's life, vii., ix., 16, 18, 53-5, 63,\n  ---- Taylor of Hunsworth, 83-9\n  ---- Branwell Bront\u00eb, 79\n        for those works\n  ---- Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Method I., ix., 121, 127-8, 131\nVILLETTE.\n  Its relation to Charlotte Bront\u00eb's life, vii., ix., 41, 47, 86, 89,\n  ---- Taylor of Hunsworth, 89\n  ---- Lady Ritchie, xi., 165-8\n  ---- Rev. Patrick Bront\u00eb, 77, 136, 161\n  ---- _Wuthering Heights_, _Jane Eyre_, _Shirley_, and _The Professor_.\nWUTHERING HEIGHTS.\n    _Frances_ and Catherine, 133-4;\n    throughout the work of, 18, 40;\n    drawn by her from Montagu, 22-36, 57-68, 141-2;\n    _Tale of a Foundling_, 33;\n    _Alembert_, 65;\n    as the younger Catherine, viii., 46, 161;\n    Authoritative evidence of her Methods I. and II.:--viii., 25-6,\n    offers it publishers, 17;\n    story of a sad Night, 17;\n    why she disavowed authorship of, 143-6;\n    unable to admit authorship of, 18, 146, 153, 169;\n    rainy day in her childhood, 37-42;\n    fit of frenzy, 48-51;\n    spectral writing, 42;\n    phantom hag, 42;\n    her childhood reading, 41;\n    Rev. Jabez Bunting, 41;\n    her cold, wailing child apparition, 28-30, 52-6;\n    cloven tree, 96-7;\n    and Heathcliffe's hypochondria, 16, 55-6, 87-8, 144;\n    Isabella's rival, 106, 117-8;\n    as Catherine of Malham, 23, 57-68;\n    her mood in writing, 150-3;\n    fears publisher, 18-9, 153, 169\n  Bront\u00eb, Emily,\n    unimportance of her corrected copy of, and implication, 17, 169,\n    _Wuthering Heights_, no internal evidence of, viii., 169, 170\n  Bront\u00eb, Branwell, and authorship of, 40;\n    carving knife incident, 39\n  Bront\u00eb, Rev. Patrick, as Mr. Linton, 49, 147, 161\n    her old songs, 46-7;\n    her fairy tales, 44-5;\n  Earnshaw, Catherine, and Heathcliffe, as Jane and Rochester, 93-103,\n  Heathcliffe, as Rochester, 89-92, 138-9, 153;\n    as \"that ghoul,\" 140-6;\n    and Taylor, 83-9;\n    return of the runaway, 93, 97-103;\n    expression of eyes, 90-1;\n    the foundling, 22;\n    origin of name, 22, 142\n  Hareton, origin of name, 22-3, 60, 64, 66;\n    and M. H\u00e9ger, viii.-x., 120-1\n  Joseph, original of, 23;\n    as Poole of _Jane Eyre_ and Montagu's uncouth servant, 23-8, 30-1\n  Lockwood as Montagu, 23-32, 57-60, 66;\n    his boy guide, 60, 66\n  Newby, Mr. Thomas, publisher of, 19, 146, 153, 169\n  Malham as Gimmerton, and Gimmerden;\n    Malhamdale as the valley of Gimmerton, 22-3, 57-68, 71;\n    Chapel, 22, 66-8, and Briar Chapel of _Shirley_, 41;\n    Kirk in the lonely valley, 22, 64, 66-8;\n    Catherine, of, 23, 71\n  Montagu and, 20;\n    lonely house of mystery and uncouth servant, 17, 23-32;\n    cuckoo story or foundling \"plot,\" 22-3, 33-4, 87;\n    a night's repose and the candle-bearing bedside apparition, 21-32,\n  Brunty foundling controversy, 13;\n    the key chapter, 40;\n    Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, the abodes--originals not\n    Lady Eastlake and Dobell, 138-9, 153-4\n  Published later than _Jane Eyre_, 118, 138, 169\nJANE EYRE.\n  Bront\u00eb, Charlotte,\n    her second work based on Montagu, 23-36, 60-6, 68-72, 140-2;\n    Rivers family, 23, 69-82;\n    and Charles I., 64,\n    as Agnes Jones (death of), 106-110,\n    \"Rivers,\" origin of suggestion, 23, 71-2, 141-2,\n    St. John as Mr. Bront\u00eb, 70-8, 81-2,\n    as Charlotte's Brussels priest, 77, 132, 136-7,\n    not Rev. Mr. Nussey, 77;\n    Hannah, and Bessie (Tabitha Aykroyd), 40, 43-53, 69-73, 78, 81,\n    fairy tales and old songs, 44-7;\n    Reed, name (and Keeldar), 23, 81;\n    Eliza and Georgiana, 69, 79-82;\n    Lowood school, 18, 21-2;\n    Miss Temple of, 81, 110-1;\n    Brocklehurst, 21, 81, 115;\n    Morton (Haworth), Moor House, 70-82, 105;\n    rainy day in her childhood, 37-42;\n    fit of frenzy, 48-51;\n    spectral writing, 42;\n    phantom hag, 42;\n    cold, wailing child apparition, 28-30, 52-6, 151;\n    cloven tree, 96-7;\n    the Sidgwicks, 78;\n    Gateshead Hall, 37-9, 45;\n    her Thornfield, 72, 127-8;\n    as Jane Eyre and Lucia Snowe, 148-152;\n    as Jane Eyre, and Crimsworth of _The Professor_, ix.-x., 127-8;\n    as Janet Aire or Jane Eyre of Malham, 22-3, 60-6, 70-2, 142;\n    \"Jane,\" a secondary adaptation, 71;\n    Fairy Janet, Queen of the Malhamdale Elves, 23, 60-4;\n    no views on lunacy, 34-6;\n    Rochester's song, 140-2;\n    the miraculous voice, 136-7;\n    nymph and satyr, 141-2;\n    missionary life and priest, 136-7;\n    hen-killing figure in _Wuthering Heights_ and, ix.-x;\n    \"Rydings,\" \"Norton Conyers,\" and \"Thornfield,\" 35, 159;\n    Wycollar Hall, 159\n    _Jane Eyre_ the surpassing of all Bront\u00eb biographies, 82;\n  Malham or Gimmerton, background of _Jane Eyre_, 22-3, 58-68;\n    source of river Aire or Ayre, 23, 60-71;\n    see Fairy Janet Aire or Eyre of Malham\n  Montagu, and opening of _Jane Eyre_, 21-2;\n    lonely house of mystery, and uncouth servant (Grace Poole and\n    --Jane Eyre's and Lockwood's two dreams in, 28-30\n    --a night's repose and candle-bearing apparition in, 21, 23-32;\n    origin of plot of insane lady, and of the white veil\n    insane lady a secondary suggestion; suggests names, Aire or Eyre,\n        Burns, Rivers, Reed, Keeldar, Broughton, Eshton, Georgiana,\n        Helen, Ingram, Lowood, Lynn, Mason, Millcote, Poole, recalling\n        perhaps a Rev. Mr. Pool, and Currer Bell, 21, 23-4\nSHIRLEY.\n  Bront\u00eb, Charlotte,\n    as Shirley Keeldar, 81, 120;\n    as Caroline Helstone (and Catherine Earnshaw), 41, 146-8, 152;\n    her home the Rectory, 159;\n    childhood reading, 41-2;\n    Keeldar, name, 23;\n    Shirley as Emily Bront\u00eb, 69, 156-7.\n    Helstone, Mr., 86;\n    H\u00e9ger, M., and the Moores, 89, 146-8;\n    Cartwright, Mr., 89, 160.\n    Mr. Macarthey, 160.\n      a composite character, 160;\n      and Mrs. Dean and Tabby, 43;\n      Miss Wooler, 160.\n    Yorke (Taylor), Hiram, 83-4;\n      Jessie, death of, 84\n  Birstall, Batley, 159;\n    \"Briarmains,\" 83;\n    \"Field Head,\" 159;\n    The Red House, Gomersall, 83, 159;\n    Oakwell House, 159.\n    Hartshead, Brighouse, 160;\n      Nunnwood, Nunnerly and church, Robin Hood, Kirklees Park,\n      Hollows Mill, 160;\n      Whinbury (Dewsbury), 160.\n    Published in 1849\nTHE PROFESSOR.\n  Bront\u00eb, Charlotte, as Henri Frances Evans, 71, 122;\n    as Crimsworth, ix., 127-8;\n    Fairy Janet, 63, 71;\n    wailing child apparition, 53-5;\n  H\u00e9ger, M., as Crimsworth, 63, 127, 138;\n    origin of name, 84;\n  H\u00e9ger, Madame, as Mdlle. Reuter, 111, 122\n  Offered to publishers, 17;\n    published, 160\nVILLETTE.\n  Bront\u00eb, Charlotte, as Lucy Snowe, 86, 131, 144, 120, 148-152;\n    childhood reading, 41;\n    and Father Confessor, 77, 132, 136-7;\n    and Cathy Linton, 161;\n    Paulina and Mr. Home--Charlotte and Rev. Patrick Bront\u00eb, 161;\n    final words in, 129\n  Bretton, Dr. John, Paulina's lover, 69, 161;\n    as Mr. George Smith and Rev. A. B. Nicholls, 69, 86, 145, 160-1.\n    Mrs. Bretton, 166\n    his harshness, 85-6;\n    and Thackeray, 70\n  H\u00e9ger, Madame, as Madame Beck, 118, 133\n  Ritchie, Lady, and green dress, xi., 165-8\n  Villette as London and Brussels, 160-1\n  Published, 19;\n    inception, 166\n  _Agnes Grey_ and _Wildfell Hall_, 17, 161.\n  Aire, or Ayre, Malham, source of the, 23, 60-1, 71\n  Armytage, Bart., Sir Geo. J., 160\n  Aykroyd, Tabby. See Bront\u00eb servants\n  Branwell, Maria, of Penzance, marries Patrick Bront\u00eb, 75;\n  ---- Aunt (Elizabeth), and the H\u00e9gers, 113-4;\n    Branwell Bront\u00eb her favourite, 37, 78-9;\n    in mourning for, 72-3\n  ---- Cousin Eliza, 68, 80\n  Bront\u00eb, Annie or Anne (Acton Bell),\n    as understudy to Charlotte, 17, 169;\n    _Gondal Chronicles_, 17;\n    _Agnes Grey_ and _Wildfell Hall_, 17, 161;\n    appearance and life, 70-4, 77-8, 81-2;\n  ---- Charlotte, birthplace, 14;\n    Childhood:\n      curtain incident, 38;\n      Branwell as \"tyrant\" makes her head ache, 18, 37-42;\n      Methodist literature, 40-2;\n      writings and Mrs. Gaskell, 14;\n        --old songs and fairy tales (Charlotte's love of Scottish\n        the locked chamber, 48-51;\n    Elfish imagination, 23;\n    drawings, 82;\n    her life from childhood to womanhood, 93-103;\n    no psychical reciprocity with friends, 14;\n    Wordsworth and her facility in writing novels, 17, 169;\n    at Brussels (the H\u00e9gers),\n      and her literary secrets, 104, 162;\n      forbids corresponding, 16;\n    Charlotte as Mdlle., 105,\n      as M. Sue's Mdlle. Lagrange and Miss Mary, ix., 82, 103-132, 163;\n    _Imitation of Christ_, ix., 121-2;\n    departure from Brussels, 16, 127;\n    the fiery ordeal, 154;\n    parting with the H\u00e9gers, 122-132;\n    origin of her works, vii., 15, 20-36, 138;\n    perpetuates drama of her life, vii., 15, 16, 154;\n    Branwell, 18,\n      and his aunt, 79;\n    at Haworth Parsonage, 69-82;\n    school project given up, 16, 169.\n    Poems publishing, 17:\n      \"Preference,\" 132;\n    Her hypochondria, 16, 87-8;\n    vindictiveness against M. H\u00e9ger, 16, 17, 143-6, 152;\n    Ghoul and Satyr notion, 140-6;\n    H\u00e9ger and her heroes (see also the Taylors, 83-9), 83-92;\n    heaven undesired by lover, 97, 133-4, 139;\n    elective affinities, cloven tree, and \"twin-soul,\" 96-7, 147-8;\n    supernatural \"way\" to \"twin-soul\" lover (and the haunted wind),\n    eerie signal against lattice, 28-30, 53-6, 147-8;\n    ice-cold wailing child apparition, 28-30, 52-6, 151;\n    her two dreams preface to \"bedside apparition,\" 28-30;\n    name selection method, 22, 68;\n    chronological sequences in her works, 161;\n    character of her correspondence, 14, 15;\n    H\u00e9ger portrait of, in National Portrait Gallery, xi., 162-8;\n    Richmond Portrait in N.P.G., 168;\n    _Wuthering Heights_ complications (conspires to accredit and sustain\n    her fear of Mr. Newby, 19, 153, 169;\n    limitations of Mrs. Gaskell's _Life_, 15\n      --disappointment of, 104;\n    last survivor of the young Bront\u00ebs, 19, 161;\n    Introduction to her sisters' poems, 156-7;\n    Miss Austen, 15;\n    Rev. A. B. Nicholls, marriage with, 19, 96-7, 161\n      --Catherine Winkworth on, 96;\n    _Wildfell Hall_, 17, 161;\n    at Thackeray's and the Smiths', xi., 166-8;\n    dedicates _Jane Eyre_ to Thackeray, xi.;\n    Greenwood Dyson and, 164.\n    Last days:\n      father and daughter, 161;\n      her resting-place, 19;\n    her Message and high rank of her genius, 16, 155.\n  ---- Emily (Ellis Bell), as understudy to Charlotte, 17, 169;\n    conspires with her to sustain r\u00f4le of author of _Wuthering Heights_,\n    no internal evidence of her in _Wuthering Heights_, viii.;\n    her life contrasted with Charlotte's, 17, 18, 156-7;\n    relations with Branwell, 18, 39, 40, 139;\n    Poems, \"Old Stoic,\" \"Last Lines,\" 157;\n    her literary limitations, 17, 156-7;\n  ---- Patrick Branwell, appearance, 79;\n    his verse, 158;\n    enjoys the hearth, 37-8;\n    a sign of trouble for, 52-3;\n    and Aunt Branwell, 78-9;\n        _The Professor_\n  ---- Rev. Patrick, parents, Hugh Brunty and Alice M'Clory, 13;\n    at Ballynaskeagh and Drumballyroney, 13;\n    Wethersfield, 75, and Mary Burder;\n    Dewsbury, 75;\n    Vicar of Hartshead, 160;\n    marries Maria Branwell, 18, 75, 159-161;\n    Vicar of Thornton, 14;\n    of Haworth, 13;\n    and Mrs. Gaskell's Life, 15.\n    Aylott and Jones, 17, 105, 160\n  ---- servants:\n    Aykroyd Tabitha, x.;\n      as Nelly Dean and Bessie, 43-53, 168;\n      does not understand Charlotte Bront\u00eb, 43, 45-6;\n      and old songs, 45-7;\n      her homily, 40;\n      her gift of narrative and fairy tales, 44-5;\n    Brown, Tabitha (Mrs. Ratcliffe), and Charlotte Bront\u00eb's married\n    Garrs, Nancy, and sister, 47, 159\n  Brookfield, Mrs., 167-8\n  Carlisle, William, 167\n  Carus-Wilson, Rev. Mr., 115\n  Casterton Hall, 23;\n  Cornwall, Barry, 34\n  Courtney, William Leonard, xi., 104\n  Cust, Lionel, 162\n  Devonshire, Duke of, 20\n    Hartshead, 81, 160\n  Dobell, Sydney, 153-4, 169\n  Dyson, Greenwood, and Charlotte Bront\u00eb, 164\n  Elf, of Craven, The, 60, 141-2\n  Evans, Miss (Miss Temple), 110, 114\n  Fairy Cave, The, and Fairy Janet: see Malham\n  Gaskell, Mrs., and M. H\u00e9ger, 15, 96, 104;\n    Madame H\u00e9ger, 163;\n    West Indian girl mystery, 108\n  Hathersage, 70-1, 77\n  H\u00e9ger, M., as Charlotte Bront\u00eb's pupil, viii.-x., 120, 122;\n    not secretive, 111, 162;\n    and Roman Catholic Church, 16, 132, 138;\n    a great and religious personality, 121, 124, 126-9, 132-3, 137-8,\n    Charlotte Bront\u00eb's harsh portrayals of, 143-6;\n    facial metamorphoses, 85;\n    the bitterness of his life, 128-9, 130-2;\n    appearance of, 106;\n    as Madame de Morville, 106-133.\n  Hodge, Harold, xi., 153\n  Holloway, Laura C., 77\n  Holmes, Professor Charles J., 165\n  Holroyd, Kt., Sir Charles, vii.\n  Kendal, 106;\n    Kendall Institution, 114-7\n  Kirkby Malham Church, 64, 66-8\n  Lagrange's Manuscript \"Catherine Bell,\" 104-119\n  Lambert family, 64\n  Lucan's \"Pharsalia,\" 14\n  Lytton, Lord, 163\n  M'Clory, Alice, 13\n  Malham, original of Gimmerton of _Wuthering Heights_:\n    home of Catherine Earnshaw, and of Janet Aire of _Jane Eyre_, 22-3,\n    source of the Aire or Ayre, 71.\n        Montagu\n  Malham, or Malam, origin of family, 67\n  Malham and _Kalderworth_, 67\n  Malhamdale, enchanted land, 60, 71\n  Montagu or Mountagu, Admiral, and Charles II., 20, 64;\n    De Ruyter, 20\n  Montagu, Basil, 20-1\n  Montagu, Frederic, his _Gleanings in Craven_ provides the Malham\n        background, and the plots of _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane\n        Eyre_, and Charlotte Bront\u00eb's _nom de guerre_, Currer Bell,\n        those works\n  Montagu, John, fourth Earl of Sandwich, 20\n  Morville de, M., Alphonsine, and G\u00e9rard, see M. H\u00e9ger;\n    Madame, see Madame H\u00e9ger\n  National Portrait Gallery,\n    and H\u00e9ger Portrait of Charlotte Bront\u00eb, xi., 162-8;\n    Thomas Baylis, 163;\n    and Richmond portrait, 168\n  Nicholls, Rev. A. B., see Charlotte Bront\u00eb;\n    Rev. Henry, 77\n  Procter, Mrs., and Miss Perry, 167\n  Rigby, Miss (Lady Eastlake), 138-9, 153, 169\n  Ripon, K.G., Marquis of, xii.\n  Ritchie, Lady, xi., 165-8\n    Reginald John, K.C., 162;\n    Mary and Martha, 83-4\n  Welch, Catherine Galbraith, xi.\n  West Indian Girl, mystery of, 106-8, 112\n  Winkworth, Catherine, 96\n  Wise, Thomas J., 64\n  Wooler, Margaret, 18, 160\nWORKS.\n  _Key to the Bront\u00eb Works_, John Malham-Dembleby:--\n  _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_, Mrs. Gaskell, 15, 22, 43-4, 52, 72, 83,\n    cause of its sombreness, 82;\n    disappointment, and limitations, of, 15, 104;\n    and Branwell Bront\u00eb, 121.\n  _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_, Augustine Birrell, 75\n  _Bront\u00ebs: Life and Letters_, Clement K. Shorter, 14, 73, 80, 87\n  _Charlotte Bront\u00eb and Her Circle_, Clement K. Shorter, 17, 135\n  _Charlotte Bront\u00eb and Her Sisters_, Clement K. Shorter, viii., 22, 77,\n  _Bront\u00eb Country_, Dr. Erskine Stuart, 35\n  _Life of Emily Bront\u00eb_, Miss Mary Robinson, 39;\n    character of work, 57\n  _Bront\u00eb Family_, Francis Leyland, 39-40, 158\n  _Bront\u00ebs, Fact and Fiction_, Rev. Angus Mackay, 13, 41, 132, 144\n  _Bront\u00eb Homeland_, J. Ramsden, 13\n  _Bront\u00ebs in Ireland_, Dr. William Wright, 13\n  _Charlotte Bront\u00eb: Monograph_, Sir T. Wemyss Reid, 14\n  _Father of the Bront\u00ebs_, W. W. Yates, 75\n  _Rev. Patrick Bront\u00eb's Collected Works_, Horsfall Turner, 13, 158\n  _Thornton and the Bront\u00ebs_, William Scruton, 161\n  _Chapters from Some Memories_, Lady Ritchie, 167\n  _Craven Highlands_, Harry Speight, 60\n  _Dictionary of National Biography_, Leslie Stephen, 21, 159\n  _English Dialect Dictionary_, Dr. Joseph Wright, 68, 149\n  _Gleanings in Craven_, Frederic Montagu, 20-36, 57-68; 141-2, 145;\n    Leeds and Skipton, 20;\n    dedicated to Duke of Devonshire, printed by A. Pickard, published by\n        Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 20. Also see under _Wuthering Heights_\n  _Kalderworth, or Lawyer Vavasor's Secret_, John Malham-Dembleby,\n    Malham background of, 67;\n    when written, and origin of title, 67;\n    published by Joseph Cooke, Sir Edward Russell, Kt., and A. G.\n  _Memorials of Two Sisters: Susanna and Catherine Winkworth_, 96\n  _Miss Mary ou L'Institutrice_, Eug\u00e8ne Sue, 82, 84, 105-6, 120, 126-7,\n  _Mrs. Brookfield and Her Circle_, 167\n  _Sydney Dobell's Life and Letters_, 153-4\n  _Woman's Work in English Fiction_, Clara H. Whitmore, A.M., viii.\nMAGAZINES, ETC.\n  _Academy_, 169\n  _Cornhill Magazine_, 162\n  _Dundee Advertiser_, xi.\n  _Liverpool Post_, 67\n  _London and Paris Courier_, G. W. MacArthur Reynolds and M. Sue, 105\n  _London Journal_; _Weekly Times_, 105\n  _New York Times Saturday Review_, xi.\n  _Outlook_, xi.\n  _Quarterly Review_, 138-9, 153, 169\n  _Saturday Review_, xi., xii., 20, 68, 153\n  _Sheffield Independent_, 67\n  _Spectator_, xi., 125\nSUBSCRIBERS TO THE FIRST EDITION.\n_The address is as a rule that from which the book was subscribed. A\nstar is placed when the special leather-bound edition has been ordered._\n  *His Grace the Lord Archbishop of York, Rt. Hon. and Most Rev.\n    Cosmo Gordon Lang, D.D., Primate of England and Metropolitan,\n    Bishopthorpe, York.\n  *Rt. Hon. 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Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd., 31 & 32\n            Paternoster Row, London, E.C.\n          Messrs. Truslove & Hanson, Ltd. 153 Oxford Street, W.\n  Manchester: Messrs. J. E. Cornish, Ltd.\n  Oxford: Mr. B. H. Blackwell.\nPRINTED BY THE WALTER SCOTT PUBLISHING CO., LTD., FELLING-ON-TYNE.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[1] Clement Shorter in _Charlotte Bront\u00eb and her Sisters_, p. 236; 1905.\n[2] Clara H. Whitmore, A.M., in _Woman's Work in English Fiction_; 1910.\n[3] _The Saturday Review_, September 6, 1902. A correspondence followed.\n[4] _The Fortnightly Review_, March 1907.\n[5] _The Bront\u00ebs in Ireland_, by Dr. William Wright, 1893, and _The\nBront\u00eb Homeland_, by J. Ramsden, 1897, though they conflict, deal\ninterestingly with Patrick Brunty's, or Bront\u00eb's, relations.\n\"Patrick ... after being a linen weaver secured the post of teacher in\nthe Glascar School, Ballynaskeagh, then that of teacher at\nDrumballyroney.\" Eventually he got a scholarship and entered St. John's\nCollege, Cambridge, where he graduated and took Holy Orders. His father\nwas a Hugh Brunty, who married a Roman Catholic, Alice McClory, or\nM'Clory. She is said to have become a Protestant, as was her husband. Of\nthis marriage there were ten children, the eldest being Charlotte\nBront\u00eb's father, who early took to \"larnin',\" to quote the Irish\nhearsay. _The Bront\u00ebs in Ireland_ has been challenged as presenting many\nstatements impossible of verification. The assertion that an Irish\nBrunty foundling story suggested the foundling of _Wuthering Heights_\nraised a harsh and voluminous controversy. The Rev. Angus Mackay, in his\nlittle brochure _The Bront\u00ebs--Fact and Fiction_, 1897, controverted Dr.\nWright, as did others elsewhere. The matter is summed up succinctly by\nMr. Horsfall Turner, the Yorkshire genealogist, in _The Rev. Patrick\nBront\u00eb's Collected Works_, 1898, where, speaking of the Irish Bront\u00ebs\nand the foundling story, he says:--\"The only one who could transmit this\nstory was Hugh Brunty, and not one of his descendants ever heard of it\nbefore Dr. Wright's book was issued, not even the vaguest tradition.\"\n[6] The \"wild, weird writings\" of her childhood, which awed homely Mrs.\nGaskell, were merely badly, or I may say, childishly, assimilated\nfragments from English adaptations found in Dryden, Rowe, etc., of Lucan\n(Pharsalia, lib. 1, 73), and of other ancient writers.\n[7] Her correspondence is given in Sir Wemyss Reid's _Monograph on\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb_, in Mrs. Gaskell's _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_, Haworth\nEdition, and in Mr. Clement Shorter's _The Bront\u00ebs: Life and Letters_,\n[8] _Charlotte Bront\u00eb and Her Circle_, by Clement Shorter.\n[9] Charlotte Bront\u00eb, upon the other hand, was a most fluent writer of\nprose. She sent Wordsworth a story in 1840, and spoke of her facility in\nwriting novels. (Mrs. Gaskell's _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_, pages\n189-190, Haworth Edition.) It is said Emily corrected misprints, etc.,\nin her printed volume of _Wuthering Heights_; but whether or not she did\nthis at Charlotte Bront\u00eb's instigation is of little interest and no\nimportance in view of the literal evidence in _The Key to the Bront\u00eb\nWorks_. It may be Emily turned Charlotte's amanuensis; and it would not\nbe difficult to show Anne Bront\u00eb also had been Charlotte's understudy.\nSee my remarks on _Wildfell Hall_ in Appendix.\n[10] See my remarks, page 39.\n[11] When King Charles II. was crowned, Montagu carried the sceptre. A\nhistorian states that the Admiral--who, I may say, had been a great\nfriend of Richard Cromwell--perished in the sea-fight with De Ruyter,\nbecause he would not leave his ship by a piece of obstinate courage,\nprovoked by a reflection that he took care more of himself than of the\nking's honour.\n[12] For Basil Montagu see _Dictionary of National Biography_.\n[13] On the other side of the same page Montagu concluded the narration\nof his \"A Night's Repose,\" with which I deal later.\n[14] Clement Shorter's _Charlotte Bront\u00eb and Her Sisters_, p. 164.\n[15] See my observations on the name of Lucy Snowe.\n[16] The name of \"Helen Burns,\" that saintly sister of Charlotte Bront\u00eb,\nmay have been suggested by the St. Helen's Well which Montagu states was\nnear Miss Currer's home, Eshton Hall.\n[17] _The Bront\u00eb Country_, by Dr. Erskine Stuart.\n[18] A recognizable idiosyncrasy of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's genius is the\nvivid minuteness with which she paints and records apparently\nunimportant details and happenings connected with her early childhood.\n(See footnote on page 41.)\n[19] See footnote page 47.\n[20] _Emily Bront\u00eb_, Miss Mary Robinson; 1883.\n[21] Angus Mackay, in _The Bront\u00ebs: Fact and Fiction_ (1897), identifies\nMiss Bront\u00eb with Caroline Helstone. Charlotte Bront\u00eb's mother was a\nnative of Penzance, near Helston.\n[22] Catherine's diary was written on the margin of a printed sermon by\nthe Rev. Jabes Branderham. Lockwood's \"dream\" in the connection was\nevidently a travesty on a sermon of the famous Rev. Jabes Bunting, a\nWesleyan Methodist, and the zealousness of his hearers, concerning which\npreacher stories were possibly gathered by Charlotte Bront\u00eb from old\nTabitha, who doubtless did occasional service as the old\ndialect-speaking Joseph. The Rev. Jabes Bunting was on the Halifax\nCircuit in the eighteen-twenties, and his sermons were printed in\npamphlet form. Note the extract I have given from _Villette_ on Lucy\nSnowe's having read as a child certain Wesleyan Methodist tracts.\n[23] \"Lee\" may have been suggested by the name of the heroine of \"Puir\nMary Lee,\" a Scottish ballad, which I find influenced Charlotte Bront\u00eb\ngreatly when she began to write _Wuthering Heights_.\n[24] Called Nelly or Ellen Dean, perhaps because of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\naffection for her friend Nelly or Ellen Nussey.\n[25] Of course Tabitha Aykroyd was twenty years younger when Charlotte\nwas a child. Thus the early references to the more active Ellen Dean and\nBessie in the main imply Tabby in the eighteen-twenties; those to her as\nthe sedate and glum Mrs. Dean and Hannah, as Tabby in the\neighteen-forties. We see Tabby quite in the caricature of Joseph in\nCharlotte's half-humorous references to her in the diary-like\ndescriptions of the Bront\u00eb kitchen fireside life of her childhood in\n1829, etc.--of which the rainy day incident in the childhood of little\nCatherine and Jane is so reminiscent--quoted by Mrs. Gaskell in the\nBront\u00eb _Life_:--\n    \"One night, about the time when the cold sleet of November [is]\n    succeeded by the snowstorms and the high, piercing night winds\n    of winter, we were all sitting round the warm, blazing kitchen\n    fire, having just concluded a quarrel with Tabby concerning\n    the propriety of lighting a candle, from which she came off\n    victorious, no candle having been produced. A long pause\n    succeeded, which was at last broken by Branwell saying, in a lazy\n    manner, 'I don't know what to do.' This was echoed by Emily and\n    Anne.\n    \"Tabby: 'Wha ya may go t' bed.'\n    \"Charlotte: 'Why are you so glum to-night, Tabby?'\"\nAs time progressed Charlotte Bront\u00eb viewed more sentimentally the\nassociations of her early childhood. Whenever Tabby was \"Joseph\" of\n_Wuthering Heights_ Charlotte humorously caricatured her.\n[26] See footnote on page 37.\n[27] A remarkably recognizable idiosyncrasy of this child-phantom of\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's brain is the part the little hands of the child play.\nIn Charlotte Bront\u00eb's child-phantom of _Wuthering Heights_, Chapter\nIII., the hand of the child takes a principal part, as in her above two\nversions.\n[28] See note on \"the hand\" of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's child-phantom, page\n[29] See the chapters on \"The Recoil\" for the origin of the title of\n_Wuthering Heights_, and of the name Lucy Snowe; also my remarks on\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's poem \"Apostasy.\"\n[30] \"The breeze was sweet with scent of heath and rush, ... the hills\nshut us quite in; for the glen towards its head wound to their very\ncore.\"--_Jane Eyre_, Chapter XXXIV.\n[31] I have known for many years the wife and children of this Robert\nAirton. His father was, I believe, parish clerk for Coniston. Mrs.\nAirton once told me that when she first met her husband he was playing a\nviolin in the entrance of a cave, under a crag in Malhamdale.\n[32] It will be observed that in Chapter XXIII. of _The Professor_\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb practically calls Frances the heroine, \"Jane.\" Of\ncourse she is the elf Janet (see Chapter XXV. of _The Professor_), and\nthis sprite was also Jane Eyre--Charlotte Bront\u00eb herself. Read the\nverses in Chapter XXIII. in the light of my writing on \"Eug\u00e8ne Sue and\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb's Brussels Life\" and \"The Recoil.\"\n[33] Mr. Thomas J. Wise has published and edited a valuable edition of\nthis story, 1896.\n[34] \"I like Charles the First,\" says Helen Burns in _Jane Eyre_,\nChapter VI.; \"I respect him--I pity him, poor murdered king! Yes, his\nenemies were the worst: they shed blood they had no right to shed. How\ndared they kill him!\" Montagu of course would know that his own ancestor\nbrought over Charles the Second on the Restoration. Hence his warmth. We\nnow understand the origin of the detached fragment in _Jane Eyre_.\n[35] It is a remarkable coincidence that Malham was the background of my\nfirst novel, a work of the substantial number of 160,000 words, which I\nwrote in my teens. It was published serially in _The Sheffield\nIndependent_ by Mr. Joseph Cooke, beginning in May 1896 and running till\nSeptember, under the title of _Kalderworth_, a name I had compounded\nfrom the Yorkshire river Calder. Afterwards the serial rights were also\npurchased by Sir Edward Russell and Mr. A. G. Jeans, of _The Liverpool\nPost_, wherein the story ran serially as _Lawyer Vavasor's Secret_. I\ndid not choose Malham by reason of its being, as it is, the place from\nwhich our family of Malham, or Malam, sprung: I had cycled over to the\nremote village with my father. I was unaware that October 15 was an\nespecial day at Malham, nevertheless I began my story--_Kalderworth_:--\n    \"On the evening of the 15th of October, in the latter end of the\n    Eighteen Hundred and Eighties, as the sun sank greyly behind the\n    distant skyline of those wild hills that stretch from Malham and\n    away into the North of Yorkshire, a solitary horseman pushed his\n    way over a hard moorland road to a little deserted hamlet, where\n    only one soul lived, and that a hag whose fame had spread as a\n    dabbler in the black art and the mischievous doctrines.\"\nI did not know of Montagu's book at the time; and of all the Bront\u00eb\nnovels I had only read _Jane Eyre_. I remember once reflecting--while\n_Kalderworth_ was being published--that Charlotte Bront\u00eb must have\ncalled her character Jane Eyre after the river Aire, just as I had\ncalled my loosely composite village up in Malhamdale Kalderworth, from\nthe river Calder; and I thought Currer Bell, in her choice of the name\n\"Jane Eyre,\" had been actuated poetically by the fact of the adjacency\nof the Yorkshire river Aire, or Ayre, and had changed the \"A\" in Aire,\njust as I the \"C\" in Calder. Nor was it till years later that I knew\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb had written in _Shirley_, Chapter XIX., of \"Calder or\nAire thundering in flood.\"\n[36] That Gimmerton in _Wuthering Heights_ means \"the village of sheep\"\nwas admitted years ago. The etymology is very obvious. We now have the\ncircumstances in which Charlotte Bront\u00eb chose the name.\n[37] See my footnote, page 58.\n[38] Thus she put her cousin Eliza Branwell under the same roof as\nherself and Branwell Bront\u00eb in _Jane Eyre_.\n[39] The Poems prepared for publication in the autumn of 1845 bear\nevidence of the influence of Montagu's work. It was at this time\nMontagu's work provided Charlotte Bront\u00eb's _nom de guerre_ of Currer\nBell. See my foot-note on Frances of _The Professor_ as the Fairy Jane,\npage 63.\n[40] A copy of this will is printed in _The Bront\u00ebs: Life and Letters_.\n[41] Mr. Augustine Birrell in his _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_ (1887),\ngives a very interesting insight into a love episode of Mr. Bront\u00eb,\nduring his first curacy, at Wethersfield, near Braintree, Essex. Mr.\nBront\u00eb found a home with a Miss Mildred Davy, with whose niece, a\n\"comely damsel of eighteen--a Miss Mary Mildred Davy Burder--with brown\ncurls and blue eyes\" he fell in love. A plotting guardian uncle,\nhowever, removed Miss Burder and wrongly intercepted all Mr. Bront\u00eb's\nletters. Subsequently Mr. Bront\u00eb married Miss Maria Branwell, of\nPenzance, visiting in Yorkshire, whom he married at St. Oswald's Church,\nGuiseley, near Leeds. After the death of his wife, Mr. Bront\u00eb offered to\nmarry Miss Burder, but was refused. She became the wife of the Rev.\nPeter Sibree, of Wethersfield. Mr. W. W. Yates' book, _The Father of the\nBront\u00ebs_, 1897, shows us Mr. Bront\u00eb as a curate at Dewsbury. Mr. Yates,\nwho is the originator of the Bront\u00eb Society and Museum, rightly\nassociated Mr. Bront\u00eb with Mr. Helstone of _Shirley_, supporting his\ncontention by evidence.\n[42] For story and other purposes Miss Bront\u00eb makes St. John Rivers ask\nJane's hand in marriage; and of course as the original of Moor House has\nbeen supposed to be at Hathersage in Derbyshire, and it was there the\nRev. Henry Nussey lived--Miss Nussey's brother--who had offered to marry\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb, Mrs. Gaskell's Bront\u00eb's _Life_ and a following\n(including even a recent catalogue of the Bront\u00eb Museum, wherein\nreference is made to Mr. Nussey's portrait!) have given it forth that\nMr. Nussey was the original of St. John Rivers--notwithstanding that Mr.\nNussey was a married man when Charlotte was visiting at Hathersage. That\nMr. Nussey and St. John Rivers are wholly dissimilar is contended at\nlength in _Charlotte Bront\u00eb and Her Sisters_, pp. 166-170.\n[43] _The Bront\u00ebs: Life and Letters._\n[44] In the love relations of Shirley Keeldar, however, we must expect\nto find phases of circumstances associated with Charlotte Bront\u00eb\nherself. Thus Shirley Keeldar is at times Currer Bell.\n[45] Mr. Rochester's remarks in _Jane Eyre_, Chapter XII., on Jane's\ndrawings would seem to show that though M. H\u00e9ger, the original of this\ncharacter, was interested in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's gift as an artist (and\nwe know she sent M. H\u00e9ger a drawing of hers as late as August 1845), he\nspoke of them in disparagement--a fact that alone argues he was her\nsuperior in art, and understood drawing. Indeed, after seeing the\nvarious water-colour and other drawings of Charlotte Bront\u00eb, some thirty\nof which, including \"a pencil drawing of Louis Philippe of France, drawn\nby C. Bront\u00eb during her stay in Brussels,\" are numbered with the Bront\u00eb\nrelics, I may say we can take it as really the expression of M. H\u00e9ger\nconcerning her sketches when Mr. Rochester observes of Jane's efforts in\ndrawing:--\"You have secured the shadow of your thought, but no more\nprobably. You had not enough of the artist's skill and science to give\nit being,\" for this is the truth concerning Charlotte Bront\u00eb's efforts\nof the kind. Nevertheless, I find evidence of a Brussels tradition in\nthe eighteen-fifties that she was clever as a painter, M. Sue giving\nability to his Miss Mary in this direction. It is more emphasized in his\n_feuilleton_ than volume portrayal of this \"Institutrice,\" both of which\nworks we shall see presented phases of Miss Bront\u00eb as she was known.\nHence we read, \"Eh bien! monsieur, trouvez-vous _qu'elle sait un peu\ndessiner_, MA _Miss Mary_?\" The italics, etc., are M. Sue's.\n[46] _Charlotte Bront\u00eb and Her Sisters_, page 181.\n[47] The James Taylor in the firm of her publishers, who corresponded\nwith Miss Bront\u00eb, was not related to this Hunsworth family.\n[48] See Matthew Yorke, Hiram Yorke's son, a character who has several\ntraits in common with Heathcliffe of _Wuthering Heights_.--_Shirley_,\nChap. IX.\n[49] Mrs. Gaskell's _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_, Haworth edition, p. 230.\n[50] Note that in both _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_ it is assumed\nthis character made silent reference to \"the Deuce\"; though he never\nuttered the name, his words seemed to \"express\" the sentiment.\n[51] _The Bront\u00ebs: Life and Letters_, p. 340, vol. i.\n[52] The Moores of _Shirley_ were mainly drawn from M. H\u00e9ger, and though\na Mr. Cartwright, supposed to have had foreign blood in his veins, is\nconjectured to have contributed to their creation because his mill was\nattacked with rioters, I find that the Yorkshire, or rather, \"Taylor\"\nelement, as conceived by Charlotte Bront\u00eb, also entered into their\ncomposition.\n[53] It is sad indeed to find Charlotte Bront\u00eb confessed, shortly before\nher marriage to the Rev Mr. Nicholls, that there was no such sympathy\nbetween herself and her prospective husband. See letters of Miss\nCatherine Winkworth in _Memorials of Two Sisters: Susanna and Catherine\nWinkworth_ (1908). Miss Winkworth and Miss Bront\u00eb discussed the matter\npersonally. Miss Catherine Winkworth wrote of Mr. Nicholls and Charlotte\nBront\u00eb:--\"I am sure she will be really good to him. But I guess the true\nlove was Paul Emanuel [of _Villette_] after all ... but I don't know,\nand don't think that Lily [Mrs. Gaskell] knows.\" I should say that Mrs.\nRatcliffe of Haworth--Tabitha Brown: her sister, Martha Brown, was one\nof the Bront\u00eb servants--at whose house Tabitha Aykroyd breathed her\nlast, stated to me on February 21st, 1907, that as to Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\n\"wedded life, they lived happily together.\" Often do we discover\nreferences to the elective affinities in regard to M. H\u00e9ger and\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb in Currer Bell's works. Thus we did not need that\nRochester should say in the last chapter but one of _Jane Eyre_:--\"I am\nnot better than the old lightning-struck chestnut,\" for we had\nunderstood by the touching apostrophe in _Jane Eyre_, Chapter XXV., that\nhe and Jane were implied. The words were:--\"The cloven halves were not\nbroken from each other, for the firm base and strong roots kept them\nunsundered below; ... they might be said to form one tree--a ruin, but\nan entire ruin. 'You did right to hold fast to each other,' I said, as\nif the monster splinters were living things; ... 'the time of pleasure\nand love is over with you; but ... each of you has a comrade to\nsympathize with.'\" And Rochester tells Jane:--\"You are my sympathy--my\nbetter self; ... a fervent ... passion ... wraps; my existence about\nyou--and kindling in ... powerful flame, fuses you and me in one.\" M.\nH\u00e9ger as M. Paul in _Villette_ strikes the same note we hear in\n_Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_:--\"We are alike--there is affinity\nbetween us.... Tremble! for where that is the case with mortals, the\nthreads of their destinies are difficult to entangle.\"\n[54] See Charlotte Bront\u00eb's poems \"Regret\" and \"Apostasy.\"\n[55] I discovered these most remarkable parallelisms by my knowledge and\napplication of Charlotte Bront\u00eb's Method I., a fact that finally\ndeclares her the author of both _Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_.\n[56] Mr. G. W. MacArthur Reynolds, the editor of _The London Journal_\nissued from _The Weekly Times_ Office, which ran M. Sue's _feuilleton_,\nwas well-known in French literary circles in the eighteen-forties. He\nfounded in Paris _The London and Paris Courier_, and was likely enough a\nfriend of M. Sue. It may be, indeed, there was some sort of\nunderstanding between him and Eug\u00e8ne Sue to set before the world an\ninterpretation of _Jane Eyre_, with the extraordinary information come\nprivily to M. Sue. Some time after its publication, Mr. Reynolds stated\nthat \"the main incidents in 'Mary Lawson' were founded on actual\nrealities.\" This we shall find. It is a remarkable fact in the\ncircumstances that _The London Journal_ for August 1, 1846--a year\nbefore _Jane Eyre_ was published, printed on one page the opening\ninstalment of M. Sue's _Martin the Foundling_, and Charlotte Bront\u00eb's\npoem \"The Letter,\" with a footnote--\"From a volume entitled _Poems by\nCuvier (sic), Ellis and Acton Bell_; London, Aylott & Jones.\" The reader\nmay perhaps recognize the original of Mr. Rochester in the person to\nwhom the letter is being written.\n[57] See my footnote, page 120.\n[58] It may be relative to this fact that \"Lagrange's Manuscript\" is not\nprinted in the extant French edition of _Miss Mary_.\n[59] Great stress is laid in this _feuilleton_ by M. Sue upon the fact\nthat the trouble of this teacher is her dissolute brother. See my\nfootnote on p. 24.\n[60] See my footnote, p. 37.\n[61] Mrs. Gaskell dwelt much on Charlotte Bront\u00eb's plainness in her\n_Life_, published seven years after the above.\n[62] _Wuthering Heights_ with _Agnes Grey_ had been accepted by Mr.\nNewby, its publisher, before Messrs. Smith, Elder & Co. saw the\nmanuscript of _Jane Eyre_, but _Jane Eyre_ was published first.\n[63] This artifice of presenting more than one phase of a character in\nthe same work is equivalent to that practised by the portrait-painter\nwho uses mirror effects to reveal some feature of his subject not in the\nordinary line of vision. It was as difficult for M. Sue to present a\ncomplete portrait of the successful, f\u00eated Miss Bront\u00eb in poor Lagrange\nas it was for Charlotte Bront\u00eb to present a complete portrait of herself\nin the unhappy Lucy Snowe of _Villette_. So M. Sue also used the phase\nof Miss Mary, and Charlotte Bront\u00eb that of Paulina--just as she gave us\nM. H\u00e9ger as Crimsworth and occasionally as M. Pelet of _The Professor_,\nand just as she gave us herself in _Shirley_ as Caroline Helstone and\nagain (in regard only to her relations with M. H\u00e9ger) as Shirley\nKeeldar. Methods which were responsible for her first portraying herself\nas the elder Catherine of _Wuthering Heights_ and then as the younger\nCatherine, in which work M. H\u00e9ger was portrayed by her often as\nHeathcliffe and finally as Hareton Earnshaw. With Charlotte Bront\u00eb,\nhowever, her secondary adaptations as portrayals, perhaps on account of\ntheir improvization, frequently give evidence of being unprepared. Thus\nthe childhood of Paulina of _Villette_ is scarcely Charlotte Bront\u00eb's;\nand Hareton Earnshaw of _Wuthering Heights_, save for the lover and\npupil phase, was never M. H\u00e9ger.\n[64] Mrs. Gaskell's _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_, Haworth Edition, p. 55.\nSee my reference to Catherine teaching Hareton of _Wuthering Heights_,\nin the Preface.\n[65] Instead of \"Swiss\" pastor's daughter, read Irish.\n[66] Mrs. Gaskell's _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_.\n[67] As Rochester calls Jane his beneficent spirit, it is interesting to\nread that M. de Morville says to his wife:--\"Je crois aux bons g\u00e9nies,\naux bons anges.\"\n\"Aux bons anges?\"\n\"Miss Mary, par exemple.\"\n\"Eh bien, Louise?\"\n\"N'est-ce pas un bon g\u00e9nie, un bon ange, une bonne magicienne, enfin? Ne\nm'a-t-elle pas jet\u00e9 un _sort_?\"\n[68] See my reference to Charlotte's Preface to _Wuthering Heights_ in\nthe second chapter of \"The Recoil.\"\n[69] See my references to Charlotte Bront\u00eb's poem \"Apostasy\"; and to St.\nJohn Rivers as a phase of Charlotte's Brussels _F\u00e9nelon_.\n[70] See M. Paul and Lucy Snowe (M. H\u00e9ger and Charlotte Bront\u00eb) in the\nclose of Chapter XXI. of _Villette_.\n[71] Mrs. Humphry Ward in her \"Introductions\" to the Haworth Edition of\nthe Bront\u00eb novels instanced this passage as showing Emily Bront\u00eb's\nextravagant love for the moors, inferring she preferred the heath to\nheaven. But Mrs. Ward in these same \"Introductions\" even argued that\n_Wuthering Heights_ and _Jane Eyre_ were dissimilar in characterization\nand style. Catherine's reference herewith in _Wuthering Heights_, to a\n\"subliminal\" existence in a lover and to the notion that the absence or\nloss of such a love (and hence, limiting of the bounds of existence,)\nwould make the universe a blank, having no sympathy or relation--a\nstranger, is at one with Charlotte Bront\u00eb's further words in her poem,\n\"Frances\":--\n    \"Unloved--I love; unwept--I weep;\n    Vain is this anguish--fixed and deep;\n    \"For me the universe is dumb,\n      Stone-deaf, and blank, and wholly blind;\n    Life I must bound, existence sum\n      In the strait limits of one mind;\n    \"That mind my own. Oh! narrow cell;\n    Dark--imageless--a living tomb!\"\n[72] _Charlotte Bront\u00eb and Her Circle._\n[73] Mentor's advice to Telemachus when tempted and miserable on the\nisland of Calypso is that given by the spirit of Jane Eyre's\nmother--\"Flee temptation!\" \"Virtue,\" argues Mentor, \"now calls you back\nto your country ... and forbids you to give up your heart to an unworthy\npassion.... Fly, fly, ... for love is conquered only by flight ... in\nretreat without deliberation, and ... looking back.\" \"Neither Calypso\nnor Eucharis cared to fascinate Mentor\" (_Shirley_, Chapter XXVII.).\nEvidently M. Sue knew Charlotte Bront\u00eb had read this book at Brussels,\nfor he makes play upon it in \"Lagrange's Manuscript,\" wherein\n\"T\u00e9l\u00e9maque\" is substituted for \"Rasselas\" in the equivalent scene in\n_Jane Eyre_.\n[74] See chapter on the Yorkshire element in Charlotte Bront\u00eb's heroes.\n[75] \"Religion called----Angels beckoned!----\"\n[76] See my reference to Catherine of _Wuthering Heights_ and Caroline\nof _Shirley_, and their crying aloud when ill and delirious for \"a way\"\nto the absent lover, pp. 147-8.\n[77] See the reproach of the dying Catherine to Heathcliffe I quote in\nthe next chapter. See also Crimsworth's words in the beginning of\nChapter XIX. of _The Professor_.\n[78] See close of Chapter XXIV. of _Jane Eyre_.\n[79] See my footnote on \"the trodden way\" on p. 136.\n[80] See my reference to \"the barriers\" in \"Apostasy.\"\n[81] \"I called myself your brother,\" says M. Paul to Lucy Snowe, the\noriginals of whom were M. H\u00e9ger and Charlotte Bront\u00eb. \"... I know I\nthink of you--I feel I wish you well--but I must check myself; you are\nto be feared. My best friends point out danger and whisper\ncaution.\"--_Villette_, Chap. xxxvi.\n[82] Mr. Angus Mackay, in _The Bront\u00ebs: Fact and Fiction_, identifies\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb as the original of \"Frances\" of Charlotte's poem.\n[83] _Charlotte Bront\u00eb and Her Sisters_, pp. 181-3.\n[84] See pages 136 and 140.\n[85] See my remarks on Mrs. Pryor in Appendix on _Shirley_.\n[86] Mrs. Gaskell's _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_.\n[87] See footnote on page 97.\n[88] _Sydney Dobell: Life and Letters_; 1878.\n[89] Of course Mr. Dobell did not know that by the terms of arrangement\nwith Mr. Newby, the publisher of _Wuthering Heights_, it was virtually\nimpossible for Charlotte Bront\u00eb, after the success of _Jane Eyre_, to\nadmit her authorship of _Wuthering Heights_ publicly. See my remarks\nhereon in Chapter I.\n[90] For this see Leyland's _The Bront\u00eb Family_.\n[91] See footnote, page 13.\n[92] _Charlotte Bront\u00eb and her Sisters_, page 162.\n[93] Mrs. Gaskell's _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_.\n[94] The fact that towards the end great affection sprang up between the\nRev. Patrick Bront\u00eb and his only surviving daughter cannot be too\nstrongly emphasized. A most touching narration of him and the dying\nCurrer Bell, related by Martha Brown, the Bront\u00eb servant, and herself\nthe eye-witness, is given by Mr. William Scruton, in _Thornton and The\nBront\u00ebs_, page 133 (1898):--\"When Charlotte heard her father coming\nupstairs to her, she would strain every nerve to give him a pleasing\nreception. On his entering the room she would greet him with, 'See,\npapa, I am looking a little better.'\" Mr. Home was \"papa\" to Paulina.\nCompare the lightsome Paulina with the younger Catherine of _Wuthering\nHeights_; and Mrs. Home's death, _Villette_, chap, xxiv., with Mrs.\nHelstone's _Shirley_, chap. iv.\n[95] The letters in _The Times_ in the close of 1906, and in the early\npart of 1907, attacking the authenticity of the H\u00e9ger portrait, were\nwritten by Mr. Shorter. My footnote in _The Fortnightly_ ran:--\"In\nattacking the water-colour portrait of Charlotte Bront\u00eb purchased by the\nTrustees of the National Portrait Gallery, the discovery of which,\nsigned 'Paul H\u00e9ger, 1850,' was inimical to Mr. Clement Shorter's\ncontention that Charlotte Bront\u00eb had but distantly interested M. H\u00e9ger,\nMr. Shorter said, 'M. H\u00e9ger certainly did not know even in 1850 that\nMiss Bront\u00eb, his old pupil, and Currer Bell were identical,' and with\nanother asserted M. H\u00e9ger and Charlotte Bront\u00eb never met after 1844. We\nshall see here, however, that M. H\u00e9ger knew all Miss Bront\u00eb's literary\nsecrets in 1850, and that they must have met after 1844, for M. H\u00e9ger\ncould have acquired these secrets only in most intimate conversation\nwith Currer Bell herself: to none other would she have revealed them.\"\n[96] In this connection it is of interest to read the remarks of one of\nthe jealous de Morville women on this portrait of the Irish\ngoverness:--\"Patience! ... qui vivra verra. Je garde ce portrait de\nmademoiselle miss Mary, \u00e7a me fera souvent penser \u00e0 elle--\u00e7a m'emp\u00eachera\nde l'oublier. Je vais la clouer \u00e0 quatre \u00e9pingles sur le papier de ma\nchambre\".... She threatens to stick pins in it.... \"Oui, oui, la belle\nAnglais!\" she afterwards exclaims; \"ce n'est pas seulement ton portrait\nque je perce \u00e0 coups d'\u00e9pingle, c'est toi-m\u00eame!\" Which would suggest\nthat a portrait of Charlotte Bront\u00eb could have remained at the H\u00e9ger\nestablishment but at risk of being destroyed. I may observe these\nmysterious references occur only in the 1851 volume; not in the 1850\n_feuilleton_.\n[97] See my footnote on p. 82.\n[98] Mr. Greenwood Dyson, born in 1830 in the Fold opposite the White\nLion Hotel, in the house now a blacksmith's shop. \"I was married in\n1850,\" he stated to me, \"and was living about twenty yards from Haworth\nChurch when Charlotte Bront\u00eb gave a black silk dress to my wife.\" The\nRev. Patrick Bront\u00eb signed a testimonial saying he well knew Mr. Dyson\nas being reliable and trustworthy, as also did the Rev. A. B. Nicholls,\nMiss Bront\u00eb's husband. I have examined the document. An interesting\nglimpse of Charlotte Bront\u00eb I have not seen in any work is one of Mr.\nDyson's reminiscences. He tells me that \"there was a draw-well situated\nin the kitchen of the Rectory from which we boys used to draw water for\ndomestic purposes.\" He added that often he drew water for Charlotte\nBront\u00eb or others of the Bront\u00eb household before drawing for himself. \"In\none of the upper windows,\" he once wrote me, \"a board had been placed\ninstead of one of the panes of glass, in the centre of which was bored a\nhole in which Miss Bront\u00eb inserted a telescope to take observations.\"\nPerceiving in conversation with him the genuine pleasure the sight of\nthe H\u00e9ger portrait of Charlotte Bront\u00eb gave Mr. Dyson, I later forwarded\nhim a large photograph, taken direct from the original H\u00e9ger drawing of\nCharlotte Bront\u00eb in the National Portrait Gallery. I print his reply to\nme written on March 2, 1907:--\n    \"DEAR SIR,--I received the likeness of Charlotte Bront\u00eb (which you\n    were kind enough to send me) this morning, for which I should like\n    to express my appreciation. It really is a very nice portrait. I\n    think it is very much like her. With sincerest thanks, I remain,\n    very truly yours,\n        J. MALHAM-DEMBLEBY, Esq.            (Signed)    G. DYSON.\"\n[99] Through the courtesy of Professor Charles J. Holmes, the present\nDirector of the National Portrait Gallery, I am able to print herewith\nthe N.P.G. references to this portrait.\n  NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY TABLET ON PICTURE:--\n    CHARLOTTE BRONT\u00cb\n    (Mrs. Arthur Bell Nicholls).\n    Novelist. Author of _Jane Eyre_ and other works.\n    Painted in 1850 by \"Paul H\u00e9ger.\"\n    Purchased, July 1906.\n  NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY CATALOGUE:--\n    Painted in water-colours in 1850, and stated to be by \"Paul\"\n    (or Constantin) H\u00e9ger, after an earlier portrait by her brother\n    Branwell Bront\u00eb.\n  NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE:--\n    Water-colour drawing stated to be by \"Paul\" (or Constantin)\n    H\u00e9ger, after Branwell Bront\u00eb.\nI may add that the inverted commas used in regard to M. H\u00e9ger's name are\nemployed because \"Paul\" was not his common name. He was an active member\nof the Society of S. Vincent de Paul, and Charlotte Bront\u00eb portrayed him\nas M. Paul in her novel, _Villette_, commenced not later than the close\nof 1850 or the beginning of 1851.\n[100] Italics mine.\n[101] In _Chapters from Some Memories_, by Anne Thackeray Ritchie.\n[102] By \"Mrs. Brookfield's party\" Lady Ritchie means the later\ndistinguished party. In _Mrs. Brookfield and her Circle_, page 305, vol\nii. (1905), a first dinner given by Mr. Thackeray for Charlotte Bront\u00eb\nin November 1849, is spoken of by Mrs. Brookfield as not having been a\nsuccess; and the second great party at which some clever women were\npresent, to meet Miss Bront\u00eb in 1851, is mentioned with the fact of the\nnon-success of the 1849 party, on pages 355-6. All this now leaves clear\nthe occasion of the 1850 private family dinner at Mr. Thackeray's house,\nwhen Charlotte Bront\u00eb sat next Lady Ritchie in a light green dress.\n[103] Mrs. Gaskell's _Life of Charlotte Bront\u00eb_.\n[105] The Roman numerals refer to the Preface.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  The Key to the Bront\u00eb Works\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1931, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Charlene Taylor, Katie Hernandez, Betsie Bush\nand the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at\nTranscriber's Note: In this text version the instructions for designs,\nwhich were split over intermittent pages, have been presented in one\nplace for easier following.\n  [Illustration: Original Designs _for_ Infants _and_ Juveniles\n  _by Mary Hoyer_\n  Directions on page 9\n  VOLUME NO. 4 ... TWENTY FIVE CENTS]\n  [Illustration: _Dress Your Child in_ ORIGINAL STYLES _by_ Mary Hoyer]\n  _Dedicated to those who Knit \"Smartly....\"_\n      Here are new worlds for you to conquer ... in a book\n          that meets the needs of both beginner and expert in\n      the art of knitting and crocheting. Here are complete\n          instructions that can be followed with the utmost\n      confidence. Explore this treasury of ORIGINAL DESIGNS.\n          Your needles will experience new thrills. You'll have\n      lots of fun. And your children will look smarter than\n          ever before. This book is _yours_!\n  Copyrighted 1941 by Mary Hoyer\n  Printed by Juvenile Styles Publishing Company,\n  1008 Penn St., Reading, Pa.\n  A PUBLICATION DEVOTED TO ORIGINAL AND\n  DISTINCTIVE KNITTED AND CROCHETED GARMENTS\n  Juvenile Styles\n  MARY HOYER, EDITOR AND DESIGNER      VOLUME 4     NUMBER 7\n  [Illustration]\n  _Mothers of All Young Americans_\nThe season of 1946-47 promises to be the biggest of all seasons in\nknitting--you'll be knitting for the boys at camp--and in your spare\ntime for the young Americans who are at the Fireside with you.\nSo--Mothers, get out your knitting needles or crocheting hooks and relax\nin a nice big chair, turn on your radio to some soothing music, unwind\nyour yarn--and in the pages of this book will be enough inspiration to\nmake Mr. and Miss Young America the world's best dressed Children. There\nare Infants and Juvenile Styles cleverly and colorfully designed--and\nthe Smart Young Miss has her day too, for there are some Garments that\nwill be sure to meet with her approval and needs.\nWe sincerely hope that this book will be of invaluable use to those who\n\"Knit Smartly\".\n    Mary Hoyer\n  If You Are Unable To Obtain Our Style Books At Your Local Yarn Shop,\n  Send 30c In Coin To The Following Address\n  PUBLISHED BY ...\n  JUVENILE STYLES PUBLISHING COMPANY\n  1008 PENN STREET, READING, PA.\n_A Convalescing Jacket Ensemble_\n     _Needles_--_1 Pair Bone Nos. 3 and 7 American Standard._\n     _Material_--_8 one ounce balls, pink Saxony, Mother's. 2--one ounce\n           balls, pink Saxony, Baby's. One-half ounce contrasting shade,\n     _Scale_--_13 sts to 2 inches, No. 7 needles. Size 34 mother's, 3\n           months, baby's._\nMOTHER'S JACKET\n_Back_--With No. 7 needles, cast on 135 sts, *K 3, sl 1 st, repeat from\n*across row, ending with K 3, P back. Repeat these 2 rows for 8 inches.\nBind off 4 sts at beg of the next 2 rows for underarm (127 sts). K 2 tog\nat beg of the next 8 rows (119 sts). Continue in pattern for 2 more\ninches. Change to No. 3 needles, on right side, *P 2, K 1, repeat from\n*across row, ending with P 2. On next row, K 2, P 1 across row. Repeat\nthese 2 rows, for 5 inches. Bind off 7 sts at beg of the next 10 rows,\nbind off remaining 49 sts for back of neck.\n_Right Front_--With No. 7 needles, cast on 71 sts, work in pattern for\n8\u00bd inches. Bind off 4 sts at beg of the next row at underarm, P 2 tog\nat beg of the next 4 rows at underarm. Work even for 2 more inches. At\nbeg of the next row at front, bind off 4 sts. Change to No. 3 needles\nand repeat yoke pattern (P 2, K 1) for 3 inches, bind off 10 sts at beg\nof the next row at neck edge. Now K 2 tog at beg of every row at neck\nedge, until 39 sts remain. Bind off 7 sts at beg of every row at\nshoulder, 5 times and continue to K 2 tog at neck edge, until all sts\nare bound off. Work left front to correspond.\n_Sleeves_--With No. 3 needles, cast on 65 sts, work in pattern, P 2, K\n1, ending with P 2. Next row, K 2, P 1, ending row with K 2, repeat\nthese 2 rows for 3 inches. Work 1 more row and inc 1 st at beg and end\nof row. Change to No. 7 needles and work in pattern, K 3, slip 1 st, end\nrow with K 3. P back. Continue to work in pattern and inc 1 st at beg\nand end of every 6th row until you have 107 sts. Work even until sleeve\nmeasures 20 inches from cuff or desired length to underarm. Bind off 3\nsts at beg of the next 2 rows, then bind off 2 sts at beg of the next 2\nrows. Now K 2 tog at beg and end of every K row until 53 sts remain,\nbind off. Sew up seams at underarm and shoulder, sew up sleeves and\ninsert into armhole gathering at top a little. Hem the 4 bound off sts\nat front. Work 2 rows of s c around yoke and neck working 3 loops for\nbuttonholes on right side of yoke, on first row. With contrasting shade\nstart smocking on right hand side at bottom of yoke. Sew the first 2 K\nsts tog, then the next 2 K sts, leave the thread loose between the 2\nsmocked sts. Repeat across row. Start 2nd row, turn, skip first K st and\nwork back in same manner. Work fronts and 5 rows of smocking on cuffs in\nsame manner. Sew on buttons.\nBABY'S JACKET\n_Back_--With No. 7 needles, cast on 91 sts, *K 3, sl 1 st, repeat from\n*across row, ending with K 3, P back. Repeat these 2 rows for 4 inches.\nBind off 4 sts at beg of the next 2 rows (83 sts). Work in pattern for\n\u00be inch more. With No. 3 needles, *P 2, K 1 (right side), repeat from\n*across row, ending with P 2. Next row, K 2, P 1, repeat these 2 rows\nfor 2\u00bc inches. Bind off 6 sts at beg of the next 8 rows, bind off\nremaining 35 sts for back of neck.\n_Right Front_--With No. 7 needles, cast on 47 sts, work in pattern for 4\ninches, bind off 4 sts at beg of the next row at underarm, K back. Purl\n2 sts tog at underarm, work pattern for \u00be inch more. Bind off 4 sts at\nbeg of the next row at front edge (hem). With No. 3 needles, *P 2, K 1,\nrepeat from *across row, next row K 2, P 1, across row. Repeat these 2\nrows for 1\u00bd inches. At beg of next row at front edge, bind off 6 sts,\nthen K 2 tog at beg of every row at neck edge, until you have 27 sts\nleft. Bind off 6 sts at beg of the next 4 rows at shoulder edge and\ncontinue to K 2 tog at neck edge, until all sts are bound off. Work left\nfront to correspond.\n_Sleeves_--With No. 3 needles, cast on 44 sts, P 2, K 1, across row.\nNext row, K 2, P 1, repeat these 2 rows for 1 inch. With No. 7 needles,\nK 3, slip 1 st, ending with K 3 (K last 2 sts tog), P back. Work in\npattern, increasing 1 st at each end, every inch, until sleeve measures\n4 inches (51 sts). Work 1 inch even. Bind off 3 sts at beg of the next 2\nrows. K 2 tog at beg of every row, until you have 35 sts left, bind off.\nSew up seams at underarm and shoulder, sew up sleeves and insert into\narmhole gathering at top a little. Hem the 4 bound off sts at front.\nWork 2 rows of s c around yoke and neck working 2 loops for buttonholes\non right side of yoke, on first row. With contrasting shade start\nsmocking on right hand side at bottom of yoke. Sew the first 2 K sts\ntog, then the next 2 K sts, leave the thread loose between the 2 smocked\nsts. Repeat across row. Start 2nd row turn, skip first K st and work\nback in same manner. Work fronts and 3 rows of smocking on cuffs in same\nmanner. Sew on buttons.\nBOOTIES\nWith No. 3 needles, cast on 47 sts, *K 3, sl 1 st, repeat from *across\nrow, ending with K 3, P back. Repeat these 2 rows for 4 inches. On right\nside, K 1, *Y O, K 2 tog, repeat from *across row, P back. K 15, then P\n2, K 1, for 17 sts, turn, K 2, P 1 for 17 sts. Repeat these 2 rows on 17\nsts for 26 rows, break thread. Holding right side toward you, pick up 12\nsts on side of instep, K across front of instep, pick up 12 sts on other\nside of instep, K on last 15 sts. K 7 rows even. *On next row dec 1 st\nat each end and 4 sts spaced at equal distances apart. K 3 rows even,\nrepeat from *2 times, bind off. Sew seam at sole and back. With 2\nstrands of yarn, ch 90 sts. Tape thru beading. Sew \u00bd inch hem in top\nof bootie.\n[Illustration: No. 800\nThe very smartest thing for the convalescing mother and child is this\nmatching ensemble in shell pink with Turquoise smocking. Mother wears a\njacket--and baby too wears a jacket with booties to match.\n_Detailed illustration of Booties on Page 5._\n_Directions on opposite page._]\n_His Majesty_\n[Illustration]\nKNITTED INFANT SET\nSize--Infant\n     _Needles_--_1 Pair American Standard No. 3 (or Circular)._\n     _Material_--_Saxony--3 fold. Sacque--2 one ounce balls. Cap--1 one\n           ounce ball. Booties--One-half ounce._\n     _Gauge_--_8 sts to one inch._\nSACQUE\nStarting at neck, cast on 78 sts. K 3 rows. Row 1--K 3, *Y O, K 2 tog,\nrepeat from *across row, ending with Y O, K 2 tog, K 1. Row 2--K 1 row.\nRow 3--*K 3, inc in next st, repeat from *across row, do not inc in\nlast 4 sts thruout yoke. Rows 4-5-6-7--K. Repeat from Row 1 to 7, 3 more\ntimes. P 1 row, K 1 row, for 6 rows, keeping first and last 3 sts K on\npurled rows for border. K 1 row on purled side. Repeat Row 3. K 3 rows.\nRepeat rows 1 to 5 inclusive (282 sts). K 100 sts, K back on 58 sts for\nsleeve. *P 1 row, K 1 row for 6 rows on sleeve. K 6 rows (3 ribs),\nmaking a dec at beg and end of first K row, repeat from *2 times. P 1\nrow, K 1 row for 6 rows, on 6th row, *K 3, K 2 tog, repeat from *across\nrow. K 6 rows. Repeat rows 1 and 2. K 4 rows, bind off loosely on wrong\nside. K across back and 2nd sleeve (140 sts), K back on 58 sts for\nsleeve. Work sleeve same as other sleeve. Fasten thread and K over front\n42 sts. K back having all sts on needle. *P 1 row, K 1 row for 6 rows,\nalways keeping first and last 3 sts K on purled rows for border. K 6\nrows (3 ribs). Repeat from *2 times. K 1 row, P 1 row for 6 rows. K 4\nrows, bind off loosely on wrong side. With double strands of yarn, chain\n100 sts, tape thru beading at neck. Sew up sleeve seams.\nCAP\nWith No. 1 Needles, cast on 92 sts, K 2, P 2 for \u00be of an inch. Change\nto No. 3 needles, *P 1 row, K 1 row for 6 rows. K 6 rows (3 ribs),\nrepeat from *3 more times. P 1 row, K 1 row for 6 rows. On next K row,\nbind off 31 sts loosely, K 30, bind off 31 sts, loosely. Fasten thread\nat beginning of the 30 sts and work in garter st for 1 inch. On next\nrow, *dec 5 sts at equal distances apart. Work 1 inch even, repeat from\n*once, work \u00bd inch even. Sew sides to back piece. With No. 1\nneedles, pick up (on right side) 80 sts across bottom of cap and K 2, P\n2 for 4 rows. Next row, K 1, *Y O, K 2 tog, repeat from *across row. K\n2, P 2 for 6 more rows, bind off loosely. Make a chain of s c about 21\ninches long with 2 strands of yarn, tape thru beading.\n[Illustration: No. 801\nPicture the king or queen of your household be-decked in this Saxony\nCap, Sacque, and Bootie ensemble. The young Heir surely deserves to look\nhis--or her--best at all times.\nSmocked booties are detail of Booties Style 800. Directions on Page 2.]\nKNEE BOOTIE\nWith No. 3 needles, cast on 48 sts, K 1, P 1, ribbing for 6 rows. K 1,\n*Y O, K 2 tog, repeat from *across row. Continue to K 1, P 1, for 6\nrows.\nTo start knee shaping: K 31, turn, K 14, turn, K 15, turn, K 16, turn.\nContinue to K 1 st more on every row for 20 rows, then K 2 sts more on\nevery row until all 48 sts are on needle. *Work 1 inch even, dec 1 st at\nbeg and end of next row, repeat from *until back seam measures 4\u00bd\ninches from ribbing (40 sts). Beading: K 1, *Y O, K 2 tog, repeat from\n*across row. K 3 ribs. Now K across 27 sts, turn, K 14 sts, turn, on\nthese 14 sts, K 24 rows (12 ribs), for instep. Break thread. Holding\nright side toward you, pick up 12 sts on side of instep. Continue across\nfront of instep, pick up 12 sts on other side of instep, K on last 13\nsts (64 sts). K 7 rows even. *On next row, dec 1 st at each end and 4\nsts spaced at equal distances apart. K 3 rows even, repeat from *2\ntimes. Bind off, sew seam at sole and back. With 2 strands of yarn, Ch\n90 sts. Tape thru beading.\nSHORT BOOTIES\nWith No. 3 needles, cast on 40 sts loosely. K 5 rows (3 ribs). On next\nrow, K 1, *Y O, K 2 tog, repeat from *across row. *K 3 ribs. K 1 row, P\n1 row for 6 rows, repeat from *once. K 3 ribs. Next row, K 1 *Y O, K 2\ntog, repeat from *across row. K 3 ribs. Now K across 27 sts, turn, K 14\nsts, turn, on these 14 sts, K 24 rows (12 ribs) for instep.\nBreak thread. Holding right side toward you, pick up 12 sts on side of\ninstep. Continue across front of instep, pick up 12 sts on other side of\ninstep, K on last 13 sts (64 sts). K 7 rows even. *On next row, dec 1 st\nat each end and 4 sts spaced at equal distances apart. K 3 rows even,\nrepeat from *2 times. Bind off, sew seam at sole and back. With 2\nstrands of yarn, Ch 90 sts. Tape thru beading.\n_Baby's Three-Piece Crocheted Set_\n[Illustration]\nSize 6 months\n     _1 Bone Crochet hook, size 3._\n     _Material_--_Baby Zephyr Pompadour. 3 one ounce balls pink. 1 one\n           ounce ball, blue. For Sacque, Cap and Booties._\nSACQUE\n_Row 1_--With pink, ch 62 sts (to measure 9\u00bd inches, loosely), work 1\ns c in 2nd ch from hook, 1 s c in next st, 2 s c in next ch, 1 s c in\neach of the next 2 ch, *skip 1 s c, 1 s c in each of the next 2 ch, 2 s\nc in next st, 1 s c in each of the next 2 ch, repeat from *across row,\nending with 3 s c (10 points).\n_Row 2_--Ch 1, turn, work 1 s c in each of the next 2 sts (picking up\nback loop only), 2 s c in next st, 1 s c in each of the next 2 sts,\n*skip 1 s c, 1 s c in each of the next 2 sts, 2 s c in next st, 1 s c in\neach of the next 2 sts, repeat from *across row, ending with 3 s c, do\nnot break thread.\n_Row 3_--With blue, ch 1, turn, repeat row 2 for 2 rows of blue.\nAlternate pink and blue every 2 rows, until you have 18 rows.\n_Row 19_--Ch 1, turn, follow pattern for 3 points and end with 3 s c (19\ns c for shoulder) work on these 19 sts for 9 rows. Ch 12 sts loosely at\nneck edge. S c in 2nd ch from hook, s c in next st, *2 s c in next st,\n1 s c in each of the next 2 sts, skip 1 st, 1 s c in each of the next 2\nsts, repeat from *across row, ending with 3 s c (5 points). Work on\nthese 5 points for 15 rows, break thread. With blue, attach yarn at neck\nedge and work over 3 points, ending with 3 s c. Work to correspond to\nother front. The front just completed will have 1 more row than the\nother side. Continue with pink, ch 4, turn, *skip 2 sts, work 4 d c in\nnext st, picking up both threads, skip 3 sts, 1 d c in next st, 1 d c in\nlast st just skipped (making an X), repeat from *across front, ending\nwith 4 d c in last st, ch 10, work 4 d c in first st on back, skip 3\nsts, 1 d c in next st, 1 d c in st just skipped, repeat between\n**across back, ending with a shell. Ch 10 for underarm and continue\nacross front, beg with a shell ending row with 1 d c in last st. Ch 4,\nturn, *skip 2 d c, d c in next st, d c in st just skipped, 4 d c between\nthe X pattern, repeat from *across front. Skip 1 ch, work 4 d c in next\nch, skip 3 ch, d c in next ch, d c in st just skipped. Skip 2 ch, 4 d c\nin next ch. Follow pattern across back, underarm and front; end row with\n1 d c in ch 3 at beg of row. Ch 4, work remainder of sacque same as last\n2 rows for 8 more rows. Break thread.\n[Illustration: No. 802\nBaby Graduates with highest honors from Style 801 to this set for that\nafternoon stroll with mother. Just the thing to wear to get those\nbeneficial sunrays. Made in delicate pink and blue of Baby Zephyr\nPompadour.]\n_Scallop_--With blue, fasten thread at left hand corner, ch 1, *work 6 d\nc in center of X pattern, s c in center of next pattern, repeat from\n*end row with a shell and s c in corner.\nWith pink, fasten thread at front edge on right side and s c up front,\nthen ch 3 at neck edge, *skip 1 st, d c in next st, repeat from *around\nneck, s c down left front. Work picot on bottom as follows: *ch 1,\nloosely, sl st into next st, repeat from *around bottom, break thread.\n_Sleeves_--With pink fasten thread at underarm, work 1 s c around\narmhole. Row 1--Ch 4, *skip 2 s c, work 4 d c in next st, skip 3 s c, d\nc in next st, d c in st just skipped, repeat from *around row, ending\nwith d c in same st as ch at beg of row (8 shell, 8 X patterns), sl st\nin 3rd ch. Sl st 3 more sts, ch 4. Row 2--Work 4 d c between next X\npattern, continue pattern around row and end row same as Row 1. Work 11\nmore rows in same manner. On 14th row, work 3 d c in X pattern and an X\npattern in each shell.\n_Cuff_--Work 2 rows of s c with pink (decreasing every 5th st on first\nrow). Work 2 rows of blue. Sl st at end of last row, Ch 1.\n_Scallops_--With blue, *skip 2 s c, work 6 d c in next st, skip 2 s c, s\nc in next st, repeat from *around row. With Pink, *ch 1, loosely, sl st\ninto next st, repeat from *around row, break thread.\n_Cord_--With 1 strand of pink and blue, make a ch 22 inches in length,\ntape thru beading. Make a ch 9 inches long tape thru end of yoke.\nCAP\nCh 3, join, work 7 s c in ring, then work 2 s c in each st, until there\nare 24 sts around. Inc in every 5th st, until there are 45 sts around.\nNow inc in every 10th st, until there are 73 sts around, sl st in next\nst. To start pattern: Row 1--Ch 4, *skip 1 s c, work 5 d c in next st,\nskip 2 s c, d c in next st, d c in last st just skipped (making an X\npattern), repeat from *around row ending with 1 d c in same st at beg\nof ch 3, join in 3rd st of ch at beg of row. (15 shell, 15 X patterns).\nSl st over 3 sts of first shell at beg of row, ch 4. Row 2--*Work 5 d c\nbetween X of row below, 1 d c between 3rd and 4th d c of next shell, 1 d\nc between 2nd and 3rd d c of same shell (making an X), repeat from\n*around row, ending with 1 d c in same st at beg of row. Sl st in 3rd ch\nat beg of row, sl st over 3 d c, ch 4. Row 3--Work 5 d c in center of X\npattern, work an X in next shell, continue around row, ending with sl st\nin ch 3 at beg of row, sl st over 3 d c, ch 4. Row 4--Repeat row 2. Row\n5--Make an X in next shell of row below, work in pattern around row for\n13 shells, 12 X patterns, end row with 1 d c in 2nd d c of next shell,\nch 4, turn. Row 6--make an X pattern in first shell, continue pattern\naround row, ending with X pattern in last shell, make 1 d c in 3rd ch at\nbeg of row, ch 3, turn. Work 7 more rows in this manner.\n_Band_--Ch 1, turn, *work 1 s c in each of the first 2 sts, 2 s c in\nnext st, 1 s c in each of the next 2 sts, skip 2 sts, repeat from\n*across row, end with 3 s c, ch 1, turn. Row 2--*1 s c in each of the\nfirst 2 sts, picking up back thread only, 2 s c in next st, 1 s c in\neach of the next 2 sts, skip 1 st, repeat from *across row, ending with\n3 s c. With contrasting shade work 2 rows. Alternating 2 rows of each\ncolor once more. With 1 strand of pink, 1 strand of blue work 2 rows of\ns c around back of cap, skipping a few sts in each row to fit nape of\nneck.\n_Ties_--At end of last row, ch 48 sts, sl st in 4th ch from hook, ch 4,\nsl st in same st. Make 2 more ch 4 loops, break thread, fasten thread at\nother side of cap and work in same manner.\nBOOTIES\n_Instep_--With Pink, ch 13, work 1 sc in 2nd ch from hook, 1 s c in next\nst, 2 s c in next st, 1 s c in each of the next 2 sts, skip 1 st, 1 s c\nin each of the next 2 sts, 2 s c in next st, 1 s c in each of the last 3\nsts. Ch 1, turn. Row 2--Work 1 s c in each of the next 2 sts (picking up\nback st), 2 s c in next st, 1 s c in each of the next 2 sts, skip 1 st,\n1 s c in each of the next 2 sts, 2 s c in next st, 1 s c in each of the\nlast 3 sts, do not break thread. Work 2 rows of contrasting shade,\nalternating 2 rows of each color, until you have 10 rows. With pink, ch\n28 sts loosely and sl st to other end. S c in each st around instep and\nchs, for 5 rnds. Work 5 more rnds, decreasing 3 sts to each rnd, do not\nhave decreases come over those of previous rnd, break thread and sew\nseam of sole. Work 2 rows of s c around top of bootie, decreasing 3 sts\nin each rnd, join with a sl st. Ch 4, skip 1 st, work *1 d c in next st,\nch 1, repeat from * (19 d c), join with a sl st. Ch 3, skip ch 3 of row\nbelow. *Work 4 d c between next 2 d c, skip 1 d c, d c between next 2 d\nc, d c between last 2 d c just skipped (an X pattern), repeat from\n*around row, end row with 1 d c in same st as ch 3 at beg of row, sl st\nin 3rd ch. Sl st over 3 sts, ch 4, work 4 d c between first X pattern,\nmake an X pattern over next shell, end row same as first row. Work 3\nmore rows in same manner. With blue, work scallops as follows: Sl st\nover 3 sts, ch 1, *work 6 d c in X pattern, s c in center of next\nscallop, repeat from *around bootie; sl st in same st at beg of row.\nWith pink, *ch 1, loosely, sl st in next st, repeat from *around row.\nWith 1 strand of pink, 1 blue, ch 74 sts, tape thru bootie and tie.\n_Royal Highness_\nCAPE AND HOOD IN \"SUMMER SKY BLUE\"\nSize--6 months to 1 year\n     _Needles_--_1 pair American Standard No. 2. 1 Circular No. 4._\n     _Material_--_Paradise Zephyr 10 ounces._\n     _Gauge_--_6 sts to 1 inch._\nCAPE\nStarting at neck, with No. 2 needles, cast on 76 sts, K 1, P 1, for 3\nrows. Beading: K 1, *Y O, K 2 tog, repeat from *across row. K 1, P 1\nfor 3 rows, cast on 2 sts. Change to No. 4 circular needle.\n_Yoke_--Work in garter st (K each row). Row 1--K 8, *inc 1 st, K 5,\nrepeat from *across row to within last 8 sts, K 8. Do not inc in first\nand last 8 sts thruout yoke. Cast on 2 sts. Row 2--K 1 row. Row 3--On\nnext row, K back to within last 4 sts, bind off 2 sts for buttonhole, K\n2. On next row, cast on 2 sts over those bound off, K across row.\n*Repeat Row 1 (but do not cast on the 2 sts). K 3 rows even. Repeat from\n*until you have 182 sts, working 2 more buttonholes, 1 inch apart. On\nnext row, K 24 sts, *slip 1 st, K 18 sts, repeat from *to within 25 sts,\nslip 1 st, K 24. On next row, K 3, P to within last 3 sts (Purling the\nsl st), K 3, repeat these 2 rows for 1 inch. On next K row, K 3, inc 1\nst, K 9, inc 1 st, K 10, sl 1 st, continuing pattern across row, making\nan inc in center of each gore. Inc in 4th to last st same as beg of row.\nWork even for 1 inch. Inc in same manner every inch, until cape measures\n11 inches from end of yoke. K 12 rows, 6 ribs, bind off loosely on wrong\nside.\n_Cord_--Ch 3, join, work 5 s c in ring. Work 2 s c in each st, until you\nhave 12 s c. Work even until you have 5 rows. Fill with cotton. S c\naround decreasing a few sts in each row to close opening. Ch 24 inches.\nMake another ball in same manner and attach to 2nd end.\n[Illustration: No. 803\nEven the baby is thought of when it comes to knitting--perhaps more so\nthan the adult--for here is baby's early fall cape and hood for those\nevenings when it is just a bit too cool for baby to be without some sort\nof covering. Here is a practical answer, and an answer soft and\nalluring. The embroidery on the cape and hood has that \"smart touch\"\nthat gives the garment a look of regality--for his--or her--_Royal\nHighness_--the Baby.]\nHOOD\nStarting at first half of neck edge, with No. 2 needles, cast on 42 sts,\nK 1, P 1 for 4 rows. Change to No. 4 needles. *K 1 row, P 1 row for 1\ninch always knitting first 4 sts on Purled rows for border at front. Now\nK 2 sts tog at back edge, repeat from *until piece measures 5 inches,\n37 sts (measuring after the K 1, P 1 edge). Work 1 inch even. To start\npeak at top: _Row 1_--K 30 sts, turn. _Row 2_ and all even rows, P back,\nslipping first st. _Row 3_--K 24, turn. _Row 5_--K 18, turn. _Row 7_--K\n12, turn. _Row 9_--K 6, turn.\nAll sts are now on left hand needle (this completes half of hood). On\nnext row starting at back, K 9, turn. Following row: K 15, turn. Next\nrow K 21, turn. Continue in this manner, increasing 6 sts every other\nrow, until you have 33 sts on right hand needle, turn. P back and on\nnext row, K 37. Work other half to correspond increasing 1 st every inch\nat back edge. Fold in half and sew seam. Sew hood to cape, starting\nabout 2 inches from beading at beg of cape, gathering across leaving 2\ninches at end.\n_Linda_\nCOAT AND BONNET\nSize 2-4 years\n     _Needles_--_Bone American Standard No. 5. 1 Bone Crochet Hook, size\n     _Material_--_Knitting Worsted, 4 Fold. Coat--10 ounces. Bonnet--3\n           ounces. 5 yards of Hat Cord. 4 Wooden Buttons._\n     _Gauge_--_6 sts to 1 inch K. 5 sts to 1 inch Cr._\nCOAT\n_Back_--Cast on 108 sts (116 sts, size 4), work in garter st (K each\nrow), for 1 inch. P 1 row, K 1 row, for 2 inches, 3 inches from bottom.\nOn next K row, dec 4 sts as follows: K 2 tog, K 33, K 2 tog, K 34, K 2\ntog K 33, K 2 tog (104 sts). Work 1 inch even. K 2 tog, K 32, K 2 tog, K\n32, K 2 tog, K 32, K 2 tog (100 sts). Work 1 inch even. Make another dec\nin same manner, having decreases come directly above those of previous\nrows, every inch until you have 9 inches, 80 sts. Work 2 inches even or\ndesired length to underarm. Bind off 3 sts at beg of the next 2 rows for\nunder arm, then K 2 tog at beg of the next 4 rows (70 sts). Work 4 rows\neven. On next K row, *K 3, K 2 tog, repeat from *across row but do not\nK last 2 sts tog. Yoke is worked in garter st for 3 inches (3\u00bd\ninches, size 4). Bind off 4 sts at beg of the next 8 rows, bind off\nremaining sts for back of neck.\n_Left Front_--Cast on 58 sts (60 sts, size 4), work in garter st for 1\ninch. K 5 sts for border, P across, K 1 row, P 1 row for 2 inches always\nK 5 sts on purled rows at front for border. On next K row, dec 2 sts as\nfollows: K 2 tog, K 24, K 2 tog, K 30 (56 sts). Work 1 inch even. K 2\ntog, K 23, K 2 tog, K 29 (54 sts). Work 1 inch even. Make another dec in\nsame manner, having decreases come directly above those of previous row,\nevery inch, until you have 9 inches, 44 sts. Work 2 inches even or\ndesired length to underarm. Bind off 3 sts at beg of the next row that\nbegins at underarm, then K 2 sts tog at beg of every row at underarm, 3\ntimes (38 sts). Work 3 rows even. On next K row, *K 2 tog, K 2 repeat\nfrom *across row, K last 5 sts. Work yoke in garter st for 2 inches\n(2\u00bd inches, size 4). Bind off 7 sts at neck edge, then K 2 sts tog at\nbeg of every row at neck edge, until you have 20 sts. Bind off 4 sts on\nnext 4 rows that begin at armhole and dec 1 st on every row that begins\nat neck edge.\n_Right Front_--Work to correspond until piece measures 8 inches,\nmeasuring on border at front. Work buttonholes as follows: K 3 sts on\nborder side, bind off 2 sts for buttonhole, K across. On next row, cast\non 2 sts over those bound off on previous row. Continue same as left\nside and continue buttonholes 1\u00bd inches apart.\n_Sleeves_--Cast on 32 sts, (36 sts, size 4), work in garter st for 2\ninches (2\u00bd inches, size 4). On next row, *K 2, inc 1 st repeat from\n*across row (42 sts). *K 1 row, P 1 row for 1 inch, inc 1 st at each end,\nrepeat from *until sleeve measures 6 inches from bottom (50 sts). Work\n2 inches even, or desired length to underarm. Bind off 3 sts at beg of\nthe next 2 rows, then 2 sts (5 sts off on each side). K 2 sts tog at beg\nand end of every 4th row, until you have 28 sts, bind off.\n_Pockets_--Cast on 14 sts, P back. Inc in first and last st on K rows,\nuntil you have 18 sts. K 1 row, P 1 row, until piece measures 2\u00bc\ninches. *K 1, K 2 tog, repeat from *across row. K in garter st for \u00be\ninch, bind off loosely. Sew fronts and back tog, sew sleeves tog and\ninsert into armholes with seams meeting at underarm. Sew on buttons.\n_Collar_--Holding wrong side toward you, skip 3 sts, pick up 47 sts to\nwithin last 3 sts. K first 3 sts, P to within last 3 sts, K 3 sts. On\nnext row, inc in every 4th st across row. Work \u00bd inch even. Inc in\nevery 5th st across. Work \u00bd inch even. Inc in every 6th st. Work 5\nrows in garter st, bind off on wrong side. Sew pockets and embroider as\nshown on illustration.\n[Illustration: No. 804\nA welcome addition to any young lady's wardrobe. Notice particularly the\ntreatment of the hat--decidedly new and very young ladyish with hand\nembroidered grosgrain ribbon on the brim and on the pockets. Just the\nthing for those cool evenings in Summer or Fall.]\nBONNET\n_Crown_--Ch 3, join, work 7 s c in ring, work 2 s c in each st until\nthere are 24 sts around. Now inc 1 st in every 5th st, until there are\n50 sts around, then every 15th st until there are 100 sts. Work even\nuntil crown measures 5 inches from center to edge. Dec 3 sts to each rnd\nbut do not have decreases over those on previous rows, until crown\nmeasures 5\u00bd inches from center to edge or desired headsize. Ch 1,\nturn, work 1 row of s c around bonnet to within 20 sts at beg of row.\n*Ch 1, turn, work 1 row of s c in each st across row to within ch 1, at\nbeg of row, repeat from *6 more times. On next row, sew cord at beg of\nrow, *s c over cord increasing every 4th st. Adjust cord at end of each\nrow, ch 1, turn, repeat from *for 1 more row. On next 2 rows inc in\nevery 12th st. On next 2 rows inc in every 20th st. On last 2 rows, work\neven. Cut cord and sew. Work 1 row of s c over ends of brim and back of\ncap. Block lightly. Embroider flowers on grosgrain ribbon and sew on\nsides and front of brim. Sew grosgrain ribbon in same manner on back of\nbrim. Turn back 5 rows without cord and attach bows on each side as\nshown on illustration.\n_Bonnie Annie Laurie_\nILLUSTRATION ON FRONT COVER\nPLAID COAT AND BONNET IN ROYAL BLUE\nSize 4 to 6 years\n     _Needles_--_1 Pair American Standard No. 5._\n     _Material_--_Knitting Worsted, 3 four ounce skeins. Sports Yarn\n           (for embroidering) Red, Yellow, Green. 16-inch zipper open._\n     _Gauge_--_5\u00bd sts to 1 inch._\nCOAT\n_Back_--Starting at bottom, cast on 102 sts, (108 sts, size 6), K 8 rows\n(4 ribs). P 1 row, K 1 row for 2\u00bd inches. Now dec 4 sts as follows: K\n2 tog, K 31, K 2 tog, K 32, K 2 tog, K 31, K 2 tog (98 sts). Work 1 inch\neven. Make another dec: K 2 tog, K 30, K 2 tog, K 30, K 2 tog, K 30, K 2\ntog (94 sts). *Work 1 inch even and make another dec in same manner,\nhaving decreases come directly above those of previous decreases, repeat\nfrom *until piece measures 11 inches (66 sts). Work 1 inch even (3\ninches, size 6). *Now inc 1 st on each side, work 1 inch even, repeat\nfrom *once. Work even until back measures 17 inches or desired length\nto underarm. Bind off 3 sts at beg of the next 2 rows, then K 2 tog at\nbeg of the next 6 rows (6 sts off on each side). Work even until armhole\nmeasures 5 inches (5\u00bd inches, size 6), measuring straight up from\nwhere the 3 sts were bound off. Bind off 5 sts at beg of the next 6\nrows, bind off remaining sts loosely for back of neck.\n_Left Front_--Cast on 52 sts (56 sts, size 6). K 8 rows (4 ribs). P 1\nrow, K 1 row for 2\u00bd inches, always keeping first 3 sts K on purled\nrows for border at front. Now dec 2 sts as follows: K 2 tog, K 23, K 2\ntog, K 25 (50 sts). Work 1 inch even and *make another dec in same\nmanner, work 1 inch even. Repeat from *until piece measures 11 inches\n(34 sts). Work 1 inch even (3 inches, size 6). *Now inc 1 st at seam\nend, work 1 inch even, repeat from *once. Work even until front\nmeasures 17 inches or desired length to underarm. Bind off 4 sts at beg\nof next row for underarm, then K 2 tog at beg of every row at underarm 3\nmore times. Work even until armhole measures 3\u00bd inches from where the\n4 sts were bound off (4 inches, 6 years). On next row that begins at\nneck edge, bind off 6 sts. P 2 sts tog at beg of every row at neck edge,\nuntil 18 sts remain. Bind off 5 sts at beg of the next 3 rows at\nshoulder and continue to P 2 tog at neck, until all sts are bound off.\nWork Right Front to correspond.\n[Illustration: No. 805\nSmart, colorful and easy on the eye is this two-piece ensemble for the\nyoung lady. The coat is first knit and then the plaid is embroidered in\ngreen, yellow and red. The only note of contrasting plainness is in the\ncollar of the coat and the back of the bonnet. The coat closes with a\nconvenient Zipper.]\n_Sleeves_--Cast on 38 sts (42 sts, size 6), K 8 rows (4 ribs). Now P 1\nrow, K 1 row for 2\u00bd inches, *inc 1 st on each end, work even for 1\ninch, repeat from *until sleeve measures 10 inches from beginning (54\nsts). Work 1 inch even or desired length to underarm. Bind off 3 sts at\nbeg of the next 2 rows, then K 2 tog at beg and end of every K row,\nuntil 18 sts remain. Work other sleeve in same manner.\nEmbroidering (see swatch).\nFold back in half at neck edge, place a marker. Count 7 sts on left side\nof marker. With red yarn insert tapestry needle from wrong side to right\nside. *Now insert needle over 1 thread and down 1 thread, bringing\nneedle from wrong to right side 2 threads below, repeat from *to bottom\nof coat. Count 7 sts to right of marker, with red, make another row in\nsame manner. Fasten ends securely. Count 14 sts on either side of these\n2 rows and make 1 more row with red, in same manner. With yellow work 1\nrow on next thread to right side of each red row. Measure 2 inches from\nbottom of back, with red make a running st, inserting needle over 1\nthread and under 2 threads across row, do not pull too tightly. *Skip 17\nrows of knitting and on 18th row, make another running st with red,\nrepeat from *to top of coat. With green make 1 row below red in same\nmanner.\n_Fronts_--On 5th row from shoulder edge, with red, work from top to\nbottom same as back. Count 14 rows, with red, make another row in same\nmanner. Measure 2 inches from bottom, work running sts with red and\ngreen to match back.\n_Sleeves_--Make same st from top of sleeve to bottom starting in center\nof sleeve, with red and yellow. Skip 14 rows on either side make one\nmore row, with red and yellow. Work running sts with red and green\nstarting 2 inches from bottom of coat, every 18th row to top of sleeve.\nSew shoulder seams.\n_Collar_--Holding wrong side of coat toward you, pick up 52 sts. P 1\nrow, K 1 row, knitting first and last 3 sts on P rows for border for \u00bd\ninch. Inc in every 6th st across row. Work \u00bd inch even. Inc in every\n7th st across. Work \u00bd inch even. Inc every 8th st across. Work \u00bd\ninch even. Work 3 ribs in garter st, bind off loosely on wrong side.\nSew Back to Fronts and sew up sleeves, insert into armholes, having\nseams meet at underarm. Make two small inverted pleats at top of\nsleeves. Insert zipper.\nBONNET\nStarting at side of front. With No. 5 needles, cast on 20 sts, P 1 row,\nK 1 row for 3 rows, inc 1 st at beg of next row (place marker, this is\nback edge). Work 3 rows even. Inc 1 st at beg of next row, continue to\ninc 1 st at beg of every 4th row, until you have 29 sts. Work even until\npiece measures 8 inches from beg. Now dec 1 st at back edge every 4th\nrow, until you have 20 sts. Work 3 rows even, bind off.\n_Back_--Cast on 32 sts. P 1 row, K 1 row, for 1 inch. *On next row, inc\n1 st at beg and end, work 1 inch even, repeat from *until piece\nmeasures 4 inches, 40 sts. *Now work 3 rows even, dec 1 st at beg and\nend of next K row, repeat from *2 more times (34 sts). K 2 tog at beg\nand end of every row, until 26 sts remain. Fold front piece of cap in\nhalf crosswise, place marker. Count 9 sts on each side of marker. With\nred yarn make a running st inserting needle over one thread and under 2\nthreads across row, do not pull too tightly. Skip 9 sts from other side\nof marker, work another row in same manner. Work 2 more rows, 18 rows\nfrom each side of rows just finished. With green work one more row in\nsame manner 1 st above. Count 8 rows from straight end of piece, work\nyarn lengthwise with red as follows: *Insert needle over one thread and\ndown one thread bringing needle from wrong to right side 2 threads\nbelow. Repeat from *to end of piece. Count 14 rows (about 2\u00bd inches\nfrom end of piece), with red make another row in same manner. With\nyellow make another row in same manner one thread above.\nSew \u00bd inch hem on straight end of front piece; sew other end to back\npiece (place marker at center of each piece first). Work 2 rows of s c\naround bottom of cap. Attach small bows made of grosgrain ribbon leaving\nends to tie. Attach feather as shown on illustration.\nPURSE\n_Purse_--Cast on 26 sts, P 1 row, K 1 row for 4 inches or enough rows to\nmake a perfect square. Work another piece in same manner. Embroider\nstripes same as in coat about \u00be inch from sides. Sew 2 sides tog s c\naround other 2 sides. Strap--Ch 4, work 1 s c in 2nd ch from hook, 1 s c\nin each of the next 2 sts. *Ch 1, turn, work 1 s c in each of the 3 sts,\nrepeat from *until piece measures 8 inches. Sew ends to top of squares.\nInsert 2 four inch zippers (or 1 zipper if preferred). Attach tassels on\nzipper ends, made with a few strands of yarn.\n_Sunny_\nSLIP-OVER-CARDIGAN-PANTIES\nSize--6 Months to one year\n     _Needles_--_No. 3 American Standard._\n     _Material_--_Kashmir Fleece--5 one ounce balls._\n     _\u00bd yard of Elastic._\n     _13 Pearl Buttons._\n     _Gauge_--_8 sts to 1 inch._\nSLIP-OVER\n_Back_--Starting at bottom, cast on 76 sts (80 sts, size 1), K 1, P 1\nfor 2 inches. K 1 row, P 1 row for 4\u00bd inches, (5 inches, size 1).\nBind off 4 sts at beg of the next 2 rows, then K 2 tog at beg of the\nnext 4 rows (64 sts). Work even for 3 inches (3\u00bd inches, size 1). K 6\nrows (3 ribs). On next row K 20, bind off 24 sts loosely, K 20. On these\n20 sts, P 1 row, K 1 row for 4 rows, K 2 rows, bind off loosely. Fasten\nthread at beg of the other shoulder and work in same manner.\n[Illustration: No. 806\nThe suit consists of slip-over cardigan and panties and is just the\nthing for a One Year Old to wear when welcoming his--or her--First\nBirthday Party guests. The king of the house will do justice to this\nhandsome suit.]\n_Front_--Work front same as for back to underarm. Bind off 4 sts at beg\nof the next 2 rows, then K 2 tog at beg of the next 4 rows (64 sts). On\nnext purled row, P 31, K 2, P 31. K back. On next purled row, P 25, K 2,\nP 4, K 2, P 4, K 2, P 25. K back. Continue pattern in this manner 6 more\nsts in pattern on each side, on purled rows, until all sts are in\npattern. Work in pattern until armhole measures same as for back, having\nlast 3 ribs K in garter st. On next row, K 20, bind off 24 sts loosely,\nK 20. On these 20 sts, K 4 rows (2 ribs), on next row, work buttonholes\nas follows: K 4 sts at shoulder edge, bind off 2, K 4, bind off 2, K 4,\nbind off 2, K 2. On next row, cast on 2 sts over those bound off. K 2\nmore rows, bind off. Work other shoulder to correspond. Fold shoulders\ntog, having buttonholes overlap the stockinette st band. When picking up\nsleeve sts, pick up sts thru both pieces at top of shoulder.\n_Sleeves_--Pick up 58 sts, starting after the 6 bound off sts, to 6\nbound off sts at other end. P back, pick up 2 sts at each end of every\nrow, until all sts are picked up (70 sts). *Work \u00bd inch or 4 rows, K 2\ntog at beg and end of next row, repeat from *until sleeve measures 6\ninches (46 sts). K 1, P 1 (ribbing), for 1 inch, bind off loosely. Sew\non buttons with tape on shoulder piece. Boat is worked in cross stitch\nas shown on illustration.\nCARDIGAN\n_Back_--Starting at bottom, cast on 76 sts (80 sts, size 1), K 1, P 1\nfor 2 inches. K 1 row, P 1 row for 5 inches (5\u00bd inches, size 1). Bind\noff 4 sts at beg of the next 2 rows, then K 2 tog at beg of the next 4\nrows (64 sts). Work even for 3 inches (3\u00bd inches, size 1). K 6 rows\n(3 ribs). On next row K 20, bind off 24 sts loosely, K 20. On these 20\nsts, P 1 row, K 1 row for 4 rows. (Put other 20 sts on st holder). Now\ninc 1 st at beg of every K row at neck edge, until you have 30 sts. Cast\non 5 sts at neck edge. P 1 row, K 1 row always keeping last 5 sts K on\npurled rows for border. Work 1\u00bd inches from beginning of border, then\ninc 1 st at end of K rows, 2 times at underarm, then cast on 4 sts at\nunderarm. Work even for 5 inches continuing border. K 1, P 1 ribbing for\n2 inches, bind off loosely, K 1, P 1. Work right front to correspond.\nStart buttonholes 1 inch from beg of border as follows: K 3, bind off 2,\nP across. On next row, cast on 2 sts over those bound off. Continue 5\nmore buttonholes 1\u00bd inches apart.\n_Band at Neck_--Pick up 82 sts, K 1, P 1 ribbing for 1 row, on next row,\nK 1, P 1, K 1, bind off 2 sts, K 1, P 1 across row. On next row cast on\n3 sts over those bound off. K 1, P 1 for 2 more rows, bind off, K 1, P\n_Sleeves_--Pick up 58 sts, starting after the 6 bound off sts, to 6\nbound off sts at other end. P back. Pick up 2 sts at each end of every\nrow, until all sts are picked up (70 sts). *Work \u00bd inch or 4 rows, K 2\ntog at beg and end of next row, repeat from *until sleeve measures 6\ninches (46 sts). K 1, P 1 (ribbing), for 1 inch, bind off loosely. Sew\nup side seams and sleeves. Sew on buttons with ribbon on wrong side.\nPANTIES\nCast on 76 sts, loosely (80 sts, size 1), K 1, P 1 for 6 rows. Next row,\nK 1, *Y O, K 2 tog, repeat from *across row. K 1, P 1 for 6 more rows.\nK 1 row, P 1 row for 7 inches from start (7\u00bd inches, size 1). To\nstart shaping of crotch; K 36, inc in next st, K 2, inc in next st, K\n36, P back. K 36, inc in next st, K 4, inc in next st, K 36, P back. K\n36 sts and inc in same manner, having 2 more sts between increases until\nyou have 6 sts between increases. Bind off 4 sts at beg of each row\n(continue to inc for crotch in same manner), until all sts are bound off\non each side of crotch (24 sts). K 1 row, P 1 row on these 24 sts\n(crotch) for 1\u00bd inches. Cast on 4 sts at end of every row and dec in\nsame manner as you increased, thus having 2 sts less on each K row,\nbetween crotch. K 1 row, P 1 row on 76 sts, for 6\u00bd inches (7 inches,\nsize 1). K 1, P 1, for 6 rows. Next row, K 1, *Y O, K 2 tog, repeat from\n*across row. K 1, P 1 for 6 more rows, bind off loosely. Pick up 80 sts\naround each leg, K 1, P 1, ribbing for 1 inch, bind off loosely. Fold\ntog on wrong side easing longer side in for back. Tape with elastic.\n[Illustration]\n_Land of Nod_\nFIVE-PIECE ENSEMBLE WITH CARRIAGE ROBE\nSize 6 Months to 1 Year\n     _Needles_--_1 Pair American Standard No. 2 and 4. 4 Double point,\n     _Material_--_Jacket--5 ounces (Germantown 4-Fold used in complete\n           ensemble). Leggins--5 ounces. Hood--2 ounces. Mitts--1 ounce.\n           Shoes--1 ounce. Afghan--12 ounces. Imported Angora--2 Balls.\n     _Gauge_--_6 sts to 1 inch._\nJACKET\n_Back_--With No. 4 needles, cast on 58 sts. (64 sts, size 1). *P 4 sts,\nK 2, repeat from *across row, ending with P 4. K next row (right side).\nRepeat these two rows for 6 inches. Bind off 3 sts at beg of the next 2\nrows, then K 2 sts tog at beg of the next 6 rows (46 sts). Work even for\n4 inches (4\u00bd, size 1), measuring straight up from where the 3 sts\nwere bound off. Bind off 4 sts at beg of the next 6 rows, bind off\nremaining sts for back of neck.\n_Left Front_--Cast on 30 sts (32 sts, size 1). *P 4, K 2, repeat from\n*across row, ending with K 2. K next row. Repeat these 2 rows for 6\ninches. On the P 2 gore, bind off 4 sts for underarm, then K 2 sts tog\nat beg of every row at underarm 3 times (7 sts off). Work even for 3\ninches (3\u00bd size 1). On next row that begins at neck edge, bind off 5\nsts, follow pattern across. P 2 sts tog at beg of every row that begins\nat neck edge until 14 sts remain. Bind off 4 sts at beg of the next 3\nrows that begin at shoulder and continue to K 2 sts tog at neck edge,\nuntil all sts are bound off.\n_Right Front_--Work right front to correspond having K 4 gores meet for\nzipper.\n_Sleeves_--Cast on 34 sts (38 sts, size 1), P 4, K 2 across row, K back.\nWork in pattern for 2 inches. Inc 1 st on each side every inch until\nsleeve measures 6\u00bd inches from start. Bind off 3 sts at beg of the\nnext 2 rows, then bind off 2 sts at beg of the next 2 rows (5 sts off on\neach side). Now K 2 sts tog at beg and end of every 4th row, until 20\nsts remain, bind off. Sew up seams at underarm and shoulders. Sew\nsleeves tog, insert sleeves into armholes.\n_Collar_--With wrong side towards you pick up 52 sts. *P 4, K 2, repeat\nfrom *across row ending with P 4. K back. Work 4 more rows in pattern.\nOn wrong side make an inc in each K 2 gore. Work in pattern until collar\nmeasures 2 inches, bind off loosely. Work 1 row of s c around collar and\nfronts. Sew on zipper.\nLEGGINS\n_Cuff_--With No. 2 needles, cast on 40 sts (46 sts, size 1), K 1, P 1\nfor 14 rows. Change to No. 4 needles, K 1, P 1 for 3 more rows. K next\nrow, increasing every 6th st across row. P 1 row, K 1 row, increasing\nevery 6th row at beg and end, until you have 62 sts. Now inc in every\n4th row, until you have 68 sts. Inc in every 2nd row until you have 78\nsts (86 sts, size 1), or desired length to crotch. Work 2 rows even. *On\nnext K row, bind off 2 sts, K to end of row. On next purled row, P 2 sts\ntog (place marker for back) repeat from *once. Work 2 rows even, dec 1\nst at beg and end of next 2 K rows. Now dec 1 st every 6th row at front\nedge, 6 times, meanwhile dec every 8th row at back edge, 2 times. Work 6\nrows even (10 rows, size 1). On next purled row, P 28, turn, slip first\nst. K to back edge, P 22, K back, P 16. K back, P 10, K back, P 5, K\nback. P across all sts. Change to No. 2 needles, K 1, P 1 for 4 rows. On\nnext row, K 2, *Y O, K 2 tog, repeat from *across row. K 1, P 1 for 4\nmore rows, bind off loosely, K 1, P 1. Work other leg to correspond. Sew\neach leg tog up to crotch; sew front and back seams. Ch 160 sts, insert\nthru beading.\nHOOD\nStarting at first half of neck edge, cast on 44 sts (48 sts, size 1),\nwork in garter st (K each row), for 4 inches. To start peak at top: *dec\n1 st by knitting the 2nd and 3rd sts tog, place marker, this side will\nbe referred to as back. Inc in 3rd st at front edge. K 4 rows (2 ribs),\nrepeat from *once (5 inches) from start. Now bind off 10 sts at beg of\nfront edge and K 2 tog at beg of next row at back edge. Continue to K\n2nd and 3rd sts tog at beg of every row at back edge and K 2 tog at beg\nand end of every row at front edge, until you have 16 sts. Continue in\nsame manner at back edge and work even at front, until you have 10 sts.\nNow inc in first st at beg of front edge and bind off 2 sts at beg of\nevery row at back edge, until you have 4 sts, bind off. Work another\npiece in same manner and sew tog.\n_Band at Neck_--Cast on 4 sts, work in garter st for 20 inches, bind\noff. Sew band to bottom of hood gathering hood to fit snug, leave ends\nto tie.\n_Pompom_--With a small card board, 1\u00bc inches in width, wrap yarn\naround cardboard 36 times, sew at one end, cut at other. Make 2 more in\nsame manner, sew 3 pieces together, trim.\nMITTS\nCast 10 sts on first needle, 10 sts on 2nd needle, 10 sts on 3rd needle,\nwith 4th needle K 1, P 1 for 6 rows. *Y O, K 2 tog, repeat from *for 1\nround. K 1, P 1 for 6 rows. Remainder of mitten is K. Inc 1 st on each\nneedle 33 sts. Work 2 inches even. (2\u00bd inches, size 1). *K 3, K 2\ntog, repeat from *for 1 round. Work 4 rows even. *K 2, K 2 tog, repeat\nfrom *for 1 round. *Work 1 round even. K 1, K 2 tog, repeat from *until\n10 sts remain. Weave sts tog or bind off, fold and sew. Ch 80 sts,\ntape thru beading of cuff. Put ends of ch thru cuff of sweater and tie.\nSHOES\nCast on 8 sts, K back. K 3, inc in each of the next 2 sts, K 3. K 2\nrows. K 4, inc in each of the next 2 sts, K 4. K 2 rows. Continue in\nthis manner, until you have 24 sts. K 9, Y O, K 2 tog, K 3, Y O, K 2\ntog, K 8. K 4 rows. K 8, put on st holder, bind off 8, K 8. K back on 8\nsts, cast on 4, K back. On next row, *K 7, Y O, K 2 tog, K 3. K 3 rows,\nrepeat from *5 times, put on st holder. Work other side to correspond.\nPick up 60 sts. *P back. K next row and dec 1 st at beg and end and 3\nsts in center, spaced at equal distances apart, repeat from *2 times.\nWeave these sts tog or bind off and sew. Weave back sts tog or bind off\nand sew. Ch 80 sts, tape thru beading.\nCARRIAGE ROBE\n24 inches width.\n32 inches length.\n     _Gauge_--_5 sts to 1 inch._\n     _Pattern_--_Multiple of 11, plus 10 sts._\nWith No. 5 needles, cast on 142 sts, *K 10, sl 1 st, repeat from *across\nrow, end row with K 10. Next row, P back, purling the sl st. Repeat\nthese 2 rows for 32 inches. With Angora or contrasting shade of yarn,\nembroider as follows: Insert needle from wrong side to right side, on\nleft side at the sl st. *Skip 1 sl st, insert needle from right to left,\nthru next sl st, repeat from *to length of robe. Do not break thread,\ninsert needle from right to left working from bottom to top (Making\nan X). Work 3 rows of s c around robe, working 3 sts in corners.\n[Illustration: No. 807\nFive Piece Ensemble, with Carriage Robe for a tiny Baby. What a pleasure\nyou will have in fondling the well dressed baby who has the foresight to\nhave in his wardrobe this five piece suit, consisting of leggings, cap,\njacket, mittens and shoes. The jacket has a convenient Zipper front. To\nfinish, you may trim with angora or a contrasting shade of yarn may be\nused.]\n_A Sailor's Sweetheart_\nCROCHETED JACKET\nSize 4 to 6 years\n     _1 Bone Crochet Hook, size 3._\n     _Material_--_Cashmere Sports, 4 two ounce balls. One-half ounce\n           ball white and red. 6 gold buttons._\n_Back_--Ch 68 (to measure about 12 inches). (72 chs, size 6). Work 1 s c\nin 2nd ch from hook, s c in each ch. Ch 1, turn, work 12 rows of s c. On\n13th row, inc in every 7th st across row (76 s c). Next row, ch 2, turn,\ninsert hook in 2nd ch from hook, draw yarn thru, insert needle in first\ns c, wrap, draw thru 2 loops, wrap thru 2 more (same as d c). *Insert\nneedle in large loop of st, draw thru, insert needle in next s c,\ncomplete same as d c, repeat from *across row (right side). Ch 1, turn,\ns c in each st across row. Repeat these 2 rows for 8 inches. On next s c\nrow, s c to within last 3 sts, ch 2, turn, follow pattern across row to\nwithin last 3 sts. Ch 1, turn, s c across row; do not s c in last 2 sts,\nch 2, follow pattern across row, do not work in last 2 sts. Follow\npattern across for the next 6 rows and do not work in last st of each\nrow (8 sts off on each side). Work in pattern for 5\u00bd inches, or\ndesired length to shoulder. On next s c row, *s c to within last 6 sts,\nch 1, turn, s c to within last 6 sts at other end, (remainder of back is\nworked in s c rows), repeat from *2 more times, break thread.\n[Illustration: No. 808\nThis young lady is wearing one of the most colorful of jackets.\nCrocheted in Royal Blue, with a white sailor collar that has a touch of\nred--so three cheers for the Red, White and Blue. An added bit of\nglamour is the gold buttons down the front. Ship ahoy!]\n_Left Front_--Ch 34, (36 chs, size 6) work 1 s c in 2nd ch from hook,\nwork 1 s c in each ch across row. Ch 1, turn, work 12 rows of s c. On\n13th row, inc in every 7th st across row. Work same as back to underarm.\nOn next s c row, work to within last 3 sts of underarm. Ch 2, follow\npattern across row. On next row, s c to within last 2 sts, *ch 2. Follow\npattern across row, on next row, s c to within last st, repeat from *3\ntimes. (9 sts off at underarm). When piece measures about 1\u00bd inches\nfrom underarm work pocket as follows: Work over 6 sts from underarm\nside. Pocket: With another strand of yarn, ch 17 sts loosely, work in\npattern for 2 inches, break thread, insert pocket. Continue pattern on\npocket for 16 sts and skip 16 on sweater; continue across front. Follow\npattern until front measures 10\u00bd inches from bottom at front edge,\ndec 2 sts at front edge (by not working in last s c and the turning cr).\nWork even at armhole edge, and do not work in last st of every row at\nneck edge, until you have 20 sts. When piece measures same as back to\nshoulder, s c to within last 6 sts at shoulder edge, 2 times (same as\nback), and continue to dec at neck 2 more times. Work right front to\ncorrespond, omitting pocket.\n_Sleeves_--Ch 41 sts (to measure about 6 inches), (45 chs, size 6). Work\n1 s c in 2nd ch from hook, s c in each ch to end of row. Ch 1, turn,\nwork 10 rows of s c. On 11th row inc 4 sts across row at equal distances\napart. Work in pattern same as for back for 1 inch. On next row, inc 1\nst on each side. Continue to inc 1 st on each side every inch until you\nhave 60 sts across row. Work even until sleeve measures 10 inches from\nbottom of cuff or desired length to underarm. *On next row work to within\n3 sts at end of row, repeat from *once. On next row work to within 2 sts\nat end of row, repeat from *once (50 sts). Now work to within 1 st of\neach row until you have 28 sts left. Sew shoulder scams and sides. Sew\nsleeves and insert into armholes making a small inverted pleat at top.\nStarting at right front, work 1 row of s c completely around fronts and\nneck. Work 3 more rows of s c on left front, break thread. Work 1 row of\ns c on right front making ch 3 loops for buttonholes about 2 inches\napart. Work 2 more rows of s c over chains. Work 2 rows of s c of red on\npocket, 2 rows of white, sew ends.\n_Collar_--Ch 49 sts, work 1 s c in 2nd ch from hook, s c in each ch\nacross row. Work in pattern for 3 inches. Work over 12 sts. Dec 1 st (by\nnot working in last st) at end of every s c row on outer edge of collar\nuntil you have 2 sts. Work other side of collar to correspond. Work 1\nrow of s c around outside edge of collar, increasing 2 sts in each\ncorner. Work 2 rows of blue, 2 rows of red. Sew to jacket.\n_Tyrol_\nKNITTED JACKET AND HAT\nSize 8 to 10 years\n     _Needles_--_American Standard No. 11._\n     _Material_--_Knitting Worsted, 3\u00bd four ounce skeins, for both\n           Jacket and Hat. Seven Wooden Buttons._\n     _Scale_--_4 sts to 1 inch._\nJACKET\n_Back_--With No. 11 needles and 2 strands of yarn cast on 42 sts (size\n10, 46 sts), *K 2, P 2 across row. Next row, P 2, K 2, repeat from *for\n9\u00bd inches. Bind off 2 sts at beg of the next 2 rows, then K 2 tog at\nbeg of the next 4 rows, 34 sts remaining. Work even for 5\u00bd inches (6\ninches, size 10). Bind off 3 sts at beg of the next 6 rows, bind off\nremaining 16 sts for back of neck.\n_Left Front_--Cast on 26 sts (size 10, 28 sts) *K 2, P 2 across row to\nwithin last 4 sts, K last 4 sts (border). Next row, K 4, P 2, K 2 across\nrow, ending with P 2. Repeat from *until piece measures 3 inches. *Next\n*until piece measures 9\u00bd inches. Bind off 2 sts at beg of next row\nat underarm, then K 2 tog at beg of next 2 rows at underarm (22 sts).\nWork even for 4 inches, (4\u00bd inches, size 10). Now bind off 4 sts at\nborder edge and dec 1 st at beg of every row at neck edge, until 12 sts\nremain. Bind off 3 sts at beg of the next 3 rows at shoulder and\ncontinue to dec at neck edge, 3 more times.\n_Right Front_--Cast on 26 sts. K 4, *K 2, P 2, repeat from *across row.\nNext row, P 2, K 2 to within last 4 sts. K last 4 sts. Repeat these 2\nrows for 1 inch. Then work buttonhole as follows: P 2, K 2 across row to\nwithin 4 sts, bind off 2, K 2. Next row, K 2, cast on 2 sts over those\nbound off, continue pattern across row. Continue same as left front\nworking buttonholes every 2 inches.\n_Sleeves_--Cast on 24 sts, K 2, P 2, ribbing for 2 inches. Inc 1 st on\neach side and inc 1 st on each side every 2 inches, until sleeve\nmeasures 12 inches (34 sts). Bind off 3 sts at beg of the next 2 rows,\nthen K 2 tog at beg of the next 2 rows (26 sts). K 2 tog at beg and end\nof every 4th row, until you have 16 sts, bind off. Sew shoulder seams.\n_Band at neck_--Pick up 46 sts and K 2, P 2, across row. *On next row,\ndec 1 st at beg and end of every row, repeat from *until you have 32\nsts, bind off. Sew seams at underarm and sleeves, insert sleeves into\narmholes, gathering a little at top of sleeve. Embroider heart in center\nof panel with rust. The center 2 flowers with brown (Yellow centers).\nTop and bottom flowers with orange (brown centers). Work stems with\ngreen. Sew on buttons.\n[Illustration: No. 809\nAn authentic style note emphasized by the embroidery in gay colors down\nthe panels in the front, which may be easily applied. There is a hat to\nmatch. We used Beige complemented with contrasting colors.]\nHAT\nWith No. 11 needles, 2 strands of yarn, cast on 64 sts. K 2, P 2 for 2\ninches. Next row, K 2 tog (P 2, K 2) for 30 sts, (continue with half of\nhat) turn, *K 2 tog at beg and end of every row at center back and K 2\ntog at beg of every 4th row at front edge until you have 16 sts left.\nBind off 4 sts at beg of every row at back edge until all sts are bound\noff. Work other side to correspond. Sew up back of cap. S c around\nentire cap. With contrasting yarn (2 strands) chain 24 inches, break\nthread, tape thru front. Make 2 small pompoms. Make pompom of 3\ndifferent shades, sew tog, trim. Sew on ends of cord, tie in 1 knot.\nEmbroider as shown on illustration.\n_Goldilocks_\nLITTLE PRINCESS AND HER DOLLY\nSize 4-6 years\n     _Needles_--_1 Circular Needle, No. 3. 1 Pair American Standard No.\n     _Material_--_Kashmir Sports Yarn; 8 ounces, size 4; 10 ounces, size\n     _Gauge_--_7\u00bd sts to 1 inch._\nDRESS\nStarting at bottom, with No. 3 circular needle, cast on 375 sts, size 4\n(427 sts, size 6), do not join. K in garter st for 9 rows, 5 ribs.\n_Size 4_--Work as follows: P 31, *K 3, P 59, repeat from *4 times, K 3,\nP 31. K back. Repeat these 2 rows for 1 inch. First dec: K 13, K 2 tog,\ntog, K 7, repeat from *4 times, dec last panel same as first panel.\n*Work 1 inch even. Make another dec in same manner having decreases come\ndirectly above previous decreases. (24 sts less after each decreased\nrow). Repeat from *until you have 159 sts. Work even until piece\nmeasures 12 inches or desired length to waist line.\n_Size 6_--K 9 rows for border same as size 4. P 37, *K 3, P 67, repeat\nfrom *4 times, K 3, P 37. K back, repeat these 2 rows for 1 inch. First\n2 tog, K 18, K 2 tog, K 7, repeat from *4 times, dec last panel same as\nfirst panel. Work 1 inch even. Make another dec in same manner every\ninch, until you have 163 sts. Work even until piece measures 14 inches\nor desired length to waist line. *K 16 (size 6, K 18) (including 3 K\nsts), with No. 1 needles, K 1, P 1, for 49 sts, continue with circular 3\nneedle, K 29 (back gore), with No. 1 needles, K 1, P 1, for 49 sts.\nContinue with No. 3 circular needle, K 16 (size 6, K 18). P back\nfollowing pattern, repeat from *for 1\u00bd inches. On right side of work\ncontinue on No. 3 circular needle same as before without ribbing for\n2\u00be inches. (3\u00bc inches, size 6). Size 4 and 6--From now on continue\nfronts and back for size 6 same as size 4 only you will have 1 more st\non each front and 2 more sts in back. K 37 to underarm, put on st\nholder. Bind off 7. K 71 sts for back, put other front on st holder, P 2\nsts tog at beg of the next 4 rows (67 sts). Work even following pattern\nfor 4\u00bd inches (5 inches size 6). Bind off 5 sts at beg of the next 8\nrows, bind off remaining 27 sts for back of neck. Continue on left\nfront, bind off 7 sts for underarm, following pattern, K 2 tog at\nunderarm 3 more times (34 sts) work even for 1 inch more (1\u00bd inches,\nsize 6). On wrong side, P 13, K 15 (border for top of pocket), P 6\nacross. K back, repeat these 2 rows for 4 more rows. On next row, P 13,\nbind off 15 sts for pocket edge, P across. With separate yarn, cast on\n15 sts, K 1 row, P 1 row for 2\u00bd inches, put on st holder. K 6 sts, K\nthe 15 sts from st holder for pocket, K across. P 1 row, K 1 row for 1\ninch. Now P 2 tog at beg of every row at neck edge until 23 sts remain.\nBind off 5 sts at beg of the next 4 rows at shoulder and continue to P 2\ntog at neck edge, until all sts are bound off. Work Right Front to\ncorrespond.\n_Sleeves_--With No. 1 needles, cast on 48 sts (size 6, 52 sts), K 1, P\n1, for \u00be inch. Change to No. 3 needles, K 1 row, next row, P 16, K 3,\nP 10, K 3, P 16. K back. K these last 2 rows and inc 1 st at each end\nevery 4th row, until sleeve measures 2 inches from beginning, 54 sts.\nNow inc 2 sts in center gore as follows: *K to first gore and K 4 sts\nafter gore, inc 1 st, K to within 5 sts of 2nd gore, inc 1 st, K across.\nContinue to inc at seam ends every 4th row and 2 sts between gores every\n6th row, repeat from *until piece measures 3 inches, 62 sts. Bind off 3\nsts at beg of the next 2 rows, then K 2 tog at beg and end of next K\nrow, now K 2 tog at beg and end of every 4th row (continue to inc 2 sts\nbetween gores every 6th row) until you have 50 sts. Now K 2 tog at beg\nand end of every K row (do not inc in center gores), until you have 44\nsts. Now K 1, P 1 ribbing between gores and continue to K 2 tog at beg\nand end of every K row, until ribbing measures \u00be inch, bind off.\n[Illustration: No. 810\nFit for a Princess too!--though she doesn't have to be of Royal Lineage.\nAny charming young lady can wear this type of knitted dress and\nfeel--well--_like a Princess_. The dress has a zipper closure and a\nmodish flared skirt--and a Sailor collar. The Princess is holding a\ndoll--wearing a duplicate of her Dress.]\n_Collar_--With white, cast on 56 sts, K 4 rows, 3 ribs. K 1 row, P 1\nrow, always knitting first and last 3 sts on purled rows (border).\nContinue these 2 rows for 4 inches. K 16, bind off 24 sts, K 16. Work 3\nrows even on last 16 sts, keeping K 3 border on outer edge. Now dec 1 st\nevery 4th row on neck edge and dec 1 st on outer edge (by knitting 4th\nand 5th st tog) every 8th row, until you have 2 sts, bind off. With red\nand royal blue, embroider 2 rows around collar as illustrated. Sew\nshoulder seams. Sew up sleeve seams, sew into armhole having fullness at\ntop of sleeve. Sew pockets on inside of dress (do not stitch thru on\nright side). Sew on collar. Insert Zipper.\n     _Instructions for the knitted doll dress and beret for Style No.\n     810 as shown in illustration, will be found in \"Mary's Dollies,\n     A Doll Booklet,\" Vol. 5._\n_Boy Blue_\nFOUR-PIECE BOY'S ENSEMBLE\nSize 3 to 5 years\n     _Needles_--_1 pair American Standard No. 3._\n     _Material_--_6 two ounce balls Kashmir Sports for complete outfit.\n           Separate pieces require the following: Slip-over--2 two ounce\n           balls. Jacket--3 two ounce balls. Pants--1\u00bd ounces.\n           Beret-\u00bd ounce. Zipper--12 inch separating._\n     _Gauge_--_7\u00bd sts to 1 inch._\nJACKET\n_Back_--Cast on 83 sts (86 sts, size 5). Row 1--*P 3, K 2, repeat from\n*across row, ending with P 3. Row 2--K back (right side). Repeat these 2\nrows for 2 inches, K 1, P 1 for 18 sts, following pattern across row to\nwithin last 18 sts, K 1, P 1 for 18 sts. K 1, P 1 ribbing for 18 sts on\neach side for 1 inch. Now work in pattern, until piece measures 8 inches\nfrom start. Bind off 3 sts at beg of the next 2 rows for underarm. Then\nK 2 tog at beg of the next 4 rows at underarm (73 sts). Work even until\narmhole measures 4 inches, from where the 3 sts were bound off. Bind off\n6 sts at beg of the next 8 rows, bind off remaining 25 sts for back of\nneck.\n[Illustration: No. 811\nConsists of pants, slip-over, jacket and beret. The ideal thing for cool\nSummer nights or early Fall. You will notice, particularly, the jacket,\nwhich has side ties and slanted pockets just like Dad's--and a zipper\nclosure in the front to make putting on or taking off a delight and a\ndefinite accomplishment for a _very young man_. We used _king's blue_.\nNote the _white anchor_ on the slip-over.]\n_Left Front_--Cast on 43 sts (45 sts, size 5). K 3 (border), *P 3, K 2\nrepeat from *across row, ending with K 2. K next row. Repeat these 2\nrows for 2 inches. On next row at seam end, K 1, P 1, for 18 sts, follow\npattern across row. Continue pattern with K 1, P 1 ribbing for 18 sts at\nseam end for 1 inch. Continue same as for back to underarm. Bind off 4\nsts at beg of next row at underarm, then K 2 sts tog at beg of every row\nat underarm, 4 times, 35 sts. Work even for 3 inches, measuring straight\nup from where the 4 sts were bound off. Bind off 4 sts at beg of next\nrow at neck edge, then K 2 sts tog at beg of every row at neck edge,\nuntil 27 sts remain. Bind off 6 sts at beg of shoulder edge, 4 times\nand continue knitting 2 sts at neck edge until all sts are bound off.\nWork Right Front to correspond.\n_Sleeves_--Cast on 40 sts (43 sts, size 5). *Work in pattern for \u00be\ninch, inc 1 st at both ends, repeat from *until sleeve measures 8\ninches (60 sts) or desired length to underarm. Bind off 2 sts at beg of\nthe next 4 rows (52 sts), then K 2 sts tog at beg and end of every 4th\nrow, until 38 sts remain. Now K 2 tog at beg and end of every row until\n34 sts remain, bind off.\nSew fronts and back together and sew up sleeve and insert into armholes\nhaving seams meet at underarm. Sew shoulder seams.\n_Collar_--Skip 3 sts (border), on each side, with wrong side toward you,\npick up 54 sts, P 1 row, K 1 row, knitting first and last 3 sts on\nPurled rows, for \u00bd inch. Inc 1 st in every 6th st across. Work \u00bd\ninch even. Inc in every 7th st across. Work \u00bd inch even. Inc in every\n8th st across. Work \u00bd inch even. Work \u00bd inch in garter st, bind off\nloosely on wrong side of collar.\n_Tabs on sides_--Cast on 10 sts, K 1, P 1, for 4\u00bd inches. K 2 tog at\nbeg and end of every row, until you have 2 sts, draw thru. Work 3 more\npieces in same manner.\n_Pockets_--Cast on 17 sts, *K 2, P 3, repeat from *across row, K back.\nWork pattern for 1 inch. K 1 row, P 1 row for 1\u00bd inches. K 2 tog at\nbeg and end of every row, until 8 sts remain, bind off. Work 1 row of s\nc around edge. Sew on pockets as shown on illustration. Sew on tabs at K\n1, P 1 border, tie in knots. Sew in zipper.\nSLIP-ON\n_Back_--Cast on 83 sts, (86 sts, size 5). Row 1--*P 3, K 2, repeat from\n*across row, ending with P 3. Row 2--K back (right side), repeat these\n2 rows for 2 inches. K 1 row, P 1 row, for 7 inches, from start. Bind\noff 3 sts at beg of the next 2 rows, for underarm, then K 2 sts tog at\nbeg of the next 6 rows at underarm (71 sts). Work even until armhole\nmeasures 4 inches, measuring straight up from where the 3 sts were bound\noff. K 19, bind off 33 K 19. Bind off 4 sts at beg of the next 4 rows at\nshoulder edge and K 2 tog at neck edge, until all sts are bound off.\nWork other shoulder to correspond.\n_Front_--Work same as back until piece measures 2\u00bd inches above\nunderarm, K 28 sts, bind off center 15, K 28, P back on 28 sts, K 2 sts\ntog at beg of every row at neck edge, until 19 sts remain. Bind off 4\nsts at beg of the next 4 rows that beg at shoulder and continue to K 2\ntog at neck edge, until all sts are bound off. Work other side to\ncorrespond.\n_Front band at neck_--On right side, pick up 63 sts, P 3, K 2 across,\nending with P 3, K back. Repeat these 2 rows for \u00be inch.\n_Back band at neck_--Pick up 43 sts. Work same as front.\nSew shoulder seams and pick up 56 sts for sleeves, starting after 6\nbound off sts to within 6 bound off sts at end of armhole. Pick up 2 sts\nat beg of every row, until you have 68 sts. *Work 3 rows even. On next K\nrow, dec 1 st at each end, repeat from *until sleeve measures 3 inches,\n56 sts. Dec 6 sts across row. Now work in pattern for \u00be inch, bind\noff. Sew up seams at underarm and sleeves. Embroider anchor as shown on\nillustration.\nPANTS\nWith No. 3 needles, cast on 84 sts (88 sts, size 5), K 1, P 1 ribbing\nfor 6 rows. Next row, K 1, *Y O, K 2 tog, repeat from *across row.\nContinue ribbing for 6 more rows. Now shape back as follows: K 4, turn,\n(slip the first st when purling back), P back, K 8, turn, P back, K 12,\nturn, P back. Continue in this manner, working 4 more sts every K row\nuntil there are 44 sts, then P back and on 84 sts, K 1 row, turn, P 40,\nK 4, P 40, repeat these 2 rows for 2\u00bd inches (3 inches, size 4). Now\ninc 1 st at each end every 6th row, 5 times, then every 4th row 2 times,\ncontinuing to K center 4 sts to hem. (98 sts). Dec 1 st at each end\nevery other row 7 times. Work even for 1 inch. P 1 row on K side. P 1\nrow, K 1 row for 6 rows, bind off loosely. Make other leg to correspond,\nstarting shaping of back on opposite side as follows: P 4, turn, K back.\nP 8, turn, K back and continue in this manner until there are 44 sts,\nthen K back and continue same as other leg. Sew up seams and turn back\nhem. Press creases back and front.\nBERET\nWith No. 3 needles, cast on 8 sts, P back. Row 2--Inc in each st (16\nsts), P back. Row 4--*Inc 1 st, K 1 st, repeat from *across row (24\nsts). P back. Row 6--*Inc 1 st, K 2 sts, repeat from *across row.\nContinue in this manner having 1 more st between each increase, until\nyou have 19 sts between each increase. K 1 row, P 1 row without\nincreasing, for 6 rows. Now dec in same manner as you increased. *K 2\nsts tog, K 18, K 2 tog, repeat from *across row, P back. Dec in this\nmanner having 1 st less between each dec for 6 more K rows. K 1 row on\npurled side (hem), then K 1 row, P 1 row for \u00bd inch, bind off loosely.\nTurn back \u00bd inch hem and sew. Block flat.\n_Majorette_\nKNITTED JACKET AND HAT\n6-8 years\n     _1 Pair Bone Needles, American Standard No. 5._\n     _Material_--_Knitting Worsted, 10 ounces, Royal Blue. Sports yarn,\n           1 ounce, gold. 6 buttons._\n     _Gauge_--_5\u00bd sts to 1 inch._\nJACKET\n_Back_--Cast on 66 sts (70 sts, size 8), K 3 rows. Now P 1 row, K 1 row,\nfor 6 rows, K 4 rows (2 ribs), (this completes border) P 1 row, K 1 row\nfor 9 inches (10 inches, size 8) measuring from bottom. Bind off 3 sts\nat beg of the next 2 rows, K 2 sts tog at beg of the next 4 rows (5 sts\noff on each side). Work even for 5\u00bd inches (6 inches, size 8),\nmeasuring straight up from where the 3 sts were bound off. Bind off 6\nsts at beg of the next 6 rows, place center 20 sts on st holder.\n_Left front_--Cast on 38 sts, K 3 rows. *K 2, P 4, K 2 (border), P\nacross. K next row, repeat these 2 rows for 9 inches, working border on\nbottom same as for back. Bind off, 3 sts at beg of the next row that\nbegins at underarm, then K 2 sts tog at beg of every row at underarm\nuntil you have 7 sts off. Work even until armhole measures 3 inches. K 8\nsts (border), place on st holder, then K 2 sts tog at beg of every row\nat neck edge until 18 sts remain. Bind off 6 sts at beginning of\nshoulder 3 times, work even at neck edge.\n_Right Front_--Work to correspond, working first buttonhole 1 inch from\nbottom as follows: Work 3 sts, bind off 3, follow pattern across. Cast\non 3 sts over those bound off on previous row. Work buttonholes every 2\ninches after first buttonhole (5 buttonholes).\n[Illustration: No. 812\nThis season, more than in many recent seasons, the military motif is\ngetting quite a play. The classical \"_blue and gold_\" is carried out to\nsingular effect with this jacket of blue trimmed with gold buttons\nand--no less--epaulettes on the shoulders, the fringe of which is 2 ply\nsports yarn. The hat repeats the color theme of the jacket with striking\neffect.]\n_Sleeves_--Cast on 38 sts, K 3 rows, P 1 row, K 1 row for 6 rows, K 4\nrows. P 1 row, K 1 row for 2 inches, *inc 1 st at each end, work 1 inch\neven, repeat from *until piece measures 12 inches from bottom (58\nsts). Work 1 inch even. Bind off 3 sts at beg of the next 2 rows, then\nbind off 2 sts at beg of the next 2 rows, (48 sts). Now K 2 sts tog at\nbeg and end of every 4th row, until 32 sts remain. Now K 2 tog at beg\nand end of every row until 26 sts remain, bind off.\n_Epaulets_--Epaulets are K in garter st. Cast on 14 sts, K 1 row. Now\ninc 1 st at beg of every row, until you have 18 sts. Work even for 3\ninches. Bind off 9 sts, K 9. K back on 9 sts and K 2 tog at beg of every\nrow that begins in center of piece, bind off last 2 sts. Sew shoulder\nseams.\n_Band at neck_--Place epaulets at center of shoulder seam with the\npoints overlapping back and the bound off sts over fronts. Pick up 8 sts\nfrom st holder at front, pick up sts around neck, picking up epaulets\nwith neck sts, K off back. Continue other side and front in same manner\n(68 sts), K 1 row. Work buttonholes as follows: K 3, bind off 3, K\nacross. On next K row, cast on 3 sts over those bound off. K 1 row, P 1\nrow for 4 rows always K first and last 2 sts on purled rows for edge. K\n3 rows, bind off loosely on wrong side.\nSew back to fronts and sew up sleeve seams, insert sleeves into\narmholes, having fullness at top. Stitch end of epaulets at shoulder.\nSew on buttons.\n_Fringe_--With two ply Gold yarn, cut fringe 4 inches in length. With\ntwo strands, tape thru each stitch around epaulets as shown on\nillustration, trim.\nHAT\nWith No. 5 needles, cast on 8 sts, P back. Row 2--Inc in each st (16\nsts). P back. Row 4--*Inc 1 st, K 1 st, repeat from *across row (24\nsts), P back. Row 6--*Inc 1 st, K 2 sts, repeat from *across row.\nContinue in this manner having 1 more st between each inc, until you\nhave 11 sts between each inc (104 sts). Now K each row back and forth\nuntil piece measures 3 inches, from K rows. Bind off loosely on wrong\nside.\nWrap contrasting shade of light weight yarn one yard long, 15 times, cut\nat both ends. With main color, wrap 8 times, cut at both ends. Twist\neach of these ends as tightly as possible. Now twist the two pieces\ntogether. Make a large knot, leaving ends for tassel, cut evenly.\n_Swiss Shalet_\nCROCHETED COAT AND HAT IN \"MORNING GLORY BLUE\"\n8 to 10 years\n     _1 Afghan Hook, Size 4 or 5, 14 inch._\n     _Material_--_Knitting Worsted. Coat--5 four ounce skeins. Hat-2\n           ounces. 6 buttons._\n     _Gauge_--_5 sts to 1 inch. 4 rows 1 inch._\nCOAT\n_Back_--Chain 102 sts (to measure 23 inches) for bottom of coat, (108\nsts, size 10). Row 1--Skip 1 ch, *draw up a loop in next ch; repeat from\n*across foundation ch (102 loops on hook). Wrap, draw thru 1 loop,\n*wrap, draw thru 2 loops; repeat from *across row. This completes first\nrow. Row 2--*Bring yarn to front of work, insert hook under vertical\nloop, hold yarn with left thumb on right side of work, draw up a loop;\nrepeat from *across row (102 loops). Always wrap and take off the loops\nsame as first row to complete row. Repeat row 2 for border until border\nmeasures 1 inch. Remainder of back is worked in plain afghan st. Row\n1--Insert needle in 2nd vertical loop, draw up all vertical loops across\nrow. Row 2--Wrap, draw thru 1 loop, *wrap, draw thru 2 loops; repeat\nfrom *across row. Repeat these 2 rows for 2 inches. Make first dec as\nfollows: Draw 1 loop thru first 2 vertical loops (a dec). Draw up 30\nloops, make another dec in same manner, draw up 33 loops, make a dec,\ndraw up 30 loops, dec last 2 loops. (98 loops). *Work 1 inch even. Dec 4\nmore loops in same manner having decreases come directly above those on\nprevious decreases. Repeat from *8 more times (62 sts, 12 inches). Work\n4 inches even (5 inches, size 10). Now inc 1 st at beg and end of next\nrow as follows: *Y O hook (inc) work across row to within last loop, Y O\nhook (inc) pick up last st. Work 1 inch even, repeat from *2 more\ntimes. Work 1 inch even (20 inches, 68 sts), or desired length to\nunderarm. Sl st over 4 loops for underarm. Work across row to within 4\nloops. Now dec 1 st at beg and end of each row, 3 times (54 sts). Work\neven until armhole measures 6 inches measuring straight up from 4 slip\nsts. *Sl st over 4 sts, work across row to within 4 loops, repeat from\n*3 more times. Sl st remaining 22 sts for back of neck.\n[Illustration: No. 813\nA practical coat crocheted in an Afghan stitch that will survive many\nseasons of wear. The Peter Pan collar preserves that \"Little Girl\" look,\nwhile the wooden buttons impart a note of sweet sophistication.]\n_Front_--Chain 50 sts to measure 11 inches (53 sts, size 10). Work 1\ninch of border same as back. Work in plain afghan st for 2 inches. On\nnext row make a dec as follows: Make a dec, draw up 24 loops, make\nanother dec, draw up 21 loops. Work 1 inch even. Dec 2 sts every inch 9\nmore times (30 sts, 12 inches). Work 4 inches even. Now inc 1 st at seam\nend every inch, 3 times. Work 2 inches even, or desired length to\nunderarm. Sl st over 4 loops, work across row, work back. Dec same as\nfor back until you have 9 sts off altogether. Work 4 inches even from\narmhole. Pick up 10 loops make a dec (pick up 2 loops tog), pick up 12\nloops, work back. Work 3 rows even, pick up 9 loops, make a dec, pick up\n9 loops, skip last loop for neck edge. Continue to skip last st at neck\nedge every row, until 19 loops remain. Slip over 4 sts at beg of the\nnext 4 rows for shoulder, and continue to slip last st at neck edge,\nslip st over last 4 sts. Work other side to correspond.\n_Sleeves_--Ch 34 sts, to measure 6\u00bd inches (38 sts, size 10). Work\nborder for 1 inch. Work in plain afghan st for 2 inches. Inc 1 st at\neach end every inch until sleeve measures 11 inches, 52 sts. Work 1 inch\neven or desired length to underarm. Sl st over 3 loops, work across row\nto within 3 loops, work back. Sl st over 2 loops, work across row to\nwithin 2 loops, work back. *Work 1 row even. Sl st over 1 loop, work row\nto within 1 loop, work back, repeat from *until 22 loops remain, bind\noff.\n_Bands at Front--_Starting at neck edge on left front (work border same\nas border on bottom), *pick up 10 sts (1 st in each row) now inc 1 st by\npicking up 1 st between next row, repeat from *for (112 sts) or\ncomplete length of coat, for 5 rows. On right front starting at bottom,\nwork 2 rows even make buttonholes on next row as follows: pick up 56\nloops, *sl st over 2 loops, pick up 8 loops, repeat from *to end of\nrow. Work back chaining 2 sts over those bound off. Work 2 more rows. Sl\nsts off on 5th row.\n_Collar_--Ch 49, work in afghan st always working first and last 3 sts\nin border st same as bottom of coat. On next row, pick up 3 loops *inc,\npick up 7 loops, repeat from *5 more times, inc, pick up last 3 loops.\nContinue to inc inside of borders every row and above previous increases\nevery other row, thruout collar, until you have 10 rows. Work 3 rows\neven in border st, bind off on 3rd row. S c up front of collar.\nSew up seams at underarm and sleeve seams. Sew shoulder seams and insert\nsleeves into armholes making 2 small pleats on top of sleeve. Sew on\ncollar starting after border and ending before border. Sew on buttons.\nHAT\n_Piece at back_--Ch 26 sts. Row 1--Skip 1 ch, *draw up a loop in next\nch; repeat from *across foundation ch (26 loops on hook). Wrap, draw\nthru 1 loop, *wrap, draw thru 2 loops; repeat from *across row. This\ncompletes first row. Work 2 more rows in same manner. Row 4--Make a dec\nas follows: Draw 1 loop thru first 2 vertical loops (a dec) draw up each\nloop across row, dec last 2 loops. Repeat these 4 rows 5 more times (14\nloops on needle). Work 4 more rows, decreasing 1 st at beg and end of\nevery row. *Pick up 1 loop, sl st, repeat from *until all loops are\noff. Break thread, ch 10, draw up a loop in each ch (10 loops on hook).\nComplete row. Work 2 more rows. Row 4--Inc 1 st at beg of next row as\nfollows: Y O hook (an inc); pick up each loop across row to within last\nloop, wrap (an inc), pick up last loop. Repeat these 4 rows, until you\nhave 26 loops. Work even on 26 loops until piece measures 12 inches. Now\ndec 1 loop on each end. Continue to dec 1 loop on each end every 4th\nrow, until you have 10 loops. Work 3 rows even. Sew these ends tog. Fold\nback piece in half, mark the center of wide end. Fold long piece in\nhalf, mark center. Have markers meet and sew tog. Tack grosgrain ribbon\naround to fit headsize and make small tailored bow with 2 inch\nstreamers.\n_Colleen_\nJERKIN, SOCKS AND BEANIE IN RED SPORTS YARN\nSize 12\n     _Needles_--_1 pair American Standard No. 4._\n     _Material_--_Kashmir Sports--4 two ounce balls. Beanie--one ounce.\n     _Gauge_--_7 sts to 1 inch._\nJERKIN\n_Back_--Starting at bottom, cast on 104 sts, *K 2, P 4, repeat from\n*across, ending row with K 2. Next row, right side, K back. *Repeat\nthese 2 rows for 1 inch. Dec 1 st at each end, repeat from *5 times, 6\ninches (92 sts). Work 2 inches even. *Inc 1 st at each end, work 1 inch\neven, repeat from *for 5 times, 13 inches, 104 sts. Work \u00bd inch even.\nBind off 7 sts at beg of the next 2 rows for underarm (90 sts). K 2\nsts tog at beg of the next 12 rows (78 sts). Work even until armhole\nmeasures 8 inches, measuring straight up from where the 7 sts were bound\noff. On next K row, K 13 sts, K 1, P 1 ribbing to within last 13 sts.\nBind off 5 sts at beg of the next 8 rows, continue to follow K 1, P 1\nsts for back of neck, bind off remaining 38 sts.\n_Front_--Work same as for back until piece measures 5 inches (having\ndecreases and increases same on sides as back). On next row on right\nside, K 3, K 1, P 1 for 30 sts (border for pocket), K 28, P 1, K 1, for\n30 sts (border for pocket), K 3. Follow pattern across row and, K 1, P\n1, for pocket borders, for 1 inch. On next row, follow pattern to pocket\nborders, bind off K 1, P 1 borders, loosely in K 1, P 1.\n_Pockets_--Cast on 30 sts. K 2, P 4 across row, ending P 4. K back.\nContinue pattern for 5 inches, put sts on st holder. Make another pocket\nwith K 2 border, on opposite edge. Put on st holder also. On wrong side,\nfollow pattern for 2 sts, insert 30 sts for pocket (following pattern),\ncontinue across row, inserting 2nd pocket. Continue same as for back,\nuntil piece measures 3 inches above armhole. Now work in pattern on\nfirst 13 sts for 5 inches, bind off 5 sts at armhole edge, 2 times, then\nbind off 3 remaining sts. Work last 13 sts in same manner.\n_Band at neck_--Holding right side of work toward you, pick up 55 sts\nalong left side of neck, K across 52 sts (center front), pick up 55 sts\nalong right side. K 1, P 1, decreasing 2 sts at each corner, every row\n(always have decreases over previous decreases). On 4th row, inc 1 st at\nbeg and end of row. When border measures 1 inch, bind off in K 1, P 1.\nSew shoulder seams. Pick up 116 sts around armholes, K 1, P 1 for 1\ninch, bind off K 1, P 1. Sew up right side seams. On left front, pick up\n122 sts, K 1, P 1 for 3 rows. On next row, K 8, *bind off 4 sts for\nbuttonhole, K 13, repeat from *5 times, bind off 4 for buttonhole, K 8.\nOn next row, cast on 4 sts over those bound off. Work 4 more rows, bind\noff K 1, P 1 loosely. Work left back to correspond omitting buttonholes.\nWork 1 row of s c around bottom or turn under \u00bd inch. Sew pockets; do\nnot have sts showing on right side. Sew on buttons.\nBEANIE\nWith No. 4 needles, cast on 8 sts, P back. Row 2--Inc in each st (16\nsts), P back. Row 4--*Inc 1 st, K 1 st, repeat from *across row (24\nsts). P back. Row 6--*Inc 1 st, K 2 sts, repeat from *across row.\nContinue in this manner, having 1 more st between each increase, until\nyou have 18 sts between each increase. K 1 row, P 1 row without\nincreasing, for 6 rows. Now decrease in same manner as you increased. *K\n2 sts tog, K 18, K 2 tog, repeat from *across row, P back. Decrease in\nthis manner having 1 st less between each decrease for 5 more K rows. K\n1 row on purled side (hem), then K 1 row, P 1 row for \u00bd inch, bind off\nloosely. Turn back \u00bd inch hem and sew.\nSOCKS--No. 814\n_Needles_--_1 set No. 12 steel._\n_Material_--_Kashmir Sports--4 ounces._\n_Gauge_--_9 sts to 1 inch. Size 9._\nCast on 84 sts (30-30-24), K 1, P 1 for 1\u00bd inches. K in pattern (K 4,\nP 2 for 1 rnd. K next rnd), until work measures 6\u00bd inches from beg. K\nfirst 2 sts of first needle on 3rd needle. Dec 1 st at beg of first\nneedle and 1 st at end of 3rd needle. Continue decreasing in this manner\nevery \u00bd inch, 8 more times (66 sts). K even until work measures 11\u00bd\ninches from beg or desired length.\n_Heel_--K 15, slip last 15 sts of rnd on same needle (30 sts). Divide\nremaining sts evenly on 2 needles for instep. Work 2\u00bd inches in\nstockinette st (K) on 30 heel sts, knitting the first and last st of\nevery row, end with purled row.\n_To shape Heel_--K 19, sl 1 st, K 1, p.s.s.o., turn, P 9, P 2 tog, turn.\n*K 9, sl 1 st, K 1, p.s.s.o., turn, P 9, P 2 tog, turn. Repeat from\n*until all sts are worked. K back 5 sts, this completes heel. Slip all\ninstep sts on 1 needle. With another needle, K remaining 5 heel sts and\npick up 16 sts along side of heel. With another needle, pick up 16 sts\nalong other side of heel and K 5 remaining heel sts. Work 1 rnd even,\nkeeping instep sts in pattern.\n_Instep_--First needle: K to last 3 sts. K 2 tog, K 1. 2nd needle, work\nin pattern. 3rd needle, K 1, P 2 tog thru back of sts. K to end of\nneedle. K 3 rnds even. Continue to dec in this manner every 4th rnd 3\nmore times (17 sts remaining on each of the first and 3rd needles).\nContinue to work even until foot measures 5\u00bd inches from where sts\nwere picked up at heel.\n_To shape Toe_--First rnd: (K 8, K 2 tog) 7 times. K 2 rnds even. 4th\nrnd: (K 7, K 2 tog) 7 times; continue decreasing 7 sts every 3rd rnd in\nabove manner, until there are 14 sts remaining, break thread, draw thru\nremaining sts, fasten securely. Weave elastic thread into wrong side of\ncuff with a tapestry needle.\n[Illustration: No. 814\nA neat combination that can be worn for either sports or school. The\nJerkin has a square neckline that is different and the stitch of the\nJerkin is repeated in the socks. Notice the buttons on the sides of the\nJerkin.\n_Detailed illustration of Socks on Page 27._\n_Directions on opposite page._]\n_Spiral Socks and Slip-Over_\nSize 10\n     _Needles_--_1 Pair American Standard No. 2 and No. 3._\n     _Material_--_Kashmir Sports--4 two ounce balls._\n     _Gauge_--_7\u00bd sts to 1 inch--Waist 24 inches--Chest 26 inches._\nSLIP-OVER\n_Back_--With No. 2 needles, cast on 84 sts, K 2, P 2 ribbing for 3\ninches. Change to No. 3 needles. Row 1--K 1 (K 4, P 4, 5 times), K 2 (P\n_Row 3_--Same as Row 1.\n_Row 4_--Same as Row 2.\n_Row 7_--Same as Row 5.\n_Row 8_--Same as Row 6.\n_Row 11_--Same as Row 9; increasing in first and last st.\n_Row 15_--Same as Row 13.\n_Row 16_--Same as Row 14.\n_Row 19_--Same as Row 17.\n_Row 20_--Same as Row 18.\ntimes), inc last st.\n_Row 24_--Same as Row 22.\n_Row 27_--Same as Row 25.\n_Row 28_--Same as Row 26.\n_Row 31_--Same as Row 29.\n_Row 32_--Same as Row 30.\nContinue moving pattern over 1 st every 4 rows in above manner always\nworking 2 stockinette sts in center of piece and increasing 1 st at each\nend every inch until you have 92 sts. Continue even until work measures\n10\u00bd inches from beginning. Bind off 5 sts at beg of the next 2 rows.\nDec 1 st at beg of the next 8 rows, (74 sts). Work even until armhole\nmeasures 7 inches measuring straight up from where the 5 sts were bound\noff. Work in pattern for 21 sts, bind off 32 sts, work remaining 21 sts.\nBind off 7 sts at beg of shoulder edge, 3 times. Work other shoulder to\ncorrespond, joining yarn at inside of neck.\n[Illustration: No. 815\nThis stocking is knit spirally and regardless which way you pull on the\nstocking you automatically get a heel and toe--so you see--mothers, this\nis a boon to leisure moments when you ordinarily would be darning. You\nwill notice that the spiral stitch is repeated diagonally in the sweater\nand is very smart--especially for the young fellows who want to make\n_That Impression_.]\n_Front_--Work same as for back until piece measures 13\u00bd inches from\nbeginning (3 inches above armhole). Work 32 sts in pattern, Bind off 10\nsts for neck. Work 32 sts, K 2 sts tog at beg of every row at neck edge,\nuntil 21 sts remain. Work even until armhole measures 7 inches,\nmeasuring from 5 bound off sts. Bind off 7 sts at beg of shoulder, 3\ntimes. Work other shoulder to correspond.\n_Sleeves_--With No. 2 needles, cast on 60 sts, K 2, P 2 for 3 inches.\nChange to No. 3 needles and work in pattern, working first row as\n1. Continue in pattern increasing 1 st on each end every inches until\npiece measures 15 inches, 90 sts or desired length to underarm. Bind off\n3 sts at beg of next 2 rows. Bind off 2 sts at beg of next 2 rows. Now\ndec 1 st at beg of every row until 40 sts remain, bind off.\n_Band at neck_--Front--With No. 2 needles, holding right side toward\nyou, pick up 76 sts across front, K 2, P 2 for 1 inch. Bind off loosely\n_Band at back_--Pick up 40 sts K 2, P 2 for 1 inch. Sew shoulder seams\nand band at neck. Sew seams at underarm. Insert sleeves into armholes,\nhaving seams meet.\nSOCKS\n_Spiral ribbed socks, without heels._\n     _Needles_--_1 set No. 12 steel._\n     _Material_--_Heather sports yarn--4 ounces. Red, Yellow and Royal\n           blue 1/8 ounce each. 1 spool elastic thread._\n     _Gauge_--_9 sts to 1 inch._\nWith heather cast on 72 sts (24 sts on each of 3 needles). Work in\nribbing (K 2, P 2) for 8 rnds. Attach yellow yarn and K 1 rnd, K 2, P 2\nfor 1 rnd. With heather, K 1 rnd K 2, P 2 for 2 rnds. With red, K 1 rnd,\nK 2, P 2 for 2 rnds. With heather, K 1 rnd, K 2, P 2 for 2 rnds. With\nroyal blue, K 1 rnd, K 2, P 2 for 5 rnds. With heather K 1 rnd, K 2, P 2\nfor 2 rnds. With red, K 1 rnd; K 2, P 2 for 2 rnds. With heather K 1\nrnd, K 2, P 2, for 2 rnds. With yellow K 1 rnd; K 2, P 2 for 1 rnd. With\nheather K 1 rnd; K 2, P 2 for 13 rnds. Join elastic thread, K 1 rnd; *K\n4, P 4 for 3 rnds. 4th rnd, K 4, P 4 to last st. Put this st on next\nneedle. 5th rnd (first needle) K 4, P 4 to last st. Put this st on next\nneedle. (2nd needle), same as first needle. (3rd needle), K 4, P 4 to\nend. This moves pattern over forming a spiral. Repeat from *, until work\nmeasures 22 inches from beginning, or desired length; after 2 patterns\nhave been completed with elastic thread, continue with yarn for 2\npatterns, then work 2 more patterns with elastic. Join yarn and\ncomplete.\n_Toe_--P 7, P 2 tog for 1 rnd. P 2 rnds even. P 6, P 2 tog for 1 rnd. P\n2 rnds even. Continue decreasing in this manner, purling 2 rnds even\nafter every decrease rnd, 5 times more. Break thread and run through\nremaining sts. Fasten off.\n_QUEEN OF HEARTS_\nSIX PIECE ENSEMBLE IN \"RED AND WHITE\"\nSize 10 to 12 years\n     _Needles_--_1 pair bone needles, size 3. 1 Circular needle size 3,\n     _Material_--_Cashmere Sports Yarn. Jacket--5 two ounce balls White.\n           Skirt--4 two ounce balls Red. Cap--1 two ounce ball White._\n     _Gauge_--_7\u00bd sts to 1 inch._\nJACKET\n_Back_--Cast on 92 sts (96 sts, size 12). K 1 row, P 1 row for \u00be inch.\nP 1 row on K side, to turn for hem. Continue to K 1 row, P 1 row, until\nwork measures 1\u00be inches from start. Dec 1 st on each side (90 sts).\n*Work 1 inch even, dec 1 st on each side, repeat from *once (86 sts).\nWork 2 inches even. Now inc 1 st on each side. *Work 1 inch even, inc 1\nst on each side, repeat from *until piece measures 9\u00be inches from\nstart (96 sts). Work 1 inch even (2 inches, size 12). Bind off 3 sts on\neach side for underarm, then K 2 sts tog at beg of the next 8 rows (82\nsts). Work even for 6 inches (6\u00bd size 12) measuring straight up from\nwhere the 3 sts were bound off. Bind off 5 sts at beg of next 10 rows,\nbind off remaining 32 sts for back of neck.\n[Illustration: No. 816\nThe answer to any problem that would arise in regard to a skating\ncostume. The very essence of smartness that may be used as a Spring,\nFall or Winter ensemble. Jacket, by the way, closes with a Zipper, and\nthe heart motif is repeated on cap, jacket and mitts.]\n_Front_--Cast on 3 sts, P back. Inc in each st, P back. Inc in first and\nlast 2 sts in every K row, until you have 28 sts. Cast on 5 sts at beg\nof the next 2 rows (38 sts). On next K row, cast on 10 sts (place\nmarker), this will be seam end. K 1 row, P 1 row for 1 inch. *Dec 1 st\nat seam end, work 1 inch even, repeat from *once. Work 2 inches even.\n*Now inc 1 st on seam end. Work 1 inch even, repeat from *until piece\nmeasures 9 inches from marker (50 sts). Work 1 inch even. Bind off 4 sts\nat seam end for underarm, then K 2 sts tog at beg of every row at\nunderarm, 5 times (41 sts). Work even for 4 inches (4\u00bd size 12). Bind\noff 6 sts at neck edge, then K 2 sts tog at beg of every row at neck\nedge, until 28 sts remain. Bind off 5 sts at beg of every row that\nbegins at shoulder and continue to K 2 sts tog at neck edge, until all\nsts are bound off.\n_Sleeves_--Cast on 56 sts, P 1 row, K 1 row for \u00be inches. P 1 row on K\nside (to turn for Hem), continue to K 1 row, P 1 row for 2 inches. *Inc\n1 st at each end. Work 1 inch even, repeat from *, until sleeve measures\n15\u00be inches (86 sts), work \u00bd inch even or desired length to\nunderarm. Bind off 3 sts at beg of the next 2 rows, then 2 sts at beg of\nthe next 2 rows. K 2 sts tog at beg and end of every K row, until you\nhave 44 sts, bind off. On fronts at bottom, pick up 48 sts on right\nside, P 1 row, K 1 row, decreasing 1 st on K rows at point, for 6 rows,\nbind off.\n_Collar_--Holding wrong side toward you, pick up 72 sts, cast on 4 sts\nat beg of next 2 rows for hem. K 4, P across to within last 4 sts, K 4.\nK 1 row, P 1 row for 2 rows. *K 5, inc 1 st, repeat from *across row,\nwork 3 rows even. *K 6, inc 1 st, repeat from *across row, work 3 rows\neven. *K 7, inc 1 st, repeat from *across row, work 3 rows even.\n*K 8, inc 1 st, repeat from *across row. Work 6 rows even. Bind off 8\nsts, P 1 row on K side. Bind off 8 sts at beg of next row, P 1 row, K 1\nrow for 4 more rows, bind off loosely.\n_Finishing_--Sew up seams at underarm and sleeve seams, insert sleeves\ninto arm holes, having seams meet at underarm. Turn under hems and sew.\nWork 1 row of s c up each side at fronts.\n_Heart_--With red yarn, cast on 2 sts, P back. K next row, increasing in\neach st. P back (when increasing, inc on 2nd st from ends). Inc at beg\nand end of every row until you have 20 sts. Inc at beg and end of K rows\nonly until you have 24 sts. Work 4 rows even. Now dec 2 sts on every K\nrow same as you increased, until you have 20 sts. P back. K over 10 sts,\nP back. Now K 2 tog every K row at beg and end until you have 4 sts,\nbind off. Work other 10 sts to correspond. Work 1 row of s c around\nheart, pin heart into shape desired, block and sew on jacket as shown on\nillustration.\nSKIRT\nWith No. 3 circular needle, cast on 480 sts. Join being careful not to\ntwist sts. K 1 row, P 1 row, for 6 rows for border (3 ribs). *P 2, K 78,\nrepeat from *for 1 rnd. K next rnd. Repeat these 2 rnds for 1 inch. On\nnext rnd, make a decreased row as follows: *P 2, K 2 sts, K 2 tog, K 70,\nK 2 tog, K 2, repeat from *for 1 rnd (468 sts). Work in pattern for 1\ninch. Make another decreased rnd as follows: *P 2, K 2 sts, K 2 tog, K\n33, K 2 tog, K 33, K 2 tog, K 2, repeat from *for 1 rnd (450 sts). Work\nin pattern for 1 inch. Continue to dec 18 sts (3 sts in each gore, 1 dec\non each side of gore, on 3rd and 4th sts, 1 st in center of each gore),\nuntil skirt measures 17 inches, 180 sts, (26 waist). Work \u00bd inch even.\nNow dec 12 sts to the rnd, omitting center decreases 168 sts (24 waist).\nWork \u00bd inch even or desired length to waist line. P 1 row, K \u00bd inch\neven, bind off loosely. Insert elastic and turn for hem.\nCAP\n_Side of Cap_--With No. 3 needle, cast on 28 sts, *K 1 row. On next row,\nK 4, (border), P back, repeat from *for 1 inch. Now inc 1 st at end of\nnext row and continue to K 4 on purled rows for border. Work 1 inch\neven. Inc 1 st every inch on same side, until you have 35 sts, 7 inches.\nWork 2 inches even. Now dec 1 st every inch same as you increased, 28\nsts, work 1 inch even, bind off.\n_Back of Cap_--Cast on 24 sts, *K 1 row, P 1 row for 3 rows, inc 1 st at\nbeg and end of next row, repeat from *until you have 36 sts, 3 inches.\nWork \u00bd inch even, now dec 1 st on each end and dec 1 st on each end\nevery 4th row, until you have 28 sts, P 1 row, K 1 row, bind off.\nFold front piece in half, mark center of cap at opposite edge from\nborder. Place mark in center of bound off sts on back of cap. Sew center\nback to front piece having markers meet. Block seam lightly on right\nside of cap. With red work scallops around seam of cap, as follows:\nholding back of cap toward you, fasten yarn at bottom, ch 1, *skip a\nspace, work (1 h d c, 3 d c, 1 h d c) in next st, skip a space, s c in\nnext space, repeat from *around back of cap about 20 scallops.\n_Ties_--Ch 70, work 1 s c around bottom of cap (continuing with same\nthread), skipping about 10 sts, ch 70 sts. Work 1 row of s c over chains\nand back of cap. Block lightly into shape.\n_Hearts_--With red, cast on 2 sts, P 2 sts. K increasing in each st, P\nback. *On next row inc in first 2 sts and last 2 sts, P back, repeat\nfrom *once. K 1 row, P 1 row even for 4 rows. K 2 tog, K 4, turn, P 2\ntog, P 3, K 2 tog, K 2 turn. P 2 tog, P 1, bind off 2 sts, break thread.\nWork other 6 sts to correspond and work 1 row of s c around heart. Sew\nhearts on each side of cap as shown on illustration.\nSLIP-OVER NO. 816\nSize 10 to 12 years\n     _Needles_--_1 Pair Bone size 1 and 3._\n     _Material_--_4 one ounce balls Kashmir fleece._\n     _Gauge_--_8 sts to 1 inch--No. 3 needles._\n_Back_--With No. 1 needles, cast on 104 sts (size 12, 108 sts), K 1, P 1\nfor 5 inches. Change to No. 3 needles, K 1 row, P 1 row, until piece\nmeasures 11 inches. Bind off 3 sts at beg of the next 2 rows for\nunderarm, then K 2 tog at beg of the next 6 rows (92 sts). Work even\nuntil armhole measures 5\u00bd inches, measuring straight up from where\nthe 3 sts were bound off. On next K row, K 29, put remainder of sts on\nst holder. P back on 29 sts. On next row, bind off 5 sts at beg of every\nrow at armhole edge, 5 times and P 2 tog at beg of every row at neck\nedge. Work other 29 sts to correspond.\n_Neck Band_--With No. 1 needles, pick up 50 sts, K 1, P 1 ribbing for 1\ninch, bind off, K 1, P 1.\n_Front_--Cast on 104 (size 12, 108), K 1, P 1 for 5 inches. Change to\nNo. 3 needles. On next row, K 26, K 1, P 1 for 52 sts, K 26. On next row\nK 28. Next row, P 29, P 1, K 1, for 46 sts, P 29. Continue in this\nmanner having 2 sts less in pattern on every row, until all sts are K. P\n1 row, K 1 row until piece measures same as for back. Bind off 3 sts at\nbeg of the next 2 rows, then K 2 tog at beg of the next 8 rows (90 sts).\nWork even until armhole measures 2 inches (2\u00bd inches, size 12). K 44,\nContinue in this manner having 2 more sts in pattern every row, until\nyou have 28 sts in pattern. K 31, put remainder of sts on st holder. P\nback. P 2 tog at beg of every 4th row, at neck edge until 25 sts remain.\nBind off 5 sts at beg of every row at armhole edge, 5 times, work even\nat neck edge. Work other side to correspond, (Put 28, K 1, P 1) on st\nholder. Band at neck. Pick up 23 sts, K 1, P 1 following pattern across\nfront, pick up 23 sts on other side. K 1, P 1 for 1 inch, bind off K 1,\n_Sleeves_--With No. 1 needles, cast on 66 sts. K 1, P 1 for 2\u00bd\ninches. Change to No. 3 needles, K 20, K 1, P 1 for 26 sts, K 20. Next\nP 23, P 1, K 1 for 20 sts, P 23. Continue in this manner having 2 sts\nless in pattern every row, until all sts are K, inc 1 st on each end and\ncontinue to inc 1 st on each end every 4th row, until sleeve measures\n4\u00bd inches (72 sts). Bind off 3 sts at beg of the next 2 rows, then 2\nsts at beg of the next 2 rows (62 sts). K 2 tog at beg and end of every\n4th row until you have 40 sts, bind off.\nSew up shoulder seams, sew back and front together. Sew sleeve seams and\ninsert into armhole.\nMITTENS\n     _Needles_--_1 set of bone, No. 5._\n     _Material_--_2\u00bd oz. knitting worsted._\n     _Gauge_--_5 sts to 1 inch._\n_Cuff_--Cast on 44 sts, 16 sts on each 2 needles, 12 on 3rd needle, *P 4\nrnds. K 4 rnds, repeat from *2 more times. K 2, P 2 around row for 3\ninches (size 6 to 8), 4 inches (size 10 to 12). Put next 12 sts on st\nholder and cast on 4 sts. Continue to K 2, P 2 for 2\u00bd inches (size 6\nto 8), 3\u00bd inches (size 10 to 12). On next rnd, K 2 tog, P 2 tog for 1\nrnd. K 1, P 1 for 4 rnds. K 2 tog until you have 9 sts, draw through and\nsew.\n_Thumb_--Pick up 12 sts from st holder, pick up 4 sts from hand. K 2, P\n2 for 1\u00bd inches, size 6 to 8 (1\u00be inches, size 10 to 12), then P\nthe 2 P sts tog for 1 rnd. Next rnd K the 2 K sts tog for 1 rnd (8 sts),\ndraw through and sew.\nWith red sports yarn make 2 small hearts as follows: With No. 2 needles,\ncast on 2 sts, P 2 sts, K increasing in each st. P back. *Inc in first\nand last st, P back, repeat from *once. K 1 row, P 1 row. K 2 tog, K 2,\nturn, P back. K 1, K 2 tog, bind off. Work other 4 sts to correspond.\nMake another heart in same manner. Sew 2 pieces tog and fill with red\nyarn. Make 3 more hearts in same manner. With 2 strands of sports yarn,\nch 52 sts, sew heart on each end, tie a bow and sew on mitts as shown on\nillustration. These can easily be removed when washing.\n_Directions for socks on page 22._\n_Aloha_\nHERRINGBONE COAT AND HAT IN \"SHARK BLUE\"\nSize 12\n     _Needles_--_1 Pair American Standard No. 4._\n     _Material_--_Heather Knitting Worsted. Coat--6 four ounce skeins.\n           Hat--1 four ounce skein._\n     _Gauge_--_2 Patterns to 3 inches, (Coat); 5 sts to 1 inch, (Hat)._\n     _Pattern Stitch_--_Multiple of 9, plus 1 St._\n     _Bust Measure_--_30 inches._\nSWATCH\n_Swatch_--Cast on 19 sts, Row 1, P. Row 2-K 4 sts, *inc in next st by\nknitting 1 st in next st of row below in back, then K the next st, K 3\nsts, K 2 tog, K 3, repeat from *across row, ending with K 2 tog. Row\n3--P. Row 4--*K 2 sts tog, K 3 sts, inc 1 st (same as Row 2), K 3 sts,\nrepeat from *across row, ending K 4.\n[Illustration: No. 817\nThe young lady who has a \"_Know_\" in style will immediately sense the\nstyle value of this swagger-style coat. The patch pockets relieve the\nplain front and give it an air of distinction. Notice particularly the\nherring-bone stitch giving the garment the Tailored effect. The coat can\nbe finished with machine stitching--or by hand. The accompanying beret\nis finished in Red, White and Blue Ribbon. Notice too the emblem on the\nberet.]\nCOAT\n_Right Half of Back_--Cast on 64 sts, P back. Row 2K 4, *inc 1 st (same\nas swatch) K 3, K 2 tog, K 3, repeat from *across row, ending with K 2\ntog, P back. Row 4--*K 2 tog, K 3, inc 1 st, K 3, repeat from *ending\nwith K 4. Repeat these 4 rows for 3 inches (Place marker for side seam).\nMake first dec (on side seam), on 2nd row of pattern as follows: K 2\ntog, K 2, *inc 1 st, K 3, K 2 tog, K 3, repeat from *across row, ending\nwith K 2 tog, P back. (Always dec on 2nd row of pattern when decreasing\nthruout coat). Next row, K 2 tog, K 2, *inc 1 st, K 3, K 2 tog, K 3,\nrepeat from *across row, ending with K 4. P back. *K 3, inc 1 st, K 3,\nK 2 tog, repeat from *across row ending with K 2 tog. P back. Repeat\nlast 4 rows for 2 inches. 2nd dec: K 2 tog K 1, *inc 1 st, K 3, K 2 tog,\nK 3, repeat from *across row, ending with K 2 tog. On next Purled row\nmake a dec at center seam, P 2 tog, continue purling across. K 2 tog, K\n1, *inc 1 st, K 3, K 2 tog, K 3, repeat from *ending with K 3, P back.\nK 2, *inc 1 st, K 3, K 2 tog, K 3, repeat from *across row, ending\nwith K 2, K 2 tog, P back. Repeat these last 4 rows, for 2 inches. Make\nanother dec on seam end, K 2 tog, *inc 1 st, K 3, K 2 tog, K 3, repeat\nfrom *ending with K 2, K 2 tog, P back. K 2 tog, *inc 1 st, K 3, K 2\ntog, K 3, repeat from *ending with K 3, P back. K 1, inc 1 st, *K 3, K\n2 tog, K 3, inc 1 st, repeat from *ending with K 2, K 2 tog, P back.\nRepeat these last 4 rows for 2 inches. Dec in this manner, Knitting 2\nsts tog at side seam, every 2 inches, and P 2 tog at center seam every 4\ninches, until piece measures 27 inches from bottom. Work even for 2\ninches or desired length to underarm (45 sts). Bind off 4 sts at beg of\nnext row at underarm, K 2 sts tog at beg of the next 4 rows at underarm\n(37 sts). Work even for 6\u00be inches. Bind off 6 sts at beg of the next\n4 rows, bind off remaining 13 sts for neckline. Work other half of back\nto correspond.\n_Left Front_--Cast on 82 sts, work in pattern same as for back for 3\ninches. Now dec 1 st at seam end. Work 2 inches even. Make a dec at seam\nend every 2 inches until piece measures 27 inches, meanwhile dec 1 st at\nfront edge every 4 inches (63 sts). Work even to underarm 29 inches or\ndesired length to underarm. Bind off 5 sts at beginning of the next row\nat underarm. Continue to K 2 sts tog at underarm until you have 53 sts.\nWork even at underarm and dec every 2 inches at front edge, until piece\nmeasures 4\u00bd inches above the 5 bound off sts (51 sts). Bind off 15\nsts at beg of next row at neck edge. Now K 2 sts tog at beg and end of\nevery row at neck edge, until 30 sts remain. Bind off 6 sts at beg of\nthe next 4 rows at armhole and continue to dec at neck edge, in same\nmanner. Work right front to correspond, until you have 20 inches from\nbottom. K 8 sts, bind off 5 sts for buttonhole continue pattern across\nrow, P back and cast on 5 sts over those bound off. Continue same as\nleft front working buttonholes 4 inches apart.\n[Illustration]\n_Sleeves_--Cast on 55 sts, work in pattern for 1\u00bd inches. Now inc 1\nst at each end. Continue to inc 1 st at each end every 1\u00bd inches,\nuntil sleeve measures 16\u00bd inches (77 sts). Work even until sleeve\nmeasures 18 inches or desired length to underarm. Bind off 4 sts at beg\nof the next 2 rows. Bind off 2 sts, at beg of the next 2 rows (65 sts).\nNow K 2 sts tog at beg and end of every K row, until 33 sts remain, bind\noff.\n_Collar_--Cast on 70 sts, P back. K next row, increasing 1 st at beg and\nend (Inc 1 st at beg and end of every other K row thruout collar). K 1\nrow, P 1 row for 5 rows. On next row, inc in every 6th st across row.\nWork 5 rows even, make another inc in same manner 2 more times, having\nincreases come directly above those of previous increases. K 1 row, P 1\nrow, bind off 8 sts, K across on P side (hem line). Then bind off 8 sts,\nK across. P 1 row, K 1 row for 3 more rows, bind off loosely.\n_Pockets_--Cast on 19 sts. Work in pattern for 4 rows. Cast on 9 sts.\nWork back. Cast on 9 more sts. Work in pattern for 5\u00bd inches. Bind\noff 9 sts at beg of the next 2 rows. Work even on 19 sts for 4 rows,\nbind off.\nBlock all pieces before hemming. Sew backs tog. Sew fronts to side seams\nof back. Sew shoulder seams. Sew \u00be inch hem on fronts, bottom of coat\nand sleeves. Sew hem in collar and pockets. Sew pocket to coat as shown\non illustration. Sew collar to neck edge about 1 inch from fronts after\nhem on fronts. Sew sleeve seams and insert into armhole having two small\ninverted pleats at top of sleeve. Sew on buttons. Insert shoulder pads.\nHAT\nCh 4, join, work 7 s c in ring, 2 s c in each st, until you have 28 sts\naround. Now inc in every 5th st, until you have 60 sts around, then in\nevery 15th st, until there are 100 sts around. Inc in every 20th, until\nthere are 160 sts around. Work 2 rnds even, break thread. This will be\ncenter back. Count 48 sts on each side of center back, place 2 markers,\nholding right side toward you, s c from marker to marker, break thread.\n2nd short row: Count 45 sts from center back and s c to within 45 sts\nfrom center back on other side, decreasing 3 sts spaced at equal\ndistances apart. Work 10 more short rows in same manner as 2nd row\n(working 3 sts more on each side toward center back). Work 7 more rows\nin same manner, decreasing 5 sts to the rnd. Work 7 rows even or dec to\nfit headsize. Tack grosgrain ribbon around band, sew on emblem.\nABBREVIATIONS USED IN KNITTING AND CROCHET INSTRUCTIONS\nThe following abbreviations are used throughout the book.\n  h d c      Half double crochet\n  cr         Crochet\n  sl st      Slip stitch\n  rnd        Round\n  beg        Beginning\n  tr cr      Triple crochet\n  s c        Single crochet\n  d c        Double crochet\n  tog        Together\n  st         Stitch\n  sts        Stitches\n  y o        Yarn over\n  P.s.s.o    Pass slip stitch over\n*(asterisk). When this symbol appears, continue working until\ninstructions refer you back to this symbol.\n_Even_ means that a row must be worked without increasing or decreasing.\n_Work_ means to continue with the stitch as described.\n_Half Double Crochet_--Yarn over, draw up a loop in st, yarn over and\ndraw through all 3 loops on hook.\n_Slip Stitch_--Insert hook in next st, yarn over and draw through both\nloops on hook.\n_Blocking_--Pin the garment, with rust proof pins, wrong side out, on a\npressing board in exactly the measurements desired. Place a damp cloth\nover garment and with a moderately hot iron, press lightly, allowing the\nsteam to go through. Lay on a flat surface until thoroughly dry.\n_Needle Gauge_--When making a garment--work a swatch, using the needles\ncalled for to determine whether or not your work measures the same\nnumber of stitches to the inch as given in the scale. Change size of\nneedles accordingly.\n_When Using Colors_--In changing color always K the first row on right\nside regardless of pattern.\n[Illustration: _Get these 5 other editions\n... own the complete Juvenile Styles Library_]\n  YOU WILL WANT THESE OTHER POPULAR EDITIONS OF JUVENILE STYLES by\n  MARY HOYER\nLittle wonder that so many Mothers have collected all these editions of\nJUVENILE STYLES. These four books comprise a modern library of Knitting\nand Crocheting for Infants thru 'teen age ... a wealth of easy-to-follow\ninstructions for a few well invested pennies. Complete your JUVENILE\nSTYLES library today. MARY'S DOLLIES is a companion book containing\ninstructions for Dollies' garments. You'll enjoy knitting and crocheting\ndistinctively styled Garments truly worthy of your Time and Talent.\n_If your local store cannot supply our books, send direct to_\n  JUVENILE STYLES PUBLISHING COMPANY\n  1008 PENN STREET READING, PENNSYLVANIA\n  (Include 5c extra to cover mailing costs)\nAmerica's Biggest Doll Value\n\"_Miss Victory_\"\nExclusive creation of your Favorite Designer\nMARY HOYER\nwith Instructions for 6 Lovely Knitted and Crocheted Costumes\nThis gorgeous, exclusive doll positively represents \"the _most value_\nfor _your money_\" ... and also, \"the _most thrills_ for _your daughter_\"\n(or any other good little girl you know.) It is built as sturdily as the\nfinest quality pre-war dolls! and \"Miss Victory\" has a hair coiffure\ndesigned by Mary Hoyer, who has designed the six charming costumes\nillustrated in Volume 9 of \"Mary's Dollies.\" You get Volume 9 FREE with\nyour purchase of this 14\" doll--both at the bargain price of only $2.50\npostpaid. Simply send check or money order for one or more dolls, and\nstate your preference in hair color: Blonde, Medium or Dark Brown.\n[Illustration: _Free_ with PURCHASE OF DOLL -> MARY'S DOLLIES]\nIMPORTANT--the six costumes and their instructions are EASY-TO-FOLLOW.\nYou will truly ENJOY knitting these little outfits yourself, from\nodds-and-ends of yarn in your basket. No expense--and very, very little\ntime involved. Just \"happy moments of knitting.\" Remember, Volume 9 is\n_FREE_ WITH THE DOLL; you can also purchase the two previous volumes of\n\"Mary's Dollies\" at the same time for 15c each.\n[Illustration: As Advertised in McCall's\n6 New Costumes\nSTILL AVAILABLE\nFor only 15c each\nVOLUMES FIVE & SIX]\nMAIL YOUR ORDER TODAY\n  _Don't Delay_\n  ORDER THIS DOLL\n  AND THESE BOOKS TODAY\n  _from_\n  Juvenile Styles Publishing Company\n  1008 Penn Street\n  Reading, Pa.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Juvenile Styles"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1931, "culture": " English\n", "content": "[Illustration: _Anthony Wayne_]\n                      Prepared by the Staff of the\n             Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County\n    [Illustration: Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen\n    County]\nOne of a historical series, this pamphlet is published under the\ndirection of the governing Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne\nand Allen County.\n           BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE SCHOOL CITY OF FORT WAYNE\n  _Mrs. Sadie Fulk Roehrs_\n  _B.F. Geyer, President_\n  _Joseph E. Kramer, Secretary_\n  _W. Page Yarnelle, Treasurer_\n  _Willard Shambaugh_\n                 PUBLIC LIBRARY BOARD FOR ALLEN COUNTY\nThe members of this Board include the members of the Board of Trustees\nof the School City of Fort Wayne (with the same officers) together with\nthe following citizens chosen from Allen County outside the corporate\nCity of Fort Wayne:\n  _James E. Graham_\n  _Arthur Niemeier_\n  _Mrs. Glenn Henderson_\n  _Mrs. Charles Reynolds_\nAfter Harmar and St. Clair had been disastrously defeated by the Indians\nin the Old Northwest Territory, President Washington appointed General\nAnthony Wayne to reorganize the American forces, to subdue the savages,\nand to protect the scattered white settlements along the frontier.\nWayne\u2019s campaign culminated in his decisive victory at the Battle of\nFallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. General Wayne then marched his men\nwestward to the headwaters of the Maumee at the junction of the St.\nMary\u2019s and St. Joseph rivers. Here, on ground commanding the adjacent\narea, a fort was constructed and named Fort Wayne in his honor. If\nWayne\u2019s campaign had failed, settlement in this section might have been\nindefinitely delayed, and our city might be known by another name.\nThe following biographical sketch of Anthony Wayne was written by\nRandolph C. Downes. It was published in 1936 by Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons\nin the DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY, volume nineteen. Both the\nAmerican Council of Learned Societies, the copyright holder, and the\npublisher have graciously accorded permission to reproduce the article\nin its entirety. The portraiture, the best brief biography of Wayne, has\nbeen reprinted verbatim; citations and bibliography have been omitted.\nThe Boards and the Staff of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen\nCounty present this publication in the hope that the life of the founder\nof Fort Wayne will prove entertaining and informative to library\npatrons.\nAnthony Wayne (Jan. 1, 1745-Dec. 15, 1796), soldier, was born at\nWaynesboro, Pa., the only son of Isaac and Elizabeth (Iddings) Wayne.\nIsaac Wayne with his father Anthony Wayne, of English ancestry,\nemigrated from Ireland and about 1724 settled in Chester County, Pa.,\nwhere he acquired some 500 acres of land and a thriving tannery. At the\nage of sixteen the boy attended a private academy kept by his uncle,\nGilbert Wayne, in Philadelphia, where he is said to have been more\nproficient in feats of mock warfare, suggested no doubt by the Indian\nwars in progress, than in his classroom subjects. He learned enough\nmathematics to qualify as a surveyor, with some further application\nafter he left school two years later. In 1765 he was sent by a\nPhiladelphia land company to supervise the surveying and settlement of\n100,000 acres of land in Nova Scotia. On Mar. 25, 1766, after the\nventure had failed, he returned to Pennsylvania and married Mary\nPenrose, the daughter of Bartholomew Penrose, a Philadelphia merchant.\nThey had two children. He went to live on his father\u2019s estate and took\ncharge of the tannery. In 1774 his father died, and Anthony succeeded to\nthe ownership of a profitable establishment that provided him a very\ncomfortable competence. He was of medium height, had a handsome,\nwell-proportioned face with a slightly aquiline nose and high forehead.\nHis hair was dark, his eyes dark brown and penetrating, giving to his\nface a very animated appearance.\nDuring the early Revolutionary movement he was chairman of the committee\nappointed in the county on July 13, 1774, to frame the resolutions of\nprotest against the coercive acts of the British government. He was\nlater made chairman of the county committee appointed to supervise the\ncarrying out of the association drawn up by the first Continental\nCongress. He represented his county in the provincial assembly that met\nduring 1775. On Jan. 3, 1776, he was appointed by Congress to be colonel\nof a Chester County regiment engaged in continental service, and as a\nsoldier he served through the war. His youth and lack of formal training\nin the arts of war prevented him from being on friendly terms with many\nof his colleagues, and he had personal difficulties with St. Clair,\nCharles Lee, and James Wilkinson. Contemporaries agreed that he was\nimpetuous, yet Alexander Graydon, who called his manner \u201cfervid,\u201d\nadmitted that he could \u201cfight as well as brag.\u201d Washington admitted his\nbravery and his self-possession in battle but feared his impetuousness,\nwhen, seventeen years later, he chose him to lead the army against the\nnorthwestern Indians. In the spring of 1776 he was sent with the\nPennsylvania brigade commanded by Gen. William Thompson to reinforce the\nfaltering Canadian expedition. When the Pennsylvanians met the\nretreating remnants of Montgomery\u2019s army at the mouth of the Sorel\nRiver, they were sent down the St. Lawrence to attack what was thought\nto be the advance guard of the British army at Three Rivers. It turned\nout to be the main army numbering 3,000, and Wayne, whose regiment was\nin the front of the attack, found himself sustaining a hot exchange with\nthe enemy in order to cover the retreat of his outnumbered countrymen to\nFort Ticonderoga. He was placed in command of the garrison of over two\nthousand men there and had his first taste of wretched provisioning, of\nsickness, starvation, and mutiny.\nOn Feb. 21, 1777, he was appointed to the rank of brigadier-general and\nwas called, on Apr. 12, to join Washington at Morristown, N. J., and to\ntake command of the Pennsylvania line. After a season of training and\ndrill his division took an active part in resisting the British in their\ncampaign against Philadelphia. In the battle of Brandywine on Sept. 11,\n1777, he occupied the center of the defense opposing the British at\ntheir main point of crossing. He was obliged to retreat when the\nAmerican right was flanked by Cornwallis, who crossed the creek higher\nup. When Washington then withdrew to the north of the Schuylkill, he\nsent Wayne to circle around the rear of the British and to surprise and\ndestroy their baggage train. Wayne, however, was himself surprised and,\nin the battle of Paoli, Sept. 20, received a drubbing. Being accused of\nnegligence in this action, he demanded a court martial and was\nacquitted. Rejoining Washington, he played a conspicuous part in the\nbattle of Germantown, on Oct. 4, leading a spirited and almost\nvictorious attack, but was forced back, when difficulties in the rear\nturned the victory into confusion and defeat. He wintered with\nWashington at Valley Forge and led the advance attack against the\nBritish at the battle of Monmouth on June 28, 1788.\n    [Illustration: leading an attack in the battle of Germantown]\nIn a reorganization of the army late in 1778, he was transferred to the\ncommand of a separate corps of Continental light infantry. This corps,\nunder his leadership, on July 16, 1779, captured by surprise the\ngarrison at Stony Point, the northernmost British post on the Hudson.\nOver five hundred prisoners, fifteen cannon, and some valuable stores\nwere taken. For his conduct in this affair Congress ordered a medal to\nbe struck and presented to him. Early in 1780 he led some desultory\nmovements against the British on the lower Hudson, aimed to embarrass\ntheir collecting of supplies and cattle and to alleviate the attacks\nbeing made on Connecticut. When Arnold attempted to deliver West Point\nto the British on Sept. 25, 1780, Wayne\u2019s prompt movement to that post\nprevented a British occupation. After the Pennsylvania line mutinied in\nDecember 1780, Wayne was instrumental in presenting the soldiers\u2019\ndemands for pay and release to Congress and in getting Congress to\nredress their grievances. In the Yorktown campaign he was ordered south\nto serve under Lafayette, who was opposing Cornwallis on the lower James\nRiver. When Cornwallis withdrew from Williamsburg, Wayne was ordered to\nattack part of the British army that was mistakenly supposed to be\nseparated from the rest. With some 800 men he attacked the British army\nof perhaps 5,000 at Green Spring, Va., on July 6, 1781, and, upon\ndiscovering the mistake, he led a charge into the British lines that\ndeceived Cornwallis long enough to permit Wayne to extricate himself\nwith only minor losses.\nAfter the British surrender at Yorktown, Wayne, serving under Gen.\nNathanael Greene, was sent to oppose the British, Loyalist, and Indian\nhostiles in Georgia. He had the tact to divide the Indian opposition by\nspreading news of the American victory so that, when the Creek\nirreconcilables attacked his small force in May 1782, he was able to\nrout them. He negotiated treaties of submission with the Creek and\nCherokee in the winter of 1782 and 1783. In 1783 he retired from active\nservice as brevet major-general.\n    [Illustration: Wayne\u2019s horse was shot by Indians in Georgia....]\nFrom 1783 to 1792 he was engaged in civil pursuits in which he was less\nfortunate than in military affairs. The state of Georgia conferred upon\nhim an eight-hundred-acre rice plantation, and he borrowed the necessary\ncapital to work it from Dutch creditors, who subsequently foreclosed on\nthe lands. In politics he was a conservative; he had a militarist\u2019s\ncontempt for the radicals who took advantage of the revolt against Great\nBritain to fashion liberal constitutions like that of Pennsylvania,\nwhich he considered \u201cnot worth Defending.\u201d During the war military\naffairs were his major consideration; but he said, \u201clet us once be in a\nCondition to Vanquish these British Rebels and I answer for it that then\nyour present Rulers will give way for better men which will produce\nbetter Measures.\u201d Accordingly, as a member of the Pennsylvania council\nof censors in 1783, he favored the calling of a new constitutional\nconvention. He was a representative of Chester County to the\nPennsylvania General Assembly in 1784 and 1785. In 1787 he supported the\nnew federal Constitution in the Pennsylvania ratifying convention. He\nwas elected to Congress as a representative from Georgia and served from\nMar. 4, 1791, to Mar. 21, 1792, when his seat was declared vacant\nbecause of irregularities in the election and in his residence\nqualification.\n    [Illustration: _Battle of Fallen Timbers_\n    _FROM THE ORIGINAL PAINTING BY CHAPPEL._]\nAfter the failure of Harmar and St. Clair to subdue the Indian tribes of\nthe Wabash and Maumee rivers in 1791, Wayne was named by Washington as\nmajor-general in command of the rehabilitated American army. He was\nstrongly opposed to the peace maneuvers of 1792 and 1793 but improved\nhis time constructing a reliable military organization at his training\ncamp at Legionville, Pa., and, later, near Fort Washington and Fort\nJefferson in the Northwest Territory. On Aug. 20, 1794, he defeated the\nIndians at Fallen Timbers on the Maumee River near what is now Toledo,\nOhio. This victory was the result of several factors. Wayne had far more\nresources at his command than had Harmar or St. Clair. He did not hazard\nan autumn campaign after he received news of the final failure of peace\nnegotiations in August 1793. He was fortunate in that the Indians threw\naway their opportunity to isolate him, when they made a futile attack on\nFort Recovery on June 29 and lost many discouraged tribesmen, who went\nhome. He made every effort to avoid offending the British, thus robbing\nthe Indians of the aid they fully expected in the moment of conflict.\nFinally, when the Indians had assembled at Fallen Timbers to fight, he\ndelayed battle for three days. Therefore, when he attacked, a large part\nof the Indians were at a distance breaking their three-day fast, and the\nrest were in a half-starved condition. The complete submission and\nsurrender at Greenville in August 1795 was made possible by Jay\u2019s\ntreaty, the British desertion of the Indians, and Wayne\u2019s skill in\nconvincing the tribesmen of the hopelessness of their cause without\nBritish support. He died at Presque Isle, now Erie, Pa., on his return\nfrom the occupation of the post of Detroit.\n\u2014Silently corrected a few typos.\n\u2014Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook\n  is public-domain in the country of publication.\n\u2014In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by\n  _underscores_.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Anthony Wayne, 1745-1796\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1931, "culture": "", "content": "THE LIFE OF\n                  IN TOKEN OF GRATITUDE AND ADMIRATION\n                    FOR THE LABOURS AND THE EXAMPLE\nNOTE BY TRANSLATOR\nThose who wish to become more fully acquainted with Jean-Henri Fabre\u2019s\ndelightful Souvenirs Entomologiques will find them, arranged in a\ndifferent order, in the admirable series of translations from the pen\nof Mr. Teixeira de Mattos, published by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Company,\nNew York; a series which will, before long, be complete and contain the\nwhole of the ten volumes of Souvenirs. Other translations are The Life\nand Love of the Insect, translated by Mr. Teixeira de Mattos; Social\nLife in the Insect World, translated by myself; Wonders of Instinct,\ntranslated by Mr. Teixeira and myself; and Fabre, Poet of Science\n(another biography), by Dr. G. V. Legros, translated by myself.\nPost-war conditions have made it necessary somewhat to abridge the\nauthor\u2019s text, which fills two volumes. If, however, as I hope, these\npages send the reader to my friend Mr. Teixeira\u2019s delightful versions\nof the Souvenirs, their principal aim will be fulfilled.\nBernard Miall.\nAUTHOR\u2019S PREFACE\nI was eighteen years old; I was dreaming of diplomas, of a doctor\u2019s\ndegree, of a brilliant university career. To encourage me and incite me\nto emulation, one of my uncles, rather more well-informed than those\nabout him, addressed me much as follows:\n\u201cPut your back into it, my boy! Go ahead; follow the footsteps of your\nfellow-countryman and kinsman, Henri Fabre of Malaval, who has done\nwhat you want to do, and has become an eminent professor and a learned\nwriter.\u201d\nIt is hardly credible, but this was the first time I had heard any one\nmention this famous namesake of mine, whose family, nevertheless, used\nto live on the opposite slope of the puech against which my tiny native\nmas was built.\nHis remark was not unheeded, and the name then engraved upon my memory\nhas never been erased from it.\nA few years later, having secured my doctor\u2019s degree, I was teaching\nphilosophy, not in the University, but in the Grand Seminaire [1] of\nLyons. The problem of instinct, which enters into the province of\npsychology, led me to consult the works of J. H. Fabre, which were\nrecommended to me by the professor of Science. My worthy colleague\nregarded the author of the Souvenirs Entomologiques with a sort of\nworship, and it was with positive delight that he used to read aloud to\nme the finest passages of those masterly \u201cEssays upon the Instincts and\nHabits of Insects.\u201d\nA little later I chanced, in the course of my reading, on the Revue\nScientifique de Bruxelles, which contained abundant extracts from the\nsixth volume of the Souvenirs, in which the author becomes\nconfidential, and tells us, in the most delightful fashion, of his\nearliest childhood in the home of his grandparents \u201cwho tilled a poor\nholding on the cold granite backbone of the Rouergue tableland.\u201d Hullo!\nI said to myself: so the prince of entomologists is a child of the\nRouergue! What a discovery!\nFor a long time I thought of publishing, in the local press, a short\nbiography of Fabre with a few extracts from his writings. I was only\nwaiting an opportunity and a little leisure.\nThis leisure I had not yet found, when the opportunity offered itself\nin a decisive and urgent fashion, in the scientific jubilee of the\ngreat naturalist, which was celebrated at S\u00e9rignan on April 3, 1910.\nWhen all Provence was agog to celebrate the great man, when from all\nparts of France and from beyond her frontiers evidences of sympathy and\nadmiration were pouring in, was it not only fitting that a voice should\nbe upraised from the heart of Aveyron, and, above all, from that corner\nof Aveyron in which he first saw the light of day; if only to echo so\nmany other voices, and to restore to his native countryside this\nunrivalled son of the Rouergue who had perhaps too readily been\nnaturalised a Proven\u00e7al? Moreover, in these times of overweening\natheism, when so many pseudo-scientists are striving to persuade the\nignorant that science is learning to dispense with God, would it not be\na most timely thing to reveal, to the eyes of all, a scientist of\nundoubted genius who finds in science fresh arguments for belief, and\nmanifold occasions for affirming his faith in the God who has created\nand rules the world?\nAnd that was the origin of this book, the genesis of which will explain\nits character. Written especially for local readers, and consisting\nentirely of articles which appeared in the Journal d\u2019Aveyron, it is\nfitting that it should piously gather up the most trivial local\nreminiscences of J. H. Fabre, and that it should be full of allusions\nto the men and the things of Aveyron. Written solely to call attention\nto the life and labours of Fabre, the writer seeks to co-ordinate in a\nsingle book the biographical data scattered throughout the ten volumes\nand four thousand pages of the Souvenirs.\nThe reader must not take exception to the all but invariable praise of\ntheir author nor to that spirit of enthusiasm which he will perhaps\ndetect behind the pages of this volume. This is not to say that\neverything in the life and work of our hero is equally perfect and\nworthy of admiration. Whether knowledge or virtue be in question human\nactivity must always fall short somewhere, must always in some degree\nbe defective. Omnis consummationis vidi finem, said the Psalmist. But\napart from the fact that it is not yet time, perhaps, to form a final\njudgment, the reader, I trust, will remember that this book comes to\nhim with an echo of the jubilee celebrations of S\u00e9rignan, and the\nhomage, still touched with enthusiasm, of a son of Aveyron and the\nVezins countryside to the most illustrious of his fellow-countrymen.\nLa Griffoulette, near Vezins,\nCONTENTS\n    III     THE SCHOOLBOY: SAINT-L\u00c9ONS                    24\n    IV      THE SCHOOLBOY: SAINT-L\u00c9ONS (continued)        39\n    VI      THE PUPIL TEACHER: AVIGNON (1841\u201343)          74\n    VII     THE SCHOOLMASTER: CARPENTRAS                  87\n    VIII    THE SCHOOLMASTER: CARPENTRAS (continued)      99\n    XI      THE PROFESSOR: AVIGNON (continued)           143\n    XII     THE PROFESSOR: AVIGNON (continued)           166\n    XV      THE HERMIT OF S\u00c9RIGNAN (continued)           223\n    XVI     THE HERMIT OF S\u00c9RIGNAN (continued)           232\n    XVIII   THE COLLABORATORS (continued)                274\n    XX      FABRE\u2019S WRITINGS (continued)                 324\nTHE LIFE OF JEAN HENRI FABRE\nCHAPTER I\nTHE S\u00c9RIGNAN JUBILEE\nIn a few days\u2019 time [2] naturalists, poets, and philosophers will\nrepair in company to S\u00e9rignan, in the neighbourhood of Orange. What is\ncalling them from every point of the intellectual horizon, from the\nmost distant cities and capitals, to a little Proven\u00e7al village? Moussu\nFabr\u00e9, they would tell you yonder, in a tone of respectful sympathy.\nBut who is the Moussu Fabr\u00e9 thus cherished by the simplest as well as\nby the most cultivated minds? He is a sturdy old man of all but ninety\nyears, who has spent almost the whole of his life in the company of\nWasps, Bees, Gnats, Beetles, Spiders, and Ants, and has described the\ndoings of these tiny creatures in a most wonderful fashion in ten large\nvolumes entitled Souvenirs Entomologiques or Etudes sur l\u2019Instinct et\nles M\u0153urs des Insectes. [3]\nOne might say of this achievement what the author of Lettres Persanes\nsaid of his book: Proles sine matre. It is a child without a mother. It\nis, in short, unprecedented. [4] It has not its fellow, either in the\nMachal of Solomon, or the apologues of the old fabulists, or the\ntreatises on natural history written by our modern scientists. The\nfabulists look to find man in the animal, which for them is little more\nthan a pretext for comparisons and moral narratives, and the scientists\ncommonly confine their curiosity to the dissection of the insect\u2019s\norgans, the analysis of its functions, and the classification of\nspecies. We might even say that the insect is the least of their cares,\nfor, like Solomon, they delight in holding forth upon all the creatures\nupon the earth or in the heavens above, and all the plants \u201cfrom the\ncedar tree that is in Lebanon even unto the hyssop that springeth out\nof the wall\u201d (1 Kings iv: 32\u201333).\nFabre, on the contrary, has eyes only for the insect. He observes it by\nand for itself, in the most trivial manifestations of its life: the\nliving, active insect, with its labours and its habits, is the thing\nthat interests him before all else, guiding his investigation of the\ninfinite host of these tiny lives, which claim his attention on every\nhand; and in this world of insects wealth of artifice and capacities of\nthe mental order seem to be in an inverse ratio to beauty of form and\nbrilliance of colour. For this reason Fabre learns to disdain the\nmagnificent Butterfly, applying himself by preference to the modest\nFly: the two-winged Flies, which are relatives of our common House-fly,\nor the four-winged Flies, the numerous and infinitely various cousins\nof the Wasps and Bees; the Spiders, ugly indeed, but such skilful\nspinners, and even the Dung-beetles and Scarab\u00e6id\u00e6 of every species,\nthose wonderful agents of terrestrial purification.\nIn this singular world, which affords him the society which he prefers,\nhe has gathered an ample harvest of unexpected facts and highly\nperplexing actions on the part of these little so-called inferior\nanimals. No one has excelled him in detecting their slightest\nmovements, and in surprising all the secrets of their lives. Darwin\ndeclared, and many others have repeated his words, that Fabre was \u201can\nincomparable observer.\u201d The verdict is all the more significant in that\nthe French entomologist did not scruple to oppose his observations to\nthe theories of the famous English naturalist.\nNot only in the certainty and the detailed nature of his facts, but\nalso in the colour and reality of his descriptions is his mastery\nrevealed. In him the naturalist is reduplicated by a man of letters and\na poet, who \u201cunderstands how to cast over the naked truth the magic\nmantle of his picturesque language,\u201d [5] making each of his humble\nprotagonists live again before our eyes, each with its characteristic\nachievements. So striking is this power of his that Victor Hugo\ndescribed him as \u201cthe insects\u2019 Homer,\u201d while one of the most\naccomplished of our scientists, Mr. Edmond Perrier, Director of the\nMuseum of Natural History, not content with saluting him as \u201cone of the\nprinces of natural history,\u201d speaks of his literary work in the\nfollowing terms:\n    The ten volumes of his Souvenirs Entomologiques will remain one of\n    the most intensely interesting works which have ever been written\n    concerning the habits of insects, and also one of the most\n    remarkable records of the psychology of a great observer of the\n    latter part of the nineteenth century. In them the author depicts\n    to the life not only the habits and the instincts of the insects;\n    he gives us a full-length portrait of himself. He makes us share\n    his busy life, amid the subjects of observation which incessantly\n    claim his attention. The world of insects hums and buzzes about\n    him, obsesses him, calling his attention from all directions,\n    exciting his curiosity; he does not know which way to turn.\n    Overwhelmed by the innumerable winged army of the drinkers of\n    nectar who, on the fine summer days, invade his field of\n    observation, he calls to his aid his whole household: his\n    daughters, Claire, Agla\u00e9, and Anna, his son Paul, his workmen, and\n    above all his man-servant Favier, an old countryman who has spent\n    his life in the barracks of the French colonies, a man of a\n    thousand expedients, who watches his master with an incredulous yet\n    admiring eye, listening to him but refusing to be convinced, and\n    shocking him by the assertion, which nothing will induce him to\n    retract, that the bat is a rat which has grown wings, the slug an\n    old snail which has lost its shell, the night-jar a toad with a\n    passion for milk, which has sprouted feathers the better to suck\n    the goats\u2019 udders at night, and so forth. The cats and the dog join\n    the company at times, and one almost regrets that one is not within\n    reach of the sturdy old man, so that one might respond to his call.\n    See him lying on the sand where everything is grilling in the\n    burning rays of the sun, watching some wasp that is digging its\n    burrow, noting its least movement, trying to divine its intentions,\n    to make it confess the secret of its actions, following the labours\n    of the innumerable Scarabaei that clean the surface of the soil of\n    all that might defile it\u2014the droppings of large animals, the\n    decomposing bodies of small birds, moles, or water-rats; putting\n    unexpected difficulties in their way, slily giving these tiny\n    life-companions of his problems of his own devising to solve. [6]\nThat is well-expressed, and it gives us a fairly correct idea of the\nvital and poetic charm of the Souvenirs.\nThe same writer asks, speaking of the well-defined tasks performed by\nall these little creatures beloved of the worthy biologist of S\u00e9rignan:\n\u201cWho has taught each one its trade, to the exclusion of any other, and\nallotted the parts which they fill, as a rule with a completeness\nunequalled, save by \u2018their absolute unconsciousness of the goal at\nwhich they are aiming?\u2019 This is a very important problem: it is the\nproblem of the origin of things. Henri Fabre has no desire to grapple\nwith it. Living in perpetual amazement, amid the miracles revealed by\nhis genius, he observes, but he does not explain.\u201d\nFor the moment we can no longer subscribe to the assertions of the\nlearned Academician, [7] nor to his fashion of writing history, which\nis decidedly too free. The truth is that Fabre, who delights in the\npageant of the living world, does not always confine himself to\nrecording it; he readily passes from the smallest details of\nobservation to the wide purviews of reason, and he is at times as much\na philosopher as a poet and a naturalist. The truth is that he often\nconsiders the question of the origins of life, and he answers it\nunequivocally like the believer that he is. It is enough to cite one\npassage among others, a passage which testifies to a brief uplifting of\nthe heart that presupposes many others: \u201cThe eternal question, if one\ndoes not rise above the doctrine of dust to dust: how did the insect\nacquire so discerning an art?\u201d And the following lines from the close\nof the same chapter: \u201cThe pill-maker\u2019s work confronts the reflective\nmind with a serious problem. It offers us these alternatives: either we\nmust grant the flattened cranium of the Dung-beetle the distinguished\nhonour of having solved for itself the geometrical problem of the\nalimentary pill, or we must refer it to a harmony that governs all\nthings beneath the eye of an Intelligence which, knowing all things,\nhas provided for all?\u201d [8]\nAnd indeed, when we consider closely, with the author of the Souvenirs,\nall the prodigies of art, all the marks of ingenuity displayed by these\nsorry creatures, so inept in other respects, then, whatever hypothesis\nwe may prefer as to the formation of species, whether with Fabre we\nbelieve them fixed and unchanging, or whether with Gaudry [9] we\nbelieve in their evolution, we cannot refrain from proclaiming the\nnecessity of a sovereign Mind, the creator and instigator of order and\nharmony, and we are quite naturally led to repeat, to the glory of God\nthe Creator, the beautiful saying of Saint Augustine: \u201cFecit in c\u0153lis\nangelos et in terris vermiculos, nec major in illis nec minor in\nistis.\u201d\nNow this venerable nonagenarian whom naturalists, poets, and\nphilosophers are so justly about to honour in S\u00e9rignan, because his\nbrow is radiant with the purest rays of science, poetry, and\nphilosophy: this entomologist of real genius, he whom Edmond Perrier\nranks among \u201cthe princes of natural history,\u201d he whom Victor Hugo\ncalled \u201cthe insects\u2019 Homer,\u201d he whom Darwin proclaimed \u201can incomparable\nobserver\u201d: who is there in Aveyron, knowing that he was born beneath\nour skies and that he has dwelt upon our soil, but will rejoice to feel\nthat he belongs to us by his birth and the whole of his youth?\nCHAPTER II\nTHE URCHIN OF MALAVAL\nJean-Henri Fabre was born at Saint-L\u00e9ons, the market-town and\nadministrative centre of the canton of Vezins. In witness of which\nbehold this extract from the register of baptisms, a certified copy\ntranscribed by the Abb\u00e9 Lafon, cur\u00e9 of Saint-L\u00e9ons:\n    In the year 1823, on the 22nd September, was baptised\n    Jean-Henri-Casimir Fabre, of the aforesaid Saint-L\u00e9ons, the\n    legitimate son of Antoine Fabre and Victoire Salgues, inhabitants\n    of the same place:\u2014His godfather was Pierre Ricard, primary\n    schoolmaster. In proof of which\u2014Fabre, vicar. [10]\nJean-Henri Casimir\u2019s mother, by birth Victoire Salgues, was the\ndaughter of the bailiff of Saint-L\u00e9ons. His father, Antoine Fabre, was\nborn in a little mas in the parish of Lavaysse, Malaval, where his\nparents were still cultivating the old family property which since then\nhas passed to the head of the Vaissi\u00e8re family.\nIt was thus at Malaval that the future entomologist \u201cpassed his\nearliest childhood,\u201d as he told me when writing to me ten years ago.\n[11] There was no wallowing in abundance at Saint-L\u00e9ons. In order to\nrelieve the poor household of one mouth, he was confided to the care of\nhis grandmother and sent to Malaval. \u201cThere, in solitude, amid the\ngeese, the calves, and the sheep, my mind first awoke to consciousness.\nWhat went before is for me shrouded in impenetrable darkness.\u201d\nThe spot which was the scene of this first awakening deserves\ndescription. When one follows the road from Laissac to Vezins, a short\ndistance after passing Vaysse-Rodi\u00e9, just as one has almost reached the\ncrest of the height which by reason of its rocky helmet is called the\npuech del Roucas, on the line of the watershed dividing the limestone\nbasin of the Aveyron from the granitic basin of the Viaur, on turning\nsharply to the right one sees before one the austere Malavallis,\ndominated on the one hand by the height of Lavaysse with its ancient\nchurch, and enlivened a little on the other side by the tiny hamlet of\nMalaval, which consists, to-day, of two farm-houses; one whiter, more\ncheerful-looking, and on lower ground; the other standing higher,\ngreyer in hue, and more difficult to discover in the shade of the\noak-trees and thickets of broom and blackthorn which form a dense\nmantle of green about it. It was there, amid these trees, in this\nhouse, three thousand feet above the sea, in sight of the sturdy belfry\nof Lavaysse, that Jean-Henri Fabre was \u201cborn into the true life,\u201d the\nlife of the mind. Here, on this hillside, which directly faces the\neast, he made his earliest discoveries; here, one fine morning, as he\nwill presently tell us, he discovered the sun; here, he saw not only\nthe dawn of day, but also \u201cthat inward dawn, so far swept clear of the\nclouds of unconsciousness as to leave him a lasting memory.\u201d\nNothing could take the place of the picturesqueness and sincerity of\nthe narrative in which he has related these earliest impressions of his\nchildhood:\nMy grandparents [12] were people whose quarrel with the alphabet was so\ngreat that they had never opened a book in their lives; and they kept a\nlean farm on the cold granite ridge of the Rouergue table-land. The\nhouse, standing alone amidst the heath and broom, with no neighbour for\nmany a mile around and visited at intervals by the wolves, was to them\nthe hub of the universe. But for a few surrounding villages, whither\nthe calves were driven upon fair-days, the rest was only very vaguely\nknown by hearsay. In this wild solitude, the mossy fens, with their\nquagmires oozing with iridescent pools, supplied the cows, the\nprincipal source of wealth, with plentiful pasture. In summer, on the\nshort sward of the slopes, the sheep were penned day and night,\nprotected from beasts of prey by a fence of hurdles propped up with\npitchforks. When the grass was cropped close at one spot, the fold was\nshifted elsewhither. In the centre was the shepherd\u2019s rolling hut, a\nstraw cabin. Two watch-dogs, equipped with spiked collars, were\nanswerable for tranquillity if the thieving wolf appeared in the night\nfrom out the neighbouring woods.\nPadded with a perpetual layer of cow-dung, in which I sank to my knees,\nbroken up shimmering puddles of dark-brown liquid manure, the farmyard\nalso boasted a numerous population. Here the lambs skipped, the geese\ntrumpeted, the fowls scratched the ground, and the sow grunted with her\nswarm of little pigs hanging to her dugs.\nThe harshness of the climate did not give husbandry the same chances.\nIn a propitious season they would set fire to a stretch of moorland\nbristling with gorse and send the swing-plough across the ground\nenriched by the cinders from the fire. This yielded a few acres of rye,\noats, and potatoes. The best corners were kept for hemp, which\nfurnished the distaffs and spindles of the house with the material for\ncloth, and was looked upon as grandmother\u2019s private crop.\nGrandfather, therefore, was, before all, a herdsman versed in the love\nof cows and sheep, but completely ignorant of aught else. How\ndumbfounded he would have been to learn that, in the remote future, one\nof his family would become enamoured of those insignificant animals to\nwhich he had never vouchsafed a glance in his life! Had he guessed that\nthat lunatic was myself, the scapegrace seated at the table by his\nside, what a smack of the head I should have caught, what a wrathful\nlook!\n\u201cThe idea of wasting one\u2019s time with that nonsense!\u201d he would have\nthundered.\nFor the patriarch was not given to joking. I can still see his serious\nface, his unclipped head of hair, often brought back behind his ears\nwith a flick of the thumb and spreading its ancient Gallic mane over\nhis shoulders. I see his little three-cornered hat, his small-clothes\nbuckled at the knees, his wooden shoes, stuffed with straw, that echoed\nas he walked. Ah, no! Once childhood\u2019s games were past, it would never\nhave done to rear the Grasshopper and unearth the Dung-beetle from his\nnatural surroundings.\nGrandmother, pious soul, used to wear the eccentric headdress of the\nRouergue Highlanders: a large disk of black felt, stiff as a plank,\nadorned in the middle with a crown a finger\u2019s-breadth high and hardly\nwider across than a six-franc piece. A black ribbon fastened under the\nchin maintained the equilibrium of this elegant, but unstable circle.\nPickles, hemp, chickens, curds and whey, butter; washing the clothes,\nminding the children, seeing to the meals of the household: say that\nand you have summed up the strenuous woman\u2019s round of ideas. On her\nleft side, the distaff, with its load of tow; in her right hand, the\nspindle turning under a quick twist of her thumb, moistened at\nintervals with her tongue: so she went through life, unweariedly,\nattending to the order and the welfare of the house. I see her in my\nmind\u2019s eye, particularly on winter evenings, which were more favourable\nto family talk. When the hour came for meals, all of us, big and\nlittle, would take our seats round a long table, on a couple of\nbenches, deal planks supported by four rickety legs. Each found his\nwooden bowl and his tin spoon in front of him. At one end of the table\nthere always stood an enormous rye-loaf, the size of a cartwheel,\nwrapped in a linen cloth with a pleasant smell of washing, and there it\nremained until nothing was left of it. With a vigorous stroke,\ngrandfather would cut off enough for the needs of the moment; then he\nwould divide the piece among us with the one knife which he alone was\nentitled to wield. It was now each one\u2019s business to break up his bit\nwith his fingers and to fill his bowl as he pleased.\nNext came grandmother\u2019s turn. A capacious pot bubbled lustily and sang\nupon the flames in the hearth, exhaling an appetising savour of bacon\nand turnips. Armed with a long metal ladle, grandmother would take from\nit, for each of us in turn, first the broth, wherein to soak the bread,\nand next the ration of turnips and bacon, partly fat and partly lean,\nfilling the bowl to the top. At the other end of the table was the\npitcher, from which the thirsty were free to drink at will. What\nappetites we had, and what festive meals those were, especially when a\ncream-cheese, home-made, was there to complete the banquet!\nNear us blazed the huge fire-place, in which whole tree-trunks were\nconsumed in the extreme cold weather. From a corner of that monumental,\nsoot-glazed chimney, projected, at a convenient height, a slate shelf,\nwhich served to light the kitchen when we sat up late. On this we burnt\nslips of pine-wood, selected among the most translucent, those\ncontaining the most resin. They shed over the room a lurid red light,\nwhich saved the walnut-oil in the lamp.\nWhen the bowls were emptied and the last crumb of cheese scraped up,\ngrandam went back to her distaff, on a stool by the chimney-corner. We\nchildren, boys and girls, squatting on our heels and putting out our\nhands to the cheerful fire of furze, formed a circle round her and\nlistened to her with eager ears. She told us stories, not greatly\nvaried, it is true, but still wonderful, for the wolf often played a\npart in them. I should have very much liked to see this wolf, the hero\nof so many tales that made our flesh creep; but the shepherd always\nrefused to take me into his straw hut, in the middle of the fold, at\nnight. When we had done talking about the horrid wolf, the dragon, and\nthe serpent, and when the resinous splinters had given out their last\ngleams, we went to sleep the sweet sleep that toil gives. As the\nyoungest of the household, I had a right to the mattress, a sack\nstuffed with oat-chaff. The others had to be content with straw.\nI owe a great deal to you, dear grandmother: it was in your lap that I\nfound consolation for my first sorrows. You have handed down to me,\nperhaps, a little of your physical vigour, a little of your love of\nwork; but certainly you were no more accountable than grandfather for\nmy passion for insects.\nAnd yet in me, the observer, the inquirer into things, began to take\nshape almost in infancy. Why should I not describe my first\ndiscoveries? They are ingenuous in the extreme, but will serve\nnotwithstanding to tell us something of the way in which tendencies\nfirst show themselves.\nI was five or six years old. That the poor household might have one\nmouth less to feed, I had been placed in grandmother\u2019s care. Here, in\nsolitude, my first gleams of intelligence were awakened amidst the\ngeese, the calves, and the sheep. Everything before that is\nimpenetrable darkness. My real birth was at the moment when the dawn of\npersonality rises, dispersing the mists of unconsciousness and leaving\na lasting memory. I can see myself plainly, clad in a soiled frieze\nfrock flapping against my bare heels; I remember the handkerchief\nhanging from my waist by a bit of string, a handkerchief often lost and\nreplaced by the back of my sleeve.\nThere I stand one day, a pensive urchin, with my hands behind my back\nand my face turned to the sun. The dazzling splendour fascinates me. I\nam the Moth attracted by the light of the lamp. With what am I enjoying\nthe glorious radiance: with my mouth or my eyes? That is the question\nput by my budding scientific curiosity. Reader, do not smile! the\nfuture observer is already practising and experimenting. I open my\nmouth wide and close my eyes: the glory disappears. I open my eyes and\nshut my mouth: the glory reappears. I repeat the performance, with the\nsame result. The question\u2019s solved: I have learnt by deduction that I\nsee the sun with my eyes. What a discovery! That evening I told the\nwhole house all about it. Grandmother smiled fondly at my simplicity:\nthe others laughed at it. \u2019Tis the way of the world.\nAnother find. At nightfall, amidst the neighbouring bushes, a sort of\njingle attracted my attention, sounding very faintly and softly through\nthe evening silence. Who is making that noise? Is it a little bird\nchirping in his nest? We must look into the matter, and that quickly.\nTrue, there is the wolf, who comes out of the woods at this time, so\nthey tell me. Let\u2019s go all the same, but not too far: just there,\nbehind that clump of broom. I stand on the look-out for long, but all\nin vain. At the faintest sound of movement in the brushwood, the jingle\nceases. I try again next day and the day after. This time my stubborn\nwatch succeeds. Whoosh! A grab of my hand and I hold the singer. It is\nnot a bird; it is a kind of Grasshopper whose hind-legs my playfellows\nhave taught me to relish: a poor recompense for my prolonged ambush.\nThe best part of the business is not the two haunches with the shrimpy\nflavour, but what I have just learnt. I now know, from personal\nobservation, that the Grasshopper sings. I did not publish my discovery\nfor fear of the same laughter that greeted my story about the sun.\nOh, what pretty flowers, in a field close to the house! They seem to\nsmile to me with their great violet eyes. Later on I see, in their\nplace, bunches of big red cherries. I taste them. They are not nice,\nand they have no stones. What can those cherries be? At the end of the\nsummer, grandfather walks up with a spade and turns my field of\nobservation topsy-turvy. From under ground there comes, by the\nbasketful and sackful, a sort of round root. I know that root; it\nabounds in the house; time after time I have cooked it in the\npeat-stove. It is the potato. Its violet flower and its red fruit are\npigeon-holed in my memory for good and all.\nWith an ever-watchful eye for animals and plants, the future observer,\nthe little six-year-old monkey, practised by himself, all unawares. He\nwent to the flower, he went to the insect, even as the Large White\nButterfly goes to the cabbage, and the Red Admiral to the thistle.\nIt would be impossible to describe more delightfully the gradual\ndevelopment of tastes and aptitudes in the dawn of life.\nThe same freshness of impression and the same affinity for natural\nobjects will be found in another recollection of the same period: the\nrecollection of \u201ca certain harmonica,\u201d whose music to the \u201cear of a\nchild of six\u201d sounded as sweet and strange as that of the frog whom he\nheard emitting his limpid note in the neighbourhood of the solitary\nfarm as the last light of evening faded from the heights. \u201cA series of\nglass slips, of unequal length, fixed upon two tightly-stretched tapes,\nand a cork on the end of a wire, which served as a striker\u201d: such was\nthe instrument which some one brought the child from the latest fair.\n\u201cImagine an untutored hand striking at random upon this key-board, with\nthe most riotous unexpectedness of octaves, discords, and inverted\nharmonies\u201d: such was the chiming of the bell-ringer frogs on the sunken\nlanes of Malaval. \u201cAs a song it had neither head nor tail; but the\npurity of the sound was delightful.\u201d How much more delightful, in the\nfirst radiance of his spontaneous childhood, this little scrap of a\nfellow who was beginning to play his part in the great concert of the\nworld, in which he was one day to fill so notable a place and to sing a\nnew song to the glory of the Master of Nature! [13]\nCHAPTER III\nTHE SCHOOLBOY: SAINT-L\u00c9ONS\nWith his seventh year the time came for him to go to school. The\nschoolmaster of Saint-L\u00e9ons was the child\u2019s godfather. Everything\npointed to him as the child\u2019s first teacher. So Jean-Henri left the\nancestral home at Malaval to return to his father\u2019s house at\nSaint-L\u00e9ons and attend the local school, which was kept by his\ngodfather, Pierre Ricard. He could not have done better as a start in\nlife. Let us leave him to paint one picture of this second phase of his\nlife. He begins with a description of the school:\n    What shall I call the room in which I was to become acquainted with\n    the alphabet? It would be difficult to find the exact word, because\n    the room served for every purpose. It was at once a school, a\n    kitchen, a bedroom, a dining-room, and, at times, a chicken-house\n    and a piggery. Palatial schools were not dreamt of in those days;\n    any wretched hovel was thought good enough.\n    A broad fixed ladder led to the floor above. Under the ladder stood\n    a big bed in a boarded recess. What was there upstairs? I never\n    quite knew. I would see the master sometimes bring down an armful\n    of hay for the ass, sometimes a basket of potatoes which the\n    housewife emptied into the pot in which the little porker\u2019s food\n    was cooked. It must have been a loft of sorts, a store-house of\n    provisions for man and beast. Those two apartments composed the\n    whole building.\n    To return to the lower one, the schoolroom: a window faces south,\n    the only window in the house, a long, narrow window whose frame you\n    can touch at the same time with your head and both your shoulders.\n    This sunny aperture is the only lively spot in the dwelling; it\n    overlooks the greater part of the village, which straggles along\n    the slopes of a tapering valley. In the window-recess is the\n    master\u2019s little table.\n    The opposite wall contains a niche in which stands a gleaming\n    copper pail full of water. Here the parched children can relieve\n    their thirst when they please, with a cup left within their reach.\n    At the top of the niche are a few shelves bright with pewter\n    plates, dishes, and drinking-vessels, which are taken down from\n    their sanctuary on great occasions only.\n    More or less everywhere, at any spot which the light touches, are\n    crudely-coloured pictures, pasted on the walls. Here is Our Lady of\n    the Seven Dolours, the disconsolate Mother of God, opening her blue\n    cloak to show her heart pierced with seven daggers. Between the sun\n    and moon, which stare at you with their great, round eyes, is the\n    Eternal Father, Whose robe swells as though puffed out with the\n    storm. To the right of the window, in the embrasure, is the\n    Wandering Jew. He wears a three-cornered hat, a large, white,\n    leather apron, hobnailed shoes, and carries a stout stick. \u201cNever\n    was such a bearded man seen before or after,\u201d says the legend that\n    surrounds the picture. The draughtsman has not forgotten this\n    detail; the old man\u2019s beard spreads in a snowy avalanche over the\n    apron and comes down to his knees. On the left is Genevi\u00e8ve of\n    Brabant, accompanied by the roe; with cruel Golo hiding in the\n    bushes, sword in hand. Above hangs The Death of Mr. Credit, slain\n    by defaulters at the door of his inn; and so on and so on, in every\n    variety of subject, at all the unoccupied spots of the four walls.\n    I was filled with admiration of this picture-gallery, which held\n    one\u2019s eyes with its great patches of red, blue, green, and yellow.\n    The master, however, had not set up his collection with a view to\n    training our minds and hearts. That was the last and least of the\n    worthy man\u2019s ambitions. An artist in his fashion, he had adorned\n    his house according to his taste; and we benefited by the scheme of\n    decoration.\n    While the gallery of halfpenny pictures made me happy all the year\n    round, there was another entertainment which I found particularly\n    attractive in winter, in frosty weather, when the snow lay long on\n    the ground. Against the far wall stands the fire-place, as\n    monumental in size as at my grandmother\u2019s. Its arched cornice\n    occupies the whole width of the room, for the enormous redoubt\n    fulfils more than one purpose. In the middle is the hearth, but on\n    the right and the left are two breast-high recesses, half wood and\n    half stone. Each of them is a bed, with a mattress stuffed with\n    husks of winnowed corn. Two sliding boards serve as shutters and\n    close the chest if the sleeper would be alone. This dormitory,\n    sheltered under the chimney breast, supplies couches for the\n    favoured ones of the house, the boarders. They must lie snug in\n    them at night, when the north wind howls at the mouth of the dark\n    valley and sends the snow awhirl. The rest is occupied by the\n    hearth and its accessories: the three-legged stools; the salt-box,\n    hanging against the wall to keep its contents dry; the heavy shovel\n    which it takes two hands to wield; lastly, the bellows, similar to\n    those with which I used to blow out my cheeks in grandfather\u2019s\n    house. They consist of a big branch of pine, hollowed throughout\n    its length with a red-hot iron. By means of this channel one\u2019s\n    breath is applied, from a convenient distance, to the spot which is\n    to be revived. With a couple of stones for supports, the master\u2019s\n    bundle of sticks and our own logs blaze and flicker, for each of us\n    has to bring a log of wood in the morning, if he would share in the\n    treat.\n    Nevertheless, the fire was not exactly lit for us, but, most of\n    all, to warm a row of three pots in which simmered the pigs\u2019 food,\n    a mixture of potatoes and bran. That, despite the tribute of a log,\n    was the real object of the brushwood fire. The two boarders, on\n    their stools, in the best places, and we others, sitting on our\n    heels, formed a semicircle around those big cauldrons full to the\n    brim and giving off little jets of steam, with puff-puff-puffing\n    sounds. The bolder among us, when the master\u2019s eyes were engaged\n    elsewhere, would dig a knife into a well-cooked potato and add it\n    to their bit of bread; for I must say that, if we did little work\n    at my school, at least we did a deal of eating. It was the regular\n    custom to crack a few nuts and nibble at a crust while writing our\n    page or setting out our rows of figures.\n    We, the smaller ones, in addition to the comfort of studying with\n    our mouths full, had every now and then two other delights, which\n    were quite as good as cracking nuts. The back-door communicated\n    with the yard where the hen, surrounded by her brood of chicks,\n    scratched at the dung-hill, while the little porkers, of whom there\n    were a dozen, wallowed in their stone trough. This door would open\n    sometimes to let one of us out, a privilege which we abused, for\n    the sly ones among us were careful not to close it on returning.\n    Forthwith the porkers would come running in, one after the other,\n    attracted by the smell of the boiled potatoes. My bench, the one\n    where the youngsters sat, stood against the wall, under the copper\n    pail to which we used to go for water when the nuts had made us\n    thirsty, and was right in the way of the pigs. Up they came\n    trotting and grunting, curling their little tails; they rubbed\n    against our legs; they poked their cold, pink snouts into our hands\n    in search of a scrap of crust; they questioned us with their sharp\n    little eyes to learn if we happened to have a dry chestnut for them\n    in our pockets. When they had gone the round, some this way and\n    some that, they went back to the farmyard, driven away by a\n    friendly flick of the master\u2019s handkerchief. Next came the visit of\n    the hen, bringing her velvet-coated chicks to see us. All of us\n    eagerly crumbled a little bread for our pretty visitors. We vied\n    with one another in calling them to us and tickling with our\n    fingers their soft and downy backs. No, there was certainly no lack\n    of distraction. [14]\nNow we know the school, with all its amenities, and our curiosity,\naroused to the highest pitch, inquires, not without some alarm, what\nwas taught in such a place and in such company. After the description\nof the class-room, we have the programme of studies:\n    Let us first speak of the young ones, of whom I was one. Each of us\n    had, or rather was supposed to have, in his hands a little penny\n    book, the alphabet, printed on grey paper. It began, on the cover,\n    with a pigeon or something like it. Next came a cross, followed by\n    the letters in their order. When we turned over, our eyes\n    encountered the terrible ba, be, bi, bo, bu, the stumbling-block of\n    most of us. When we had mastered that formidable page we were\n    considered to know how to read and were admitted among the big\n    ones. But if the little book was to be of any use, the least that\n    was required was that the master should interest himself in us to\n    some extent and show us how to set about things. For this the\n    worthy man, too much taken up with the big boys, had not the time.\n    The famous alphabet with the pigeon was thrust upon us only to give\n    us the air of scholars. We were to contemplate it on our bench, to\n    decipher it with the help of our next neighbours, in case he might\n    know one or two of the letters. Our contemplation came to nothing,\n    being every moment disturbed by a visit to the potatoes in the\n    stewpots, a quarrel among playmates about a marble, the grunting\n    invasion of the porkers, or the arrival of the chicks. With the aid\n    of these diversions we would wait patiently until it was time for\n    us to go home. That was our most serious work.\n    The big ones used to write. They had the benefit of the small\n    amount of light in the room, by the narrow window where the\n    Wandering Jew and ruthless Golo faced each other, and of the large\n    and only table with its circle of seats. The school supplied\n    nothing, not even a drop of ink; every one had to come with a full\n    set of utensils. The ink-horn of those days, a relic of the ancient\n    pen-case of which Rabelais speaks, was a long cardboard box divided\n    into two stages. The upper compartment held the pens, made of\n    goose-quill trimmed with a penknife; the lower contained, in a tiny\n    well, ink made of soot mixed with vinegar.\n    The master\u2019s great business was to mend the pens\u2014a delicate task,\n    not without danger for inexperienced fingers\u2014and then to trace at\n    the head of the white page a line of strokes, single letters, or\n    words according to the scholar\u2019s capabilities. When that is over,\n    keep an eye on the work of art which is coming to adorn the copy!\n    With what undulating movements of the wrist does the hand, resting\n    on the little finger, prepare and plan its flight! All at once the\n    hand starts off, flies, whirls; and lo and behold, under the line\n    of writing is unfurled a garland of circles, spirals, and\n    flourishes, framing a bird with outspread wings; the whole, if you\n    please, in red ink, the only kind worthy of such a pen. Large and\n    small, we stood awestruck in the presence of such marvels. The\n    family, in the evening, after supper, would pass from hand to hand\n    the masterpiece brought back from school:\u2014\n    \u201cWhat a man!\u201d was the comment. \u201cWhat a man, to draw you a Holy\n    Ghost with one stroke of the pen!\u201d\n    What was read at my school? At most, in French, a few selections\n    from sacred history. Latin recurred oftener, to teach us to sing\n    vespers properly. The more advanced pupils tried to decipher\n    manuscript, a deed of sale, the hieroglyphics of some scrivener.\n    And history, geography? No one ever heard of them. What difference\n    did it make to us whether the earth was round or square! In either\n    case, it was just as hard to make it bring forth anything.\n    And grammar? The master troubled his head very little about that,\n    and we still less. We should have been greatly surprised by the\n    novelty and the forbidding look of such words in the grammatical\n    jargon as substantive, indicative, and subjunctive. Accuracy of\n    language, whether of speech or writing, must be learnt by practice.\n    And none of us was troubled by scruples in this respect. What was\n    the use of all these subtleties, when, on coming out of school, a\n    lad went back to his flock of sheep!\n    And arithmetic? Yes, we did a little of this, but not under that\n    learned name. We called it sums. To put down rows of figures, not\n    too long, add them and subtract them one from the other was more or\n    less familiar work. On Saturday evenings, to finish up the week,\n    there was a general orgy of sums. The top boy stood up and, in a\n    loud voice, recited the multiplication table up to twelve times. I\n    say twelve times, for, in those days, because of our old duodecimal\n    measures, it was the custom to count as far as the twelve-times\n    table, instead of the ten-times of the metric system. When this\n    recital was over, the whole class, the little ones included,\n    shouted it in chorus, creating such an uproar that chicks and\n    porkers took to flight if they happened to be there. And this went\n    on to twelve times twelve, the first in the row starting the next\n    table and the whole class repeating it as loud as it could yell. Of\n    all that we were taught in school, the multiplication table was\n    what we knew best, for this noisy method ended by dinning the\n    different numbers into our ears. This does not mean that we became\n    skilful reckoners. The cleverest of us easily got muddled with the\n    figures to be carried in a multiplication sum. As for division,\n    rare indeed were they who reached such heights. In short, the\n    moment a problem, however insignificant, had to be solved, we had\n    recourse to mental gymnastics much rather than to the learned aid\n    of arithmetic.\nThis account cannot be suspected of any malicious exaggeration: the\nnarrator is too full of sympathy for his old master to do him anything\nless than justice. In any case he bears him no grudge in respect of the\ndeficiencies of his teaching:\n    When all is said, our master was an excellent man who could have\n    kept school very well but for his lack of one thing: and that was\n    time. He devoted to us all the little leisure which his numerous\n    functions left him. And first of all, he managed the property of an\n    absentee landowner, who only occasionally set foot in the village.\n    He had under his care an old castle with four towers, which had\n    become so many pigeon-houses; he directed the getting-in of the\n    hay, the walnuts, the apples, and the oats. We used to help him\n    during the summer, when the school, which was well attended in\n    winter, was almost deserted. The few who remained, because they\n    were not yet big enough to work in the fields, were small children,\n    including him who was one day to set down these memorable facts.\n    Lessons were less dull at that time of year. They were often given\n    on the hay or the straw; oftener still, lesson-time was spent in\n    cleaning out the dovecot or stamping on the snails that had sallied\n    in rainy weather from their ramparts, the tall box borders of the\n    garden belonging to the castle.\n    Our master was a barber. With his light hand, which was so clever\n    at beautifying our copies with curlicue birds, he shaved the\n    notabilities of the place: the mayor, the parish priest, the\n    notary. Our master was a bell-ringer. A wedding or a christening\n    interrupted the lessons; he had to ring a peal. A gathering storm\n    gave us a holiday: the great bell must be tolled to ward off the\n    lightning and the hail. Our master was a choir-singer. With his\n    mighty voice he filled the church where he led the Magnificat at\n    vespers. Our master wound up the village clock. This was his\n    proudest function. Giving a glance at the sun, to ascertain the\n    time more or less nearly, he would climb to the top of the steeple,\n    open a huge cage of rafters, and find himself in a maze of wheels\n    and springs whereof the secret was known to him alone.\nIn this picture of the schoolmaster and the school we have lost sight\nfor a time of our little Jean-Henri. What becomes of him? What does he\ndo in such a school, under such a master? To begin with, no one takes a\ngreater interest in the visits of hens and piglings, no one appreciates\nmore keenly the delights of school in the open air. In the meanwhile,\nhis love of plants and animals finds expression in all directions, even\non the cover of his penny spelling-book:\n    Embellished with a crude picture of a pigeon which I study and\n    contemplate much more zealously than the A, B, C. Its round eye,\n    with its circlet of dots, seems to smile upon me. Its wing, of\n    which I count the feathers one by one, tells me of flights on high,\n    among the beautiful clouds; it carries me to the beeches, raising\n    their smooth trunks above a mossy carpet studded with white\n    mushrooms that look like eggs dropped by some vagrant hen; it takes\n    me to the snow-clad peaks where the birds leave the starry print of\n    their red feet. He is a fine fellow, my pigeon-friend: he consoles\n    me for the woes hidden behind the cover of my book. Thanks to him,\n    I sit quietly on my bench and wait more or less till school is\n    over.\n    School out of doors has other charms. When the master takes us to\n    kill the snails in the box borders, I do not always scrupulously\n    fulfil my office as exterminator. My heel sometimes hesitates\n    before coming down upon the handful which I have gathered. They are\n    so pretty! Just think, there are yellow ones and pink, white ones\n    and brown, all with dark spiral streaks. I fill my pockets with the\n    handsomest so as to feast my eyes upon them at my leisure.\n    On haymaking days in the master\u2019s field, I strike up an\n    acquaintance with the Frog. Flayed and stuck at the end of a split\n    stick, he serves as live bait to tempt the Crayfish from his\n    retreat by the edge of the brook. On the alder-tree I catch the\n    Hoplia, the splendid Beetle who pales the azure of the heavens. I\n    pick the narcissus and learn to gather, with the tip of my tongue,\n    the tiny drops of honey that lie right at the bottom of the cleft\n    corolla. I also learn that too-long indulgence in this quest always\n    brings a headache; but this discomfort in no way impairs my\n    admiration for the glorious white flower, which wears a narrow red\n    collar at the throat of its funnel. When we go to beat the\n    walnut-trees, the barren grass-plots provide me with Locusts,\n    spreading their wings, some into a blue fan, others into a red.\n    And thus the rustic school, even in the heart of winter, furnished\n    continuous food for my interest in things.\nBut while the love of plants and animals developed automatically,\nwithout guide or example, in the child predestined to entomology, there\nwas one respect in which he did not make progress: the knowledge of the\nalphabet, which was indeed neglected for the pigeon. Consequently\nneither the schoolmaster nor the spelling-book had much to do with the\nearliest stage of his education. He tells us how he learned to read,\nnot at Master Ricard\u2019s, but, thanks to his father, in the school of the\nanimals and nature:\n    I was still at the same stage, hopelessly behind-hand with the\n    intractable alphabet, when my father, by a chance inspiration,\n    brought me home from the town what was destined to give me a start\n    along the road of reading. Despite the not insignificant part which\n    it played in my intellectual awakening, the purchase was by no\n    means a ruinous one. It was a large print, price six farthings,\n    coloured and divided into compartments in which animals of all\n    sorts taught the A, B, C by means of the first letters of their\n    names.\n    I made such rapid progress that, in a few days, I was able to turn\n    in good earnest to the pages of my little pigeon-book, hitherto so\n    undecipherable. I was initiated; I knew how to spell. My parents\n    marvelled. I can explain this unexpected progress to-day. Those\n    speaking pictures, which brought me among my friends the beasts,\n    were in harmony with my instincts. If the animal has not fulfilled\n    all that it promised in so far as I am concerned, I have at least\n    to thank it for teaching me to read. I should have succeeded by\n    other means, I do not doubt, but not so quickly or pleasantly.\n    Animals for ever!\n    Luck favoured me a second time. As a reward for my prowess I was\n    given La Fontaine\u2019s Fables, in a popular, cheap edition, crammed\n    with pictures, small, I admit, and very inaccurate, but still\n    delightful. Here were the crow, the fox, the wolf, the magpie, the\n    frog, the rabbit, the ass, the dog, the cat; all persons of my\n    acquaintance. The glorious book was immensely to my taste, with its\n    skimpy illustrations in which the animal walked and talked. As to\n    understanding what it said, that was another story. Never mind, my\n    lad! Put together syllables that say nothing to you yet; they will\n    speak to you later and La Fontaine will always remain your friend.\nCHAPTER IV\nTHE SCHOOLBOY: SAINT-L\u00c9ONS\nTo know a pupil thoroughly, it is not enough to study him in class; one\nmust watch him at play, for it is then especially that his nascent\ntastes reveal themselves, and the outlines of his future personality\nare more plainly discerned.\nWe have seen Jean-Henri bending over his task under the eye of the\nschoolmaster, or of his father; now let us follow him in the free play\nof his activities, absorbed in intimate communion with the children of\nnature. He himself will tell us what were his favourite pastimes in the\ngarden, by the pond, or in the fields.\nAll the reminiscences of the little Jean-Henri\u2019s schooldays pall before\nthe memory of his father\u2019s garden:\n    A tiny hanging garden of some thirty paces by ten, situated right\n    at the top of the village. The only spot that overlooks it is a\n    little esplanade on which stands the old castle [16] with the four\n    turrets that have now become dovecotes. A steep path takes you up\n    to this open space. From my house on, it is more like a precipice\n    than a slope. Gardens buttressed by walls are staged in terraces on\n    the sides of the funnel-shaped valley. Ours is the highest; it is\n    also the smallest.\n    There are no trees. Even a solitary apple-tree would crowd it.\n    There is a patch of cabbages, with a border of sorrel, a patch of\n    turnips, and another of lettuces. That is all we have in the way of\n    garden-stuff; there is no room for more. Against the upper\n    supporting-wall, facing due south, is a vine-arbour which, at\n    intervals, when the sun is generous, provides half a basketful of\n    white muscatel grapes. These are a luxury of our own, greatly\n    envied by the neighbours, for the vine is unknown outside this\n    corner, the warmest in the village.\n    A hedge of currant-bushes, the only safeguard against a terrible\n    fall, forms a parapet above the next terrace. When our parents\u2019\n    watchful eyes are off us, we lie flat on our stomachs, my brother\n    [17] and I, and look into the abyss at the foot of the wall bulging\n    under the thrust of the soil. It is the garden of monsieur le\n    notaire.\n    There are beds with box-borders in that garden; there are\n    pear-trees reputed to give pears, real pears, more or less good to\n    eat when they have ripened on the straw all through the late\n    autumn. In our imagination, it is a spot of perpetual delight, a\n    paradise, but a paradise seen the wrong way up: instead of\n    contemplating it from below, we gaze at it from above. How happy\n    they must be with so much space and all those pears!\n    We look at the hives, around which the hovering Bees make a sort of\n    russet smoke. They stand under the shelter of a great hazel. The\n    tree has sprung up all of itself in a fissure of the wall, almost\n    on the level of our currant-bushes. While it spreads its mighty\n    branches over the notary\u2019s hives, its roots, at least, are in our\n    soil. It belongs to us. The trouble is to gather the nuts.\n    I creep along astride the strong branches projecting horizontally\n    into space. If I slip, or if the support breaks, I shall come to\n    grief in the midst of the angry Bees. I do not slip, and the\n    support does not break. With the crooked stick which my brother\n    hands me, I bring the finest clusters within my reach. I soon fill\n    my pockets. Moving backwards, still straddling my branch, I recover\n    terra firma. O wondrous days of litheness and assurance, when, for\n    a few filberts, on a perilous perch we braved the abyss! [18]\nI confess I love this little sketch of the garden, which gives evidence\nof a singular clearness of perception in the gaze which this child\nalready turns upon the things about him.\nBut I like still better the history of the duck-pond, graceful as an\nidyll and touching as an elegy, the idyll of a rustic childhood which\nbecomes aware, simultaneously, of the family secrets and the secrets of\nnature; the elegy of a father\u2019s tenderness and a son\u2019s piety cramped\nand mortified by poverty, the elegy of intelligence, nay, of genius,\nready to spread its wings and fettered in its flight by the heavy\nchains and harsh necessities of material existence:\n    How shall a man earn his living in my poor native village, with its\n    inclement weather and its niggardly soil? The owner of a few acres\n    of grazing-land rears sheep. In the best parts, he scrapes the soil\n    with the swing-plough; he flattens it into terraces banked by walls\n    of broken stones. Pannierfuls of dung are carried up on donkey-back\n    from the cowshed. Then, in due season, comes the excellent potato,\n    which, boiled and served hot in a basket of plaited straw, is the\n    chief stand-by in winter.\n    Should the crop exceed the needs of the household, the surplus goes\n    to feed a pig, that precious beast, a treasure of bacon and ham.\n    The ewes supply butter and curds; the garden boasts cabbages,\n    turnips, and even a few hives in a sheltered corner. With wealth\n    like that one can look fate in the face. But we, we have nothing,\n    nothing but the little house inherited by my mother, and its\n    adjoining patch of garden. The meagre resources of the family are\n    coming to an end. It is time to see to it, and that quickly. What\n    is to be done? That is the stern question which father and mother\n    sat debating one evening.\n    Hop-o\u2019-my-Thumb, hiding under the woodcutter\u2019s stool, listened to\n    his parents overcome by want. I also, pretending to sleep, with my\n    elbows on the table, listen, not to blood-curdling designs, but to\n    grand plans that set my heart rejoicing. This is how the matter\n    stands: at the bottom of the village, near the church, at the spot\n    where the water of the large roofed spring escapes from its\n    underground weir and joins the brook in the valley, an enterprising\n    man, back from the war, [19] has set up a small tallow-factory. He\n    sells the scrapings of his pans, the burnt fat, reeking of\n    candle-grease, at a low price. He proclaims these wares to be\n    excellent for fattening ducks.\n    \u201cSuppose we breed some ducks,\u201d says mother. \u201cThey sell very well in\n    town. Henri would mind them and take them down to the brook.\u201d\n    \u201cVery well,\u201d says father, \u201clet\u2019s breed some ducks. There may be\n    difficulties in the way; but we\u2019ll have a try.\u201d\n    That night I had dreams of paradise: I was with my ducklings, clad\n    in their yellow suits; I took them to the pond, I watched them have\n    their bath, I brought them back again, carrying the more tired ones\n    in a basket.\n    A month or two after, the little birds of my dreams were a reality.\n    There were twenty-four of them. They had been hatched by two hens,\n    of whom one, the big black one, was an inmate of the house, while\n    the other was borrowed from a neighbour.\n    To bring them up, the former is sufficient, so careful is she of\n    her adopted family. At first everything goes perfectly: a tub with\n    two fingers\u2019 depth of water serves as a pond. On sunny days the\n    ducklings bathe in it under the anxious eye of the hen.\n    A fortnight later, the tub is no longer enough. It contains neither\n    cresses crammed with tiny Shellfish nor Worms and Tadpoles, dainty\n    morsels both. The time has come for dives and hunts amid the tangle\n    of the water-weeds; and for us the day of trouble has also come.\n    True, the miller, down by the brook, has fine ducks, easy and cheap\n    to rear; the tallow-smelter, who has extolled his burnt fat so\n    loudly, has some as well, for he possesses the advantage of the\n    waste water from the spring at the bottom of the village; but how\n    are we, right up there, at the top, to procure aquatic sports for\n    our broods? In summer we have hardly water to drink!\n    Near the house, in a freestone recess, a scanty spring trickles\n    into a basin made in the rock. Four or five families have, like\n    ourselves, to draw their water there in copper pails. By the time\n    that the schoolmaster\u2019s donkey has slaked her thirst and the\n    neighbours have taken their provision for the day, the basin is\n    dry. We have to wait for four-and-twenty hours for it to fill. No,\n    this is not the hole in which the ducks would delight, nor indeed\n    in which they would be tolerated.\n    There remains the brook. To go down to it with the troop of\n    ducklings is fraught with danger. On the way through the village we\n    might meet cats, bold ravishers of small poultry; some surly\n    mongrel might frighten and scatter the little band; and it would be\n    a hard puzzle to collect it in its entirety. We must avoid the\n    traffic and take refuge in peaceful and sequestered spots.\n    On the hills, the path that climbs behind the ch\u00e2teau soon takes a\n    sudden turn and widens into a small plain beside the meadows. It\n    skirts a rocky slope whence trickles, level with the ground, a\n    streamlet, which forms a pond of some size. Here profound solitude\n    reigns all day long. The ducklings will be well off; and the\n    journey can be made in peace by a deserted footpath.\n    You, little man, shall take them to that delectable spot. What a\n    day it was that marked my first appearance as a herdsman of ducks!\n    Why must there be a jar to the even tenor of such joys! The\n    too-frequent encounter of my tender skin with the hard ground had\n    given me a large and painful blister on the heel. Had I wanted to\n    put on the shoes stowed away in the cupboard for Sundays and\n    holidays, I could not. There was nothing for it but to go barefoot\n    over the broken stones, dragging my leg and carrying high the\n    injured heel.\n    Let us make a start, hobbling along, switch in hand, behind the\n    ducks. They, too, poor little things, have sensitive soles to their\n    feet; they limp, they quack with fatigue. They would refuse to go\n    any further if I did not, from time to time, call a halt under the\n    shelter of an ash.\n    We are there at last. The place could not be better for my\n    birdlets: shallow, tepid water, interspersed with muddy knolls and\n    green eyots. The diversions of the bath begin forthwith. The\n    ducklings clap their beaks and rummage here, there, and everywhere.\n    They are happy; and it is a blessed thing to see them at work. We\n    will let them be. It is my turn to enjoy the pond.\n    What is this? On the mud lie some loose, knotted, soot-coloured\n    cords. One might take them for threads of wool like those which you\n    pull out of an old ravelly stocking. Can some shepherdess, knitting\n    a black sock and finding her work turn out badly, have begun all\n    over again and, in her impatience, have thrown down the wool with\n    all the dropped stitches? It really looks like it.\n    I take up one of those cords in my hand. It is sticky and extremely\n    slack; the thing slips through the fingers before they can catch\n    hold of it. A few of the knots burst and shed their contents. What\n    comes out is a black globule, the size of a pin\u2019s head, followed by\n    a flat tail. I recognise, on a very small scale, a familiar object:\n    the Tadpole, the Frog\u2019s baby. I have seen enough. Let us leave the\n    knotted cords alone.\n    The next creatures please me better. They spin round on the surface\n    of the water and their black backs gleam in the sun. If I lift a\n    hand to seize them, that moment they disappear, I know not where.\n    It\u2019s a pity: I should have much liked to see them closer and to\n    make them wriggle in a little bowl which I should have put ready\n    for them.\n    Let us look at the bottom of the water, pulling aside those bunches\n    of green string whence beads of air are rising and gathering into\n    foam. There is something of everything underneath. I see pretty\n    shells with compact whorls, flat as beans; I notice little worms\n    carrying tufts and feathers; I make out some with flabby fins\n    constantly flapping on their backs. What are they all doing there?\n    What are their names? I do not know. And I stare at them for ever\n    so long, held by the incomprehensible mystery of the waters.\n    At the place where the pond dribbles into the adjoining field are\n    some alder-trees; and here I make a glorious find. It is a\n    Beetle\u2014not a very large one, oh no! He is smaller than a\n    cherry-stone, but of an unutterable blue. I put the glorious one\n    inside an empty snail-shell, which I plug up with a leaf. I shall\n    admire that living jewel at my leisure, when I get back. Other\n    distractions summon me away.\n    The spring that feeds the pond trickles from the rock, cold and\n    clear. The water first collects into a cup, the size of the hollow\n    of one\u2019s two hands, and then runs over in a stream. These falls\n    call for a mill: that goes without saying. Two bits of straw,\n    artistically crossed upon an axis, provide the machine; some flat\n    stones set on edge afford supports. It is a great success: the mill\n    turns admirably. My triumph would be complete, could I but share\n    it. For want of other playmates, I invite the ducks.\n    Everything palls in this poor world of ours, even a mill made of\n    two straws. Let us think of something else; let us contrive a dam\n    to hold back the waters and form a pool. There is no lack of stones\n    for the brickwork. I pick the most suitable; I break the larger\n    ones. And, while collecting these blocks, suddenly I forget all\n    about the dam which I meant to build.\n    On one of the broken stones, in a cavity large enough for me to put\n    my fist in, something gleams like glass. The hollow is lined with\n    facets gathered in sixes which flash and glitter in the sun. I have\n    seen something like this in church, on the great saint\u2019s day, when\n    the light of the candles in the big chandelier kindles the stars in\n    its hanging crystal.\n    We children, lying, in summer, on the straw of the threshing-floor,\n    have told one another stories of the treasures which a dragon\n    guards underground. Those treasures now return to my mind: the\n    names of precious stones ring out uncertainly but gloriously in my\n    memory. I think of the king\u2019s crown, of the princesses\u2019 necklaces.\n    In breaking stones, can I have found, but on a much richer scale,\n    the thing that shines quite small in my mother\u2019s ring? I want more\n    such.\n    The dragon of the subterranean treasures treats me generously. He\n    gives me his diamonds in such quantities that soon I possess a heap\n    of broken stones sparkling with magnificent clusters. He does more:\n    he gives me his gold. The water from the rock falls on a bed of\n    fine sand which it swirls into bubbles. If I bend towards the\n    light, I see something like gold-filings whirl where the fall\n    touches the bottom. Is it really the famous metal of which\n    twenty-franc pieces, so rare with us at home, are made? One would\n    think so, from the glitter.\n    I take a pinch of sand and place it in my palm. The brilliant\n    particles are numerous, but so small that I have to pick them up\n    with a straw moistened in my mouth. Let us drop this: they are too\n    tiny and too bothersome to collect. The big, valuable lumps must be\n    farther on, in the thickness of the rock. We\u2019ll come back later;\n    we\u2019ll blast the mountain.\n    I break more stones. Oh, what a queer thing has just come loose,\n    all in one piece! It is turned spiral-wise, like certain flat\n    Snails that come out of the cracks of old walls in rainy weather.\n    With its gnarled sides, it looks like a little ram\u2019s-horn. Shell or\n    horn, it is very curious. How do things like that find their way\n    into the stone?\n    Treasures and curiosities make my pockets bulge with pebbles. It is\n    late, and the little ducklings have had all they want to eat. Come\n    along, youngsters, let\u2019s go home. My blistered heel is forgotten in\n    my excitement.\n    The walk back is a delight. A voice sings in my ear, an\n    untranslatable voice, softer than any language and bewildering as a\n    dream. It speaks to me for the first time of the mysteries of the\n    pond; it glorifies the heavenly insect which I hear moving in the\n    empty snail-shell, its temporary cage; it whispers the secrets of\n    the rock, the gold-filings, the faceted jewels, the ram\u2019s-horn\n    turned to stone.\n    Poor simpleton, smother your joy! I arrive. My parents catch sight\n    of my bulging pockets, with their disgraceful load of stones. The\n    cloth has given way under the rough and heavy burden.\n    \u201cYou rascal!\u201d says father, at sight of the damage. \u201cI send you to\n    mind the ducks and you amuse yourself picking up stones, as though\n    there weren\u2019t enough of them all round the house! Make haste and\n    throw them away!\u201d\n    Broken-hearted, I obey. Diamonds, gold-dust, petrified ram\u2019s-horn,\n    heavenly Beetle are all flung on a rubbish-heap outside the door.\n    Mother bewails her lot:\n    \u201cA nice thing, bringing up children to see them turn out so badly!\n    You\u2019ll bring me to my grave. Green stuff I don\u2019t mind: it does for\n    the rabbits. But stones, which ruin your pockets; poisonous\n    animals, which\u2019ll sting your hand: what good are they to you,\n    silly? There\u2019s no doubt about it: some one has thrown a spell over\n    Yes, my poor mother, you were right, in your simplicity: a spell\n    had been cast upon me; I admit it to-day. When it is hard enough to\n    earn one\u2019s bit of bread, does not improving one\u2019s mind but render\n    one more meet for suffering? Of what avail is the torment of\n    learning to the derelicts of life?\n    A deal better off am I, at this late hour, dogged by poverty and\n    knowing that the diamonds of the duck-pool were rock-crystal, the\n    gold-dust mica, the stone horn an Ammonite, and the sky-blue Beetle\n    a Hoplia! We poor men would do better to mistrust the joys of\n    knowledge: let us dig our furrow in the field of the commonplace,\n    flee the temptations of the pond, mind our ducks and leave to\n    others, more favoured by fortune, the job of explaining the world\u2019s\n    mechanism, if the spirit moves them.\n    And yet no! Alone among living creatures man has the thirst for\n    knowledge; he alone pries into the mysteries of things. The least\n    among us will utter his whys and his wherefores, a fine pain\n    unknown to the brute beast. If these questionings come from us with\n    greater persistence, with a more imperious authority, if they\n    divert us from the quest of lucre, life\u2019s only object in the eyes\n    of most men, does it behove us to complain? Let us be careful not\n    to do so, for that would be denying the best of all our gifts.\n    Let us strive, on the contrary, within the measure of our capacity,\n    to force a gleam of light from the vast unknown; let us examine and\n    question and, here and there, wrest a few shreds of truth. We shall\n    sink under the task; in the present ill-ordered state of society,\n    we shall end, perhaps, in the workhouse. Let us go ahead for all\n    that: our consolation shall be that we have increased by one atom\n    the general mass of knowledge, the incomparable treasure of\n    mankind.\n    As this modest lot has fallen to me, I will return to the pond,\n    notwithstanding the wise admonitions and the bitter tears which I\n    once owed to it. I will return to the pond, but not to that of the\n    small ducks, the pond aflower with illusions: those ponds do not\n    occur twice in a lifetime. For luck like that, you must be in all\n    the new glory of your first breeches and your first ideas.\n    Many another have I come upon since that distant time, ponds very\n    much richer and, moreover, explored with the ripened eye of\n    experience. Enthusiastically I searched them with the net, stirred\n    up their mud, ransacked their trailing weeds. None in my memories\n    comes up to the first, magnified in its delights and mortifications\n    by the marvellous perspective of the years. [20]\nHis excursions to the pond and the garden were little more to our\nlittle Jean-Henri than the preface to rather more distant excursions in\nthe neighbourhood of Saint-L\u00e9ons. The edge of the brook, the crest of\nthe hill and the skirts of the beechwood which limit his horizon are\nthe chosen spots to which his curiosity leads him, and the favourite\nscene of his childish rambles. It is really delightful to watch him\ntaking possession of these unknown territories and making the first\ninventory of the wealth that he will explore later on.\n    On that day, wealthy and leisured, with an apple for my lunch and\n    all my time to myself, I decided to visit the brown of the\n    neighbouring hill, hitherto looked upon as the boundary of the\n    world. Right at the top is a row of trees which, turning their\n    backs to the wind, bend and toss about as though to uproot\n    themselves and take to flight. How often, from the little window in\n    my home, have I not seen them bowing their heads in stormy weather;\n    how often have I not watched them writhing like madmen amid the\n    snow-dust which the north-wind\u2019s besom raises and smooths along the\n    hill-side! What are they doing up there, those desolate trees? I am\n    interested in their supple backs, to-day still and upright against\n    the blue of the sky, to-morrow shaken when the clouds pass\n    overhead. I am gladdened by their calmness; I am distressed by\n    their terrified gestures. They are my friends. I have them before\n    my eyes at every hour of the day. In the morning the sun rises\n    behind their transparent screen and ascends in its glory. Where\n    does it come from? I am going to climb up there; and perhaps I\n    shall find out.\n    I mount the slope. It is a lean grass-sward close-cropped by the\n    sheep. It has no bushes, fertile in rents and tears, for which I\n    should have to answer on returning home, nor any rocks, the scaling\n    of which involves like dangers; nothing but large, flat stones,\n    scattered here and there. I have only to go straight on, over\n    smooth ground. But the sward is as steep as a sloping roof. It is\n    long, ever so long; and my legs are very short. From time to time I\n    look up. My friends, the trees on the hill-top, seem to be no\n    nearer. Cheerly, sonnie! Scramble away!\n    What is this at my feet? A lovely bird has flown from its\n    hiding-place under the eaves of a big stone. Bless us, here\u2019s a\n    nest made of hair and fine straw! It\u2019s the first I have ever found,\n    the first of the joys which the birds are to bring me. And in this\n    nest are six eggs, laid prettily side by side; and these eggs are a\n    magnificent blue, as though steeped in a dye of celestial azure.\n    Overpowered with happiness, I lie down on the grass and stare.\n    Meanwhile the mother, with a little clap of her gullet\u2014\u201cTack!\n    Tack!\u201d\u2014flies anxiously from stone to stone, not far from the\n    intruder. My age knows no pity, is still too barbarous to\n    understand maternal anguish. A plan is running in my head, a plan\n    worthy of a little beast of prey. I will come back in a fortnight\n    and collect the nestlings before they can fly away. In the\n    meantime, I will just take one of those pretty blue eggs, only one,\n    as a trophy. Lest it should be crushed, I place the fragile thing\n    on a little moss in the scoop of my hand. Let him cast a stone at\n    me that has not, in his childhood, known the rapture of finding his\n    first nest.\n    My delicate burden, which would be ruined by a false step, makes me\n    give up the remainder of the climb. Some other day I shall see the\n    trees on the hill-top over which the sun rises. I go down the slope\n    again. At the bottom I meet the parish priest\u2019s curate reading his\n    breviary as he takes his walk. He sees me coming solemnly along,\n    like a relic-bearer; he catches sight of my hand hiding something\n    behind my back:\n    \u201cWhat have you there, my boy?\u201d he asks.\n    All abashed, I open my hand and show my blue egg on its bed of\n    moss.\n    \u201cAh!\u201d says his reverence. \u201cA Saxicola\u2019s egg! Where did you get it?\u201d\n    \u201cUp there, father, under a stone.\u201d\n    Question follows question; and my peccadillo stands confessed. \u201cBy\n    chance I found a nest which I was not looking for. There were six\n    eggs in it. I took one of them\u2014here it is;\u2014and I am waiting for the\n    rest to hatch. I shall go back for the others when the young birds\n    have their quill-feathers.\u201d\n    \u201cYou mustn\u2019t do that, my little friend,\u201d replies the priest. \u201cYou\n    mustn\u2019t rob the mother of her brood; you must respect the innocent\n    little ones; you must let God\u2019s birds grow up and fly from the\n    nest. They are the joy of the fields, and they clear the earth of\n    its vermin. Be a good boy, now, and don\u2019t touch the nest.\u201d\n    I promise; and the curate continues his walk. I come home with two\n    good seeds cast on the fallows of my childish brain. An\n    authoritative word has taught me that plundering birds\u2019 nests is a\n    bad action. I did not quite understand how the bird comes to our\n    aid by destroying vermin, the scourge of the crops; but I felt, at\n    the bottom of my heart, that it is wrong to afflict the mothers.\n    \u201cSaxicola,\u201d the priest had said, on seeing my find.\n    \u201cHullo!\u201d said I to myself. \u201cAnimals have names, just like\n    ourselves. Who named them? What are all my different acquaintances\n    in the woods and meadows called? What does Saxicola mean?\u201d\n    Years passed; and Latin taught me that Saxicola means an inhabitant\n    of the rocks. My bird, in fact, was flying from one rocky point to\n    the other while I lay in ecstasy before its eggs; its house, its\n    nest, had the rim of a large stone for a roof. Further knowledge\n    gleaned from books taught me that the lover of stony hill-sides is\n    also called the Motteux, or Clodhopper, [21] because, in the\n    ploughing season, she flies from clod to clod, inspecting the\n    furrows rich in unearthed grub-worms. Lastly, I came upon the\n    Proven\u00e7al expression Cul-blanc, which is also a picturesque term,\n    suggesting the patch on the bird\u2019s rump which spreads out like a\n    white butterfly flitting over the fields.\n    Thus did the vocabulary come into being that would one day allow me\n    to greet by their real names the thousand actors on the stage of\n    the fields, the thousand little flowers that smile at us from the\n    wayside. The word which the curate had spoken without attaching the\n    least importance to it revealed a world to me, the world of plants\n    and animals designated by their real names. To the future must\n    belong the task of deciphering some pages of the immense lexicon;\n    for to-day I will content myself with remembering the Saxicola, or\n    Wheat-ear.\n    On the west, my village crumbles into an avalanche of\n    garden-patches, in which plums and apples ripen. Low, bulging\n    walls, blackened with the stains of lichens and mosses, support the\n    terraces. The brook runs at the foot of the slope. It can be\n    cleared almost everywhere at a bound. In the wider parts, flat\n    stones standing out of the water serve as a foot-bridge. There is\n    no such thing as a whirlpool, the terror of mothers when the\n    children are away; it is nowhere more than knee-deep. Dear little\n    brook, so tranquil, cool, and clear, I have seen majestic rivers\n    since, I have seen the boundless seas; but nothing in my memories\n    equals your modest falls. About you clings all the hallowed\n    pleasure of my first impressions.\n    A miller has bethought him of putting the brook, which used to flow\n    so gaily through the fields, to work. Halfway up the slope, a\n    watercourse, economising the gradient, diverts part of the water,\n    and conducts it into a large reservoir, which supplies the\n    mill-wheels with motor-power. This basin stands beside a frequented\n    path, and is walled off at the end.\n    One day, hoisting myself on a play-fellow\u2019s shoulders, I looked\n    over the melancholy wall, all bearded with ferns. I saw bottomless,\n    stagnant waters covered with slimy green. In the gaps in the sticky\n    carpet, a sort of dumpy, black-and-yellow reptile was lazily\n    swimming. To-day I should call it a Salamander; at that time, it\n    appeared to me the offspring of the Serpent and the Dragon, of whom\n    we were told such blood-curdling tales when we sat up at night.\n    Hoo! I\u2019ve seen enough; let\u2019s get down again, quick!\n    The brook runs below. Alders and ash, bending forward on either\n    bank, mingle their branches and form a verdant arch. At their feet,\n    behind a porch of great twisted roots, are watery caverns prolonged\n    by gloomy corridors. On the threshold of these fastnesses shimmers\n    a glint of sunshine, cut into ovals by the leafy sieve above.\n    This is the haunt of the red-necktied Minnows. Come along very\n    gently, lie flat on the ground and look. What pretty little fish\n    they are, with their scarlet throats! Clustering side by side, with\n    their heads turned against the stream, they puff their cheeks out\n    and in, rinsing their mouths incessantly. To keep their stationary\n    position in the running water, they need naught but a slight quiver\n    of their tail and of the fin on their back. A leaf falls from the\n    tree. Whoosh! The whole troop has disappeared.\n    On the other side of the brook is a spinney of beeches, with\n    smooth, straight trunks, like pillars. In their majestic, shady\n    branches sit chattering Rooks, drawing from their wings old\n    feathers replaced by new. The ground is padded with moss. At one\u2019s\n    first step on the downy carpet, the eye is caught by a mushroom,\n    not yet full-spread and looking like an egg dropped there by some\n    vagrant Hen. It is the first that I have picked, the first that I\n    have turned round and round in my fingers, inquiring into its\n    structure with that vague curiosity which is the first awakening of\n    observation.\n    Soon I find others, differing in size, shape, and colour. It is a\n    real treat for my prentice eyes. Some are fashioned like bells,\n    like extinguishers, like cups; some are drawn out into spindles,\n    hollowed into funnels, rounded into hemispheres. I come upon some\n    that are broken and are weeping milky tears; I step on some that,\n    instantly, become tinged with blue; I see some big ones that are\n    crumbling into rot and swarming with worms. Others, shaped like\n    pears, are dry and open at the top with a round hole, a sort of\n    chimney whence a whiff of smoke escapes when I prod their underside\n    with my finger. These are the most curious. I fill my pockets with\n    them to make them smoke at my leisure, until I exhaust the\n    contents, which are at last reduced to a kind of tinder.\n    What fun I had in that delightful spinney! I returned to it many a\n    time after my first find; and here, in the company of the Rooks, I\n    received my first lessons in mushroom lore. My harvests, I need\n    hardly say, were not admitted to the house. The mushroom, or the\n    Bouturel, as we call it, had a bad reputation for poisoning people.\n    That was enough to make mother banish it from the family table. I\n    could scarcely understand how the Bouturel, so attractive in\n    appearance, came to be so wicked; however, I accepted the\n    experience of my elders; and no disaster ever ensued from my rash\n    friendship with the poisoner.\n    As my visits to the beech-clump were repeated, I managed to divide\n    my finds into three categories. In the first, which was the most\n    numerous, the mushroom was furnished underneath with little\n    radiating flakes. In the second, the lower surface was lined with a\n    thick pad pricked with hardly visible holes. In the third, it\n    bristled with tiny spots similar to the papill\u00e6 on a cat\u2019s tongue.\n    The need of some order to assist the memory made me invent a\n    classification for myself.\n    Very much later there fell into my hands certain small books from\n    which I learnt that my three categories were well known; they even\n    had Latin names, which fact was far from displeasing to me.\n    Ennobled by Latin which provided me with my first exercises and\n    translations, glorified by the ancient language which the rector\n    used in saying his mass, the mushroom rose in my esteem. To deserve\n    so learned an appellation, it must possess a genuine importance.\n    The same books told me the name of the one that had amused me so\n    much with its smoking chimney. It is called the Puffball in\n    English, but its French name is the Vesse-de-loup. I disliked the\n    expression, which to my mind smacked of bad company. Next to it was\n    a more decent denomination: Lycoperdon; but this was only so in\n    appearance, for Greek roots sooner or later taught me that\n    Lycoperdon means Vesse-de-loup and nothing else.\n    How far off are those blessed times when my childish curiosity\n    sought solitary exercise in making itself acquainted with the\n    mushroom! \u201cEheu! Fugaces labuntur anni!\u201d said Horace. Ah, yes, the\n    years glide fleeting by, especially when they are nearing their\n    end! They were once the merry brook that dallies among the willows\n    on imperceptible slopes; to-day, they are the torrent swirling a\n    thousand straws along as it rushes towards the abyss. [22]\nCan one imagine a more picturesque and original fashion of sketching\nthe outline of one\u2019s earliest memories? We have collected these\nmemories, which he has scattered so profusely over the pages of his\nbooks, with pious care, because they so delightfully reveal a soul and\na life that are akin to our own, more especially in their beginnings,\nand because they so wonderfully evoke an age and a country that were\nonce ours and are still the possession of our grand-nephews.\nAt the age of ten the time came for the child to bid a fresh farewell\nto his native village. His father was the first of his race to be\ntempted by the town, and he removed his home to Rodez. Jean-Henri was\nnever again to behold the humble village where he lived \u201chis best\nyears,\u201d but he bore its image indelibly stamped upon his mind, upon\nthat part of it in which are formed those profound impressions that\ngrow more vivid with the years instead of fading. He left it at first\nwith a light heart, but later on he was homesick for it; and as the\nyears went by he felt more than ever its mysterious attraction, so that\none of his last wishes was to see his grave dug in the shadow of his\ncradle. But we will not wrong feelings so delicate by seeking to\ninterpret them; we will let him speak for himself.\n    Leaving our native village is no very serious matter when we are\n    children. We even look on it as a sort of holiday. We are going to\n    see something new, those magic pictures of our dreams. With age\n    come regrets; and the close of life is spent in stirring up old\n    memories. Then, in our dreamy moods, the beloved village reappears,\n    embellished, transfigured by the glow of those first impressions;\n    and the mental image, superior to the reality, stands out in\n    amazingly clear relief. The past, the far-off past, was only\n    yesterday; we see it, we touch it.\n    For my part, after three-quarters of a century, I could walk with\n    my eyes closed straight to the flat stone where I first heard the\n    soft chiming note of the Midwife Toad; yes, I should find it to a\n    certainty, if time, which devastates all things, even the homes of\n    Toads, has not moved it or perhaps left it in ruins.\n    I see, on the margin of the brook, the exact position of the\n    alder-trees whose tangled roots, deep under the water, were a\n    refuge for the Crayfish. I should say:\n    \u201cIt is just at the foot of this tree that I had the unutterable\n    bliss of catching a beauty. She had horns so long ... and enormous\n    claws, full of meat, for I got her just at the right time.\u201d\n    I should go without faltering to the ash under whose shade my heart\n    beat so loudly one sunny spring morning. I had caught sight of a\n    sort of white, cottony ball among the branches. Peeping from the\n    depths of the wadding was an anxious little head with a red hood to\n    it. Oh, what unparalleled luck! It was a Goldfinch, sitting on her\n    eggs.\n    I know my village thoroughly, though I quitted it so long ago; and\n    I know hardly anything of the towns to which the vicissitudes of\n    life have brought me. An exquisitely sweet link binds us to our\n    native soil; we are like the plant that has to be torn away from\n    the spot where it put out its first roots. Poor though it be, I\n    should love to see my own village again; I should like to leave my\n    bones there. [23]\nCHAPTER V\nAT THE COLLEGE OF RODEZ\nWe have learned what we may of the schoolboy of Saint-L\u00e9ons. Let us\nfollow him to the Lyc\u00e9e of Rodez, which he entered as a day-boy at the\nage of ten:\n    I come to the time when I was ten years old and at Rodez College.\n    My functions as a serving-boy in the chapel entitled me to free\n    instruction as a day-boarder. There were four of us in white\n    surplices and red skull-caps and cassocks. I was the youngest of\n    the party, and did little more than walk on. I counted as a unit;\n    and that was about all, for I was never certain when to ring the\n    bell or when to move the missal from one side of the altar to the\n    other. I was all of a tremble when we gathered, two on this side,\n    two on that, with genuflexions, in the middle of the sanctuary, to\n    intone the Domine, salvum fac regem at the end of mass. Let me make\n    a confession: tongue-tied with shyness, I used to leave it to the\n    others.\n    Nevertheless, I was well thought of, for, in the school, I cut a\n    good figure in composition and translation. In that classical\n    atmosphere there was talk of Procas, King of Alba, and of his two\n    sons, Numitor and Amulius. We heard of Cyn\u00e6girus, the strong-jawed\n    man, who, having lost his two hands in battle, seized and held a\n    Persian galley with his teeth, and of Cadmus the Ph\u0153nician, who\n    sowed a dragon\u2019s teeth as though they were beans, and gathered his\n    harvest in the shape of a host of armed men, who killed one another\n    as they rose up from the ground. The only one who survived the\n    slaughter was one as tough as leather, presumably the son of the\n    big back grinder.\n    Had they talked to me about the man in the moon, I could not have\n    been more startled. I made up for it with my animals, which I was\n    far from forgetting amid this phantasmagoria of heroes and\n    demigods. While honouring the exploits of Cadmus and Cyn\u00e6girus, I\n    hardly ever failed, on Sundays and Thursdays, to go and see if the\n    cowslip or the yellow daffodil was making its appearance in the\n    meadows, if the Linnet was hatching on the juniper-bushes, if the\n    Cockchafers were plopping down from the wind-shaken poplars. Thus\n    was the sacred spark kept aglow, ever brighter than before. [24]\nAt Rodez, as at Saint-L\u00e9ons, natural objects provided him with the\nchief material of his recreations:\n    The thrice-blessed Thursday had come; our bit of translation was\n    done, our dozen Greek roots had been learnt by heart; and we\n    trooped down to the far end of the valley, so many bands of\n    madcaps. With our trousers turned up to our knees, we exploited,\n    artless fishermen that we were, the peaceful waters of the river,\n    the Aveyron. What we hoped to catch was the Loach, no bigger than\n    our little finger, but tempting, thanks to his immobility on the\n    sand amid the water-weeds. We fully expected to transfix him with\n    our trident, a fork.\n    This miraculous catch, the object of such shouts of triumph when it\n    succeeded, was very rarely vouchsafed to us; the Loach, the rascal,\n    saw the fork coming and with three strokes of his tail disappeared!\n    We found compensation in the apple-trees in the neighbouring\n    pastures. The apple has from all time been the urchin\u2019s delight,\n    above all when plucked from a tree which does not belong to him.\n    Our pockets were soon crammed with the forbidden fruit.\n    Another distraction awaited us. Flocks of Turkeys were not rare,\n    roaming at their own sweet will and gobbling up the Locusts around\n    the farms. If no watcher hove in sight, we had great sport. Each of\n    us would seize a Turkey, tuck her head under her wing, rock it in\n    this attitude for a moment and then place her on the ground, lying\n    on her side. The bird no longer budged. The whole flock of Turkeys\n    was subjected to our hypnotic handling; and the meadow assumed the\n    aspect of a battle-field strewn with the dead and dying.\n    And now look out for the farmer\u2019s wife! The loud gobbling of the\n    harassed birds had told her of our wicked pranks. She would run up\n    armed with a whip. But we had good legs in those days! And we had a\n    good laugh too, behind the hedges, which favoured our retreat!\n    How did we, the little Rodez schoolboys, learn the secret of the\n    Turkey\u2019s slumber? It was certainly not in our books. Coming from no\n    one knows where, indestructible as everything that enters into\n    children\u2019s games, it was handed down, from time immemorial, from\n    one initiate to another.\n    Things are just the same to-day in my village of S\u00e9rignan, where\n    there are numbers of youthful adepts in the art of putting poultry\n    to sleep. Science often has very humble beginnings. There is\n    nothing to tell us that the mischief of a pack of idle urchins is\n    not the starting-point of our knowledge of hypnosis. [25]\nThe incident of which we have just read was the starting-point of the\ninvestigations which Fabre was to undertake fifty years later\nconcerning the artificial sleep of birds and insects.\nIf he had hearkened only to his passion for Nature, the schoolboy of\nRodez would soon have become one of the most ardent disciples of the\nschool of the woods; that is, he would have played truant. But he was,\nhappily, from an early age, a worker; because industry was for him both\na family inheritance and an imperious necessity. Had he not been sent\nto college on condition of winning prizes? Could he show himself an\nidle scholar when he saw his parents wearing themselves out in order to\nsupply the needs of their family? Moreover, as he rose from class to\nclass, the love of learning increased within him. Latin ceased to be\nrepulsive, and became even wholly sympathetic, when he found, in the\nfifth class, thanks to the genius of Virgil, that it dignified the\nhumble joys of rural life by the emphasis of skilfully chosen words and\nbrilliant colours of the poet:\n    By easy stages I came to Virgil, and was much smitten with\n    Melib\u0153us, Corydon, Menalcas, Dam\u0153tas, and the rest of them. The\n    scandals of the ancient shepherds fortunately passed unnoticed; and\n    within the frame in which the characters moved were exquisite\n    details concerning the Bee, the Cicada, the Turtle-dove, the Crow,\n    the Nanny-goat, and the golden broom. A veritable delight were\n    these stories of the fields, sung in sonorous verse; and the Latin\n    poet left a lasting impression on my classical recollections. [26]\nTraces of Virgil are often visible\u2014more often than those of the other\nclassical writers\u2014in the work of Fabre. He loves to embellish his\nnarratives with quotations borrowed from the writer of the Bucolics and\nthe Georgics, and he loves also to evoke the happy days of his boyhood\nat Rodez behind the lineaments of the Virgilian idylls, which were far\nmore akin to the taste of his age and the instinct of his genius than\nthe Metamorphoses of Ovid or Religion of Louis Racine, who shared, with\nthe Mantuan, the privilege of providing the young humanist of 1835 at\nthe Rodez lyc\u00e9e with literary exercises.\nAll roads lead to Rome. It is enough that they do so. Without\nsacrificing any of the demands of the classics, by way of analogy or by\nway of antithesis, the child\u2019s mind was constantly escaping from his\nbooks toward the things of Nature and Life.\nIn its free, palpitating flight his thought kindled his imagination,\nand with indescribable emotion he began to touch upon more serious\nquestions:\n    The problem of life and that other one, with its dark terrors, the\n    problem of death, at times passed through my mind. It was a\n    fleeting obsession, soon forgotten by the mercurial spirits of\n    youth. Nevertheless, the tremendous question would recur, brought\n    to mind by this incident or that.\n    Passing one day by a slaughter-house, I saw an Ox driven in by the\n    butcher. I have always had an insurmountable horror of blood; when\n    I was a boy, the sight of an open wound affected me so much that I\n    would fall into a swoon, which on more than one occasion nearly\n    cost me my life. How did I screw up courage to set foot in those\n    shambles? No doubt, the dread problem of death urged me on. At any\n    rate, I entered, close on the heels of the Ox.\n    With a stout rope round its horns, wet-muzzled, meek-eyed, the\n    animal moves along as though making for the crib in its stable. The\n    man walks ahead, holding the rope. We enter the hall of death, amid\n    the sickening stench thrown up by the entrails scattered over the\n    ground and the pools of blood. The Ox becomes aware that this is\n    not his stable; his eyes turn red with terror; he struggles; he\n    tries to escape. But an iron ring is there, in the floor, firmly\n    fixed to a stone flag. The man passes the rope through it and\n    hauls. The Ox lowers his head; his muzzle touches the ground. While\n    an assistant keeps him in this position with the rope, the butcher\n    takes a knife with a pointed blade; not at all a formidable knife,\n    hardly larger than the one which I myself carry in my\n    breeches-pocket. For a moment he feels with his fingers at the back\n    of the animal\u2019s neck and then drives in the blade at the chosen\n    spot. The great beast gives a shiver and drops, as though struck by\n    lightning: procumbit humi bos, as we used to say in those days.\n    I fled from the place like one possessed. Afterwards I wondered how\n    it was possible, with a knife almost identical with that which I\n    used for prizing open my walnuts and taking the skin off my\n    chestnuts, with that insignificant blade, to kill an Ox and kill\n    him so suddenly. No gaping wound, no blood spilt, not a bellow from\n    the animal. The man feels with his finger, gives a jab, and the\n    thing is done: the Bullock\u2019s legs double up under him.\n    This instantaneous death, this lightning-stroke, remained an\n    awesome mystery to me. It was only later, very much later, that I\n    learnt the secret of the slaughter-house, at a time when, in the\n    course of my promiscuous reading, I was picking up a smattering of\n    anatomy. The man had cut through the spinal marrow where it leaves\n    the skull; he had severed what our physiologists have called the\n    vital cord. To-day I might say that he had operated in the manner\n    of the Wasps, whose lancet plunges into the nerve-centres. [27]\nThis gloomy picture of a sudden, terrifying, violent death may be\ncompared with another which, in some respects, is even more tragic:\nthat of the ruined home and the shattered life of the little Rodez\nschoolboy, who was to leave the town somewhat as he left the\nslaughter-house, bewildered by the catastrophe of which he had just\nbeen the witness and was soon to be the victim. At this point of his\nnarrative his eyes are dim with tears and his voice is choked by a\nhalf-suppressed sob.\n    Then, suddenly, good-bye to my studies, good-bye to Tityrus and\n    Menalcas! Ill-luck is swooping down on us, relentlessly. Hunger\n    threatens us at home. And now, boy, put your trust in God; run\n    about and earn your penn\u2019orth of potatoes as best you can. Life is\n    about to become a hideous inferno. Let us pass quickly over this\n    phase.\n    Amid that lamentable chaos my love for the insect ought to have\n    gone under. Not at all. It would have survived the raft of the\n    Medusa. I still remember a certain Pine Cockchafer met for the\n    first time. The plumes on her antenn\u00e6, her pretty pattern of white\n    spots on a dark-brown ground were as a ray of sunshine in the\n    gloomy wretchedness of the day. [28]\nCHAPTER VI\nTHE PUPIL TEACHER: AVIGNON (1841\u201343)\nThe stroke of misfortune which suddenly interrupted Jean-Henri\u2019s\nstudies at the Rodez lyc\u00e9e made him an exile from his father\u2019s house\nand banished him from his native countryside.\nFor the second time he was, as it were, dropped upon the road like\nPerrault\u2019s Tom Thumb. And the fairy-tale comes to life again in the\nOdyssey of the poor boy who wandered at random, picking up his food at\nhazard, facing misfortune with a stout heart, and smiling whenever he\ncould at the poem of Nature, who always had some fresh surprise in\nstore for him.\nWho can fail to be moved by pity and admiration, beholding him set\nforth upon the broad, white highroads, a wandering child, all but lost,\nseeking his way, seeking his livelihood even, without other relief, in\nhis extremity of distress, and almost without other food than his love\nof Nature and his passion for learning? See him, for example, on the\nday when, between Beaucaire and N\u00eemes, he contrived to make his dinner\noff a few bunches of grapes \u201cplucked furtively at the edge of a field,\nafter exchanging the poor remnant of his last halfpence for a little\nvolume of R\u00e9boul\u2019s poems; soothing his hunger by intoxicating himself\nwith the verses of the workman poet,\u201d [29] whose inspiration was of so\nnoble and Christian a character.\nThe whole Fabre is in this trait of the needy, enraptured youth, who\nthinks nothing of hardships or of money provided he can find the\nwherewithal to assuage his thirst for knowledge and the ideal.\nNevertheless, it is true that he passed through many dark and painful\nhours at that period. But in the end \u201cthe good fortune that never\ndeserts the valiant\u201d opened the doors of the Normal College of Avignon\nfor him. Having ventured to face the examination for a bursary, he won\nthe latter with the greatest ease. There he found a first refuge from\nthe uncertainties of the morrow, although he had not yet achieved his\nideal, nor even that place in the sun which he was striving to prepare\nfor himself. Imagine \u201cbetween four high walls a courtyard, a sort of\nbear-pit in which the scholars contend for room beneath the boughs of a\nplane-tree; and opening on to it, on every side, the class-rooms, like\nso many cages for wild beasts, devoid of daylight or air.\u201d This was the\nNormal College of Vaucluse.\nThe description recalls, in some respects, that which was given by a\nsometime pupil of the Normal College of Paris, M. Ren\u00e9 Doumic, on\ntaking his seat in the Academy, in the place of Gaston Boissier: \u201cI\nloved the Normal College, and I am still faithful in my attachment to\nit. I hope my recollections of it will not be thought lacking in piety\nif I state that the building in which they penned us up, young fellows\nof twenty, was the most dismal place that I have ever seen anywhere.\nThis extraordinary building, by an architectural prodigy which I will\nnot attempt to explain, turned all four sides to the north. In three\nyears I do not think I ever saw a single ray of sunlight enter our\nlecture-rooms or the cloisters in which we used to wander like so many\nshades. A mournful daylight expired upon the grey, grimy walls. In\nshort, it was not a cheerful place. But at Boissier\u2019s lectures all\nbecame bright, full of animation and renewed life. It was a sudden\nmetamorphoses.\u201d\nAt the Normal College of Vaucluse it was not the lectures given by the\nmasters that transformed the abode of shades or the bears\u2019 cage into a\ncentre of light and life for the budding biologist. It was something\nbetter than that. By good fortune the director of the College was\nbroad-minded enough to allow him to employ in his own fashion all the\ntime that was left to him after he had prepared his lessons and his\nexercises. We may imagine that he did not loiter over his classics. The\nschool programme, for that matter, was not very heavy; the orthographic\ndifficulties which complicated most of the exercises of the future\nschoolmasters were mere play to the ex-Latinist of the Rodez lyc\u00e9e. And\n\u201cwhile all around him dictated passages were being minutely scanned\nwith much searching of the dictionary, he examined, in the secrecy of\nhis desk, the fruit of the oleander, the flower of the snapdragon, the\nsting of a Wasp, the wing-cover of a gardener-beetle.\u201d Thus he treated\nhimself to a lecture of his own fashion whose charm and fascination\ngreatly exceeded that of anything that the college could teach him.\nSo much so that he left the College more in love than ever with insects\nand flowers, and thoroughly determined to fill what he considered to be\none of the most serious deficiencies of official instruction.\nAlas! there were many deficiencies in the education received by his\nmasters which would have to be made good in order to complete the\nliterary education which the professors of the Rodez lyc\u00e9e had begun to\ngive him, and the scientific training which he had hardly commenced at\nthe Normal College.\nWe must listen to his reminiscences of his career as pupil teacher, to\nthe inventory of the scientific equipment of a schoolboy of 1840, to\nthe story of his first and last lesson in chemistry, to see how poor he\nwas in acquired knowledge and how rich in the desire for knowledge,\nbefore we can estimate the length of the road which he had to travel\nwhen he had passed through the classes of the College.\n    In my normal school, the scientific teaching was on an exceedingly\n    modest scale, consisting mainly of arithmetic and odds and ends of\n    geometry. Physics was hardly touched. We were taught a little\n    meteorology, in a summary fashion: a word or two about a red moon,\n    a white frost, dew, snow and wind; and, with this smattering of\n    rustic physics, we were considered to know enough of the subject to\n    discuss the weather with the farmer and the ploughman.\n    Of natural history, absolutely nothing. No one thought of telling\n    us anything about flowers and trees, which give such zest to one\u2019s\n    aimless rambles, nor about insects, with their curious habits, nor\n    about stones, so instructive with their fossil records. That\n    entrancing glance through the windows of the world was refused us.\n    Grammar was allowed to strangle life.\n    Chemistry was never mentioned either: that goes without saying. I\n    knew the word, however. My casual reading, only half-understood for\n    want of practical demonstration, had taught me that chemistry is\n    concerned with the shuffle of matter, uniting or separating the\n    various elements. But what a strange idea I formed of this branch\n    of study! To me it smacked of sorcery, of alchemy and its search\n    for the philosopher\u2019s stone. To my mind, every chemist, when at\n    work, should have had a magic wand in his hand and the wizard\u2019s\n    pointed, star-spangled cap on his head.\n    An important personage who sometimes visited the school, in his\n    capacity as an honorary lecturer, was not the man to rid me of\n    those foolish notions. He taught physics and chemistry at the\n    grammar-school. Twice a week, from eight to nine o\u2019clock in the\n    evening, he held a free public class in an enormous building\n    adjacent to our schoolhouse. This was the former Church of\n    Saint-Martial, which has to-day become a Protestant meeting-house.\n    It was a wizard\u2019s cave certainly, just as I had pictured it. At the\n    top of the steeple, a rusty weathercock creaked mournfully; in the\n    dusk great Bats flew all around the edifice or dived down the\n    throats of the gargoyles; at night Owls hooted upon the copings of\n    the leads. It was inside, under the immensities of the vault, that\n    my chemist used to perform. What infernal mixtures did he compound?\n    Should I ever know?\n    It is the day for his visit. He comes to see us with no pointed\n    cap: in ordinary garb, in fact, with nothing very queer about him.\n    He bursts into our schoolroom like a hurricane. His red face is\n    half-buried in the enormous stiff collar that digs into his ears. A\n    few wisps of red hair adorn his temples; the top of his head shines\n    like an old ivory ball. In a dictatorial voice and with wooden\n    gestures, he questions two or three of the boys; after a moment\u2019s\n    bullying, he turns on his heel and goes off in a whirlwind as he\n    came. No, this is not the man, a capital fellow at heart, to\n    inspire me with a pleasant idea of the things which he teaches.\n    Two windows of his laboratory look out upon the garden of the\n    school. One can just lean on them; and I often go and peep in,\n    trying to make out, in my poor brain, what chemistry can really be.\n    Unfortunately, the room into which my eyes penetrate is not the\n    sanctuary, but a mere outhouse where the learned implements and\n    crockery are washed. Leaden pipes with taps run down the walls;\n    wooden vats occupy the corners. Sometimes those vats bubble, heated\n    by a spray of steam. A reddish powder, which looks like brick-dust,\n    is boiling in them. I learn that the simmering stuff is a dyer\u2019s\n    root, known as madder, which will be converted into a purer and\n    more concentrated product. This is the master\u2019s pet study.\n    What I saw from the two windows was not enough for me. I wanted to\n    see farther, into the very class-room. My wish was satisfied. It\n    was the end of the scholastic year. A stage ahead of the others in\n    the regular work, I had just obtained my certificate. I was free. A\n    few weeks remain before the holidays. Shall I go and pass them out\n    of doors, in all the gaiety of my eighteen summers? No, I will\n    spend them at the school which, for two years past, has provided me\n    with an untroubled roof and my daily crust. I will wait until a\n    post is found for me. Employ my willing service as you think fit,\n    do with me what you will; as long as I can study, I am indifferent\n    to the rest.\n    The principal of the school, the soul of kindness, has grasped my\n    passion for knowledge. He encourages me in my determination; he\n    proposes to make me renew my acquaintance with Horace and Virgil,\n    so long since forgotten. He knows Latin, he does; he will rekindle\n    the dead spark by making me translate a few passages. He does more:\n    he lends me an Imitation, with parallel texts in Latin and Greek.\n    With the first text, which I am almost able to read, I will puzzle\n    out the second and thus increase the small vocabulary which I\n    acquired in the days when I was translating \u00c6sop\u2019s Fables. It will\n    be all the better for my future studies. What luck! Board and\n    lodging, ancient poetry, the classical languages, all the good\n    things at once!\n    I did better still. Our science-master\u2014the real, not the honorary\n    one\u2014who came twice a week to discourse of the rule of three and the\n    properties of the triangle, had the brilliant idea of letting us\n    celebrate the end of the school year with a feast of learning. He\n    promised to show us oxygen. As a colleague of the chemist in the\n    grammar-school, he obtained leave to take us to the famous\n    laboratory and there to handle the object of his lesson under our\n    very eyes. Oxygen, yes, oxygen, the all-consuming gas; that was\n    what we were to see on the morrow. I could not sleep all night for\n    thinking of it.\n    Thursday afternoon came at last. As soon as the chemistry lesson\n    was over, we were to go for a walk to Les Angles, the pretty\n    village over yonder, perched on a steep rock. We were therefore in\n    our Sunday best, our out-of-door clothes: black frock-coats and\n    tall hats. The whole school was there, some thirty of us, in the\n    charge of an usher, who knew as little as we did of the things\n    which we were about to see. We crossed the threshold of the\n    laboratory, not without excitement. I entered a great nave with a\n    Gothic roof, an old, bare church through which one\u2019s voice echoed,\n    while the light penetrated discreetly through stained-glass windows\n    set in ribs and rosettes of stone. At the back were huge raised\n    benches, with room for an audience of many hundreds; at the other\n    end, where the choir once was, stood an enormous chimney-mantel; in\n    the middle was a large massive table, corroded by the chemicals. At\n    one end of this table was a tarred tub, lined inside with lead and\n    filled with water. This, I at once learnt, was the pneumatic\n    trough, the vessel in which the gases were collected.\n    The professor begins the experiment. He takes a sort of large, long\n    glass bulb, bent abruptly in the region of the neck. This, he\n    informs us, is a retort. He pours into it, from a screw of paper,\n    some black stuff that looks like powdered charcoal. This is\n    manganese dioxide, the master tells us. It contains in abundance,\n    in a condensed state and retained by combination with the metal,\n    the gas which we propose to obtain. An oily-looking liquid,\n    sulphuric acid, an excessively powerful agent, will set it at\n    liberty. Thus filled, the retort is placed on a lighted stove. A\n    glass tube brings it into communication with a bell-jar full of\n    water on the shelf of the pneumatic trough. Those are all the\n    preparations. What will be the result? We must wait for the action\n    of heat.\n    My fellow-pupils gather eagerly round the apparatus, cannot come\n    close enough to it. Some of them play the part of the fly on the\n    wheel and glory in contributing to the success of the experiment.\n    They straighten the retort, which is leaning to one side; the blow\n    with their mouths on the coals in the stove. I do not care for\n    these familiarities with the unknown.\n    Suddenly, bang! And there is running and stamping and shouting and\n    cries of pain! What has happened? I rush up from the back of the\n    room. The retort has burst, squirting its boiling vitriol in every\n    direction. The wall opposite is all stained with it. Most of my\n    fellow-pupils have been more or less struck. One poor youth has had\n    the splashes full in his face, right into his eyes. He is yelling\n    like a madman. With the help of a friend who has come off better\n    than the others, I drag him outside by main force, take him to the\n    sink, which fortunately is close at hand, and hold his face under\n    the tap. This swift ablution serves its purpose. The horrible pain\n    begins to be allayed, so much so that the sufferer recovers his\n    senses and is able to continue the washing process for himself.\n    My prompt aid certainly saved his sight. A week later, with the\n    help of the doctor\u2019s lotions, all danger was over. How lucky it was\n    that I took it into my head to keep some way off! My isolation, as\n    I stood looking into the glass case of chemicals, left me all my\n    presence of mind, my readiness of resource. What are the others\n    doing, those who got splashed through standing too near the\n    chemical bomb? I return to the lecture-hall. It is not a cheerful\n    spectacle. The master has come off badly: his shirt-front, his\n    waistcoat and trousers are covered with smears, which are all\n    smouldering and burning into holes. He hurriedly divests himself of\n    a portion of his dangerous raiment. Those of us who possess the\n    smartest clothes lend him something to put on so that he can go\n    home decently.\n    One of the tall, funnel-shaped glasses which I was admiring just\n    now is standing, full of ammonia, on the table. All, coughing and\n    snivelling, dip their handkerchiefs into it and rub the moist rag\n    over their hats and coats. In this way the red stains left by the\n    horrible compound are made to disappear. A drop of ink will\n    presently restore the colour completely.\n    And the oxygen? There was no more question, I need hardly say, of\n    that. The feast of learning was over. Never mind: the disastrous\n    lesson was a mighty event for me. I had been inside the chemist\u2019s\n    laboratory; I had had a glimpse of those wonderful jars and tubes.\n    In teaching what matters most is not the thing taught, whether well\n    or badly grasped: it is the stimulus given to the pupil\u2019s latent\n    aptitudes; it is the fulminate awaking the slumbering explosives.\n    One day, I shall obtain on my own account that oxygen which\n    ill-luck has denied me; one day, without a master, I shall yet\n    learn chemistry. I do not recommend that method to anybody. Happy\n    the man who is guided by a master\u2019s word and example! He has a\n    smooth and easy road before him, lying straight ahead. The other\n    follows a rugged path, in which his feet often stumble; he goes\n    groping into the unknown and loses his way. To recover the right\n    road, if want of success have not discouraged him, he can rely only\n    on perseverance, the sole compass of the poor. [30]\nWe shall show what the perseverance of this son of Aveyron peasants was\ncapable of achieving, and after realising how little he got from his\nmasters we shall marvel to see what he acquired by dint of personal\nindustry and application.\nCHAPTER VII\nTHE SCHOOLMASTER: CARPENTRAS\nOnly eighteen years old, he left the Normal College with his diploma,\nhis brevet sup\u00e9rieur, and began his career as primary schoolmaster in\nthe College of Carpentras. Merit, it seems, was recognised, and at the\noutset fortune did not treat him so badly. We may judge of this the\nbetter from the picture which the ex-schoolmaster has given us of his\nfirst beginnings at the College:\n    It was when I first began to teach, about 1843. I had left the\n    Normal School at Vaucluse some months before, with my diploma and\n    all the simple enthusiasm of my eighteen years, and had been sent\n    to Carpentras, there to manage the primary school attached to the\n    College. It was a strange school, upon my word, notwithstanding its\n    pompous title of \u201cupper\u201d; a sort of huge cellar oozing with the\n    perpetual damp engendered by a well backing on it in the street\n    outside. For light there was the open door, when the weather\n    permitted, and a narrow prison-window, with iron bars and lozenge\n    panes set in lead. By way of benches there was a plank fastened to\n    the wall all round the room, while in the middle was a chair bereft\n    of its straw, a blackboard and a stick of chalk.\n    Morning and evening, at the sound of the bell, there came rushing\n    in some fifty young imps who, having shown themselves hopeless\n    dunces with their Cornelius Nepos, had been relegated, in the\n    phrase of the day, to \u201ca few good years of French.\u201d Those who had\n    found mensa too much for them came to me to get a smattering of\n    grammar. Children and strapping lads were there, mixed up together,\n    at very different educational stages, but all incorrigibly agreed\n    to play tricks upon the master, the boy-master, who was no older\n    than some of them, or even younger.\n    To the little ones I gave their first lessons in reading; the\n    intermediate ones I showed how they should hold their pen to write\n    a few lines of dictation on their knees; to the big ones I revealed\n    the secrets of fractions and even the mysteries of Euclid. And to\n    keep this restless crowd in order, to give each mind work in\n    accordance with its strength, to keep attention aroused, and lastly\n    to expel dullness from the gloomy room, whose walls dripped\n    melancholy even more than dampness, my one resource was my tongue,\n    my one weapon my stick of chalk.\n    Things improved, however: a master came, and came to stay. I myself\n    secured tables on which my pupils were able to write instead of\n    scribbling on their knees; and, as my class was daily increasing in\n    numbers, it ended by being divided into two. As soon as I had an\n    assistant to look after the younger boys, things assumed a\n    different aspect.\n    A weeding-out takes place in my crowd of scatterbrains. I keep the\n    older, the more intelligent ones; the others are to have a term in\n    the preparatory division. From that day forward things are\n    different. Curriculum there is none. In those happy times the\n    master\u2019s personality counted for something; there was no such thing\n    as the scholastic piston working with the regularity of a machine.\n    It was left for me to act as I thought fit. Well, what should I do\n    to make the school earn its title of \u201cupper primary\u201d?\n    Why, of course! Among other things, I shall do some chemistry! My\n    reading has taught me that it does no harm to know a little\n    chemistry, if you would make your furrows yield a good return. Many\n    of my pupils come from the country; they will go back to it to\n    improve their land. Let us show them what the soil is made of and\n    what the plant feeds on. Others will follow industrial careers;\n    they will become tanners, metal-founders, distillers; they will\n    sell cakes of soap and kegs of anchovies. Let us show them\n    pickling, soap-making, stills, tannin, and metals. Of course I know\n    nothing about these things, but I shall learn, all the more so as I\n    shall have to teach them to the boys; and your schoolboy is a\n    little demon for jeering at the master\u2019s hesitation.\n    As it happens, the College boasts a small laboratory, containing\n    just what is strictly indispensable: a receiver, a dozen glass\n    balloons, a few tubes and a niggardly assortment of chemicals. That\n    will do, if I can have the run of it. But the laboratory is a\n    sanctum reserved for the use of the sixth form. No one sets foot in\n    it except the professor and his pupils preparing for their degree.\n    For me, the outsider, to enter that tabernacle with my band of\n    young imps would be most unseemly; the rightful occupant would\n    never think of allowing it. I feel it myself: elementary teaching\n    dare not aspire to such familiarity with the higher culture. Very\n    well, we will not go there, so long as they will lend me the\n    things.\n    I confide my plan to the principal, the supreme dispenser of those\n    riches. He is a classics man, knows hardly anything of science\u2014at\n    that time held in no great esteem\u2014and does not quite understand the\n    object of my request. I humbly insist and exert my powers of\n    persuasion. I discreetly emphasise the real point of the matter. My\n    group of pupils is a numerous one. It takes more meals at the\n    schoolhouse\u2014the real concern of a principal\u2014than any other section\n    of the College. This group must be encouraged, lured on, increased\n    if possible. The prospect of disposing of a few more platefuls of\n    soup wins the battle for me; my request is granted. Poor Science!\n    All that diplomacy to gain your entrance among the despised ones,\n    who have not been nourished on Cicero and Demosthenes!\n    I am authorised to move, once a week, the material required for my\n    ambitious plans. From the first floor, the sacred dwelling of the\n    scientific things, I shall take them down to a sort of cellar where\n    I give my lessons. The troublesome part is the pneumatic trough. It\n    has to be emptied before it is carried downstairs and to be filled\n    again afterwards. A day-scholar, a zealous acolyte, hurries over\n    his dinner and comes to lend me a hand an hour or two before the\n    class begins. We effect the move between us.\n    What I am after is oxygen, the gas which I once saw fail so\n    lamentably. I thought it all out at my leisure, with the help of a\n    book. I will do this, I will do that, I will go to work in this or\n    the other fashion. Above all, we will run no risks, perhaps of\n    blinding ourselves; for it is once more a question of heating\n    manganese dioxide with sulphuric acid. I am filled with misgivings\n    at the recollection of my old school-fellow yelling like mad. Who\n    cares? Let us try for all that: fortune favours the brave! Besides,\n    we will make one prudent condition from which I shall never depart:\n    no one but myself shall come near the table. If an accident happen,\n    I shall be the only one to suffer; and, in my opinion, it is worth\n    a burn or two to make acquaintance with oxygen.\n    Two o\u2019clock strikes, and my pupils enter the class-room. I\n    purposely exaggerate the likelihood of danger. They are all to stay\n    on their benches and not stir. This is agreed. I have plenty of\n    elbow-room. There is no one by me, except my acolyte, standing by\n    my side, ready to help me when the time comes. The others look on\n    in profound silence, reverent towards the unknown.\n    Soon the bubbles come \u201cgloo-glooing\u201d through the water in the\n    bell-jar. Can it be my gas? My heart beats with excitement. Can I\n    have succeeded without any trouble at the first attempt? We will\n    see. A candle blown out that moment and still retaining a red tip\n    to its wick is lowered by a wire into a small test-jar filled with\n    my product. Capital! The candle lights with a little explosion and\n    burns with extraordinary brilliancy. It is oxygen right enough.\n    The moment is a solemn one. My audience is astounded and so am I,\n    but more at my own success than at the relighted candle. A puff of\n    vainglory rises to my brow; I feel the fire of enthusiasm run\n    through my veins. But I say nothing of these inner sensations.\n    Before the boys\u2019 eyes, the master must appear an old hand at the\n    things he teaches. What would the young rascals think of me if I\n    allowed them to suspect my surprise, if they knew that I myself am\n    beholding the marvellous subject of my demonstration for the first\n    time in my life? I should lose their confidence, I should sink to\n    the level of a mere pupil.\n    Sursum corda! Let us go on as if chemistry were a familiar thing to\n    me. It is the turn of the steel ribbon, an old watch-spring rolled\n    cork-screw-fashion and furnished with a bit of tinder. With this\n    simple lighted bait, the steel should take fire in a jar filled\n    with my gas. And it does burn; it becomes a splendid firework, with\n    cracklings and a blaze of sparks and a cloud of rust that tarnishes\n    the jar. From the end of the fiery coil a red drop breaks off at\n    intervals, shoots quivering through the layer of water left at the\n    bottom of the vessel and embeds itself in the glass which has\n    suddenly grown soft. This metallic tear, with its indomitable heat,\n    makes every one of us shudder. They stamp and cheer and applaud.\n    The timid ones place their hands before their faces and dare not\n    look except through their fingers. My audience exults; and I myself\n    triumph. Ha, my friend, isn\u2019t it grand, this chemistry!\n    All of us have red-letter days in our lives. Some, the practical\n    men, have been successful in business; they have made money and\n    hold their heads high in consequence. Others, the thinkers, have\n    gained ideas; they have opened a new account in the ledger of\n    nature and silently taste the hallowed joys of truth. One of my\n    great days was that of my first acquaintance with oxygen. On that\n    day, when my class was over and all the materials put back in their\n    place, I felt myself grow several inches taller. An untrained\n    workman, I had shown, with complete success, that which was unknown\n    to me a couple of hours before. No accident whatever, not even the\n    least stain of acid.\n    It is, therefore, not so difficult nor so dangerous as the pitiful\n    finish of the Saint-Martial lesson might have led me to believe.\n    With a vigilant eye and a little prudence, I shall be able to\n    continue. The prospect is enchanting.\n    And so, in due season, comes hydrogen, carefully contemplated in my\n    reading, seen and reseen with the eye of the mind before being seen\n    with the eyes of the body. I delight my little rascals by making\n    the hydrogen-flame sing in a glass tube, which trickles with the\n    drops of water resulting from the combustion; I make them jump with\n    the explosions of the thunderous mixture. Later, I show them, with\n    the same invariable success, the splendours of phosphorus, the\n    violent powers of chlorine, the loathsome smells of sulphur, the\n    metamorphoses of carbon, and so on. In short, in a series of\n    lessons, the principal non-metallic elements and their compounds\n    are passed in review during the course of the year.\n    The thing was bruited abroad. Fresh pupils came to me, attracted by\n    the marvels of the school. Some more places were laid in the\n    dining-hall; and the principal, who was more interested in the\n    profits on his beans and bacon than in chemistry, congratulated me\n    on this accession of boarders. [31]\nHowever, we must make it clear, without wishing in any way to belittle\nthe importance or the magical results of chemistry, that the latter was\nnot the only attraction of the young schoolmaster\u2019s teaching, any more\nthan it was the sole subject on his programme.\nAmong the other subjects taught, one in especial had the power of\ninteresting master and pupil alike:\n    This was open-air geometry, practical surveying. The College had\n    none of the necessary outfit; but, with my fat pay\u2014seven hundred\n    francs a year, if you please!\u2014I could not hesitate over the\n    expense. A surveyor\u2019s chain and stakes, arrows, level, square, and\n    compass were bought with my money. A microscopic graphometer, not\n    much larger than the palm of one\u2019s hand and costing perhaps five\n    francs, was provided by the establishment. There was no tripod to\n    it; and I had one made. In short, my equipment was complete.\n    And so, when May came, once every week we left the gloomy\n    schoolroom for the fields. It was a regular holiday. The boys\n    disputed for the honour of carrying the stakes, divided into\n    bundles of three; and more than one shoulder, as we walked through\n    the town, felt the reflected glory of those erudite rods. I\n    myself\u2014why conceal the fact?\u2014was not without a certain satisfaction\n    as I piously carried that most delicate and precious apparatus, the\n    historic five-franc graphometer. The scene of operations was an\n    untilled, flinty plain, a harmas, as we call it in the district.\n    Here, no curtain of green hedges or shrubs prevented me from\n    keeping an eye upon my staff; here\u2014an indispensable condition\u2014I had\n    not the irresistible temptation of the unripe apricots to fear for\n    my scholars. The plain stretched far and wide, covered with nothing\n    but flowering thyme and rounded pebbles. There was ample scope for\n    every imaginable polygon; trapezes and triangles could be combined\n    in all sorts of ways. The inaccessible distances had ample\n    elbow-room; and there was even an old ruin, once a pigeon-house,\n    that lent its perpendicular to the graphometer\u2019s performances.\nThese exercises in open-air geometry, which had their charm, discounted\nbeforehand, had also their delightful surprises and unexpected\nconsequences which place them among the happiest experiences of the\nlife which we are describing:\n    Well, from the very first day, my attention was attracted by\n    something suspicious. If I sent one of the boys to plant a stake, I\n    would see him stop frequently on his way, bend down, stand up\n    again, look about and stoop once more, neglecting his straight line\n    and his signals. Another, who was told to pick up the arrows, would\n    forget the iron pin and take up a pebble instead; and a third, deaf\n    to the measurements of angles, would crumble a clod of earth\n    between his fingers. Most of them were caught licking a bit of\n    straw. The polygon came to a full stop, the diagonals suffered.\n    What could the mystery be?\n    I inquired; and everything was explained. A born searcher and\n    observer, the scholar had long known what the master had not yet\n    heard of, namely, that there was a big black Bee who made clay\n    nests on the pebbles of the harmas. These nests contained honey;\n    and my surveyors used to open them and empty the cells with a\n    straw. The honey, although rather strong-flavoured, was most\n    acceptable. I acquired a taste for it myself and joined the\n    nest-hunters, putting off the polygon till later. It was thus that\n    I first saw R\u00e9aumur\u2019s Mason Bee, [32] knowing nothing of her\n    history and nothing of her historian.\n    The magnificent Bee herself, with her dark-violet wings and\n    black-velvet raiment, her rustic edifices on the sun-blistered\n    pebbles amid the thyme, her honey, providing a diversion from the\n    severities of the compass and the square, all made a great\n    impression on my mind; and I wanted to know more than I had learnt\n    from the schoolboys, which was just how to rob the cells of their\n    honey with a straw. As it happened, my bookseller had a gorgeous\n    work on insects for sale. It was called Histoire naturelle des\n    animaux articul\u00e9s, by de Castelnau, E. Blanchard, and Lucas, and\n    boasted a multitude of most attractive illustrations; but the price\n    of it, the price of it! No matter: was not my splendid income\n    supposed to cover everything, food for the mind as well as food for\n    the body? Anything extra that I gave to the one I could save upon\n    the other; a method of balancing painfully familiar to those who\n    look to science for their livelihood. The purchase was effected.\n    That day my professional emoluments were severely strained: I\n    devoted a month\u2019s salary to the acquisition of the book. I had to\n    resort to miracles of economy for some time to come before making\n    up the enormous deficit.\n    The book was devoured; there is no other word for it. In it I\n    learnt the name of my black Bee; I read for the first time various\n    details of the habits of insects; I found, surrounded in my eyes\n    with a sort of halo, the revered names of R\u00e9aumur, Huber, and L\u00e9on\n    Dufour; and, while I turned over the pages for the hundredth time,\n    a voice within me seemed to whisper:\n    \u201cYou also shall be of their company!\u201d [33]\nCHAPTER VIII\nTHE SCHOOLMASTER: CARPENTRAS (CONTINUED)\nIf he had hearkened only to his tastes, the young schoolmaster of\nCarpentras would have devoted to the world of animals all the time that\nwas not taken up by his pupils. But his profession itself and the\nrequirements of his future prevented him from following the dominant\nattraction unchecked. He had formed a resolve \u201cto raise himself above\nthe level of the primary school, which at that time barely fed its\nteachers,\u201d and to make a place for himself in the ranks of secondary\ninstruction. He had, therefore, to renounce his natural history, since\nthat as yet had no place in the curriculum, and he had to take up\nmathematics.\nSo we see him submerged in conic sections and the differential and\nintegral calculus, without a guide, without advice, confronted for days\non end by some obscure difficulty which tenacious meditation eventually\nrobbed of its mystery. Mathematics, however, formed only the first part\nof his programme, which comprised also physics and chemistry. These, no\ndoubt, were less abstruse sciences, but the necessary equipment was\nalso less simple. He needed a laboratory; he could not run to the\nexpense of one; so he made one, an \u201cimpossible\u201d one, by force of\nindustry.\nIn this desperate struggle what became of the favourite branch of\nscience of this great nature-lover? It was necessarily sacrificed.\n\u201cI reprimanded myself,\u201d he says, \u201cat the slightest longing for\nemancipation, fearing to let myself be seduced by some new grass, some\nunknown beetle. I did violence to myself. My books on natural history\nwere condemned to oblivion, relegated to the bottom of a trunk.\u201d\nA fine lesson in perseverance in work and sacrifice, which all those\nwho are inspired by some noble desire or merely by some legitimate\nambition will find useful and comforting to contemplate:\n    \u201cQui studet optatam cursu contingere metam\n    Multa tulit fecitque puer, sudavit et alsit;\n    Abstinuit venere et vino.\u201d [34]\nBut this matter must be expounded in greater detail, were it only to\nconfirm the courage of other students disinherited by fortune, reduced\nas was Fabre to shaping themselves in the \u201charsh school of isolation.\u201d\nThey will witness miracles of perseverance; and they will realise that\nopportunities of exercising the mind and strengthening the will are\nseldom lacking to those who understand how to seize them.\n    When I left the Normal School, my stock of mathematics was of the\n    scantiest (writes Fabre). How to extract a square root, how to\n    calculate and prove the surface of a sphere: these represented to\n    me the culminating points of the subject. Those terrible\n    logarithms, when I happened to open a table of them, made my head\n    swim, with their columns of figures; actual fright, not unmixed\n    with respect, overwhelmed me on the very threshold of that\n    arithmetical cave. Of algebra I had no knowledge whatever. I had\n    heard the name; and the syllables represented to my poor brain the\n    whole whirling legion of the abstruse.\n    Besides, I felt no inclination to decipher the alarming\n    hieroglyphics. They made one of those indigestible dishes which we\n    confidently extol without touching them. I greatly prefer a fine\n    line of Virgil, whom I was now beginning to understand; and I\n    should have been surprised indeed had any one told me that, for\n    long years to come, I should be an enthusiastic student of the\n    formidable science. Good fortune procured me my first lesson in\n    algebra, a lesson given and not received, of course.\n    A young man of about my own age came to me and asked me to teach\n    him algebra. He was preparing for his examination as a civil\n    engineer; and he came to me because, ingenuous youth that he was,\n    he took me for a well of learning. The guileless applicant was very\n    far out in his reckoning.\n    His request gave me a shock of surprise, which was forthwith\n    repressed on reflection:\n    \u201cI give algebra lessons?\u201d said I to myself. \u201cIt would be madness: I\n    don\u2019t know anything about it!\u201d\n    And I left it at that for a moment or two, thinking hard, drawn now\n    this way, now that by my indecision:\n    \u201cShall I accept? Shall I refuse?\u201d continued the inner voice.\n    Pooh, let\u2019s accept! An heroic method of learning to swim is to leap\n    boldly into the sea. Let us hurl ourselves head first into the\n    algebraical gulf; and perhaps the imminent danger of drowning will\n    call forth efforts capable of bringing me to land. I know nothing\n    of what he wants. It makes no difference: let\u2019s go ahead and plunge\n    into the mystery. I shall learn by teaching.\n    It was a fine courage that drove me full tilt into a province which\n    I had not yet thought of entering. My twenty-year-old confidence\n    was an incomparable lever.\n    \u201cVery well,\u201d I replied. \u201cCome the day after to-morrow at five, and\n    we\u2019ll begin.\u201d\n    This twenty-four hours\u2019 delay concealed a plan. It secured me the\n    respite of a day, the blessed Thursday, which would give me time to\n    collect my forces.\n    Thursday comes. The sky is grey and cold. In this horrid weather a\n    grate well-filled with coke has its charms. Let\u2019s warm ourselves\n    and think.\n    Well, my boy, you\u2019ve landed yourself in a nice predicament! How\n    will you manage to-morrow? With a book, plodding all through the\n    night, if necessary, you might scrape up something resembling a\n    lesson, just enough to fill the dread hour more or less. Then you\n    could see about the next: sufficient for the day is the evil\n    thereof. But you haven\u2019t the book. And it\u2019s no use running out to\n    the bookshop. Algebraical treatises are not current wares. You\u2019ll\n    have to send for one, which will take a fortnight at least. And\n    I\u2019ve promised for to-morrow, for to-morrow certain! Another\n    argument and one that admits of no reply: funds are low; my last\n    pecuniary resources lie in the corner of a drawer. I count the\n    money: it amounts to twelve sous, which is not enough.\n    Must I cry off? Rather not! One resource suggests itself: a highly\n    improper one, I admit, not far removed, indeed, from larceny. O\n    quiet paths of algebra, you are my excuse for this venial sin! Let\n    me confess the temporary embezzlement.\n    Life at my College is more or less cloistered. In return for a\n    modest payment, most of us masters are lodged in the building; and\n    we take our meals at the principal\u2019s table. The science-master, who\n    is the big gun of the staff and lives in the town, has\n    nevertheless, like ourselves, his own two cells, in addition to a\n    balcony, or leads, where the chemical preparations give forth their\n    suffocating gases in the open air. For this reason, he finds it\n    more convenient to hold his class here during the greater part of\n    the year. The boys come to these rooms in winter, in front of a\n    grate stuffed full of coke, like mine, and there find a blackboard,\n    a pneumatic trough, a mantelpiece covered with glass receivers,\n    panoplies of bent tubes on the walls and, lastly, a certain\n    cupboard in which I remember seeing a row of books, the oracles\n    consulted by the master in the course of his lessons.\n    \u201cAmong those books,\u201d said I to myself, \u201cthere is sure to be one on\n    algebra. To ask the owner for the loan of it does not appeal to me.\n    My amiable colleague would receive me superciliously and laugh at\n    my ambitious aims. I am sure he would refuse my request.\u201d\n    I decide to help myself to the book which I should never get by\n    asking. This is the half-holiday. The science-master will not put\n    in an appearance to-day; and the key of my room is practically the\n    same as his. I go, with eyes and ears on the alert. My key does not\n    quite fit; it sticks a little, then goes in; and an extra effort\n    makes it turn in the lock. The door opens. I inspect the cupboard\n    and find that it does contain an algebra book, one of the big, fat\n    books which men used to write in those days, a book nearly half a\n    foot thick. My legs give way beneath me. You poor specimen of a\n    housebreaker, suppose you were caught at it! However, all goes\n    well. Quick, let\u2019s lock the door again, and hurry back to our own\n    quarters with the pilfered volume.\n    A chapter catches my attention in the middle of the volume; it is\n    headed, Newton\u2019s Binomial Theorem. The title allures me. What can a\n    binomial theorem be, especially one whose author is Newton, the\n    great English mathematician who weighed the worlds? What has the\n    mechanism of the sky to do with this? Let us read and seek for\n    enlightenment. With my elbows on the table and my thumbs behind my\n    ears, I concentrate all my attention.\n    I am seized with astonishment, for I understand! There are a\n    certain number of letters, general symbols which are grouped in all\n    manner of ways, taking their places here, there, and elsewhere by\n    turns; there are, as the text tells me, arrangements, permutations,\n    and combinations. Pen in hand, I arrange, permute, and combine. It\n    is a very diverting exercise, upon my word, a game in which the\n    test of the written result confirms the anticipations of logic and\n    supplements the shortcomings of one\u2019s thinking-apparatus.\n    \u201cIt will be plain sailing,\u201d said I to myself, \u201cif algebra is no\n    more difficult than this.\u201d\n    I was to recover from the illusion later, when the binomial\n    theorem, that light, crisp biscuit, was followed by heavier and\n    less digestible fare. But, for the moment, I had no foretaste of\n    the future difficulties, of the pitfalls in which one becomes more\n    and more entangled the longer one persists in struggling. What a\n    delightful afternoon that was, before my fire, amid my permutations\n    and combinations! By the evening, I had nearly mastered my subject.\n    When the bell rang, at seven, to summon us to the common meal at\n    the principal\u2019s table, I went downstairs puffed up with the joys of\n    the newly-initiated neophyte. I was escorted on my way by a, b, and\n    c, intertwined in cunning garlands.\n    Next day, my pupil is there. Blackboard and chalk, everything is\n    ready. Not quite so ready is the master. I bravely broach my\n    binomial theorem. My hearer becomes interested in the combinations\n    of letters. Not for a moment does he suspect that I am putting the\n    cart before the horse and beginning where we ought to have\n    finished. I relieve the dryness of my explanations with a few\n    little problems, so many halts at which the mind takes breath\n    awhile and gathers strength for fresh flights.\n    We try together. Discreetly, so as to leave him the merit of the\n    discovery, I shed a little light upon the path. The solution is\n    found. My pupil triumphs; so do I, but silently, in my inner\n    consciousness, which says:\n    \u201cYou understand, because you succeed in making another understand.\u201d\n    The hour passed quickly and very pleasantly for both of us. My\n    young man was contented when he left me; and I no less so, for I\n    perceived a new and original way of learning things.\n    The ingenious and easy arrangement of the binomial gave me time to\n    tackle my algebra book from the proper commencement. In three or\n    four days I had rubbed up my weapons. There was nothing to be said\n    about addition and subtraction: they were so simple as to force\n    themselves upon one at first sight. Multiplication spoilt things.\n    There was a certain rule of signs which declared that minus\n    multiplied by minus made plus. How I toiled over that wretched\n    paradox! It would seem that the book did not explain this subject\n    clearly, or rather employed too abstract a method. I read, reread,\n    and meditated in vain: the obscure text retained all its obscurity.\n    That is the drawback of books in general: they tell you what is\n    printed in them and nothing more. If you fail to understand, they\n    never advise you, never suggest an attempt along another road which\n    might lead you to the light. The merest word would sometimes be\n    enough to put you on the right track; and that word the books,\n    hide-bound in a regulation phraseology, never give you.\n    My pupil was bound to suffer the effects. After an attempt at an\n    explanation in which I made the most of the few gleams that reached\n    me, I asked him:\n    \u201cDo you understand?\u201d\n    It was a futile question, but useful for gaining time. Myself not\n    understanding, I was convinced beforehand that he did not\n    understand either.\n    \u201cNo,\u201d he replied, accusing himself, perhaps, in his simple mind, of\n    possessing a brain incapable of taking in those transcendental\n    verities.\n    \u201cLet us try another method.\u201d\n    And I start again this way and that way and yet another way. My\n    pupil\u2019s eyes serve as my thermometer and tell me of the progress of\n    my efforts. A blink of satisfaction announces my success. I have\n    struck home, I have found the joint in the armour. The product of\n    minus multiplied by minus surrenders its mysteries to us. [35]\nThe study of algebra was pursued in this fashion without any undue\nimpediments as far as the pupil was concerned, but at the cost of a\nprodigious exertion of patience and penetration on the part of the\nprimary schoolmaster who was so venturesome as to act as a professor of\nthe higher mathematics. Audaces fortuna juvat. The young schoolmaster\nhad not too greatly presumed on his powers. His pupil was accepted upon\nexamination, and he himself was able to return the book to its place,\nhaving completely assimilated its contents.\nBut he had made too good a start to stop midway. He was burning with\neagerness to attack geometry, which was not so unfamiliar to him, but\nof which he had yet a great deal to learn: \u201cAt my normal school,\u201d\nwrites Fabre, \u201cI had learnt a little elementary geometry under a\nmaster. From the first few lessons onwards, I rather enjoyed the\nsubject. I divined in it a guide for one\u2019s reasoning faculties through\nthe thickets of the imagination; I caught a glimpse of a search after\ntruth that did not involve too much stumbling on the way, because each\nstep forward is well braced by the step already taken. We start from a\nbrilliantly-lighted spot and gradually travel farther and farther into\nthe darkness, which kindles into radiance as it sheds fresh beams of\nlight for a higher ascent.\nIt is an excellent thing to regard geometry as what it really is,\nbefore all things: a superb intellectual gymnastic. By forcing the mind\nto proceed from the known to the unknown, always explaining what\nfollows in the light of what has gone before, it exercises it and\nfamiliarises it with the logical laws of thought. To be sure, \u201cit does\nnot give us ideas, those delicate flowers which unfold one knows not\nhow, and are not able to flourish in every soil,\u201d but it teaches us to\npresent them in a lucid and orderly manner. Fabre tells us:\n    At that time, the College in which, two years before, I had made my\n    first appearance as a teacher had just halved the size of its\n    classes and largely increased its staff. The newcomers all lived in\n    the building, like myself, and we had our meals in common at the\n    principal\u2019s table. I had as a neighbour, in the next cell to mine,\n    a retired quartermaster who, weary of barrack-life, had taken\n    refuge in education. When in charge of the books of his company, he\n    had become more or less familiar with figures; and it was now his\n    ambition to take a mathematical degree. His cerebrum appears to\n    have hardened while he was with his regiment. According to my dear\n    colleagues, those amiable retailers of the misfortunes of others,\n    he had already twice been plucked. Stubbornly, he returned to his\n    books and exercises, refusing to be daunted by two reverses.\n    It was not that he was allured by the beauties of mathematics: far\n    from it; but the step to which he aspired favoured his plans. He\n    hoped to have his own boarders and dispense butter and vegetables\n    to lucrative purpose.\n    I had often surprised our friend sitting, in the evening, by the\n    light of a candle, with his elbows on the table and his head\n    between his hands, meditating at great length in front of a big\n    exercise-book crammed with cabalistic signs. From time to time,\n    when an idea came to him, he would take his pen and hastily put\n    down a line of writing wherein letters, large and small, were\n    grouped without any grammatical sense. The letters x and y often\n    recurred, intermingled with figures. Every row ended with the sign\n    of equality and a naught. Next came more reflection, with closed\n    eyes, and a fresh row of letters arranged in a different order and\n    likewise followed by a naught. Page after page was filled in this\n    queer fashion, each line winding up with 0.\n    \u201cWhat are you doing with all those rows of figures amounting to\n    zero?\u201d I asked him one day.\n    The mathematician gave me a leery look, picked up in barracks. A\n    sarcastic droop in the corner of his eye showed how he pitied my\n    ignorance. My colleague of the many naughts did not, however, take\n    an unfair advantage of his superiority. He told me that he was\n    working at analytical geometry.\n    The phrase had a strange effect upon me. I ruminated silently to\n    this purpose: there was a higher geometry, which you learnt more\n    particularly with combinations of letters in which x and y played a\n    prominent part. How would the alphabetical signs, arranged first in\n    one and then in another manner, give an image of actual things, an\n    image visible to the eyes of the mind alone? It beat me.\n    \u201cI shall have to learn analytical geometry some day,\u201d I said. \u201cWill\n    you help me?\u201d\n    \u201cI\u2019m quite willing,\u201d he replied, with a smile in which I read his\n    lack of confidence in my determination.\n    No matter: we struck a bargain that same evening. We would together\n    break up the stubble of algebra and analytical geometry, the\n    foundation of the mathematical degree; we would make common stock:\n    he would bring long hours of calculation, I my youthful ardour. We\n    would begin as soon as I had finished with my arts degree, which\n    was my main preoccupation for the moment.\n    We begin in my room, in front of a blackboard. After a few\n    evenings, prolonged into the peaceful watches of the night, I\n    become aware, to my great surprise, that my teacher, the past\n    master in these hieroglyphics, is really, more often than not, my\n    pupil. He does not see the combinations of the absciss\u00e6 and\n    ordinates very clearly. I make bold to take the chalk in hand\n    myself, to seize the rudder of our algebraical boat. I comment on\n    the book, interpret it in my own fashion, expound the text, sound\n    the reefs, until daylight comes and leads us to the haven of the\n    solution. Besides, the logic is so irresistible, it is all such\n    easy going and so lucid that often one seems to be remembering\n    rather than learning.\n    And so we proceed, with our positions reversed. My comrade\u2014I can\n    now allow myself to speak of him on equal terms\u2014my comrade listens,\n    suggests objections, raises difficulties which we try to solve in\n    unison.\n    After fifteen months of this exercise, we went up together for our\n    examination at Montpellier; and both of us received our degrees as\n    bachelors of mathematical science. My companion was a wreck; I, on\n    the other hand, had refreshed my mind with analytical geometry.\nThe quartermaster declared himself satisfied with this achievement.\nAnalytic geometry did not precisely strike him as a recreation. He knew\nenough of it for what he had to do; he did not want to know any more.\n    In vain I hold out the glittering prospect of a new degree, that of\n    licentiate of mathematical science, which would lead us to the\n    splendours of the higher mathematics and initiate us into the\n    mechanics of the heavens: I cannot prevail upon him, cannot make\n    him share my audacity. He calls it a mad scheme, which will exhaust\n    us and come to nothing. I am free to go and break my neck in\n    distant countries; he is more prudent and will not follow me.\n    My partner, therefore, leaves me. Henceforth, I am alone, alone and\n    wretched. There is no one left with whom I can sit up and thresh\n    out the subject in exhilarating discussion. [37]\nAnd now let us note the words and the emotions with which he approaches\nfor the last time, in his declining years, this town of Carpentras,\nwhere, from his earliest youth, he suffered so greatly and laboured so\nvaliantly:\n    Once more, here am I, somewhat late in life, at Carpentras, whose\n    rude Gallic name sets the fool smiling and the scholar thinking.\n    Dear little town where I spent my twentieth year and left the first\n    bits of my fleece upon life\u2019s bushes, my visit of to-day is a\n    pilgrimage; I have come to lay my eyes once more upon the place\n    which saw the birth of the liveliest impressions of my early days.\n    I bow, in passing, to the old College where I tried my prentice\n    hand as a teacher. Its appearance is unchanged; it still looks like\n    a penitentiary. Those were the views of our medi\u00e6val educational\n    system. To the gaiety and activity of boyhood, which were\n    considered unwholesome, it applied the remedy of narrowness,\n    melancholy, and gloom. Its houses of instruction were, above all,\n    houses of correction. The freshness of Virgil was interpreted in\n    the stifling atmosphere of a prison. I catch a glimpse of a yard\n    between four high walls, a sort of bear-pit, where the scholars\n    fought for room for their games under the spreading branches of a\n    plane-tree. All around were cells that looked like horse-boxes,\n    without light or air; those were the class-rooms. I speak in the\n    past tense, for doubtless the present day has seen the last of this\n    academic destitution.\n    Here is the tobacco-shop where, on Wednesday evening, coming out of\n    the college, I would buy on credit the wherewithal to fill my pipe\n    and thus to celebrate on the eve the joys of the morrow, that\n    blessed Thursday [38] which I considered so well employed in\n    solving difficult equations, experimenting with new chemical\n    reagents, collecting and identifying my plants. I made my timid\n    request, pretending to have come out without my money, for it is\n    hard for a self-respecting man to admit that he is penniless. My\n    candour appears to have inspired some little confidence; and I\n    obtained credit, an unprecedented thing, with the representative of\n    the revenue.\n    How I should love to see that room again where I pored over\n    differentials and integrals, where I calmed my poor burning head by\n    gazing at Mont Ventoux, whose summit held in store for my coming\n    expedition [39] those denizens of Arctic climes, the saxifrage and\n    the poppy! And to see my familiar friend, the blackboard, which I\n    hired at five francs a year from a crusty joiner, that board whose\n    value I paid many times over, though I could never buy it outright,\n    for want of the necessary cash! The conic sections which I\n    described on that blackboard, the learned hieroglyphics! [40]\nFabre has somewhere written, lamenting the dearth of family\nreminiscences which does not enable him to go back beyond the second\ngeneration of his ancestry, this touching passage, full of modesty and\nfilial feeling: \u201cThe populace has no history. Strangled by the present,\nit cannot give its mind to cherishing the memories of the past.\u201d Yet\nhow instructive would those records be.\nLet us bow our heads before this child of the peasantry who labours so\nunremittingly and drives so deep a furrow; let us bow our heads before\nthis humble primary schoolmaster who seeks to uplift himself, not as so\nmany have done, by futile political agitation or the criminal fatuities\nof irreligion, but solely by virtue of knowledge and personal worth.\nWe shall see later on with what vindictive energy Fabre scourges the\npseudo-scientists, \u201chateful malefactors,\u201d maufatan de malur, who, in\nthe name of a false science, rob men\u2019s souls of the true and ancient\nChristian faith, thereby leading society toward the most terrible\ncatastrophes. For the moment our only desire is to do homage to our\nworthy schoolmasters in the person of one of their old comrades who has\nbecome one of our greatest national glories. There are others, too,\namong us who have exalted by their virtues or their talents the humble\nnature of their origin or their calling. Of such, as every Frenchman\nknows, to mention only one of the best known and best beloved, is the\nauthor of the Po\u00e9sie des B\u00eates, of Voix rustiques, of La Bonne Terre,\nof Le Clocher, etc.\u2014Fran\u00e7ois Fabi\u00e9, that poet who, by his original\nstyle, his career, and his genius, which has been too much obscured by\nhis modesty, may in so many respects be compared with Jean-Henri Fabre.\n[41] Of such, too, and among the most eminent writers of the language\nd\u2019oc, is Antonin Perbosc, [42] who does honour to our primary schools,\nin one of which he is still teaching, by the remarkable works of\nliterature which place him beside his friend, the Abb\u00e9 Besson, [43] in\nthe first rank of the Occitanian F\u00e9librige.\nCHAPTER IX\nTHE PROFESSOR: AJACCIO\nVirgil has truly said:\nPersistent labour, in the service of a keen intelligence, knows no\ninsuperable obstacles: it always achieves its ends. Success,\naccordingly, could not fail to befall the intrepid virtuosity of the\nyouthful Carpentras schoolmaster. The degree of licentiate in the\nmathematical sciences was won, like the rest, at the point of the\nsword, and the valiant champion of the cosine and the laboratory was\nappointed Professor of Physics and Chemistry in the lyc\u00e9e of Ajaccio.\nHere, by a happy concatenation of circumstances, and under the inward\nimpulsion of the providential vocation, the destiny of the famous\nentomologist was to be finally determined.\nIn this novel environment, in \u201cthis paradise of glorious Nature,\u201d\neverything stimulated the alert curiosity of the predestined biologist;\nthe sea, full of marvels, the beach, where the waves threw up such\nbeautiful shells, the maquis of myrtle, arbutus, and lentisk!... This\ntime the temptation was too great! He surrendered. His leisure was\ndivided into two parts. One was still devoted to mathematics, the basis\nof his future in the university. The other was already spent in\nbotanising and in investigating the wonders of the sea.\n    What a country! What magnificent investigations to be made! If I\n    had not been obsessed by x and y I should have surrendered wholly\n    to my inclinations!\n    Meanwhile Ajaccio received the visit of a famous Avignon botanist,\n    Requien [44] by name, who, with a box crammed with paper under his\n    arm, had long been botanising all over Corsica, pressing and drying\n    specimens and distributing them to his friends. We soon became\n    acquainted. I accompanied him in my free time on his explorations,\n    and never did the master have a more attentive disciple. To tell\n    the truth, Requien was not a man of learning so much as an\n    enthusiastic collector. Very few would have felt capable of\n    competing with him when it came to giving the name or the\n    geographical distribution of a plant. A blade of grass, a pad of\n    moss, a scab of lichen, a thread of seaweed: he knew them all. The\n    scientific name flashed across his mind at once. What an unerring\n    memory, what a genius for classification amid the enormous mass of\n    things observed! I stood aghast at it. I owe much to Requien in the\n    domain of botany. Had death spared him longer, I should doubtless\n    have owed more to him, for his was a generous heart, ever open to\n    the woes of novices.\n    In the following year I met Moquin-Tandon, [45] with whom, thanks\n    to Requien, I had already exchanged a few letters on botany. The\n    illustrious Toulouse professor came to study on the spot the flora\n    which he proposed to describe systematically. When he arrived, all\n    the hotel bedrooms were reserved for the members of the General\n    Council which had been summoned; and I offered him board and\n    lodging: a shake-down in a room overlooking the sea; fare\n    consisting of lampreys, turbot, and sea-urchins; common enough\n    dishes in that land of Cockayne, but possessing no small attraction\n    for the naturalist, because of their novelty. My cordial proposal\n    tempted him; he yielded to my blandishments; and there we were for\n    a fortnight, chatting at table de omni re scibili, after the\n    botanical excursion was over.\n    With Moquin-Tandon new vistas opened before me. Here it was no\n    longer the case of a nomenclator with an infallible memory; he was\n    a naturalist with far-reaching ideas, a philosopher who soared\n    above petty details to comprehensive views of life, a writer, a\n    poet who knew how to clothe the naked truth in the magic mantle of\n    the glowing word. Never again shall I sit at an intellectual feast\n    like that:\n    \u201cLeave your mathematics,\u201d he said. \u201cNo one will take the least\n    interest in your formul\u00e6. Get to the beast, the plant; and, if, as\n    I believe, the fever burns in your veins, you will find men to\n    listen to you.\u201d\n    We made an expedition to the centre of the island, to Monte Renoso,\n    [46] with which I was extremely familiar. I made the scientist pick\n    the hoary everlasting (Helichrysum frigidum), which makes a\n    wonderful patch of silver; the many-headed thrift, or mouflon-grass\n    (Armeria multiceps), which the Corsicans call erba muorone; the\n    downy marguerite (Leucanthemum tomosum), which, clad in wadding,\n    shivers amid the snows; and many other rarities dear to the\n    botanist. Moquin-Tandon was jubilant. I, on my side, was much more\n    attracted and overcome by his words and his enthusiasm than by the\n    hoary everlasting. When we came down from the cold mountain-top, my\n    mind was made up: mathematics would be abandoned.\n    On the day before his departure, he said to me:\n    \u201cYou interest yourself in shells. That is something, but it is not\n    enough. You must look into the animal itself. I will show you how\n    it\u2019s done.\u201d\n    And, taking a sharp pair of scissors from the family workbasket,\n    and a couple of needles stuck into a bit of vine-shoot, which\n    served as a makeshift handle, he showed me the anatomy of a Snail\n    in a soup-plate filled with water. Gradually he explained and\n    sketched the organs which he spread before my eyes. This was the\n    only, never-to-be-forgotten lesson in natural history that I ever\n    received in my life. [47]\nFabre was a wonderful and indefatigable self-teacher; a truly self-made\nman. The impulse had been given, but he had everything, or almost\neverything, to learn of the living world of Nature. The way was open,\nbut the whole length of it had to be travelled. He trod it henceforth\nwith a high courage, for he was marching beneath the star that the\nMaster of minds had hung in the dawn of his days above the hills of\nLavaysse; the star that now, in the noon-day of life, shone through the\npassing mists of morning in the flawless Corsican sky, to guide his\nsteps along the humblest tracks of the world of animals to the highest\nsummits of human knowledge; ay, more, to those calm regions which are\nthe dwelling of that uncreated Light and Life of which all the lights\nand all the lives of earth are but the pale reflections and feeble\nvestiges.\nNot only do these reflections, which spontaneously pass through our\nmind, appear to us in harmony with the natural signification of the\nfacts and the circumstances; we have the pleasant assurance that they\nare an epitome of the intimate feelings of our famous compatriot, as\nthey are expressed in plain words in a thousand passages of his writing\nand as they were openly revealed in his conversation. We know, in\nshort, that God and the activities of God in the world were questions\nwhich he was fond of considering, without regarding the world\u2019s\nopinion. His essays are full of the subject. But we will quote only one\npassage, which has the advantage of bringing us an echo of the jubilee\ncelebrations which were celebrated at S\u00e9rignan while this volume was\nbeing written: When the venerable nonogenarian was being f\u00eated, one of\nhis visitors asked him the question:\n\u201cDo you believe in God?\u201d\nTo which he replied emphatically:\n\u201cI can\u2019t say I believe in God; I see Him. Without Him I understand\nnothing; without Him all is darkness. Not only have I retained this\nconviction; I have ... aggravated or ameliorated it, whichever you\nplease. Every period has its manias. I regard Atheism as a mania. It is\nthe malady of the age. You could take my skin from me more easily than\nmy faith in God.\u201d\nWe may add, in order to throw some light upon the religion of the\nAliborons of our villages, that the eminent biologist shares this\nbelief with almost all our great scientists.\nCorsica, which vouchsafed Fabre the revelation of his vocation as\nnaturalist, inspired him also with such love and enthusiasm as he had\nnever hitherto known.\nThere the intense impressionability which the little peasant of Aveyron\nreceived at birth could only be confirmed and increased. He felt that\nthis superb and luxuriant nature was made for him, and that he was born\nfor it; to understand and interpret it. He would lose himself in a\ndelicious intoxication, amid the deep woodlands, the mountains rich\nwith scented flowers, wandering through the maquis, the myrtle scrub,\nthrough jungles of lentisk and arbutus; barely containing his emotion\nwhen he passed beneath the great secular chestnut-trees of Bastelica,\nwith their enormous trunks and leafy boughs, whose sombre majesty\ninspired in him a sort of melancholy at once poetic and religious.\nBefore the sea, with its infinite distances, he lingered in ecstasy,\nlistening to the song of the waves, and gathering the marvellous shells\nwhich the snow-white breakers left upon the beach, and whose unfamiliar\nforms filled him with delight.\nNot that he had time to make a very rich harvest of facts and\nobservations in this wonderful country. The most visible result of his\nsojourn in the \u201cisle of beauty,\u201d and the greatest benefit which he\nderived from it, seems to have been the fact that it brought his heart\nand mind\u2014if I may be permitted the expression\u2014into a state of\nentomological grace; I mean into a state of living and acting truly and\nbeautifully in accordance with his vocation as a naturalist.\nSo it is that the name of this radiant daughter of the Mediterranean,\nwhich is so often written by his pen, seems to find its way thither in\norder to evoke one of the brightest and most joyful periods of his\nlife, rather than to localise observations or circumstantial\nexperiences.\nThere is, however, one of these reminiscences which, despite the\nextreme sobriety of the characteristics recorded, denotes, in the\nyouthful entomologist, a mind peculiarly attentive to the slightest\nindications and the least movements of his future clients of the animal\nworld. It deals with the Spider, [48] that ill-famed creature whom all\nhasten to crush underfoot as an odious and maleficent insect, but which\nthe entomologist holds in high esteem for its talents as a spinner, its\nhunting expedients, and other highly interesting characteristics. The\nauthor has just explained, on behalf of the poor, supposedly poisonous\ninsect, that for us its bite has no serious results, producing less\neffect than the bite of a gnat: \u201cNevertheless, a few are to be feared;\nand foremost among these is the Malmignatte, the terror of the Corsican\npeasantry.\u201d\nBy good fortune the only Tarantula that bit him in Corsica was the\nTarantula of natural history.\nBut while he was not injured by the spiders, he was less fortunate in\ndefending himself against the mosquitoes, from whose bites he\ncontracted an attack of malaria, in the myrtle maquis which he\ndoubtless haunted more persistently than was wise.\nThis unfortunate incident persuaded him to apply for an appointment in\nFrance.\nCHAPTER X\nTHE PROFESSOR: AVIGNON (1852\u20131870)\nIn 1852 the Professor of Physics and Chemistry in the lyc\u00e9e of Ajaccio\nwas transferred to the lyc\u00e9e of Avignon.\nFabre was not yet twenty-seven. His youth, his enthusiasm, his good\nhumour, the simplicity of his manners, and the vivacity of his mind\nnaturally endeared him to young people eager for knowledge and the\nideal. A few lines from the Souvenirs give us some idea of the\nrelations between master and pupils: \u201cThere were five or six of us: I\nwas the oldest, their master, but still more their companion and their\nfriend; they were young fellows with warm hearts and cheerful\nimaginations, overflowing with that springtide sap of life which makes\nus so expansive, so desirous of knowledge.\u201d\nOne guesses that he is speaking of one of those country walks on which,\nwith a guide such as Fabre, everything became a source of instruction\nand an object of wonder and admiration.\nThese excursions into the world of the fields, the delight of his youth\nand his earliest childhood, were henceforth to form the first item on\nhis programme of studies. Mathematics were dropped, as Moquin-Tandon\nhad advised. Physics and chemistry were put in their proper place, in\nthe teaching of the lyc\u00e9e, and the whole of the young professor\u2019s free\nenergies were expended upon the research work of the naturalist.\nNecessarily limited by his occupation as a teacher, his investigations\ncould not at ordinary times extend beyond the neighbourhood of Avignon.\nOne of his favourite localities for observation, by reason of its\nnearness and its entomological wealth, was the table-land of Les\nAngles, opposite the town on the right bank of the Rh\u00f4ne. Morning or\nevening, he made quick work of crossing the river and climbing the\ncliff which divides it from the barren table-land which he calls his\n\u201clittle Arabia Petr\u00e6a.\u201d\nPresently his Thursdays and holidays were devoted to more distant and\nmore prolonged observations. His steps took him, by preference,\ndown-stream from Avignon, along the right bank of the Rh\u00f4ne, opposite\nthe embouchure of the Durance, to a spot known as the Bois des Issarts.\nNot that he was drawn thither by the mossy carpets or the twilight of\nlofty forest trees which form the charm of our woodlands. The burning\nplains where the Cicada shrilled and the olive flourished know nothing\nof these delightful retreats, so full of shadow and coolness. Here is\nFabre\u2019s own description:\n    The Bois des Issarts is a coppice of holm-oaks no higher than one\u2019s\n    head and sparingly distributed in scanty clumps which, even at\n    their feet, hardly temper the force of the sun\u2019s rays. When I used\n    to settle myself in some part of the coppice suitable for my\n    observations, on certain afternoons in the dog-days of July and\n    August, I had the shelter of a large umbrella. If I neglected to\n    furnish myself with this embarrassing adjunct to a long walk, my\n    only resource against sunstroke was to lie down at full length\n    behind some sandy knoll; and, when the veins in my temples were\n    throbbing to bursting point, my last hope lay in putting my head\n    down a rabbit-burrow. Such are one\u2019s means of keeping cool in the\n    Bois des Issarts.\nWhat was there to draw him and retain him in such places, so\nunpropitious for the holiday of a professor on vacation? Ah! they are\nthe favourite resort of the Bembex, one of his favourite insects. \u201cA\nblazing sun, a sky magnificently blue, sandy slopes to dig in, game in\nabundance to feed the larv\u00e6, a peaceful spot hardly ever disturbed by a\npassing step\u201d: all things combined to attract the digger-wasp to such\nlocalities.\n    I was, however, not the only one to profit by the shade of my\n    umbrella; I was generally surrounded by numerous companions.\n    Gad-flies of various species would take refuge under the silken\n    dome, and sit peacefully on every part of the tightly-stretched\n    cover. I was rarely without their society when the heat became\n    overpowering. To while away the hours when I had nothing to do, it\n    amused me to watch their great gold eyes, which shone like\n    carbuncles under my canopy; I loved to follow their solemn progress\n    when some part of the ceiling became too hot and obliged them to\n    move a little way on.\n    One day, bang! The tight cover resounded like the skin of a drum.\n    Perhaps an oak had dropped an acorn on the umbrella. Presently, one\n    after the other, bang, bang, bang! Can some practical joker have\n    come to disturb my solitude and fling acorns or little pebbles at\n    my umbrella? I leave my tent and inspect the neighbourhood:\n    nothing! The same sharp sound is repeated. I look up at the\n    ceiling, and the mystery is explained. The Bembex of the vicinity,\n    who all consume Gad-flies, had discovered the rich provender that\n    was keeping me company, and were impudently penetrating my shelter\n    to seize the flies on the ceiling. Things were going to perfection;\n    I had only to sit still and look.\n    Every moment a Bembex would enter, swift as lightning, and dart up\n    to the silken ceiling, which resounded with a sharp thud. Some\n    rumpus was going on aloft, where the eye could, no longer\n    distinguish between attacker and attacked, so lively was the fray.\n    The struggle did not last for an appreciable time: the Wasp would\n    retire forthwith with a victim between her legs.\n    Obviously this suddenness of attack, followed by the swift removal\n    of the prey, does not allow the Bembex to regulate her dagger-play.\nWith ever-increasing accuracy, by the combined efforts of observation\nand experiment, that rich entomological material was amassed which was\none day to serve for the erection of one of the finest and most\nenduring monuments of contemporary science.\nWe should form but a very incomplete idea of the sort of work to which\nthe future author of the Souvenirs began to devote himself at this\nearly stage of his professorship were we merely to note his frequent\nvisits to Les Angles and his long sessions beneath his umbrella in the\nBois des Issarts.\nApart from this favourite field of observation, the enthusiastic\ncuriosity of the naturalist found scope for its exercise on every hand.\nWhether at home or abroad, whether passing along the public highway or\nvisiting a friend, it was enough for an insect to appear to capture and\nretain his attention without regard for the circumstances and without a\nthought as to what might be said of him. On one occasion a Pelop\u00e6us,\nthat is, a Potter-wasp (\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2) holding her pellet of mud in her\njaws, came to his fireside one washing-day, seeking access to the nest\nwhich she was building behind the breast of the fireplace. More anxious\nabout the Wasp than about the washing, he controlled the fire so that\nit should not too greatly incommode the little mason by eddies of smoke\nor flame, and for two good hours he followed the coming and going of\nthe Pelop\u00e6us, and the progress of her nest-building. This was in the\nearly days of his Avignon professorship. [50]\nAnother day it was once again the strange mud-worker which attracted\nhis attention, not in his own house this time but in the kitchen of\nRoberty, one of the chief farmhouses on the outskirts of Avignon.\nReturning to dinner from their work in the fields, the farm hands had\nhung, on pegs driven into the wall, one his blouse and another his hat.\nWhile they were devoting their attention to the soup, the guest had his\neyes fixed upon the Pelop\u00e6i which came prowling about the men\u2019s clothes\nand found them so well adapted to their needs that they began to build\ntheir nests upon them. Unfortunately for the builders and the\nspectator, the men soon rose from the table and shook their belongings,\ndislodging masses of mud already as large as an acorn. Ah! If he had\nbeen the owner of those garments, how gladly he would have allowed the\nPelop\u00e6i to work their will, in order to learn the fate of a nest built\nupon the shifting surface of a smock-frock. [51]\nThe unavoidable limitations imposed by observations undertaken at home\nare not more disappointing to the investigator than the possible\ndisturbance caused by passers-by should he attempt to watch the insect\non the public highways. Here is an example. The professor, on one of\nhis \u201cdays off,\u201d is quietly strolling along a narrow footpath on the\nbanks of the Rh\u00f4ne:\n    A Yellow-winged Sphex appears, hopping along, dragging her prey.\n    What do I see? The prey is not a Cricket, but a common Acridian, a\n    Locust! And yet the Wasp is really the Sphex with whom I am so\n    familiar, the Yellow-winged Sphex, the keen Cricket-huntress. I can\n    hardly believe the evidence of my own eyes.\n    The burrow is not far off: the insect enters it and stores away the\n    booty. I sit down, determined to wait for a new expedition, to wait\n    hours if necessary, so that I may see if the extraordinary capture\n    is repeated. My sitting attitude makes me take up the whole width\n    of the path. Two raw conscripts heave in sight, their hair newly\n    cut, wearing that inimitable automaton look which the first days of\n    barrack-life bestow. They are chatting together, talking no doubt\n    of home and the girl they left behind them; and each is innocently\n    whittling a willow-switch with his knife. I am seized with a sudden\n    apprehension. I therefore got up without speaking and trusted to my\n    lucky star. Alas and alack, my star betrayed me: the heavy\n    regulation boot came straight down upon the ceiling of the Sphex! A\n    shudder ran through me as though I myself had received the impress\n    of the hobnailed sole. [52]\nAnd the unfortunate observer cries, with an emotion which he does not\nattempt to conceal:\n    Alas! It is no easy matter to experiment on the public road, where,\n    when the long-waited event occurs at last, the arrival of a\n    wayfarer is likely to disturb or ruin opportunities that may never\n    return!\nBut the entomological hero does not allow himself to be discouraged by\nthose unfortunate encounters with the profane, nor does he shrink from\nthe humiliation which they sometimes inflict upon him. The following is\na characteristic example:\n    Ever since daybreak I have been ambushed, sitting on a stone, at\n    the bottom of a ravine. The subject of my matutinal visit is the\n    Languedocian Sphex. Three women, vine-pickers, pass in a group, on\n    the way to their work. They give a glance at the man seated,\n    apparently absorbed in reflection. At sunset the same pickers pass\n    again, carrying their full baskets on their heads. The man is still\n    there, sitting on the same stone, with his eyes fixed on the same\n    place. My motionless attitude, my long persistency in remaining at\n    that deserted spot, must have impressed them deeply. As they passed\n    by me, I saw one of them tap her forehead and heard her whisper to\n    the others:\n    \u201cUn paour\u00e9 inouc\u00e9nt, p\u00e9ca\u00efre!\u201d\n    And all three made the sign of the Cross. [53]\nThis last scene was enacted on one of the deeply-sunken roads on the\noutskirts of Carpentras, whither Fabre was fond of repairing for his\nresearches. From an early period, indeed, his craze for exploration had\nled him far beyond the Avignon district. On this third stage of his\nexcursions, he struck out to some extent in all directions, but the\nlocality which he preferred for his insect-hunting was undoubtedly the\n\u201cSunken Road,\u201d as it was called, in the neighbourhood of Carpentras. A\nlonely valley with a sandy soil, with high, steep slopes on either\nhand, its flanks deeply scored into ravines and burned by the sun, the\n\u201cSunken Road\u201d was an ideal home for the Hymenoptera, those lovers of\nsunny slopes and soils that are easily worked; and this was enough to\nmake it the favourite haunt of the intrepid biologist. [54]\nAmong the Hymenoptera that frequent the slopes and embankments of the\n\u201cSunken Road,\u201d in addition to the Hunting-wasps, which feed their larv\u00e6\non living flesh, there are other species which provide them with honey.\nThese also attracted the naturalist\u2019s attention; these also provided a\nprotracted test for his ingenuity and patience, and finally rewarded\nhis pains beyond all hopes.\nThe following is an interesting description of the naturalist\u2019s\nencounter with a swarm of Bees in the \u201cSunken Road\u201d while endeavouring\nto observe the installation of the Sitares in the cell of the\nAnthophora:\n    In front of a high expanse of earth a swarm stimulated by the sun,\n    which floods it with light and heat, is dancing a crazy ballet. It\n    is a hover of Anthophor\u00e6, a few feet thick and covering an area\n    which matches the sort of house-front formed by the perpendicular\n    soil. From the tumultuous heart of the cloud rises a monotonous,\n    threatening murmur, while the bewildered eye strays through the\n    inextricable evolutions of the eager throng. With the rapidity of a\n    lightning-flash, thousands of Anthophor\u00e6 are incessantly flying off\n    and scattering over the country-side in search of booty; thousands\n    of others also are incessantly arriving, laden with honey or\n    mortar, and keeping up the formidable proportions of the swarm.\n    I was at that time something of a novice as regards the nature of\n    these insects.\n    \u201cWoe,\u201d said I to myself, \u201cwoe to the reckless wight bold enough to\n    enter the heart of this swarm and, above all, to lay a rash hand\n    upon the dwellings under construction! Forthwith surrounded by the\n    furious host, he would expiate his rash attempt, stabbed by a\n    thousand stings!\u201d\n    At this thought, rendered still more alarming by the recollection\n    of certain misadventures of which I had been the victim when\n    seeking to observe too closely the combs of the Hornet (Vespa\n    crabro), I felt a shiver of apprehension pass through my body.\n    Yet, to obtain light upon the question which brings me hither, I\n    must needs penetrate the fearsome swarm; I must stand for whole\n    hours, perhaps all day, watching the works which I intend to upset;\n    lens in hand, I must scrutinise, unmoved amid the whirl, the things\n    that are happening in the cells. The use moreover of a mask, of\n    gloves, of a covering of any kind, is impracticable, for extreme\n    dexterity of the fingers and complete liberty of sight are\n    essential to the investigations which I have to make. No matter:\n    even though I leave this wasps\u2019-nest with a face swollen beyond\n    recognition, I must to-day obtain a decisive solution of the\n    problem which has preoccupied me too long.\n    My preparations are made at once: I button my clothes tightly, so\n    as to afford the Bees the least possible opportunity, and I enter\n    the heart of the swarm. A few blows of the mattock, which arouse a\n    far from reassuring crescendo in the humming of the Anthophor\u00e6,\n    soon place me in possession of a lump of earth; and I beat a hasty\n    retreat, greatly astonished to find myself still safe and sound and\n    unpursued. But the lump of earth which I have removed is from a\n    part too near the surface; it contains nothing but Osmia-cells,\n    which do not interest me for the moment. A second expedition is\n    made, lasting longer than the first; and, though my retreat is\n    effected without great precipitation, not an Anthophora has touched\n    me with her sting, nor even shown herself disposed to fall upon the\n    aggressor.\n    This success emboldens me. I remain permanently in front of the\n    work in progress, continually removing lumps of earth filled with\n    cells, spilling the liquid honey on the ground, eviscerating larv\u00e6\n    and crushing the Bees busily occupied in their nests. All this\n    devastation results merely in arousing a louder hum in the swarm\n    and is not followed by any hostile demonstration.\n    Thanks to this unexpected lack of spirit in the Mason-bee, I was\n    able for hours to pursue my investigations at my leisure, seated on\n    a stone in the midst of the murmuring and distracted swarm, without\n    receiving a single sting, although I took no precautions whatever.\n    Country-folk, happening to pass and beholding me seated,\n    unperturbed in the midst of the whirl of Bees, stopped aghast to\n    ask me whether I had bewitched them, whether I charmed them, since\n    I appeared to have nothing to fear from them:\n    \u201cM\u00e9, moun bel ami, li-z-av\u00e9 doun escounjurado qu\u00e8 vous pougnioun\n    pas, can\u00e8u de sort!\u201d\n    My miscellaneous impediments spread over the ground, boxes, glass\n    jars and tubes, tweezers and magnifying-glasses, were certainly\n    regarded by these good people as the implements of my wizardry.\n    I can assert to-day, after a long experience, that only the Social\n    Hymenoptera, the Hive-bees, the Common Wasps, and the Bumble-bees\n    know how to devise a common defence; and only they dare fall singly\n    upon the aggressor, to wreak an individual vengeance.\nBut we would not leave the banks of the \u201cSunken Road,\u201d which have been\nmade classic by Fabre\u2019s observations on the Cerceris, the Sitaris and\ntutti quanti, without letting the reader hear an echo of the heartfelt\naccents in which the now ageing scientist speaks of these spots which\nwitnessed his first endeavours and his first achievements as an\nentomologist, when he returns to them thirty years later to complete\nhis data respecting the Anthophora\u2019s parasites:\n    Illustrious ravines whose banks are calcined by the sun, if I have\n    in some small degree contributed to your fame, you, in your turn,\n    have afforded me some happy hours of oblivion spent in the joy of\n    learning. You, at least, have never lured me with vain hopes; all\n    that you have promised me you have given me, often a hundredfold.\n    You are my promised land, in which I fain would finally have\n    pitched my observer\u2019s tent. It has not been possible to realise my\n    desire. Let me at least salute in passing my beloved insects of\n    other days.\n    A wave of the hat to the Tuberculated Cerceris, which I see on\n    yonder bank busied with warehousing her Cleonus. As I saw her long\n    ago, so I see her to-day.... Watching her at work, a younger blood\n    flows in my veins; I scent, as it were, the fragrance of some\n    renewal of life. But time passes; let us pass on.\n    Yet another greeting here. I hear rustling overhead, above that\n    ledge, a community of Sphex-wasps, stabbing their Crickets! Let us\n    give them a friendly glance, but no more. My acquaintances here are\n    too numerous: I have not time to resume all my old relations.\n    Without stopping, a wave of the hat to the Eumenes ... the\n    Philanthus ... the Tachytes....\n    At last we are there! [55]\nThis last exclamation, a cry from the heart, which reveals the object\nof this latest visit, is addressed to the murmuring city of the\nAnthophor\u00e6, in which he had formerly made such valuable discoveries,\nand in which there was still something left to discover: so true is it\nthat even in those regions which have been most fully explored the\nscientist worthy of the name never flatters himself that he has reached\nthe final limits of knowledge.\nCHAPTER XI\nTHE PROFESSOR: AVIGNON (CONTINUED)\nIn sketching for the reader\u2019s benefit, the characteristic features of\nthe Avignon naturalist, always busy with his researches, and always on\nthe alert for fresh discoveries, we venture to flatter ourselves that\nwe have placed before him one of the most accomplished and attractive\ntypes of that harmonious synthesis of industry and genius, which alone\nis capable of engendering great achievements, and which was so ably\ndefined by the Latin poet in the words:\n            \u201c... Ego nec studium sine divite ven\u00e2,\n        Nec rude quid possit video ingenium. Alterius sic\n        Altera poscit opem res et conjurat amice.\u201d [56]\nIt will be no less interesting to see by what varied and concurrent\ncircumstances, by what personal interventions, a virtuosity and an\nactivity so well co-ordinated were stimulated, directed and controlled,\nsustained and protected against all causes of deviation or\ndiscouragement.\nNot in vain does a man breathe at birth the air of the mountain-tops;\nnot in vain does he live his earliest summers with the vision of the\nheights before him. He retains as it were a nostalgia for the heights,\nand a wild longing to climb them. It will not surprise us to learn that\nthe child of the Haut-Rouergue, transplanted, by the vicissitudes of\nlife, from the L\u00e9v\u00e9zou mountains to the Proven\u00e7al plains, should calm\nhis brain, burning with the stress of study, by gazing at Mont Ventoux,\nand anticipating his approaching expedition to the mountain of his\ndreams. [57] We shall not be surprised to find that he never allowed\nhimself to be repulsed by the difficulties of the enterprise, and that\nmore than a score of ascents failed to produce satiety, whereas many\nanother found his courage and his interest evaporate almost at the\noutset. [58] For the ascent of Mont Ventoux is a difficult task, more\ndifficult than that of the majority of our mountains:\n    One might best compare the Ventoux with a heap of stones broken up\n    for road-mending purposes. Raise this heap suddenly to a height of\n    a mile and a quarter, increase its base in proportion, cover the\n    white of the limestone with the black stain of the forests, and you\n    have a clear idea of the general aspect of the mountain. This\n    accumulation of rubbish\u2014sometimes small chips, sometimes huge\n    blocks\u2014rises from the plain without preliminary slopes or\n    successive terraces that would render the ascent less arduous by\n    dividing it into stages. The climb begins at once by rocky paths,\n    the best of which is worse than the surface of a road newly strewn\n    with stones, and continues, becoming ever rougher and rougher,\n    right to the summit, the height of which is 6270 feet. Green\n    swards, babbling brooks, the spacious shade of venerable trees, all\n    the things, in short, that lend such charm to other mountains, are\n    here unknown and are replaced by an interminable bed of limestone\n    broken into scales, which slip under our feet with a sharp, almost\n    metallic \u201cclick.\u201d By way of cascades the Ventoux has rills of\n    stones; the rattle of falling rocks takes the place of the\n    whispering waters. [59]\nBut the unsatisfied eagerness that draws the exile from our cool green\nhills to repeat, again and again, the ascent of the rocky Proven\u00e7al\nheight, is based on something more than sensitiveness to impressions\nand a pre-established harmony; he is also strongly attracted by the\npeculiar and unique variety of the flora growing upon its slopes:\n    Thanks to its isolated position, which leaves it freely exposed on\n    every side to atmospheric influences; thanks also to its height,\n    which makes it the topmost point of France within the frontiers of\n    either the Alps or the Pyrenees, our bare Proven\u00e7al mountain, Mont\n    Ventoux, lends itself remarkably well to the study of the climatic\n    distribution of plants. At its base the tender olive thrives, with\n    all that multitude of semi-ligneous plants, such as the thyme,\n    whose aromatic fragrance calls for the sun of the Mediterranean\n    regions; on the summit, mantled with snow for at least half the\n    year, the ground is covered with a northern flora, borrowed to some\n    extent from Arctic shores. Half a day\u2019s journey in an upward\n    direction brings before our eyes a succession of the chief\n    vegetable types which we should find in the course of a long voyage\n    from south to north along the same meridian. [60]\nTo any one with any love of plants, to any one with blood in his veins,\nthe expedition was a tempting one. So we see him set out for the\ntwenty-third time in company with two colleagues [61] and five others.\nLet us join them if we wish to make the acquaintance of the botanist of\nMont Ventoux as well as the botany; for Fabre is one who throws himself\nwholly into all that he does, and his history can no more be divorced\nfrom that of his plants than from that of his beloved insects.\n    It is four o\u2019clock in the morning. At the head of the caravan walks\n    Triboulet, with his Mule and his Ass: Triboulet, the Nestor of the\n    Ventoux guides. My botanical colleagues inspect the vegetation on\n    either side of the road by the cold light of the dawn; the others\n    talk. I follow the party with a barometer slung from my shoulder\n    and a note-book and pencil in my hand.\n    My barometer, intended for taking the altitude of the principal\n    botanical halts, soon becomes a pretext for attacks on the gourd\n    with the rum. No sooner is a noteworthy plant observed than\n    somebody cries:\n    \u201cQuick, let\u2019s look at the barometer!\u201d\n    And we all crowd around the gourd, the scientific instrument coming\n    later. The coolness of the morning and our walk make us appreciate\n    these references to the barometer so thoroughly that the level of\n    the stimulant falls even more swiftly than that of the mercury. In\n    the interests of the immediate future I must consult Torricelli\u2019s\n    tube a little less often.\n    As the temperature grows too cold for them, first the oak and the\n    ilex disappear by degrees; then the vine and the almond-tree; and\n    next the mulberry, the walnut-tree, and the white oak. Box becomes\n    plentiful. We enter upon a monotonous region extending from the end\n    of the cultivated fields to the lower boundary of the beech-woods,\n    where the predominant plant is Satureia montana, the winter savory,\n    known here by its popular name of p\u00e9br\u00e9 d\u2019as\u00e9, Ass\u2019s pepper,\n    because of the acrid flavour of its tiny leaves, impregnated with\n    essential oil. Certain small cheeses forming part of our stores are\n    powdered with this strong spice. Already more than one of us is\n    biting into them in imagination and casting hungry glances at the\n    provision bags carried by the Mule. Our hard morning exercise has\n    brought appetite, and more than appetite, a devouring hunger, what\n    Horace calls latrans stomachus. I teach my colleagues how to stay\n    this rumbling stomach until they reach the next halt; I show them a\n    little sorrel-plant, with arrow-head leaves, the Rumex scutatus, or\n    French sorrel; and, practising what I preach, I pick a mouthful. At\n    first they laugh at my suggestion. I let them laugh and soon see\n    them all occupied, each more eagerly than his fellow, in plucking\n    the precious sorrel.\n    While chewing the acid leaves we come to the beeches. These are\n    first big, solitary bushes, trailing on the ground; soon after,\n    dwarf trees, clustering close together; and, finally, mighty\n    trunks, forming a dense and gloomy forest, whose soil is a mass of\n    rough limestone blocks. Bowed down in winter by the weight of the\n    snow, battered all the year round by the fierce gusts of the\n    Mistral, many of the trees have lost their branches and are twisted\n    into grotesque postures, or even lie flat on the ground. An hour or\n    more is spent in crossing this wooded zone, which from a distance\n    shows against the sides of the Ventoux like a black belt. Then once\n    more the beeches become bushy and scattered. We have reached their\n    upper boundary and, to the great relief of all of us, despite the\n    sorrel-leaves, we have also reached the stopping-place selected for\n    our lunch.\n    We are at the source of the Grave, a slender stream of water\n    caught, as it bubbles from the ground, in a series of long\n    beech-trunk troughs, where the mountain shepherds come to water\n    their flocks. The temperature of the spring is 45\u00b0 F.; and its\n    coolness is a priceless boon for us who have come from the sultry\n    oven of the plain. The cloth is spread on a charming carpet of\n    Alpine plants, with glittering among them the thyme-leaved\n    paronychia, whose wide, thin bracts look like silver scales. The\n    food is taken out of the bags, the bottles extracted from their bed\n    of hay. On this side are the joints, the legs of mutton stuffed\n    with garlic, the stacks of loaves; on that, the tasteless chickens,\n    for our grinders to toy with presently, when the edge has been\n    taken off our appetite. At no great distance, set in a place of\n    honour, are the Ventoux cheeses spiced with winter savory, the\n    little p\u00e9br\u00e9 d\u2019as\u00e9 cheeses, flanked by Arles sausages, whose pink\n    flesh is mottled with cubes of bacon and whole peppercorns. Over\n    here, in this corner, are green olives still dripping with brine\n    and black olives soaking in oil; in that other, Cavaillon melons,\n    some white, some orange, to suit every taste; and, down there, a\n    jar of anchovies which make you drink hard and so keep your\n    strength up. Lastly, the bottles are cooling in the ice-cold water\n    of the trough over there. Have we forgotten anything? Yes, we have\n    not mentioned the crowning side-dish, the onions, to be eaten raw\n    with salt. Our two Parisians\u2014for we have two among us, my\n    fellow-botanists\u2014are at first a little startled by this very\n    invigorating bill of fare; soon they will be the first to burst\n    into praises. [62]\nBut we will pass over the remarks made at breakfast and the incidents\nof the last stage of the climb; we will make direct for the summit of\nMont Ventoux, where the leader of the expedition will give us a glimpse\nof the delights that await the naturalist at the end of his climb when\nhe has taken the precaution to make it at the right moment:\n    Would you do some really fruitful botanising? Be there in the first\n    fortnight of July; above all, be ahead of the grazing herds: where\n    the sheep has browsed you will gather none but wretched leavings.\n    While still spared by the hungry flocks, the top of the Ventoux in\n    July is a literal bed of flowers; its loose stony surface is\n    studded with them. My memory recalls, all streaming with the\n    morning dew, those elegant tufts of Androsace villosa, with its\n    pink-centred white blooms; the Mont-Cenis violet, spreading its\n    great blue blossoms over the chips of limestone; the spikenard\n    valerian, which blends the sweet perfume of its flowers with the\n    offensive odour of its roots; the wedge-leaved globularia, forming\n    close carpets of bright green dotted with blue capitula; the Alpine\n    forget-me-not, whose blue rivals that of the skies; the Candolla\n    candy-tuft, whose tiny stalk bears a dense head of little white\n    flowers and goes winding among the loose stones. [63]\nOur naturalist is evidently fascinated by so many beauties, of such\ndelicate quality. Will he not be tempted to forsake his insects for the\nflowers? Will not the botanical wealth of the Ventoux make him forget\nthe entomological wonders of the \u201cSunken Road\u201d? No; he is saved from\nsuch an error by God and the good genius that watches over the destiny\nof him who is to become the prince of entomologists. Even in his\nlectures on botanical subjects the insects are given their due; and now\nfrom time to time they claim his attention and seduce him from the\nspectacle of the vegetable curiosities which form the principal motive\nof the expedition; it is now the Ammophila and now the Decticus [64]\nthat crosses the path of the naturalist in search of plants and\nflowers, recalling, by some of the most curious problems of entomology,\nthe first beginnings of his vocation and the great task of his life.\nBut the silent language of the tiny creatures destined to be his most\nintimate companions through life was seconded, at an opportune moment,\nby the more expressive language of human speech. Here we have one of\nthose events that were landmarks in Fabre\u2019s life, marking the\nstarting-point of a fresh phase in the evolution of his ideas and his\nlabours. He alone can describe for us the actual nature and exact\nsignificance of this incident:\n    One winter evening, when the rest of the household was asleep, as I\n    sat reading beside a stove whose ashes were still warm, my book\n    made me forget for a while the cares of the morrow: these heavy\n    cares of a poor professor of physics who, after piling up diplomas\n    and for a quarter of a century performing services of uncontested\n    merit, was receiving for himself and his family a stipend of\n    sixteen hundred francs, or less than the wages of a groom in a\n    decent establishment. Such was the disgraceful parsimony of the day\n    where education was concerned; such was the edict of our government\n    red-tape: I was an irregular, the offspring of my solitary studies.\n    And so I was forgetting the poverty and anxieties of a professor\u2019s\n    life amid my books, when I chanced to turn over the pages of an\n    entomological essay that had fallen into my hands I forget how.\n    It was a monograph by the then father of entomology, the venerable\n    scientist L\u00e9on Dufour, on the habits of a Wasp that hunted\n    Buprestis beetles. Certainly, I had not waited till then to\n    interest myself in insects; from my early childhood I had delighted\n    in Beetles, Bees, and Butterflies; as far back as I can remember, I\n    see myself in ecstasy before the splendour of a Ground-beetle\u2019s\n    wing-cases or the wings of Papilio machaon, the Swallowtail. The\n    fire was laid; the spark to kindle it was absent. L\u00e9on Dufour\u2019s\n    essay provided that spark. [65]\n    New lights burst forth: I received a sort of mental revelation. So\n    there was more in science than the arranging of pretty Beetles in a\n    cork box and giving them names and classifying them; there was\n    something much finer: a close and loving study of insect life, the\n    examination of the structure and especially the faculties of each\n    species. I read of a magnificent instance of this, glowing with\n    excitement as I did so. Some time after, aided by those lucky\n    circumstances which he who seeks them eagerly is always able to\n    find, I myself published an entomological article, a supplement to\n    L\u00e9on Dufour\u2019s. This first work of mine won honourable mention from\n    the Institute of France, and was awarded a prize for experimental\n    physiology. But soon I received a far more welcome recompense, in\n    the shape of a most eulogistic and encouraging letter from the very\n    man who had inspired me. From his home in the Landes the revered\n    master sent me a warm expression of his enthusiasm and urged me to\n    go on with my studies. Even now, at that sacred recollection, my\n    old eyes fill with happy tears. O fair days of illusion, of faith\n    in the future, where are you now? [66]\nMoquin-Tandon converted Fabre to the study of animals and plants.\nDufour converted him to the study of insects, and taught him to publish\nthe results of his entomological studies.\nDufour\u2019s little work was a revelation; a flash of light revealing his\nvocation. It was like the electric impulse that bursts the seed about\nto open, that sends the genius ready to unfold its wings soaring into\nthe heavens.\nIt was to the chance perusal of a certain passage that another prince\nof science owed the awakening of his genius. We are speaking of\nPasteur, whom we shall presently see in his dealings with Fabre. \u201cIt\nwas through reading a note by the Russian chemist, Mitscherlich, on the\ncomparison of the specific characters of certain crystals that Pasteur\nbecame interested in those investigations of the subject of molecular\ndissymmetry which were the starting-point of so many wonderful\ndiscoveries.\u201d [67]\nDoes it not seem that there must be a special Providence for the elect\nof science?\nIn Dufour\u2019s memoir, which gave Fabre so decisive an impulsion toward\nentomology, a singular fact is mentioned: the naturalist of the Landes\nfound in the nest of a species of Wasp known as the Cerceris some small\nbeetles of the Buprestis family, which, although apparently dead,\nremained as fresh as though alive during the period occupied by the\nrearing of the larv\u00e6 for whose nourishment they are destined to serve.\nDufour supposed that these Buprestes were simply dead, and, \u201cin order\nto explain this marvellous preservation of their flesh, which makes an\ninsect that for several weeks has been motionless as a corpse a kind of\ngame that does not become high but remain as fresh as at the moment of\ncapture during the greatest heat of summer, he presumed the use of a\nliquid antiseptic, acting in the same manner as the preparations used\nto preserve anatomical specimens. This liquid could only be the venom\nof the Hymenopteron inoculated into the victim\u2019s body. The tiny drop of\npoisonous humour that accompanies the sting, the lancet employed in the\ninoculation, is supposed to perform the office of a kind of pickle or\npreservative liquid for preserving the flesh set aside for the\nnourishment of the larv\u00e6.\u201d\nBut Fabre was burning with curiosity to observe for himself a\nphenomenon which an old practitioner like Dufour proclaims the most\ncurious and extraordinary known to the history of the insect kingdom.\n[68] He did not hesitate to go to Carpentras, to search for the\nBuprestis-hunting wasp, which does not occur in the neighbourhood of\nAvignon. A minute inspection of the Cerceris\u2019 victims enabled him to\nprove that, not only was the flesh intact, but the joints were\nflexible, the viscera were moist, defalcation persisted, and vestiges\nof irritability even were present, all of which facts were scarcely\ncompatible \u201cwith the supposition of an animal absolutely dead, the\nhypothesis of a true corpse rendered incorruptible by the effect of a\nliquid preservative.\u201d He was thus led to conclude that the insect was\nnot dead, but only benumbed and reduced to a state of immobility.\nFascinated and intrigued by Dufour\u2019s discovery, Fabre wished to see the\nprocess for himself, and as a result he made the first and the finest\nof his own entomological discoveries, which he was later on to enrich\nby more precise and more remarkable details.\nBut at the same time he was forced to realise how incomplete and\nsuperficial were the observations of the man whom he nevertheless\nrevered as the first among his masters.\nHow often was he to find occasion for revising the statements of his\npredecessors! They were not merely incomplete; they were often\nerroneous, even when they had the greatest names to recommend them.\nMust we then ignore all that has been said and written and wholly\nrepudiate the inheritance of the centuries and the scientists of the\npast? Heaven preserve us from such stupidity! But while it would not be\nreasonable or even possible to make a clean sweep of all that has been\nacquired by our predecessors, it is none the less prudent not to\naccept, in blind confidence, the whole heritage of the past, but to\nsubject to the control of facts the statements even of the masters when\nthese appear at all extravagant. Otherwise we run the risk, if not of\nperpetrating error by repeating it on our own responsibility, at all\nevents of following a false trail on which we may lose much time and\nwhich may finally lead us to envy the lot of those who are able to\nattack their subject, from the very first, with minds empty of all\ninformation and any preconceived ideas. This was brought well home to\nFabre by the repeated experience of errors which had escaped the most\nlearned authors and erroneous methods suggested by the best books. And\nthe persuasive effect of the highly symptomatic example afforded by an\nabsolutely unrivalled master was even more eloquent.\n    Unexpectedly, one fine day [writes Fabre], Pasteur rang my\n    door-bell: the Pasteur who was presently to acquire so great a\n    celebrity. His name was known to me. I had read his beautiful essay\n    on the dissymmetry of tartaric acid; I had followed with the\n    keenest interest his researches concerning the generation of the\n    Infusoria.\n    Every period has its scientific craze; to-day it is evolution; then\n    it was spontaneous generation. By his glass bulbs, made sterile or\n    fertile at will, by his experiments, magnificent in their rigorous\n    simplicity, Pasteur exploded for ever the insanity which professed\n    to see life arising from a chemical conflict in a mass of\n    putrescence.\n    Aware of this dispute, so victoriously elucidated, I gave my\n    illustrious visitor the best of welcomes. The scientist had come to\n    me in the first place for certain information. I owed this notable\n    honour to my quality of colleague as a teacher of physics and\n    chemistry. Ah, but what a humble, obscure colleague!\n    Pasteur\u2019s tour through the district of Avignon was in connection\n    with sericulture. For some years the silk-worm nurseries had been\n    at sixes and sevens, ravaged by unknown plagues. The silkworms,\n    without appreciable cause, became masses of putrid deliquescence,\n    or hardened into stony lumps. The peasant, in dismay, saw one of\n    his chief sources of income disappearing; after much expense and\n    trouble he had to throw his litters on the dung-heap.\n    A few words were exchanged concerning the prevailing evil; then,\n    without further preamble:\n    \u201cI wanted to see some cocoons,\u201d said my visitor; \u201cI have never seen\n    any; I know them only by name. Could you get me some?\u201d\n    \u201cNothing simpler. My landlord is himself a dealer in cocoons, and\n    he lives across the road. If you\u2019ll be good enough to wait a\n    moment, I will bring you what you want.\u201d\n    A few long strides and I had reached my neighbour\u2019s house, where I\n    stuffed my pockets with cocoons. On my return I offered them to the\n    scientist. He took one, turned it over and over in his fingers;\n    curiously he examined it, as we should some singular object which\n    had come from the other end of the world. He shook it against his\n    \u201cIt rattles!\u201d he said, quite surprised. \u201cThere is something\n    inside!\u201d\n    \u201cWhy, yes!\u201d\n    \u201cBut what?\u201d\n    \u201cThe chrysalis.\u201d\n    \u201cWhat\u2019s that, the chrysalis?\u201d\n    \u201cI mean the sort of mummy into which the caterpillar turns before\n    it becomes a moth.\u201d\n    \u201cAnd in every cocoon there is one of those things?\u201d\n    \u201cOf course; it\u2019s to protect the chrysalis that the caterpillar\n    spins.\u201d\n    And without more ado, the cocoons went into the pocket of the\n    scientist, who was to inform himself at leisure concerning this\n    great novelty, the chrysalis. This magnificent assurance impressed\n    me. Knowing nothing of caterpillar, cocoon, chrysalis, or\n    metamorphosis, Pasteur had come to regenerate the silkworm. The\n    ancient gymnasts presented themselves naked for the contest. This\n    ingenious thinker, who was to fight the plague of the silk-worm\n    nurseries, had also hastened to battle wholly naked: that is,\n    devoid of the simplest notions of the insect he was to save from\n    danger. I was astounded; more, I was filled with wonder. [69]\nThe fact is indeed so extraordinary that it may well appear incredible,\nbut it receives authentic confirmation from the wholly concordant\naccount of Duclaux, Pasteur\u2019s pupil and historiographer, as well as\nfrom the honesty of the naturalist, who is assuredly incapable of\nhaving invented the story for our amusement.\n    I still remember the day [says Duclaux] when Pasteur, returning to\n    the laboratory, said to me with a touch of excitement in his voice:\n    \u201cDo you know what M. Dumas has just asked of me? To go to the Midi,\n    to study the silk-worm disease.\u201d\n    I don\u2019t know what I replied; probably what he himself replied to\n    his illustrious master: Then there is a silk-worm disease? There\n    are provinces that are being ruined by it? All this was happening\n    so far from Paris, and we were so far from Paris in the\n    laboratory!...\n    Pasteur hesitated. He was not a physiologist. But Dumas\u2019\n    insistence, the attraction of the unknown, and an inward voice\n    urged him to accept. So he left for the Midi; it was early in June\n    1865. He was invested with an official mission which confronted him\n    with a plague that had to be conquered and obliged him to render an\n    account of the attempts made and the results obtained.\n    To be sent to fight a fire and not to know what fire is and to have\n    no fire-engine or hose! It needed Pasteur to accept and to shoulder\n    such a responsibility!... To his complaint that he had no knowledge\n    of the matter, Dumas had replied:\n    \u201cSo much the better! You will have no ideas on the subject but\n    those that will come to you as a result of your own observations!\u201d\n    This reply is not always a paradox, but one has to be careful to\n    whom one makes it! [70]\nIn this case the choice was not mistaken, and the lesson was as\nprofitable to Pasteur as it was to Fabre, to whom he was about to hand\nit on, all unsuspecting.\nWhen Pasteur was called upon to regenerate sericulture, the silk-worm\ndisease had been known for twenty years. During that period much\nresearch had been undertaken and many efforts had been made, in France\nas well as in Italy, to discover the nature of the affection and to\nfight it. But \u201cof all this story, a mixture of truth and falsehood,\nPasteur knew nothing when he began his researches.\u201d More\u2014and this was\nwhat astonished Fabre\u2014he knew nothing of the physiology or the rearing\nof the silk-worm. \u201cFor the first time he has seen a cocoon, and has\nlearned that there is something in the cocoon, a rough model of the\nfuture moth,\u201d ... and he is about to revolutionise the hygiene of the\nsilk-worm nurseries and is preparing to revolutionise medicine and\ngeneral hygiene in the same way, [71] by showing that the maladies of\nsilk-worms and most of our human maladies arise from the development in\nthe tissues of a microscopic living entity, a microbe, the cause of the\nmalady. And while his other discoveries won for him only fame and the\nadmiration of his contemporaries, this will give him immortality and\nplace him in the front rank of the benefactors of humanity. Decidedly\nignorance may have its advantages.\n    Encouraged by the magnificent example of Pasteur (continues the\n    entomologist), I have made it a rule to adopt the method of\n    ignorance in my investigations of the instincts. I read very\n    little. Instead of turning over the leaves of books, an expensive\n    method which is not within my means, instead of consulting others,\n    I set myself obstinately face to face with my subject until I\n    contrive to make it speak. I know nothing. So much the better; my\n    interrogation will be all the freer, to-day tending in one\n    direction, to-morrow in another, according to the information\n    acquired. And if by chance I do open a book, I am careful to leave\n    a section of my mind wide open to doubt. [72]\nBeginning with that arising out of Dufour\u2019s memoir, repeated\nexperiences taught Fabre not to be too greatly influenced, in his\nconceptions of natural objects, by faith in his reading or even in the\nassertions of his masters. To go still further, Pasteur\u2019s example made\nhim appreciate the advantage of coming fresh to the facts, of\nconfronting them in a state of ignorance, of receiving impressions from\nthem alone, and of having no ideas but those that truly emanate from\nthe reality.\nWithout going to extremes, Fabre benefited by this twofold lesson. No\none had a greater respect for his masters; he quotes them readily and\nis chary neither of praising their works nor of expressing his\ngratitude to them; [73] but no one was ever more independent in his\nresearches and his conclusions, which are often the very contrary of\ntheirs. If he revered his masters he revered the truth still more, and\nhe might well have made his own the celebrated maxim: Amicus Plato,\nmagis amica veritas.\nLet us add that while no one was ever more interested in authors and\ntheir writings, to purchase which he often sacrificed his last coppers,\nand even his daily bread, no one was more resolutely determined to give\nthe first place to the language of facts, and direct intercourse with\nthe tiny living creatures whom he had chosen for his own. So much so\nthat, if we wish fully to describe his method, we must complete the\nmaxim which we have just quoted by this other, which forms its exact\ncounterpart: Amicus liber, magis amica natura.\nCHAPTER XII\nTHE PROFESSOR: AVIGNON (CONTINUED)\nWhen Pasteur called upon Fabre, at the beginning of his investigation\nof the silk-growing industry, he was also greatly interested in the\nimprovement of wines by the application of heat. [74] Thus it was that,\nhaving obtained the needed information respecting the silk-worm from\nthe Avignon naturalist, he suddenly asked him to show him his cellar.\nFabre found the request extremely embarrassing:\n    To show him my cellar! My private cellar! And I, poor wretch, but a\n    while ago, with my preposterous professor\u2019s salary, could not even\n    permit myself the expense of a drop of wine, so that I used to make\n    myself a sort of rough cider, by placing a jar, to ferment, a\n    handful of brown sugar and some grated apples! My cellar! Show him\n    my cellar! Why not my tuns of wine, my dusty bottles, labelled\n    according to age and vintage! My cellar!\n    Completely confused, I tried to evade his request, to change the\n    subject. But he was tenacious.\n    \u201cShow me your cellar, I beg you.\u201d\n    There was no possibility of resisting such insistence.\n    With my finger I pointed to a corner of the kitchen where there was\n    a chair without a seat, and on the chair a demijohn holding a\n    couple of gallons.\n    \u201cThere\u2019s my cellar, monsieur!\u201d\n    \u201cYour cellar? That?\u201d\n    \u201cI have no other.\u201d\n    \u201cThat\u2019s all?\u201d\n    \u201cAlas, yes. That\u2019s all!\u201d\n    \u201cNot a word more from the scientist. Pasteur, it was easy to see,\n    knew nothing of those highly-flavoured dishes which the common\n    people call la vache enrag\u00e9e. If my cellar, that is the old chair\n    and the hollow-sounding demijohn, had nothing to tell concerning\n    the ferments to be fought by means of heat, it spoke very\n    eloquently of another subject, which my illustrious visitor did not\n    appear to understand. One microbe evaded him, and it was one of the\n    most terrible; the microbe of misfortune strangling good will.\u201d\nIt is told of one of our most famous dramatists who, like Fabre, is a\nself-made man, having raised himself by persistent effort from the\nworkshop to the Academy, that when he was struggling against the\ndifficulties of the first steps upward, he had also to contend against\nthe impassive coldness of eminent colleagues from whom he might have\nexpected some support. \u201cYoung man,\u201d said one of these\u2014and he was not\none of the least illustrious\u2014\u201cyoung man, la vache enrag\u00e9e is excellent;\nto help you would be to spoil you.\u201d\nNo doubt the vache enrag\u00e9e, like the method d\u2019ignorance, may have its\nvirtues. The story of Fabre\u2019s career, and of Brieux\u2019, goes to prove as\nmuch. But of this sort of discipline, like that which extols the\nadvantages of ignorance, we may remark that one may have too much of\nit; that it succeeds only on condition of being applied with moderation\nand discretion.\nA robust child of the Rouergat peasantry, such as Fabre, is capable of\nenduring an abnormal dose with unusual results. But under too great\nstrain steel of the toughest temper is in danger of being broken or\nfatigued. In hours of difficulty and suffering, if they are unduly\nprolonged, the most resolute and courageous feel the need of an\nencouraging voice, and a hand outstretched to give the moral or even\nthe material help with which one cannot always dispense with impunity.\nThis friendly voice, this helping hand, which Fabre failed to find in\nthe great benefactor of humanity who witnessed his distress\u2014so true is\nit that the best of us have their defects and their seasons of\ninattention\u2014he was presently to find unexpectedly enough, in one of his\nofficial chiefs, whose first appearance in his life was to him like a\nwarm \u201cray of sunlight\u201d piercing the icy atmosphere of winter.\nThe incident is worth recording: it is all the more delightful in that\nFabre, instead of thrusting himself forward, sought rather to draw\nback, seeming more anxious to avoid than to recommend himself for\nadministrative favours.\n    The chief inspectors visited our grammar-school. These personages\n    travel in pairs: one attends to literature, the other to science.\n    When the inspection was over and the books checked, the staff was\n    summoned to the principal\u2019s drawing-room, to receive the parting\n    admonitions of the two luminaries. The man of science began. I\n    should be sadly put to it to remember what he said. It was cold\n    professional prose, made up of soulless words which the hearer\n    forgot once the speaker\u2019s back was turned, words merely boring to\n    both. I had heard enough of these chilly sermons in my time; one\n    more of them could not hope to make an impression on me.\n    The inspector in literature spoke next. At the first words which he\n    uttered, I said to myself:\n    \u201cOho! This is a very different business!\u201d\n    The speech was alive and vigorous and imageful; indifferent to\n    scholastic commonplaces, the ideas soared, hovering gently in the\n    serene heights of a kindly philosophy. This time, I listened with\n    pleasure; I even felt stirred. Here was no official homily: it was\n    full of impassioned zeal, of words that carried you with them,\n    uttered by an honest man accomplished in the art of speaking, an\n    orator in the true sense of the word. In all my school experience,\n    I had never had such a treat.\n    When the meeting broke up my heart beat faster than usual:\n    \u201cWhat a pity,\u201d I thought, \u201cthat my side, the science side, cannot\n    bring me into contact, some day, with that inspector! It seems to\n    me that we should become great friends.\u201d\n    I inquired his name of my colleagues, who were always\n    better-informed than I. They told me it was Victor Duruy.\n    Well, one day, two years later, as I was looking after my\n    Saint-Martial laboratory in the midst of the steam from my vats,\n    with my hands the colour of boiled lobster-claws from constant\n    dipping in the indelible red of my dyes, there walked in,\n    unexpectedly, a person whose features straightway seemed familiar.\n    I was right; it was the very man, the chief-inspector whose speech\n    had once stirred me. M. Duruy was now Minister of Public\n    Instruction. He was styled \u201cYour Excellency\u201d; and this style,\n    usually an empty formula, was well-deserved in the present case,\n    for our new minister excelled in his exalted functions. We all held\n    him in high esteem. He was the workers\u2019 minister, the man for the\n    humble toiler.\n    \u201cI want to spend my last half-hour at Avignon with you,\u201d said my\n    visitor with a smile. \u201cThat will be a relief from the official\n    bowing and scraping.\u201d\n    Overcome by the honour paid me, I apologised for my costume\u2014I was\n    in my short-sleeves\u2014and especially for my lobster-claws, which I\n    had tried, for a moment, to hide behind my back.\n    \u201cYou have nothing to apologise for. I came to see the worker. The\n    working-man never looks better than in his overall, with the marks\n    of his trade on him. Let us have a talk. What are you doing just\n    I explained, in a few words, the object of my researches; I showed\n    my product; I executed under the minister\u2019s eyes a little attempt\n    at printing in madder-red. The success of the experiment and the\n    simplicity of my apparatus, in which an evaporating dish,\n    maintained at boiling-point under a glass funnel, took the place of\n    a steam-chamber, caused him some surprise.\n    \u201cI will help you,\u201d he said. \u201cWhat do you want for your laboratory?\u201d\n    \u201cWhy, nothing, Monsieur le Ministre, nothing! With a little\n    application, the plant I have is ample.\u201d\n    \u201cWhat, nothing! You are unique there! The others overwhelm me with\n    requests; their laboratories are never well enough supplied. And\n    you, poor as you are, refuse my offers!\u201d\n    \u201cNo, there is one thing which I will accept.\u201d\n    \u201cWhat is that?\u201d\n    \u201cThe signal honour of shaking you by the hand.\u201d\n    \u201cThere you are, my friend, with all my heart. But that\u2019s not\n    enough. What else do you want?\u201d\n    \u201cThe Paris Jardin des Plantes is under your control. Should a\n    crocodile die, let them keep the hide for me. I will stuff it with\n    straw and hang it from the ceiling. Thus adorned, my workshop will\n    rival the wizard\u2019s den.\u201d\n    The minister cast his eyes round the nave and glanced up at the\n    Gothic vault:\n    \u201cYes, it would look very well.\u201d And he gave a laugh at my sally. \u201cI\n    now know you as a chemist,\u201d he continued. \u201cI knew you already as a\n    naturalist and a writer. I have heard about your little animals. I\n    am sorry that I shall have to leave without seeing them. They must\n    wait for another occasion. My train will be starting presently.\n    Walk with me to the station, will you? We shall be alone and we can\n    chat a bit more on the way.\u201d\n    We strolled along, discussing entomology and madder. My shyness had\n    disappeared. The self-sufficiency of a fool would have left me\n    dumb; the fine frankness of a lofty mind put me at my ease. I told\n    him of my experiments in natural history, of my plans for a\n    professorship, of my fight with harsh fate, my hopes and fears. He\n    encouraged me, spoke to me of a better future. We reached the\n    station and walked up and down outside, talking away delightfully.\n    A poor old woman passed, all in rags, her back bent by age and\n    years of work in the fields. She furtively put out her hand for\n    alms. Duruy felt in his waistcoat, found a two-franc piece, and\n    placed it in the outstretched hand; I wanted to add a couple of\n    sous as my contribution, but my pockets were empty, as usual. I\n    went to the beggar-woman and whispered in her ear:\n    \u201cDo you know who gave you that? It\u2019s the Emperor\u2019s minister.\u201d\n    The poor woman started; and her astounded eyes wandered from the\n    open-handed swell to the piece of silver and from the piece of\n    silver to the open-handed swell. What a surprise! What a windfall!\n    \u201cQue lou bou Di\u00e9u i\u00e9 done longo vido e santa, p\u00e9ca\u00efre!\u201d she said in\n    her cracked voice.\n    And, curtseying and nodding, she withdrew, still staring at the\n    coin in the palm of her hand.\n    \u201cWhat did she say?\u201d asked Duruy.\n    \u201cShe wished you long life and health.\u201d\n    \u201cAnd p\u00e9ca\u00efre?\u201d\n    \u201cP\u00e9ca\u00efre is a poem in itself: it sums up all the gentler passions.\u201d\n    And I myself mentally repeated the artless vow. The man who stops\n    so kindly when a beggar puts out her hand has something better in\n    his soul than the mere qualities that go to make a minister.\n    We entered the station, still alone, as promised, and I quite\n    without misgivings. Had I but foreseen what was going to happen,\n    how I should have hastened to take my leave! Little by little a\n    group formed in front of us. It was too late to fly: I had to screw\n    up my courage. Came the general of division and his officers, came\n    the prefect and his secretary, the mayor and his deputy, the\n    school-inspector and the pick of the staff. The minister faced the\n    ceremonial semicircle. I stood next to him. A crowd at one side, we\n    two on the other. Followed the regulation spinal contortions, the\n    empty obeisances which my dear Duruy had come to my laboratory to\n    forget. When bowing to St. Roch, [76] in his corner niche, the\n    worshipper at the same time salutes the saint\u2019s humble companion. I\n    was something like St. Roch\u2019s dog in the presence of those honours\n    which did not concern me. I stood and looked on, with my awful red\n    hands concealed behind my back, under the broad brim of my felt\n    After the official compliments had been exchanged, the conversation\n    began to languish; and the minister seized my right hand and gently\n    drew it from the mysterious recesses of my wideawake:\n    \u201cWhy don\u2019t you show those gentlemen your hands?\u201d he said. \u201cMost\n    people would be proud of them.\u201d\n    I vainly protested with a jerk of the elbow. I had to comply, and I\n    displayed my lobster-claws.\n    \u201cWorkman\u2019s hands,\u201d said the prefect\u2019s secretary. \u201cRegular workman\u2019s\n    hands.\u201d\n    The general, almost scandalised at seeing me in such distinguished\n    company, added:\n    \u201cHands of a dyer and cleaner.\u201d\n    \u201cYes, workman\u2019s hands,\u201d retorted the minister, \u201cand I wish you many\n    like them. Believe me, they will do much to help the chief industry\n    of your city. Skilled as they are in chemical work, they are\n    equally capable of wielding the pen, the pencil, the scalpel, and\n    the lens. As you here seem unaware of it, I am delighted to inform\n    This time I should have liked the ground to open and swallow me up.\n    Fortunately the bell rang for the train to start. I said good-bye\n    to the minister and, hurriedly taking to flight, left him laughing\n    at the trick which he had played me.\n    The incident was noised about, could not help being so, for the\n    peristyle of a railway station keeps no secrets. I then learnt to\n    what annoyances the shadow of the great exposes us. I was looked\n    upon as an influential person, having the favour of the gods at my\n    entire disposal. Place-hunters and canvassers tormented me. One\n    wanted a licence to sell tobacco and stamps, another a scholarship\n    for his son, another an increase of his pension. I had only to ask\n    and I should obtain, said they.\n    O simple people, what an illusion was yours! You could not have hit\n    upon a worse intermediary. I figuring as a postulant! I have many\n    faults, I admit, but that is certainly not one of them. I got rid\n    of the importunate people as best I could, though they were utterly\n    unable to fathom my reserve. What would they have said had they\n    known of the minister\u2019s offers with regard to my laboratory and my\n    jesting reply, in which I asked for a crocodile-skin to hang from\n    my ceiling! They would have taken me for an idiot.\n    Six months elapsed; and I received a letter summoning me to call\n    upon the minister at his office. I suspected a proposal to promote\n    me to a more important grammar-school, and wrote begging that I\n    might be left where I was, among my vats and my insects. A second\n    letter arrived, more pressing than the first and signed by the\n    minister\u2019s own hand. This letter said:\n    \u201cCome at once, or I shall send my gendarmes to fetch you.\u201d\n    There was no way out of it. Twenty-four hours later I was in M.\n    Duruy\u2019s room. He welcomed me with exquisite cordiality, gave me his\n    hand and, taking up a number of the Moniteur:\n    \u201cRead that,\u201d he said. \u201cYou refused my chemical apparatus; but you\n    won\u2019t refuse this.\u201d\n    I looked at the line to which his finger pointed. I read my name in\n    the list of the Legion of Honour. Quite stupid with surprise, I\n    stammered the first words of thanks that entered my head.\n    \u201cCome here,\u201d said he, \u201cand let me give you the accolade. I will be\n    your sponsor. You will like the ceremony all the better if it is\n    held in private, between you and me: I know you!\u201d\n    He pinned the red ribbon to my coat, kissed me on both cheeks, made\n    me telegraph the great event to my family. What a morning, spent\n    with that good man!\n    I well know the vanity of decorative ribbonry and tinware,\n    especially when, as too often happens, intrigue degrades the honour\n    conferred; but, coming as it did, that bit of ribbon is precious to\n    me. It is a relic, not an object for show. I keep it religiously in\n    a drawer.\n    There was a parcel of big books on the table, a collection of the\n    reports on the progress of science drawn up for the International\n    Exhibition of 1867, which had just closed.\n    \u201cThose books are for you,\u201d continued the minister. \u201cTake them with\n    you. You can look through them at your leisure: they may interest\n    you. There is something about your insects in them. You\u2019re to have\n    this too: it will pay for your journey. The trip which I made you\n    take must not be at your own expense. If there is anything over,\n    spend it on your laboratory.\u201d\n    And he handed me a roll of twelve hundred francs. In vain I\n    refused, remarking that my journey was not so burdensome as all\n    that; besides, his embrace and his bit of ribbon were of\n    inestimable value compared with my disbursements. He insisted:\n    \u201cTake it,\u201d he said, \u201cor I shall be very angry. There\u2019s something\n    else: you must come to the Emperor with me to-morrow, to the\n    reception of the learned societies.\u201d\n    Seeing me greatly perplexed, and as though demoralised by the\n    prospect of an imperial interview:\n    \u201cDon\u2019t try to escape me,\u201d he said, \u201cor look out for the gendarmes\n    of my letter! You saw the fellows in the bear-skin caps on your way\n    up. Mind you don\u2019t fall into their hands. In any case, lest you\n    should be tempted to run away, we will go to the Tuileries together\n    in my carriage.\u201d\n    Things happened as he wished. The next day, in the minister\u2019s\n    company, I was ushered into a little drawing-room at the Tuileries\n    by chamberlains in knee-breeches and silver-buckled shoes. They\n    were queer people to look at. Their uniforms and their stiff gait\n    gave them the appearance, in my eyes, of Beetles who, by way of\n    wingcases, wore a great, gold-laced dress-coat, with a key in the\n    small of the back. There were already a score of persons from all\n    parts waiting in the room. These included geographical explorers,\n    botanists, geologists, antiquaries, arch\u00e6ologists, collectors of\n    prehistoric flints, in short, the usual representatives of\n    provincial scientific life.\n    The Emperor entered, very simply dressed, with no parade about him\n    beyond a wide, red, watered-silk ribbon across his chest. No sign\n    of majesty, an ordinary man, round and plump, with a large\n    moustache and a pair of half-closed drowsy eyes. He moved from one\n    to the other, talking to each of us for a moment as the minister\n    mentioned our names and the nature of our occupations. He showed a\n    fair amount of information as he changed his subject from the\n    ice-floes of Spitsbergen to the dunes of Gascony, from a\n    Carlovingian charter to the flora of the Sahara, from the progress\n    in beetroot-growing to C\u00e6sar\u2019s trenches before Alesia. When my turn\n    came, he questioned me upon the hypermetamorphosis of the Meloid\u00e6,\n    my last essay in entomology. I answered as best I could,\n    floundering a little in the proper mode of address, mixing up the\n    everyday monsieur with sire, a word whose use was so utterly new to\n    me. I passed through the dread straits, and others succeeded me. My\n    five minutes\u2019 conversation with an imperial majesty was, they say,\n    a most distinguished honour. I am quite ready to believe them, but\n    I never had a desire to repeat it.\n    The reception came to an end, bows were exchanged, and we were\n    dismissed. A luncheon awaited us at the minister\u2019s house. I sat on\n    his right, not a little embarrassed by the privilege: on his left\n    was a physiologist of great renown. Like the others, I spoke of all\n    manner of things, including even Avignon Bridge. Duruy\u2019s son,\n    sitting opposite me, chaffed me pleasantly about the famous bridge\n    on which everybody dances; [77] he smiled at my impatience to get\n    back to the thyme-scented hills and the grey olive-yards rich in\n    Grasshoppers.\n    \u201cWhat!\u201d said his father. \u201cWon\u2019t you visit our museums, our\n    collections? There are some very interesting things there.\u201d\n    \u201cI know, Monsieur le Ministre, but I shall find better things,\n    things more to my taste, in the incomparable museum of the fields.\u201d\n    \u201cThen what do you propose to do?\u201d\n    \u201cI propose to go back to-morrow.\u201d\n    I did go back, I had had enough of Paris: never had I felt such\n    tortures of loneliness as in that immense whirl of humanity. To get\n    away, to get away was my one idea. [78]\nIn re-reading this curious and attractive episode of Fabre\u2019s career,\nour mind was haunted by the no less attractive memory of another\nillustrious son of our Aveyron, which shares his glory with Provence.\nLike the author of the Souvenirs entomologiques, the writer of the\nPo\u00e9sie des B\u00eates is the son of humble Aveyron peasants, who raised\nhimself by his own efforts from the first to the second grade of school\nteachers, and whose genius, like that of Fabre, faithful to the\nenvironment in which he was born, confines itself, with jealous care,\nlike that of the naturalist, to the \u201cincomparable museum of the\nfields,\u201d which he describes with the same clearness of vision and the\nsame sincerity of feeling.\nLike Fabre, Fabi\u00e9 is a modest man, who does not readily emerge from the\nobscurity in which his native timidity delights. In his case again it\nneeded the perspicacity and kindliness of Duruy, \u201cthe champion of the\nmodest and the laborious,\u201d to single him out and drag him out of his\nhole; just as, at the present time, a Parisian publicist, of whom his\nfine talents have made a conquest, has truly remarked, it needed the\nenergetic intervention of his friends to give his poetic genius the\nsupreme consecration reserved for the works of our most eminent\nwriters: \u201cThank heaven, the author of the Po\u00e9sie des B\u00eates and Bonne\nTerre has friends who admire the poet as greatly as they esteem the\nman, and if M. Fran\u00e7ois Fabi\u00e9 cannot make up his mind to emerge from\nthe obscurity in which he has only too long, indeed always, enveloped\nhimself, I venture to hope that they will not hesitate to take him by\nthe shoulders and bring him out into the broad light of day, and that\nthey will then propel him willy-nilly across the Pont des Arts at the\nend of which rises the dome of the illustrious Forty.\u201d [80]\nOne might say the same of Fabre. Some one should have taken him, too,\nby the shoulders and pushed him forcibly across the Pont des Arts, and\nshould then have kept his eyes upon him until he reached his\ndestination, lest he should turn aside and fly for the Pont d\u2019Avignon,\nfor we must not forget that Duruy and his gendarmes, although they were\ncapable of making him come to Paris, were incapable of keeping him\nthere.\nFortunately Fabre\u2019s work is not of the kind that needs, for its\nsurvival, the factitious glitter of honours. By its own merit it\nassures his name of an immortality greater than that of the Immortal\nForty.\nThere were three men, at this period of Fabre\u2019s life, who contributed\nnot a little to kindle or revive the fires of his scientific activity.\nDufour\u2019s essays furnished the spark that made the inward flame burst\ninto a magnificent blaze of light. Experience and the example of\nPasteur added fuel to the fire, by teaching him to keep as far as\npossible in close contact with nature. Duruy\u2019s good will brought to\nthis blaze the vivifying breath without which all ardour becomes\nchilled and all light extinguished.\nBut genius does not merely develop under the impulse of the inner life,\nand the influence of the external life, which in some men is more\npotent and more active; it is determined also by the pressure of\nevents, of which the most painful are not always the least effectual.\nWho does not know that famous line of Musset\u2019s, which has almost become\na proverb:\n    \u201cL\u2019homme est un apprenti, la douleur est son ma\u00eetre.\u201d\n    (Man\u2019s an apprentice, and his master, sorrow.)\nLike so many others, Fabre learned this by cruel yet fortunate\nexperience. He had to suffer poverty, lack of success, and persecution,\nyet these were to him so many stepping-stones by which he rose to the\nserene and solitary height where his genius could at last unfurl its\nwings in freedom and soar at will.\nWhile Fabre had no ambition in respect of the Acad\u00e9mie, he was\nambitious where the University was concerned. Absolutely careless of\ntitles and dignities, he was particularly eager to learn and to teach\nothers as widely and as completely as possible. It was not enough for\nhim to possess the knowledge requisite for a professor in a lyc\u00e9e, as\nit had not been enough to qualify for a primary schoolmaster. He wanted\nto attain that rare degree of knowledge which the higher education\ndemands; he dreamed of occupying a chair of natural history in a\nfaculty. Then he could free himself from the material tasks that\nconstituted the danger as well as the merit of the secondary\nschoolmaster; he could devote himself at leisure to those wonderful\nnatural sciences in which he glimpsed, not only a vitality and\ninspiration that appealed to his habit of mind, but a wealth of new\nsubjects to be treated, of rich veins to be mined.\nTo serve this noble ambition he needed the prestige of the degrees that\nwould lead to the coveted chair. He won them as he had won those that\ngave him access to the second degree of instruction, without guide or\nmaster, by the sole effort of his mind and will.\nIn 1858 he easily won his degree as licentiate in the natural sciences\nbefore the Faculty of Toulouse.\nIt is an eloquent fact that instead of being, as it is for so many\nothers, a goal and an end in itself, the licentiate was for Fabre but a\nbrief parenthesis in his life of study, a stage no sooner reached than\ncrossed on the infinite path of knowledge.\nThe next step was that of the doctorate. It was achieved with no less\nardour and success than the previous one. This is almost all we can say\nof it, for the hero of this history speaks of it only incidentally,\nbecause it is connected with the story of one of his insects. But for\nthe Languedocian Scorpion the Souvenirs would leave us in ignorance of\nhis degree of Doctor of Science.\nIt was not long before Fabre saw that it was not enough to possess all\nthe scientific degrees you will in order to realise the long-cherished\nproject of teaching natural history in a Faculty.\nIt was an inspector-general and a mathematician of the name of Rollier\nwho undertook to inform him of this. Here is the incident as related by\nFabre himself:\n    My colleagues used to call him the Crocodile. Perhaps he had given\n    them a rough time in the course of his inspections. For all his\n    boorish ways he was an excellent man at heart. I owe him a piece of\n    advice which greatly influenced my future studies.\n    That day he suddenly appeared, alone, in the schoolroom, where I\n    was taking a class in geometrical drawing. I must explain that, at\n    this time, to eke out my ridiculous salary, and, at all costs, to\n    provide a living for myself and my large family, I was a mighty\n    pluralist, both inside the college and out. At the college in\n    particular, after two hours of physics, chemistry or natural\n    history, came, without respite, another two hours\u2019 lesson, in which\n    I taught the boys how to make a projection in descriptive geometry,\n    how to draw a geodetic plane, a curve of any kind whose law of\n    generation is known to us. This was called graphics.\n    The sudden irruption of the dread personage causes me no great\n    flurry. Twelve o\u2019clock strikes, the pupils go out and we are left\n    alone. I know him to be a geometrician. The transcendental curve,\n    perfectly drawn, may work upon his gentler mood. I happen to have\n    in my portfolio the very thing to please him. Fortune serves me\n    well, in this special circumstance. Among my boys there is one who,\n    though a regular dunce at everything else, is a first-rate hand\n    with the square, the compass, and the drawing-pen: a deft-fingered\n    numskull, in short.\n    With the aid of a system of tangents of which I first showed him\n    the rule and the method of construction, my artist has obtained the\n    ordinary cycloid, followed by the interior and the exterior\n    epicycloid, and, lastly, the same curves both lengthened and\n    shortened. His drawings are admirable Spiders\u2019 webs, encircling the\n    cunning curve in their net. The draughtsmanship is so accurate that\n    it is easy to deduce from it beautiful theorems which would be very\n    laborious to work out by the calculus.\n    I submit the geometrical masterpieces to my chief-inspector, who is\n    himself said to be smitten with geometry. I modestly describe the\n    method of construction, I call his attention to the fine deductions\n    which the drawing enables one to make. It is labour lost: he gives\n    but a heedless glance at my sheets and flings each on the table as\n    I hand it to him.\n    \u201cAlas!\u201d said I to myself. \u201cThere is a storm brewing; the cycloid\n    won\u2019t save you; it\u2019s your turn for a bite from the Crocodile!\u201d\n    Not a bit of it. Behold the bugbear growing genial. He sits down on\n    a bench, with one leg here, another there, invites me to take a\n    seat by his side and, in a moment, we are discussing graphics.\n    Then, bluntly:\n    \u201cHave you any money?\u201d he asks.\n    Astounded at this strange question, I answer with a smile.\n    \u201cDon\u2019t be afraid,\u201d he says. \u201cConfide in me. I\u2019m asking you in your\n    own interest. Have you any capital?\u201d\n    \u201cI have no reason to be ashamed of my poverty, Monsieur\n    l\u2019inspecteur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. I frankly admit, I possess nothing; my means\n    are limited to my modest salary.\u201d\n    A frown greets my answer; and I hear, spoken in an undertone, as\n    though my confessor were talking to himself:\n    \u201cThat\u2019s sad, that\u2019s really very sad.\u201d\n    Astonished to find my penury treated as sad, I ask for an\n    explanation: I was not accustomed to this solicitude on the part of\n    my superiors.\n    \u201cWhy, yes, it\u2019s a great pity,\u201d continues the man reputed so\n    terrible. \u201cI have read your articles in the Annales des sciences\n    naturelles. You have an observant mind, a taste for research, a\n    lively style and a ready pen. You would have made a capital\n    university-professor.\u201d\n    \u201cBut that\u2019s just what I\u2019m aiming at!\u201d\n    \u201cGive up the idea.\u201d\n    \u201cHaven\u2019t I the necessary attainment?\u201d\n    \u201cYes, you have; but you have no capital.\u201d\n    The great obstacle stands revealed to me: woe to the poor in\n    pocket! University teaching demands a private income. Be as\n    ordinary, as commonplace as you please; but, above all, possess the\n    coin that lets you cut a dash. That is the main thing; the rest is\n    a secondary condition.\n    And the worthy man tells me what poverty in a frock-coat means.\n    Though less of a pauper than I, he has known the mortification of\n    it; he describes it to me, excitedly, in all its bitterness. I\n    listen to him with an aching heart; I see the refuge which was to\n    shelter my future crumbling before my eyes:\n    \u201cYou have done me a great service, sir,\u201d I answer. \u201cYou put an end\n    to my hesitation. For the moment, I give up my plan. I will first\n    see if it is possible to earn the small fortune which I shall need\n    if I am to teach in a decent manner.\u201d\n    Thereupon we exchanged a friendship grip of the hand and parted. I\n    never saw him again. His fatherly arguments had soon convinced me:\n    I was prepared to hear the blunt truth. A few months earlier I had\n    received my nomination as an assistant-lecturer in zoology at the\n    university of Poitiers. They offered me a ludicrous salary. After\n    paying the costs of moving, I should have had hardly three francs a\n    day left; and, on this income, I should have had to keep my family,\n    numbering seven in all. I hastened to decline the very great\n    honour.\n    No, science ought not to practise these jests. If we humble persons\n    are of use to her, she should at least enable us to live. If she\n    can\u2019t do that, then let her leave us to break stones on the\n    highway. Oh, yes, I was prepared for the truth when that honest\n    fellow talked to me of frock-coated poverty! I am telling the story\n    of a not very distant past. Since then things have improved\n    considerably; but, when the pear was properly ripened, I was no\n    longer of an age to pick it.\nHowever, notwithstanding Rollier\u2019s confidences, Fabre had deferred\nrather than definitely abandoned the execution of his project. Since\nhis impecuniosity was the only obstacle to the realisation of his\nwishes, could he not seek to uplift himself, as others had done, by\ndaring and willing? In the meantime was it not better to make a great\neffort in this direction than to remain for ever sunk in the material\nanxieties and ungrateful tasks of the lyc\u00e9e?\nThe question as to how to free and simultaneously uplift himself\nexercised the mind of Fabre at this time.\n    And what was I to do now [he writes] to overcome the difficulty\n    mentioned by my inspector and confirmed by my personal experience?\n    I would take up industrial chemistry. The municipal lectures at\n    Saint-Martial placed a spacious and fairly well-equipped laboratory\n    at my disposal. Why not make the most of it?\n    The chief manufacture of Avignon was madder. The farmer supplied\n    the raw material to the factories, where it was turned into purer\n    and more concentrated products. My predecessor had gone in for it\n    and done well by it, so people said. I would follow in his\n    footsteps and use the vats and furnaces, the expensive plant which\n    I had inherited. So to work.\n    What should I set myself to produce? I proposed to extract the\n    colouring-substance, alizarin, to separate it from the other\n    matters found with it in the root, to obtain it in the pure state\n    and in a form that allowed of the direct printing of the stuffs, a\n    much quicker and more artistic method than the old dyeing process.\n    Nothing could be simpler than this problem, once the solution was\n    known; but how tremendously obscure while it had still to be\n    solved! I dare not call to mind all the imagination and patience\n    spent upon endless endeavours which nothing, not even the madness\n    of them, discouraged. What mighty meditations in the sombre church!\n    What glowing dreams, soon to be followed by sore disappointment\n    when experiment spoke the last word and upset the scaffolding of my\n    plans! Stubborn as the slave of old amassing a peculium for his\n    enfranchisement, I used to reply to the check of yesterday by the\n    fresh attempt of to-morrow, often as faulty as the others,\n    sometimes the richer by an improvement; and I went on\n    indefatigably, for I, too, cherished the indomitable ambition to\n    set myself free.\n    Should I succeed? Perhaps so. I at last had a satisfactory answer.\n    I obtained, in a cheap and practical fashion, the pure\n    colouring-matter, concentrated in a small volume and excellent for\n    both printing and dyeing. One of my friends took up my process on a\n    large scale in his works; a few calico-factories adopted the\n    produce and expressed themselves delighted with it. The future\n    smiled at last; a pink rift opened in my grey sky. I should possess\n    the modest fortune without which I must deny myself the pleasure of\n    teaching in a university. Freed of the torturing anxiety about my\n    daily bread, I should be able to live at ease among my insects.\nTo these delights of industrial chemistry, the mistress of her problems\nand rich in future promise, were added, by an additional stroke of good\nfortune, the flattering congratulations and encouragement of the\nMinister Duruy and the Emperor Napoleon. [82] It seemed as though,\nafter struggling long against the tide, his frail vessel had a fair\nwind astern; it seemed about to come into port; surely at last his\nutmost desires were about to be realised!\n    Once home amidst my family, I felt a mighty load off my mind and a\n    great joy in my heart, where rang a peal of bells proclaiming the\n    delights of my approaching emancipation. Little by little, the\n    factory that was to set me free rose skywards, full of promises.\n    Yes, I should possess the modest income which would crown my\n    ambition by allowing me to descant on animals and plants in a\n    university chair.\n    \u201cWell, no,\u201d said Fate, \u201cyou shall not acquire the freedman\u2019s\n    peculium; you shall remain a slave, dragging your chain behind you;\n    your peal of bells rings false!\u201d\n    Hardly was the factory in full swing, when a piece of news was\n    bruited, at first a vague rumour, an echo of probabilities rather\n    than certainties, and then a positive statement leaving no room for\n    doubt. Chemistry had obtained the madder-dye by artificial means;\n    thanks to a laboratory concoction, it was utterly overthrowing the\n    agriculture and industries of my district. This result, while\n    destroying my work and my hopes, did not surprise me unduly. I\n    myself had toyed with the problem of artificial alizarin; and I\n    knew enough about it to foresee that, in no very distant future,\n    the product of the chemist\u2019s retort would take the place of the\n    product of the fields. [83]\nIt was only a step from the Capitol to the Tarpeian Rock. He who but\nnow had discovered Peru was about to feel more keenly than ever the\nsharp pangs of poverty; he whom science and fortune had lately\nconspired to raise to one of the highest chairs in the University was\nto be forced to descend from the modest desk of a lyc\u00e9e professor; he\nwhom the friendship and admiration of Duruy had dreamed, it is said, of\npromoting to the high dignity of tutor to the Prince Imperial [84] was\nnow to be forbidden to teach the schoolgirls of his own Provence!\nFor it was about this time that \u201che attempted to found at Avignon a\nsort of system of secondary education for young girls,\u201d and delivered,\nin the ancient abbey of Saint-Martial, those famous free lectures which\nremained so celebrated in the memory of the generation of that period,\nand at which an eager crowd thronged to hear him, among the most\nassiduous members being Roumanille, the friend of Mistral, who knew the\nexquisite secret of weaving into his melodies \u201cthe laughter of young\ngirls and the flowers of spring.\u201d\nFor no one could explain a fact better than Fabre; no one could\nelucidate it so fully and so clearly. No one could teach as he did, so\nsimply, so picturesquely, yet in so original a fashion.\nAnd he had the power of communicating to his hearers his own\nconviction, his profound faith, the sacred fire that inspired him, the\npassion which he felt for all natural things.\nBut there were sufficient reasons to set the sectarians all agog and\nexcite the rancour of the envious, some regarding this great novelty of\nplacing the natural sciences within reach of young girls as a heresy\nand even a scandal, others finding it unsatisfactory that this\n\u201cirregular person, the child of his own solitary studies, should fill,\nby his work, his successes, and the magic of his teaching, a place so\napart and so disproportionate. Their cavilling, their underhand cabals,\ntheir secret man\u0153uvring won an easy triumph.\u201d In what hateful and\ntragic fashion we must let him tell us in his own words:\n    The first of these removals took place in 1870. A little earlier, a\n    minister who has left a lasting memory in the university, that fine\n    man Victor Duruy, [85] had instituted classes for the secondary\n    education of girls. This was the beginning, as far as was then\n    possible, of the burning question of to-day. I very gladly lent my\n    humble aid to this labour of light. I was put to teach physical and\n    natural science. I had faith, and was not sparing of work, with the\n    result that I rarely faced a more attentive or interested audience.\n    The days on which the lessons fell were red-letter days, especially\n    when the lesson was botany and the table disappeared from view\n    under the treasures of the neighbouring conservatories.\n    That was going too far. In fact, you can see how heinous my crime\n    was: I taught those young persons what air and water are; whence\n    the lightning comes and the thunder; by what device our thoughts\n    are transmitted across the seas and continents by means of a metal\n    wire; why fire burns and why we breathe; how a seed puts forth\n    shoots and how a flower blossoms: all eminently hateful things in\n    the eyes of some people, whose feeble eyes are dazzled by the light\n    of day.\n    The little lamp must be put out as quickly as possible and measures\n    taken to get rid of the officious person who strove to keep it\n    alight. The scheme was darkly plotted with the old maids who owned\n    my house and who saw the abomination of desolation in these new\n    educational methods. I had no written agreement to protect me. The\n    bailiff appeared with a notice on stamped paper. It baldly informed\n    me that I must move out within four weeks from date, failing which\n    the law would turn my goods and chattels into the street. I had\n    hurriedly to provide myself with a dwelling. The first house which\n    we found happened to be at Orange. Thus was my exodus from Avignon\n    effected. [86]\nAfter this we understand why it was that Fabre cried:\n\u201cIt is all over; the downfall of my hopes is complete!\u201d\nBut no, beloved master! All was not over. The immortal work with which\nyour name is connected was as yet to be begun. This ruin, this\nmortification, this grievous overthrow of all your hopes in connection\nwith the University were even needed to lead you back to the fields, to\nenable you to raise, in all its amplitude and its exquisite\noriginality, the scientific edifice of which you may say, with the\nancient poet: Exegi monumentum aere perennis. [87]\nM. Edmond Perrier very judiciously remarked, in his speech at S\u00e9rignan:\n\u201cIn Paris, in a great city, you would have had great difficulty in\nfinding your beloved insects, and entomology would have lost a great\npart of those magnificent observations which are the glory of French\nscience.\u201d\nSo it was, in reality, advantageous, as regards his destiny, that Fabre\nsuffered, at this juncture of his history, this accumulation of trials,\nso grievous to experience, yet so fortunate in their consequences that\nthey remind us of the sublime passage of the Gospel, whose sayings\nregarding eternal life are often rich in lessons for this our present\nlife: \u201cHe that loses his life shall save it.\u201d\n        (End of the first volume in the French edition.)\nCHAPTER XIII\nRETIREMENT: ORANGE\nIt is commonly enough thought that a professor on his vacations and a\npensioned official are very much the same\u2014that both art created and put\ninto the world merely to kill time and savour the delights of far\nniente. Such was never Fabre\u2019s opinion. While he loved nothing so well\nas his Thursdays and vacations, this was because he then had more\nfreedom to devote himself to his favourite studies. If he resigned\nhimself readily to a premature retirement, if he was even happy to\nshake off the yoke of the lyc\u00e9e, this was because he had quite\ndefinitely determined to work more quietly and continuously; because he\nhoped to increase the ardour and fertility of his mind by a closer and\nmore lasting intercourse with the world of Nature.\nAt the same time he found himself compelled to look to his pen for that\nassurance of material life which his retorts had refused him, and which\nhis meagre professor\u2019s pension afforded but insufficiently. \u201cWhat is to\nbe done now?\u201d he cried, after the collapse of his industrial hopes and\nprofessorial ambitions. \u201cLet us try another lever and resume rolling\nthe Sisyphean stone. Let us seek to draw from the ink-pot what the\nmadder-vat and the Alma Mater refuses us. Laboremus!\u201d\nLaboremus! That indeed is the fitting motto for this period of his\nlife, no less than for the earlier part of it. For it was then that he\nwrote the greater number of his numerous handbooks, now classic, and it\nwas then that he began to write and to publish his Souvenirs\nentomologiques, without ceasing on that account his great life-work,\nthe passionate observation of the living world.\nStill, it is not so much the man\u2019s work as the man, and not so much the\nstudent as the man himself, that we wish to evoke in this chapter.\nTo live happily, we must live hidden from sight, far from the troubles\nof the world, exercising our minds and cultivating our talents at\nleisure. Such evidently was Fabre\u2019s idea from the time of his departure\nfrom Avignon; and it plainly reveals to us one of the salient features\nof his moral physiognomy.\nBut he could not have had the illusion that in thus taking refuge from\nthe tribulations of which the world is the source, he was placing\nhimself beyond the reach of any trials. Is it not written that the life\nof man upon earth is a perpetual struggle against suffering? And if it\nwere not for the cruel wounds which it inflicts upon the poor human\nheart, we ought rather perhaps to bless this law of our destiny; for it\nis one of the qualities of human greatness, of the beauty of the soul\nas of the power of the intellect, that it does not fully reveal itself\nsave under the discipline and empire of suffering.\nAmong the moral qualities of Fabre as we have been able to divine them\nthere is one which the vicissitudes of life revealed more especially\nduring this phase of his existence: I mean his kindliness.\nFabre had the simplicity of the kindly man as well as that of the\ntruthful man. He, who instinctively withdrew from the gaze and the\nmalice of men, cared nothing for their smiles or their disdain when\nthere was a question of adding to his store of scientific data or\nkindly actions, however trivial the matter might be.\nThe following episode is illuminating. Our entomologist was interested,\nas a scientist, in discovering whether the bite of the Black-bellied\nTarantula, deadly to insects, was dangerous to other animals, and to\nman, or whether it was not, in the latter case, a negligible accident.\nHe therefore experimented upon a bird:\n    I make a Tarantula bite the leg of a young, well-fledged Sparrow,\n    ready to leave the nest. A drop of blood flows: the wounded spot is\n    surrounded by a reddish circle, changing to purple. The bird almost\n    immediately loses the use of its leg, which drags, with the toes\n    doubled in; it hops upon the other. Apart from this, the patient\n    does not seem to trouble much about his hurt; his appetite is good.\n    My daughters feed him on flies, bread-crumb, apricot-pulp. He is\n    sure to get well, he will recover his strength; the poor victim of\n    the curiosity of science will be restored to liberty. This is the\n    wish, the intention of us all. Twelve hours later, the hope of a\n    cure increases; the invalid takes nourishment readily; he clamours\n    for it, if we keep him waiting. But the leg still drags. I set this\n    down to a temporary paralysis which will soon disappear. Two days\n    after, he refuses his food. Wrapping himself in his stoicism and\n    his rumpled feathers, the Sparrow hunches into a ball, now\n    motionless, now twitching. My girls take him in the hollow of their\n    hands and warm him with their breath. The spasms become more\n    frequent. A gasp proclaims that all is over. The bird is dead.\n    There was a certain coolness among us at the evening meal. I read\n    mute reproaches, because of my experiment, in the eyes of my\n    home-circle; I read an unspoken accusation of cruelty all around\n    me. The death of the unfortunate Sparrow had saddened the whole\n    family. I myself was not without some remorse of conscience: the\n    poor result achieved seemed to me too dearly bought. I am not made\n    of the stuff of those who, without turning a hair, rip up live Dogs\n    to find out nothing in particular. [88]\nIs there not something touching in the simplicity of the father who,\nwith such good will, becomes a child with his children; and in the\ncompassionate kindness of the man who cannot without grieving witness\nthe death of a Sparrow? Fabre indeed possessed in no common degree that\nquality which, according to Saint Augustine, is the foremost\ncharacteristic of spiritual beauty and, according to the poet of the\nanimals, constitutes the essential nobility of the French mind:\n        \u201cLa bont\u00e9, c\u2019est le fond de tout \u00e2me fran\u00e7aise.\u201d\n        (Kindness, the base of every Frenchman\u2019s mind.)\nIt was, at all events, the basis of his own. And we are conscious of a\nfundamental emotion, an intimate reprobation, that ascends from the\ndepths of his being to oppose all ideas of violence and hatred.\nIt does not surprise us to see the serene kindliness of our compatriot\nveiling itself in dejection and becoming almost pugnacious when\nconfronted by the melancholy exploits of force; for how could he remain\nunaffected before the stupendous barbarism and iniquity of 1870?\nAt the time of his retirement to Orange, Fabre was already the father\nof five children: Antonia, Agla\u00e9, Claire, Emile, and Jules, who, in\ncourse of time, were joined by three others, Paul, Anna, and\nMarie-Pauline.\nIt was not with Fabre as with some intellectuals, whose thoughts and\nlife remain almost strangers to the home which they establish one day\nas though in a moment of distraction, and who divide their lives into\ntwo parts\u2014one being devoted to their professional labours and the other\nreserved for the exigencies of family life.\nLike the pag\u00e8s of his native country who live surrounded by their wives\nand children, sharing their tasks and breaking bread with them, Fabre\nloved to make his family share in his work as well as in his leisure.\nHe too was a worker in the fields, and was persuaded that, just as\nthere can never be too many hands at work to extract their wealth, so\nthere could never be too many eyes at work contemplating their wonders.\nHe made all his children, little as well as big, boys and girls, so\nmany collaborators in his researches, and he loved to scatter their\nnames about the pages of his books. And it is not the least charm of\nthe Souvenirs that we meet in them, at every step, the father hand in\nhand with his children. Passing to and fro, like a refreshing breeze\nthat blows through the scientific aridities of the subject, we feel a\ntwofold current of sympathy flowing from the father to his children and\nthe naturalist to his insects.\nIncapable of living without either of them, he found a way to devote\nhimself to both, and so closely that the bond between them was truly\none that held fast in life and death. Agla\u00e9, Antonia, Claire, Emile,\nand Jules were recruited in turn, and Fabre informs us that their help\nwas often of the greatest value in his entomological researches. And he\nliked to attach his children\u2019s names to those of his insects and his\ndiscoveries. Jules above all was distinguished by these entomological\nhonours, which a father\u2019s gratitude piously laid, with regretful tears,\nupon his untimely grave.\nNot content with dedicating to him the first volume of his Souvenirs,\nFabre again did homage to Jules in the second volume:\n    To my Son Jules.\u2014Beloved child, my zealous collaborator in the\n    study of insects, my perspicacious assistant in the study of\n    plants, it was for your sake that I began this volume; I have\n    continued it for the sake of your memory, and I shall continue it\n    in the bitterness of my mourning. Ah! how hateful is death when it\n    reaps the flower in all the radiance of its blossoming! Your mother\n    and your sisters bring to your tomb wreaths gathered in the rustic\n    flower-bed that you delighted in. To these wreaths, faded by a\n    day\u2019s sunshine, I add this book, which, I hope, will have a\n    to-morrow. It seems to me that it thus prolongs our common studies,\n    fortified as I am by my indomitable faith in a reawakening in the\nWhen the separation from loved ones wounds the heart so grievously and\nwrings from the soul such accents of hope and faith, we need seek no\nother standard to judge a man\u2019s moral worth.\nThe spectacle of a man, thus moved by the death of his dear ones, who\nyet welcomes his own death with serenity, is admirable. Such was the\ncase with Fabre, as proved by the following episode of the same\ndate\u2014i.e. 1879.\n    I am living at Orange in the year 1879. My house stands alone among\n    the fields....\n    After a hard winter, when the snow had lain on the ground for a\n    fortnight, I wanted once more to look into the matter of my\n    Halicti. I was in bed with pneumonia and to all appearances at the\n    point of death. I had little or no pain, thank God, but extreme\n    difficulty in living. With the little lucidity left to me, being\n    able to do no other sort of observing, I observed myself dying; I\n    watched with a certain interest the gradual falling to pieces of my\n    poor machinery. Were it not for the terror of leaving my family,\n    who were still young, I would gladly have departed. The after-life\n    must have so many higher and fairer truths to teach us.\n    My hour had not yet come. When the little lamps of thought began to\n    emerge, all flickering, from the dusk of unconsciousness, I wished\n    to take leave of the Hymenoptera, my fondest joy, and first of all\n    of my neighbour, the Halictus. [90] My son Emile took the spade and\n    went and dug the frozen ground. Not a male was found, of course;\n    but there were plenty of females, numbed with the cold in their\n    cells.\n    A few were brought for me to see, and, roused from their torpor by\n    the warmth of the room, they began to wander about my bed, where I\n    followed them vaguely with my failing eyes. [91]\nIt is very true that, on leaving Orange, Fabre still had \u201cmuch to\nlearn\u201d from the company of Hymenoptera and other insects\u2014the great\nperiod of his entomological career had not yet begun\u2014but the regret\nwith which he left Orange was soon dissipated by the wealth of\nobservations and the facilities for study which his new home offered\nhim.\nLiving in retirement at Orange, on the confines of the town, at the\ngate of the fields, he was as yet only in sight of the promised land.\nAt S\u00e9rignan, in the quiet obscurity of quite a little village, in the\nvery midst of \u201cthe great museum of the fields,\u201d he was truly in\npossession of the country of his dreams; he had found his ideal\nabiding-place, the spot which was in most perfect conformity with his\ntastes and most favourable to his genius.\nCHAPTER XIV\nTHE HERMIT OF S\u00c9RIGNAN (1879\u20131910)\n    Starting from Orange and crossing the Aygues, a torrent whose muddy\n    waters are lost in the Rh\u00f4ne, but whose bed is dried by the July\n    and August suns, leaving only a desert of pebbles, where the\n    Mason-bee builds her pretty turrets of rock-work, we come presently\n    to the S\u00e9rignaise country; an arid, stony tract, planted with vines\n    and olives, coloured a rusty red, or touched here and there with\n    almost the hue of blood; and here and there a grove of cypress\n    makes a sombre blot. To the north runs a long black line of hills,\n    covered with box and ilex and the giant heather of the south. Far\n    in the distance, to the east, the immense plain is closed in by the\n    wall of Saint-Amant and the ridge of the Dentelle, behind which the\n    lofty Ventoux rears its rocky, cloven bosom abruptly to the clouds.\n    At the end of a few miles of dusty road, swept by the powerful\n    breath of the mistral, we suddenly reach a little village. It is a\n    curious little community, with its central street adorned by a\n    double row of plane-trees, its leaping fountains, and its almost\n    Italian air. The houses are lime-washed, with flat roofs; and\n    sometimes, at the side of some small or decrepit dwelling, we see\n    the unexpected curves of a loggia. At a distance the fa\u00e7ade of the\n    church has the harmonious lines of a little antique temple; close\n    at hand is the graceful campanile, an old octagonal tower\n    surmounted by a narrow mitre wrought in hammered iron, in the midst\n    of which are seen the black profiles of the bells.\n    At the entrance of the little market-town, in a solitary corner, in\n    the centre of an enclosure of lofty walls, which are taller than\n    the crests of the pines and cypresses, Fabre\u2019s dwelling is hidden\n    away. A pink house with green shutters, half-hidden amid the sombre\n    foliage, appears at the end of an alley of lilacs, \u201cwhich sway in\n    the spring under the weight of their balmy thyrsi.\u201d Before the\n    house are the shady plane-trees, where during the burning hours of\n    August the cicada of the flowering ash, the deafening cacan,\n    concealed beneath the leaves, fills the hot atmosphere with its\n    eager cries, the only sound that disturbs the profound silence of\n    this solitude.\n    There, in this \u201chermit\u2019s retreat,\u201d as he himself has defined it,\n    the sage is voluntarily sequestered; a true saint of science, an\n    ascetic living only on fruits, vegetables, and a little wine; so in\n    love with retirement that even in the village he was for a long\n    time almost unknown, so careful was he to go round instead of\n    through it on his way to the neighbouring mountain, where he would\n    often spend whole days alone with wild nature.\n    It is in this silent Theba\u00efd, so far from the atmosphere of cities,\n    the vain agitations and storms of the world, that his life has been\n    passed, in unchanging uniformity; and here he has been able to\n    pursue, with resolute labour and incredible patience, that\n    prodigious series of marvellous observations which for nearly fifty\n    years he has never ceased to accumulate.\n    Fran\u00e7ois Sicard, in his faultless medal and his admirable bust, has\n    succeeded with rare felicity in reproducing for posterity this\n    rugged, shaven face, full of laborious years; a peasant face,\n    stamped with originality, under the wide felt hat of Provence;\n    touched with geniality and benevolence, yet reflecting a world of\n    energy. Sicard has fixed for ever this strange mask; the thin\n    cheeks, ploughed into deep furrows, the strained nose, the pendent\n    wrinkles of the throat, the thin, shrivelled lips, with an\n    indescribable fold of bitterness at the corners of the mouth. The\n    hair, tossed back, falls in fine curls over the ears, revealing a\n    high, rounded forehead, obstinate and full of thought. But what\n    chisel, what graver could reproduce the surprising shrewdness of\n    that gaze, eclipsed from time to time by a convulsive tremor of the\n    eyelids! What Holbein, what Chardin could render the almost\n    extraordinary brilliance of those black eyes, those dilated\n    pupils\u2014the eyes of a prophet, a seer; singularly wide and deeply\n    set, as though gazing always upon the mystery of things, as though\n    made expressly to scrutinise Nature and decipher her enigmas? Above\n    the orbits, two short, bristling eye-brows seem set there to guide\n    the vision; one, by dint of knitting itself above the\n    magnifying-glass, has retained an indelible fold of continual\n    attention; the other, on the contrary, always updrawn, has the look\n    of defying the interlocutor, of foreseeing his objections, of\n    waiting with an ever-ready return-thrust. [92]\nIs not the reader dazzled by the brilliant colours, the warm tones of\nthis picture? The Proven\u00e7al light shines upon his face, splendidly\navenging us for the obscurity which had too long withheld him from the\nadmiration of the world.\nWe could not choose a better guide to introduce us to the home of the\nHermit of S\u00e9rignan, and to give us access to his person.\nIn front of the house, beyond a low wall, of a comfortable height to\nlean on, is the most unexpected and improbable of gardens, a kind of\ncouderc\u2014that is, a tract of poor, stony ground, of which the naturalist\nhas made a sort of wild park, jealously protected from the access of\nthe profane, and literally invaded by all sorts of plants and insects.\nFabre speaks of this retreat as follows:\n    This is what I wished for, hoc erat in votis: a bit of land, oh,\n    not so very large, but fenced in, to avoid the drawbacks of a\n    public way; an abandoned, barren, sun-scorched bit of land,\n    favoured by thistles and by Wasps and Bees. Here, without distant\n    expeditions that take up my time, without tiring rambles that\n    strain my nerves, I could contrive my plans of attack, lay my\n    ambushes, and watch their effects at every hour of the day. Hoc\n    erat in votis. Yes, this was my wish, my dream, always cherished,\n    always vanishing into the mists of the future.\n    And it is no easy matter to acquire a laboratory in the open\n    fields, when harassed by a terrible anxiety about one\u2019s daily\n    bread. For forty years have I fought, with steadfast courage,\n    against the paltry plagues of life; and the long-wished-for\n    laboratory has come at last. What it has cost me in perseverance\n    and relentless work I will not try to say. It has come; and with\n    it\u2014a more serious condition\u2014perhaps a little leisure. I say\n    perhaps, for my leg is still hampered by a few links of the\n    convict\u2019s chain.\n    But this is not my business for the moment: I want to speak of the\n    bit of land long cherished in my plans to form a laboratory of\n    living entomology, the bit of land which I have at last obtained in\n    the solitude of a little village. It is a harmas, the name given,\n    in this district, [93] to an untilled, pebbly expanse abandoned to\n    the vegetation of the thyme. It is too poor to repay the work of\n    the plough; but the sheep passes there in spring, when it has\n    chanced to rain and a little grass shoots up.\n    My harmas, however, because of its modicum of red earth, swamped by\n    a huge mass of stones, has received a rough first attempt at\n    cultivation: I am told that vines once grew here. The three-pronged\n    fork is the only implement of husbandry that can penetrate such a\n    soil as this; and I am sorry, for the primitive vegetation has\n    disappeared. No more thyme, no more lavender, no more clumps of\n    kermes-oak, the dwarf oak that forms forests across which we step\n    by lengthening our stride a little. As these plants, especially the\n    first two, might be of use to me by offering the Bees and Wasps a\n    spoil to plunder, I am compelled to reinstate them in the ground\n    whence they were driven by the fork.\n    What abounds without my mediation is the invaders of any soil that\n    is first dug up and then left for a long time to its own resources.\n    We have, in the first rank, the couch-grass, that execrable weed\n    which three years of stubborn warfare have not succeeded in\n    exterminating. Next, in respect of number, come the centauries,\n    grim-looking one and all, bristling with prickles or starry\n    halberds. They are the yellow-flowered centaury, the mountain\n    centaury, the star-thistle and the rough centaury: the first\n    predominates. Here and there, amid their inextricable confusion,\n    stands, like a chandelier with spreading orange flowers for lights,\n    the fierce Spanish oyster-plant, whose spikes are strong as nails.\n    Above it towers the Illyrian cottage-thistle, whose straight and\n    solitary stalk soars to a height of three to six feet and ends in\n    large pink tufts. Its armour hardly yields before that of the\n    oyster-plant. Nor must we forget the lesser thistle tribe, with,\n    first of all, the prickly or \u201ccruel\u201d thistle, which is so well\n    armed that the plant-collector knows not where to grasp it; next,\n    the spear-thistle, with its ample foliage, each of its nervures\n    ending in a spear-head; lastly, the black knap-weed, which gathers\n    itself into a spiky knot. In among these, in long lines armed with\n    hooks, the shoots of the blue dewberry creep along the ground. To\n    visit the prickly thicket where the Wasp goes foraging, you must\n    wear boots that come to mid-leg or else resign yourself to a\n    smarting in the calves. As long as the ground retains some traces\n    of the vernal rains, this rude vegetation does not lack a certain\n    charm. But let the droughts of summer come and we see but a\n    desolate waste, which the flame of a match would set ablaze from\n    one end to the other. Such is, or rather was, when I took\n    possession of it, the Eden of bliss where I mean to live henceforth\n    alone with the insects. Forty years of desperate struggle have won\n    it for me.\n    Eden, I said; and, from the point of view that interests me, the\n    expression is not out of place. This accursed ground, which no one\n    would have had at a gift to sow with a pinch of turnip-seed, is an\n    earthly paradise for the Bees and the Wasps. Its mighty growth of\n    thistles and centauries draws them all to me from everywhere\n    around. Never, in my insect-hunting memories, have I seen so large\n    a population at a single spot; all the trades have made it their\n    rallying-point. Here come hunters of every kind of game, builders\n    in clay, weavers of cotton goods, collectors of pieces cut from a\n    leaf or the petals of a flower, architects in paste-board,\n    plasterers mixing mortar, carpenters boring wood, miners digging\n    underground galleries, workers in goldbeater\u2019s skin, and many more.\n    If I tried to continue this record of the guests of my thistles, it\n    would muster almost the whole of the honey-yielding tribe. A\n    learned entomologist of Bordeaux, Professor P\u00e9rez, to whom I submit\n    the naming of my prizes, once asked me if I had any special means\n    of hunting, to send him so many rarities and even novelties. The\n    whole secret of my hunting is reduced to my dense nursery of\n    thistles and centauries. [94]\nWhat has become of the days when the entomologist lived far from his\nbeloved insects, when he had to seek them in all directions, and even\nto chase them through fields and vineyards, at the risk of alarming the\npassers-by or having a crow to pluck with the garde-champ\u00eatre? To-day\nthe insects are always there, within reach of his eyes and his hand. He\nhas hardly to look for them nowadays. They come to him, into his garden\nand even into his house.\nAll Fabre\u2019s preferences are for the insect, but he loves the other\ncreatures also and gladly gives them the rights of citizenship in the\nharmas. He has a peculiar sympathy for those that are misunderstood and\nscorned by the vulgar.\n    In front of the house is a large pond, fed by the aqueduct that\n    supplies the village pumps with water. Here, from half a mile and\n    more around, come the Frogs and Toads in the lovers\u2019 season. In\n    May, as soon as it is dark, the pond becomes a deafening orchestra:\n    it is impossible to talk at table, impossible to sleep.\nWe have had a glimpse of the natural wealth of the harmas, but we have\nno idea as yet of some of the artificial improvements which the\ninventive industry of the naturalist has introduced.\n    I have [writes Fabre] wished for a few things in my life, none of\n    them capable of interfering with the common weal. I have longed to\n    possess a pond, screened from the indiscretion of the passers-by,\n    close to my house, with clumps of rushes and patches of duckweed.\n    There, in my leisure hours, in the shade of a willow, I should have\n    meditated upon aquatic life, a primitive life, easier than our own,\n    simpler in its affections and its brutalities. I should have\n    studied the eggs of the Planorbis, a glairy nebula wherein foci of\n    life are condensed even as suns are condensed in the nebul\u00e6 of the\n    heavens. I should have admired the nascent creature that turns,\n    slowly turns, in the orb of its egg and describes a volute, the\n    draft perhaps of the future shell. No planet circles round its\n    centre of attraction with greater geometrical accuracy.\n    I should have brought back a few ideas from my frequent visits to\n    the pond. Fate decided otherwise: I was not to have my sheet of\n    water. I have tried the artificial pond, between four panes of\n    glass. A poor makeshift!\n    A louis has been overlooked in a corner of a drawer. I can spend it\n    without seriously jeopardising the domestic balance. The blacksmith\n    makes me the framework of a cage out of a few iron rods. The\n    joiner, who is also a glazier on occasion\u2014for, in my village, you\n    have to be a Jack-of-all trades if you would make both ends\n    meet\u2014sets the framework on a wooden base and supplies it with a\n    movable board as a lid; he fixes thick panes of glass in the four\n    sides. Behold the apparatus, complete, with a bottom of tarred\n    sheet-iron and a tap to let the water out. Many an inquisitive\n    caller has wondered what use I intend to make of my little glass\n    trough. The thing creates a certain stir. Some insist that it is\n    meant to hold my supplies of oil and to take the place of the\n    receptacle in general use in our parts, the urn dug out of a block\n    of stone. What would those utilitarians have thought of my crazy\n    mind, had they known that my costly gear would merely serve to let\n    me watch some wretched animals kicking about in the water? [95]\n    The delight of my earliest childhood, the pond, is still a\n    spectacle of which my old age can never tire.\nBut even with all the visions which it evokes, how far inferior is the\n\u201cpond\u201d of S\u00e9rignan to the pond of Saint-L\u00e9ons, \u201cthe pond with the\nlittle ducks on it, so rich in illusions! Such a pond is not met with\ntwice in a lifetime. One needs to be equipped with one\u2019s first pair of\nbreeches and one\u2019s earliest ideas in order to have such luck!\u201d [96]\n    In spring, with the hawthorn in flower and the Crickets at their\n    concerts, a second wish often came to me. Beside the road I light\n    upon a dead Mole, a Snake killed with a stone, victims both of\n    human folly. The two corpses, already decomposing, have begun to\n    smell. Whoso approaches with eyes that do not see turns away his\n    head and passes on. The observer stops and lifts the remains with\n    his foot; he looks. A world is swarming underneath; life is eagerly\n    consuming the dead. Let us replace matters as they were and leave\n    death\u2019s artisans to their task. They are engaged in a most\n    deserving work.\n    To know the habits of those creatures charged with the\n    disappearance of corpses, to see them busy at their work of\n    disintegration, to follow in detail the process of transmutation\n    that makes the ruins of what has lived return apace into life\u2019s\n    treasure-house: these are things that long haunted my mind. I\n    regretfully left the Mole lying in the dust of the road. I had to\n    go, after a glance at the corpse and its harvesters. It was not the\n    place for philosophising over a stench. What would people say who\n    passed and saw me!\n    I am now in a position to realise my second wish. I have space,\n    air, and quiet in the solitude of the harmas. None will come here\n    to trouble me, to smile or to be shocked at my investigations. So\n    far, so good; but observe the irony of things: now that I am rid of\n    passers-by, I have to fear my cats, those assiduous prowlers, who,\n    finding my preparations, will not fail to spoil and scatter them.\n    In anticipation of their misdeeds, I establish workshops in\n    mid-air, whither none but genuine corruption-agents can come,\n    flying on their wings. At different points in the enclosure, I\n    plant reeds, three by three, which, tied at their free ends, form a\n    stable tripod. From each of these supports I hang, at a man\u2019s\n    height, an earthenware pan filled with fine sand and pierced at the\n    bottom with a hole to allow the water to escape, if it should rain.\n    I garnish my apparatus with dead bodies. The Snake, the Lizard, the\n    Toad receive the preference, because of their bare skins, which\n    enable me better to follow the first attack and the work of the\n    invaders. I ring the changes with furred and feathered beasts. A\n    few children of the neighbourhood, allured by pennies, are my\n    regular purveyors. Throughout the good season they come running\n    triumphantly to my door, with a Snake at the end of a stick, or a\n    Lizard in a cabbage-leaf. They bring me the Rat caught in a trap,\n    the Chicken dead of the pip, the Mole slain by the gardener, the\n    Kitten killed by accident, the Rabbit poisoned by some weed. The\n    business proceeds to the mutual satisfaction of sellers and buyer.\n    No such trade had ever been known before in the village, nor ever\n    will be again. [97]\nYet despite all his inventions Fabre had no illusion as to their value.\nHe well knew that art cannot replace nature who said, speaking of his\nglass-walled \u201cpond,\u201d the aquarium of which he seemed so proud: \u201cA poor\nmakeshift, after all!\u201d You may think that he is reverting to his\nchildhood and that he will tell us again of the pond with its\nducklings. But he tells us something far better:\n\u201cNot all our laboratory aquaria are worth the print left in the clay by\nthe shoe of a mule, when a shower has filled the humble basin and life\nhas peopled it with her marvels.\u201d [98]\nWho but he could have found such a pearl in this clay?\nCHAPTER XV\nTHE HERMIT OF S\u00c9RIGNAN (CONTINUED)\nWhile the domain of the landowner and manufacturer ended at the walls\nof his field of pebbles and botanical garden, that of the entomologist\nextended far beyond them, as far as his eyes could see and his steps\nlead him.\nFor this reason a panoramic view of the surrounding country is\ndesirable.\nWith its peaceful plains, its gracious hills, overgrown with\nstrawberry-tree and ilex, and the sublime mountain of Provence rising\nupon the horizon, with its varied outlines and its sun-illumined\nflanks, the S\u00e9rignan landscape gently forces itself upon the\nspectator\u2019s attention. And if the spirit moved him, Fabre had only to\nraise his head from his apparatus to find all about him something to\nsoothe the eye and refresh the mind.\nBut however keen his feeling for the beauties of Nature, it is not so\nmuch as artist or dilettante but as the insect historiographer that he\nappreciates the value of the landscape, and the wealth of the plains\nand hills outspread before him.\nFrom this point of view the whole surroundings of his hermitage seem as\nthough created to continue and complete the harmas, and the scientific\npleasures which this affords him.\n    The Gymnopleuri abound in the pebbly plains of the neighbourhood,\n    where the sheep pass amid the lavender and thyme; and, should we\n    wish to vary the scene of observation, the mountain [99] is but a\n    few hundred steps away, with its tangle of arbutus, rock-roses, and\n    arborescent heather; with its sandy spaces dear to the Bembeces;\n    with its marly slopes exploited by different Wasps and Bees.\nWe have already made mention of the Aygues, and the time has come to\npay it a formal visit, as one of the favourite haunts of the S\u00e9rignan\nhermit:\n    The geographers define the Aygues as a watercourse. As an\n    eye-witness I should call it rather a stream of flat pebbles.\n    Understand me: I do not mean that the dry pebbles flow of their own\n    accord; the feeble incline would not permit of such an avalanche.\n    But let it rain: then they will flow. Then, from my home, which is\n    more than a mile distant, I hear the uproar of the clashing\n    pebbles.\n    During the greater part of the year the Aygues is a vast sheet of\n    flat white stones; of the torrent only the bed is left, a furrow of\n    enormous width, comparable to that of its mighty neighbour, the\n    Rh\u00f4ne. When persistent rains fall, when the snows melt on the\n    slopes of the Alps, the dry furrow fills for a few days,\n    complaining, overflowing to a great distance, and displacing, amid\n    the uproar, its pebbly banks. Return a week later: the din of the\n    flood is succeeded by silence. The terrible waters have\n    disappeared, leaving on the banks, as a trace of their brief\n    passage, some wretched muddy puddles quickly drunk up by the sun.\n    These sudden floods bring a thousand living gleanings, swept off\n    the flanks of the mountains. The dry bed of the Aygues is a most\n    curious botanical garden. You may find there numbers of vegetable\n    species swept down from the higher regions, some temporary, dying\n    without offspring in a season, others permanent, adapting\n    themselves to the new climate. They come from far away from a great\n    height, these exiles; to pluck certain of them in their actual home\n    you would have to climb Ventoux, passing the girdle of beeches and\n    reaching the height at which woody vegetation ceases.\n    An insect which is sometimes found by chance in the osier-beds of\n    the Aygues, and is by itself worth the journey, is the Apoderus of\n    the hazel-tree.\n    It tells us also many things, this little red Weevil \u201cfrom the\n    heights rich in hazel-bushes\u201d and carried by the storm into the\n    alder-thickets of the Aygues.\n    It reminds us, too, of that other emigrant, whose intimate\n    acquaintance it has become.\n    And we are touched by the analogy between its fate and his own.\n    Fabre too was a child of the heights rich in hazel-bushes. [100] He\n    too had to leave the place of his birth, carried away by the storm\n    that tore him from the bosom of his native mountains to bear him\n    into the plains of Provence. He too made the voyage with very poor\n    and very fragile equipment. For a long time, terribly tossed by the\n    waves, he was more than once sorely bruised, but was yet not broken\n    upon the stones of the torrent; more than once he was whirled\n    suddenly round, but he nevertheless continued to pursue his aim,\n    and finally he pierced the husk and emerged from the shell, to give\n    his activity free scope, as soon as he was able to free himself and\n    establish his lot in a favourable environment.\n    However, contrary to what occurs in the case of the Apoderus, the\n    conditions of his life seem to have been modified as profoundly as\n    those of his geographical habitat; they became perhaps even further\n    removed from those of his origin and his forebears. We know what\n    his paternal ancestors were, and that they had no intimate\n    knowledge of the insect world. His mother\u2019s people were equally\n    regardless of and devoid of affection for the little creatures that\n    so absorbed and delighted him. [101]\n    I did not know my maternal grandfather. This venerable ancestor\n    was, I have been told, a process-server in one of the poorest\n    parishes of the Rouergue. [102] He used to engross on stamped paper\n    in a primitive spelling. With his well-filled pen-case and\n    ink-horn, he went drawing out deeds up hill and down dale, from one\n    insolvent wretch to another more insolvent still. Amid his\n    atmosphere of pettifoggery, this rudimentary scholar, waging battle\n    on life\u2019s acerbities, certainly paid no attention to the insect; at\n    most, if he met it, he would crush it under foot. The unknown\n    animal, suspected of evil-doing, deserved no further inquiry.\n    Grandmother, on her side, apart from her house-keeping and her\n    beads, knew still less about anything. She looked on the alphabet\n    as a set of hieroglyphics only fit to spoil your sight for nothing,\n    unless you were scribbling on paper bearing the government stamp.\n    Who in the world, in her day among the small folk, dreamt of\n    knowing how to read and write? That luxury was reserved for the\n    attorney, who himself made but a sparing use of it. The insect, I\n    need hardly say, was the least of her cares. If sometimes, when\n    rinsing her salad at the tap, she found a Caterpillar on the\n    lettuce-leaves, with a start of fright she would fling the\n    loathsome thing away, thus cutting short relations reputed\n    dangerous. In brief, to both my maternal grandparents the insect\n    was a creature of no interest whatever and almost always a\n    repulsive object, which one dared not touch with the tip of one\u2019s\n    finger. Beyond a doubt, my taste for animals was not derived from\n    them. Nor from either of my own parents. My mother, who was quite\n    illiterate, having known no teacher but the bitter experience of a\n    harassed life, was the exact opposite of what my tastes required\n    for their development. My peculiarity must seek its origin\n    elsewhere; that I will swear.\n    Nor shall I find it in my father. The excellent man, who was\n    hard-working and sturdily-built like grandad, had been to school as\n    a child. He knew how to write, though he took the greatest\n    liberties with spelling; he knew how to read and understood what he\n    read, provided the reading presented no more serious literary\n    difficulties than occurred in the stories in the almanack. He was\n    the first of his line to allow himself to be tempted by the town,\n    and he lived to regret it. Badly off, having but little outlet for\n    his industry, making God knows what shifts to pick up a livelihood,\n    [103] he went through all the disappointments of the countryman\n    turned townsman. Persecuted by bad luck, borne down by the burden\n    for all his energy and good will, he was far indeed from starting\n    me in entomology. He had other cares, cares more direct and more\n    serious. A good cuff or two when he saw me pinning an insect to a\n    cork was all the encouragement that I received from him. Perhaps he\n    was right.\n    The conclusion is positive: there is nothing in heredity to explain\n    my taste for observation. You may say that I do not go far enough\n    back. Well, what should I find beyond the grandparents where my\n    facts come to a stop? I know, partly. I should find even more\n    uncultured ancestors: sons of the soil, ploughmen, sowers of rye,\n    neat-herds; one and all, by the very force of things, of not the\n    least account in the nice matters of observation. [104]\nBetween the parents and the son, what a difference, what a change of\nlife and of destiny! Quantum mutatus ab illis! This, no doubt, is the\nfirst thing to strike one; and here, too, we have one of the most\nsalient features of the superiority of the human intelligence; this\nalmost infinite possibility of transformation and progress, which forms\nsuch a striking contrast with the rigid immutability of instinct which\nis barely susceptible of the slightest variation.\nBut for all this Fabre still bears the stamp of the soil and of his\nancestry, and I am certain that the pag\u00e8s of the banks of the Viaur,\nwere they to descend to the banks of the Aygues to visit the hermit of\nS\u00e9rignan, would recognise by more than one characteristic the child of\ntheir native soil and their own race. Under his wide felt hat, \u201cin his\nlinen jacket\u201d [105] and his heavy shoes, with a face like theirs in its\nsimplicity and good nature, he would see almost one of themselves. And\nif, after entering his home, they were to follow him into the\nenclosure, among his crops and his appliances, if they were to see him\nvaliantly digging up the soil of the harmas in search of fresh burrows\nof the Scarab\u00e6i, or assembling a few thick planks to contrive some new\nentomological apparatus, or simply beating the brushwood over his\ninverted umbrella in search of insects, they would certainly be tempted\nto join in and lend him a hand as though dealing with a\nfellow-labourer.\nOthers may be surprised to find in the scholar and scientist the\nfeatures and the manners of a peasant. Let us rather rejoice to see\nthat our eminent fellow-countryman has never renounced the simplicity\nof his origins, and take pleasure in noting how closely the hermit of\nS\u00e9rignan resembles the urchin of Malaval.\nWe have attempted to show the hermit of S\u00e9rignan in his own setting, as\nhe really is. It remains for us to see how he glorifies his solitude\nand ennobles his rustic life; how the poor, simple peasant whom he has\nalways been has done more for science than the most elegantly dressed\nand profusely decorated savants.\nCHAPTER XVI\nTHE HERMIT OF S\u00c9RIGNAN (CONTINUED)\n    Oh, if you could now observe at your ease, in the quiet of your\n    study, with nothing to distract your mind from your subject, far\n    from the profane wayfarer who, seeing you so busily occupied at a\n    spot where he sees nothing, will stop, overwhelm you with queries,\n    take you for some water-diviner, or\u2014a graver suspicion this\u2014regard\n    you as some questionable character searching for buried treasure\n    and discovering by means of incantations where the old pots full of\n    coin lie hidden! Should you still wear a Christian aspect in his\n    eyes, he will approach you, look to see what you are looking at,\n    and smile in a manner that leaves no doubt as to his poor opinion\n    of people who spend their time in watching Flies. You will be lucky\n    indeed if the troublesome visitor, with his tongue in his cheek,\n    walks off at last without disturbing things and without repeating\n    in his innocence the disaster brought about by my two conscripts\u2019\n    boots.\n    Should your inexplicable doings not puzzle the passer-by, they will\n    be sure to puzzle the village keeper, that uncompromising\n    representative of the law in the ploughed acres. He has long had\n    his eye on you. He has so often seen you wandering about, like a\n    lost soul, for no appreciable reason; he has so often caught you\n    rooting in the ground, or, with infinite precautions, knocking down\n    some strip of wall in a sunken road, that in the end he has come to\n    look upon you with dark suspicion. You are nothing to him but a\n    gipsy, a tramp, poultry-thief, a shady person, or, at the best, a\n    madman. Should you be carrying your botanising-case, it will\n    represent to him the poacher\u2019s ferret-cage; and you would never get\n    it out of his head that, regardless of the game-laws and the rights\n    of landlords, you are clearing the neighbouring warrens of their\n    rabbits. Take care. However thirsty you may be, do not lay a finger\n    on the nearest bunch of grapes: the man with the municipal badge\n    will be there, delighted to have a case at last and so to receive\n    an explanation of your highly perplexing behaviour.\n    I have never, I can safely say, committed any such misdemeanour;\n    and yet, one day, lying on the sand, absorbed in the details of a\n    Bembex\u2019s household, I suddenly heard beside me:\n    \u201cIn the name of the law, I arrest you! You come along with me!\u201d\n    It was the keeper of Les Angles, who, after vainly waiting for an\n    opportunity to catch me at fault and being daily more anxious for\n    an answer to the riddle that was worrying him, at last resolved\n    upon the brutal expedient of a summons. I had to explain things.\n    The poor man seemed anything but convinced:\n    \u201cPooh!\u201d he said. \u201cPooh! You will never make me believe that you\n    come here and roast in the sun just to watch Flies. I shall keep an\n    eye on you, mark you! And, the first time I...! However, that\u2019ll do\n    for the present.\u201d [106]\nWe must recall these adventures and tribulations of his early days, and\nothers of a like kind which we have already recorded, before we can\nunderstand the ease and the delight experienced by Fabre when he was\nable to take refuge within the walls of his hermitage. There, at least,\nno one would upset his plans, or distract him from his researches and\nobservations. He could station himself where he pleased; he had room to\nturn round. He had leisure to await the opportunity and seize upon it\nwhen it occurred. He had nothing to think of now but himself and his\ninsects, and the latter always ended by yielding to him and complying\nwith all his wishes. They surrendered themselves to him as he to them.\nThe days were over when he had to divide himself, as it were; when they\nkept him on the rack, maliciously waiting to make overtures or intimate\ndisclosures to him just as he had to leave them, just as the class-bell\nrang or his holiday was over. Now there was nothing like that. He was\ntheirs from morning to night, from night to morning. He was always\nwatching, always listening; his mind was always on the alert where they\nwere concerned. And the veils were lifted, secrets were revealed,\nconfidences followed confidences, and a light was shed upon points\nwhich had so far remained impenetrable for a space of twenty or thirty\nyears.\nIn the laboratory of the harmas the day begins early; as soon as nature\nawakens with the first rays of sunlight, directly our hermit hears the\ncall of his vigilant life-companions. This appeal is sometimes very\nearly, when, for example, he pushes complaisance to the length of\npermitting the swallow to nest in his study.\n    The room is closed for the night. The father lies outside; the\n    mother does the same when the fledglings are a certain size. Then,\n    from the earliest dawn, they are at the windows, greatly troubled\n    by the glass barricade. In order to open the window to the\n    afflicted parents, I have to rise hurriedly with my eyelids still\n    heavy with sleep.\nBut here is something to repay the valiant naturalist for his early\nsacrifice: the delights of \u201cprayer in the chapel of the lilacs.\u201d\n    My hermitage contains an alley of lilacs, long and wide. When May\n    is here, when the two rows of bushes, yielding beneath the burden\n    of the heads of blossom, bow themselves, forming pointed arches,\n    this walk becomes a chapel, in which the most beautiful festival of\n    the year is celebrated in the enchanting morning sunlight; a quiet\n    festival, without flags flapping at the windows, without the\n    burning of gunpowder, without quarrels after drinking; the festival\n    of the simple, disturbed neither by the raucous brass band of the\n    dancers, nor by the shouts of the crowd.... Vulgar delights of\n    maroons and libations, how far removed are you from this solemnity!\n    I am one of the faithful in the chapel of the lilacs. My prayer is\n    not such as can be translated by words; it is an intimate emotion\n    that stirs in me gently. Devoutly I make my stations from one\n    pillar of verdure to the next; step by step I tell my observer\u2019s\nHis \u201cprayer is an Oh! of admiration,\u201d addressed to that creative Power\nwho, in His works, is always the geometer, according to Plato\u2019s sublime\nsaying: which is, that He everywhere sheds order, light, and harmony.\n\u1f08\u03b5\u1f76 \u1f40 \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6. [108]\nThe contemplation of the living world that is stirring all about him\ngives him yet further cause to marvel at the wisdom of Him \u201cwho has\nmade the plans on which life is working.\u201d [109] It is easy to\nunderstand that, for Fabre, the harmas assumed the colours and the\ncharms of Eden, and that his solitary life therein was like a perpetual\necstasy.\nFor the rest, the scene changes as well as the protagonists. After the\nharmas with its breeding-cages and its customary inhabitants, the\nS\u00e9rignan country-side with its fortuitous encounters. When the weather\nis propitious the whole household sets out in a party. But the heat is\ntorrid and the time of day unsuitable for walking. The naturalist sets\nout none the less. Bull alone dares to brave with his master the\nblazing heat of the sun. But even he will not hold out to the end! The\ngoal is reached; but the most difficult thing is not to walk the\ndistance to the post of observation; it is to settle down and remain\nthere, under the scorching sun, waiting for an opportunity that is\noften slow to occur.\n    Ah, how long the hours seem, spent motionless, under a burning sun,\n    at the foot of a declivity which sends the heat of an oven beating\n    down upon you! Bull, my inseparable companion, has retired some\n    distance into the shade, under a clump of evergreen oaks. He has\n    found a layer of sand whose depths still retain some traces of the\n    last shower. He digs himself a bed; and in the cool furrow the\n    sybarite stretches himself flat upon his belly. Lolling his tongue\n    and thrashing the boughs with his tail, he keeps his soft, deep\n    gaze fixed upon me:\n    \u201cWhat are you doing over there, you booby, baking in the heat? Come\n    here, under the foliage; see how comfortable I am!\n    \u201cThat is what I seem to read in my companion\u2019s eyes.\n    \u201cOh, my Dog, my friend,\u201d I should answer, if you could only\n    understand, \u201cman is tormented by a desire for knowledge, whereas\n    your torments are confined to a desire for bones and, from time to\n    time, a desire for your sweetheart! This, notwithstanding our\n    devoted friendship, creates a certain difference between us, even\n    though people nowadays say that we are more or less related, almost\n    cousins. I feel the need to know things and am content to bake in\n    the heat; you feel no such need and retire into the cool shade.\u201d\n    Yes, the hours drag when you lie waiting for an insect that does\nYet from his expeditions into the countryside, he almost always brings\nback some new pensioner who serves to enrich his collection of\nintimates admitted to the familiarities of cohabitation. For not only\nthe harmas but his work-room becomes, by such chance means, an\nentomological museum, in which Flies, Scorpions, Caterpillars, Spiders,\nand I know not what else live side by side and in succession.\nAnd when their turn is over, when the first comers have to make room\nfor new arrivals, the master parts from his children with regret,\ndismissing them with the most kindly speeches, embellished by the most\nsalutary advice. Here, for example, is the little speech which he makes\nto the Sphex:\n    You pretty Sphex-wasps hatched before my eyes, brought up by my\n    hand, ration by ration, on a bed of sand in an old quill-box; you\n    whose transformations I have followed step by step, starting up\n    from my sleep in alarm lest I should have missed the moment when\n    the nymph is bursting its swaddling-bands or the wing leaving its\n    case; you who have taught me so much and learned nothing\n    yourselves: O my pretty Sphex-wasps, fly away without fear of my\n    tubes, my boxes, my bottles, or any of my receptacles, through this\n    warm sunlight beloved of the Cicad\u00e6; go, but beware of the Praying\n    Mantis, who is plotting your ruin on the flowering heads of the\n    thistles, and mind the Lizard, who is lying in wait for you on the\n    sunny slopes; go in peace, dig your burrows, stab your Crickets\n    scientifically and continue your kind, to procure one day for\n    others what you have given me: the few moments of happiness in my\nOne of the great joys of the S\u00e9rignan hermit is, after supper, to\nisolate himself in the restful quietude of the harmas, and there to\nlend an attentive ear to the least vibrations of sound from that little\nliving world which he can no longer see but can still hear. Nothing\nwill succeed in distracting him from this entomological concert, which\nis one of his delights. It makes him forget even the rejoicings of the\nnational festival which is being celebrated close at hand, and the\nsplendours of the starry sky that glitters above his head.\n    This evening in the village they are celebrating the National\n    Festival. [112] While the little boys and girls are hopping around\n    a bonfire whose gleams are reflected upon the church-steeple, while\n    the drum is banged to mark the ascent of each rocket, I am sitting\n    alone in a dark corner, in the comparative coolness that prevails\n    at nine o\u2019clock, harking to the concert of the festival of the\n    fields, the festival of the harvest, grander by far than that\n    which, at this moment, is being celebrated in the village square\n    with gunpowder, lighted torches, Chinese lanterns, and, above all,\n    strong drink. It has the simplicity of beauty and the repose of\n    strength.\n    It is late; and the Cicad\u00e6 are silent. Glutted with light and heat,\n    they have indulged in symphonies all the livelong day. It is now\n    the time of the nocturnal performers. Hard by the place of\n    slaughter, in the green bushes, a delicate ear perceives the hum of\n    the Grasshoppers. It is the sort of noise that a spinning-wheel\n    makes, a very unobtrusive sound, a vague rustle of dry membranes\n    rubbed together. Above this dull bass there rises, at intervals, a\n    hurried, very shrill, almost metallic clicking. There you have the\n    air and the recitative, interspersed with pauses. The rest is the\n    accompaniment.\n    Despite the assistance of a bass, it is a poor concert, very poor\n    indeed, though there are about ten executants in my immediate\n    vicinity. The tone lacks intensity. My old tympanum is not always\n    capable of perceiving these subtleties of sound. The little that\n    reaches me is extremely sweet and most appropriate to the calm of\n    twilight. Just a little more breadth in your bow-stroke, my dear\n    Green Grasshopper, and your technique would be better than the\n    hoarse Cicada\u2019s, whose name and reputation you have been made to\n    usurp in the countries of the north.\n    Still, you will never equal your neighbour, the little bell-ringing\n    Toad, who goes tinkling all around, at the foot of the plane-trees,\n    while you click up above. He is the smallest of my batrachian folk\n    and the most venturesome in his expeditions.\n    How often, at nightfall, by the last glimmers of daylight, have I\n    not come upon him as I wandered through my garden, hunting for\n    ideas! Something runs away, rolling over and over in front of me.\n    Is it a dead leaf blown along by the wind? No, it is the pretty\n    little Toad disturbed in the midst of his pilgrimage. He hurriedly\n    takes shelter under a stone, a clod of earth, a tuft of grass,\n    recovers from his excitement and loses no time in picking up his\n    liquid note.\n    On this evening of national merry-making there are nearly a dozen\n    of him tinkling one against the other around me. Most of them are\n    squatting among the rows of flower-pots that form a sort of lobby\n    outside my house. Each has his own note, always the same, lower in\n    one case, higher in another, a short, clear note, melodious and of\n    exquisite purity.\n    With their slow, rhythmical cadence, they seem to be intoning\n    litanies. Cluck, says one; click, responds another, on a finer\n    note; clock, adds a third, the tenor of the band. And this is\n    repeated indefinitely, like the bells of the village pealing on a\n    holiday: cluck, click, clock! cluck, click, clock!\n    As a song this litany has neither head nor tail to it; as a\n    collection of pure sounds, it is delicious. [113]\n\u201cA little animated clay, capable of pleasure and pain.\u201d To the scrutiny\nof this miracle, with its infinity of forms, Fabre devotes himself with\ntouching sympathy and indefatigable activity. He dedicates his day to\nit; and at night he is still working. And in this work, which seems to\nadmit of no relaxation, he appears to know nothing of fatigue. The love\nof his task upholds him and inspires him. When night has fallen, the\nobserver has still one resource left; he can listen for the rustle or\nthe song of the insect that has so far escaped him in its coming and\ngoing. We might, perhaps, have discovered the insect, but he discovers\nsomething very different. He makes a series of observations by the\nlight of a lantern in the brushwood or before the apparatus in the\nharmas.\n    During the two hottest months, when the darkness is profound and a\n    little coolness follows the furnace of the day, it is easy for me,\n    with a lantern in my hand, to watch that magnificent Spider, the\n    Epeira, in the manufacture of her web. She has established herself\n    at a height convenient for observation, between a row of\n    cypress-trees and a thicket of laurels, at the entrance of a path\n    frequented by nocturnal moths. The situation, it seems, is a good\n    one, for the Epeira does not change it all the season, although she\n    renews her net almost every night.\n    When twilight is over, we punctually set out to pay her a family\n    visit. Old and young alike are amazed by her gyrations in the midst\n    of her quivering cordage, and we marvel at her impeccable geometry\n    as her web takes shape. Gleaming in the rays of the lantern, the\n    fabric becomes a fairy rose-window which seems to be woven of\n    moon-beams.\nWhat a pity that we cannot wait for the completion of a task so\nartistically begun! But the hour is late, and we have still to pay a\nvisit to the Languedocian Scorpion, a lover of darkness who has his own\nhours for going abroad and rarely shows himself save at night.\nAccordingly, it has taken time to secure the last word of his history.\nRearing the Scorpion in a breeding-cage will perhaps give better\nresults, and in any case will facilitate nocturnal observations which\nalone may shed a little light on the obscure habits of this unsociable\nhermit.\nInterrogated by lantern-light, the Arachnoid will indeed tell us more\nduring a few seconds of stealthy inspection than during days and weeks\nof diurnal hunting. His operations are, as a matter of fact, such as\ncall for closed doors, and would rightly shrink from displaying\nthemselves in broad daylight.\n    I have prepared beforehand the great glass cage, peopled with\n    twenty-five inhabitants, each with his tile. Every night, from the\n    middle of April, as darkness falls, there is great animation in the\n    glass palace. By day seemingly to be deserted, it becomes a\n    cheerful scene. Hardly is supper finished when the whole household\n    hastens thither. A lantern hung upon the glazed window enables us\n    to follow what happens. This is our distraction after the bustle of\n    the day; it is like a visit to the theatre. And in this theatre the\n    plays are so interesting that, as soon as the lantern is lit, all\n    of us, old and young, come to take our places in the stalls; even\n    down to Tom, the house-dog. Indifferent to the affairs of the\n    Scorpions, like the true philosopher that he is, Tom lies at our\n    feet and sleeps, but only with one eye, the other being always open\n    upon his friends, the children.\n    Close to the glass panes, in the region discreetly lit by the\n    lantern, a numerous assembly has presently gathered together. Some\n    come from a distance; they solemnly emerge from the shadow, and\n    then, suddenly, with a swift easy rush like a slide, they join the\n    crowd in the light. They investigate their surroundings, fleeing\n    precipitately at a touch as though they had burned each other.\n    Others, having mixed with their comrades a little, suddenly make\n    off distractedly; they recover themselves in the darkness and\n    return. At moments there is a violent tumult; a confused mass of\n    swarming legs, snapping pincers and coiling, clashing tails,\n    threatening or caressing, one does not quite know which. All take\n    part in the scuffle, large and small; you would think it a deadly\n    battle, a general massacre, but it is only a crazy game, like a\n    scrimmage of kittens. Presently the group disperses; they retire\n    for a little in all directions, without any sign of a wound,\n    without a sprain. [114]\nWhat do you think of the saraband of these horrible creatures, so full\nof mirth and playfulness? Certainly it has its fascinating side; but it\nis not equal to the scenes of betrothal and espousal.\n    Now the fugitives are once more assembled beneath the lantern. They\n    pass to and fro, coming and going, often meeting face to face. The\n    one in the greatest hurry walks over the other\u2019s back, who allows\n    him to do so without other protest than a movement of the rump. The\n    time has not come for squabbling; at the most those encountering\n    exchange the equivalent of a punch on the head: that is, a thump of\n    the tail.\n    We have something better here than entangled legs and brandished\n    tails; these are pauses of great originality. Face to face, the\n    claws drawn back, two combatants proceed to stand on their heads:\n    that is, supporting themselves only on the fore part of the body,\n    they raise the hinder part in the air, so high that the thorax\n    reveals the eight white breathing-pockets. The tails, stretched out\n    in a straight line and raised into a vertical position, rub\n    together, slipping over each other, while their extremities are\n    bent into a hook and gently, over and over again, knot themselves\n    together and release themselves. Suddenly the amicable pyramid\n    falls to the ground and each scuttles off without further ceremony.\n    What did these two wrestlers intend by their original posture? Was\n    it the grappling of two rivals? It would seem not, so pacific was\n    the encounter. Subsequent observations tell me that these are the\n    allurements of the betrothal. To declare his passion, the Scorpion\n    stands on his head. [115]\nThis reconnaissance and these first advances are followed by a\nsentimental promenade.\n    Two Scorpions are face to face, their claws outstretched, their\n    hands clasped. Their tails curved in graceful spirals, the couple\n    wander with measured steps the length of the window. The male goes\n    first, walking backwards, smoothly, encountering no resistance. The\n    female follows obediently, held by the tips of her claws, face to\n    face with her leader.\n    The promenade is interrupted by halts which do not in any way\n    modify the method of conjunction; it is resumed, now in this\n    direction, now in that, from one end of the enclosure to the other.\n    Nothing indicates the goal for which the strollers are making. They\n    loiter, musing and assuredly exchanging glances. Thus in my\n    village, on Sunday, after vespers, the young people stroll along by\n    the hedges, two by two.\n    Often they turn to one side. It is always the male who decides the\n    fresh direction to be followed. Without releasing his companion\u2019s\n    hands he gracefully turns about, placing himself side by side with\n    his companion. Then, for a moment, with his tail lying flat, he\n    caresses her back. The other does not stir; she remains impassive.\n    Sometimes the two heads touch, bending a little to right and left\n    as if whispering into each other\u2019s ears. What are they saying? How\n    translate into words their silent epithalamium?\n    Sometimes, too, their foreheads touch and the two mouths meet with\n    tender effusiveness. To describe these caresses the word \u201ckisses\u201d\n    occurs to the mind. One dare not employ it; for here is neither\n    head, face, lips, or cheeks. Truncated as though by a stroke of the\n    shears, the animal has not even a snout. Where we should look for a\n    face, are two hideous jaws like a wall. And this for the Scorpion\n    is the height of beauty! With his fore legs, more delicate and\n    agile than the rest, he softly pats the dreadful mask, to his eyes\n    an exquisite face; voluptuously he nibbles at it, tickles with his\n    jaws the face touching his, as hideous as his own. His tenderness\n    and na\u00efvet\u00e9 are superb. The dove, they say, invented the kiss. I\n    know of a precursor: the Scorpion....\n    For a good hour I watch, unwearied, these interminable wanderings\n    to and fro. Part of the household lends me the assistance of its\n    eyes. Despite the lateness of the hour, our combined attention\n    allows nothing essential to escape us. We admire the curious yoking\n    of the couples which our presence does not disturb in the least. We\n    find it almost graceful, and the expression is not exaggerated.\n    Semi-translucid and gleaming in the light of the lantern, the happy\n    pair seem carved from a block of yellow amber. With arms\n    outstretched and tails coiled into graceful spirals, they gently\n    stroll about with measured paces.\n    At last, about ten o\u2019clock, a separation takes place. The male has\n    come across a potsherd whose shelter appears to him suitable. He\n    releases one of his consort\u2019s hands, but only one, and still\n    holding her firmly by the other he scratches with his legs and\n    sweeps with his tail. A grotto opens. He enters it, and gradually,\n    without violence, he draws the patient female into it. Presently\n    both have disappeared. A little bank of sand closes their dwelling.\n    The couple are at home.\n    To disturb them would be a blunder; I should intervene too soon, at\n    an inopportune moment, if I attempted to see at once what is\n    happening down there. The preliminaries will possibly last the\n    greater part of the night, and long vigils are beginning to tell\n    upon my eighty years. My legs give way and sand trickles into my\n    eyes. Let us go to bed.\n    All night I dream of Scorpions. They run under my blankets, they\n    pass over my face, and I am not greatly disturbed thereby, such\n    remarkable things do I see in my imagination! [116]\nIncidentally we may remark that it is not only in his imagination that\ninsects frequent his bed-clothes and caress his bare skin. Here we come\nto an episode of the entomologist\u2019s private life.\n    When wearing his last costume, the Pine Processionary caterpillar\n    is very disagreeable to handle, or even to observe at close\n    quarters. I happened, quite unexpectedly, to learn this more\n    thoroughly than I wished.\n    After unsuspectingly passing a whole morning with my insects,\n    stooping over them, magnifying-glass in hand, to examine the\n    working of their slits, I found my forehead and eyelids suffering\n    with redness for twenty-four hours, and afflicted with an itching\n    even more painful and persistent than that produced by the sting of\n    a nettle. On seeing me come down to dinner in this sad plight, with\n    my eyes reddened and swollen and my face unrecognisable, the family\n    anxiously inquired what had happened to me, and were not reassured\n    until I told them of my mishap.\n    I unhesitatingly attribute my painful experience to the red hairs\n    ground to powder and collected into flakes. My breath sought them\n    out in the open pockets and carried them to my face, which was very\n    near. The unthinking intervention of my hands, which now and again\n    sought to ease the discomfort, merely aggravated the ill by\n    spreading the irritating dust. [117]\nWhat would to another have been merely an annoying accident without\nother bearing than a commonplace lesson of prudence, became for him the\nstarting-point of a whole series of instructive experiments.\nWhatever his retirement has cost him, a man so passionately devoted to\nanimals must bless the solitude of his village which enables him to\npass all his time in observing and describing them. He congratulates\nhimself, indeed, upon his premature retirement, which is dooming him to\nobscurity and impecuniosity for the rest of his days, at the same time\nallowing him wholly to give himself up to entomology.\n    Ah, beloved village, so poor, so rustic, what a happy inspiration\n    was mine when I came to you to demand of you a hermit\u2019s retreat,\n    where I could live in company with my dear insects and thus trace\n    in a worthy manner a few chapters of their marvellous history!\nCHAPTER XVII\nTHE COLLABORATORS\n\u201cM. Fabre\u2019s life-story is one of the finest that could be related,\u201d\nsaid M. Laffite lately, in a leading article in La Nature. \u201cIt is\nsimple. It is the humble and tragic story of a persistent struggle\nbetween two irreducible adversaries, on the one hand the most\nprecarious conditions of the struggle for life, and on the other the\npower of a vocation, as though riveted to his being, which urged him\ndespite everything to observation, study, and an understanding of the\nworld of living creatures, and in particular of the insects.\u201d [119]\nSuch, indeed, is one of the most striking aspects of the great\nnaturalist\u2019s life, and that under which it appears more especially in\nits early stages. But there is another aspect, perhaps even more\nremarkable, under which it was to reveal itself more particularly in\nlater years. Considering the first of these aspects, we shudder at the\nviolence of the battles fought for the triumph of his ideal and his\nvocation; considering the second, we are filled with delighted\nadmiration by the fascinating and triumphant results achieved by this\nideal; I mean the marvels and allurements of entomology.\nUnder the clear gaze of this observer of genius, as at the bidding of a\nmagic ring, a whole world of tiny creatures rises and moves before him,\nrecalling the world of Lilliput, but still more marvellous, and more\nfertile in dramatic incident of every kind. \u201cNo romance of Jules\nVerne\u2019s or Fenimore Cooper\u2019s is more exciting.\u201d [120]\nFabre is the first of writers to be conquered by the spectacle that\nunfolds itself before his eyes; conquered in the whole of his\nactivities, in his imagination and sensibility, and in his style, which\nquite naturally adorns itself with the colours of his insects; and no\nless naturally quivers and vibrates with their emotions. Others before\nhim had studied the life of insects. \u201cBut no one had put so much\npersevering perspicacity into his study of them; no one above all had\nspoken with such enthusiasm, with such poetical feeling, of the wonders\nof which it is full; no one had identified himself, as did Fabre, with\nthe creatures that he studied.\n\u201cThe insect is no longer, for him, the lowest of creatures, disdained\nby all; you would think it was a person, a friend, whose thoughts and\nemotions he divines, in whose joys and sorrows he shares; he speaks to\nit, reassures it, consoles it, advises it by voice and gesture, and\neven helps it in its labours when it seems at the end of its resources.\nOf all these shared feelings, these anxieties experienced in common, he\nretains a vivid memory, and his ready, sympathetic, vibrant pen runs\nacross the page, halts, starts off again, scratching the paper,\nuttering cries of joy, or weeping, as it records the drama all of whose\nvicissitudes he has experienced.\u201d\nNot in vain are the insects \u201cthe children of summer,\u201d and not in vain\nhas he contemplated them \u201cin the blessed season\u201d under the brilliance\nand the ardours of noon. \u201cAll the sunshine of Provence is reflected by\nhis picturesque style; and it seems as though a miraculous fairyland is\nunfolded before us, whose scenery is all of the mother-of-pearl, the\ngold, and the rainbow hues that Nature has spread upon the aerial oars\nof the Dragon-flies and the Bees, on the cuirass of the Scarab\u00e6i, on\nthe blazing fans that the Butterflies wave voluptuously, intoxicating\nthemselves with the nectar of the flowers.\n\u201cNothing in all this is far-fetched or deliberate. Henri Fabre has\nnever plumed himself on his literary achievements; it is his real self,\nit is his whole mind that expresses itself in his Souvenirs; the mind\nof an ardent and passionately interested but precise observer, a mind\nopen to every emotion,\u201d [121] and sensitive to all the impressions\nreceived from all these little lives, that have no secrets from him.\nThis mind and these lives, intimately and sincerely mingled, and\ningenuously reflected in the pages of his books; this is the secret of\nthe most vital, the most picturesque, and the least conventional style\nthat can be imagined.\nThus, it is that, aiding his imagination and his sensibility, the\ninsects themselves became the entomologist\u2019s foremost collaborators.\nWas not this the most graceful way of recognising the services which he\nhas rendered them, and of repaying the love which he has always borne\nthem?\nIf they have received much, they have also given much; so much, that we\nmay well ask who can have gained the most\u2014they or the entomologist\u2014by\nthis exchange of benefits? Were one of their number aware of the merits\nof their partnership he would doubtless consider that they have\ncontributed to his fame no less than he has magnified theirs.\nConquered himself without reservation by the unexpected beauties of\nentomology, Fabre was fortunate enough to see a like fascination\nexerting itself, as a result of his teaching and example, in those\nabout him, his neighbours and his friends, just as it now exerts itself\nthrough his books upon all his readers.\nWhen we attempted discreetly to lift the veil of his first retirement\nfrom Orange, which seemed to us peculiarly characteristic of his\nprivate life, we had occasion to note the eminently domestic nature of\nhis life and work, and the assiduous collaboration in the common task\nof the first-born of his children. We have seen Antonia, Claire, Jules\nand Emile [122] rivalling one another in their eagerness to assist in\ntheir father\u2019s observations, and this charming devotion outlived the\nyouthful ardour of the early springtide of life.\nSometimes, too, the children anticipate their father\u2019s entomological\ndesires. For example, his son Emile sends him from the neighbourhood of\nMarseilles a nest of resin-working Hymenoptera. [123] His daughter\nClaire sends him, from another part of Provence, an entomological\ndocument of such value that it \u201creawakened all the enthusiasm of his\nearly years.\u201d It related to one of his favourite insects, another\nHymenopteron, the Nest-building Odynerus.\n    It was the end of February. The weather was mild; the sun was kind.\n    Setting out in a family party, with food for the children, apples,\n    and a piece of a loaf in the basket, we were going to see the\n    almond-trees in flower. When it was time for lunch we halted under\n    the great oak-trees, when Anna, the youngest of the household,\n    always on the look-out for small creatures with her new,\n    six-year-old eyes, called to me, at a few paces\u2019 distance from our\n    party. \u201cAn animal,\u201d she said, \u201ctwo, three, four\u2014and pretty ones!\n    Come and see, papa, come and see!\u201d [124]\nThis was one of the rarest discoveries: a dozen specimens of the Pearly\nTrox, which were making a meal off a little rabbit\u2019s down which some\nfox\u2019s stomach had been unable to exploit. \u201cThere is every sort of taste\nin this world, so that nothing shall be wasted!\u201d\nAnd not once or twice, but every moment almost, little Paul, [125]\nMarie Pauline, [126] and Anna enliven the narrative by their delightful\nappearances and their inventive activity. Little Paul above all is an\nauxiliary of the highest value, who deserves to be introduced to the\nreader as an acknowledged collaborator:\n    I speak of my son Paul, a little chap of seven. My assiduous\n    companion on my hunting expeditions, he knows better than any one\n    of his age the secrets of the Cicada, the Locust, the Cricket, and\n    especially the Dung-beetle, his great delight. Twenty paces away,\n    his sharp eyes will distinguish the real mound that marks a burrow\n    from casual heaps of earth; his delicate ears catch the\n    Grasshopper\u2019s faint stridulation, which to me remains silent. He\n    lends me his sight and hearing; and I, in exchange, present him\n    with ideas, which he receives attentively, raising wide, blue,\n    questioning eyes to mine.\nLittle Paul\u2019s exploits are innumerable, and nothing deters him. \u201cHe\nwill gather handfuls of the most repulsive caterpillars with no more\napprehension than if he were picking a bunch of violets.\u201d Several times\na day he scrupulously inspects the under sides of the dead moles placed\nfor purposes of observation in the harmas, takes note of the labours of\nthe Necrophori, and, without more ado, seizes upon the fugitives and\nreturns them to their workshop. He alone of the household ventures to\nlend his assistance in such a disgusting task.\nLittle Paul is always equal to the circumstances. If he is cool he is\nno less enthusiastic, but it is a well-directed enthusiasm. For proof I\nneed only cite the night of the Great Peacock, the honour of which was\ndue almost wholly to little Paul.\nIt was a \u201cmemorable night,\u201d the night of the Great Peacock.\n    Who does not know the magnificent Moth, the largest in Europe, clad\n    in maroon velvet with a necktie of white fur? The wings, with their\n    sprinkling of grey and brown, crossed by a faint zigzag and edged\n    with smoky white, have in the centre a round patch, a great eye\n    with a black pupil and a variegated iris containing successive\n    black, white, chestnut, and purple arcs.\n    Well, on the morning of the 6th of May, a female emerges from her\n    cocoon in my presence, on the table of my insect laboratory. I\n    forthwith cloister her, still damp with the humours of the\n    hatching, under a wire-gauze bell-jar. For the rest, I cherish no\n    particular plans. I incarcerate her from mere habit, the habit of\n    the observer always on the look-out for what may happen.\n    It was a lucky thought. At nine o\u2019clock in the evening, just as the\n    household is going to bed, there is a great stir in the room next\n    to mine. Little Paul, half-undressed, is rushing about, jumping and\n    stamping, knocking the chairs over like a mad thing. I hear him\n    call me:\n    \u201cCome quick!\u201d he screams. \u201cCome and see these Moths, big as birds!\n    The room is full of them!\u201d\n    I hurry in. There is enough to justify the child\u2019s enthusiastic and\n    hyperbolical exclamations, an invasion as yet unprecedented in our\n    house, a raid of giant Moths. Four are already caught and lodged in\n    a bird-cage. Others, more numerous, are fluttering on the ceiling.\n    At this sight, the prisoner of the morning is recalled to my mind.\n    \u201cPut on your things, laddie,\u201d I say to my son. \u201cLeave your cage and\n    come with me. We shall see something interesting.\u201d\n    We run downstairs to go to my study, which occupies the right wing\n    of the house. In the kitchen I find the servant, who is also\n    bewildered by what is happening and stands flicking her apron at\n    great Moths whom she took at first for Bats.\n    The Great Peacock, it would seem, has taken possession of pretty\n    well every part of the house. What will it be around my prisoner,\n    the cause of this incursion? Luckily, one of the two windows of the\n    study had been left open. The approach is not blocked.\n    We enter the room, candle in hand. What we see is unforgettable.\n    With a soft flick-flack the great Moths fly around the bell-jar,\n    alight, set off again, come back, fly up to the ceiling and down.\n    They rush at the candle, putting it out with a stroke of their\n    wings; they descend on our shoulders, clinging to our clothes,\n    grazing our faces. The scene suggests a wizard\u2019s cave, with its\n    whirl of Bats. Little Paul holds my hand tighter than usual, to\n    keep up his courage.\n    How many of them are there? About a score. Add to these the number\n    that have strayed into the kitchen, the nursery, and the other\n    rooms of the house; and the total of those who have arrived from\n    the outside cannot fall far short of forty. As I said, it was a\n    memorable evening, this Great Peacock evening. Coming from every\n    direction and apprised I know not how, here are forty lovers eager\n    to pay their respects to the marriageable bride born that morning\n    amid the mysteries of my study. [127]\nHow could the news of the joyful event have reached them? No doubt by\nsome mysterious wireless telegraphy which has not yet found its Branly.\nA few days later the miracle was repeated before the wondering eyes of\nthe naturalist and his faithful acolyte, by another moth, which in this\ncase celebrated its nuptials by daylight in the bright sunshine.\nLet us hasten to say that the entomological zeal of this little\nmoth-hunter did not fade with the feverish activity of the very young.\nAs we see him in 1897, at the age of seven, so we find him at fifteen\nin 1906. The importance and value of his services had only increased as\nhis capacities increased, and as the vigour and muscular activity of\nhis beloved father diminished. He lent him his limbs for excursions by\nday and by night.\nWhat will he not do to please his father? As eagerly as he lends him\nhis legs on his long expeditions, he lends him his arms for all the\ntasks that are forbidden his eighty years: for example, the excavation\nof the deep galleries of certain burrowing insects.\n    The rest of the family, including the mother, being no less\n    zealous, commonly accompanies us. Their eyes are none too many when\n    the trench grows deep and the tiny details uncovered by the spade\n    have to be scanned from a distance. What one does not see, another\n    does. \u201cHuber, having grown blind, studied bees through the\n    meditation of a sharp-sighted and devoted servant. I am better off\n    than the great Swiss naturalist. My own sight, which is still\n    pretty good, although a good deal fatigued, is assisted by the\n    sharp-sighted eyes of my whole family. If I am still able to pursue\n    my investigations I owe it to them; let me thank them duly!\u201d [128]\nThis man must be something of a sorcerer, and his science must have\nsomething of magic in it, thus to mobilise his wife and children around\nthe burrow of an insect; to keep them there a whole morning without\nrecking of the heat and fatigue, and to bring them to their hands and\nknees before the apparition of a Dung-beetle.\nThis magic power of entomology, or let us rather say this demoniacal\nproselytism of the entomologist in favour of his beloved science, was\nexerted not only upon his family, but upon all persons liable to be\nsubjected to his influence or capable of serving his projects.\nIt was upon children that he fixed his choice in the first place. Fabre\nhad always made children so welcome, had always treated them so\ngraciously, that he was assured beforehand of their enthusiastic\nsupport of his proposals, even if he was not forestalled by their\noffers of service. Allured by the coin or the slice of bread and jam,\nor the sugar-plums, and also, we may say, stimulated by the evident\ngood faith of the master, and the delightful drollery of his\nenterprises, all the juvenile unemployed of S\u00e9rignan vie with one\nanother as purveyors to the entomological laboratory. They zealously\nkeep the larder of the Scarab\u00e6i supplied, without neglecting that of\nthe Sexton-beetles and tutti quanti. Thanks to them, not a creature in\nthe entomological laboratory goes hungry. The most difficult to provide\nfor have always a well-spread table, although this is not always easy\nto ensure. One has to allow for the thoughtlessness of children and the\nhazards of the chase.\nBut in spite of their heedlessness, and because of their very\ningenuousness, there are connections in which the child is an\nincomparable helper, difficult or even impossible to replace. This\nFabre was often to prove.\nTo continue an investigation into the olfactory faculties of insects a\nmoth is required which is rather rare and difficult to capture. Can he\nobtain this moth?\n    Yes, I shall find him; indeed I have him already. A little chap of\n    seven, with a wide-awake face that doesn\u2019t get washed every day,\n    bare feet and a pair of tattered breeches held up by a bit of\n    string, a boy who comes regularly to supply the house with turnips\n    and tomatoes, arrives one morning carrying his basket of\n    vegetables. After the few sous due to his mother for the greens\n    have been counted one by one into his hand, he produces from his\n    pocket something which he found the day before, beside a hedge,\n    while picking grass for the rabbits:\n    \u201cAnd what about this?\u201d he asks, holding the thing out to me. \u201cWhat\n    about this? Will you have it?\u201d\n    \u201cYes, certainly, I\u2019ll have it. Try and find me some more, as many\n    as you can, and I\u2019ll promise you plenty of rides on the roundabout\n    on Sunday. Meanwhile, my lad, here\u2019s a penny for you. Don\u2019t make a\n    mistake when you give in your accounts; put it somewhere where you\n    won\u2019t mix it up with the turnip-money.\u201d [129]\nThe precious discovery was none other than the cocoon from which would\npresently emerge the desired Moth, vainly sought after during twenty\nyears\u2019 residence in S\u00e9rignan.\nOf all children Fabre must have had a weakness for the most rustic\nspecimens; for those who, by virtue of their situation and by\ninclination, lived more nearly in contact with Nature and the animal\ncreation. If they are ever so little wide-awake, they are at once, for\nhim, friends whose society he seeks and helpers whose assistance he\nappreciates. Such is the \u201cyoung shepherd, a friend of the household,\u201d\nwho is without a peer in catching the pill-rolling beetles, [130] so\ngreatly does he excel in profiting by the truly exceptional advantages\nwhich the pastoral calling offers from this point of view.\nIn such company insect-hunting is so engaging and profitable that our\nnaturalist decides to accompany him. Among these memorable mornings\nthere is one which deserves particular mention, for it was truly a\nhistoric occasion:\n    The young shepherd who had been told in his spare time to watch the\n    doings of the Sacred Beetle came to me in high spirits, one Sunday\n    in the latter part of June, to say that he thought the time had\n    come to begin our investigations. He had detected the insect\n    issuing from the ground, had dug at the spot where it made its\n    appearance, and had found, at no great depth, the queer thing which\n    he was bringing me.\n    Queer it was, and calculated to upset the little that I thought I\n    knew. In shape it was exactly like a tiny pear that had lost all\n    its fresh colour and turned brown in rotting. What could this\n    curious object be, this pretty plaything that seemed to have come\n    from a turner\u2019s workshop? Was it made by human hands? Was it a\n    model of the fruit of the pear-tree intended for some children\u2019s\n    museum? One would say so.\n    The shepherd was at his post by daybreak. I joined him on some\n    slopes that had been lately cleared of their trees, where the hot\n    summer sun, which strikes with such force on the back of one\u2019s\n    neck, could not reach us for two or three hours. In the cool\n    morning air, with the sheep browsing under Sultan\u2019s care, the two\n    of us started on our search.\n    A Sacred Beetle\u2019s burrow is soon found: you can tell it by the\n    fresh little mound of earth above it. With a vigorous turn of the\n    wrist, my companion digs away with the little pocket-trowel which I\n    have lent him. Incorrigible earthscraper that I am, I seldom set\n    forth without this light but serviceable tool. While he digs I lie\n    down, the better to see the arrangement and furniture of the cellar\n    which we are unearthing, and I am all eyes. The shepherd uses the\n    trowel as a lever and, with his other hand, holds back and pushes\n    aside the soil.\n    Here we are! A cave opens out, and, in the moist warmth of the\n    yawning vault, I see a splendid pear lying full-length upon the\n    ground. No, I shall not soon forget this first revelation of the\n    Scarab\u2019s maternal masterpiece. My excitement could have been no\n    greater had I been an arch\u00e6ologist digging among the ancient relics\n    of Egypt and lighting upon the sacred insect of the dead, carved in\n    emerald, in some Pharaonic crypt. O ineffable moment, when truth\n    suddenly shines forth! What other joys can compare with that holy\n    rapture! The shepherd was in the seventh heaven; he laughed in\n    response to my smile and was happy in my gladness. [131]\nThere was truly good reason for the naturalist and his young friend to\nexult. Henri Fabre had just discovered what he had vainly been seeking\nfor more than thirty years. He now knew the secret of the Sacred\nBeetle\u2019s nest; he knew that the loaf of the future nursling was not in\nthe least like that which the insect rolls along the ground for its own\nuse. He was now in a position to correct the error of centuries which\nhe himself had accepted on the word of the masters. And thanks to whom?\nThanks to a shepherd barely \u201cbrightened by a little reading\u201d who had\nacted as his assistant. The poet was indeed right who said:\n        \u201cOn a souvent besoin d\u2019un plus petit que soi.\u201d\n        (Of those less than ourselves we oft have need.)\nSo much the worse for the proud who refuse to realise this! Fabre was\nnot of their number; and more than once it was greatly to his advantage\nthat he was not.\nIn the choice of his collaborators, then, Fabre addressed himself by\npreference to children, for he loved their perspicacity, and above all\n\u201cthe na\u00efve curiosity so like his own.\u201d\nBut he would also solicit the help of the adult members of his\nentourage, if by their situation, their character, their good nature,\nor their mental temper he judged them capable of understanding him or,\nat all events, of giving him information and assisting him in his\nlabours.\nThe gardener, the butcher, the farmers, the house-wives, the\nschoolmasters, the carpenter, the truffle-hunter, and I know not whom\nbesides, were all in turn called upon to lend a hand, which they did\nwith the best grace in the world, each according to his means and his\nspeciality.\nIt is amusing to see the worthy villagers of S\u00e9rignan wondering at the\nnaturalist\u2019s questions, and ostensibly flattering themselves that they\nknow more than he does of worm-eaten vegetables. On the other hand,\nthey often consult him, thereby making amends and affording a practical\nrecognition of \u201chis knowledge concerning plants and little creatures.\u201d\n    A late frost came during the night, withering the leaf-buds of the\n    mulberry-trees just as the first leaves were unfolding.\n    On the following day there was a great commotion in the\n    neighbouring farm-houses; the silkworms were hatched, and suddenly\n    there was no food for them. They must wait until the sun repaired\n    the disaster. But what were they to do to keep the famished\n    newly-born caterpillars alive for a few days? They knew me as an\n    expert in the matter of plants; my cross-country harvesting\n    expeditions had won me the reputation of a medical herbalist. With\n    the flower of the poppy I prepared an elixir which strengthened the\n    sight; with borage I made a syrup sovereign against whooping-cough;\n    I distilled camomile, I extracted the essence of wintergreen. In\n    short, my botany had given me the reputation of a quack-salver.\n    That was something, after all....\n    The housewives came seeking me from all directions; with tears in\n    their eyes they explained how matters stood. What could they give\n    their grubs while they were waiting for the mulberry to leaf again?\n    A serious affair this, well deserving of commiseration. One was\n    counting on her litter to buy a roll of linen for her daughter who\n    was about to get married; another confided to me her plan of buying\n    a pig, which she would fatten for the following winter; all\n    deplored the handful of five-franc pieces, which, placed at the\n    bottom of the secret hiding-place in the wardrobe, in an old\n    stocking, would have afforded relief in difficult times. Full of\n    their woes, they unfolded before my eyes a scrap of flannel on\n    which the little creatures were swarming:\n    \u201cRegardas, Moussu; venoun espeli, et ren per lour douna! Ah!\n    peca\u00efr\u00e9!\u201d\n    Poor people, what a hard life is yours: honourable above all, but\n    of all the most uncertain! You exhaust yourselves with labour, and\n    when you are almost within sight of its reward a few hours of a\n    cold night, which has come upon you suddenly, have destroyed the\n    harvest. To help these afflicted women would, it seemed to me, be a\n    very difficult task. However, I tried, guided by botany, which\n    recommended me to offer, as a substitute for the mulberry, the\n    plants of related families: the elm, the nettle-tree, the nettle,\n    the pellitory. Their budding leaves, chopped small, were offered to\n    the silkworms. Other experiments, much less logical, were tried\n    according to individual inspiration. None of them succeeded. [132]\n    One and all, the newly-born larv\u00e6 starved to death. My fame as a\n    quack must have suffered somewhat from this failure. But was it\n    really my fault? No, it was the silk-worm\u2019s, too faithful to its\n    mulberry-leaf.... Larv\u00e6 that live on a vegetable diet will not by\n    any means lend themselves to a change of food. Each has its plant\n    or group of plants, apart from which nothing is acceptable. [133]\nScience as this great naturalist understands it is amiable and by no\nmeans pedantic; full of sympathy with the humble, since he himself has\nnever ceased to be one of them, he does not disdain to consider their\nleast preoccupations, and to become, by turns, their master and their\ndisciple.\nCHAPTER XVIII\nTHE COLLABORATORS: (CONTINUED)\nNot all the naturalist\u2019s experiments are dedicated to practical folk;\nsome are reserved rather for the intellectual. Let us proceed to the\nfacts:\n    To-day is Shrove Tuesday, a reminiscence of the ancient Saturnalia.\n    I am meditating, on this occasion, a fantastic dish which would\n    have delighted the gourmets of Rome....\n    There will be eight of us; first of all my family, and then two\n    friends, probably the only persons in the village before whom I\n    could permit myself such eccentricities of diet without jocular\n    comment upon what would be regarded as a depraved mania.\n    One of these is the schoolmaster. Since he permits it and does not\n    fear the comments of the foolish, if by chance the secret of our\n    feast should be divulged, we will call him by his name, Jullian. A\n    man of broad views and reared upon science, his mind is open to\n    truth of every kind.\n    The second, Marius Guigne, is a blind man who, a carpenter by\n    profession, handles his plane and saw in the blackest darkness with\n    the same sureness of hand as that of a skilful-sighted person in\n    broad daylight. He lost his sight in his youth, after he had known\n    the joys of light and the wonders of colour. As a compensation for\n    perpetual darkness he has acquired a gentle philosophy, always\n    smiling; an ardent desire to fill, as far as possible, the gaps in\n    his meagre primary education; a sensitiveness of hearing able to\n    seize the subtle delicacies of music; and a fineness of touch most\n    extraordinary in fingers calloused by the labours of the workshop.\n    During our conversations, if he wishes to be informed as to this or\n    that geometrical property, he holds out his widely-opened hand.\n    This is our blackboard. With the tip of my forefinger, I trace on\n    it the figure to be constructed; accompanying my light touches with\n    a brief explanation. This is enough; the idea is grasped, and the\n    saw, plane, and lathe will translate it into reality.\n    On Sunday afternoons, in winter especially, when three logs flaming\n    on the hearth form a delicious contrast to the brutalities of the\n    Mistral, they meet in my house. The three of us form the village\n    Athen\u00e6um, the Rural Institute, where we speak of everything except\n    hateful politics.... At such a meeting, the delight of my solitude,\n    to-day\u2019s dinner was devised. The special dish consists of the\n    cossus, a delicacy of great renown in ancient times.\n    When he had eaten a sufficient number of nations, the Roman,\n    brutalised by excess of luxury, began to eat worms. Pliny tells us:\n    \u201cRomanis in hoc luxuria esse c\u0153pit, pr\u00e6grandesque roborum vermes\n    delicatiore sunt in cibo: Cossos vocant.\u201d (The Romans have reached\n    such a degree of luxury at the table that they esteem as delicious\n    tit-bits the great worm from the oak-tree known as Cossus.)\n    I do not know with what sauce the Cossus was eaten in the days of\n    the C\u00e6sars, the Apicius of the period having left us no information\n    on this point. Ortolans are roasted on a spit; it would be\n    profaning them to add the relish of complicated preparation. Let us\n    proceed in the same manner with the Cossus, these Ortolans of\n    entomology. Spitted in rows, they are exposed on the grill to the\n    heat of live embers. A pinch of salt, the necessary condiment of\n    our dish, is the only addition made to it. The roast grows golden,\n    softly sizzling, weeps a few oily tears which catch fire on contact\n    with the coals and burn with a white flame. It is done! Let us\n    serve it hot.\n    Encouraged by my example, my family bravely attack their roast. The\n    schoolmaster hesitates, the dupe of his imagination, which sees the\n    great grubs of a little while ago crawling across his plate. He has\n    taken for himself the smaller specimens, as the recollection of\n    these disturbs him less. Less subject to imaginary dislikes, the\n    blind man ruminates and savours them with every sign of\n    satisfaction.\n    The testimony is unanimous. The roast is juicy, tender, and\n    extremely tasty. One recognises in it a certain flavour of burnt\n    almonds which is enhanced by a vague aroma of vanilla. In short,\n    the vermicular dish is found to be highly acceptable, one might\n    even say excellent. What would it be if the refined art of the\n    gourmets of antiquity had cooked it!...\n    If I have made this investigation it was certainly not in the hope\n    of enriching the bill of fare. The rarity of the great grubs and\n    the repugnance which all kinds of vermin arouses in most of us will\n    always stand in the way of my discovery becoming a common dish....\n    As far as I am concerned, it was still less the desire for a dainty\n    mouthful that actuated me. My sobriety is not easily tempted. A\n    handful of cherries pleases me better than the preparations of our\n    kitchens. My only desire was to elucidate a point of natural\nI certainly admire this zeal for science and this absence of prejudice\neven in the choice of food; yet I am tempted to remark that in the\nmatter of intrepidity, whether in respect of food or of science, there\nis one of Fabre\u2019s circle of acquaintances who surpassed the\nschoolmaster and perhaps equals Fabre himself. I am referring to\nFavier. Who, then, is Favier?\n    Favier is an old soldier. He has pitched his hut of clay and\n    branches under the African carob-trees; he has eaten sea-urchins at\n    Constantinople; he has shot starlings in the Crimea, during a lull\n    in the firing. He has seen much and remembered much. In winter,\n    when work in the fields ends at four o\u2019clock and the evenings are\n    long, he puts away rake, fork, and barrow, and comes and sits on\n    the hearth-stone of the kitchen fireplace, where the billets of\n    ilex-wood blaze merrily. He fetches out his pipe, fills it\n    methodically with a moistened thumb and smokes it solemnly. He has\n    been thinking of it for many a long hour; but he has abstained, for\n    tobacco is expensive. The privation has doubled the charm; and not\n    one of the puffs recurring at regular intervals is wasted.\n    Meanwhile, we start talking. Favier is, in his fashion, one of\n    those bards of old who were given the best seat at the hearth, for\n    the sake of their tales; only my story-teller was formed in the\n    barrack-room. No matter: the whole household, large and small,\n    listen to him with interest; though his speech is full of vivid\n    images, it is always decent. It would be a great disappointment to\n    us if he did not come, when his work was done, to take his ease in\n    the chimney-corner.\n    What does he talk about to make him so popular? He tells us what he\n    saw of the coup d\u2019Etat to which we owe the hated Empire; he talks\n    of the brandy served out and of the firing into the mob. He\u2014so he\n    assures me\u2014always aimed at the wall; and I accept his word for it,\n    so distressed does he appear to me and so ashamed of having taken a\n    hand, however innocent, in that felon\u2019s game.\n    He tells us of his watches in the trenches before Sebastopol; he\n    speaks of his sudden terror when, at night, all alone on outpost\n    duty, squatting in the snow, he saw fall beside him what he calls a\n    flower-pot. It blazed and flared and shone and lit up everything\n    around. The infernal machine threatened to burst at every second;\n    and our man gave himself up for lost. But nothing happened: the\n    flower-pot went out quietly. It was a star-shell, an illuminating\n    contrivance fired to reconnoitre the assailant\u2019s outworks in the\n    dark.\n    The tragedy of the battle-field is followed by the comedy of the\n    barracks. He lets us into the mysteries of the stew-pan, the\n    secrets of the mess, the humorous hardships of the cells. And, as\n    his stock of anecdotes, seasoned with racy expressions, is\n    inexhaustible, the supper hour arrives before any of us has had\n    time to remark how long the evening is.\n    Favier first attracted my notice by a master-stroke. One of my\n    friends had sent me from Marseilles a pair of enormous Crabs, the\n    Maia, the Sea-spider or Spider-crab of the fishermen. I was\n    unpacking the captives when the workmen returned from their dinner:\n    painters, stone-masons, plasterers engaged in repairing the house\n    which had been empty so long. At the sight of those strange\n    animals, studded with spikes all over the carapace and perched on\n    long legs that give them a certain resemblance to a monstrous\n    Spider, the onlookers gave a cry of surprise, almost of alarm.\n    Favier, for his part, remained unmoved; and, as he skilfully seized\n    the terrible Spider struggling to get away, he said:\n    \u201cI know that thing; I\u2019ve eaten it at Vasna. It\u2019s first-rate.\u201d\n    And he looked round at the bystanders with an air of humorous\n    mockery which was meant to convey:\n    \u201cYou\u2019ve never been out of your hole, you people.\u201d\n    Favier knows many things; and he knows them more particularly\n    through having eaten them. He knows the virtues of a Badger\u2019s back,\n    the toothsome qualities of the leg of a Fox; he is an expert as to\n    the best part of that Eel of the bushes, the Snake; he has browned\n    in oil the Eyed Lizard, the ill-famed Rassade of the South; he has\n    thought out the recipe of a fry of Locusts. I am astounded at the\n    impossible stews which he has concocted during his cosmopolitan\n    career.\n    I am no less surprised at his penetrating eye and his memory for\n    things. I have only to describe some plant, which to him is but a\n    nameless weed, devoid of the least interest; and, if it grows in\n    our woods, I feel pretty sure that he will bring it to me and tell\n    me the spot where I can pick it for myself. The botany of the\n    infinitesimal even does not foil his perspicacity.\n    But, above all, he excels in ridding me of the troublesome folk\n    whom I meet upon my rambles. The peasant is naturally curious, as\n    fond of asking questions as a child; but his curiosity is flavoured\n    with a spice of malice and in all his questions there is an\n    undercurrent of chaff. What he fails to understand he turns into\n    ridicule. And what can be more ludicrous than a gentleman looking\n    through a glass at a Fly captured with a gauze net, or a bit of\n    rotten wood picked up from the ground? Favier cuts short the\n    bantering catechism with a word. [135]\nFavier has other qualities: he does not hesitate in the face of\ndifficulties, and it is a point of honour with him to acquit himself\nmanfully, however arduous the task.\nFavier is not content with faithfully executing his master\u2019s orders.\nLike all intelligent and devoted servants, he divines and anticipates\nhis desires. He has happy ideas of initiative.\n    On the 14th of April 1880, Favier was clearing away a heap of mould\n    resulting from the waste weeds and leaves heaped up in a corner\n    against the enclosing wall.... In the midst of his work with spade\n    and wheelbarrow, he suddenly called me:\n    \u201cA find, sir, a splendid find! Come and look!\u201d\n    I hurried up. There, indeed, was a splendid discovery, and of a\n    kind to fill me with delight, reawakening all my old memories of\n    the Bois des Issarts. [136]\nThere swarmed a whole population of Scarab\u00e6i, in the form of larv\u00e6,\nnymphs, and adult insects. There, too, were crowds of Rose-beetles\n(Cetoni\u00e6), all stages being represented. There, too, were great numbers\nof Scoli\u00e6, the Two-striped Scoli\u00e6 having recently emerged from their\ncocoons, which still had beside them the skins of the game served to\nthe larv\u00e6; and there, before the naturalist\u2019s eyes, was the solution of\nthe problem of the Scolia\u2019s food, which \u201chis painful researches in the\nBois des Issarts had not enabled him to solve.\u201d [137] Less than this\nhad been needed for Favier to merit mention in the order of the day!\nAt the beginning of this chapter should we not have placed the insects\nthemselves at the head of Fabre\u2019s collaborators in his researches? When\nthe insect takes a hand, Favier himself is out of the running.\nIn the meantime we have no intention of belittling Favier, or of\nretracting the praise which has been lavished upon him. Despite his\ninevitable deficiencies, and sometimes even because of them, Fabre owes\nhim much. He owes him important manual services; he owes him curious\ndata and inestimable discoveries; lastly, he owes him hitherto unknown\nopinions relating to evolution, for Favier is an evolutionist, and a\nhighly original one.\n    For him the bat is a rat that has grown wings; the cuckoo is a\n    sparrow-hawk that has retired from business; the slug, a snail\n    which, through advancing age, has lost its shell; the night-jar,\n    the etraoucho-grepaou, as he calls it, is an old toad which, having\n    developed a passion for milk, has grown feathers in order to enter\n    the folds and milk the goats. It would be impossible to get these\n    fantastic ideas out of his head. Favier is, as will be seen, an\n    evolutionist after his fashion, and a daring evolutionist. Nothing\n    gives him pause in tracing the descent of animals. He has a reply\n    for everything: this comes from that. If you ask why, he replies:\n    \u201cSee how like they are!\u201d\n    Shall we reproach him for these insanities when we hear scientists\n    acclaiming the pithecanthropos as the precursor of man, led astray\n    as they are by the formation of the monkey? Shall we reject the\n    metamorphoses of the chavucho-grapaou when there are men who will\n    seriously tell us that in the present condition of science it is\n    absolutely proved that man is descended from some vaguely sketched\n    monkey? Of the two transformations Favier\u2019s seems to me the more\n    admissible. A painter, a friend of mine, the brother of the great\n    musician, F\u00e9licien David, imparted to me one day his reflections\n    concerning the human structure. \u201cV\u00e9, moun bel ami,\u201d he said, \u201cv\u00e9:\n    l\u2019hom\u00e9 a lou dintr\u00e9 d\u2019un por et lou d\u00e9foro d\u2019uno mounino\u201d (Man has\n    the inside of a pig and the outside of a monkey). I recommend the\n    painter\u2019s jest to those who wish to derive man from the wild boar,\n    when the monkey is out of fashion. According to David the descent\n    is confirmed by internal resemblances: \u201cL\u2019hom\u00e9 a lou dintr\u00e9 d\u2019un\nAnd, therefore, the naturalist proceeds to make some wise reflections\nwhich we owe in the first place to Favier:\n    Let us avoid generalisations that are not founded upon sufficiently\n    numerous and solid foundations. Where these foundations are lacking\n    the child is the great generaliser.\n    For him the feathered race means just the bird, and the reptile\n    family the snake, without other differences than those of\n    magnitude. Ignorant of everything, he generalises to the utmost,\n    simplifying in his inability to see the complex. Later on he will\n    learn that the Sparrow is not the Bullfinch, that the Linnet is not\n    the Greenfinch; he will particularise, and he will do so more and\n    more daily as his faculty of observation is more widely exercised.\n    At first he saw nothing but resemblances, now he sees differences,\n    but not yet so clearly as to avoid incongruous comparisons and\n    zoological solecisms like those which my gardener utters. [138]\n    This chapter was to have taken the form of a letter addressed to\n    Charles Darwin, the illustrious naturalist who now lies buried\n    beside Newton in Westminster Abbey. It was my task to report to him\n    the result of some experiments which he had suggested to me in the\n    course of our correspondence: a very pleasant task, for, though\n    facts, as I see them, disincline me to accept his theories, I have\n    none the less the deepest veneration for his noble character and\n    his scientific honesty. I was drafting my letter when the sad news\n    reached me: Darwin was dead: [139] after searching the mighty\n    question of origins, he was now grappling with the last and darkest\n    problem of the hereafter. [140]\nThis is what we need at the head of the seventh chapter of the second\nvolume of the Souvenirs. Especially coming after what has gone before\nthem, these few lines shed a more brilliant light upon Fabre\u2019s secret\nattitude toward those very thinkers whose ideas he opposes most keenly\nthan could any number of lectures. We have here the practical\nexemplification of that beautiful profession of faith inspired by Saint\nAugustine, which he has recorded elsewhere: \u201cI wage war boldly upon\nthose ideas that I believe untrue: but God preserve me from ever doing\nso upon those who maintain them.\u201d [141]\nIn his constant skirmishes against the theory of evolution, even in the\nset battles which he occasionally fights, whenever he writes Charles\nDarwin\u2019s name he mentions it with evident accents of respect and\nsympathy, gladly referring to him as \u201cthe master,\u201d \u201cthe illustrious\nmaster,\u201d \u201cthe venerated master.\u201d\nOn his part the English scientist does full justice to the French\nscientist\u2019s incomparable mastery in the study of insects. We have often\nmentioned the title of \u201cinimitable observer\u201d which he gives him in his\nwork on the Origin of Species. In a letter dated the 16th of April\n1881, he wrote to Mr. Romanes, who was preparing a book on Animal\nIntelligence: \u201cI do not know whether you would care to discuss in your\nbook some of the more complicated and marvellous instincts. It is an\nungrateful task.... But if you discuss some of these instincts, it\nseems to me that you could not take a more interesting point than that\nof the animals that paralyse their prey, as Fabre has described in his\nastonishing memoir in the Annales des sciences naturelles, a memoir\nwhich he has since amplified in his admirable Souvenirs.\u201d\nWhen he wrote this Darwin was acquainted only with the first volume of\nthe Souvenirs. [142] What would he have said if he could have enjoyed\nthe whole of the learned entomologist\u2019s masterly work?\nIn reading this first volume, the attention of the English naturalist\nhad been especially struck by the operations of the Hunting Wasps,\nwhich were peculiarly upsetting to his theories.\nDarwin was visibly preoccupied by the problem of instinct as propounded\nby the irrefutable observations of the French entomologist, but he did\nnot despair of finding a solution in conformity with his system. Fabre,\non his side, believed that his position was inexpugnable, and was not\nwithout hope of converting Darwin by what appeared to him to be the\nevidence of the facts.\n    Nowhere does the theory of evolution come full tilt against so\n    immovable an obstacle. Darwin, a true judge, did not fail to\n    realise this. He greatly dreaded the problem of the instincts. My\n    first results in particular had left him anxious. If he had known\n    the tactics of the Hairy Ammophila, the Mantis-hunting Tachytus,\n    the Philanthus apivorus, the Calicurgus, and other predatory\n    insects which have since been investigated, his anxiety, I believe,\n    would have become a frank avowal of his inability to get instinct\n    to enter the world of his formula. Alas! the philosopher of Down\n    left us when the discussion was only just beginning, with\n    experiment to fall back upon, a method superior to all arguments.\n    The little that I had published at that period left him still some\n    hope of explanation. In his eyes instinct is always an acquired\n    habit.\nWe have already mentioned Fabre\u2019s relations with Moquin-Tandon, Dufour,\nPasteur, and Duruy. Other names might be added to complete the list of\nhis friends, or the correspondents whom he succeeded in interesting in\nentomology and admitting more or less to participation in his\nresearches. [143] We will confine ourselves here to mentioning a worthy\nBrother of the Christian Colleges who afforded him one of the great\npleasures of his life by enabling him to satisfy, at a small expense,\nwithout emptying his purse or too greatly curtailing his patient\nobservations, one of the wilder longings of his youth, from which he\nwas not always exempted by age:\n    To travel the world, by land and sea, from pole to pole; to\n    cross-question life, under every clime, in the infinite variety of\n    its manifestations: that surely would be glorious luck for him that\n    has eyes to see; and it formed the radiant dream of my young years,\n    at the time when Robinson Crusoe was my delight. These rosy\n    illusions, rich in voyages, were soon succeeded by dull,\n    stay-at-home reality. The jungles of India, the virgin forests of\n    Brazil, the towering crests of the Andes, beloved by the condor,\n    were reduced, as a field for exploration, to a patch of pebbles\n    enclosed within four walls.\n    Heaven forfend that I should complain! The gathering of ideas does\n    not necessarily imply distant expeditions. Jean-Jacques Rousseau\n    herborised with the bunch of chick-weed whereon he fed his canary;\n    Bernardin de Saint-Pierre discovered a world on a strawberry plant\n    that grew by accident in a corner of his window; Xavier de Maistre,\n    using an armchair by way of post-chaise, made one of the most\n    famous of journeys around his room.\n    This manner of seeing country is within my means, always excepting\n    the post-chaise, which is too difficult to drive through the\n    bushes. I go the circuit of my enclosure over and over again, a\n    hundred times, by short stages; I stop here and I stop there;\n    patiently I put questions and, at long intervals, I receive some\n    scrap of a reply.\n    The smallest insect village has become familiar to me: I know each\n    fruit-branch where the Praying Mantis perches; each bush where the\n    pale Italian Cricket strums amid the calmness of the summer nights;\n    each downy plant scraped by the Anthidium, that maker of cotton\n    bags; each cluster of lilac worked by the Megachile, the\n    Leaf-cutter.\n    If cruising among the nooks and corners of the garden do not\n    suffice, a longer voyage shows ample profit. I double the cape of\n    the neighbouring hedges and, at a few hundred yards, enter into\n    relations with the Sacred Beetle, the Capricorn, the Geotrupes, the\n    Copris, the Decticus, the Cricket, the Green Grasshopper, in short\n    with a host of tribes the telling of whose story would exhaust a\n    lifetime. Certainly, I have enough and even too much to do with my\n    near neighbours, without leaving home to rove in distant lands.\n    Nevertheless, it were well to compare what happens under our eyes\n    with that which happens elsewhere; it were excellent to see how, in\n    the same guild of workers, the fundamental instinct varies with\n    climatic conditions.\n    Then my longing to travel returns, vainer to-day than ever, unless\n    one could find a seat on that carpet of which we read in the\n    Arabian Nights, the famous carpet whereon one had but to sit to be\n    carried whithersoever he pleased. O marvellous conveyance, far\n    preferable to Xavier de Maistre\u2019s post-chaise! If I could only find\n    just a little corner on it, with a return-ticket!\n    I do find it. I owe this unexpected good fortune to a Brother of\n    the Christian Schools, to Brother Judulien, of the La Salle College\n    at Buenos Aires. His modesty would be offended by the praises which\n    his debtor owes him. Let us simply say that, acting on my\n    instructions, his eyes take the place of mine. He seeks, finds,\n    observes, sends me his notes and his discoveries. I observe, seek\n    and find with him, by correspondence.\n    It is done; thanks to this first-rate collaborator, I have my seat\n    on the magic carpet. Behold me in the pampas of the Argentine\n    Republic, eager to draw a parallel between the industry of the\n    S\u00e9rignan Dung-beetles and that of their rivals in the western\n    hemisphere. [144]\nTo close the history of the S\u00e9rignan hermit by opening such remote\nperspectives is not so inconsistent as it may seem, for, after having\nobstinately imprisoned himself within the narrow horizon of his village\nall his life, the Proven\u00e7al recluse was beginning to be drawn out of it\nby the intelligent zeal of certain friends, who forced him to make a\ntriumphant tour of France, and we might almost say of the world.\nThe magic carpet on which they made him sit for this magnificent\njourney was, however, by no means a borrowed article. It was he himself\nwho had provided it. It was none other than the marvellous series, so\nrich and so varied, of his entomological works, which had only to be\nknown in order to ensure for the author everywhere the welcome which he\ndeserved, a truly enthusiastic welcome, and the place which was due to\nhim: one of the foremost places among our scientists and our writers.\nCHAPTER XIX\nFABRE\u2019S WRITINGS\n    My study-table, the size of a pocket-handkerchief, occupied on the\n    right by the inkstand\u2014a penny bottle\u2014and on the left by the open\n    exercise-book, gives me just the room which I need to wield the\n    pen. I love that little piece of furniture, one of the first\n    acquisitions of my early married life. It is easily moved where you\n    wish: in front of the window, when the sky is cloudy; into the\n    discreet light of a corner, when the sun is tiresome. In winter it\n    allows you to come close to the hearth, where a log is blazing.\n    Poor little walnut board, I have been faithful to you for half a\n    century and more. Ink-stained, cut and scarred with the pen-knife,\n    you know how to lend your support to my prose as you once did to my\n    equations. This variation in employment leaves you indifferent;\n    your patient back extends the same welcome to my formul\u00e6 of algebra\n    and the formul\u00e6 of thought. I cannot boast this placidity; I find\n    that the change has not increased my peace of mind: the hunt for\n    ideas troubles the brain even more than does the hunt for the roots\n    of an equation.\n    You would never recognise me, little friend, if you could give a\n    glance at my grey mane. Where is the cheerful face of former days,\n    bright with enthusiasm and hope? I have aged, I have aged. And you,\n    what a falling off, since you came to me from the dealer\u2019s,\n    gleaming and polished and smelling so good with your beeswax! Like\n    your master, you have wrinkles, often my work, I admit; for how\n    many times, in my impatience, have I not dug my pen into you, when,\n    after its dip in the muddy inkpot, the nib refused to write\n    decently!\n    One of your corners is broken off; the boards are beginning to come\n    loose. Inside you, I hear, from time to time, the plane of the\n    Death-watch, who despoils old furniture. From year to year new\n    galleries are excavated, endangering your solidity. The old ones\n    show on the outside in the shape of tiny round holes. A stranger\n    has seized upon the latter, excellent quarters, obtained without\n    trouble. I see the impudent intruder run nimbly under my elbow and\n    penetrate forthwith into the tunnel abandoned by the Death-watch.\n    She is after game, this slender huntress, clad in black, busy\n    collecting Wood-lice for her grubs. A whole nation is devouring\n    you, you old table; I am writing on a swarm of insects! No support\n    could be more appropriate to my entomological notes.\n    What will become of you when your master is gone? Will you be\n    knocked down for a franc, when the family come to apportion my poor\n    spoils? Will you be turned into a stand for the pitcher beside the\n    kitchen-sink? Will you be the plank on which the cabbages are\n    shredded? Or will my children, on the contrary, agree among\n    themselves and say:\n    \u201cLet us preserve the relic. It was where he toiled so hard to teach\n    himself and make himself capable of teaching others; it was where\n    he so long consumed his strength to find food for us when we were\n    little. Let us keep the sacred plank.\u201d\n    I dare not believe in such a future for you. You will pass into\n    strange hands, O my old friend; you will become a bedside-table\n    laden with bowl after bowl of linseed-tea, until, decrepit,\n    rickety, and broken-down, you are chopped up to feed the flames for\n    a brief moment under the simmering saucepan. You will vanish in\n    smoke to join my labours in that other smoke, oblivion, the\n    ultimate resting-place of our vain agitations. [145]\nThe little table protests to-day. It has no desire whatever to go up in\nsmoke with the labour in which it has borne its part; it flatters\nitself, on the contrary, with the hope that having shared in the toil\nit may also have some chance of sharing the honour. Rather than this\nunjust sentence of death, it seems to hear a summons to life:\n\u201cLet us go back, O my table, to the days of our youth, the days of your\nFrench polish and my smiling illusions,\u201d and it stands proudly upon its\nlegs, as though to serve as a support for these pages destined to\nrecapitulate Fabre\u2019s written work, all that work which it has helped\nhim to compose, from the first line to the last.\nOf the first literary or scientific exercises of the youthful Fabre and\nthe first quivers of the little table under the nervous, valiant,\nindefatigable pen of the young Carpentras schoolmaster, we shall say\nnothing, unless that there was really some excuse for trembling before\nthe audacious and strenuous toil of the beginning, and all the\nexercise-books stuffed with figures and formul\u00e6, diagrams and texts\nwhich represent the solitary and strictly personal work of preparation\nfor two bachelor\u2019s degrees, quickly followed by those of the licentiate\nand the doctor. It was an anatomical work, a memoir on the reproductive\norgans of the Myriapods, or Centipedes, that won for Fabre the degree\nof Doctor of Science.\nFabre\u2019s first contribution to the Press was a memoir on the Predatory\nHymenoptera, published in the Annales des sciences naturelles. This\nattracted great attention among the masters of science. The Institute\nof France awarded him a prize for experimental physiology. Darwin, then\nat the height of his fame, saluted him with amazed and rather uneasy\nadmiration. L\u00e9on Dufour, the patriarch of entomology in those days,\nwrote the author a most eulogistic and encouraging letter; happy to\nhave directed his researches toward discoveries which he himself had\nnot suspected, the venerable scientist emphatically exhorted his young\nfriend to continue his journey along the path that was opening before\nhim, a path so full of promise.\nSome time after this he published another entomological work which was\nby no means calculated to disappoint the hopes aroused by the first. It\ndealt with an insect related to the Cantharides, the Sitaris humeralis,\nand it contained matter no less unsuspected and no less astonishing\nthan the first.\nThe impression produced was all the more profound in that the miracle\nof instinct was here accompanied by a physiological miracle, a\nphenomenon of metamorphosis wholly unknown, to describe which Fabre hit\nupon the very happy term hypermetamorphosis. To the ordinary series of\ntransformations through which the insect passes in proceeding from the\nlarval condition to that of the nymph and the perfect insect, this\nstrange little beast adds another as a prelude to the first, so that\nthe larva of the Sitaris passes through four different forms, known as\nthe primary larva, the secondary larva, the pseudo-chrysalis, and the\ntertiary larva, and these resemble one another so little that only the\nmost sustained attention on the observer\u2019s part enables him to believe\nthe testimony of his eyes.\nAll these revelations keenly stimulated the curiosity and emulation of\nthe specialists, and set them \u201con the track of the history, hitherto\nmysterious, of the Cantharides and all the insects resembling them....\nA number of naturalists, Beauregard, Riley, Val\u00e9ry-Mayet, K\u00fcnckel\nd\u2019Herculais, Lichtenstein, and others began to study the insects more\nor less adapted to the preparation of blisters: the Mylabres, the\nMelo\u00ebs, the Cantharides. Lichtenstein even carried the larv\u00e6 of the\nCantharides in his watch pocket, enclosed in small glass tubes, so that\nhe could keep them warm and observe them at any moment.\u201d\nIt was by reading the memoir on the peregrinations and metamorphoses of\nthe Sitaris that M. Perrier [146] made the acquaintance of Fabre\u2019s\nwork, of which he was to become one of the most competent judges and\nfervent and eloquent admirers. He referred to this essay last year in\nhis speech at the S\u00e9rignan jubilee:\n    It was in 1868. I had only just left the Higher Normal College, and\n    was a very youthful assistant naturalist at the Museum. I can still\n    see myself on the box-seat of an omnibus, crossing the Place de la\n    Concorde, with an open book on my knees; I was reading the history\n    of the Sitaris humeralis; I was marvelling at its complicated\n    metamorphoses and its ruses for making its way into the nest of the\n    solitary Bee. [147]\nThese early essays were followed by many others, also published in the\nAnnales des sciences naturelles, and were always received with the same\nfavour by all the notable scientists of the time.\nWhile he was soaring toward the heights, and making his way into\nunexplored regions, under the astounded gaze of the most eminent\nauthorities, who saw themselves suddenly equalled and even surpassed,\nhis scientific genius loved also to look downwards, to approach the\nbeginners, to return, as it were, to the starting-point, in order to\nhold out his hand to them, and to trace out for them, through all the\nstages of science, the path that he had opened up for himself in the\nface of unheard-of difficulties.\nHe laboured to give them what he himself had felt the lack of almost as\nmuch as the help of masters: the assistance of luminous, living books,\ncapable of teaching without fatigue and without tedium. His class books\nare, in fact, models of their kind. In them you will find no vague\nphraseology, but the simplest, most precise, yet most natural language;\nno idle excess of erudition, but the most perfect lucidity of text as\nof diagram; no dryness, nothing commonplace, but everywhere something\npicturesque, original, and full of life, giving charm and relief to all\nthat is learned; and above all the constant care never to isolate\noneself from life, to keep in touch with reality, by leading the\nyouthful mind from the spectacles which are most familiar to it to the\nconceptions of science and from these to such of their applications as\nare most usual and most familiar.\nTo sum up, a rare talent for simply and clearly expounding the most\ndifficult theories in such a way as to render them accessible to the\nyoungest minds; a wonderful power of capturing the attention from all\nsides, of breaking down the water-tight partition which too often\nexists between the mind and the heart, between science and life,\nbetween theory and practice: such are the essential characteristics\nwhich earned Fabre the title of \u201cthe incomparable populariser.\u201d\n    About 1866 and 1867, at the Normal College of Rodez, one of our\n    professors used to read to us and teach us to admire certain little\n    books by our as yet but little known compatriot, J. H. Fabre, who\n    was born at Saint-L\u00e9ons, so he told us, and had graduated from the\n    Normal College of Avignon.\nSuch is the information recently given us by M. Fran\u00e7ois Fabi\u00e9, as \u201ca\ndetail that might perhaps give us pleasure, and which proves, in any\ncase, that not all the inhabitants of the Rouergue, as was mistakenly\nsaid of late, were ignorant of the name, origin, and talent of J. H.\nWe are, indeed, glad to think that if he was unduly overlooked at a\nlater time, he was at least known and admired at an early period in\nAveyron, and that as early as 1866 his class books were especially\nrecommended to the attention of our young schoolmasters at the Normal\nCollege of Rodez. They could have had none better conceived or\ncompiled. Would to heaven our public schoolmasters had always been as\nhappily inspired or as well advised in the choice of their textbooks!\nWould to heaven that, instead of the dismal and misleading suggestions\nof materialism and impiety, there were still a place in the manuals of\nscience, put in the hands of our children, for reflections as sane and\nas lofty as these. \u201cBy their practical side the sciences verge upon\nagriculture, medicine, and industry; but they have before all a moral\nadvantage which is not shared in the same degree by any other branch of\nhuman knowledge: in that by giving us a knowledge of the created\nuniverse they uplift the soul and nourish the mind with noble and\nsalutary thoughts.\u201d [149]\nThe study of the heavenly bodies in particular has this inestimable\nresult: \u201cThe things that we are told by stellar astronomy overwhelm the\nunderstanding and leave no room in our minds except for an impulse of\nreligious wonder at the author of these marvels, the God whose\nunlimited power has peopled the abysses of space with immeasurable\nheaps of suns.\u201d [150] But the divine work \u201cperhaps appears more\nmarvellous still in the infinity of littleness than in the infinity of\nmagnitude: Magnus in magnis, it has been said of God, maximus in\nminimis.\u201d [151] This fine saying is verified and more or less\nexplicitly confirmed in a thousand passages of the Souvenirs.\nFabre\u2019s works of popularisation are very numerous: they include no less\nthan seventy to eighty volumes; they embrace all the elements of the\nsciences learned and taught by the author: arithmetic, algebra,\ngeometry, trigonometry, mechanics, physics, chemistry, etc.; but their\nprincipal aim was to teach the natural sciences, which furnish the\nmaterial of more than fifty volumes intended for the primary or\nsecondary degree of education.\nIn his favourite domain of the natural sciences, as in that of the\nother sciences, the practical tendency of his teaching was by\npreference directed toward agricultural applications, as is shown by\nthe very titles of many of his books: El\u00e9ments usuels des sciences\nphysiques et naturelles, avec applications \u00e0 l\u2019hygi\u00e8ne et a\nl\u2019agriculture\u2014Le Livre des Champs\u2014Les Auxiliaires\u2014Les\nRavageurs\u2014Arithm\u00e9tique agricole\u2014Chimie agricole: indeed it was with the\nlast volume that he inaugurated his series of initiatory textbooks. For\nthe use of young girls and future housewives, he published books on Le\nM\u00e9nage, Hygi\u00e8ne and Economie domestique.\nAnd all these little books are presented in a picturesque and\nattractive form. The very titles have nothing austere about them:\nEntretien de l\u2019oncle Paul avec ses neveux sur les choses\nd\u2019agriculture\u2014Chimie de l\u2019oncle Paul. There is also The Livre de Ma\u00eetre\nPaul, the Histoire des B\u00eates, the Le\u00e7ons des choses, the Livre\nd\u2019Histoires and the Livre des Champs. Under different titles the other\nvolumes evoke, like these, a sort of family atmosphere; they display\nthe same concrete style of narrative and the same lifelike charm of\ndialogue.\nEvidently Fabre was not one of these whose \u201clife was strangled,\u201d and\nhis initiative stifled by the springes of University methods and the\nprogrammes beloved of the bureaucrats. On every side there was little\nbut disdain for animals and plants; and it was these above all that he\nstrove to popularise. When they are studied, it is only to dissect them\nor reduce them to abstract formul\u00e6; but he considers them rather as\nthey are in themselves and in their relations with human life. And\nwhile others speak of them as dead objects or as indifferent objects,\nto indifferent readers, Fabre speaks of them with sympathy and feeling,\nwith the tenderness and geniality of an uncle speaking to his nephews,\nand he excels in communicating to his hearers the sacred fire which\ninspires him\u2014the passionate love which he feels for all natural things.\nIt was Fabre\u2019s fine independence that made him a pioneer. Certain of\nhis manuals may no longer be sufficiently up to date, but his methods\nand his tendencies are precisely those that best respond to the needs\nand aspirations of the present time. For a wave of serious public\nopinion is revealing itself in favour of a renewal of our public\neducation.\nA time will come, let us hope, when the schools will be less artificial\nand removed from real life, and will no longer systematically ignore\nreligion, the family, the country and the vocation of the pupils. When\nthat time comes, the schoolmasters will turn again to the classic Fabre\nhandbooks, or at all events to books modelled upon his, in order to\nteach the little peasant boys to love their fields, their beasts, their\nagricultural and pastoral labours; to teach them also sometimes to lift\ntheir heads from the furrows in order to look up at the returning\nstars.\nBegun in 1862 by the publication of a book on agricultural chemistry,\nFabre\u2019s work of popularisation was continued until the appearance in\n1879 of his first volume of the Souvenirs. It forms as it were a\npreface to the great entomological masterpiece. Thanks to the deserved\nsuccess of the series, rather than to his wretched emoluments as\nprofessor, he achieved the security and independence necessary to the\naccomplishment of his mission. His class-books were the ransom that set\nhim free. They enabled him to leave the town and escape into the\nfields. They even enabled him to realise his dream of a solitary corner\nof the earth and a life of leisure wholly dedicated to the patient and\ndisinterested study of his beloved insects.\nFrom another point of view this long and patient effort of scientific\npopularisation and intense literary production was not without its\nresults as regard his later work. It enabled him to obtain a mastery of\nhis medium, to exercise his faculty of expression and his mind, to vary\nand mature his observations, and finally to realise that tour de force\nof writing, for specialists, books that he who runs may read, and of\nperforming the miracle of arousing the enthusiasm of men of letters for\nbooks that compel the admiration of scientists, and attracting the\nattention of the scientists to books that delight the man of letters.\nThe brilliance, colour, and vitality which enhance without ever\ndiminishing the high scientific value of his Souvenirs are due, no\ndoubt, to his native qualities, to the limpid and harmonious Gallic\ngenius of which he affords so admirable a type; he owes them also, as\nwe have said, to all those tiny lives, so vibrant with diligence, and\nso picturesque, whose lights and shades and na\u00efve emotions seem to have\nfound their way into his own heart, into his style; but he owes them\nstill more to his young friends, the primary school-children, to the\npains which he took, the ingenuity which he expended in bringing within\nthe grasp of the child\u2019s mind, in impressing upon his imagination and\nsensibility as well as his understanding, the creatures and the doings\nof the living world.\nAs we have recorded, it was only in 1879 that Fabre inaugurated his\ngreat and immortal collection of Souvenirs entomologiques.\nFrom this same year dates the acquisition, so greatly desired, of the\nopen-air laboratory and his installation in the cherished solitude of\nS\u00e9rignan, where he was able to give free play to his entomological\ntastes, and to continue to add to the Souvenirs.\nHenri Fabre was then fifty-five years of age, and apparently broken by\nfatigue and suffering. This did not prevent him from undertaking and\naccomplishing a task in which we know not which to admire the most: the\nacuteness of observation or the vigour of thought, the enthusiasm of\nthe investigator or the animation of the writer. Here is a wonderful\nexample to all those whom advancing age and life have already cruelly\nbruised; to all those who might be tempted to give up or to flinch\nunder the burden of grief or disappointment, instead of listening to\nthe voice of their talents, the appeal of their friends, the summons of\nGod Himself to generous and devoted action, and to the great harvest of\nsouls and ideas.\n    For forty years [says Fabre] I have struggled with unshakable\n    courage against the sordid miseries of life; and the corner of\n    earth I have dreamed of has come at last.\n    The wish is realised. It is a little late, O my pretty insects! I\n    greatly fear that the peach is offered to me when I am beginning to\n    have no teeth wherewith to eat it. Yes, it is a little late; the\n    wide horizons of the outset have shrunk into a low and stifling\n    canopy, more and more straitened day by day. Regretting nothing in\n    the past, save those whom I have lost; regretting nothing, not even\n    my first youth; hoping nothing either, I have reached the point at\n    which, worn out by the experience of things, we ask ourselves if\n    life be worth the living. [152]\nIn the touching, desolate accents of these lives we may, no doubt, hear\nthe echoes of a whole lifetime of toil and trial; but above all they\nexpress the cruel grief which had just wrung the kindly, tender heart\nof the great scientist. He was still suffering from the blow dealt him\nby the death of his beloved son Jules at the moment of writing these\nlines on the first page of the second volume of the Souvenirs, piously\ndedicated to the memory of the lost child.\nHappily he found in his \u201cinsuperable faith in the Beyond\u201d [153] a the\ncourage to overcome his grief and in his \u201clove of scientific truth\u201d the\npossibility of taking up his life again and resuming his work.\n    Amid the ruins that surround me, one strip of wall remains\n    standing, immovable upon its solid base; my passion for scientific\n    youth. Is that enough, O my busy insects, to enable me to add yet a\n    few seemly pages to your history? Will my strength not cheat my\n    good intentions? Why, indeed, did I forsake you so long? Friends\n    have reproached me for it. Ah, tell them, tell those friends, who\n    are yours as well as mine, tell them that it was not forgetfulness\n    on my part, not weariness, nor neglect: I thought of you; I was\n    convinced that the Cerceris\u2019 cave had more fair secrets to reveal\n    to us, that the chase of the Sphex held fresh surprises in store.\n    But time failed me; I was alone, deserted, struggling against\n    misfortune. Before philosophising, one had to live. Tell them that;\n    and they will pardon me. [154]\nFrom the very beginning of his great entomological work Fabre sought to\nfree himself from another reproach, which wounded him to the quick,\nbecause it struck at his fidelity to his chosen study, and, what is\nmore, to scientific truth:\n    Others again have reproached me with my style, which has not the\n    solemnity, nay, better, the dryness of the schools. They fear lest\n    a page that is read without fatigue should not always be the\n    expression of the truth. Were I to take their word for it, we are\n    profound only on condition of being obscure. Come here, one and all\n    of you\u2014you, the sting-bearers, and you, the wing-cased\n    armour-clads\u2014take up my defence and bear witness in my favour. Tell\n    of the intimate terms on which I live with you, of the patience\n    with which I observe you, of the care with which I record your\n    actions. Your evidence is unanimous: yes, my pages, though they\n    bristle not with hollow formul\u00e6 nor learned smatterings, are the\n    exact narrative of facts observed, neither more nor less; and whoso\n    cares to question you in his turn will obtain the same replies.\n    And then, my dear insects, if you cannot convince those good\n    people, because you do not carry the weight of tedium, I, in my\n    turn, will say to them:\n    \u201cYou rip up the animal and I study it alive; you turn it into an\n    object of horror and pity, whereas I cause it to be loved; you\n    labour in a torture-chamber and dissecting-room, I make my\n    observations under the blue sky, to the song of the Cicadas; [155]\n    you subject cell and protoplasm to chemical tests, I study instinct\n    in its loftiest manifestations; you pry into death, I pry into\n    life.\u201d\nOur author\u2019s strong personality is revealed no less in the bulk of his\nwork than in this declaration of principles which might serve as a\nprologue to the latter.\n\u201cWith the originality of genius he is from the first totally opposed to\nthe point of view of those naturalists who are fascinated by morphology\nand anatomy.\u201d [156] He believes that the characteristics of life are to\nbe found in life itself, and that if we wish truly to know the insect,\nnothing will help us so much as seeing it at work. \u201cMere common sense,\nthe reader will say, yet it is by no means common\u201d; and it usually\nhappens that writers \u201cforget to take performance into their reckoning\nwhen they are describing life.\u201d [157]\nTo study living entomology, that is, to study the insect living its\nlife and in the highest manifestations of its life, in its instincts\nand its habits, in its aptitudes and its passions, in a word, in its\npsychic faculties; to replace the dominant standpoint of morphology and\nphysiology by the standpoint of biology and psychology; such is the\nessential programme of the writer of the Souvenirs.\nAnd he adheres to it all the more strictly the more he sees it\nneglected by those about him, judging it to be of still greater\nimportance for one who is seeking to know the insect, more advantageous\nto practice and speculation, more essential to the open-air life and\nthe most abstruse inquiries of the human mind. By curiously\ninterrogating the life of the insects one may render inestimable\nservices to agriculture, as Pasteur did in his investigation of\nsericulture; one may also \u201cfurnish general psychology with data of\ninestimable value,\u201d and this in particular was what he proposed to do.\nM. Fabre\u2019s restless mind is for ever haunted by the most abstruse\nproblems, which, indicated here and there, enable us to understand the\nmotives that urge him on. With reference to these the insect is no\nlonger an end: it becomes a means. Above all, M. Fabre wishes to define\ninstinct; to establish the line of demarcation which divides it from\nintelligence, and to demonstrate whether human reason is an irreducible\nfaculty or whether it is only a degree higher on a scale whose base\ndescends into the depths of animality. More generally he propounds the\nquestion of the identity or the difference between the animal mind and\nthe human. He also seeks to examine the problem of evolution; finally,\nto discover whether geometry rules over all things, and whether it\ntells us of a Universal Geometer, or whether \u201cthe strictly beautiful,\nthe domain of reason, that is, order, is the inevitable result of a\nblind mechanism.\u201d [158]\nAnd to tell the whole story in a few words, the essential object, the\ngeneral impulse of this curious and powerful mind, which refuses to\ndivide science from philosophy, is to consider the insect, how it\nlives; to note its actions and its movements; to reach its inner from\nits outer life; its inward impulse from its external action; and then\nto climb upwards from the insect to man and from man to God.\nFabre never attempts to solve the problems which he propounds a priori.\nBefore thinking as a philosopher he observes as a scientist. His method\nis strictly experimental. \u201cTo observe the crude fact, to record it,\nthen to ask what conclusion may be based upon this solid foundation,\nsuch is M. Fabre\u2019s only rule; and if we oppose him with arguments he\ndemands observations.\u201d [159]\n\u201cSee first; you can argue afterwards.\u201d \u201cThe precise facts are alone\nworthy of science. They cast premature theories into oblivion.\u201d\nHe always makes direct for the facts as Nature presents them. The books\nfail him or are not to his liking. Most of them dissect the insect; he\nwants it alive and acting. The best contain but the shadow of life; he\nprefers life itself. If he happens to quote them, it is usually to\ndeplore their deficiencies or to correct their errors, or perhaps to do\nhomage to a precursor or a rival, but not to borrow from them the\nhistory of an insect.\nThis history he wishes to take from life, and he refuses to write\nexcept according to Nature and the data provided by the living subject.\nHis narratives are always the result of strictly conscientious and\nobjective inquiries: he records nothing that he has not seen, and if he\nhas sometimes heightened his pictures by somewhat vivid hues, he has\nonly given his style the relief and the colour of his subject. The\ndanger of such scientific records when they are written by a man of\nletters and a poet like Fabre into the bargain is that there is a\ndanger of their being written with more art than exactitude. And it is\napparently this that causes so many scientists to distrust science that\nalso claims to be literature. Fabre was not always immune from this\nspecies of discredit which the writer may so easily cast upon the\nscientist. But this unjust accusation was long ago withdrawn, and\nto-day all are agreed as to the absolute truthfulness of his portraits\nand his records. He has talent and imagination, it is true, but he has\napplied his talent to the sincere investigation of the facts, and his\nimagination only to achieve the more complete and faithful expression\nof the reality. A great thinker once uttered this profound saying:\n\u201cThings are perceived in their truth only when they are perceived in\ntheir poetry.\u201d This saying might serve as a motto for the whole of\nFabre\u2019s entomological work.\nTo collect the data which he requires for the foundation of his\nphilosophical structures, Fabre is not content with observing the\ninsect as it lives and labours when left to itself, writing down, so to\nspeak, at its dictation the data which it deigns to give him as it\nwould give them to any one who possessed the same patience and the same\ngift for observation. After these first overtures, he seeks more\nconfidential information; to obtain this he inverts the parts played by\nobserver and insect; from being passive he becomes active; he provokes\nand interrogates, and by different experiments, often of wonderful\ningenuity, he enables and even compels the insect to confide to him\nwhat it would never have divulged in the normal course of its life and\noccupations. Fabre is the first to think of introducing this kind of\nartificial observation, which he calls experiment, into the study of\nthe animal \u201csoul.\u201d\nTo practise it more readily, he needs the insect close within his\nreach; more than that, he needs it under his hand, at his discretion,\nso to say. Neither the great museum of the fields nor the place of\nobservation where the insects \u201croam at will amid the thyme and\nlavender\u201d quite answers the requirements of this part of his programme.\nSo at various points of the harmas all those appliances which we have\nalready described were set up, \u201crustic achievements, clumsy\ncombinations of trivial things.\u201d In addition to these appliances in the\nopen air, there are those inside the house: some are installed in the\nstudy, so that the experimenter \u201ccan see his insects working on the\nvery table upon which he is writing their history\u201d; [160] others are\narranged in a separate room known as the \u201canimal laboratory.\u201d\n    It is a great, silent, isolated room, brilliantly lighted by two\n    windows facing south, upon the garden, one of which at least is\n    always open that the insects may come and go at liberty.... The\n    middle of the room is entirely occupied by a great table of\n    walnut-wood, on which are arranged bottles, test-tubes, and old\n    sardine boxes, which Fabre employs in order to watch the evolution\n    of a thousand nameless or doubtful eggs, to observe the labours of\n    their larv\u00e6, the creation and hatching of cocoons, and the little\n    miracles of metamorphosis, after a germination more wonderful than\n    that of the acorn which makes the oak.\n    Covers of metallic gauze resting on earthenware saucers full of\n    sand, a few carboys and flower-pots or sweetmeat jars closed with a\n    square of glass; these serve for observation or experimental cages\n    in which the progress and the actions of these tiny, living\n    machines can be investigated. [161]\nFabre reveals a consummate skill in this difficult and delicate art of\nexperimentation and inducing the insect to speak. The smallest\nincident, insignificant to a mind less alert than his, suggests further\nquestions or gives rise to sudden intuitions and preconceived ideas\nwhich are immediately subjected to the test of experiment. But it is\nnot enough to question the insect; one must understand its replies; it\nis not enough to collect or even to provoke data. One must know how to\ninterpret them.\n    And here truly we come to the prodigy; for his sympathy for animals\n    gives M. Fabre a sort of special sense, which enables him to grasp\n    the meaning of its actions, as though there were between it and\n    himself some actual means of communication, something in the nature\n    of a language. [162]\nBut there is something even more remarkable than this penetration and\ncertainty of analysis; it is the prudence with which he goes forward\nstep by step, without leaving anything vague or doubtful; the reserve\nwith which he pronounces upon all that goes beyond the obvious meaning\nof the facts; the frankness and modesty with which he admits that he\nhesitates or does not know. It often happens that this scrupulous\nspirit leads to doubt. \u201cThe more I observe and experiment, the more I\nfeel rising before me, in the cloudy blackness of the possible, a vast\nnote of interrogation.\u201d We might even find that on certain occasions\nthe fear of going astray has caused him to limit to excess the range of\nhis interpretation. But this is done only to give greater weight to his\nassertions, wherever they are expressed firmly and with quiet\nassurance. In short, there is reason to subscribe to the flattering\njudgment of his first biographer, who sees in the Souvenirs not only\nthe most wonderful entomological repertory, but a true \u201cessay upon\nmethod,\u201d which should be read by every naturalist, and the most\ninteresting, instructive, familiar, and delightful course of training\nthat has ever been known. [163]\nThe most interesting, instructive, and delightful course of training:\nhis books are this, not only in virtue of the writer\u2019s method and point\nof view, but in virtue of his language. For the living scenes of the\nSouvenirs, as well as the interpretations interspersed between them,\nare expressed in words so simple and so well chosen that they are\nrealised without effort and in the most striking relief in the reader\u2019s\nmind and imagination.\nFabre hates to see science make use of pedantic and pseudo-scholastic\nterminology. Apart from the fact that it may repel the reader, all this\nidle apparatus of obscurity serves only too often to mask error or\nvagueness of thought.\n    By seasoning the matter with indigestible terms, useful for\n    dissimulating vagueness of thought, one might represent the Cione\n    as a superb example of the change brought about by the centuries in\n    the habits of an insect. It would be very scientific, but would it\n    be very clear? I doubt it. When my eyes fall upon a page bristling\n    with barbarous locutions, supposedly scientific, I say to myself:\n    \u201cTake care! The author does not properly understand what he is\n    saying, or he would have found, in the vocabulary which so many\n    clever minds have hammered out, some means of clearly stating his\n    thought.\u201d\n    Boileau, who is denied the poetic afflatus, but who certainly\n    possessed common sense, and plenty of it, informs us:\n          \u201cCe que l\u2019on con\u00e7oit bien s\u2019\u00e9nonce clairement.\u201d\n          (That which is clearly grasped is plainly said.)\n    \u201cJust so, Nicolas! Yes, clearness, always clearness. He calls a cat\n    a cat. Let us do the same: let us call gibberish a most learned\n    prose, to afford a pretext for repeating Voltaire\u2019s witty remark:\n    \u2018When the listener does not understand and the speaker himself does\n    not know what he is saying, that is metaphysics.\u2019 Let us add: \u2018And\n    abstruse science.\u2019\u201d\n    My conviction is that we can say excellent things without using a\n    barbarous vocabulary. Lucidity is the sovereign politeness of the\n    writer. I do my best to achieve it. [164]\nThanks to his love of lucidity and simplicity, as much as to his frank\nand modest spirit, he had a horror of verbal snobbery and juggling with\npretentious words. Official science itself, and, as he says bluntly,\n\u201cofficial jargon,\u201d [165] find no more favour in his eyes than the sins\nof incidental writers.\n    As a boy [writes Fabre] I was always an ardent reader; but the\n    refinements of a well-balanced style hardly interested me: I did\n    not understand them. A good deal later, when close upon fifteen, I\n    began vaguely to see that words have a physiognomy of their own.\n    Some pleased me better than others by the distinctness of their\n    meaning and the resonance of their rhythm; they produced a clearer\n    image in my mind; after their fashion, they gave me a picture of\n    the objects described. Coloured by its adjective and vivified by\n    its verb, the name became a living reality: what it said I saw. And\n    thus, gradually, was the magic of words revealed to me, when the\n    chances of my undirected reading placed a few easy standard pages\nThe magic of words! He has done more than discover it in the pages of\nother writers. He has illustrated it on every page of his own writings,\nadapting it so exactly to the magic of things that it delights the\nscientist as Nature herself would, and enchants the poet and the man of\nletters as only the masterpieces of art and literature have power to\ndo.\nCHAPTER XX\nFABRE\u2019S WRITINGS (CONTINUED)\nIn attempting to define the point of view, the method, and the style of\nthe author of the Souvenirs, we have broadly sketched the general\ncharacteristics of his work. In order to complete our task, and to give\na clear and comprehensive idea of his art, we will now venture upon a\nrapid analysis not of the author\u2019s attitude but of the content of his\nworks.\nThe Souvenirs entomologiques bear a sub-title which perfectly describes\ntheir essential and characteristic elements. They are offered as\n\u201cStudies in the Instincts and Habits of the Insects,\u201d which promise us\nboth theoretical considerations and records of facts:\n    At the very outset, and to judge only very superficially, it seems\n    that these latter are the essential part of the work, and the\n    author must be considered before all as an admirable anecdotist,\n    or, if you will, a chronicler of animal life. But we very soon\n    perceive, on reading him, how much method, selection, and\n    persevering determination have presided over all these\n    investigations, which may appear almost incoherent, and are, on the\n    contrary, profoundly systematic and definitely ordered. [167]\n    Fran\u00e7ois Copp\u00e9e, in a delightful story, shows us an austere\n    landscape gardener fiercely destroying all the sparrows and, above\n    all, the blackbirds, which disturb and dishonour the magnificent\n    symmetry of his paths, which were clipped straight with the aid of\n    a taut cord. Our gentleman does not leave a single one alive....\n    But on the other side of the party wall is a true poet, who, not\n    having the same \u00e6sthetic, buys every day a quantity of birds in the\n    market, and indefatigably \u201cputs back the blackbirds\u201d into his\n    neighbour\u2019s shrubberies. [168]\nFabre\u2019s work is that of a conscientious architect who has sought to\nkeep the shrubberies and alleys of his garden in strict order, but the\nracial poet lurking behind the architect has released so many\nblackbirds that he seems to have destroyed the tidiness of the garden.\nJust at first, the Souvenirs produce somewhat the same impression as\nthe harmas, where the thousand actors of the rural stage follow one\nanother, appear and reappear, at varied intervals, at the will of\nopportunity or caprice, without premeditated order. But the observer is\nnot always master of his encounters and discoveries, and Fabre wished\nto give us, in his books, the faithful record of his observations, and\nafford us the pleasure in our turn of those unexpected encounters,\nthose marvellous discoveries which made his life an enchantment, and\nwhich lend his narrative an interest equal to that of the most dramatic\nromance.\nYet there has been a selection, a definite arrangement of the vast\ncollection of data collected in the ten volumes of the Souvenirs.\nBut this arrangement and this selection are by no means inspired by the\nofficial classifications. We may attempt, as many eminent naturalists\nhave done, to class his various monographs in the classic manner. We\nshall then say, with M. Perrier, that he is not greatly occupied with\nthe Lepidoptera, that he studies more particularly the Hymenoptera,\nColeoptera, and Orthoptera, without neglecting the Arachnoids, which\nare Arthropods, not insects properly so called. It is a fact that this\nsingular entomologist prefers the horrible Spiders, to whom all the\ngood text-books refuse the name of insect, to the most beautiful\nButterflies. It is true that he is especially attracted by the\nfour-winged flies, the Wasps and wild Bees, the Dung-Beetles and\nNecrophori, the Mantes, Grasshoppers, and Scorpions; but this is not\nbecause of any particular affection for this group or on account of\ntheir quality of Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera; for many of\ntheir congeners are neglected and many insects are selected out of\ntheir order. This is bound to be the case, for the official\nclassification is conceived on totally different lines to his own,\ngoing by the form of the insect without heeding its actions and its\nhabits. It is much the same with the official nomenclature.\n\u201cIf, by chance, an amalgam of Greek or Latin gives a meaning which\nalludes to its manner of life, the reality is very often in\ndisagreement with the name, because the classifier, working over a\nnecropolis, has outstripped the observer, whose attention is fixed upon\nthe community of the living.\u201d [169]\nSo the historian of the insects takes the greatest liberties with\nofficial science and the official language.\n    A Spider is not an insect, according to the rules of\n    classification; and as such the Epeira seems out of place here. A\n    fig for systems! It is immaterial to the student of instinct\n    whether the animal have eight legs instead of six, or pulmonary\n    sacs instead of air-tubes. [170]\nAbove all, Fabre is interested in the study of instinct. It is this\nthat determines his choice of the species and the data with which he\noccupies his leisure and entertains his readers.\nLed by this purpose, allured by this vision, he turns by preference to\nthe most richly-endowed species, disdaining the inept, though they may\nbe the most beautiful and the most resplendent, like the Butterflies;\nand he is often attracted by creatures, great or small, which have\nscarcely anything in common with the insects save their habits. Thus\nthe ferocity of the Spiders will justify their taking rank next to the\nScorpions, the Mantes and the Grasshoppers, the cruelest and most\nancient of terrestrial creatures.\nFabre, in fact, seldom departed from the world of insects, because it\nis in this little world that the greatest miracles of instinct are\nmanifested, in accordance with the entomologist\u2019s motto Maxima in\nminimis. And, as though to increase this prodigious contrast, it often\nhappens that the most remarkable instincts are allotted to the smallest\nand most despised of insects:\n    Among the insects it is often the case that one well known to all\n    is a mere simpleton, while another, unknown, has real capacity.\n    Endowed with talents worthy of attention, it remains misunderstood;\n    rich in costume and imposing in deportment, it is familiar to us.\n    We judge it by its coat and its size, as we judge our neighbour by\n    the fineness of his clothes and the place which he occupies. The\n    rest does not count.\n    Certainly, in order to deserve historical honours, it is as well\n    that the insect should possess a popular reputation. It reassures\n    the reader, who is at once precisely informed; further, it shortens\n    the narrative, rids it of long and tedious descriptions. On the\n    other hand, if size facilitates observation, if grace of form and\n    brilliance of costume captivate the eye, we should do wrong not to\n    take this outward show into account.\n    But far more important are the habits, the ingenious operations,\n    which give entomological studies their serious attraction. Now it\n    will be found that among the insects the largest, the most\n    splendid, are usually inept creatures: a contradiction which is\n    reproduced elsewhere. What can we expect from a Carabas, all\n    glittering with metallic lights? Nothing but feasting in the slime\n    of murdered snail. What of the Cetonia, escaped, one would think,\n    from a jeweller\u2019s show-case? Nothing but drowsing in the heart of a\n    rose. These splendid creatures do nothing; they have no art or\n    craft.\n    But, on the other hand, if we are seeking original inventions,\n    artistic masterpieces and ingenious contrivance, let us apply to\n    the humblest, more often than not unknown to all. And let us not be\n    repulsed by appearances. Ordure reserves for us beautiful and\n    curious things of which we should not find the like upon the rose.\n    So far the Minotaur has enlightened us by her family habits. Long\n    live modesty and littleness! [171]\nThe small and modest, provided they are valiant and ingenious, and more\ngenerally all those that commend themselves by unusual habits or\nsingular technical aptitudes: such are the insects investigated by the\nauthor of the Souvenirs. These he follows up for years, sometimes in\ntheir natural environment, sometimes in his laboratory. He inquires\ninto their manner of assuring themselves and their race of a\nlivelihood, their fashion of behaviour toward their congeners and their\noffspring; their industry and their habits are his two chief\npreoccupations, those which are brought into prominence by the\nsub-title of his book: \u201cStudies in the Instincts and Habits of the\nInsects,\u201d and the titles of the two volumes of selections which have\nbeen published for the general reader: La Vie des Insectes and Les\nM\u0153urs des Insectes.\nIt is, therefore, about these two principal themes, which are, for that\nmatter, very closely connected and very subject to mutual\ninterpenetration, that the data amassed in the ten volumes of the\nSouvenirs must be grouped and distributed, if we wish to attempt a\nclassification in harmony with the character of the books and the\nnature of their contents.\nBy thus assuming the point of view of the author himself and adopting\nthe principle and the form of his classifications and denominations, we\nshall discover, in this little entomological world, which seems to have\nbeen staged a little at random, a society as rich and varied as our\nown, in which almost all trades and all characters are represented, all\nthe industries and habits of humanity.\nHere, as among us, are honest toilers and free-booters, producers and\nparasites; good and bad husbands and wives; examples of beautiful\ndevotion and hideous egoism; delightful amenities and ferocious\ncruelties, extending even to cannibalism; workers of every class and\nmanufacturers of every kind, and, in a higher order of capacities,\nengineers and surgeons, chemists and physicists, naturalists and\nphysiologists, topographers and meteorologists, geometricians and\nlogicians, and many more, whose enumeration we will leave to the\nreader.\n\u201cLet us assemble facts in order to obtain ideas,\u201d said Buffon. In this\nprocess may be summed up the whole of the great Proven\u00e7al naturalist\u2019s\nscientific work. If he notes the least circumstances of the little\nlives that unfold themselves before his eyes, he does so not merely as\nan observer and an artist who would not miss the smallest element of\nknowledge or beauty, but also as a philosopher who wishes to understand\nall that he sees, and for that reason neglects nothing. In entomology\nthe smallest facts are not only the most curious and picturesque, they\nare often the most significant: maxima in minimis. Those minute details\nwhich are in danger of being regarded as \u201cpuerilities are connected\nwith the most solemn questions which it is possible for man to\nconsider.\u201d [172]\nThere are philosophical meditations in Fabre\u2019s work, evoked by his\nobservations, and, like his observations, they are not presented in a\npreconceived order. His arguments are scattered throughout his work.\nNowhere in the Souvenirs is there any body of doctrine. They contain\nonly studies of the habits of individual insects; and it is only when\nhe has gathered certain data or made certain experiments that the\nauthor gives us his conclusions or explanations or attacks the errors\nof the theories in vogue.\nYet it is not difficult, such is their degree of prominence and\ncontinuity, to disengage and synthesise the general ideas scattered\nthroughout this vast collection of facts. We shall make the attempt in\norder to give the reader at least a glimpse of the writer\u2019s attitude\ntoward the problems of science and of life.\nFrom the achievements and actions of the insects, the philosophic mind\nof the naturalist first of all deduces, very clearly, the general laws\nof their activity.\nWhat strikes us at once is the wonderful degree of knowledge\npresupposed by certain of their actions: for all that instinct impels\nthe insect to do is marked by perfect wisdom, comparable and even\nsuperior to human wisdom. This first law of instinct is brought into\nespecial prominence by the author of the Souvenirs in his study of the\nHunting Wasps.\nThese Wasps, which are themselves purely vegetarian, know that their\nlarv\u00e6 must have animal food; fresh succulent flesh still quivering with\nlife.\nSome, like the Common Wasp, which watches over the growth of its\noffspring, feed the larv\u00e6 from day to day, as the bird brings beakfuls\nof food to its nestlings, and these kill their prey, which they are\nthus able to serve to their larv\u00e6 perfectly fresh.\nBut the majority do not watch over the hatching or the growth of their\nlarv\u00e6. They are forced therefore to lay up a store of food beforehand.\nThey know this, and are not found wanting. But here they are confronted\nby a most difficult problem. If the prey carried to the nest is dead,\nit will quickly putrefy; it cannot possibly keep fresh, as it must, for\nthe weeks and months of the larva\u2019s growth. If it is alive it cannot\neasily be seized by the larv\u00e6, and will represent a menace or even a\ndeadly danger. The Wasp must discover the secret of producing, in her\nvictims, the immobility of death together with the incorruptibility of\nlife. And the Wasps have discovered this secret, for the prey which\nthey provide for their larv\u00e6 remain at their disposal to the end\nwithout movement and without deterioration. Do these tiny creatures\nknow intuitively the secrets of asepsis which Pasteur discovered with\nso much difficulty? Such was the conclusion with which Dufour was\nforced to content himself. He presumed the existence, in the Hunting\nWasps, of a virus which was at once a weapon of the chase and a liquid\npreservative, for the immolation and conservation of the victims. But\neven if aseptic a dead insect would shrivel up into a mummy. Now this\nmust not occur, and as a matter of fact the Wasp\u2019s victims remain moist\nindefinitely, just as if alive. And in reality they are not dead; they\nare still alive. Fabre has demonstrated this by proving the persistence\nof the organic functions, and by feeding some of them by hand. In\nshort, it is incontestable that the victims are not put to death but\nmerely deprived of movement, smitten with paralysis. How has this\nresult, more miraculous even than asepsis, been obtained by the insect?\nBy the procedure that the most skilful physiologist would employ. By\nplunging its sting into the victim\u2019s body, not at random, which might\nkill it, but at certain definite points, exactly where the invisible\nnervous ganglia are located which control the various movements.\nFor the rest, the operative method varies according to the species and\nanatomy of the victim.\nIn his investigation of the paralysers, Dufour was unable to imagine\nany other weapon of the chase than the mere inoculation of a deadly\nvirus; the Hymenopteron has invented a means of immobilising her victim\nwithout killing it, of abolishing its movements without destroying its\norganic functions, of dissociating the nervous system of the vegetative\nlife from that of the life of reaction; to spare the first while\nannihilating the second, by the precise adaptation of this delicate\nsurgery to the victim\u2019s anatomy and physiology. Dufour was unable to\nprovide anything better for the larva\u2019s larder than mummified victims,\nshrivelled and more or less flavourless; the Hymenopteron provided them\nwith living prey, endowed with the strange prerogative of keeping fresh\nindefinitely without food and without movement, thanks to paralysis,\nfar superior in this connection to asepsis.\n\u201cHe, the master, skilled among the skilful, trained in the finest\noperations of anatomy; he who, with lens and scalpel, had examined the\nwhole entomological series, leaving not a corner unexplored; he,\nfinally, who has nothing more to learn of the organisation of the\ninsect, can think of nothing better than an antiseptic fluid which\ngives at least an appearance of an explanation of a fact that leaves\nhim confounded,\u201d and of which he has not discovered the full miracle.\nThe author of this immortal discovery rightly insists on \u201cthis\ncomparison between the insect\u2019s instinct and the scientist\u2019s reason,\nthe better to reveal in its true light the crushing superiority of the\ninsect.\u201d\nAs though to give yet another verification of the words so justly\napplied to entomology\u2014maxime miranda in minimis\u2014the larva\u2019s science is\nperhaps even more disconcerting than that of the perfect insect.\nThe Scolia\u2019s larva stupefies us by the order in which it proceeds to\ndevour its victim.\n\u201cIt proceeds from the less essential to the more essential, in order to\npreserve a remnant of life to the very last. In the first place it\nabsorbs the blood which issues from the wound which it has made in the\nskin; then it proceeds to the fatty matter enveloping the internal\norgans; then the muscular layer lining the skin; and then, in the last\nplace, the essential organs and the nerve-centres.\u201d [173] \u201cWe thus have\nthe spectacle of an insect which is eaten alive, morsel by morsel,\nduring a period of nearly a fortnight, becoming empty and emaciated and\ncollapsing upon itself,\u201d while preserving its succulence and moisture\nto the end.\nStarting with these typical facts, which testify to an infallible\nforesight and a perfect adaptation of the means to the end, the list\nmight be indefinitely prolonged with the aid of Fabre\u2019s memoirs. But\nthese are enough to show us that \u201cwhat instinct tells the animal is\nmarvellously like what reason tells us,\u201d so that we find nothing\nunnatural in Fabre\u2019s exclamation when he is confronted by the profound\nknowledge of the Hymenopteron and \u201cthe sublime logic of her stings.\u201d\n\u201cProud Science, humble yourself!\u201d All this presumes, in short, in the\nmicroscopic little creatures an astonishingly rational inspiration\nwhich adapts means to the end with a logic that confounds us.\nAnd all this would be very much to the credit of the insect and to the\ndisadvantage of man if there were not a reverse side to the medal. But\nthe same insect that confounds us by its knowledge and wisdom also\ndisconcerts us by its ignorance and stupidity.\nThe best-endowed insect cannot do anything \u201coutside the narrow circle\nof its attributions. Every insect displays, in its calling, in which it\nexcels, its series of logically co-ordinated actions. There it is truly\na master.\u201d [174] Apart from this it is utterly incapable. And even\nwithin the cycle of its attributions, apart from the customary\nconditions under which it exercises them, the ineptness of the insect\nsurpasses imagination.\nLet us consider the facts.\nOne of these Hymenoptera whose impeccable science we were admiring just\nnow, a Languedocian Sphex, is busy closing the burrow in which she has\nlaid her egg with its store of game. We brush her aside, and plunder\nher nest before her eyes. Directly the passage is free, she enters and\nremains for a few moments. Then she emerges and proceeds to stop up the\ncell, as though nothing were the matter, as though she had not found\nher burrow empty, as though the work of closing the cell had still a\nmotive. [175]\nThe Mason-Bee, excellently endowed in the matter of boring, emerges\nfrom her nest of mortar by piercing the earthen dome which covers it.\nLet us cover the nest from which the Bee is about to emerge with a\nlittle paper bag. If the bag is placed in contact with the nest so as\nto make one piece with it, so to speak, the Bee perforates it and\nliberates herself. If it is not in contact with the nest, she remains\nimprisoned and will let herself die without perforating the bag.\n\u201cHere, then, are sturdy insects for whom boring tufa is mere child\u2019s\nplay, which will stupidly let themselves perish imprisoned by a paper\nbag,\u201d [176] to which it does not even occur to bite a second time\nthrough the frail envelope through which they have already bitten once\nwhen it was, so to speak, part of the earthen enclosure.\nThe Wasp, which is such a marvellous architect, and so skilful a\ndigger, is no better able to employ her talents. During the night we\nplace a bell-glass over a Wasp\u2019s nest. In the morning the Wasps issue\nforth and struggle against the glass wall, but not one of them dreams\nof digging at the foot of the treacherous circle. But one Wasp, of\nseveral which have strayed from the community, coming from outside,\nopens up a way to the nest under the edge of the bell-glass, which is a\nnatural enough proceeding for an insect returning from the fields, who\nmay have to gain her nest through falls of earth in the entry. But even\nthis particular Wasp cannot repeat the operation in order to emerge\nfrom the bell-glass, and the whole community eventually die prisoners\nafter a week of futile agitation. The entomologist finds this ineptness\nof the Wasp repeated in the Necrophori, who nevertheless have a great\nreputation for intelligence, and, in general, in all the insects which\nhe has had occasion to rear under a bell-glass.\nThe larva is subject to the same absurdities as the adult insect. The\nScolia\u2019s larva, which eats in such a scientific manner, is quite unable\nto apply its remarkable talents the moment it is off the beaten track.\nPlaced on the victim\u2019s back at a spot which is not the normal point of\nattack, placed on a Cetonia-grub that is immobilised without being\nparalysed, or merely removed for a moment from its position, it is no\nlonger able to do anything right.\n    By a strange contradiction, characteristic of the instinctive\n    faculties, profound knowledge is associated with an ignorance no\n    less profound.... For instinct nothing is difficult, so long as the\n    action does not diverge from the immutable cycle laid down for the\n    insect; for instinct, again, nothing is easy if the action has to\n    diverge from the paths habitually followed. The instinct which\n    amazes us, which terrifies us by its supreme lucidity, astonishes\n    us by its stupidity a moment later, when confronted with the\n    simplest situation which is alien to its ordinary practice....\n    Instinct knows everything in the invariable tracks which have been\n    laid down for it; nothing when off this track.\n    Sublime inspirations of science and amazing inconsequences of\n    stupidity are both its heritage, accordingly as it is acting under\n    normal or accidental conditions. [177]\nIt would be interesting to pursue this inquiry into the general laws of\ninstinct, and to give, as a pendant to the antithesis of its wisdom and\nstupidity, the no less singular antithesis of its automatism and its\nvariations. But that we may not beyond all measure enlarge the\nproportions of this monograph we will pass on at once to the\ndetermination of the causes of instinct, as related by our naturalist\nphilosopher.\n    The laudator temporis acti is untimely, for the world progresses.\n    Yes, but backwards at times. In my young days, in the twopenny\n    classics, we were taught that man is a reasoning animal; to-day, in\n    learned volumes, it is demonstrated that human reason is only a\n    higher degree upon a scale whose base descends into the depths of\n    animality. There is the more and the less, and all the intermediate\n    degrees, but nowhere a sudden solution of continuity. It begins at\n    zero in the albumen of a cell, and rises to the mighty brain of a\n    Newton. The noble faculty of which we were so proud is a zoological\n    attribute.\n    This is an assertion of grave significance.... Assuredly we have\n    need of ingenuousness in entomology. Without a good dose of this\n    quality, sheer wrongheadedness in the eyes of practical folk, who\n    could trouble himself about insects? Yes, let us be na\u00efve, without\n    being childishly credulous. Before making the animal reason, let us\n    reason a little ourselves. Above all, let us consult the\n    experimental test. Facts gathered at random, without a critical\n    selection, cannot constitute a law. [178]\nAnd the prudent naturalist sifts all the anecdotes and records of\nhabits, all the rational or sentimental achievements which the writers\nof books and the \u201cglorifiers of the animal\u201d pass from hand to hand,\nshowing clearly that all the facts alleged in proof of the intelligence\nof animals are ill-observed or wrongly interpreted.\nHaving shown in its true light one of these fabricated facts related by\nClairville, he cries:\n    Yet one more of the fine arguments in support of the animal\u2019s\n    reasoning powers that takes to flight in the light of\n    experiment.... I admire your candid faith, my masters, you who take\n    seriously the statements of chance observers richer in imagination\n    than in veracity. I admire your credulous enthusiasm, when, without\n    criticism, you support your theories on such stupidities. [179]\nFabre has no greater faith in the virtue of animals than in their\nreason, since one cannot exist without the other. It is true that the\nCopris, the most richly endowed of insects in respect of the maternal\ninstinct, does not differentiate between the care which she lavishes on\nstrangers and that which she gives to the children of her household;\nbut the pitiless observer shows that this is because she cannot\ndistinguish between them.\n    It is not the function of impartial history to maintain a given\n    thesis; it follows where the facts lead it. [180]\nThe historian of the insects simply confronts the facts of the\nentomological world which he has explored under all its aspects:\n    To speak with certainty, we must not depart from what we really\n    know. I am beginning to know the insect passably well after forty\n    years of intercourse with it. Let us question the insect: not the\n    first comer, but the best endowed, the Hymenopteron. I am generous\n    to my opponents. Where will you find a creature richer in\n    talents?... Well, does this refined and privileged member of the\n    animal kingdom reason?\n    And, first of all, what is reason? Philosophy will give us learned\n    definitions. Let us be modest; let us stick to the simplest; we are\n    only dealing with animals. Reason is the faculty which refers the\n    effect to the cause, the means to the end, and directs the action\n    by making it conform to the requirements of the accidental. Within\n    these limits is the animal able to reason? Does it understand how\n    to associate a because with a why, and behave in accordance? Can\n    it, confronted with an accident, alter its line of conduct? [181]\nTo all these questions the facts already cited have replied. It is\nevident that the Hymenopteron which provisions or closes the nest found\nempty under the conditions which we have seen imposed upon the Sphex or\nthe Pelop\u00e6us, is ignorant of the why of her work and does not in any\ncase connect it with its natural aim, which is the rearing of the\nlarv\u00e6.\n    These expert surgeons, these marvellous anatomists know nothing\n    whatever, not even what their victims are intended for. Their\n    talent, which confounds our reason, is devoid of a shadow of\n    consciousness of the work accomplished, a shadow of foresight\n    concerning the egg. [182]\nFabre, then, has vainly sought for \u201cproofs\u201d of the intervention of\nreason in the actions of the insect. He has not found them. He has even\nfound the very contrary; the insect, interrogated as to its powers of\nreason and \u201cthe logic attributed to it,\u201d has plainly replied that it is\nentirely lacking in reason and that logic is not its strong point.\nYet he is far from wishing to \u201cbelittle the merits\u201d or \u201cdiminish the\nreputation\u201d of his beloved insects. No one can be less suspected of\nprejudice against them, since none has \u201cglorified\u201d them more\nabundantly; no one has spoken of them with greater admiration and\nsympathy; no one has more fully described their high achievements, and\nno one has revealed such unknown and incredible marvels on their\nbehalf. It is enough to recall the \u201cmiracles\u201d of the science and wisdom\nof the paralysers.\nBut far from invalidating the conclusion drawn from the obvious\nstupidity of the insect even in the actions which are its specialty,\nthe science and wisdom of instinct afford it a striking confirmation.\nThe very \u201cslightest glimmer of intelligence\u201d would suffice to make the\ninsect do what it does not and leave undone what it does even within\nthe circumference of its attributions. If it is plainly devoid of this\nglimmer, how much more plainly is it devoid of that \u201csplendour of\nintelligence\u201d which the \u201cmiracles\u201d of instinct would require! [183] To\nsum up, the insect sins too greatly by excess and by defect in its\ninstinctive actions to justify our attributing to it an understanding\nof these actions; we are indeed compelled absolutely to deny it any\nsuch understanding. It does at once too much and too little; too much\nfor an insect\u2019s intelligence and too little for any intelligence\nwhatever. Everything is against it; its knowledge as much as its\nignorance; its logic as much as its inconsequences.\n    So long as its circumstances are normal, the insect\u2019s actions are\n    calculated most rationally in view of the object to be attained.\n    What could be more logical, for instance, than the devices employed\n    by the Hunting Wasp when paralysing her prey so that it may keep\n    fresh for her larva, while in no wise imperilling that larva\u2019s\n    safety? It is pre-eminently rational; we ourselves could think of\n    nothing better; and yet the Wasp\u2019s action is not prompted by\n    reason. If she thought out her surgery, she would be our superior.\n    It will never occur to anybody that the creature is able, in the\n    smallest degree, to account for its skilful vivisections.\n    Therefore, so long as it does not depart from the path mapped out\n    for it, the insect can perform the most sagacious actions without\n    entitling us in the least to attribute these to the dictates of\nThese acts of instinct, so scientifically devised and so rationally\nperformed by works devoid of either judgment or reason, must be\nexplained by referring them to a proportionate cause, whence proceed\nthe logic and the science which evidently do not proceed from the\ninsect itself.\n    I consign to the meditations of philosophy these five makers of\n    spherical conserves\u2014[he is speaking of the Scarab\u00e6i]\u2014and their\n    numerous rivals. I consign to them these inventors of the spherical\n    box, of greater volume and smaller surface, for provisions liable\n    to dry up, and I ask them how such logical inspirations, such\n    rational provisions, could unfold themselves in the murky intellect\n    of the insect.... The work of the pill-makers propounds a grave\n    problem to him who is capable of reflection. It confronts us with\n    this alternative: either we must attribute to the flat cranium of\n    the Dung-beetle the notable honour of having solved for itself the\n    geometrical problem of its conserve, or we must refer it to a\n    harmony ruling all things beneath the eye of an Intelligence that,\n    knowing all, has foreseen all.... If the Rhynchites and its\n    emulators in defensive means against the perils of asphyxia have\n    taught themselves their trade; if they are really the children of\n    their works, do not let us hesitate ... let us recognise them as\n    engineers capable of winning our diplomas and degrees; let us\n    proclaim the microcephalic Weevil a powerful thinker, a wonderful\n    inventor. You dare not go to these lengths; you prefer to have\n    recourse to the chances of hazard. Ah, but what a wretched resource\n    is hazard, when such rational contrivances are in question! One\n    might as well throw into the air the characters of the alphabet and\n    expect to see them, on falling, form certain lines selected from a\n    poem! Instead of loading our minds with such tortuous ideas, how\n    much simpler and more truthful to say: \u201cA sovereign Order rules\n    over matter.\u201d This is what the Sloe Weevil tells us in its\n    humility! [185]\nWe heard the same language, uttered perhaps even more persuasively,\nfrom the Hairy Ammophila, among many others, one day when, as a\nbeginner in entomology, he considered her performing her delicate and\nexpert operations, bending over a bank on the table-land of Les Angles,\nin company with a friend:\n    The Wasp acts with a precision of which science would be jealous;\n    she knows what man hardly ever knows; she understands the complex\n    nervous system of her victim.... I say, she knows and understands;\n    I ought to say, she acts as though she knew and understood. Her act\n    is all inspiration. The insect, without having any conception of\n    what it is doing, obeys the instinct that impels it. But whence\n    comes this sublime inspiration?... For me and my friend, this was\n    and has remained one of the most eloquent revelations of the\n    ineffable logic that rules the world and guides the unconscious by\n    the laws of its inspiration. Moved to the depths by this flash of\n    truth, we felt, forming upon our eyelids, tears of indefinable\nThe more he sees, the more he reflects, the more radiantly clear does\nthe meaning of these facts appear to him:\n    Can the insect have acquired its skill gradually, from generation\n    to generation, by a long series of casual experiments, of blind\n    gropings? Can such order be born of chaos; such foresight of\n    hazard; such wisdom of stupidity? Is the world subject to the\n    fatalities of evolution, from the first albuminous atom which\n    coagulated into a cell, or is it ruled by an Intelligence? The more\n    I see and the more I observe, the more does this Intelligence shine\n    behind the mystery of things. I know that I shall not fail to be\n    treated as an abominable \u201cfinal causer.\u201d Little do I care! A sure\n    sign of being right in the future is to be out of fashion in the\n    present.\n    A long time ago [says a contemporary apologist], I was discussing\n    matters with an astronomer who was possessed of knowledge, a\n    certain penetration and a certain courage. He pushed this\n    penetration and this courage to the length of declaring, before the\n    Academy of Sciences, that the laws of nature form a harmony and\n    reveal a plan.\n    I had an opportunity of congratulating him, and he was good enough\n    to express his satisfaction. I profited by this to suggest that he\n    was doubtless ready to develop his conclusions yet further, and\n    that since he recognised the existence of a plan he admitted, at\n    the origin of things, a Mind: in short, an intelligent Being.\n    Suddenly my astronomer turned up his nose, without offering me any\n    argument capable of any sort of analysis.\n    In vain did I explain that to deduce the existence of an\n    intelligent Being because one has discovered the existence of a\n    plan is, after all, to continue the train of reasoning which\n    deduces the existence of a plan after observing that there is a\n    system of laws. In vain I pointed out that I was merely making use\n    of his own argument. My astronomer refused to go any further along\n    the path upon which he had entered. There he would have met God,\n    and that was what he was unwilling to do. [187]\nJ. H. Fabre does not stop half-way to the truth for fear of meeting\nGod. He is logical, loyal, and courageous to the end. He argues from\nthe facts to laws and from laws to causes, and from them to the \u201cCause\nof causes,\u201d the \u201cReason of reasons,\u201d [188] concerning which, says M.\nPerrier, he has not \u201cthe pedantic feebleness of grudging it the name of\nIf Fabre so briskly attacks the theory of evolution, it is not so much\nbecause of the biological results which it attributes to the animal far\nniente as because it offers such a convenient pretext for that sort of\nintellectual laziness that willingly relies upon an explanation\nprovided beforehand and readily exonerates itself from the difficult\ntask of searching more deeply into the domain of facts as well as that\nof causes. [190] If the explanation were not notoriously insufficient\none might overlook the abuses which it covers, innocently enough, but,\nto speak only of the insect, all its analyses, were they admissible,\nleave the problem of instinct untouched: \u201cHow did the insect acquire so\ndiscerning an art? An eternal problem if we do not rise above the dust\nto dust\u201d [191] of evolution. At all events, as it is presented it is\nmerely, we repeat, \u201ca convenient pillow for the man who has not the\ncourage to investigate more deeply.\u201d [192] For him, he has this courage\nand this power of ascension, and he readily spreads his wings to rise\nabove matter and the night of this world and soar to those radiant\nheights where Divinity reveals itself, together with the supreme\nexplanation of the light which lightens this darkness and the life that\ninspires this matter. [193]\nWe have said enough to show that Fabre is decidedly of the race of\nthose great men who soar high above the vulgar prejudices, pedantries,\nand weaknesses, and whose wonderful discoveries bring them nearer to\nGod as they uplift them above the common level of humanity.\nHaving written The Harmony of the World, and casting a final glance at\nthe charts of the heavens and also at the long labour of his life,\nKepler offered his God this homage:\n    O Thou, who by the light of Nature hast caused us to sigh after the\n    light of grace, in order to reveal unto us the light of Thy glory,\n    I thank Thee, my Creator and my God, that Thou hast permitted me to\n    admire and to love Thy works. I have now finished the work of my\n    life with the strength of the understanding which Thou hast\n    vouchsafed me; I have recounted to men the glory of Thy works, in\n    so far as my mind has been able to comprehend their infinite\n    majesty.... Praise the Creator, O my soul! It is by Him and in Him\n    that all exists, the material world as well as the spiritual world,\n    all that we know and all that we do not know as yet, for there\n    remains much for us to do that we leave unfinished....\nUniting the point of view of exegesis with that of natural science, one\nof the greatest and broadest minds of antiquity, Origen, has written\nthese noble words:\n    The providential action of God manifests itself in the minute\n    corpuscles of the animals as well as in the superior beings; it\n    directs with the same foresight the step of an ant and the courses\n    of the sun and the moon. It is the same in the supernatural domain.\n    The Holy Spirit which has inspired our sacred Scriptures has\n    penetrated them with its inspiration to the last letter: Divina\n    sapientia omnem Scripturam divitus datam vel adunam usque\n    litterulam attigit.... [194]\nThe reader will doubtless pardon a professor of exegesis, whose\nadmiration for the prince of entomologists has made him his biographer,\nfor terminating this analysis of the naturalist\u2019s philosophical and\nreligious ideas by a synthetic view which brings him into closer\ncommunion with his hero: \u201call things are linked together,\u201d as he\nhimself has said, [195] and the study of the Holy Scriptures, if he\ncould have devoted himself thereto, would certainly have led this noble\nand penetrating mind to render the same testimony to the truth of\nChrist and the Church as that which it has rendered to the truth of the\nsoul and God.\nCHAPTER XXI\nA GREAT PREPARATION\nThe title which we have given this chapter is that which M. Perrier,\nthe eminent Director of the Museum of Natural History, lately inscribed\nat the head of a remarkable article in the Revue hebdomadaire. In this\nthe author showed how just and how far inferior to his deserts are the\nhonours so tardily accorded to the man whose life and labours we have\nsketched.\nWe assuredly cannot say that Fabre\u2019s name and his work have until\nlately remained unknown or even undervalued. At an early period he was\nhonoured by the admiration and friendship of such men as Dufour and\nDuruy. On several occasions his works have been crowned by the highest\nawards of the Institute. Not content with belonging to the Zoological\nSociety and the Entomological Society of France, and with being elected\nin 1887 corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, he has also\nbeen granted, as though in emulation, the title of honorary member by\nthe most famous foreign academies, the Scientific Societies of\nBrussels, Geneva, etc., and the Entomological Societies of London,\nStockholm, and St. Petersburg.\nIf it is true, as some one has said, that posterity begins at the\nfrontier, these numerous and flattering distinctions, coming from all\npoints of the horizon, are full of promise for the immortality of his\nwork. It is undoubtedly the case that foreigners benefit by a degree of\nremoteness which is favourable to sane judgment. For that matter, as\nfar as Fabre is concerned, the favourable verdict of his peers is\nsurrounded by hardly fewer guarantees of impartiality in France than\nabroad, for this worthy son of the Rouergue has never been of those who\nseek to obtain honours by any of the means that achieve success through\nintrigue or influence, and we may without paradox say that it is\nfarther from his village to Paris than from Paris to London; from\nobscurity in his village to fame in Paris than from fame in Paris to\nfame in London and other capitals.\nNevertheless, legitimately acquired and well founded though it might\nbe, Fabre\u2019s great scientific reputation had hardly extended beyond the\nlimits of the academies and the somewhat restricted circle of\nprofessional biologists and naturalists, or that of a few amateurs who\nwere better informed than their fellows, or more perspicacious in the\nchoice of their reading.\nWas it not just to exhibit, beyond this circle of initiates,\nachievements that belonged to all and had all the qualities requisite\nfor popularity? Was it not right to draw this great man out of the\nobscurity in which he had so long shut himself up, and at last to place\nthis distinguished figure on the magnificent pedestal built up by half\na century\u2019s work of the highest value, and the greater part of a\ncentury of a poor and laborious life? So thought the friends and\nadmirers of the hermit of S\u00e9rignan, who organised, last year, the\ncelebration of his jubilee, and, in the Press, cited him in the order\nof the day.\nThese celebrations took place in the familiar rustic setting so dear to\nthe aged scientist. It was a morning of April, in the little village of\nVaucluse which we need not name, at the edge of the enclosure where for\nmore than forty years he has kept rendezvous with his insects, on the\nthreshold of the house that shelters his studious retirement. The\nvenerable naturalist was there, surrounded by the members of his\nbeloved family, his constant collaborators, with whose names he loved\nto sprinkle the pages of his books. To greet him came the worthy folk\nof S\u00e9rignan, justly proud of him, his friends from far and near, and\nthe delegates of the learned societies of France and foreign countries,\nwith whom the representatives of the State, the Sub-prefect of Orange\nand the Prefect of Avignon, had the good taste to associate themselves.\nAt the moment when an unexpected ray of sunlight filtered through the\nclouds like a caress and a benediction from Heaven upon the head of the\nold scientist, ever faithful to the call of the Power on high, France\nand Sweden, to mention only the most eager, joined in crowning him with\nlaurels; France offering him a magnificent gold plaque in the name of\nthe Academy of Sciences, and Sweden the Linn\u00e6an Medal in the name of\nthe Royal Academy of Stockholm. France\u2014or rather, the Acad\u00e9mie\nFran\u00e7aise\u2014has since then offered a further evidence of her admiration\nby granting him the largest of its money prizes and unanimously\nrecommending him to the jury entrusted with the award of the Nobel\nPrize.\nThere are seldom f\u00eates without banquets or banquets without speeches.\nAmong the speeches delivered at S\u00e9rignan at the banquet of April 3rd,\nwe must at least mention M. Perrier\u2019s, from which we give an extract on\nthe first page of this book. It may be found in extenso in the Revue\nscientifique for the 7th of May, 1910. The series of toasts was\nfollowed by the reading of numerous telegrams of congratulation, the\nmost loudly applauded of these being that of M. Edmond Rostand, which\nran as follows:\n    Prevented from being in your midst, I am nevertheless in spirit\n    with those who are to-day honouring a man worthy of all admiration,\n    one of the purest glories of France, the great scientist whose work\n    I admire, the profound and racy poet, the Virgil of the insects,\n    who has brought us to our knees in the grass, the hermit whose life\n    is the most wonderful example of wisdom, the noble figure that,\n    under its black felt hat, makes S\u00e9rignan the complement of\n    Maillane.\nIt must be recorded that Maillane had cordially united with S\u00e9rignan,\nand that poetry and science were at one in celebrating the fame of the\nman who has justly been called the poet of entomology.\nSuch, in its most salient features, was the festival which consecrated,\na little late in the day, one of our purest national glories.\nThis homage had not the ephemeral character of most jubilees, even\nscientific ones. It found more than one echo, and had an aftermath\nthroughout the country. We will not insist further upon the eager,\nenthusiastic interest extended by the public to the new edition of the\nSouvenirs, and the publication of La Vie des Insectes and Les M\u0153urs des\nInsectes, which are volumes of selected extracts from the Souvenirs,\nnor even on the decoration of the Legion of Honour which so justly\nraised to the rank of officer him who had been a simple chevalier for\nforty years.\nBut we must refer at somewhat greater length to the three proofs of\nadmiration which must have found their way most surely to his heart.\nThe first, to which we have already alluded, came from the highest\nliterary authority of France, and, we might say, of the world. In his\nreport on the literary prizes awarded by the Acad\u00e9mie Fran\u00e7aise, M.\nThureau-Dangui devoted the following passage to our friend:\n    I have reserved to the last the largest of our direct prizes, the\n    Ne\u00e9 prize, awarded to the author of the Souvenirs entomologiques,\n    M. Jean-Henri Fabre. He cannot, at all events, be accused of\n    indiscreet solicitation. In his hermitage at S\u00e9rignan, where he has\n    pursued a long life of toil, a life so modest that despite the most\n    wonderful discoveries it was for a long time a life of obscurity,\n    M. Fabre gave not a thought to the Acad\u00e9mie Fran\u00e7aise, which is all\n    the better pleased to show that it was thinking of him.\n    M. Fabre has, indeed, too clear a vision and too sane a mind not to\n    perceive the problems of a philosophical order which arise from the\n    wonderful data of his discoveries. At every step, in the mysterious\n    domain of instinct, reason cannot fail to divine, beyond the little\n    kingdom explored by observation, the unfathomable secrets of\n    creation.\n    To all, even to those who believe themselves least interested in\n    matters of natural history, I cannot refrain from saying: \u201cRead\n    these narratives; you will appreciate their charm, their geniality,\n    their simplicity, their life; you will fall in love with this\n    delightful science, which is pursued day after day in the beautiful\n    summer weather, \u201cto the song of the Cicad\u00e6;\u201d this science which is\n    truly Latin, Virgilian at times, which goes hand in hand with\n    poetry, which is so imbued with love that it sometimes seems as\n    though there arose, from these humble entomological souvenirs, a\n    strophe of the canticle of created things.\u201d [196]\nA mark of homage, which, indeed, adds nothing to the fame of the\ncelebrated laureate of the Institute and so many other learned\nAcademies, but which deserves mention here because it certainly touched\na fibre of the old scientist\u2019s heart which all the rest might have\nfailed to stir, is that which was accorded him by the little Society\nwhich gathers about the belfry of Rodez the intellectual \u00e9lite of his\nown country-side.\nThe records of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des lettres, sciences et arts de l\u2019Aveyron\ncontain, in the minutes of the session of the 27th October 1910, a\ncommunication from the president of the Society which closes with the\nwords:\n    In order to associate ourselves in some fashion with the unanimous\n    bestowal of honours and eulogy of which this venerable old man is\n    at present the recipient, we propose to accord him the title of\n    honorary member. It is the highest distinction at our disposal, and\n    we think he will accept it with sympathy.\nNeedless to say that the whole assembly accepted their president\u2019s\nproposal with enthusiasm and by acclamation. Some time later the famous\nnaturalist wrote to the Society, through his present biographer, a\ntouching letter of thanks, in which he said, among other things, that,\ncoming from his own country, this distinction had been very precious to\nhim. The delicate feeling expressed in these words gives us to hope\nthat the contribution to the work of reparation which we have sought to\nmake will not be without some value in his eyes.\nCHAPTER XXII\nTHE LAST HEIGHTS [197] (1910\u20131915)\nI\nIn the year 1910 Fame flung the gate of the harmas wide open. Coming\nlate, she seemed anxious to repair her long neglect.\nThe process of reparation continued. It grew fuller, more marked, and\nburst into a splendid apotheosis during the following years.\nScientists as a class had accused Fabre of mixing up Horace and Virgil\nwith his entomological adventures. He was despised for quoting these\ninto studies which officially were dry and cold as statistics. But in\njoining the Acad\u00e9mie Fran\u00e7aise on the occasion of the jubilee of 1910,\nthe Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences gloriously avenged this unjust and\nPharisaical disdain.\nBut there were yet some of \u201ctime\u2019s revenges\u201d to be taken for the\ninjustice which Fabre had suffered.\nWe have spoken of his early struggles in the University, of his career,\nfirst hampered, then shattered, of the jealousies and persecutions\nevoked by this \u201cirregular\u201d self-taught pioneer; no doubt the work of a\ntriumphant clique, which eventually drove him from the house and\nslammed the door. This was, as the reader may remember, on the occasion\nof his lecture to young girls at Saint-Martial.\nBut now, on the 23rd of April 1911, a fresh invasion of young girls,\nalmost all pupils of the University, burst into the harmas. [198] And\nwhat had they to say? That they came from Paris to visit the glories of\nProvence, and that next to Mistral they had wished to see Fabre, after\nthe \u201cemperor of poetry,\u201d the \u201cking of science,\u201d and they made it clear\nthat it was not only to the scientist, but still more to the pioneer,\nthe initiator\u2014or why not say, with them, to the most illustrious of\n\u201ccronies\u201d [199]\u2014that the girl \u201ccronies,\u201d as they called one another in\ntheir group, had come to present their heart-felt homage. Who to-day\nwould dare to contest their right to become his pupils, to seek with\nhim \u201cthe freshest honey and the most poetical observations of the\ninsects that people the boughs and the flowers,\u201d to enter with him into\nthe secret of all these little lives, \u201cwhich are, like ourselves,\u201d they\nsaid, \u201ccreatures of the good God\u201d?\nAnd serious personages [200] from the precincts of the Acad\u00e9mie and the\nUniversit\u00e9 de France lent voice and gesture to the ingenuous utterance\nof radiant youth, which delightfully made amends for the past.\nThere was another official authority, the highest of all, to which\nFabre had not much reason to be grateful. Long and brilliant services\nin the cause of public instruction, scientific works of the highest\norder, need of leisure and resources for his investigations, family\nresponsibilities, and the struggle for life\u2014what claims did not these\nrepresent to distinction and to the generosity of the public\nauthorities! But what part or lot had he in these in reality? One might\nalmost say none. One day, as though by chance, the perspicacity of a\nMinister of the Empire had all but rescued him from poverty and\noblivion. A mere accident without sequence: for it was immediately\nfollowed by the total collapse of the Empire and the institution of the\nRepublic. Fabre was not even among the number of the pensioned!\nIt needed the trumpet-blast of the jubilee (1910) to remind the\nauthorities to complete the beau geste of Victor Duruy, and after forty\nyears to replace the rosette of the Legion of the Cross. And it took\nthe loud outcry of indignation uttered by Mistral and the strong\nfeeling aroused by the report, which was echoed by the whole Press, of\ntheir involuntary debt to the ex-professor, to obtain for the\nnonagenarian a pension of two thousand francs (\u00a380) a year, which was\nnearly fifty years in arrears!\nThe reparation was far from adequate; but it could not be made by means\nof money.\n\u201cCome at once, or I will have my gendarmes bring you.\u201d In summoning him\nthus to the Court in order to see and decorate this fine but timid\ngenius, the Emperor, in 1869, had performed a generous action. The\nPresident of the Republic did still better, when, in 1913, in the\ncourse of his tour through Provence, he sought to honour by his visit\nhim who had so greatly honoured his mother-country and his native and\nadopted provinces.\nFabre, who was then in his ninetieth year, and could no longer stand\nupright, awaited M. Poincar\u00e9 sitting in a chair before the threshold of\nhis house, surrounded by his family; on his right hand stood the Sister\nwho was watching over his welfare.\nA week before the President\u2019s visit, I went to S\u00e9rignan to see my\ndistinguished relative and to bless the marriage of his son Paul Henri.\nIn the familiar intimacy of this family celebration he told me, as a\npiece of good news: \u201cIt is possible that I shall soon receive a visit\nfrom Monseigneur the Archbishop of Avignon.\u201d He said this with a marked\nsatisfaction which was very unlike his usual detachment.\nI understood at once that his mind was harking back to the evil days of\n1870 and contrasting them with the present. What did not happen in that\ndisastrous year? Victor Duruy had just instituted courses of lectures\nfor adults in order to make up for the deficiencies of popular\neducation. Young girls were especially invited to these lectures. On\nthe pretext of opening the golden doors of science to them it was\nhoped\u2014no mystery has been made of the matter since\u2014to emancipate them\nfrom the tutelage of the clergy, [201] to remove them from, or to\ndispute, the influence of the Church. The scientist, enamoured of the\nbeauty of natural history, saw in this venture merely an opportunity\nfor diffusing the knowledge and appreciation of his science among the\npeople. Accordingly he opened a course of evening lectures in the old\nAbbey of Saint-Martial. And in the crowd that flocked eagerly to hear\nhim beneath the vaulted roof of the old disaffected church were squads\nof young girls, more numerous at every lecture, enchanted by the magic\nof his teaching, by its lucidity and vitality. Who could object to such\na success? Yet there were those who objected. A perfect cross-fire of\ncriticism and complaint arose from the Church and the University. Fabre\nreplied fearlessly, not without a touch of offended pride. The quarrel\nbecame embittered. Some went so far as to denounce him publicly and to\npoint out, from the vantage of the pulpit, the dangers of his teaching.\nShortly afterwards the municipality dismissed him from his office as\nconservator of the Mus\u00e9e Requien, without regard to his family\nresponsibilities, which were then considerable.\nWhen he visited Fabre in 1914 Monseigneur Latty was fully aware of\nthese proceedings, and of the exodus which followed them, and also of\nthe painful impression which it had produced upon Fabre, and the\nbitter-sweet reflections to which it still at times gave rise. Did the\neminent prelate approach the illustrious old scientist bearing an olive\nbranch as well as the golden laurel? I do not know; but the fact is\nthat this first interview was quickly followed by a second, which was\nstill more friendly, and from that moment Fabre never again spoke of\nand did not seem even to remember the privations of the past.\nOne reflection naturally occurs to us here, and it is rather an attempt\nto be just than a plea pro domo. Because once in his life the great\nnaturalist was confronted by the hostility of certain persons belonging\nto the world of religion, need we erase from his carefully secularised\nhistory all that connects him with the Church, from the motherly\ncaresses of the \u201choly woman\u201d who assuaged his first griefs to the\ntender care of the worthy Sister who consoled his last sufferings? Must\nwe forget that he was admitted as pupil-teacher to the lyc\u00e9e at Rodez,\nas pupil to the seminary of Toulouse and the Normal College of Avignon\non the recommendation of M. l\u2019Abb\u00e9 d\u2019Aiguillon-Pujol, his old Rodez\nheadmaster? Are we to say nothing of his articles in the Revue\nscientifique of Brussels, one of the principal organs of Catholic\nscience, or of his very important contributions to the classic series\npublished under the editorship of M. l\u2019Abb\u00e9 Combes? If we are, rightly,\ndeeply interested in the smallest details of his life and all that\nconcerns him, are we to say nothing of his friendly relations with his\ncur\u00e9 [202] or of the religious practices of his family and household,\nor of his generous participation in all the works of charity in his\nparish, not excepting the free school?\n\u201cNeither of Armagnac nor a Burgundian\u201d; neither secular nor clerical.\nThe truth is that if we consider the matter candidly, without bandaging\nour eyes and without exclusive prejudice, Fabre should serve as a bond\nof union rather than a bone of contention.\nThe ex-Director of the Beaux-Arts, Henry Roujon, who was a fervent\napostle of national concord, used to say: \u201cStatutes are only lastingly\nbeautiful if the sons of the same mother can inaugurate them without\nrailing at one another.\u201d\nFabre, according to this maxim, might well have statues erected to him.\nAnd speaking of statues, we must not, having mentioned the orators,\nforget the artists. All the illustrated periodicals had already\npopularised the original, eloquent physiognomy of our hero. This was\ntoo ephemeral a homage for his admirers. His features must be chiselled\nin marble and exposed under the blue sky to the delighted and\naffectionate eyes of his compatriots. Provence was the first to propose\nthe idea. Le Rouergue followed. Avignon, Orange, and S\u00e9rignan each\nwanted their monument. Saint-L\u00e9ons profited by its right of seniority\nto take precedence of Rodez and Maillane.\n            \u201cNous voulions te f\u00eater vivant\n            Doux patriarche et grand savant,\n            Et fier amant de la nature,\n            Et le Rouergue o\u00f9 tu nacquis\n            Et la Provence o\u00f9 tu conquis\n            Le laurier d\u2019or qui toujours dure.\u201d [203]\n            (We wished to honour you living,\n            Gentle patriarch and great scientist,\n            And proud lover of Nature,\n            Both Le Rouergue where you were born,\n            And Provence where you won\n            The golden laurel that lasts for ever.)\nThe first subscription-list was opened by the Normal College of\nAvignon, and a special appeal was made to the schoolmasters of Vaucluse\nand the rest of France. Other appeals were addressed to all without\ndistinction, and the subscriptions flowed in from all sides, from\nscientists and men of letters, priests and schoolmasters, bourgeois and\nworkers in town and country, to whom it was explained that the statue\nwas in honour of one of themselves who had achieved greatness by his\nlabours.\nHe himself, in his modesty, wished all to regard him only as a diligent\nstudent.\n\u201cMaster,\u201d ventured an intimate of the harmas one day, \u201cthey are talking\nof putting up a statue of you close by here.\u201d\n\u201cWell, well! I shall see myself, but shall I recognise myself? I\u2019ve had\nso little time for looking at myself!\u201d\n\u201cWhat inscription would you prefer?\u201d\n\u201cOne word: Laboremus.\u201d\nWhat lesson was ever more necessary than this eloquent reminder of the\ngreat law of labour! But this grand old man, who by labour has achieved\nfame, teaches us yet another lesson of even rarer quality.\nLet us hear him confiding his impressions to a friend: \u201cThe Mayor of\nS\u00e9rignan, it seems, proposes to erect a bust of me. At this very moment\nI have, staying in the house, the sculptor Charpentier, who is making\nmy statue for a monument they are going to set up in the Normal College\nof Avignon. In my opinion there\u2019s a good deal of the beautiful saints\nabout it!\u201d [204]\nThis reminds us of a remark whispered into a neighbour\u2019s ear on the\noccasion of the jubilee celebrations, in the midst of all the\nfashionable folk by whom he was surrounded: \u201cI must be very queer to\nlook at!\u201d\nHere is a more sober if not more weighty remark. One day some one was\nreminding him, in my presence, of all the marks of honour lavished upon\nhim during his last two days. I heard him reply quickly with the famous\napostrophe: \u039c\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. [205]\nHe had another manner, perhaps still more expressive, of rendering the\nsame idea: he would puff into the air a cloud of smoke from his pipe,\nwhich never left him, and, before the blue vanishing spiral: \u201cThat,\u201d he\nwould say, \u201cis human glory!\u201d\nHere we recognise the man whom Rostand represented as follows in the\nverses inscribed upon a bas-relief which makes his collection of\nsonnets, entitled Fabre-des-Insectes, as it were the pendant of\nCharpentier\u2019s monument:\n        \u201cC\u2019est un homme inclin\u00e9, modeste et magistral,\n        Pensif\u2014car dans ses doigts il a tenu des ailes\n        Poursuivant les honneurs moins que les sauterelles.\u201d\n        (A man who stoops, modest and magisterial,\n        Thoughtful\u2014for in his fingers he has held wings,\n        Pursuing honours less than the grasshoppers.)\nII\nThe fine and unusual qualities of Fabre\u2019s career consist in this; he\nhas attained fame while seeking nothing but truth: and what a\ntruth!\u2014the truth concealed in the humblest of created things!\nBefore Fabre\u2019s time entomology was a poor little science, with no\nsavour of life or freshness about it, without a ray of sunshine,\nwithout a soul; like those poor little insects under glass or stuck on\npins, which it was its mission to study.\nIn his hands and in his books, as though by magic, entomology became\ntruly a living science, provided with wings\u2014the wings of imagination\nand poetry, of thought and philosophy.\nIt is a far cry from the dense materialism of the \u201cdust-to-dust\u201d\nscientists who content themselves with dissecting poor little murdered\nbodies to the winged spiritualism of this open-air entomologist,\ninterrogating with his bright, loving glance these little insect souls,\nat once so wonderful and so unconscious. And they all tell him the same\nthing: Ipse fecit nos et non ipsi nos. [206] (It is He that hath made\nus, and not we ourselves.)\nSome one has said, and it is a saying worth repeating, so just and\nadmirable is it, and so characteristic of the man and his work: With\nFabre we have every moment, so to speak, the feeling, the surprise, of\nrising toward the infinitely great while stooping over the infinitely\nlittle.\nOf this scientist, this philosopher, whose mind soars so readily from\nthe \u201clittle things\u201d to the great, to the \u201cvery great,\u201d from the little\ncuriosities of observation to the great problems that are to be\nencountered in the higher domains of thought, his friends conceived the\nidea of demanding a synthesis of the reflections scattered through the\npages of the Souvenirs.\nThis was his reply:\n    Because I have shifted a few grains of sand upon the shore, am I in\n    a position to understand the abysmal depths of the ocean? Life has\n    unfathomable secrets. Human knowledge will be erased from the\n    world\u2019s archives before we know the last word concerning a gnat.\nThus the Homer, the Plato of the insects. He is utterly unassuming. He\nwill not allow his admirers to impose upon him. He does not allow\nhimself to be snared by the lure of vivid, brilliant language, nor by\nthe intoxicating problems of inner truths whose surface he grazes.\nAccording to him the sum of all his work has been but to \u201cshift a few\ngrains of sand upon the shore\u201d of knowledge, and it is useless for him\nto endeavour to sound the mysteries of life; he has not even learned\u2014he\ndoes not even think it possible to human knowledge to learn\u2014\u201cthe last\nword concerning a gnat.\u201d\nDoes this imply that he has relapsed into scepticism; that finally, in\ndespair, he renounces the ambition of his whole life, vitam impendere\nvero? By no means. He has striven to attain it even beyond his\nstrength.\nWhen he considers himself incapable of adding further volumes to his\nwork he busies himself with preparing a definitive edition, and in a\ntouching farewell to his beloved studies he declares that they are so\nfull of charm and unexplored marvels that could he live several lives\nhe would devote them all to them without ever succeeding in \u201cexhausting\ntheir interest.\u201d\nThere we have Fabre. After labouring all his life without troubling\nabout fame, ploughing his straight furrow like his peasant forebears,\nlike them, when the night has come, he simply binds his sheaves with a\nhumble and profound realisation of the narrow limits of his work as\ncompared with the immensity of the world and the infinite mystery of\nthings.\nIt is a fine spectacle, that of the entomologist on the summits of\nscience, as of fame, raising himself, by his humility, above both, and\nfully prepared, to return to Him toward whom aspire those souls that\nhave attained the limit of human climbing:\n                    O Jesu corona celsior\n                    Et veritas sublimior.\nIII\nNeither science nor fame could prevent him from suffering. To begin\nwith, there is suffering attaching to these, for all labour has its\nburden, all light its shadow.\nThis none knew better than he whose genius was a protracted patience\nand his life a hard-fought battle. And as though it was his destiny to\nsuffer to the end, he did suffer still when the tardy hour of his fame\nhad struck. Was it not an ordeal still to be assailed by visits and\nspeeches when \u201cnothing was left but rest and silence\u201d? How can a man\ndelight in the incense of his admirers when he is broken with fatigue?\nTo express this contrast, to show that all was not unmixed joy in these\nflattering visits to the patriarch of S\u00e9rignan, I will borrow the\ndelicate brush of an artist friend of Fabre\u2019s:\n    Night falls upon S\u00e9rignan, serene, limpid, violet and amethyst. The\n    sounds of day fade one by one. Still a few distant hoots from the\n    horns of motor-cars flying along the dusty roads, or the sound of a\n    dog baying the new moon, which shows its slender sickle on the\n    horizon; sometimes, too, as though to eclipse the first stars, a\n    rocket roars, a prelude to the fireworks which are about to\n    conclude the apotheosis.... J. H. Fabre, the hero of the f\u00eate, the\n    lover of the Sphex, the Mantis, the Dung-beetle, is very tired.\n    Think of it\u2014ninety years of age, and almost ninety years of\n    labour!... and a world-wide reputation to sustain ... and visits to\n    receive. To-day it was the visit of a Minister and all the flies on\n    the ministerial wheel. And he had to return thanks, feeling upon\n    him the eyes of the reporters and the photographer\u2019s lens. What an\n    ordeal! Fabre can hold out no longer!...\nDo you not feel that the harvest of fame at ninety years of age and\nafter almost ninety years of labour is perhaps even more painful than\nthe harvest of science in the ardour of youth?\nMeditating upon his history, with its full days and hours, Fabi\u00e9, in a\ndelightful flight of imagination, shows us the harassed entomologist\nescaping from the past to find himself alone with his thoughts and his\nbeloved insects. \u201cHe slips silently to the gate of his harmas. There he\nlies down on a bank thickly carpeted with lavender and withered\ncouch-grass\u201d.... A few moments pass. His children intervene: \u201che is\nrelaxing himself, stretching himself, soothed, happy as a little\nchild.\u2014\u2018But, father, you aren\u2019t thinking! When the dew is falling!\u2019\n\u2018Ah, my children, why did you wake me? I was having such a beautiful\ndream!\u2019 For in his sleep he had entered into conversation with the\ncrickets of his native country-side.\u201d\nFatigue of the body, weariness of the mind, and a breaking heart!\nSuffering pressed closely upon him at the close of his days.\n\u201cIt is better to be loved than to be celebrated,\u201d said Aubanel, the\ndelicate poet of Avignon. As long as Fabre had beside him his beloved\nbrother, his adored wife, and his darling children, he was at least\nconscious of a kindly atmosphere of memories, and of tenderness that\nmade up for what he lacked and helped him to endure his afflictions\nwith serene resignation.\nBut now, little by little, there came a void about him. Death has its\nsurprises and life its demands.\nWith the death of his wife, in July 1912, half his own soul died. With\nthat of his brother, in 1913, his life was almost wholly shattered,\ncrushed, buried in the tomb.\nWith the marriage of the last of his sons and his two youngest\ndaughters almost all the life of the house, all the caressing grace of\nlight, considerate footfalls, of clear tender voices, of smiles and\nkisses, had forsaken the old man, to return only in passing and at\ndistant intervals. His isolation became more and more complete.\nWas all over? No, this was hardly the beginning of his afflictions. In\nthe great silence of the harmas there burst of a sudden the terrible\nthunderclap of war which roused to a protest of intolerable grief the\nuttermost fibres of his being.\nThe whole man suffered. The Frenchman, to see his beloved country the\nvictim of the brutal and underhand aggression of a predatory nation:\nthe father to see his dear children, a son and two sons-in-law, cast\ninto the furnace; the idealist and the great-hearted man who had held\nwar to be a relic of barbarism, doomed to disappear from the annals of\nthe human race, to see war declared, and spreading with the violence of\na conflagration, surpassing in horror all that history tells us of the\narmed conflicts of the past.\nBefore the bloody vision of the battlefields, how should he not feel\nshaken to the depths of his being by the tremors of a terrible anger\nand a vast pity, he who had never been able to see an insect suffering\nwithout a pang at the heart?\nTrue, in his incomparable Iliad, the Homer of the Insects had often\ndescribed creatures that hunt one another, kill one another, devour one\nanother with indescribable ardour and ferocity, and he knew that he had\nonly written a chapter of that \u201cstruggle for life\u201d which is to be found\non every step of the biological ladder, with the same disregard of\nweakness and suffering.\nBut he would fain have seen man assert his superiority over the animals\nby repressing these instincts, which come from below, by the free\nflight of the aspirations vouchsafed from above, by the progressive\nsubordination of the brute power of force to the spiritual power of\njustice and love.\nWhile these distressing problems were filling his mind, and while, in\nprotest against happenings so utterly contrary to his ideas, he would\nthump his fist upon his famous little table, a woman was moving gently\nto and fro, playing the parts, alternately, with the same calm\ncountenance, of Martha and of Mary; and when he asked her her secret,\nshe showed him her crucifix and read the Gospel to him, as though to\nwring from his heart the cry that was uttered by the poet of La Bonne\nSouffrance: [207]\n    \u201cVingt si\u00e8cles de bont\u00e9 sont sortis de ces myst\u00e8res,\n    Je crois en toi, J\u00e9sus....\u201d\nIn moments of affliction, Fabre is even closer to the Truth than on the\nheights of knowledge and fame. For we are never nearer the God of the\nGospel than when we most feel the want of Him.\nIV\nMore than ninety years of life and almost as many of labour, nearly\nfive years of overwhelming fame, and almost as many of unspeakable\nsuffering: must not a man be \u201cbuilt of heart of oak,\u201d as they say in\nAveyron, to survive so many trials?\nLike the oaks of his native parts, the patriarch of S\u00e9rignan continued\nto brave the assaults of time, and even when he began to feel that his\nlife was declining, it seemed as though it was only withdrawing itself\nfrom its long and manifold ramifications in the external world to take\nrefuge, as in an inexpugnable asylum, in the depths and roots of his\nbeing. He was one of those of whom people say with us that they \u201ccannot\ndie.\u201d\nFabre\u2019s work is immortal\u2014that is agreed. But the artisan?\nLet us resume our comparison. Like the oak that loses its boughs, one\nafter the other, he saw falling one by one the several factors of his\nlife. His life was the harmas, that paradise of insects, that\nlaboratory after his own heart, where he could make his observations\nunder the blue sky, to the song of the Cicad\u00e6, amid the thyme,\nlavender, and rosemary. Now he was seen there no longer; hardly were\nthe traces of his footsteps yet visible through the untrimmed boughs\nthat crossed the paths and the grass that was invading them.\nHis life: it was his study, his museum of natural history, his\nlaboratory, where, with closed doors, face to face with Nature, he\nrepeated, in order to perfect them, to consign them to writing, his\nopen-air researches, his observations of the to-day or yesterday. Now\nhe no longer sets foot in it, and now one saw\u2014with what respect and\ntenderness\u2014only the marks left by his footsteps upon the tiled floor,\nas he came and went about the big observation-table, which occupies all\nthe middle of the room, in pursuit of the solution of the problems\npropounded by his insects.\nAnd we have a feeling that we are looking upon, and handling, relics,\nwhen on this table we still see the pocket-lenses, the microscopes and\nmodest apparatus which has served for his experiments. And we have the\nsame feeling before the collections in the glass-topped cases of\npolished pine which stand against the whitewashed walls, and before the\nhundred and twenty volumes of the magnificent herbarium which stand in\na row beneath them, and before the innumerable portfolios of\nmycological plates, in which vivid colour is blended so well with\ndelicacy of drawing, and before the registers and stacks of notes in\nfine, clear handwriting, without erasures, which promised a fresh\nseries of Souvenirs.\nMust they be left thus abandoned previous to their being dispersed or\nfalling into other hands\u2014all these precious fragments of an\nincomparable life, and these venerable premises, consecrated by such\nrare memories?\nThe great naturalist\u2019s disciples could not resign themselves to the\nthought, and by a touching inspiration of filial piety they have found\nthe means to secure these treasures, as by a love stronger than death,\nagainst this harrowing dispersal.\nTo keep the dead in their last dwelling, or attract them thither, the\nancient Egyptians used to place there the image of their earthly\ndwelling, offering them at least a reduced facsimile of their life\u2019s\nenvironment, of the objects and premises which had in some sort made\npart of their life and their soul.\nFabre\u2019s friends sought to do still better. In order to preserve it in\nits integrity, they determined to acquire the Harmas, with its\nplantations, its collections, and all its dependencies, and in order to\nmake their homage as complete as possible they made, with this object,\nan appeal for international subscriptions, which were unhappily\ninterrupted by the war.\n\u201cThis is the museum which we wish to dedicate to him,\u201d said the chief\npromoter of this pious undertaking, [208] \u201cso that in after years, when\nthe good sage who knew the language of the innumerable little creatures\nof the country-side shall rest beneath the cypresses of his harmas, at\nthe foot of the laurestinus bushes, amidst the thyme and the sage that\nthe bees will still rifle, all those whom he has taught, all those whom\nhe has charmed, may feel that something of his soul still wanders in\nhis garden and animates his house.\u201d\nHowever, the soul of the \u201cgood sage\u201d which they thus sought to capture\nand hold here on earth\u2014in short, to imprison in his work and its\nenvironment\u2014made its escape and took flight toward loftier regions and\nwider horizons.\nTo see him in the twilight of the dining-room where he silently\nfinished his life, majestically leaning back in his arm-chair, with his\nbest shirt and old-fashioned necktie, his eyes still bright in his\nemaciated face, his lips fine and still mobile, but thin with age and\nat moments trembling with emotion, or moved by a sudden inspiration\u2014to\nsee him thus, would you not say that he was still observing? Yes, but\nhis observations are now of an invisible world, a world even richer in\nmysteries and revelations than the world below, so patiently explored\nfor more than fifty years.\nOne day, when two professors of the Grand-S\u00e9minaire de\nSaint-Paul-Trois-Ch\u00e2teaux [209] had come to see him, as the time drew\nnear to bid them good-bye, the old man held out his hands and tucked\nthem under their arms, and, not without difficulty, rose from his\narm-chair, and arm-in-arm with them advanced, tile by tile, to the\nthreshold of the house, whither he had determined to accompany them.\nSuddenly, pressing their arms more closely and alluding to their\ncassocks and their vocation, he said, energetically: \u201cYou have chosen\nthe better part\u201d; and, holding them back for a last word, he added:\n\u201cLife is a horrible phantasmagoria. But it leads us to a better\nfuture.\u201d\nThis future the naturalist liked to conceive in accordance with the\nimages familiar to his mind, as being a more complete understanding of\nthe great book of which he had deciphered only a few words, as a more\nperfect communion with the offices of nature, in the incense of the\nperfumes \u201cthat are softly exhaled by the carven flowers from their\ngolden censers,\u201d amid the delightful symphonies in which are mingled\nthe voices of crickets and Cicad\u00e6, chaffinches and siskins, skylarks\nand goldfinches, \u201cthose tiny choristers,\u201d all singing and fluttering,\n\u201ctrilling their motets to the glory of Him who gave them voice and\nwings on the fifth day of Genesis.\u201d [210]\nThis last passage might be underlined, for now more than ever, in our\nthoughts of this scientist, of whom it has been said that \u201cwith a taste\nfor Nature he has given us an appreciation of God,\u201d the work cannot be\ndivorced from the artisan without the grossest inconsistency.\nOne who had the good fortune to become intimate with Fabre during the\nlast days of his life tells how eagerly the naturalist used to accept\nthe wild flowers which he brought in from his walks, how tenderly he\nwould caress them with his frail fingers and brilliant eyes. Both looks\nand gestures expressed an infinite admiration for the pure and simple\nwork of Nature as God has ordained it:\n\u201cAnd when one evening,\u201d says his friend, \u201cI remarked that these little\nmiracles clearly proved the existence of a divine Artificer: \u2018For me, I\ndo not believe in God\u2019 declared the scientist, repeating for the last\ntime his famous and paradoxical profession of faith: \u2018I do not believe\nin God, because I see Him in all things and everywhere.\u2019\u201d\nAnother day he expressed his firm and profound conviction to the same\nfriend, in a slightly different form. \u201cGod is Light!\u201d he said\ndreamily.\u2014\u201cAnd you always see Him shining?\u201d \u201cNo,\u201d he said suddenly,\n\u201cGod does not shine; He obtrudes Himself.\u201d\nThe man who thus bows before God has truly attained, on the heights of\nhuman knowledge, what we may call with him the threshold of eternal\nlife. To him God sends His angels to open the gates, that he may enter\nby the straight paths of the Gospel and the Church.\nAfter the death of Mme. Fabre in 1912, a nursing Sister of the\nCongregation of Saint-Roch de Viviers was installed at the Harmas; her\nname was Sister Adrienne.\nThe old man appreciated her services so greatly that he was overcome\nwith dejection by the very thought that she might be recalled by her\nsuperiors, according to the rule of her Order, after the lapse of a\ncertain period of time. And he would gratefully press her hand when the\ngood Sister sought to relieve his anxiety and inspire him with the hope\nthat she would be allowed to remain in his service till the end of his\ndays.\nHe found her simplicity, her delicacy, her good nature, and her\ndevotion so delightful that he could not refrain from telling her so\nplainly in the direct, forcible manner familiar to him: \u201cYou are\ninvaluable, Sister; you are admirable. I love religion as you practise\nit.\u201d\n\u201cHe has often told me,\u201d she writes, \u201cthat when he could not sleep at\nnight, he used to pray, to think of God, and address to Him a prayer\nwhich he would himself compose.\u201d\nIn the spring of 1914 the aged naturalist, who was more than ninety\nyears of age, felt that his strength was failing more perceptibly, so\nthat the doctors diagnosed a fatal outcome in the near future.\nOn receiving the news of this alarming condition, Monseigneur the\nArchbishop of Avignon hastened to the Harmas. The invalid expressed his\ndelight and gratitude for the visit. Their relations were so cordial\nthat the prelate decided to continue them by a series of admirable\nletters which have fortunately been published.\nIn these letters, with great delicacy, Monseigneur Latty avoided all\nthat might run contrary to the naturalist\u2019s opinions, and very gently\nendeavoured to induce him to die as a Christian.\nTo draw him more surely to the light that shines from the Cross and the\ngrace which raises the soul above itself, he asks him to recite every\nevening, in unison with him, the beautiful prayer of the dying Saviour,\nwhich he calls \u201cthe prayer of the heights,\u201d the height of Golgotha, the\nheight of life: In manus tuus Domine commendo spiritum meum. (Into Thy\nhands, O Lord, I commend my spirit.)\nHowever, Fabre was not yet at the end of his Calvary. Contrary to the\nexpectation of the doctors, a return of strength enabled him to live to\nsee another Spring, and it needed nothing less than the terrible shocks\nof the tempest unloosed upon Europe to overcome the powers of\nresistance that had braved so many storms.\nDuring the summer of 1915 his weakness grew more marked, so that there\nwas no hope of many more days of life. The cur\u00e9 of S\u00e9rignan having been\nmobilised, the absence of the priest at this time was a cause of great\nanxiety to Sister Adrienne\u2014always on the watch for the soul ready to\nescape her.\nProvidence happily came to her assistance; and a Breton priest, who had\ncome to the South to recover his health, and had for some time been\nacquainted with the master, was admitted to terms of intimacy. After\nsome hesitation he decided to speak to the scientist of the Sacrament\nof Penitence. With that beautiful simplicity of his, and to the\nastonishment of the priest, Fabre, who seemed expecting the invitation,\nreplied:\n\u201cWhenever you will.\u201d\n\u201cPurified by absolution, fortified by the Extreme Unction, received, in\nfull consciousness, into the Church, Fabre displayed a wonderful\nserenity. Pressing the hand of the priest who was officiating, he\nlistened to the recommendation of the soul. And when he heard the\nsacred words that were familiar to him\u2014In manus tuus, Domine\u2014his lips\nmoved as though to pronounce the Amen of supreme acceptance, while his\ngaze, which was beginning to grow dim, settled upon the Sister\u2019s\ncrucifix.\u201d\nIt was the 11th October 1915, at six o\u2019clock of the evening, that the\ngreat scientist so gently surrendered his soul to God.\nThe obsequies, celebrated on the 16th October, \u201cwere simple and\naffecting, as he would have liked them to be. For a few moments before\nleaving the church, the old naturalist\u2019s fine face was again exposed.\nIt reflected an immense serenity. On his peaceful features one divined\nthe satisfaction of the man who is departing with his work\naccomplished. In his parchment-like hands he clasped a wooden crucifix\nwith ivory tips. Beside his head was a wreath of laurestinus. Beside\none arm was his great black felt hat.\u201d\nThe service was celebrated by the Arch-priest of Orange, in the little\nchurch; and then the harsh, rocky soil received the body of him who had\nso often stooped over it.\nThis \u201clife of J. H. Fabre told by himself\u201d would not be complete if we\ndid not give here the text of the epitaph which he himself had composed\nbeforehand. It is magnificent: it gives one the impression of an\nunfurling of wings:\n                    \u201cQuos periisse putamus\n                    Minime finis, sed limen\nFabre was preceded to the tomb by several months by Mistral, who was\nseven years his junior. \u201cVery different in an equal fame, these two men\nare inseparable. Mistral and Fabre both represented Provence; one was\nborn there and never left it, and to some extent created it; the other\nadopted and was adopted by it, and, like his illustrious compatriot,\ncovered it with glory.\u201d [211]\nBut while Fabre represented Provence, which saw the unfolding of his\nrich and vital nature, and while it lavished upon him all the beauty of\nits sky, all the brilliance of its Latin soul, all the savour of its\nmusical and picturesque language, and all the entomological wealth of\nits sunny hills, he none the less represents the Rouergue, whence he\nderived his innate qualities and his earliest habits, his love of\nnature and the insects, his thirst for God and the Beyond, his\nindefatigable love of work, his tenacious enthusiasm for study, his\nirresistible craving for solitude, the strange, powerful, striking and\npicturesque grace of his language, his almost rustic simplicity, his\nblunt frankness, his proud timidity, his no less proud independence,\nand with all these the ingenuous and unusual sensitiveness and sincere\nmodesty of his character.\nNOTES\n[1] The higher clerical seminary.\u2014B. M.\n[2] The great entomologist\u2019s jubilee was celebrated on the April 3,\n1910.\u2014Author\u2019s Note.\n[3] Paris, Delagrave. The Souvenirs, translated by Alexander Teixeira\nde Mattos, are in course of publication by Messrs. Hodder and Stoughton\nin England and Messrs. Dodd, Mead and Co. in the United States. The\narrangement of the essays has been altered in the English series. See\nalso The Life and Love of the Insect, translated by Alexander Teixeira\nde Mattos (A. and C. Black), Social Life in the Insect World,\ntranslated by Bernard Miall (T. Fisher Unwin), and Wonders of Instinct,\ntranslated by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos and Bernard Miall (T. Fisher\nUnwin).\u2014B. M.\n[4] It must in justice be admitted that Fabre had certain precursors,\namong whom mention must be made of the famous R\u00e9aumur and L\u00e9on Dufour,\na physician who lived in the Landes (died 1865), and who was the\noccasion and the subject of his first entomological publication. This\ndoes not alter the fact that his great work is not only absolutely\noriginal, but an achievement sui generis which cannot be compared with\nthe mere sketches of his predecessors.\n[5] Souvenirs, Series VI., p. 65, The Life of the Fly, chap. vi., \u201cMy\nSchooling.\u201d This is Fabre\u2019s verdict upon another naturalist,\nMoquin-Tandon.\n[6] Souvenirs, VI., pp. 76\u201397; The Glow-worm and Other Beetles, chap,\nix., \u201cDung-beetles of the Pampas.\u201d\n[7] M. E. Perrier is a Member of the Institut de France.\n[8] Souvenirs, VI., pp. 76, 97; The Glow-worm, chap. ix.\n[9] M. Albert Gaudry is a sometime professor of pal\u00e6ontology in the\nMuseum of Natural History, who, by virtue of his pal\u00e6ontological\ndiscoveries and works, has acquired a great authority in the scientific\nworld. His Encha\u00eenements du Monde Animal dans les Temps G\u00e9ologiques is\nespecially valued and often cited. Gaudry, who is a good Catholic as\nwell as a scientist of the first rank, very definitely accepts the\nevolution of species; but for him, as for Fabre, the activity of the\nanimal kingdom, like that of the world in general, is inconceivable\napart from a sovereign mind which has foreseen all things and provided\nfor all things.\n[10] Those journals which claim him as a native of S\u00e9rignan are\ntherefore mistaken. \u201cAt S\u00e9rignan (Vaucluse), his native countryside,\nthe peasants familiarly call him Moussu Fabr\u00e9\u201d (Univers, March 3,\n[11] In the reminiscences of his childhood, which are intermingled with\nhis entomological memoirs, Fabre does not mention a single proper name,\nwhether of person or place; only the vague expression, \u201cthe table-land\nof the Rouergue,\u201d which he once incidentally employs, might give an\nattentive reader a hint as to the place of his origin. Souvenirs, VI.,\np. 38; The Life of the Fly, chap. v., \u201cHeredity.\u201d\n[12] These paternal grandparents, of whom our hero has retained so\nvivid a recollection, bore the names of Jean-Pierre Fabre and Elisabeth\nPoujade. Patient searching of the archives, assisted, fortunately, by\nthe goodwill of M. Toscan, registrar to the Justice of the Peace for\nVezins, has enabled us to reproduce their marriage contract, which is\nfull of information hitherto unpublished, and curious details of\ndomestic life which will not fail to interest the reader:\n\u201cIn the year 1791 and on the 15th day of the month of February, in the\nlocality of S\u00e9gur, province of Aveiron, in the presence of me, Raymond\nRous, man of law and notary royal ... have been devised and concluded\nthe following articles of marriage between Pierre-Jean Fabre,\nlegitimate son of Pierre Fabre, landowner and farmer, and Anne Fages,\nhusband and wife of the village of Malaval, on the one part, and\nElisabeth Poujade, legitimate daughter of Antoine Poujade, landowner,\nand Fran\u00e7oise Az\u00e9mar, husband and wife of the village of Mont, parish\nof Notre-Dame d\u2019Arques, on the other part\u2014the said parties acting,\nnamely, the said future husband with the knowledge and consent of his\nfather and mother here present, and the said future wife, she being\nabsent, but the said Poujade for her, being here present stipulating\nand accepting\u2014have in the first place promised that the said marriage\nshall be solemnised before the Church at the first demand of one of the\nparties, under penalty of all expenses, damages, and interests\u2014in the\nsecond place, the said Fabre and Fages, husband and wife, favouring and\ncontemplating the present marriage have given and are giving by\ndonation, declared between living persons, to the aforesaid their son,\nthe future husband, all and each of their possessions, movable and\nimmovable, present and future, under the clauses, conditions, and\nreserves hereafter following: firstly, to be fed at the same table of\nthe same victuals as the said donor; secondly, and in case of\nincompatibility, they reserve to themselves the same income as Jean\nFabre and Fran\u00e7oise Fabre, father and mother of the donor, reserved to\nthemselves in the marriage contract of the said Fabre received by M.\nDufieu, notary ...; thirdly, to settle upon their other children a\nportion such as by law shall pertain to them out of their possessions\nin money when they accept a settlement; and in case Fran\u00e7oise and Anne\nFabre should not desire so to do, they shall enjoy the annual pension\n... of three setiers each of rye, two quarters each of oats, five\npounds each of butter, and five pounds each of cheese; the use of their\nusual bed, and of their spinning-wheel; the use of their clothes-press\nand the small articles of furniture necessary according to their\ncondition; ... the said Fages, the mother, reserves to herself the sum\nof thirty francs to be paid once at her will to employ and dispose as\nshe shall see fit. In the third place, the said Poujade, the father,\nfavouring and contemplating the present marriage, has given and\nconstituted as the dowry of his daughter, the future wife, to take the\nplace of any right to a portion which she might claim against his goods\nand those of the mother aforesaid, a clothes-press with apparel valued\nat a hundred livres, a heifer and a cow valued the two at eighty\nfrancs, two sheep, and the sum of fifteen hundred livres, the said sum\nbeing made up of one hundred and fifty livres of the maternal parent\u2019s\nand the rest of the paternal parent\u2019s money....\n\u201cDevised and rehearsed in the presence of the sieur Joseph D\u00e9jean,\nburgher of Moulin-Savi, and the sieur Andr\u00e9 Bourles, practitioner of\nS\u00e9gur, signed by the aforesaid Fabre, father and son, and the aforesaid\nPoujade, father, and not the aforesaid Fages, who, being requested to\nsign, has stated that she is not able to do so....\n\u201cForwarded by us, the notary undersigned, holder of the draft at S\u00e9gur,\nthe 12th April 1807.\n\u201cRous, notary.\u201d\n[13] This account of the naturalist\u2019s childhood is drawn principally\nfrom The Souvenirs, vi., 32\u201345; see The Life of the Fly, chap, v.,\n\u201cHeredity.\u201d\n[14] Souvenirs, VI., pp. 46\u201368; The Life of the Fly, chap. vi., \u201cMy\nSchooling.\u201d\n[15] Souvenirs, IV., pp. 50\u201360; The Life of the Fly, chap. vi., \u201cMy\nSchooling.\u201d\n[16] The Ch\u00e2teau de Saint-L\u00e9ons standing just outside and above the\nvillage of Saint-L\u00e9ons, where the author was born in 1823. Cf. The Life\nof the Fly, chaps. vi. and vii.\u2014A. T. de M.\n[17] The brother whom Fabre here associates with the memories of his\nchildhood has also proved a credit to his name and his vocation. M.\nFr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fabre is to-day Director of the Crillon Canal and assistant\njustice for the southern canton of Avignon.\n[18] Souvenirs, VIII., pp. 126, 127; Bramble-Bees, chap. xiii, \u201cThe\nHalicti.\u201d\n[19] The war of 1830 with Algiers.\u2014A. T. de M.\n[20] Souvenirs, pp. 260\u2013270. The Life of the Fly, chap. vii., \u201cThe\nPond.\u201d\n[21] The Wheat-ear, one of the Saxicol\u00e6, is known also as the\nWhite-Tail, the meaning of both forms being the same; White-ear being a\ncorruptive of the Anglo-Saxon name. Both correspond with the Proven\u00e7al\nCul-blanc. The Stonechat is a member of the same genus. B. M.\n[22] Souvenirs, pp. 292\u2013300. The Life of the Fly, chap. xvii.,\n\u201cRecollections of Childhood.\u201d\n[23] Souvenirs, VIII., pp. 125\u2013129. Bramble-bees, chap. xiii., \u201cThe\nHalicti: The Portress.\u201d\n[24] Souvenirs, VI., p. 60. The Life of the Fly, chap. vi., \u201cMy\nSchooling.\u201d\n[25] Souvenirs, VII., pp. 29, 33. The Glow-Worm and Other Beetles,\nchap. xv., \u201cSuicide or Hypnosis?\u201d\n[26] Souvenirs, VI., p. 61. The Life of the Fly, chap. vi., \u201cMy\nSchooling.\u201d\n[27] Souvenirs, II., pp. 41\u201344, 46. Hunting Wasps, chap. xx., \u201cA Modern\nTheory of Instinct.\u201d\n[28] Souvenirs, VI., p. 61. The Life of the Fly, chap. vi., \u201cMy\nSchooling.\u201d\n[29] Fabre, Poet of Science, by G. V. Legros, translated by Bernard\nMiall (T. Fisher Unwin), p. 24.\n[30] Souvenirs, X., pp. 323\u2013331. The Life of the Fly, chap. xix., \u201cA\nMemorable Lesson.\u201d\n[31] Souvenirs, X., 332\u2013336. The Life of the Fly, chap. xix., \u201cA\nMemorable Lesson.\u201d\n[32] Chalicodoma, meaning a house of pebbles, concrete or mortar, would\nbe a most satisfactory title, were it not that it has an odd sound to\nany one unfamiliar with Greek. The name is given to bees who build\ntheir cells with materials similar to those which we employ for our own\ndwellings. The work of these insects is masonry; only it is turned out\nby a rustic mason more used to hard clay than to hewn stone. R\u00e9aumur,\nwho knew nothing of scientific classification\u2014a fact which makes many\nof his papers very difficult to understand\u2014named the worker after her\nwork and called our builders in dried clay Mason Bees, which describes\nthem exactly.\n[33] Souvenirs, I., pp. 278\u2013280. The Mason Bees, chap, i., \u201cThe Mason\nBee.\u201d\n[34] Horace, Ars Poetica, 412.\n[35] Souvenirs, IX., pp. 164\u2013170. The Life of the Fly, chap. xii.,\n\u201cMathematical Memories: The Binomial Theorem.\u201d\n[36] Souvenirs, IX., pp. 172\u2013183 passim. The Life of the Fly, chap.\nxii., \u201cMathematical Memories: The Binomial Theorem.\u201d\n[37] Souvenirs, IX., p. 184 passim. The Life of the Fly, chap. xii.,\n\u201cMathematical Memories: The Binomial Theorem.\u201d\n[38] The weekly half-holiday in the French schools.\u2014A. T. de M.\n[39] The Hunting Wasps, chap. xi., \u201cAn Ascent of Mont Ventoux.\u201d\n[40] Souvenirs, III., pp. 191\u2013193. The Life of the Fly, chap. iv.,\n\u201cLarval Dimorphism.\u201d\n[41] M. Fabi\u00e9 was never officially a schoolmaster, but he was trained\nas one, and was a pupil at the Normal College at Rodez.\n[42] M. Perbosc is a schoolmaster at Lavilledien (Tarnet-Garonne). He\nhas published through Privat of Toulouse: Lo Got occitan, Cansous del\nGot occitan, Contes populars Gascons, Guilhem de Tolosa, Remembransa,\nl\u2019Arada, etc., and has repeatedly been crowned by the Acad\u00e9mie des Jeux\nFloraux of Toulouse.\n[43] M. Besson is also a laureate of the Acad\u00e9mie des Jeux Floraux, and\nis at present Canon of Rodez. He has published through Carr\u00e8re of\nRodez: Dal Br\u00e8s \u00e0 la Tounbo, Bagateletos, Besucarietos, Countes de la\nTata Mannou, Countes de l\u2019Ouncle Janet, etc. This last volume is\ndedicated: A mon Amic Antouni Perbosc.\n[44] Esprit Requien (1788\u20131851), a French naturalist and collector,\ndirector of the museum and botanical gardens at Avignon and author of\nseveral works on botany and conchology.\u2014A. T. de M.\n[45] Horace B\u00e9n\u00e9dict Alfred Moquin-Tandon (1804\u201363), a distinguished\nnaturalist, for twenty years director of the botanical gardens at\nToulouse. He was commissioned by the French Government in 1850 to\ncompile a flora of Corsica, and is the author of several important\nworks on botany and zoology.\u2014A. T. de M.\n[46] A mountain 7730 feet high, about twenty-five miles from\nAjaccio.\u2014A. T. de M.\n[47] Souvenirs, VI., pp. 63\u201366. The Life of the Fly, chap. vi., \u201cMy\nSchooling.\u201d\n[48] Souvenirs, I., pp. 178\u2013180. The Life of the Spider, chap. ii.,\n\u201cThe Black-bellied Tarantula.\u201d\n[49] Souvenirs, I., pp. 221, 240\u2013241. The Hunting Wasps, chap. xiv.,\n\u201cThe Bembex.\u201d\n[50] Souvenirs, IV., 3\u20135.\n[51] However, the audacious insect had other surprises in store for\nhim: his notes speak of nests found more or less by chance near the\nstill of a distillery, on the top of a steam-engine in a silk mill, on\nthe walls and furniture of a farmhouse kitchen, and even in the\ninterior of a gourd in which the farmer kept his shot on the\nchimney-piece; in a word, wherever there was warmth and not too much\nlight. Souvenirs, IV., p. 8\u201312.\n[52] Souvenirs, I., p. 122. The Hunting Wasps, chap. vii., \u201cAdvanced\nTheories.\u201d\n[53] Souvenirs, I., p. 136. The Hunting Wasps, chap. viii., \u201cThe\nLanguedocian Sphex.\u201d\n[55] Souvenirs, II., pp. 262\u2013303, III., 194\u2013195. The Glow-Worm, chap.\nii., \u201cThe Sitaris;\u201d The Life of the Fly, chap. iv., \u201cLarval\nDimorphism.\u201d\n[56] Horace, Ars Poetica, 409 et seq.\n[57] Souvenirs, III., p. 193.\n[58] Ibid., I., p. 182. The Hunting Wasps, chap. xi., \u201cAn Ascent of\nMont Ventoux.\u201d\n[59] Souvenirs, I., pp. 182\u20133. The Hunting Wasps, chap. xi., \u201cAn Ascent\nof Mont Ventoux.\u201d\n[60] Souvenirs, I., p. 180.\n[61] Th. Delacour and Bernard Valot of the Jardin des Plantes.\n[62] Souvenirs, I., pp. 181\u2013186. The Hunting Wasps, chap, xi., \u201cAn\nAscent of Mont Ventoux.\u201d\n[65] L\u00e9on Dufour (1780\u20131865) was an Army surgeon who in 1823 went\nthrough the Spanish campaign, and on returning to France settled in his\nnative town, Saint-Sever, where he devoted himself chiefly to\nentomology.\n[66] Souvenirs, I., pp. 39\u201341. The Hunting Wasps, chap, i., \u201cThe\nBuprestis-hunting Cerceris.\u201d\n[67] Fabre, Poet of Science, p. 58.\n[68] Souvenirs, I., pp. 41, 44. The Hunting Wasps, chap. I., \u201cThe\nBuprestis-hunting Cerceris.\u201d\n[70] Duclaux, Pasteur, Histoire d\u2019un Esprit, pp. 182\u201393.\n[71] Souvenirs, IX., p. 330.\n[74] Everybody knows to-day that heat kills, or so far enfeebles as to\nrender inoffensive, the microbes that infect liquids and make it\nimpossible to preserve them.\nThis again is one of Pasteur\u2019s happy discoveries, as is conveyed by the\nvery verb to pasteurise, which means \u201cto protect against microbes by\nthe action of heat.\u201d We pasteurise milk, beer, wine, etc.\nThe ancients used to practise the heating of wines. In the house of St.\nJohn and St. Paul, discovered in Rome in 1887, beneath the church\ndedicated to the two martyrs, who were both officers of the Emperor\nConstantine, the excavators found beside the cellar and the amphor\u00e6 of\nwine, the little room with a fireplace known as the furnarium, which\nwas used for heating wine and drying fruit.\nThe heating of wines was practised also at M\u00e8ze, near Cette, before\nPasteur\u2019s discovery.\nBut the ancient method of heating had nothing in common with\npasteurisation. The merchants of H\u00e9rault, like the ancients, used to\nheat wine in order to modify its flavour, to mature it more quickly.\nPasteur, on the other hand, heats it to keep it unchanged. To mature\nwine it is heated slowly in contact with the air. To preserve it, the\nwine must be rapidly heated to 122\u00b0 F. in a vacuum. The object and the\nmethod are altogether different.\n[75] Souvenirs, IX., pp. 329\u201330.\n[76] St. Roch (1295\u20131327) is represented in his statues with the dog\nthat saved his life by discovering him in the solitude where after\ncuring the plague-stricken Italians, he hid himself lest he should\ncommunicate the pestilence to others.\u2014A. T. de M.\n[77] The old, partly-demolished bridge at Avignon which figures in the\nwell-known French catch:\n                Tout le monde y danse en rond.\u201d\n[78] Souvenirs, X., pp. 343 et seq. The Life of the Fly, chap xx.,\n\u201cIndustrial Chemistry.\u201d\n[79] M. Fran\u00e7ois Fabi\u00e9, ex-professor in the lyc\u00e9e of Toulon, still\nlives in the neighbourhood of the city, in the Villa des Tro\u00e8nes.\n[80] Journal d\u2019Aveyron, 8 November 1908.\n[81] Souvenirs, X., pp. 338\u201343; The Life of the Fly, chap. xx.,\n\u201cIndustrial Chemistry.\u201d\n[83] Souvenirs, X., p. 353. The Life of the Fly, chap. xx., \u201cIndustrial\nChemistry.\u201d\n[84] Revue scientifique, May 7, 1910, speech by M. Edmond Perrier.\n[85] Jean Victor Duruy (1811\u20131894), author of a number of historical\nworks, including a well-known Histoire des Romains, and Minister of\nPublic Instruction under Napoleon III. from 1863 to 1869. Cf. The Life\nof the Fly, chap. xx.\u2014A. T. de M.\n[86] Souvenirs, II., pp. 125\u2013126. The Mason Bees, chap. V., \u201cThe story\nof my Cats.\u201d\n[87] Horace, Ode xxx., Bk. iii.\n[88] Souvenirs, II., pp. 202\u2013203. The Life of the Spider, chap. i.,\n\u201cThe Black-bellied Tarantula.\u201d\n[89] Souvenirs, II., p. 1.\n[90] The Halicti produce two generations each year: one, in the spring,\nis the issue of mothers who, fecundated in the autumn, have passed\nthrough the winter; the other, produced in the summer, is the fruit of\nparthenogenesis, that is, of procreation by the maternal virtualities\nalone. Of the concourse of the two sexes only females are born;\nparthenogenesis gives rise to both males and females.\n[91] Souvenirs, VIII., pp. 144\u2013160. The Bramble-Bees, chap. xiv.,\n\u201cParthenogenesis.\u201d It was only a later date, by combining a series of\nsuccessive observations which were spread over a great length of years,\nthat he was able to define exactly the various modes of generation\nemployed by the Halicti, as described in the preceding note.\n[92] Fabre, Poet of Science, G. V. Legros, pp. 108\u2013115.\n[93] The country round S\u00e9rignan, in Provence.\u2014A. T. de M.\n[94] Souvenirs, II., pp. 1\u20138. The Life of the Fly, chap. i., \u201cThe\nHarmas.\u201d\n[95] Souvenirs, VII., pp. 270\u2013273. The Life of the Fly, chap. vii.,\n\u201cThe Pond.\u201d\n[97] Souvenirs, VIII., 278\u2013280, 255\u2013295. The Life of the Fly, chap. v.,\n\u201cThe Greenbottles\u201d; The Mason-wasps, chap. ix., \u201cInsect Geometry\u201d; The\nLife of the Fly, chap. ix., \u201cThe Grey Flesh-Flies.\u201d\n[98] Souvenirs, VIII., p. 228. The Life of the Fly, chap. ix., \u201cThe\nGreenbottles.\u201d\n[99] Mont Ventoux, an outlying summit of the Alps, 6270 feet high. Cf.\nInsect Life, chap. xiii.\u2014A. T. de M.\n[100] Fabre lived the first years of his life (cf. chap. i.) on the\nmountains of Lavaysse, which are almost of the birth and bifurcation of\nthe two ranges of the Levezon and the Palanger. In the language of his\ncountry La Vaysse, pronounced Lo Ba\u00efsso, means \u201cthe hazel-bush.\u201d\nAn alien zoology too is represented in the osier-beds of the Aygues,\nwhose peace is never disturbed save in freshets of exceptional\nduration. The wild spates of the Aygues bring into our countryside\nand strand in the osier-thickets the largest of our Snails, the glory\nof Burgundy, Helix pramatias.\n[101] Souvenirs, VI., pp. 26\u201337, 42. The Life of the Fly, chap. v.,\n\u201cHeredity.\u201d\n[102] A district of the province of Guienne, having Rodez for its\ncapital. The author\u2019s maternal grandfather, Salgues by name, was the\nhuissier, or, as we should say, sheriff\u2019s officer, of Saint-L\u00e9ons.\u2014A.\nT. de M.\n[103] The author\u2019s father kept a caf\u00e9 at Pierrelatte and other small\ntowns in the south of France.\u2014A. T. de M.\n[104] Souvenirs, VI., pp. 26\u201337, 42. The Life of the Fly, chap. v.,\n\u201cHeredity.\u201d\n[105] Fabre had a sort of natural horror of luxury.\n[106] Souvenirs, I., pp. 134\u2013136. The Hunting Wasps, chap. viii., \u201cThe\nLanguedocian Sphex.\u201d\n[107] Souvenirs, p. 319, viii., p. 1.\n[109] Souvenirs, VI., p. 295.\n[110] Souvenirs, II., pp. 80, 81, 90, 91. The Mason Wasps, chap. ii.,\n\u201cThe Odyneri.\u201d\n[111] Souvenirs, I., p. 115. The Hunting Wasps, chap. vi., \u201cThe Larva\nand the Nymph.\u201d\n[112] The 14th of July, the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille.\u2014A.\nT. de M.\n[113] Souvenirs, VI., pp. 196\u2013203, 246\u2013247. The Life of the\nGrasshopper, chap. xiv., \u201cThe Green Grasshopper.\u201d\n[114] Souvenirs, IX., pp. 94\u201397, 231, 299\u2013310. The Life and Love of the\nInsect, chaps. xvii., xviii.\n[115] Souvenirs, IX., pp. 300\u2013301. The Life and Love of the Insect,\nchap. xvii.\n[116] Souvenirs, IX., pp. 302\u2013312. The Life and Love of the Insect,\nchap. xxii.\n[117] Souvenirs, VI., pp. 377\u2013378. The Life of the Caterpillar, chap.\nv., \u201cThe Moth.\u201d\n[118] Souvenirs, III., p. 14.\n[120] E. Perrier, Revue hebdomadaire, October 22, 1910.\n[121] E. Perrier, loc cit.\n[123] Souvenirs, IV., pp. 167\u2013168, 182\u2013183. The Mason Wasps, chap.\nviii., \u201cThe Nest-building Odynerus.\u201d\nLucie, his grand-daughter, aged six, see II., p. 149.\n[127] Souvenirs, VII., pp. 139\u201341. The Life of the Caterpillar, chap.\nxi., \u201cThe Great Peacock\u201d; also Social Life in the Insect World, chap.\nxiv.\n[129] Souvenirs, VII., 360.\n[130] Souvenirs, V., pp. 43\u201344. The Sacred Beetle and Others, chap.\niv., \u201cThe Sacred Beetle: The Pear.\u201d\n[131] Souvenirs, V., pp. 27\u201329. The Sacred Beetle and Others, chap. i.,\n\u201cThe Sacred Beetle.\u201d\n[132] It is exceedingly curious that neither Fabre nor the silk-growers\nknew what every English schoolboy knows so well\u2014that silkworms thrive\nupon lettuce leaves, the ordinary substitute, in England, for the\nmulberry-leaf. Botany, of course, would not suggest such a\nsubstitute.\u2014B. M.\n[133] Souvenirs, III., pp. 297\u2013299.\n[135] Souvenirs, II., pp. 1 to 19.\n[137] Souvenirs, III., pp. 12\u201314.\n[138] Souvenirs, IV., pp. 59\u201360.\n[139] Darwin died at Down, in Kent, on the 19th of April, 1882.\u2014A. T.\nde M.\n[140] Souvenirs, II., p. 99.\n[141] Souvenirs, II., p. 160. He makes this declaration in respect of\nan error which he had incorrectly attributed to Erasmus Darwin, the\ngrandfather of the famous Charles Darwin, on the faith of an unfaithful\ntranslation due to the entomologist Lacordaire. The mistake, which is\nreally Lacordaire\u2019s, not Erasmus Darwin\u2019s, consisted in confusing the\nSphex with a common Wasp. Charles Darwin, having informed Fabre that\nhis grandfather had said \u201ca wasp,\u201d the French naturalist immediately\ninserted this correction in a note, in the second volume of the\nSouvenirs, which I had not yet come across when I cited the passage in\nquestion. I can therefore say with M. Fabre: \u201cMay this note amend,\nwithin the proper limits, the assertions which I made in all good\nfaith.\u201d\n[142] Darwin died in 1882, and the second volume of the Souvenirs\nappeared in 1883.\n[144] Souvenirs, VI., p. 70. The Glow-Worm and Other Beetles, chap.\nix., \u201cDung-beetles of the Pampas.\u201d There is also mention of Brother\nJudulien in a long note in vol. V., p. 131; The Glow-Worm and Other\nBeetles, p. 238.\n[145] Souvenirs, IX., pp. 184\u2013186. The Life of the Fly, chap. xiii.,\n\u201cMathematical Memories: My Little Table.\u201d\n[146] E. Perrier, Revue hebdomadaire, October 22, 1910.\n[147] Revue Scientifique, May 7, 1910.\n[148] Our eminent compatriot will forgive the writer for quoting the\nfollowing passage from a letter of his, which so fully expresses both\nhis admiration for our hero and his profound affection for the land of\nour fathers: \u201cFor the second time, on reading in the Journal d\u2019Aveyron\nyour comprehensive and loving study of the life and work of your\nillustrious namesake, I was agreeably surprised to see that you\ncompared our characters and our work. This comparison is extremely\nflattering to me, and I thank you from the bottom of my heart.... It is\nindeed a somewhat curious thing that two Rouergats should have\nconceived the idea of celebrating the Animals; that both should have\nbeen led by their destiny to Provence; that both should have had the\ncourse of their lives affected by the intervention of Duruy, etc. It is\ntrue that one must not push these analogies too far. Duruy merely\nadvanced me from the Normal College of Rodez to that of Cluny; and in\nso doing, alas! he uprooted me.... As for the Animals, what are the\npoetic fancies which I have dedicated to them beside the masterly\nessays of the man who has been called \u2018the Homer of the insects!\u2019\u201d M.\nFabi\u00e9 does not dispute, any more than we ourselves, that Fabre\u2019s fame\nquite legitimately belongs to Provence, which has become his second\ncountry; he merely regrets that we in our \u201cloyal kingdom\u201d have too long\nallowed our good friends of the Empire to monopolise him.\n[149] Cours \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire d\u2019histoire naturelle: Zoologie, p. 1, 5th\nedition.\n[150] Cours \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire d\u2019Astronomie, p. 272, 7th edition.\n[151] Op. cit., \u201cAvertissement ou Avant-Propos du Directeur de la\ncollection, couronn\u00e9e par l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise.\u201d\n[152] Souvenirs, II., p. 3. The Life of the Fly, chap. i., \u201cThe\nHarmas.\u201d\n[153] Dedication of vol. II. of the Souvenirs.\n[154] Souvenirs, II., p. 4. The Life of the Fly, chap. i., \u201cThe\nHarmas.\u201d\n[155] The Cicada is the Cigale, an insect akin to the Grasshopper and\nfound more particularly in the south of France. Cf. Social Life in the\nInsect World, chaps. i.\u2013iv., and The Life of the Grasshopper, chaps.\ni.\u2013v.\u2014A. T. de M.\n[156] F. Marguet, Revue des Deux Mondes, December 15, 1910.\n[158] F. Marguet, op. cit.\n[159] F. Marguet, op. cit.\n[160] Souvenirs, IV., p. 222.\n[161] Fabre, Poet of Science, G. V. Legros, pp. 147, 149.\n[162] F. Marguet, op. cit.\n[163] Fabre, Poet of Science, G. V. Legros, translated by Bernard\n[165] Souvenirs, VI., p. 296.\n[166] Souvenirs, IX., pp. 176\u2013178. The Mason Bees, chap. xi., \u201cThe\nJeucoopes.\u201d\n[167] J. P. Lafitte, La Nature, March 26, 1910.\n[168] Jean Aicard, Eloge de F. Copp\u00e9e.\n[169] Souvenirs, X., p. 79.\n[170] Souvenirs, VIII., p. 346. The Life of the Spider, chap. II., \u201cThe\nBanded Epeira.\u201d\n[172] Souvenirs, X., p. 92.\n[173] Revue des Deux-Mondes, Dec. 1910, p. 875.\n[175] Ibid., I., 171\u2013175. The Hunting Wasps, chap. X., \u201cThe Ignorance\nof Instinct.\u201d\n[176] Souvenirs, I., pp. 297\u2013298. The Mason-Bees, chap. ii.,\n\u201cExperiments.\u201d\n[177] Souvenirs, I., p. 165. The Hunting Wasps, chap. x., \u201cThe\nIgnorance of Instinct.\u201d Ibid., IV., p. 238; V., p. 90. The Sacred\nBeetle and Others, chap. vii., \u201cThe Broad-necked Scarab\u00e6us.\u201d\n[178] Souvenirs, II., p. 157. The Mason-Bees, chap. vii., \u201cReflections\nupon Insect Psychology.\u201d Ibid., VI., pp. 116, 131, 148. The Glow-Worm\nand Other Beetles, chap. xii., \u201cThe Burying Beetles: Experiments;\u201d also\nWonders of Instinct, chap. vi.\n[179] Souvenirs, VI., pp. 130, 143. The Glow-Worm and Other Beetles,\nchap. xii., \u201cThe Burying Beetles: Experiments.\u201d\n[180] Souvenirs, V., pp. 141, 142, 150. The Sacred Beetle and others,\nchap. xvi., \u201cThe Lunary Copris.\u201d The Glow-Worm and Other Beetles, chap.\nxi., \u201cThe Burying Beetles.\u201d\n[181] Souvenirs, II., p. 159. The Mason-Bees, chap. vii. \u201cReflections\nupon Insect Psychology.\u201d Souvenirs, VI., 116. The Glow-Worm and Other\nBeetles, chap. xi. \u201cThe Burying Beetles\u201d; see also Wonders of Instinct,\nchap. vi.\n[182] Souvenirs, IV., p. 238.\n[184] Souvenirs, I., p. 220. The Hunting Wasps, chap. xiii, \u201cThe\nAmmophila.\u201d\n[185] Souvenirs, V., p. 130. The Sacred Beetle and Others, chap. xvi.,\n\u201cThe Lunary Copris.\u201d Souvenirs, VI., p. 97. The Glow-Worm and Other\nBeetles, chap. x., \u201cInsect Colouring.\u201d Souvenirs, VII., p. 193.\n[186] Souvenirs, I., p. 220. The Hunting Wasps, chap. xiii., \u201cThe\nAmmophila.\u201d Souvenirs, V., p. 322. The Life of the Grasshopper, chap.\nviii., \u201cThe Mantis: The Nest.\u201d\n[187] E. Tavernier.\n[189] Revue hebdomadaire, October 22, 1910.\n[190] La Nature, March 26, 1910. \u201cIt will be to M. Fabre\u2019s lasting\nhonour that he has never known any idleness of this kind or, indeed,\nany kind of idleness.\u201d\n[191] Souvenirs, VI., p. 75.\n[192] Fabre denies \u201cby the light of the facts\u201d almost all the ideas\nwhich evolution invokes to explain the formation of species. (Revue des\nDeux Mondes, p. 891.) He says: \u201cThe facts as I see them lead me away\nfrom Darwin\u2019s theories. Whenever I try to apply selection to the facts\nobserved, it leaves me whirling in the void. It is majestic, but\nsterile: evolution asserts as regards the past; it asserts as regards\nthe future; but it tells us as little as possible about the present. Of\nthe three terms of duration one only escapes it, and that is the very\none which is free from the fantastic imaginings of hypothesis.\u201d\n[193] Fabre appears to conceive a relation between instinct and the\norgan analogous to that which obtains between the soul and the body;\nfor him the first element of instinct is an incorporeal element which\nhe does not otherwise define, which he characterises merely as a native\nimpulse, irresistible, infallible and superior to the organism as well\nas to the sensibility of the insect, although it is not separated from\nnor completely independent of these.\nFor the rest, instinct remains a mystery. What it is at bottom, \u201cI do\nnot know, I shall never know. It is an inviolable secret.\u201d Like all\ntrue scientists, Fabre recognised the narrow limits of human knowledge\nand did not fear to admit them. According to him, neither life nor\ninstinct results from matter; we must seek for an explanation not below\nbut above it, and of all the marvels created that compel us to look\nupward and proclaim the Supreme Intelligence whence they are derived,\nthis is one of the most striking and persuasive: \u201cThe more I see, the\nmore I observe, the more this Intelligence shines forth behind the\nmystery of things.\u201d\nFabre thus joins hands with Pasteur, and may fitly be mentioned in the\nsame breath with him, as one of the most distinguished defenders of\nspiritual science and belief against materialistic science and atheism.\nThis is all the more remarkable in that Fabre has never attempted to\nmake any apologia, but simply stated whither all his observations and\nreflections tended.\n[194] Quoted from Mgr. Mignot, Lettres sur les Etudes eccl\u00e9siastiques,\n[195] Souvenirs, III., p. 91.\n[196] Session of the 8th December 1910.\n[197] This chapter was written by the Abb\u00e9 Fabre especially for the\nEnglish edition.\u2014B. M.\n[198] This was the pilgrimage of the young girls of the Universit\u00e9 des\nAnnales politiques et litt\u00e9raires.\n[199] The French words are \u201cCousins,\u201d \u201cCousines.\u201d Cousin = cousin, good\nfriend, crony.\u2014B. M.\n[200] Jules Clar\u00e9tie, Jean Richepin, Adolphe Brisson, etc.\n[201] E. Lavisse, quoted by Dr. Legros, op. cit., p. 81.\n[202] M. l\u2019Abb\u00e9 Germain, ex-cur\u00e9 of S\u00e9rignan.\n[203] Fran\u00e7ois Fabi\u00e9.\n[204] In Provence, as in Italy, the plaster statues sold by itinerant\nItalians are known as santi belli = beautiful saints.\u2014B. M.\n[205] The text is from Ecclesiastes, i. 2: \u201cVanity of vanities, all is\nvanity,\u201d but Fabre cites it according to the Discours contre Eutrope,\nin which he had learnt it at school, alluding to the appropriate\nreflection of Saint John Chrysostom: \u1f08\u03b5\u1f76 \u03c1\u03b5\u03bd, \u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bd\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5 \u1f20\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\n\u03b5\u1f30\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd; \u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, etc. (Semper quidem, nunc vero maxime opportunum est\ndicere: Vanitas, etc.)\n[206] Psalm 100, verse 3.\n[207] Fran\u00e7oise Copp\u00e9e.\n[208] Dr. Legros, Les Annales politiques et litt\u00e9raires, April 12,\n[209] The Abb\u00e9 Joseph Betton and his friend, the Abb\u00e9 Juiot.\n[210] J. H. Fabre, cited by Dr. Legros.\n[211] E. Laguet, Annales politiques et litt\u00e9raires, April 6, 1914.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1931, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed\n    [Illustration: Pl. 1. _The Connecticut Valley as it is seen from\n    Mount Sugarloaf._\n_The western highland shows through the pine boughs at the extreme\nright. The eastern highland balances it on the far left. The Holyoke\nRange hems the basin on the south except at the gap where the river\nescapes to the Springfield area._]\n                         The Hampshire Bookshop\n                       BOOKSELLERS AND PUBLISHERS\n               COPYRIGHT, 1942, BY THE HAMPSHIRE BOOKSHOP\n      _Rivers Carried off the Everlasting Hills_                       11\n  The Mosaic of Central Massachusetts                                  18\n      _Hot Springs in Central Massachusetts_                           30\n          _Coal Swamps in Massachusetts and Rhode Island_              33\n  The Story of Central Massachusetts                                   38\n      _Belchertown, Amherst and Northampton_                           82\n      _Northampton, Hadley, Sunderland, Hatfield_                      86\n      _Northampton, Cummington, Plainfield and South Deerfield_        88\n      _Mohawk Trail, Adams, Plainfield and South Deerfield_            91\n      _Greenfield, Orange, Pelham, Amherst and Deerfield_              96\n      _Greenfield, Turners Falls, Montague, North Amherst_             99\n      _Greenfield, Turners Falls, Montague, Sunderland_               100\n      _Springfield, Holyoke, Easthampton and Westfield_               102\n      _Westfield to the Westfield Marble Quarry_                      104\n          _Minerals of Pegmatites and Igneous Rocks_                  109\n          _The Minerals of Soils and Rock Decay_                      111\n  1. The Connecticut Valley as it is seen from Mt. Sugarloaf       Front.\n  2a. Air view of the ox-bow lake between Northampton and Mt. Tom       4\n  2b. Roches moutonn\u00e9es of the Pelham Hills seen from Hadley            4\n  3a. Mt. Sugarloaf, a remnant of Triassic rocks disappearing grain\n          by grain down the Connecticut River                          12\n  3b. Mt. Monadnock, a hill surmounting the New England peneplain,\n  4a. A dinosaur walked from the raindrop marked surface at the\n  4b. Volcanoes ejected much ash and many bombs to form the Granby\n  5a. Columnar lava rests upon red sandstone in the cliffs at\n  5b. Fissures were filled with liquid rock that became solid and\n          bonded wall to wall at the Windsor Dam                       32\n  6. View of the Holyoke Range from Mt. Lincoln                        52\n  7a. View of the Deerfield River gorge emerging on valley lowland\n  7b. View of the French King gorge as seen from the bridge            58\n  8a. View of Titan\u2019s Piazza at Hockanum showing the columns resting\n          upon the gently inclined sandstone                           60\n  8b. View of the Springfield lowland from the Westfield Marble\n  9a. The dinosaur track preserve at Smith\u2019s Ferry near Holyoke        66\n  9b. Varved clays or calendar beds on river bank south of Hadley      66\n  10. View of the Deerfield gorge from the east summit of the Mohawk\n  1. The Connecticut River undercuts the Hadley bank                    2\n  2. Natural levees south of the Sunderland Bridge                      2\n  3. Block diagram showing main features of central Massachusetts at\n  4. Block diagram showing main features of central Massachusetts\n  5. Block diagram showing main features of central Massachusetts\n  6. Block diagram showing main features of central Massachusetts\n  7. Map of Mount Toby showing gorges filled with conglomerate         20\n  8. Map showing agglomerate burying a fault scarp on Notch power\n  9. Block diagram showing main features of central Massachusetts\n  10. Block diagram showing the Triassic basins of central\n  11. Map of old volcanic region near Mount Hitchcock and west of\n  12. Block diagram showing topography during formation of the lead\n  13. Block diagram of region during Middle Ordovician time            39\n  14. Block diagram of region at end of Ordovician time                39\n  15. Block diagram of region during Devonian period                   39\n  16. Block diagram of region during Carboniferous period              41\n  17. Block diagram of region in early Triassic time                   41\n  18. Block diagram of region in late Triassic time                    41\n  19. Block diagram of region at opening of Cenozoic era               45\n  20. Block diagram of region at the present time                      45\n  21. Map showing location of interesting places                       53\n  22. Meander scarps at edge of flood plain, Sunderland                57\n  24. Diagrams showing development of Notch and Notch Mountain         74\nIn every region there is an evening drive which lures the city dweller\nfrom the cramped vistas of the office, the home, and the dingy streets\nto the limitless expanse of hills and valleys, where mental tension\nrelaxes and vision broadens as the physical horizon expands and acquires\ndepth. In less favored localities, the drive may be long and the\nrelaxation short, but not so in the Connecticut Valley. Half an hour of\ntravel, either to the east or to the west from any large community,\nprovides an escape to the hills, where people, cars, houses, and all the\nminutiae of urban civilization are blurred on the canvas of upland and\nlowland.\nLocal pride and personal prejudice may proclaim one view superior to\nanother; but the praise so liberally bestowed upon the heights beyond\nWestfield, the Mount Tom Reservation, the land called Goshen, Shelburne\nSummit, and many another site, merely bespeaks the rivalry of equally\nfavored vantage points. Perhaps the trail to Pelham would not be singled\nout for special mention by the undiscriminating enthusiast, but the\nconnoisseur of New England\u2019s scenic beauty returns and follows it again\nand again. A good road may take some credit for its popularity, but\nthere is a deeper cause than this which brings him back; for, if there\nis drama in scenery, he finds it here. The road leads out of\nNorthampton, and from the graceful arch of the Coolidge Memorial Bridge\nhe views the flood-scarred lowlands that border the river, and across\nthe flat plain into Hadley he sees visible reminders that river and\nfarmer periodically struggle over ownership of the land. Then a rise in\nthe road constricts the view but offers a promise of something\ndifferent. Ahead, rolling fields stretch to the beckoning hills beyond\nAmherst, but the hills appear and disappear in tantalizing cadence as\nthe car tops each rise and drops into the ensuing hollow. Soon West\nPelham comes into view, and the rise to the highland begins. Beside the\nroad a brook tumbles into the valley; and as the car climbs the heights\nto Pelham, and miles of wooded land are suddenly spread before the eye,\nthe wayfarer realizes that here is the dramatic climax to his trip and\nto the murmured story of the brook. But the long ridges reaching out to\nthe north and to the south, the deep valleys between them, and the sky\nwhich meets the farthest ridge do not enclose the panorama. It has a\nfourth dimension\u2014time\u2014a dimension as limitless as the horizon.\nWith just a dash of imagination, the wayfarer may journey backward\nthrough time; through scenes of infinite variety; through countless\nyears of unceasing change; through situations so different that he would\nscarcely have recognized his New England. The scarred plain of the\nriver, the brook, the soil, the rocks, the upland and the valley,\u2014all\ntell a fascinating and a logical, if surprising, geological tale. A\ndetour down this fourth dimension promises as much interest as a journey\nthrough the other three.\nFrom the Coolidge Memorial Bridge the broad lowland seems to reach out\nin all directions towards the encircling hills. Far down the river, the\ndistant bank rises a sheer thirty feet from the water and is high enough\nto surmount even the worst of floods. Yet each year this bank recedes as\nthe unconsolidated sediment at its base is sapped by the stream and is\ncarried away. Three times the river road has been moved back from the\ninsatiable Connecticut, and today the main Hockanum highway takes the\nlong route far from the water\u2019s edge.\n_The River Works_\nNearer the bridge the land is lower, and it shows the effects of\nfrequent inundation, but not of scour. A great sand bar lies in the\ncurve of the stream, and the low parallel ridges suggest that they, too,\nwere awash in the Connecticut before its eastern bank encroached so far\nupon the town of Hadley. The tongue of land which serves as\nNorthampton\u2019s airport is a succession of bars and abandoned channels\nwhich record the migration of the river away from its old bank along\nBridge Street. The Connecticut is robbing Hadley to pay Northampton, but\nthere was a time when Northampton was pilfered, too.\nSwales line the landscape as far as Hadley; and each year, at the time\nof high water, they must now be content with the meager overflow, where\nonce they sped the entire stream upon its southward course. But even\nnow, in flood, their original function may be restored. For the swale\njust west of Hadley was a roaring torrent in 1938, 1936, and 1896.\nIndeed, it threatened to appropriate the entire stream, and each of the\ngreat curving hollows that furrow the lowland are scour-channels which\nwere made at other times.\n    [Illustration: Fig. 1. _The Connecticut River undercuts the Hadley\n    bank at Hockanum._]\n    [Illustration: Fig. 2. _Natural levees border the Connecticut River\n    south of the Sunderland Bridge._]\nThe river has moved at will from one side of its alluvial plain to the\nother, and its threats to change its course are not to be taken lightly.\nUntil 1830 it flowed past Northampton, around the great ox-bow to\nEasthampton and then back to the watergap between Mount Tom and Mount\nHolyoke. It served as the main line of communication to the Atlantic\nseaboard and was a much travelled route. In the spring of that year high\nwater breached the narrow neck of land between the two ends of the\nmeander loop, and practically overnight the route to New London was\nshortened by three miles. Although the event was not a source of\nrejoicing to the landowners, Northampton declared a day of thanksgiving\nbecause they were now, thanks be to Providence, three miles nearer the\nsea. How often the river has changed its course may never be determined,\nbut the floodplain is grooved with swampy or silt-filled ox-bow lakes,\nnot only near Northampton, but all the way from Brattleboro, Vermont, to\nMiddletown, Connecticut. They tell of older shifts in the course of a\nriver which still displays its brute power within the limits of its\nalluvial plain.\nThe inundation of 1936 did more than scour the river\u2019s floodplain; it\nleft thick deposits of sand and silt upon many of the fields. Each\npreceding flood has done the same sort of thing, dropping coarse sand in\ngreatest abundance on the banks where the river flowed straightest.\nFlood by flood, the deposit has risen higher on these favored sites,\nwhere the swift main current slackens as it spreads over the broad, flat\nplain. Today the banks form natural levees sloping away from the river\nat many points southward from the Sunderland Bridge.\nJust when the river started to shift back and forth across its alluvial\nplain is not revealed, but it was long before the white man penetrated\nthe country. Indian graves and campsites have been laid bare as the high\nwater of each new flood has removed the silt left during earlier\ninundations. The sites rarely yield any implement brought by the\nEuropeans; they record long years of Indian occupation in the land\ncalled Norwottock, a land in which the red man found a river which\ntemperamentally shifted its course in response to periodic floods.\nThe floodplain ends at a rise in the road not far east of Hadley. The\nrise is a scalloped embankment, reminiscent of the high bank on the\nriver bend downstream from Hadley; even the long narrow swamp at the\nbase looks like a filled ox-bow, and the scallops look like bites which\nthe hungry river took from its banks. This embankment continues\nnorthward past Mount Warner, following the present channel closely\nthrough North Hadley, and it passes just east of Sunderland village.\nCorresponding banks are present on the west side of the stream in South\nDeerfield and Hatfield. Within the confines of those terraces the\nConnecticut has had free play, but its course has never strayed east or\nwest of these well defined boundaries.\nWave-like hills of sand cap the embankments in several localities north\nof Hatfield and North Hadley. Some, perched on the terrace edge, were\npartly cut away when the river was establishing the limits of its\nfloodplain. Wherever the pine trees are cut down, or the grass plowed\nunder, the sand within these hills begins to drift. They look and act\nlike those hills of the desert, the sand dunes, and they record the\ndrift of wind-whipped sand across a naked land, before the river had\nestablished a floodplain within its present confines.\n_The Landscape Changes_\nFine sand, silt, or clay is found beneath the windblown sand wherever\nthe river banks undercut the dunes. The clays are especially widespread,\nfor each of the numerous local brickyards has its clay pit, and there\nare many more clay banks which have no brickyard. The clays are\nrhythmically banded. One band, composed of very fine material which\nsettles from suspension only after weeks of absolute quiet, retains\nmoisture tenaciously; adjacent bands dry more rapidly, are somewhat\nsandy, and settle from suspension in less than a week. A large body of\nquiet water in which so much fine clay could settle must have occupied\nthe valley before the river was there, and the only type of water body\nwhich could have provided the proper environment is a fresh-water lake,\nfree from agitation during the long winter months when its surface was\nfrozen over. These thin clay bands are deposits of a winter season, when\nstreams are low and their load light. Then, even the finest particles\ncan settle, during the many weeks of quiet water, as a paper-thin layer\nupon the lake bottom. The coarser sandy layer just above the finest clay\nrecords the spring break-up, the melting of the ice, and resuscitated\nstreams flowing from the hills with a vigor that can be acquired only\nwhen the melt-water from the winter snow combines with the normal\nrun-off. The sand which these freshets bring to the lake diminishes as\nthe spring floods subside, and the sediment becomes progressively finer\nuntil next spring comes around.\n    Pl. 2. _Features of the landscape which originated during\n    comparatively recent time._\n    [Illustration: a. _Air view of the ox-bow lake between Northampton\n    and Mt. Tom._]\n    [Illustration: b. _Roches moutonn\u00e9es of the Pelham Hills seen from\n    Hadley._]\n    [Illustration: Fig. 3. _Block diagram showing the main features of\n    central Massachusetts at the present time._]\n    [Illustration: Fig. 4. _Block diagram showing the main features of\n    central Massachusetts during the recession of the Ice Sheet._]\nEach sandy layer is a spring; each clay band, a winter; and the two\ntogether mark the passage of a year. High spring floods are rarely\nlocal; floods on the Connecticut are usually matched by floods in the\nMerrimack watershed to the east and along Housatonic to the west. Floods\nof the past were much the same, and many of them can be identified\nreadily in the banded clays of the Connecticut Valley. Each one can be\ntraced in contemporaneous deposits which were formed in other parts of\nthe lowland and in neighboring lake basins.\nSome of the winter bands, together with the layers below them, are torn\nand folded, and the tops of the folds have been sheared off. Covering\nthem invariably is the sand layer of the spring break-up. Plain from\nthese features is a winter episode of freezing to the lake bottom, and\nof ice contorting the clays as it expanded and contracted in response to\nfluctuations in the surface temperatures. The normal cyclic repetition\nof sand and clay was resumed when these particularly hard winters came\nto an end.\nAt South Hadley Falls the lake clays rest upon a gravel bed, and the\nbottom layer records the lake\u2019s first year of life in that locality. The\noverlying bands provide the evidence of a characteristic climatic\nsequence which can also be recognized in the clays at Chicopee and at\nother points still farther south in the lowland. But at Chicopee there\nare many layers which are older than the bottom layer at South Hadley\nFalls; and at Springfield many layers appear that are older than the\nbasal band at Chicopee. From the sediment deposited in its waters, the\nstory of the lake is not difficult to decipher. It existed at\nSpringfield years before it appeared at South Hadley Falls; in fact, it\nflooded the meadows near Middletown, Connecticut, for nearly 6,000 years\nbefore its waters existed near Northampton.\nThese beds of clay hold the moisture close to the surface throughout the\nlowland, making it available to the fields of vegetables and tobacco.\nTowards the valley margins these crops disappear because the fine\nsediments end against the rocky shores of the adjacent hills which pass\ninto and beneath sloping terraces of sand and gravel. In the numerous\nterraces which fringe the hills, the horizontal beds of gravel lie above\nlakeward-dipping beds of coarse sand; they underlie broad flats furrowed\nby channel-like depressions which radiate from the valleys at the apex\nof each flat. On these terraces one can easily picture sand-laden waters\ncoursing through the channels and building deltas outward into the lake.\nDeltas were built wherever streams from the highlands entered the\nvalley, and they mark the ancient level of the lake. Strangely, their\nelevation drops from 315 feet at Montague to 300 feet at Amherst, and is\nonly 268 feet at South Hadley. The changing elevation shows either that\nthe lake surface sloped southward\u2014and indeed this would be unique\u2014or\nthat the shoreline was raised in the north and that the lake drained\nsouthward. The latter surmise is plainly the more plausible.\nMost deltas on the east side of the valley are pitted by numerous\nconical depressions. In a depression on a delta plain near Montague, an\nexcavation, made to obtain road fill, disclosed a mass of disordered\ngravel which must originally have been deposited in the horizontal\ntop-set beds of the delta, but which now lies in the bottom of a\ndepression mingled with the fine sand of the underlying fore-set beds.\nThe top-set beds seem to have been supported for some time and then\ncollapsed as if the underpinnings were removed. The crudely circular or\nelliptical outlines of the depressions suggest that stray icebergs\ndrifted upon the delta slopes, where they were anchored or buried by the\nsandy outwash. The buried ice-cakes survived until the lake was drained,\nand the baselevel of the streams was lowered, for the depressions have\nno outwash within them. They collapsed soon after the lake vanished,\nbecause water soaking through the delta sands melted the ice, much as it\nthaws the ground for dredging in the Yukon. Even today this gravelly\nground, particularly the beach of the ancient lake, is well drained, and\nit forms the best land for the apple orchards of the valley.\n_Glaciers Came_\nThe delta deposits and the clays form a thin veneer over a bouldery soil\nthat comes to light along the delta-top margins and in gulches cut down\nthrough the gravel and sand. Some of the boulders are huge, attaining\ndiameters of twenty feet; and all are strangers to their present resting\nplaces. Some are set upon a bare rock floor, scratched as though by\nsandpaper, and they teeter to the weight of a child; most are embedded\nin soil. These \u201cerratics\u201d seem to have been left like unwanted objects,\npicked up and carried for a time, and then dropped when the bearer\nwearied of their weight. The scratches on the rock floor are parallel\ngrooves, all of which trend southward. They are unmistakable tracks left\nby glaciers, and the boulders are like the stones perched on glacial ice\nfor a ride to the terminal moraine.\nThe land above the old lake shore is bare scratched rock or rocky soil\ncalled boulder till. Every hill farm has been cleared of more stones\nthan trees, and it is only with the vogue of the rock garden that these\nerratics have found any merit in man\u2019s estimation. It has been said with\na considerable element of truth that the lake margin can be identified\nby the stone fences heaped up by exasperated farmers at the line where\nthe water once lapped the slopes of the glaciated hills. Striations and\nerratics decorate the tops of Mount Tom and Mount Holyoke, and those who\nvisit Mount Monadnock or Mount Washington will find they must inscribe\ntheir initials over the signature of the great ice sheet.\nThe stranger rocks or erratics, stranded promiscuously over the\ncountryside, can be traced to hills farther north. Clearly the ice sheet\nwas moving southward, picking up debris and abrading the countryside\nlike a great sanding machine. Northern slopes were worn to long gentle\ninclines and the southern slopes kept their original forms or were\nsteepened as the ice plucked fractured blocks from their moorings. One\nimaginative writer likened the glaciated rock hills to the wigs of\nsheep\u2019s wool worn by the jurists of his day; the name stuck, and they\nare still known as _roches moutonn\u00e9es_. Look at the Pelham Hills from\nthe Coolidge Memorial Bridge and you will see the top of Jeffrey Lord\nAmherst\u2019s wig facing towards Canada.\nWithin the Connecticut Lowland the moving ice often picked up a load of\ndebris more cumbersome than it could drag along. It handled the\nsituation most satisfactorily by dropping the load and streamlining it,\nand these piles of glacial debris with blunt north slopes and gentle\nsoutherly sides are drumlins. When next you pass the apple orchards of\nSouth Amherst, recall that the smooth elliptical hill east of the road\nto South Hadley is a drumlin, a relic of an overloaded glacier.\n_Just Before the Ice Age_\nThe glacier advanced as far as Long Island and Martha\u2019s Vineyard, and\nthe lakes of the Connecticut Valley formed along the ice margin and\nspread northward as the ice front receded. The distinct layers, or\nvarves, of clay mark off 25,000 years since the recession began, but for\na million years before its final retreat, the ice covered all New\nEngland intermittently. This length of time transcends human\ncomprehension unless one considers years in terms of what has been done.\nA million years is not too long for a sand-laden ice sheet, moving only\na few feet each year, to grind tens of feet of solid rock off the north\nsides of the \u201ceverlasting\u201d hills. To those who study the earth, \u201cBefore\nthe Ice Age\u201d has about the same significance as \u201cBefore the Hurricane\u201d\nhas to the average citizen of New England. It is in such terms that\ngeologic time must be considered.\nThe ice sheet simply modified the pre-glacial topography; it changed\nsymmetrical hills to asymmetric _roches moutonn\u00e9es_ and left boulder\ntill spread over much of the bedrock floor. The greatest changes were\neffected in the White Mountains, where the steep-walled river valleys\nwere changed to troughs with a U cross-section, as in the scenic\nnotches; or with steep headwalls like that in Tuckerman Ravine, a\ntypical alpine cirque. Within the lowlands boulder till was left as a\nblanket, concealing the irregularities which were made in the rock floor\nat an earlier geologic date. These irregularities may pass unnoticed\nunless some construction project happens to reveal them. Bedrock is\nrarely over seventy feet down at any point in the lowland, but work at\nthe Sunderland Bridge and the Coolidge Memorial Bridge encountered\nmasses of glacial debris in a deep fluvial channel more than three\nhundred feet below the river surface and at least two hundred feet below\nthe present level of the sea. This deep trough is not over one hundred\nyards wide, and if it were fully exposed to view, it would look like a\nminiature Saguenay gorge. Similar trenches in every part of eastern\nNorth America, from Hudson Bay to Cape Hatteras, show that the land once\nstood higher than it does now, and that the main rivers flowed in deep,\nnarrow canyons, although the upland surface between the rivers had its\npresent characteristics. Thus, in Pliocene time, while primitive members\nof the human race were entering old England, New England rose high above\nsea level, and its lowlands were trenched by quickened streams.\nThe narrow gorges are an eloquent, if mute, record of rivers suddenly\nrejuvenated, their current accelerated and the exuberant waters cutting\ninto freshly elevated rock. Massachusetts and the neighboring states\nalong the Atlantic seaboard formed a plateau-like upland, perhaps one\nthousand feet higher than today, and the coastline lay fifty to one\nhundred miles out under the present waters of the Atlantic.\nThe Pliocene episode of stream incision was of short duration. The\ngorges are not wide, and only near the sea do they cut deep into the\ncoherent crystalline rock which gives New England its solid foundation.\nNowhere did the land remain elevated long enough to permit the rivers to\nwiden their canyons through the plateau-like country and to modify the\nessential features of the landscape. The latter were acquired in an\nearlier geologic epoch called the Miocene, and the scenic pattern carved\nby running water in that relatively remote division of time still\ndominates the region\u2019s topographic form.\n_Rivers Carried Off the Everlasting Hills_\nEvery stream has its load of sediment, as the silt- and sand-filled\nreservoirs along the edges of the valley so effectively testify. Each\nsandy river bed is an aggregate of rolling grains, moving with the\ncurrent, slow where it is slow and faster where the current is\naccelerated, but travelling always towards the sea. Every grain is a\npiece of the countryside lost to the land and soon to become a part of\nthe ocean floor. Very little of this sand comes from the lowland itself,\nfor the Connecticut may cut the bank below Hadley, but it leaves almost\nas much sand as it acquires on the opposite shore. The river\u2019s burden is\nbrought to it by swift tributaries\u2014the brook at West Pelham and hundreds\nmore like it. Their sides are cut-banks, but no extensive sand bars are\nbuilt to balance their erosive work; what they pick up they carry to the\nlowland, and what they bring to the lowland is soon transported to the\nsea.\nThe contribution which the tributaries make to the lowland rivers was\ndemonstrated only too conspicuously by the great fans of coarse debris\nspread across the valley of the Deerfield River and the West River\nduring the floods that accompanied the torrential rains of the\nhurricane. Parts of the village of Townshend, Vermont, nestling in the\nflat floor of the West River valley, were buried in gravel wash, and the\nhillside roads above were gullied ten feet deep. One harassed traveler\naptly remarked that the original road level could be recognized from the\nfew concordant remnants of pavement beside the trout brook.\nThe hill slopes at Townshend rise and end near Jamaica, about one\nthousand feet higher in elevation. Here the roads are in good condition.\nThere are no signs of erosion, and the rolling uplands extend for miles\nwith no signs of gullying or wash by the heavy rains.\nThe debris handled by the West River now and for ages past has come from\nthe steep hill slopes along the main valley. Each load of sand has cut\nthese slopes back from the main stream and has widened the lowland\nfloor. So, for millions of years, the tributaries of the Connecticut\nhave pushed the valley walls farther from the main river, and their\ntributaries in turn have pushed their hill slopes back, while the valley\nfloors have steadily widened. The Connecticut Lowland was broadened in\nthis way, and the tributary Deerfield has developed its valley in\nsimilar fashion but to a lesser degree. Today streams near the\nheadwaters acquire sediment, not from the upland across which they flow\nto reach the deeply entrenched valleys, but from the steep slopes in the\nmost remote recesses of the upland on which they rise.\nFlat valley floors are broadened in coherent rocks as well as in\nunconsolidated sand\u2014less rapidly, indeed, but just as surely; and every\nregion is worn down to the grade of the streams which drain it, except\nfor those rare masses of resistant rock which defy decay and yield\nreluctantly to their inevitable fate. The rocks of the Mount Holyoke and\nMount Tom ranges, Mount Warner, the Pocumtuck Hills and the highlands on\nboth sides of the Connecticut Valley are made of tougher ingredients\nthan the lowland, and even millions of years of incessant onslaught by\nrunning water did not suffice to level them by Miocene time, when the\nlowland was excavated.\n    Pl. 3. _Erosion remnants or monadnocks surmounting base levelled\n    surfaces._\n    [Illustration: a. _Mt. Sugarloaf, a remnant of Triassic rocks\n    disappearing grain by grain down the Connecticut River._]\n    [Illustration: b. _Mt. Monadnock, a hill surmounting the New England\n    peneplain, seen from Mt. Lincoln._]\n    [Illustration: Fig. 5. _Block diagram showing the main features of\n    central Massachusetts during the excavation of the lowland._]\n    [Illustration: Fig. 6. _Block diagram showing main features of\n    central Massachusetts after the Triassic basins were filled._]\nThe lowland extends beyond our immediate region. It continues southward\nwith diminishing elevation to New Haven, where it joins another broad\ndepression, now flooded by the waters of Long Island Sound.\n_Before the Rivers Cut the Valleys_\nThose who would see the land as it was before the rivers carved the\nlowlands must put back every grain of sand the waters carried away; they\nmust fill in these valleys to the level of the Jamaica upland. Then only\nwill the country be as it was before the streams were rejuvenated and\nstarted to cut deep trenches and to widen them as the Deerfield has done\nat Charlemont.\nBroad, open valley flats or straths surmount the steep V-shaped notches\nof both the Deerfield and Westfield Rivers. Surely, everyone who has\npaused at the lookout on the east summit of the Mohawk Trail has seen\nthe upland sloping gently towards the Deerfield and then breaking\nsharply at the top of the present canyon. The same view confronts the\nmotorist who drives from Adams to Cummington, just after he leaves the\nvillage of Plainfield. Here the shallow bowl in front of him holds no\nhint of the deep notch in which the Westfield flows. The gentle contour\nof the land suggests only the slow but methodical sort of change which\ncomes with maturity. Those who favor air travel will see, as they fly\nover Mount Tom, a similar but more dissected strath reaching into the\nhills northwestward from Northampton. Aeroplanes flying the Boston-New\nYork route pass over straths which have been trenched by the Connecticut\nalong its course from Middletown to New London.\nThe straths are part of a mature, but ancient drainage system, which was\ngraded a thousand feet above the level of the present streams and only a\nfew hundred feet below the main upland. Certain broad depressions\nthrough the highlands east of the Connecticut Lowland suggest that this\ndrainage pursued a southeastward course to the Atlantic, and that the\nriver did not establish its modern course until the straths were\nelevated and notched.\nThe land level above the strath-margins is a still older surface from\nwhich the rock-benches were cut. The higher surface stretches to the\nhorizon at Pelham, but Mount Monadnock and Wachusett stand conspicuously\nabove it. And on the Mohawk Trail one must ascend the tower at the\neastern summit before any higher land comes into view. Greylock\u2019s summit\nand the long chain of the Green Mountains attain greater elevations. The\nWest River and Deerfield basins are graded to the level of this higher\nand older erosion surface, but farther north a chain of peaks including\nStratton and Okemo swing eastward towards Ascutney. They appear to have\nformed a divide on this ancient land, as they do today; and beyond their\ncrests rivers have run to the Saint Lawrence and Hudson basins from a\ntime which antedated any of the familiar features of the New England\nlandscape.\nAlthough this flat upland surface is more complex than it appears to the\neye, it dominates all of southern New England, and ramifying arms of it\npenetrate northward into the White Mountains of New Hampshire and Maine.\nAnother great arm passes west of Mount Greylock and spreads out between\nthe Catskill Mountains and the Adirondacks. During the long period of\nerosion when it was formed, New England was reduced nearer to the grade\nof the main rivers than at any other time either before or since, and\nonly rocks which have effectively resisted all later assaults by the\ngeologic processes of destruction surmount the surface. To the eye, the\nregion appears so nearly planed that it has been called the New England\npeneplane.\nThe upland continues southward through the Berkshire and Litchfield\nHills, descending in a series of almost imperceptible steps towards Long\nIsland Sound and the Atlantic. A few miles south of Litchfield,\nConnecticut, its low angle of declivity increases abruptly, and the more\nsteeply inclined surface passes beneath the waters of Long Island Sound.\nThe sudden change in dip suggests that two erosional planes are present\nand that each was formed under somewhat different circumstances and in\ndifferent periods of geologic time. The soundness of this surmise can be\ndemonstrated in Long Island where sediments laid in a Cretaceous sea\nrest upon the older and more sharply inclined erosional plane and rise\napproximately to the level of the New England upland. The deposits form\na wedge between the two planes, and their Cretaceous age supplies a\nseries of dates that would otherwise be difficult to establish in New\nEngland\u2019s geological history. Erosion fashioned the New England upland\nin the early and middle epochs of the Tertiary period, immediately\nfollowing the deposition of sediments in the Cretaceous sea. And the\nsouthward sloping plane upon which those sediments rest records an even\nearlier episode of denudation\u2014an episode lost in the shuffle of later\nevents in Massachusetts but preserved in fragmentary form in\nConnecticut, thanks to the protection afforded by the sedimentary cover.\nHad we lived in central New England when erosion of the upland and of\nthe younger straths was in progress, we would have noted that the valley\nforms were well defined in the headwaters and lower reaches of the\nstreams, which made their way through a country of light-colored or gray\nclayey soil. In the middle reaches the valley boundaries were blurred\nand indistinct, and the country through which they flowed was surfaced\nby red and sandy soil. The middle region is now the lowland, but even\nthen it formed a depression athwart the topographic and hydrographic\nfeatures of the country; and its distinctive red soil resembled alluvial\nwash or fill in a long basin. Its low relief would have been as\nimpressive in early Tertiary time as its higher relief is today, for\nthen it had little topographic competition anywhere between the present\nsites of New Haven, Connecticut, and Northfield, Massachusetts.\nThe land had one dominant characteristic\u2014a relatively flat or faintly\nterraced surface. But this surface concealed a mosaic made of an\ninfinite variety of rocks, each responding to the attack of weather in\nits own particular way. Erosion has brought out the pattern of the\nmosaic, and we have retraced the steps in its development. Viewing the\nevolution of the countryside in retrospect, we see its features take\nform much as a worker on an inlaid bronze might watch the design come\nout when it is etched. The creation of the mosaic or inlay is another\npart of the history, and the relief of the land now permits closer\nscrutiny of the pattern than would have been possible in Cretaceous\ntime.\n                  The Mosaic of Central Massachusetts\nThe great artisan incorporated three main features in the mosaic beneath\nthe New England upland, and from them erosion developed the major\npattern of the present landscape. The three units of the pattern\ncomprise a somewhat heterogeneous but durable foreground in the east, a\nweak inlaid design in the center, and a moderately homogeneous and\ndurable background in the west. The foreground and background are simply\na suitable base for the younger, central feature of the design\u2014an inlay\nwhich was completed in Triassic time, while the mighty dinosaurs were\nbeginning to gain confidence as the new rulers of the earth. Skillful\nartistry and complicated technique were expended on the Triassic inlay,\nfor in part it was rolled in, partly melted in, and some of it was cut\nin amid the tougher materials now found on either side.\n_The Red Rock Basin_\nThe youngest ingredients which were incorporated in the inlay are a\nseries of fine-grained red sandstones and consolidated clays or shales.\nThey are horizontal layers, turned up slightly at the edges of the\nlowland, but elsewhere they lie in almost horizontal beds that extend\nfrom South Hadley through Chicopee (Chicopee shale), Springfield, and\nLongmeadow (Longmeadow sandstone) to a point just south of Hartford.\nNear the hills which form the eastern boundary of the lowland these\nfine-grained sediments locally give way to coarse tabular deposits of\nangular gravel, which appear along the base of the Wilbraham Mountains\nand again in Mount Toby and northward. The deposits are isolated or\ndetached masses which resemble fans emerging from mountains, not unlike\nthe more modern sands and gravels which the Westfield River left where\nit emerged from the western hills. But the Triassic gravels are red, and\nthey are firmly cemented into conglomerate; yet it is plain that this\npart of the inlay was made by washing and rolling the red muds, sands,\nand cobbles into a depressed basin waiting to receive them.\nThe southern part of the basin was deepened, and the highlands were\nrejuvenated spasmodically from Springfield to New Haven. The sinking of\nthe lowland on the west and the rising of the highlands on the east took\nplace along a fracture plane, commonly called \u201cthe eastern border\nfault,\u201d near the eastern limits of the red sediments throughout that\npart of the valley. The rocks composing the alluvial fans are flexed\nsharply downward east of Portland, Connecticut, like compressed pages in\na book, where the great eastern mountain block pushed obliquely against\nthem. In this way the mountain range was renewed as erosion wore it\naway, and the basin was deepened periodically as the wash from the\nhighlands filled it. The intermittent uplift sustained the growth of the\nfans along the edge of the lowland, but the frequent recurrence of\nmovement never permitted these graded accumulations of waste to extend\nfar out from their mountain sources.\nThe great fracture, which sharply delimits rocks of different origins,\nand the deformation in the strata near Portland record, as surely as the\nwritings of any human historian, a tale of periodic rock compression and\nparoxysmal release that must have been accompanied by violent tremors.\nConnecticut and Massachusetts had their earthquakes and had them as\nviolent as any now originating in the western ranges of the United\nStates and Mexico; but happily they shook a land which was overrun by\nthe dinosaurs, and which was not yet ready for human habitation.\n    [Illustration: Fig. 7. _Map of Mount Toby showing gorges filled with\n    conglomerate._]\nNear the northern terminus of the Triassic basin the eastern boundary\nwas not subject to intermittent and violent movements during the later\nstages of sedimentation, as it was in the south. Instead, the youngest\npart of the red-rock inlay consists, in some places, of unfractured\nboulder beds which were washed far out towards the center of the\nlowland; elsewhere, landslides brought masses of rock debris upon soft\nred and gray shales, which may have accumulated in shallow lakes; in\nstill other localities, long stringers of red sediment reach far back\ninto the eastern highlands. Many boulders in the conglomerate at the\nsouth end of Mount Toby are eight feet in diameter, and torrential\nmountain streams brought them to their resting place. A few are\nscratched and grooved, much like the boulders in the till left by the\nice sheet; perhaps they signify the presence of snow fields and glaciers\nin the mountain range, but the scratches may have been acquired by\navalanching. The landslide masses buried in the shales at the Sunderland\ncaves show that the mountain front was steep, and the ancient talus or\nslide rock near the Central Vermont Railroad south of Roaring Brook\nshows plainly that the mountain front was a precipitous cliff of\ngranite. The stringers of conglomerate extending eastward into the\ngranite upland south of Montague, north of Leverett station, at Amherst,\nand again near Granby, are alluvial fill in ancient mountain gorges.\nThis old mountain mass stood out as a long, straight range extending\nfrom a point east of New Haven northward into New Hampshire. It was of\nmoderate height in Connecticut, but it became higher and more rugged to\nthe north; glaciers may have nestled around its crest east of Deerfield,\nand its front was an impressive slope of slide rock. Granite gorges with\ntapering gravel plains, dry one day and raging torrents the next,\nfingered eastward into the mountain block. At that time the Connecticut\nValley was much like the land east of the Sierra Nevada in California,\nwhere greater contrasts in heights and depths are to be found than in\nany other part of the United States.\n_A Dinosaur Diary_\nLike the valley east of the Sierras, the depression in central\nMassachusetts contained playa lakes and intermittent streams. Sand\nbrought by the mountain torrents clogged the channels and spread into\nbroad alluvial plains, while silt accumulated in muddy lake basins.\nBlack sandy shales now mark the sites of the lake beds, and their black\ncolor comes from the coaly remnants of Triassic plants. Some swampy lake\nmargins supported peat bogs, which have been preserved in coal seams two\nto three inches thick between Granby and South Hadley. Many of the lakes\nlasted long enough to become stocked with half a dozen species of fish.\nBut the fish led a precarious existence, and their skeletons were buried\nin great numbers in the upper lacustrine layers when the lakes dried up,\nand dust and sand drifted over the parched basins at Durham,\nConnecticut, and at Sunderland, Massachusetts. The remains were interred\neven more effectively when cloudbursts in the hills brought thick layers\nof gravel out over the ancient lake beds.\nMost of the lakes and ponds were ephemeral, but the fact that their\npresence was more than a mirage in a Triassic desert is clear from the\nripple-marks retained on their sun-hardened surfaces, and from the\nimpressions of objects which touched them while they were still soft.\nStray series of parallel furrows record the passing of drifting shrubs,\nand the abrupt disappearance of rain-drop imprints at a well defined\nline in the hardened mud marks the exact position of the water level in\na few of these Triassic water bodies. Footprints register the activities\ncarried on by a bizarre animal population. Beside the road to the French\nKing Bridge and in the river bed at Turners Falls the ripple-marked\nsurfaces contain the impressions of many feet, and the dinosaur tracks\nat \u201cthe Riffles\u201d beside the Northampton-Holyoke highway are known\nthroughout the country. In Connecticut, Middletown and Durham are famed\nfor their tracks, and the impressions left in the playa beds by muddy\nfeet are so widely distributed throughout the lowland that it must have\ntaken a lot of walking by many generations of dinosaurs to leave such an\nample record.\n    Pl. 4. _Rocks of the Triassic basin and their record._\n    [Illustration: a. _A dinosaur walked from the raindrop marked\n    surface at the right to a shallow pond at the left._]\n    [Illustration: b. _Volcanoes ejected much ash and many bombs to form\n    the Granby tuff._]\nSome of these three-toed animals were like the modern lizards and walked\non all four feet; but the great majority walked on two feet and, like\nthe kangaroos, used their tails to balance their bodies, and their short\nfore limbs to support them when they crouched. In any single playa\ndeposit, variations in the sizes and kinds of footprints reveal that\nmany individuals made them; yet strangely, most of the tracks at any one\nplace are headed in a single direction. Apparently the herd instinct\nmust have been strong in these reptiles, as it is in kangaroos or in a\nflock of turkeys, all following a leader, with only an occasional\nindividual going off to one side or back-tracking in a display of\nindependence. And so the dinosaurs dominated the life in the early\nConnecticut basin, as it sank and trembled, and as mountains rose to the\neast; on dry days and days of cloudburst, on hot days and days when\nfrost crystals formed in the mud, they roamed the plain, as the lowland\nsettled nearly two miles and filled to the brim with red sands, muds,\nand marginal gravels.\n_Volcanoes_\nRed is the predominant color in the central inlay of the New England\ndesign, but greens and blue-black lines have been worked into the\npattern. The dinosaur-ridden basin has a rim south of Middletown in\nConnecticut, and another north of Holyoke in Massachusetts; it lies just\nwest of the dinosaur-track ledge near Holyoke, and the tracks themselves\nare only thirty feet above the bottom of the basin. The rim is an odd\nensemble\u2014now red and now green; here solid and hard and black, there\nsoft and fragmental and crumbly. The fragments may be angular or round;\nsandy or glassy; dense and solid, or full of bubble holes like molasses\ntaffy. The whole looks like the spread-out ash dump from a giant power\nplant. And not only does it resemble an ash heap\u2014it _is_ the ash heap of\na volcano; and the hard black layers within it are lava flows\ninterspersed with the heavy falls of ash.\n    [Illustration: Fig. 8. _Map showing agglomerate burying a fault\n    scarp on the power line through the east gap of the Notch._]\nThe ancient ash heap grows thicker east of the Connecticut River, and it\nis more than 3,000 feet from top to bottom around a series of massive\nblue-black rock-columns southeast of the Mount Holyoke Hotel. These are\nthe lava-filled necks of craters which became quiescent with the dawn of\nthe dinosaur days. The ash deposit, called the Granby tuff, grows\nthinner eastward away from the craters and disappears completely\nnortheast of Granby, where a stream deploying from a valley in the\neastern mountains washed it away as fast as it fell and left coarse\ngravel in the form of a huge fan.\nThe floor on which the ash came to rest was not everywhere the same.\nWhere now it crosses the Northampton-Holyoke highway and the\nAmherst-South Hadley road it was a lava flow; but north of Granby and at\nnumerous places between the Hockanum and Amherst-South Hadley roads the\nash lies on conglomerate. Along the Amherst-Springfield power line, a\nblock of the conglomerate floor was pushed up five hundred feet above\nthe same beds farther west, forming a small block mountain which was\nentirely buried beneath the ash. Similar block mountains can be observed\nunder the blanket of ash, especially on the south side of the Holyoke\nRange; and renewed movement subsequently affected many of the blocks\nnorth of Granby, where the ash deposit and even some of the sediments\nlaid down in the earlier days of the dinosaurs were fractured and\ndisplaced. As a rule, along any one fault, the block on the east was\npushed up and moved southward; and the block on the west was pressed\ndown: as a group, the fractures may form the beginning of the great\neastern border fault which bounds the basin farther south.\nThe volcanoes which made the Granby tuff or ash bed erupted\nintermittently for a long period of time. Usually, the river which\nemerged from the eastern mountain range brought so much fluvial debris\nthat ash is not in evidence except in the immediate vicinity of the\ncraters located between the Notch and the summit of Mount Holyoke. Even\nthough alluvial sands and gravels supplant the tuff here and there, the\nriver did not succeed in closing or quenching those fiery vents. The\nrocks now present recount a struggle in which, at times, the river\nencroached upon the cinder cones; at others, the ashes choked the stream\nand buried its alluvial wash.\nWhile the volcanoes rumbled and erupted, earth forces intermittently\nthrust the eastern mountain range southward and upward, dragging the\neastern margin of the lowland with it and upturning the sedimentary\nfill, much as a plow might upend a layer of snow at the roadside before\nshearing it off and pushing it out of the way. The relentless movement\ncaused the entire eastern floor of the basin to be broken into blocks;\nthe easterly ones were piled against the westerly, and their eastern\nedges were pushed down into the basin floor and the western borders rode\nup on their neighbors. Through all this tremendous disturbance the great\nstream pouring out of the mountain pass kept the elevated blocks cut\ndown and the small basins filled in. Earthquakes, erupting volcanoes,\nand shifting rivers made life for the dinosaurs troubled and a bit\nuncertain.\nOnly once did the volcanoes dominate the situation in the valley, and\nthat was very early in their history. A group of vents, localized along\na southward trending zone about a mile west of the Notch, and another\ngroup along the present course of the Connecticut River from Turners\nFalls to Sunderland poured out billions of cubic feet of black basaltic\nlava into the center of the lowland. Eruptions followed in such rapid\nsuccession that the rivers never scoured the surface of the earlier\nflows. Lava piled up 400 feet thick in the center of the basin east of\nthe Mount Tom Range; it moved eastward in a flow which thinned against\nthe fans of rivers issuing from the eastern mountain, and it ended in a\nformidable wall of scoria confronting the mountain streams. Lava buried\nthe northern basin from Sunderland to Turners Falls and beyond, while\nthe southern basin filled from Northampton to New Haven. But lava\ndominance was short-lived, and even before its bubbly surface reddened\nto the weather, streams had covered it with gravel.\nThe lava flows are the most resistant materials used in the lowland\ndesign. They form the ridge east of Greenfield in the northern basin.\nThe Holyoke and Mount Tom Ranges are remnants of these flows, tilted at\nmoderate but varying angles by the recurrent movements which enlivened\nthe epoch of dinosaurs and volcanoes.\n    [Illustration: Fig. 9. _Block diagram showing the main features of\n    central Massachusetts during volcanic stage._]\n    [Illustration: Fig. 10. _Block diagram showing the Triassic basins\n    of central Massachusetts._]\nThe most spectacular episode of lava extrusion was localized in a small\nvolcanic center situated about one mile west of the Notch in the Holyoke\nRange. All flows in the range moved away from this center, and before\nthe great outpouring took place, minor explosive outbursts had built\ncones of ash with bases up to a mile in diameter. Small lava tongues are\ninterspersed with the ash beds, and mixtures of sand and lava tell of\nbreaks through the 1,500 feet of sandy fill which was rapidly\naccumulating in the basin. Throughout this early period of volcanic\nactivity the streams brought out so much wash from the eastern mountains\nthat they soon dominated the scene in Massachusetts, and in Connecticut\nvolcanoes gained ascendancy for one brief moment of geologic time, when\nan early flow covered much of the valley from Hartford south.\n_The Original Valley_\nThe first and oldest ingredients in the central design are entirely red.\nThe materials are fragments of older rocks\u2014granite and gneiss, schist\nand pegmatite, feldspar and quartz. They are invariably coarse, for\nevery layer of inwashed sediment has pieces over an eighth of an inch in\ndiameter, and only the coarser particles were smoothed. The finer\nparticles were not moved about enough to have their sharp corners worn\naway. The pebbles and clay in the thick layers of conglomerate at the\nFrench King Bridge were dropped by rushing, overloaded torrents\ndeploying on a lowland\u2014a situation not unlike the one at Townshend,\nVermont, during the hurricane deluge. Only fine debris was transported\nacross the fans to the far side of the basin. The western hills made\nsmall contributions of sediment; but their streams brought particles\nwhich never exceeded an inch in diameter, and in quantities so moderate\nthat the fragments underwent some sorting and sizing as they were spread\nover the lowland. From the very start the valley was deeper near the\neast wall than the west; and the eastern mountain block was greatly\nelevated, whereas the western block was simply a hilly upland.\n    [Illustration: Fig. 11. _Map of the old volcanic region near Mount\n    Hitchcock and west of the Notch._]\nThe edge of the eastern mountain mass is located at the French King\nBridge and passes half a mile west of Montague. Its location beneath the\nyounger fill is known less perfectly farther south, but it seems to\nextend through Amherst, certainly west of South Amherst and Granby and\nprobably east of the Notch. At least two mountains rose above the\nancient lowland floor; the northern one is a long ridge of schist\nbetween Bernardston and Mount Hermon, and the other is Mount Warner.\nMount Warner is an island of highland rocks in a sea of red sandstone\nfill. The Bernardston ridge resembles a peninsula in somewhat analogous\nsedimentary surroundings. The two eminences reveal the form of the\nvalley floor and the western hills at the dawn of the Triassic period,\nfor they were spared from destruction by burial, until deep erosion\nexposed them again in Miocene time.\n_Hot Springs in Central Massachusetts_\nHot springs the world over register their presence by leaving deposits\nof unusual minerals, and they have left this sort of record at\nLoudville. Here the coarse sandstones of the lowland rest upon gneiss,\nand at the south end of the Loudville lead vein barium sulphate\ncrystals, called barite, formed in the sand before it was cemented into\nsolid rock. The crystals are the product of highly charged mineral\nwater, rising through the sands from a subjacent fissure. The fissure\nitself is also filled with barite, and with galena and quartz as well.\nIt is the vein which was worked in the old Loudville lead mine. There\nare other veins in the western and eastern highlands at Hatfield, at the\nNorthampton reservoir near Whately, and at Leverett. All are in\nfractures which were still partly open when the valley first took form.\n_The Marginal Uplands_\nThe rocks which formed the high eastern mountain range of Triassic time\nand the rocks which made the old western hills and underlay the basin\nfloor comprise essentially a single group characterized by its\ncomplexity. At one place the rock resembles sandstone, but the layers\nstand on end; at another, it looks like shale, but the stone breaks\nacross the color banding instead of parallel to it; and at a third place\na fissure seems to have opened and had a crystallizing melt poured into\nit. These tabular, filled fissures can be found nearly everywhere,\ncoursing in every direction and at all conceivable inclinations to form\na network that binds the older rocks into a firmly knit whole. The\nfillings, or dikes, are like reinforcing rods, holding the rocks\ntogether and withstanding the agents of destruction. Thus, the story of\nthe highlands has three distinctive phases,\u2014a relatively young phase\nwhen the interlacing reinforcements were poured into fractures; a\nsomewhat more remote stage, when the bedded rocks were crumpled into\ntheir inclined positions; and an earlier stage, when the bedded rocks\nwere deposited. The geologic dates of these three events may vary from\none locality to another, and they certainly are different in the Eastern\nUpland as compared with the Western Upland; but the events always\noccurred in this sequence and constitute the broader aspects of the\nstory at all places.\n    [Illustration: Fig. 12. _Block diagram showing topography during\n    formation of the lead veins._]\nThe Eastern Upland includes the land between the Connecticut Valley and\nthe Atlantic Ocean. At present, it has the general form of a broad\nrolling highland with ridges and valleys that have a north-south trend.\nClose inspection shows that the rocks in the ridges are different from\nthose in the long valleys. Also the layering of the materials ranges\nfrom a vertical attitude, as at Ware and Brimfield, to undulating and\nalmost horizontal positions, as at Spencer and Worcester.\nThrough vertical and horizontal beds alike run those reinforcing\nsheets\u2014some tabular and vertical, called dikes; others also tabular but\nhorizontal, called sills; and some are just huge, irregular masses\nwithout visible bottoms, called stocks and batholiths. Some of them,\ncomposed of uniform, small, light-colored minerals, are granite; others\nare made entirely of large minerals over an inch across and are called\npegmatite; a few, with cuneiform intergrowths of a dark mineral in a\nlight one, arranged like Arabic writing, are known as graphic granite.\n    Pl. 5. _Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks._\n    [Illustration: a. _Columnar lava rests upon red sandstone in the\n    cliffs at Greenfield._]\n    [Illustration: b. _Fissures were filled with liquid rock that became\n    solid and bonded wall to wall at the Windsor Dam._]\nEvery one of these masses flowed into the rocks along fractures and\nother zones of weakness, crystallizing as they lost their heat and\nsolvents to the hot springs of that ancient time. They are all invaders,\nor intrusives, which inserted themselves into the older beds. Whether\nthey were squeezed into the fissures by the pressures that crumpled the\noriginal beds into their upturned positions, or whether they, like the\nliquid in a hydraulic press, transferred pressure from a deep reservoir\nto the walls of the fissures and so pushed the beds into their distorted\nforms, is unknown. Two features are clear; the distortion of the beds\nand intrusion of the liquid bodies were almost simultaneous, and the hot\nsprings associated with them were still active at the dawn of Triassic\ntime. These profound disturbances transformed the land into a series of\nelevated, wave-like folds, and rains promptly began to tear away at the\nsummits of the newly raised mountains. From them was carved a serrate\nand rugged landscape, part of which was later buried beneath the\nTriassic fill.\n            _Coal Swamps in Massachusetts and Rhode Island_\nAmong the strata of the Eastern Upland which were folded, intruded,\nbaked hard, and stewed in hot spring water, one group stands\npre-eminent. It forms a broad band starting north of Worcester and\nreaching to Providence and beyond. Nearly everywhere it carries coaly\nmaterial or impressions of plants which are now extinct, but which\nflourished in the Coal Age or Carboniferous period. Some of the coal\nseams were mined in the Providence basin, but they had been so heated by\nintrusive granite that they are partly graphitic and proved difficult to\nburn. The great extent of some of the coal seams suggests a panorama of\nimmense swamps, and of land so flat that, for long periods, streams\nbrought no sediment, and the trees and water-loving plants furnished the\nonly fill. At other times sluggish rivers, flowing from the northwest,\nlaid thick layers of sandy mud over the surface of the bogs. The\nalternating muds and coal seams are thousands of feet thick, and they\nrecord the story of a basin which sank as fast as it filled\u2014a depression\nwhich was never built high enough to be a well drained plain, yet never\nsubsided sufficiently to be inundated by the sea. The Carboniferous peat\nbogs and mud flats may have extended westward almost to the Connecticut\nValley; and farther to the northwest they were bounded by a chain of\nrolling hills.\nThe rock floor of the coal basin contains a variety of ancient\nmaterials. Some rocks were river deposits, some were marine limestones,\na few were lava and volcanic ash, and many were granite and gneiss which\ncrystallized at great depths and became exposed only after streams had\nstripped away the thick overburden. The basin floor thus holds a complex\nstory, in which land and sea, vulcanism and quiet, erosion and\ndeposition, all played their respective roles. Only in the west, along\nthe margin of the Connecticut Valley, is the involved story at all\nclear. And in the Western Upland across the red-rock inlay, it is\npossible to see some of the land as it was before trees took root in the\nswamps, and rivers brought sands and muds from the vegetated hills that\nhemmed in the coal basin.\nMany years ago, when transportation facilities were not what they are\nnow, New England settlers mined iron ore from the hill north of\nBernardston and smelted it in local charcoal furnaces. The rocks\ncontaining the iron are creased into sharp, close folds, and they came\ninto such close contact with a hot granite intrusive that their minerals\nwere changed by its action. This granite, however, is older than the one\nwhich is associated with the disturbed Carboniferous beds, for it was\nintruded when the Devonian sediments from Gasp\u00e9 to Connecticut were\ndeformed. It was this profound disturbance that turned the red rocks of\nRoche Perc\u00e9 from a horizontal to a vertical position and raised a\nmountain range which stretched through all of northern New Brunswick,\nMaine, the lowland section of New Hampshire, and a belt extending for\nsome miles east and west of the Connecticut Valley. The eroded remnants\nof these Shickshock Mountains formed the backdrop for the great\nCarboniferous coal swamps in Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Acadia.\nThe iron ore was a hot spring replacement of a limestone containing\nshells of sea organisms which lived when chordate animals first became\nabundant. This was the Devonian period in geologic history\u2014the time when\na backbone appeared essential in every really high-grade animal. The\nlimestone rests upon a beach gravel, now consolidated into a quartzite\nconglomerate. The gravel consisted of small white quartz pebbles which\ncame from the many veins in the steeply inclined slates of the adjacent\ncoast.\nMarine deposits of Devonian age are found as far south as Leverett, and\nscattered outcrops indicate that the old seaway reached northward up the\nConnecticut, entering Canada east of Lake Memphremagog. Thence it spread\neastward to Gasp\u00e9 and westward to Montreal, and around the north and\nwest side of the Adirondack Mountains into New York State. A low rolling\nland where the Green Mountains stand today formed the western shore of\nthe Devonian sea for many miles northward into Quebec. The Adirondack\nand Taconic Mountains were a fused aggregate of undulating uplands which\nlimited the seaway on the south along the International Boundary. Its\neastern shore lay far beyond the horizon of the region described in this\nbrief account.\nThe rocks of the old Devonian coast in Massachusetts were chiefly\nslates, cut by many quartz veins. They are exposed along the Mohawk\nTrail in the ascent from Greenfield to Shelburne Summit, and they\ncontinue northward in an almost unbroken band through Bernardston,\nBrattleboro, and Northfield (Vermont) to Lake Memphremagog. They contain\ncasts of planktonic life which inhabited the Ordovician seas in these\nnorthern latitudes, and the Ordovician strata, together with still older\nCambrian sediments found below them, meet the Devonian beach deposits at\na sharp angle, just as the slates along the coast of Maine meet the\nmodern beach sands and gravels. Like the slates of Maine, they were\neroded deeply before the beach existed, and their slaty structure and\ntheir steeply inclined attitudes were acquired in a still more ancient\nepoch of deformation.\nThe folded rocks of Ordovician age flanked the highland area which now\nconstitutes the axis of the Green Mountains. West of the Green Mountains\nthey make the Taconic Range, and to the east they appear in ranges that\ngo under a variety of names, including the Northfield and the Lowell\nMountains. In the Taconics the folds have the shape of waves advancing\nwestward from the center of disturbance in the Green Mountain axis;\nwithin the Connecticut basin the Ordovician folds have wave-fronts which\nadvance from the same axis eastward across the Memphremagog sea. Along\nthe eastern margin of the old land a series of dark green intrusives\ncalled peridotite welled up from the depths of the earth, and they now\ncut through the rocks extending from Chester, Massachusetts, to Thetford\nMines, Quebec; they are like giant boundary posts marking the ancient\nline of demarcation between sea and land in Cambro-Ordovician time.\nOriginally the folded strata in the Taconic region were deposited in\nclear marine waters, where calcium carbonate accumulated rapidly. But\nthe sediments of the same age east of the Green Mountain land represent\nan unbroken succession of hardened muds, which rest on sandy muds, and\non fine and coarse products of violent volcanic eruptions\u2014tuffs and\nagglomerates\u2014and lava flows. No lime-secreting animals could thrive in\nthis sea, although they numbered billions in the western waters; for\nonly floating plankton could escape the interminable mud, and they\ndrifted up and down the coast from Quebec to Connecticut. One or two\nstraits may have connected the clear waters of the west with the muddy\nwaters of the east, for some of the planktonic organisms have been found\nin the muddier sediments of the westerly waterbody.\nThe Cambro-Ordovician sea lapped even older rocks, contorted and cut by\nintrusives which bonded them precisely as much younger invading liquid\nrock bonded the younger sediments of the Eastern and Western Uplands.\nThe older rocks were also laid in a sea\u2014a sea so much more ancient than\nthe Cambrian and Ordovician seaways that its shoreline and even its form\nand extent are at best conjectural. And when we study these oldest\nmarine beds, we find that their ingredients were in part derived from\nstill more ancient sedimentary rocks, which accumulated in the sea, and\nthat these old beds were elevated into the land that supplied the waste\nnow found in the oldest coherent section of rocks in western New\nEngland. Indeed, the dawn of the Cambrian period, when life first became\nabundant, was merely a half-way mark through geologic time. Although\nhalf a billion years have elapsed from the Cambrian to the present,\nanother half a billion years reach still farther back towards the\nbeginnings of earth history, beyond which science has not yet peered\nsuccessfully. These billion years are but a finite segment of history,\nbounded by the infinite past and the infinity of the future.\nIt seems appropriate, therefore, to end our journey down the fourth\ndimension at this point, and as we retrace our steps, we can profitably\nsurvey the chronologic succession of events and scenes which followed\neach other from Cambrian time to the Twentieth Century A.D.\n                   The Story of Central Massachusetts\nThe protracted story of central Massachusetts might be that of many\nanother section of eastern North America, except for minor details. In\nCambrian time an inland sea, well stocked with simple marine organisms,\nwashed the shores of an archipelago which extended north and south\nthrough the Berkshire Hills, the Green Mountains, and the Notre Dame\nMountains. Composed of rocks which themselves had had a long and\ninvolved geological past, the islands rose intermittently as streams and\nwaves wore them away. Clear water and sandy beaches stretched along\ntheir western shore, and the original Adirondack Mountains were just\nvisible from the summits of the higher islands. Swift streams raced down\ntheir eastern slopes, carrying gravels, sands, and silts into the\neastern arm of the sea, and only free-swimming animals could survive in\nits turbid waters. For a time, volcanoes erupted and fumed along the\nentire eastern coast from Thetford Mines, Quebec, to Plainfield,\nMassachusetts, but their activity was short-lived. Only the streams\nwhich drained the broad islands endured, and they never ceased to pour\nmud into the eastern ocean. Gaps in the island chain permitted some of\nthe free-swimming organisms to migrate to the western sea, where\nbottom-living plants and animals were actively secreting the limy shells\nand skeletons which helped build thick deposits of Cambrian limestone.\nThese conditions continued into the ensuing Ordovician period of\ngeologic time, but gradually the situation changed. Again the volcanoes\nrenewed their activity, and masses of dark peridotite were intruded\nalong the eastern shore; the island chain rose rapidly, and the straits\nclosed. The elevated land began to expand outward, and folds spread\neastward on the east and westward on the west, like waves from a center\nof disturbance. So great was the pressure that portions of the old land\nwere sheared outward over the folded sediments. The Taconic disturbance\nwas on from the city of Quebec to the city of Washington; and the\nstreams, like ants, kept at their endless task of carrying sand and\ngravel into any and every depression they could find. They piled up\ngreat thicknesses of Silurian sandstone in Maine and New York, and so\neffectively did they tear down the Taconic Mountains that the Silurian\nsea was ultimately able to penetrate the region from Thetford Mines,\nQuebec, almost to White River Junction on the Connecticut River.\n    [Illustration: Fig. 13. _Block diagram showing main features of\n    central New England during middle Ordovician time._]\n    [Illustration: Fig. 14. _Block diagram showing main features of\n    central New England at the end of Ordovician time._]\n    [Illustration: Fig. 15. _Block diagram showing main features of\n    central New England during the Devonian period._]\nOne period later a Devonian sea followed in the wake of the Silurian\nsea, but its waters penetrated even farther south to Leverett,\nMassachusetts. The quartz gravels of its advancing beach covered the\nworn flanks of the Taconic folds. Sea animals left their shells to form\na bed of limestone which may be seen today at Bernardston. But again the\nsea was shouldered aside by the restive land, which rose from Gasp\u00e9 to\nVirginia. Much of the region affected by the Taconic disturbance was\nelevated again, and a broad band of Devonian sediments was folded\nclosely through northern New Brunswick, southern Quebec, northern Maine,\nnorthern and central New Hampshire, and central Massachusetts. Granites\nwelled up into the sediments, and dikes filled all the fissures. The\nbaking, stewing, and reinforcing they gave to the older sediments made\nthem so firm that they are still one of the most coherent and resistant\nseries of rocks in New England and maritime Canada. This was the\nShickshock or Acadian disturbance. Meanwhile the first forests took root\non the long piedmont plains that spread from the rising mountains\nwestward into the Catskill Plateau of New York State (Catskill\nsandstone) and eastward to the coast of Maine (Perry formation).\nThe margins of the piedmont plain sank. Vast, luxuriant swamps succeeded\nthe old forests in Pennsylvania on the western piedmont, and in Rhode\nIsland, Massachusetts, and Acadia on the eastern piedmont. The swamp\nvegetation later became the coal seams of eastern North America, and\nwell does this time merit its name\u2014the Carboniferous period. The\nShickshock Mountains remained in the hinterland forming highlands from\nSpencer, Massachusetts, westward into New York State; but they were\nshorn of their crags, and only on rare occasions were the streams swift\nenough to carry silt into the swamps and to bury the accumulated peat.\n    [Illustration: Fig. 16. _Block diagram showing the main features of\n    central New England during the Carboniferous period._]\n    [Illustration: Fig. 17. _Block diagram showing the main features of\n    central New England in early Triassic time._]\n    [Illustration: Fig. 18. _Block diagram showing the main features of\n    central New England during late Triassic time._]\nTorn and twisted as New England had been by the two previous\ndisturbances, it was to suffer yet again. The entire northern section of\nthe eastern coal swamps began to rise, and the movement spread southward\nthrough New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, the\nCarolinas, and Georgia. Granites insinuated themselves once more into\nfissures in the elevated landmass; the rocks were pushed outward from\nthe raised block; and the sediments of the coal fields were thrown into\nfolds which diminished in magnitude towards Ohio on one side and Cape\nBreton Island on the other. This was the Appalachian Revolution. When it\nwas over, even the youngest sediments were interlaced with granite\nsheets and dikes; they were cooked hard in hot spring waters; and they\nwere crumpled into close, long north-south folds. The landscape was\nchanged completely: mountains had replaced the peat swamps; and from\ntheir summits alpine glaciers were plucking rock fragments which they\ndumped into the Boston basin. Streams, too, cut deeply into the\nmountainous upland, but there were no other local basins in which the\nfluvial debris could come to rest.\nThis was, in brief, the course of events which transpired in that era of\ngeologic time called the Paleozoic. Twice as long as all ensuing time,\nthe era was one of kaleidoscopic change, with placid seas, eruptive\nvolcanoes, swift streams, and towering mountains competing for the lead\nroles in three rather similar historical cycles. When the Paleozoic era\nwas over, the matrix of tough, resistant rocks was ready for the\ndelicate inlaid design which was imposed upon it in the Triassic period.\nThere was nothing tranquil about Triassic time. While hot springs, born\nin the cooling granites, still oozed from rents in the mountainsides, a\ntremendous 100-mile-long rift tore through the east margin of the old\nShickshock Mountain foundation. The rift was a clean break at some\nplaces, but elsewhere it was splintered and offset. Each northern sector\nof the break invariably ended west of the beginning of a southern one,\nand the intervening rock is characterized by multiple fissures with more\nor less displacement of their walls.\nThe block east of the rift moved south and rose, while that to the west\nwas depressed into a tilted and asymmetric basin. Mountain streams\nflowing eastward to the Atlantic were caught at the base of the rift,\nand a new set of torrents dashed down the west-facing scarp of the\nelevated block. After every cloudburst these new streams left their\ncontributions of boulders in screes along the east side of the basin.\nThe gravels steadily increased in thickness, covering the hills and\nvalleys that furrowed the lowland floor. Much of the ancient relief\nstill lies buried beneath the fill, but some of the eminences were\nexhumed one hundred and fifty million years later and have received\nman-given names like Mount Warner and Bernardston Ridge. As the basin\nsubsided vertically for more than a mile, the mountain streams spread\nfans westward across most of its floor, restricting the contributions of\nthe western rivers to a zone which is now less than two miles wide. The\nlargest of the eastern rivers wore a valley three miles wide where it\nentered the lowland northeast of Granby.\nThen volcanoes broke loose in the basin floor. Lava oozed through the\nsand west of the Notch in the Holyoke Range, and it frothed out of the\nopenings or was blown violently from them. But by sheer persistence the\nrivers still dominated the scene as volcanic activity waxed and waned,\nand 1,500 feet of alluvial wash piled up around the volcanic cones. The\nenergy of the volcanoes was ultimately spent, but for some time lava\npoured out of craters along a line extending southward from the main\neruptive center, and from a second center which approximates the course\nof the Connecticut River from Sunderland to Turners Falls. It flowed\nwestward into the middle of the basin in a series of sheets until it was\n400 feet deep; it pressed upward against the sand plains along the\nwestern hills; it surged east up the fan slopes where it ended in a\nfrothy wall; and it spread southward from these two centers and from\nothers to New Haven. The lava, now tilted, gives substance to the\nGreenfield Ridge, the Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom Ranges, and the long\nline of hills that pass through Hartford and Meriden.\nSpectacular was this outburst in its time, and profound was its\ninfluence upon later scenery, but short was its duration. Before weather\ncould redden the lava surface, streams washed gravel over it; and only\nat the main centers between the Mount Holyoke Hotel and the\nAmherst-South Hadley road were the volcanoes able to hold out against\nthe relentless activity of running water.\nThe block east of the rift continued to move southward and to rise,\nwhile the streams draining it entrenched themselves in an effort to\nremain at grade with the basin floor. The moving mountain mass pushed\nthe lava flow up on end and twisted its eastern edge around, dragging it\nalong to the south. The rock splinters which were formed in the process\nsliced the basin sediments into small blocks, some of which can be seen\nnorth of Turners Falls and also at the Holyoke Range. Ultimately the\nupward and southwestward movement along the rift piled the eastern\nblocks against the more westerly ones, pushing the west side of each\neastern block up on the east side of the adjacent western one, and\ndepressing its eastern side more deeply into the basin floor. The many\nfractures which were made weakened the basalt lava sheet along certain\nzones where, in recent time, the elements have worn the notches in the\nHolyoke Range.\n    [Illustration: Fig. 19. _Block diagram showing the main features of\n    central New England at the opening of the Cenozoic era._]\n    [Illustration: Fig. 20. _Block diagram showing the main features of\n    central New England at the present time._]\nStreams from the eastern highland stubbornly filled up the holes and\nplaned off the raised blocks during the entire period of intermittent\nmovement. In the midst of the tussle between earth forces and fluvial\nagents the volcanoes again broke into explosive eruptions, and volcanic\nash filled many of the block-like depressions all the way from Granby to\nlocalities south of Holyoke. Then the fiery vents cooled, and the earth\nmovements diminished in their vigor. But they left a mountain front so\nsteep that talus and landslide deposits accumulated at its base near\nMount Toby; and the block mountain range was so high that glaciers may\nhave wreathed its summit. The mountain mass descended southward, and it\nwas penetrated by at least one low pass northeast of Granby.\nIn the basin itself, alluvial fans encroached from the eastern mountain\nfront, but out in the middle of the valley ephemeral playas and shifting\nlakes were numerous. Rushes fringed the lake shores; fish stocked their\nwaters; and dinosaurs lumbered over the adjacent flats. The region was\none of violent rains and seasonal droughts, of hot days and frosty\nnights\u2014a semi-desert country lying in the lee of the Appalachian ranges,\nsomewhat as the intermontane valleys of the West lie in the rain shadow\nof bordering mountains. Eight thousand feet of sediments poured into the\nTriassic trough while these conditions lasted, but the situation altered\nslowly as the Jurassic period dawned.\nThroughout earth history, vulcanism and mountain-making have been\nspasmodic events; but so long as rain has fallen and water has run\ndownhill to the sea, the unspectacular rivers have never relinquished\ntheir task of reducing the lands to the lowest grade on which water will\nflow. During all of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and even into\nthe Eocene epoch of the Tertiary, New England\u2019s rivers worked towards\nthis end, and they came as close to attaining their goal as the restless\nearth has ever permitted them to do. The region from the Atlantic to the\nbases of the Green Mountains and the White Mountains was reduced to a\nbroad, faintly terraced erosional plain. Not all of it was leveled, for\nMount Wachusett, Mount Monadnock, the summits of Mount Greylock and\nMount Ascutney resisted the wear and tear of the weather and of running\nwater, and retained some of their original stature. At the headwaters of\nthe streams the Green Mountain chain and the White Mountains also\nwithstood reduction to the common level, forming the divide between St.\nLawrence and Atlantic drainage. Such rivers as the Merrimack, the West,\nthe Deerfield, and the Farmington followed somewhat different courses\nthan they do today, for some of the drainage heading in the Western\nUpland of New England flowed straight across the red-rock valley to the\nsea.\nDuring Tertiary time the entire region rose vertically as a unit. The\nrise was intermittent, punctuated by long stillstands of the upland with\nrespect to the sea. One of the earlier uplifts carried the land some 200\nfeet higher; and although the rivers maintained their courses, they\ndeepened their valleys and ultimately widened them into broad, open\nplains far back towards their headwater reaches. In the resistant rocks\non either side of the red-rock basin the valleys were sharp and well\ndefined, but in the soft Triassic sediments the rivers cut wide swaths,\nnearly eliminating the low divides which kept them in their independent\ncourses.\nIn Middle Tertiary time renewed uplifts occurred, and ultimately the\nstrathed surface was elevated 1,800 feet inland at the Green Mountain\ndivide. Once more the rivers started busily cutting down; but in a\nprotracted stillstand, while the New England upland still lacked 700\nfeet of its present elevation, the Atlantic Ocean planed off the hills\nin southern Connecticut as far north as Middletown, and the Farmington\nRiver adopted a more direct route across the marine plain to the sea.\nBefore the West, Deerfield, and Westfield Rivers could lower their\nchannels to grade in the reinforced rocks of the Eastern Upland, a\ntributary of the Farmington worked headward along the poorly\nconsolidated red rocks of the basin and diverted the waters of the\nnorthern streams into its own channel. This was the birth of the\nConnecticut River, and in late Tertiary time, the energies of the\nnew-born stream were effectively expended widening the whole of the\nTriassic basin. Even some of its larger tributaries developed wide\nvalley floors with steep walls in the hard crystalline rocks of the\nuplands. Only the lava flows and the buried old-rock mountains withstood\nplanation in the red-rock basin. The flows form such trap ridges as\nGreenfield Ridge, the Mount Holyoke Range, the Mount Tom Range, the\nHanging Hills of Meriden. Exhumed mountains are typified by Mount\nWarner.\nAll of northeastern North America was raised to great heights in late\nPliocene time, and the Atlantic Ocean withdrew at least fifty miles\nsoutheastward from the present shoreline. The rejuvenated rivers\ndeepened their valleys, forming narrow, sharply incised canyons like the\ngorges of the Hudson and the Saguenay; and the Connecticut made a deep\ngroove in the lowland floor, cutting to depths which have been partly\ndisclosed by drilling at the Calvin Coolidge Memorial Bridge and the\nSunderland Bridge.\nWhile the land stood in this high position, one winter\u2019s snow in the\nWhite Mountains failed to melt before the next began to fall. Snowfall\naccumulated upon snowfall, covering not only the White Mountains, but\nall of Canada and New England; and the Ice Age was here to stay more or\nless continuously for a million years. The ice piled up against the\nhighest mountains and ultimately rose so far above them that it slid\nover their tops without attempting to detour around them. Its surface\nmay have been 13,000 feet above sea level in northern New Hampshire, and\nits surface slope, which is estimated at 150 feet per mile, would give a\nthickness of 10,000 feet at Northampton. The continent yielded slowly\nunder this great load, and it sank until all of the elevation gained in\nthe Pliocene movement was wiped out, and more besides. The ice radiated\nfrom the centers of maximum accumulation\u2014at first from the White\nMountains, and then from northern Ontario, and finally from Labrador.\nThe continental glacier crept southward to Long Island and Martha\u2019s\nVineyard, where its front melted in the waters of the Atlantic as fast\nas new ice came up behind. It dragged and pushed and carried debris,\nonly to dump it in a hummocky ridge, like a rampart, to mark its\nfarthest advance.\nAt last the glaciers started to melt even faster than new masses moved\ndown from the north, and the ice front began to recede 400 to 700 feet\nper year. The sea followed it, up the Hudson, up the St. Lawrence, in\nover the coastal lowlands for a short distance; and everywhere pounding\nwaves made beaches at the water line. And in the path of its slow,\ndeliberate retreat, the glacier left rock debris\u2014boulders on the hills\nand in the valleys, boulders everywhere; all the landscape was marred\nand desolate.\nThe ice had weighed the pre-glacial valleys down more deeply in the\nnorth than in the south. One such valley was the Connecticut Lowland, in\nwhich water gathered to overflow-height at Middletown. Thus Lake\nSpringfield came into being, and it spread northward as the ice front\nreceded. North of the Holyoke Range another lake formed, and this\nnorthern body of water has been named Lake Hadley. Streams flowed off\nthe ice, off the hills\u2014flowed with unimpeded vigor, for there were no\ntrees or grass to retard the run-off. Deltas grew out from the shores,\nand annual layers of clay settled on the lake bed.\nThe ice grew thinner, its area smaller, and its load lighter; and as\nMother Earth lost her heavy burden, the land rose, more in the north\nthan in the south. The differential rise decanted the water southward\nout of the lake basins, and the seas retired from the coastal lowlands.\nOld shores and sea beaches remained as flat terraces sloping gently\nsouthward. The rivers raced down the steep beach slopes to the old lake\nfloors and sea bottom. They cut their channels deeply into the\nunconsolidated deltas and meandered back and forth over the flat,\nungraded lacustrine plains, as if uncertain where to flow. They flooded\nthe lands in the spring, leaving loose sand and silt for the winds to\nblow when the water was low. Sand dunes rose near the river banks at\nNorth Hadley, Sunderland, Hatfield, and South Deerfield; but the march\nof the dunes was arrested as post-glacial vegetation repossessed the\nland. It was at this point in the story that man found and settled the\nConnecticut Valley, becoming a witness to the geologic work of the river\nand an aid to the work of the wind as his plow bared the fertile soil to\nthe elements.\nBooks and periodicals supply dinner menus for the hostess and list\ntheatrical offerings for the habitu\u00e9. Surely suggestions of places for a\npicnic or an evening drive are equally in order. Experience, some of it\npainful, soon reduces the number of pleasant picnic sites: poison ivy or\na deceptive bog may linger in the memory and automatically eliminate\nsome otherwise delightful spot. But places suitable to every taste lie\nwithin the Connecticut Valley or along its fringing uplands. Some are\nnear the highways and others are on woodland trails; a few are\ninteresting for their immediate surroundings and many because of their\nexpansive view. Here is a landscape which can be appreciated without\nleaving or stopping the car; but there is a sight which can be relished\nonly from a trail, or from a pinnacle accessible to the agile climber.\nDrives satisfy some tastes; but places to stop, meditate, and conjure up\nthe past appeal to others. The Valley and its environs have something\nfor every temperament and every mood.\n_Mount Lincoln in Pelham_\nMount Lincoln is remote enough from highways to offer some measure of\nretreat, yet it is not discouragingly inaccessible. The summit rises\nabout 300 feet above the nearest road, which lies a mile away by\nwoodland trail. It is Pelham\u2019s highest eminence, and its height is\nenhanced by a fire tower which affords a magnificent view in every\ncompass direction.\nThe gently undulating New England upland stretches off to the north and\neast for miles. The innumerable hills which compose it integrate to form\na horizontal skyline, which suggests a flat erosional plane, originally\nformed at, or near, the level of the sea. To the northeast Mount\nMonadnock in New Hampshire rises prominently above the general level,\nfor its extremely resistant rock withstood reduction by weather and\nwater more effectively than the weaker bedrock on every side.\nThe valley lowland begins but three miles to the southwest. The range of\nhills stretching away like beads on a string is the Holyoke Range. Mount\nToby, Mount Sugarloaf, and the Pocumtuck Hills are the prominences in\nthe lowland to the northwest. The lowland was eroded out of the New\nEngland upland after the land was elevated far back in Tertiary time,\nand the disintegrating rock was carried to the sea by the rivers. The\nhills in the lowland were left where the rocks resisted destruction more\nsuccessfully than elsewhere, but they only approximate the level of the\nupland of which they were once a part.\nMount Lincoln and the surrounding hills are strewn with boulders. Every\nslope is dotted with large irregularly shaped rocks, many of which have\nsmoothed facets marred by minute scratches. The boulders were left by\nthe Great Ice Sheet when it melted off New England, and the scratches\nwere made when the ice dragged the boulders over hard rock surfaces.\nThese stones came down from the north, and among them you may recognize\ntypes which you have seen in the ledges around Orange and Northfield.\nEarly Pelham settlers found the boulders as much in their way as the\ntrees; so they burned or used the trees, and they piled the stones in\nlong rows to fence their fields. Stone fences characterize all glaciated\nregions, and here they follow the roadsides for miles, reaching to the\nedge of the deposits in glacial Lake Hadley.\n_Mount Toby_\n\u201cLet\u2019s go to Mount Toby\u201d usually means to go to the camp ground along\nRoaring Brook at the east base of the mountain, or to one of the sugar\ncamps on the west slope, or to the Sunderland Caves at the north end.\nAll of these places are worth knowing, but the view from the mountain\ntop deserves at least one trip, and the wood road from Roaring Brook is\nreplete with interesting sights.\n    [Illustration: Pl. 6. _View of the Holyoke Range from Mt. Lincoln._]\n    [Illustration: Fig. 21. _Map showing location of interesting\n    places._]\n  1. Davis pyrite mine\n  2. Plainfield manganese mine\n  3. Lithia spodumene pegmatite\n  4. Chesterfield tourmaline locality\n  5. Westfield marble quarry\n  6. Williamsburg galena vein\n  7. Hatfield lead mine\n  8. West Farms lead mine\n  9. Loudville lead mine\n  10. Westfield trap quarry\n  11. Bernardston magnetite mine\n  12. Gill dinosaur track quarry\n  13. Mount Toby\n  14. Sunderland Caves\n  15. Roaring brook\n  16. Whittemore\u2019s Ferry fish quarry\n  17. Mt. Sugarloaf\n  18. Leverett lead vein\n  19. Notch quarry\n  20. Northampton granite quarry\n  21. Titan\u2019s Piazza\n  22. Titan\u2019s Pier\n  23. Ox-bow lake\n  24. Smith\u2019s ferry dinosaur tracks\n  25. Varved clay pits\n  26. Mt. Grace\n  27. French King bridge\n  28. Mt. Lincoln\n  29. Pelham asbestos mine\nThe side road to Roaring Brook leaves the highway east of Mount Toby\njust north of the old cemetery, and the camp site is on the west side of\nthe Central Vermont Railway tracks. The gray rocks east of the tracks\nare part of the ancient mountains of Triassic time. Their lofty summits\nhave been worn away by the unceasing activity of weather and running\nwater, and they are now lower than the fans of waste which was\ndischarged from the ancient valleys. Roaring Brook is continuing the\nwork of erosion as it tumbles down from Mount Toby, and frost has\nloosened the great boulders that lie on the mountainside.\nThe rock along Roaring Brook is very different from that east of the\nrailroad. It looks a great deal like concrete, with a large assortment\nof aggregate materials mixed in with the cement. The rock is\nconglomerate, a mass of coarse stones washed out of the ancient Triassic\nmountains, deposited at their base and in contemporary stream valleys,\nand then cemented during the ensuing ages. Many of the pebbles in the\nconglomerate cannot be found in the old rocks east of the railroad\ntracks. Actually these rocks change in character at different levels in\nthe uplands of today, and still higher changes which were present in\nthis mountain group during Triassic time have been destroyed, though the\nrecord of their presence has been retained in the fragments which\ncompose the conglomerate.\nThe woodland trail starts up the mountain about 100 yards north of the\npicnic grounds. The rock beside it is red granite, and the streams of\nTriassic time flowed over it as they carried the gravel which now makes\nthe Mount Toby conglomerate. The latter first appears about 100 feet\nuphill, and it is virtually the only rock exposed from this point to the\nsummit. Interspersed sandstone beds disintegrate easily and form quiet\npools and basins in the adjacent brook; the pools end a few feet\nupstream where the water cascades over the edge of the next higher\nconglomerate stratum.\nMount Toby\u2019s summit rises above any other eminence in central\nMassachusetts east of Ashfield and south of Mount Grace near Northfield.\nFrom it the entire country to the south appears low and flat, except for\nthe teeth of the Mount Holyoke Range and the long ridge extending\nsouthward from Mount Tom. A slope rises westward from the lowland to\nmeet the edge of the flat New England upland along a line that passes\nthrough Shelburne, Conway, Goshen, and Granville. East of Toby this same\nupland comes so close that it seems but a step across to it.\nMany peaks may be seen rising above the New England upland. The one far\nto the east is Wachusett. Up there to the north-northeast are Monadnock\nand Mount Grace. Over in the northwest are Stratton and Glastenbury in\nVermont, and much nearer and lower is Bald Mountain at Shelburne Falls.\nMount Greylock, the highest point in Massachusetts, is almost due west.\nThe lowland was excavated after the New England upland was elevated, and\nthe main features which distinguish the present landscape were carved\nout before the end of the Miocene epoch of Tertiary time. The high\npoints which surmount the upland are monadnocks which, like their\nprototype Mount Monadnock, successfully resisted the ravages of time and\nNew England\u2019s changing but rigorous climate.\n_The Sunderland Caves_\nThe Sunderland Caves are on the northwest side of Mount Toby, just a\nshort walk and an easy climb from State Highway 63. They penetrate a\ncliff made of conglomerate overlying a shale which accumulated in a\nTriassic lake. The shale makes the floor of the cave. Joints, forming a\nright angle with the cliff, break the conglomerate into giant blocks.\nFrost, smooth shale surfaces, and gravity have caused the two end pieces\nto creep away from the other conglomerate blocks. The second block from\nthe end has fallen against the end block, forming a high-roofed cave\nabout 100 feet long.\nDirectly southwest of the lower entrance to the cave, the shale beds are\nhighly distorted along the borders of a trough-like mass of angular\nconglomerate or breccia, in which boulders up to six feet in diameter\nare numerous. It is believed to be the record of a Triassic landslide,\nwhich avalanched down the mountain front immediately to the east, and\ninto the old lake at the mountain base. It plowed up the clays in the\nlake bed, carried some of them away, and furrowed the others into the\ncrumpled forms that are clearly visible along the path to the caves.\n_Mount Sugarloaf_\nMount Sugarloaf does not offer Mount Lincoln\u2019s retreat from crowds nor\nMount Toby\u2019s expansive landscape, but it is accessible, and it provides\nan unrivaled view of the valley between South Deerfield and the Holyoke\nRange. Its red sandstones and conglomerates rise almost sheer for 500\nfeet above the Sunderland-South Deerfield road. On the northwest and\nsoutheast sides the cliffs are determined by nearly vertical joint\nplanes. During the Ice Age, the southward-moving glacier plucked away\nthe loosely attached blocks facing the South Deerfield and Sunderland\nsections of the lowland, leaving Sugarloaf as a remnant between the\njoint surfaces.\nThe great bites which the meandering Connecticut River has taken out of\nthe lowland are visible east of Sunderland village and south towards\nHatfield. Each arc in the edge of the scalloped flood plain is the\nextremity of a meander loop which the wandering river carved in its bank\nand then abandoned by breaking through the narrow base or tongue, as it\ndid at the Northampton ox-bow.\nAn area of low, rolling, sandy hills extends through the pine woods for\na mile southward from South Deerfield. The hills are dunes which formed\nwhen the Connecticut was picking its channel across the newly exposed\nand barren bed of glacial Lake Hadley.\n    [Illustration: Fig. 22. _Meander scarps form a margin to the\n    Connecticut River flood plain at Sunderland._]\nThe panorama from the west side of Mount Sugarloaf centers about the\ndeep gorge of the Deerfield River. The top of the gorge widens out into\na broad strath and affords a glimpse of the more remote upland. The\nriver, emerging from this canyon during post-glacial time, built a huge\ndelta into glacial Lake Hadley, and much of the delta still remains in\nthe terrace which is utilized by the Boston and Maine Railroad as it\ndescends into Greenfield.\n_Turners Falls_\nRushing water has a fascination which was frankly recognized by the\nhighway engineers who made the parking place facing the Connecticut\nwhere Route 2 passes along the north side of Turners Falls. Here the\nriver drops over a series of sandstone ledges into a deep and narrow\nchannel at the east base of the trap ridge. Waterfalls are not common in\nrivers flowing through lowlands; they indicate disturbances of normal\nstream development and sometimes change in course.\nThe Connecticut Lowland is old, but its ancient drainage lines were\nburied by the deposits left in glacial Lake Hadley. The river\u2019s present\ncourse was established upon these lacustrine sediments, and the inner\nvalley plain is excavated in them. Before entrenchment took place, the\nsouth-flowing reach of the river above Millers Falls was deflected\nwestward across the lake plain by the delta of Millers River. It was\nturned southward once again by the trap ridge near Turners Falls. The\nriver soon cut through the unconsolidated lake beds and found that it\nwas out of its pre-glacial channel. The delta of Millers River had\ndiverted the water from the old rock valley beneath the Montague sand\nplain, across a rock divide, and into the pre-glacial valley of Falls\nRiver. The lake-fill in Falls River has been almost completely removed,\nand Turners Falls now mark the spot where the Connecticut pours over the\nbank and into the channel of its pre-glacial tributary. The falls have\nreceded upstream several hundred feet and have cut a deep gash in the\nTriassic rocks.\n    Pl. 7. _Gorges, in highland and lowland alike, were formed when the\n    rivers were superimposed on coherent rock._\n    [Illustration: a. _View of the Deerfield River gorge emerging on\n    valley lowland as seen from Mt. Sugarloaf._]\n    [Illustration: b. _View of the French King gorge as seen from the\n    bridge._]\nTurners Falls are the product of a series of coincidences. First, the\nice sheet and Lake Hadley buried all established drainage lines and\nforced the streams to adopt new routes over the bared lake bottom. While\nthe lake existed, Millers River threw a weak obstruction in the path of\nthe Connecticut, diverting it to that part of the lowland where one of\nits pre-glacial tributaries had excavated a slender rock gorge along a\nfault plane. The river washed the lake deposits out of the gorge,\nexposed the old bank of Falls River, and was busily cutting a new gorge\nback into this bank when the dam was constructed and its erosive\nactivities were suddenly arrested.\n_The French King Bridge_\nThe highway from Greenfield to Athol and Fitchburg passes Turners Falls\nand crosses the Connecticut River near Millers Falls by way of the\nFrench King Bridge. Here the roadway is more than 130 feet above the\nwater level. A picnic ground and parking place at the west end of the\nbridge make it a particularly attractive place to stop and enjoy the\nview upstream towards Northfield.\nThe river occupies a narrow rock gorge for a mile north of the bridge,\nbut at that point the valley widens out. This entire section of the\nriver\u2019s course was established on the old bed of glacial Lake Hadley;\nbut after the unconsolidated deposits were washed away, the stream found\nitself flowing along the weak contact between the Triassic conglomerate\non the west bank and the metamorphic rocks of the highlands on the east\nbank. The river deepened its channel on the weak contact zone and made\nthe scenic cut over which the bridge was built.\nThe pre-glacial valley lies beneath the sand plain east of the river.\nMillers River crosses this old valley between Millers Falls and its\nconfluence with the Connecticut, at the east end of the bridge. The\nrapids at the junction can be traced to the ridge of crystalline rock\nbetween the east bank of the present Connecticut and the west bank of\nthe pre-glacial Connecticut. The resistant ledge forms a barrier which\nMillers River has not yet eroded to its grade.\nThe conglomerate beds on the west wall of the gorge dip steeply eastward\ntowards the river and end against the crystallines. The beds were\noriginally laid down with a gentle westward inclination. They were\ntilted steeply in the opposite direction against the crystallines by\nfaulting, which elevated the ranges and pressed down the adjacent basin\nduring Triassic time.\n_Titan\u2019s Piazza and Titan\u2019s Pier_\nNot so long ago, giants and the devil received the credit or the blame\nfor such oddities in nature as rock-masses broken into six-sided\ncolumns. Ireland has its Giant\u2019s Causeway, and Yellowstone National Park\nits Devil\u2019s Post-pile. Titan\u2019s Piazza and Titan\u2019s Pier were likewise\nattributed to activities of the leader of fallen angels and were given\nnames appropriate to such an origin by the early settlers. Dr.\nHitchcock, in characteristic fashion, undertook the task of correcting\nthe errors of puritanical psychology by renaming these places during one\nof the early Mountain Day trips from Amherst College. The entire college\nbody sojourned to the west end of the Holyoke Range to hear the cliffs\nrenamed and their true nature explained.\nDevil or no devil, those huge columns had a hot origin. The dark rock in\nthem is part of the main lava sheet which stretches across the valley in\nthe Holyoke Range and swings southward in the Nonotuck\u2014Mount Tom Range.\nThe lava poured out of a series of volcanoes which were strung out along\na fissure about three miles to the east, and the molten mass had a\ntemperature of 1200\u00b0 to 1300\u00b0 C. The hot lava radiated its heat to the\nsandstone below and to the air above; and, as it cooled, it contracted\nlike any other substance. The shrinkage was so great that series of\ncracks formed in regular pattern, with each crack perpendicular to the\ncooling surface. The stresses producing the fissures were equal in all\ndirections and would have made circular cracks and cylindrical columns;\nbut cylinders have non-cylindrical spaces between them, and the pattern\nin which the columns are most nearly cylindrical and yet completely\noccupy all space is hexagonal. So contraction broke the lava into\nhexagonal columns perpendicular to the cooling surface. The columns are\nparallel where the lava floor is regular but are curved or radial where\nthe floor is rolling.\n    Pl. 8. _Trap ridges, near and far._\n    [Illustration: a. _View of Titan\u2019s Piazza at Hockanum showing the\n    columns resting upon the gently inclined sandstone._]\n    [Illustration: b. _View of the Springfield lowland from the\n    Westfield marble quarry. The Wilbraham Mts. appear in the distance.\n    The trap ridge extends through the middle and is breached by the\n    Westfield River._]\nThe columns on Titan\u2019s Pier lie across the river from the\nNorthampton-Holyoke road in the narrow gap at Mount Tom station. The\nbasalt flow is inclined 15\u00b0 southeastward, and the columns stand\nperpendicular to the surface\u2014hence they are inclined with respect to the\nwater level. Doubtless the devil docked his boat on the gently inclined\nrock surface of the cove on the downstream side of the pier.\nTitan\u2019s Piazza is situated east of the road to the Mount Holyoke House.\nIt is an extremely narrow ledge backed by a stockade of columns. The\nfront of the piazza is literally strewn with wreckage from the house,\nfor a slope over 100 feet high is covered with angular pieces of basalt\nwhich have fallen from the back wall. The lower ends of the columns\nbreak off into shallow hexagonal saucers with the concave sides up. Many\nhave slid down the slope, to the delight of the birds that bathe in\nthem. Higher up the cliff, the saucers become deeper, and towards the\ntop the columns scale on into bullet shaped masses.\n_Westfield Marble Quarry_\nAnyone who drives westward on the Jacob\u2019s Ladder route from Springfield\npasses first through the open, rolling country of the Connecticut\nLowland. Hills are in sight, but they seem remote until he leaves\nWestfield, and there the upland rises before him like a 900-foot wall.\nThe road uses the gateway cut in the wall by the Westfield River, and\nthe drive westward towards the headwaters of the river is one of the\nbest known scenic attractions in western Massachusetts. But a greater\ntreat awaits the person who will venture southward on the road along the\nLittle Westfield River. It follows the canyon brink about 500 feet above\nthe stream. Near the hilltop, a side road turns north to the Westfield\nMarble quarry, which provides a vantage point overlooking fifty miles of\ncountry to the north, east and south.\nThe Westfield River meanders eastward across the flat lowland. Its banks\nare terraced, each level cut in the lake beds or in the delta which the\nriver built in glacial Lake Springfield. The scalloped margins of the\nterraces are the extremities of meander loops which developed when the\nriver was not entrenched as deeply in the unconsolidated deposits as it\nis today.\nThe flatness of the twenty-mile strip of lowland is impressive, for it\nends only at the Wilbraham Mountains, eight miles east of Springfield.\nBeneath the lowland lie soft and gently dipping sandstones and sandy\nshales, capped by a thin veneer of lake clays and river sands. The\nshales are the youngest Triassic beds remaining in the region, and they\noutcrop between Thompsonville and Windsor Locks, Connecticut. Younger\nshales above them succumbed to Tertiary erosion.\nThe Wilbraham Mountains are granite and gneiss which formed the roots of\nthe ancient Triassic ranges. Their present accordant summits are a\ntribute to the leveling activities which running water performed on a\nquiescent land, whereas the deep V-shaped valleys incised in the level\nsummits record uplift and quickened erosion in Tertiary and glacial\ntime. Indeed, the lowland itself owes its existence to the power of\nrejuvenated streams working on non-resisting rocks.\nThe Holyoke and Mount Tom ranges are visible far to the northeast, and a\nchain of low hills connects Tom with the ridges between Hartford and\nAvon, Connecticut. These linear hills surmount the lowland because they\nare made of basaltic lava, which is better able to resist the rain and\nthe weather than the sandstones and shales above and below. Scattered\nflat-topped hills between Southwick and Granby are sheets of basalt-like\nrock called diabase, which was inserted between a sandstone roof and\nfloor. Nowhere can one better appreciate the highly individualized\nimprint which each geological element has made upon the central New\nEngland landscape.\n_The Old Lead Mines_\nThe colonial period in our nation\u2019s history was characterized by an\nignorance of its mineral wealth and a dependence upon Europe for most\nraw materials, especially essential metals. During the War for\nIndependence, European supplies were cut off, and Yankee ingenuity had\nto make the most of local deposits of metallic minerals. It was not long\nbefore mines were in operation on several lead veins in the Connecticut\nValley, yielding a supply of lead for the duration of the war. But the\nmines were small, and most of them were soon abandoned, remaining only\nas historical sites, or as collecting localities for the mineralogist.\nFive of these old deposits are still accessible: four lie west of the\nvalley at Loudville, West Farms, Hatfield, and Williamsburg; an\nimportant one is situated east of the valley at Leverett. All are very\nsimilar in geology and mineralogy, yet each possesses its own\nindividuality.\nThe Loudville vein was worked intermittently as late as 1861. It follows\na fault fracture between walls of gneiss, but at the southwest end of\nthe vein some of the minerals are disseminated through the Triassic\nsandstone and conglomerate. This feature indicates that the sediments\nwere unconsolidated at the time of mineralization. The fault zone\nresembles many analogous fissures which give forth hot mineral-bearing\nwaters in the Basin and Range region of Nevada, for the charged waters\nhave impregnated the sands which cover the fissures.\nThe Loudville vein contains numerous well-formed crystals. Barite was\nthe first mineral deposited, and it is readily recognized as a heavy,\neasily scratched substance with one set of cleavage planes at right\nangles to two others. Gray metallic galena and resinous cleavable\nsphalerite or zinc blende occupy much of the space between the barite\nplates. Hard hexagonal crystals or white masses of quartz coat and even\nreplace the barite plates. Spike-shaped crystals of calcite and siderite\nline many of the cavities and coat the quartz. A patient search will be\nrewarded by the finding of other minerals, including pyrite,\nchalcopyrite, pyromorphite, wulfenite, malachite and azurite.\nThe old shaft has been closed and the tunnel at the river level has\ncollapsed, hence the only exposures are in the open cuts. The most\ninteresting is the one at the south end, where the barite plates are\ndisseminated through the sandstone.\nAnother series of pits can be found easily about 100 yards west of the\nroad to West Farms and about one mile north of the Loudville deposit.\nThe vein attains a maximum width of three feet between walls of gneiss,\nand it occupies a fault fracture which seems to be continuous with the\nLoudville zone. Included in the vein are many fragments of a black\nphyllite resembling the Leyden argillite, as well as pieces of gneiss.\nThe minerals are identical with those found in the Loudville deposit,\nbut the specimens of quartz, galena and sphalerite are more spectacular.\nThe Hatfield vein occurs in a rock of igneous origin, known as the\nWilliamsburg granodiorite. It is exposed at the west edge of the valley,\nabout 200 feet from Federal Highway 5, at the northern limit of the\nsettlement called West Hatfield. The workings are full of water, and the\nvery thorough mining activities carried on by mineral collectors and by\nSmith College and Amherst classes have reduced the waste pile to\nnegligible proportions. Early collections and records reveal that the\nvein is essentially like those farther south. At Hatfield, West Farms\nand Loudville the fractures do not parallel the systems in the Triassic\nsediments and lavas.\nA galena-bearing vein outcrops near the Whately-Williamsburg town line\nat the north end of the Northampton reservoir. Leyden argillite forms\nthe walls of a fault fissure. Barite is absent from this vein, but fine\nquartz, pyrite and chalcopyrite coat the walls. Coarse comb quartz\nencrusts the older minerals, together with breccia fragments and cubes\nof galena. The vein is remote from the valley and differs in mineralogy\nand texture from those within the valley. Other deposits like it have\nbeen found in the nearby hills.\n    [Illustration: Fig. 23. _Geologic map of the region in the vicinity\n    of the lead veins near Leverett._]\n  1. Only barite in these veins\n  2. Best mineral locality\n  3. Best place to see fault\n  4. Slickensides and tension cracks show direction of movement on\n          fracture making opening for vein\n  5. Best place to see quartz replacing barite along crush zones in vein\nThe Leverett lead vein is the most interesting of the group because it\nis so well exposed that the nature of the vein system is admirably\ndisplayed. The deposit lies in a series of overlapping, nearly vertical\nfault fissures in gneiss. Slickensides and tension cracks on the walls\nof the veins indicate that the movement was nearly horizontal from\nnortheast to southwest. Wherever a fracture begins to narrow and close\nup, another begins to widen and become conspicuous a few feet to the\nnorthwest of it. Several different fissures appear along the length of\nthe mineral zone.\nThe same minerals are present as are found in the Loudville, West Farms\nand Hatfield veins, but barite is more abundant and quartz less so.\nNumerous cavities lined with crystals indicate that the vein formed\nclose to the earth\u2019s surface. Apparently the minerals entered fractures\nsituated near the front of a range that bordered the basin in Triassic\ntime. A fault zone so located would lack the great thickness of rock\nthat once lay over the gneiss and would be free from any appreciable\noverburden of outwash within the Triassic basins.\n_The Dinosaur Tracks Near Holyoke_\nPeople still write from as far away as the Rocky Mountains to ask if the\ndinosaur footprints beside the Connecticut River are still in place.\nThey are. Anyone may see them in that triangular area between the Boston\nand Maine tracks and Federal Highway 5 about one-quarter mile north of\nthe entrance to Mountain Park. Marvelous as their preservation from the\nassaults of man may seem, it is even more amazing that they should have\nbeen preserved in rock at all.\n    [Illustration: Pl. 9a. _The dinosaur track preserve at Smith\u2019s Ferry\n    near Holyoke._]\n    [Illustration: Pl. 9b. _Varved clays or calendar beds on river bank\n    south of Hadley._]\nThe footprint beds are shaly sandstones about thirty feet above the\nGranby tuff\u2014a bed of volcanic ash formed in late Triassic time. They are\ninclined 15\u00b0 towards the river, and even the higher strata which form\nthe \u201cRiffles\u201d are footprint-bearing. The sandstones are ripple-marked,\nand they contain worm trails and a few casts of salt crystals. Some beds\nhave impressions of reeds. The footprints range from half an inch to ten\ninches in length, and the stride of the larger animals was from five to\neight feet. Most of the tracks are headed up the present slope, but a\nfew are going in the opposite direction.\nThe sandstones were laid down as almost horizontal beds of sand which\nwere occasionally covered and rippled by moving but rather shallow\nwater. Rushes and reeds, which have left stray impressions in the rock,\ngrew seasonally in the shallow waters, but in between the periodic rains\nand floods, the local climate seems to have been quite dry\u2014and probably\nvery warm. The sedimentary record suggests a lowland much like some of\nthe tropical valleys in the West Indies, lying in the rain shadow of\nadjacent mountains.\nThe large tracks invariably have impressions of three toes. Even a\ncareful search does not disclose the double tracks which would have been\nleft by quadrupeds, and for years the bipedal impressions were called\nbird tracks. But birds have spurs which leave a mark behind the middle\ntoe; these animals had no spurs and were not birds, but reptiles.\nGregarious animals generally follow a leader, and only an occasional\nindividual strays from the beaten path. The tracks at Holyoke suggest\nthat these Triassic reptiles traveled in small herds.\nThe modern silts of the Connecticut Valley are not a good medium for the\npreservation of tracks because they lack coherence, and they drift with\nthe wind as soon as they dry. Clays in a region of seasonal aridity are\ndifferent. They are baked hard in the hot sun, and the water contains\ndissolved mineral matter which crystallizes in the clay and sand as the\nwater evaporates, cementing the particles into a rock-like aggregate.\nImpressions in this sort of mud are preserved. The Connecticut Valley\nhad the right kind of sediment and climate in Triassic time; impressions\nof salt crystals can be found in the shales where the tracks are\nclearest, not only in this locality but elsewhere in the neighborhood of\nHolyoke and West Springfield. These precipitated salts helped hold the\nclays together until they were effectively buried, and afterwards a\nfirmer cement was deposited around the particles.\nFootprints are known near South Hadley, at Turners Falls, at Gill, and\nalong the highway to the French King Bridge; but they do not portray the\ncharacter of the animals, their habits and the mode of preservation of\ntheir tracks as effectively as the tracks north of Holyoke. Certainly no\noccurrence of tracks _in situ_ is as accessible, and no geological\nexhibit in New England has received so many visitors.\n_Fossil Fishing_\nMany years ago men were excavating to lay a foundation for a waterwheel\nat what was Whittemore\u2019s Ferry, three miles north of Sunderland. They\nmade a catch of some of the most ancient fish ever taken in New England,\nbut the fish were petrified and did not put up a fight.\nThey were found in layers of black shale, in which skeletons and\ncarbonized tissues were well preserved. Of the five genera identified,\nall but one were ganoids.\nThe shale accumulated as mud on a Triassic lake bottom, and it was\ncovered by a coarse stream-laid gravel which has since been cemented\ninto rock. The mud was not eroded by the stream which washed down the\ngravel, and the pebbles are not even impressed into the underlying\nshale. Apparently the fish perished as the waters evaporated and the\nlake became a playa flat. The limited variety of fish suggests that the\nconnections with outside regions were restricted, and that living\nconditions within the basin were rigorous. The situation may have been\nlike that found in the fresh water lakes along the western margin of the\nGreat Basin in Nevada and eastern California.\nOther lake deposits with fish remains appear at different levels from\nWhittemore\u2019s Ferry up to the Sunderland Caves. Each is covered by a\nconglomerate layer, and at each place the lake clays had been partially\nhardened before the pebbles were washed over them. Seemingly dry\nalluvial plains followed transient lakes in kaleidoscopic but cyclic\nsuccession.\n_Calendar Beds_\nThe lakes in which the fish lived and died date back to late Triassic\ntime. Much younger were the lakes that followed the continental ice\nsheets, and in many valley localities these younger water bodies have\nregistered their brief span of geologic life. For they, too, were\nsettling basins for clays, which are characterized by annual\ndepositional bands like the growth rings in a tree. These clays may be\nexamined best in the clay pits at any of the brickyards, particularly at\nSouth Hadley Falls, or beside the high river banks rising above the\nConnecticut flood plain just south of Hadley.\nThe clays consist of alternating thin, dark, fine bands and thick,\nlight, coarser ones. The coarser bands are sandy, and some of them have\nripple-marks. The total number of pairs of beds is the number of years\nthat glacial Lakes Springfield and Hadley inundated the valley, but it\nis not a simple matter to count them. Actually the lake bottom deposits\nare but a small fraction of the total volume of material brought to the\nlake. Lake shore deposits and deltas grew outward and buried the bottom\ndeposits after a few hundred years had passed. Thus in the pits at South\nHadley Falls, the clays rest upon glacial gravels, and a scant hundred\nlayers intervene between them and the sands above. Shore encroachment is\nnot encountered at Hadley, but the shallow depth of the present water\ntable hinders deep exploration, and the Fort River has removed many of\nthe upper beds.\nLong winters result in thick winter deposits, and heavy spring floods\ncause thick sand layers. If the winter of any year is long at\nNorthampton, it is usually long everywhere in New England; and if the\nConnecticut has floods, most neighboring drainage systems have them,\ntoo. In this way, similar layers, or similar successions of layers, are\nformed at different places at the same time; and the lake deposits at\nWhite River Junction, Deerfield, Hadley, South Hadley Falls, Chicopee\nand Springfield may be matched and dated with respect to each other. The\ncomplete record in the valley shows that, in the vicinity of the Holyoke\nRange, the lake came into existence about 18,000 years ago.\nIn each of the clay pits every set of lines exposed on the working faces\nrepresents a year, and the deposit as a whole is a calendar\u2014in fact, it\nis also a thermograph for part of the region\u2019s post-glacial history.\nSome bands at South Hadley Falls and along the Hadley river bank are\nhighly distorted, and the distorted layers are planed off smooth. Spring\nsand covers the distorted beds. The disturbance can be attributed to ice\nwhich froze to the lake bottom and dragged the clay layers as it\nexpanded and contracted with changes in temperature.\nLocally the clays are exceptionally hard about certain centers, forming\nclay stones or concretions. A willow twig or shell or some organic\nsubstance is commonly present at their cores. Groundwater has deposited\ncalcium and iron carbonate about the adjacent clay particles and\ncemented them into rock.\n_The Holyoke Range_\nFor years it has been a popular outdoor pastime to \u201cwalk the Range.\u201d The\ndistance is neither so great nor the route so rugged that it cannot be\ncovered in the course of an afternoon, even if ample time is allotted\nfor stops at the many lookouts. The latter provide ever changing views\nof the valley from Greenfield and beyond, to Meriden, Connecticut. The\nbuildings in Hartford are easily visible on a clear day. The trail\nfollows the crest of the Range closely and only rarely leaves the basalt\nlava flow. The trip is somewhat less arduous from west to east than it\nis in the opposite direction, and the view from Bare Mountain is a\npleasant climax for those ending their hike at the Notch.\nAt the toll booth the trail leaves the road which ascends to the Mount\nHolyoke Hotel and angles upward along the mountain slope. Overhead the\ndark basaltic lava columns rest upon red and white Triassic sandstone,\nand the path soon crosses the contact between the two types of rocks. A\nshort distance above the contact the trail takes advantage of a col and\nclimbs to the top of the ridge. Down the steep southeasterly slope Mount\nHolyoke College appears in the distance through a screen of oak trees.\nThe remainder of the climb is gentle, and soon the path enters the\nclearing around the hotel. The view is arresting. The Connecticut\nemerges from behind Mount Sugarloaf, wanders through the Hadley fields,\nflows through the watergap just west of Mount Holyoke, and disappears\nfar to the south beyond Springfield. Northampton is spread out below.\nAutomobiles on the Hockanum Road look like so many moving dots. The\nhills between the Range and South Hadley are made of volcanic ash and\nlava; many have pipe-like cores which were the necks of ancient\nvolcanoes. Off to the east are higher points on the Range which lie on\nthe route to be followed.\nThe path continues along the crest of the range and descends gradually\nto the toll road level at Taylor\u2019s Notch. Here it is on sandstone, and\nthe lava-sandstone contact is exposed on both sides of the gap.\nSandstone cliffs rise fifty feet high a few yards down the road; and the\nfine arenaceous character of the rock and its bedding are visible at\nsome distance.\nThe trail climbs steeply from this col and soon skirts the edge of an\nabrupt cliff, in which are carved the initials of many hikers who paused\non the ledge to rest and to enjoy the panorama. Eastward the path might\nwell serve as the model for a roller coaster in an amusement park. \u201cThe\nSisters\u201d are a series of hills separated by sharp, deep valleys; and no\nsooner has one attained a summit than a drop down the other side is in\norder. Abrupt 30-foot cliffs trending north and south form many of the\nvalley margins; they are smooth joint surfaces where the rock is weak,\nand where blocks were plucked out by the great Ice Sheet. Each of \u201cthe\nSisters\u201d has a cleared lookout which affords a new picture of the\nHadley-Deerfield lowland to the north.\nThe last lookout is some distance below the succession of summits, and\nit affords a view to the east. A cliff drops 200 feet vertically, and\nabout one-quarter of a mile farther east other cliffs of red-weathering\nbasalt face towards it. Almost all of the broad, low gap between the\ncliffs is underlain by a complicated mixture of volcanic ash,\nagglomerate and irregular lava flows. The cliff itself is thick columnar\nbasalt, and at its base is a coarse sandstone. But the sandstone is thin\nand disappears in the depression, whereas the agglomerate and lava\nbecome very thick and extend northward to the top of \u201cLittle Tinker\u201d and\nthe \u201cTinker.\u201d They are part of an ancient volcanic cone, buried in\nsandstone both to the east and to the west. Flow structures in the main\nsheet move away from this center, which is believed to have been one of\nthe volcanoes on the line which supplied the basalt for the great lava\nfield.\nIn the depression, the trail winds between hills of twisted lava and\nconsolidated agglomerate. When the trees are leafed out and the\nsurrounding hills concealed, it is easy to imagine oneself on the slope\nof a Pacific volcano. The trail divides at the lowest point in the\ndepression, and the less used fork goes north to the Bay Road at the\nnorthern base of the Range. The other fork ascends Mount Hitchcock, and\nat a slight elevation above the low flat it crosses from the agglomerate\nto the Holyoke basalt sheet.\nThe best lookout on the Range between the Mount Holyoke Hotel and Bare\nMountain is on top of Mount Hitchcock. A side trail leads out to a\npromontory, from which one may peer along the face of the Range, look\ndown upon the \u201cTinker\u201d and \u201cLittle Tinker,\u201d and gaze over the lowland\nwhich the Connecticut has excavated in the New England upland through\nthe long course of geologic time.\nThe east slope of Mount Hitchcock descends steeply, and many a hasty\nhiker has made the trip in less time than he intended. The path drops to\na flat which measures about 1,000 feet across, and in which the\nsandstone lying below the lava sheet is sporadically exposed. Here the\nthick basaltic lava has been worn away; and erosion ceases both east and\nwest at conspicuous fracture surfaces which locally become fault planes.\nBeyond this low notch the trail leads irregularly upward and eventually\ncomes out on Bare Mountain. The top is bare indeed; even scrub oak is\nabsent from the summit. The long south slope of the Range is clearly\nvisible, and to the west is the Mount Holyoke Hotel where the hike\nstarted. The Mount Tom Range, with the Connecticut River at its foot, is\njust to the left. Due south are the towers of Mount Holyoke College and\nthe cities of Holyoke and Springfield. If the day is clear, the tall\nbuildings of Hartford appear in the far distance. Six hundred feet\ndirectly below, the highway goes through the Notch, and across the road\nis the trap quarry in Notch Mountain, which supplies the crushed stone\nfor the local highways. The face of Notch Mountain lies north of the\nmain line of the Range because the basalt sheet has been displaced\nnorthward between fault planes that bound the eminences on either side.\nThe notches utilized by the highway and by the power line are due to\nfacile erosion of the crushed rock along the fault planes. Farther to\nthe east, Mount Norwottock rises to the greatest height in the Range,\nand the view from its summit is at least the equal of that from Bare\nMountain. The Hadley lowland stretches northward between the Pelham\nHills on the east and the Berkshire Hills on the west, and protruding\nabove its relatively flat surface are Mount Warner, Mount Sugarloaf and\nMount Toby. The Deerfield gorge trenches the western upland just west of\nSugarloaf, and on the skyline is Glastenbury far off in Vermont.\n    [Illustration: Fig. 24. _Diagrams showing the stages in development\n    of topography in the vicinity of the Notch._]\n    [Illustration: a. _The New England peneplain stage at the Notch._]\n    [Illustration: b. _The incoherent rocks are removed from the lava\n    [Illustration: c. _The contours of the cliffs are smoothed out._]\nThe downward trail follows the cliff above the highway. The drop is\nrapid but not precipitous, and soon the western half of the trail is\nbehind.\nThe east end of the Range, especially beyond Mount Norwottock, is less\ncommonly visited, but it offers much more of the valley\u2019s story. Here\nthe Range is more broken than it is in the western half, and the trail\nwinds through valleys for much of the distance. Long gentle slopes from\nthe west lead to mountain summits, and steep eastern descents take the\nhiker into the valleys. Plainly the walk is much easier from west to\neast than in the opposite direction.\nThe trail leads from the crusher scales around the north base of Notch\nMountain and thence up the power line to the crest of the ridge. The\npath lies on conglomerate below the lava sheet through most of the\ndistance and returns to the lava only where it bends eastward along the\ncrest line. Faulting east of Notch Mountain has moved the base of the\nlava southward until it abuts on the sandstone above the lava occurring\nwest of the fracture. Thus, the entire backslope of the Range along the\npower line is coarse sandstone, whereas in the woods to the east it is\nvesicular basaltic lava.\nMany small but abrupt descents occur along the path as it follows the\nridge eastward. Each of them marks the position of a minor fault, along\nwhich the eastern side has been pushed down and southward under the\nwestern side. However, the elevation of the trail increases gradually to\nthe summit of Mount Norwottock, which is almost as high as the uplands\nbordering the valley. If one can momentarily overlook the lowland\nexcavated on the incoherent Triassic sandstones, the regional surface\nseems to slope gently upward to the east, the north and the west. Far to\nthe east Mount Wachusett rises above the general level, and there in the\nnortheast is Monadnock\u2019s sharp cone. On the western skyline Mount\nGreylock\u2019s summit, with the fire tower at the north end, attains\nprominence as Massachusett\u2019s highest peak. The long ridge of Glastenbury\nand the point of Bald Mountain are clearly visible in the northwest. Far\nto the south stretches the lowland, and on a clear day Hartford\u2019s towers\nstand sharp and clear against the sky.\nThe north face of the Range is a sheer 250-foot cliff. The south side is\na half-mile-long, 20-degree slope. Eastward the crest terminates in a\nprecipitous drop, and the trail winds down the corner between the north\nface and the cliffs at the east end. It crosses the contact between the\nlava flow and the red Triassic conglomerate about 150 feet below the\nsummit. The conglomerate beds are separated by shaly sandstones, many of\nwhich have weathered out to make rock shelters; these are the so-called\n\u201cHorse Sheds\u201d and are said to have been used during Shays\u2019 Rebellion.\nThe great cliff at the east end of Norwottock was caused by the rapid\nerosion of the sandstones below the lava sheet, which has receded\nsteadily westward as it was undermined. Recession started at a fault\nplane about halfway between Norwottock and Hilliard Knob, for here\ndisplacement pushed the lava down and southward on the east side until\nthe subjacent sandstone was exposed west of the fault. Exposure led to\nerosion and to recession of the lava cap.\nThe trail passes through the \u201cHorse Sheds\u201d to the south base of the\nRange, following the contact of the lava with the overlying sandstone\nfor about one-half mile on the way towards Hilliard Knob. This eminence\nlies over half a mile north of the crest of the Range, for it has been\noffset by faulting, much like the displacements near Mount Norwottock\nand Notch Mountain, and the trail passes suddenly from the conglomerate\nabove the lava flow to the conglomerate below it. Trail markers must be\nobserved closely through this section because many wood roads cross the\npath.\nEastward the way again leads upward to the lava and follows the crest of\na low section of the Range, but soon another fault breaks the continuity\nof the ridge, and the high top of Flat Mountain stands out on the far\nside of a deep hollow. The hollow is underlain by sandstone below the\nlava sheet, and the trail follows down the steep dip slope of the beds,\nonly to ascend again towards the reddish basalt cliffs of the mountain.\nAt the base of the flow, the bed of a dry brook exposes a mass of frothy\nlava.\nThe best views from the top of Flat Mountain are those along the south\nslope of the Range towards Mount Tom, and northward across the Hadley\nlowland. The path then turns down the north face of the mountain some\n200 yards along the crest from the west end and, passing over a series\nof conglomerate ledges underlying the lava, it continues along a wood\nroad beside a steep-sided brook until it comes to the Bay Road at the\nfork to Dwight and Belchertown.\nAny nature lover will find the trail very interesting. The views from\nthe western half are unexcelled. Wild flowers and birds abound along the\nless frequented eastern section. Anyone wishing to see how molten lavas\nand earth movements in the distant past have influenced the topography\nof the present will find the far eastern walk a veritable revelation.\n                         Trips from Northampton\nNorthampton makes an excellent base for many drives that will gratify\nthe lover of scenery, of rocks, or of minerals. The drives range from\nten to one hundred miles in length, and any one of them may be extended\nor shortened at the whim of the driver. To the east the hard surface of\nRoute 9 leads through Amherst, Pelham, and Belchertown; and to the west,\nas the Berkshire Trail, it rises to the western upland via Williamsburg\nand Goshen. Side roads go to Ashfield and Conway, and permit a return by\nway of South Deerfield; or, via Cummington and West Chesterfield, one\nmay come back by way of Huntington and Westhampton. Federal Highway 5\nfollows the Valley north to Greenfield, whence optional return routes\nare available through Shelburne Falls, Conway and South Deerfield in the\nwestern upland; or through Orange, Pelham and Amherst in the eastern\nupland. Each of these routes offers arresting views of the broad\nConnecticut Valley, the picturesque gorges along its margins, and the\neven-crested highlands with distant peaks of greater elevation. Indeed,\nthe choice of attractive drives is bewildering, even for those who are\nhesitant about wandering off the surfaced highways.\nIn the following pages only a few of the possibilities which are\navailable to the motorist are described. And for each one chosen, the\nstriking views and the significant geological features are indicated, in\nthe hope and belief that the traveler may turn explorer and, in\nfollowing other byways, may reconstruct for himself many additional\ndetails of the region\u2019s geologic past.\n_Northampton, Amherst, Pelham_\nThe route leaves from the Court House corner on Highway 5 and the\nexcursion follows Route 9 eastward across the Coolidge Memorial Bridge\n(1.3),[1] where a panorama of the floodplain with its many channel scars\nand terrace levels is spread out below (see pp. 1-3). Beyond Hadley\n(3.0) the road tops the highest river floodplain at a conspicuous\nterrace (4.9) and rolls gently over the ancient bed of Lake Hadley. The\nshore line of this glacial lake appears as a broad flat between Orchard\nStreet and Lincoln Avenue in Amherst (6-9). (See pp. 5-7.)\nThe route turns left at the traffic intersection (7.2) and continues to\nthe north end of the common (7.4), where it turns right on the Pelham\nroad. This road crosses the lake bottom from the Central Vermont\nRailroad tracks (7.9) to the Orient (9.9), where the delta of glacial\nOrient Brook made a conspicuous gravel terrace at the farthest limit of\nthe lake. Stone fences make their appearance (see pp. 8-9); rocky ledges\nand erratics abound at higher elevations, but perched shore lines of\nice-margin lakes occur at many levels up Pelham Hill. The road to Mount\nLincoln (see pp. 51-52) turns right (11.2) just west of the Amherst\nreservoir (11.4). As the road approaches the hilltop (12.9), an opening\nwestward through the trees reveals an unusual view of the Holyoke Range;\nand the broad lowland valley from Mount Tom in the south to Mount\nSugarloaf in the north spreads out below. On the hilltop (13.3) the road\nenters the Daniel Shays Highway (13.9). Mount Wachusett (see p. 15) lies\nstraight ahead and projects above the great expanse of the New England\nupland (see p. 46); Mount Monadnock rises even higher in the northeast,\nand everywhere, deep valleys furrow the highland and break its otherwise\nmonotonous surface.\nThe Daniel Shays Highway runs north to Athol, where it joins the Mohawk\nTrail; but on this trip we shall turn to the right, or south, at Pelham\nand follow Federal Highway 202 along the valleys in the Quabbin\nreservoir watershed. Pelham gneiss is the most abundant rock along the\nhighway, outcropping west of the road (14.1) in a series of\neastward-dipping layers that resemble sandstone. Mount Lincoln\u2019s fire\ntower stands high above the skyline directly west from the power line\ncrossing (16.1). The country has a gently rolling form, which was\nimposed upon it by the ice sheet (see p. 9), and the miles of stone\nfences represent glacial debris piled up by the early settlers in an\neffort to bring agricultural order out of geological chaos. Blossoms on\nthe wild cherry trees along these fences and the flowering dogwood make\nthis a particularly attractive drive in the spring. A ledge of gneiss\nwith large eye-shaped crystals of reddish feldspar lies east of the\nhighway at 16.3 miles. As the road begins to descend (18.1), a panorama\nof the broad lowland between Belchertown and Palmer spreads out below.\nView succeeds view as the road drops to lower levels: At one place it is\nHolyoke and Springfield; at another it is Belchertown; and finally the\nhighway comes to the corners (21.1) where routes lead right to Amherst,\nleft to Worcester, and straight ahead through Belchertown to Palmer,\nSpringfield and Holyoke.\nThe Granby-Holyoke road (Federal Highway 202) turns right at the south\nend of the Belchertown common (22.0). After crossing the railroad\n(22.4), it passes out upon the plain of glacial Lake Springfield (25.3)\nwhere the stone fences cease to line the roads, because the lake\ndeposits cover the glacial boulders. Rocky islands in glacial Lake\nSpringfield surmount the flat lacustrine plain (26.9). Granby is\nsituated on a long rolling point (28 to 31.6) that is underlain\nprincipally by flat-lying arkosic conglomerate, but more ancient\ncrystalline rocks appear just a little farther east. In this section the\nlake plain is very narrow, and the drop to the Connecticut River Valley\nbegins at 32.3 miles and continues to the junction with the South Hadley\nroad (33.2), where varved clay (see pp. 4-7) makes its appearance in the\npits to the right of the highway.\nThe itinerary of this excursion continues on Federal Highway 202 through\nHolyoke in preference to the alternate routes through South Hadley and\nthence either by way of Hockanum (p. 85) or via Amherst (pp. 83-84) to\nNorthampton. The Holyoke road crosses the Connecticut River (33.8 to\n34.1) where the Longmeadow or youngest Triassic sandstone appears in a\nseries of serrate ledges between the bridge and the dam at the right.\nMud-cracks on some layers and ripple marks on others tell of wet and dry\nseasons at the time they were formed. The route turns right just south\nof the Holyoke post office (34.6) and right again into Federal Highway 5\n(36.2), which parallels the river.\nThe road has been built on a terrace which was once the flat bottom of\nglacial Lake Springfield (37.8), but at the north end of the city it\ndescends towards the Connecticut River, utilizing the contact between\nthe red layers of Longmeadow sandstone and the massive, dark green\nGranby tuff with large volcanic bombs that are visible from the road.\nThe twin entrances to Mountain Park (38 and 38.2) may tempt the motorist\nto indulge in an attractive side trip, but there is enough to occupy him\non the main highway. Nearer the river (38.5), a ledge slopes from the\nroadway to the railroad tracks and to a series of riffles in the stream.\nThis is the Smith\u2019s Ferry footprint locality (pp. 66-67), and the\nwidened highway and the entrance to the ledges offer an invitation which\ncannot be declined (38.6).\nNorth of the dinosaur tracks, road, railroad and river run parallel.\nLateral roads are few, but there is a gateway (40.2) into the Mount Tom\nReservation. The Granby tuff, which has outcropped persistently on the\nwest side of the road, rises to a high bluff and then passes eastward\nbeneath the river (40.6). The underlying second lava replaces it in the\nroad cuts and is especially conspicuous along the railroad (40.9). The\nnext dark gray bluff west of the road (41.4 to 41.6) is part of the\nHolyoke flow which caps the Mount Tom and Mount Holyoke ranges (see pp.\n26-27). Soon it, too, crosses the river to Titan\u2019s Pier (pp. 60-61), and\nold residents say that a ledge of it outcropped in the river bed at low\nwater before the Holyoke dam raised the water level. Directly ahead,\nsouthward-dipping beds of conglomerate outcrop on either side of the\nroad (41.0); these beds underlie the lava forming the gentle southern\nslopes of the ranges, and their position beneath the trap can be seen\nplainly on the steep northern slopes.\nThe road through the Mount Tom Reservation rejoins the highway (42.2)\njust south of the outlet from the Oxbow Lake (42.3), the upper end of\nwhich also loops \u2019round and abuts against the highway (42.7). (See\np. 3.) Annual floods inundate most of this section, and even the\nbanked-up road and railroad periodically go under the swirling waters of\nthe swollen river. A sign (43.5) announces that the roadway was 13.5\nfeet below water at the height of the 1936 flood, but it is hoped that\nthe new dike at the southern limit of Northampton will hereafter turn\nthe floods away from the lower sections of the city. Federal Highway 5\nbears right (44.0), and the road ahead continues into the Berkshire\nTrail. Of passing interest is the fact that a well drilled near this\njunction penetrated 3,700 feet of Triassic arkose without reaching the\ncrystalline rock floor. The road crosses the unused bed of Mill River\n(44.2) and comes once again to the Court House corner in Northampton\n_Belchertown, Amherst, and Northampton_\nIn our first tour we noted that a road (Route 9) turns right to Amherst\nat the south end of the Daniel Shays Highway (21.1), and if we will\nreturn to this junction, it will be worth our while to make the Amherst\nrun. Just beyond the intersection the highway traverses the level gravel\nplain of a nice margin lake (see p. 7) before it descends (22.0) toward\nthe Lake Hadley plain. Erratic boulders and stone fences are abundant on\nthe slope, and the bedrock is part of the pre-Triassic complex. One very\ninteresting pegmatite contains inclusions of contorted schist (23.2).\nThe road soon leaves the rocky slopes for the gravel plain of Lake\nHadley, but only a short distance northward and westward lie the\nBelchertown Ponds, which seem to occupy a large and deep kettle hole\narea (see pp. 7-8).\nThe road winds through pine-clad kame terraces, left on the margin of\nthe ice which filled the Lake Hadley basin; and where it emerges from\nthe woods (24.4), the line of hills making the Holyoke Range may be seen\nstretching westward in a series of sharp points. These are the\nprojecting edges of the Holyoke lava flow which resisted erosion after\nall the softer sediment and volcanic debris flanking it were removed.\nThe road to Mount Lincoln turns right at Pansy Park (24.9), and north of\nthis point the Amherst road follows a kame terrace between the Pelham\nHills on the right, and the former ice-filled bed of glacial Lake Hadley\non the left. Ultimately (27.1) the highway leaves the terrace and drops\nto a delta which was deposited in Lake Hadley. The view northward shows\nMount Toby and Mount Sugarloaf outlined sharply, and to the east near\nthe Orient, the sharp V-shaped notch of the north fork of Fort River\ncuts one of the kame terraces. The delta deposit (27.5 to 27.7) shows\nexcellent fore-set beds in the gravel pit (27.7), and its entire surface\nis dotted with ponds which occupy irregular kettle holes (see pp. 7-8).\nThe highway continues down the delta slope and crosses the Fort River\n(28.4). This river established a meandering course upon the bed of Lake\nHadley, but its floodplain is now excavated below the level of the lake\ndeposits, which form a terrace above the stream. The road passes through\nAmherst (30.2) and returns to Northampton (37.4) by the outbound route.\n_South Hadley, Amherst, Northampton_\nThe route 116 north from the road junction at South Hadley Falls (33.2)\nalso has its points of interest. After it passes over the deeply\ndissected deposits in Lake Springfield, it rises above the old lake\nlevel at the Mount Holyoke campus (35.1) and continues at this higher\nelevation beyond the Hockanum-Amherst fork (35.9) in the center of South\nHadley. Along the right fork (State Highway 116), which leads to\nAmherst, horizontal Longmeadow sandstone outcrops west of the road\n(37.1) where the slope to the valley of Bachelor Brook begins. The flat\nlake plain extends from Moody\u2019s Corner (37.4) to the base of the Holyoke\nRange. A gravel road turns right from the highway (38.2) and crosses the\nbrook one mile east, and from this locality were excavated many of the\nexcellent dinosaur footprints in the Amherst College collection.\nThe lake plain ends at ledges of Granby tuff and agglomerate (38.5). The\noutcrops east of the road are grooved with glacial striations, and the\nfragmental nature of the rock is clearly revealed in the smooth surface.\nLava lies on the tuff west of the road (38.7) and also at the bottom of\nthe volcanic series at the Aldrich Lake road (39.0). Coarse\nconglomerates make recurrent ridges as far as the base of the Range\n(39.5), where the road follows a shelf cut into the Holyoke lava flow\njust west of the Notch fault. The conglomerate east of this fault was\ndisplaced downward; and as it disintegrates easily, a depression has\nbeen cut into the Range east of the road. The quarry situated at the top\nof the Range (39.8) just north of the Amherst town line, has brought to\nlight many fault fractures that have served the mineral collector well\nfor almost a century. The Range trail (see pp. 73-75) westward leaves\nthe highway at the town line marker, and the path eastward follows the\nold trolley line northeastward from the scales house.\nThe route begins its descent (40.2) through a cut in conglomerate, and\nthe entire northern valley is spread out below: Sugarloaf and Toby close\nthe eastern side of the view, and hills far up in Vermont form the\nbackground in the northwest. The road quickly reaches the flat plain of\nLake Hadley (40.7), with apple orchards stretching along its gravel\nshore line. The Bay Road crosses the highway (41.1) and parallels the\nRange from end to end.\nThe lake deposits fail to conceal many earlier features. Two drumlins\n(see p. 9) rise to the east of the road (41.8) near South Amherst. South\nAmherst (42.7) is on an island in the old lake; erratic boulders cover\nthe hilltop, and bare rocks mark the old wave-washed shore. The highway\ncrosses Fort (or Freshman) River (43.8), and at the railroad tracks\n(44.6) it rises to the old lake beach, which is continued in the flat\nland on the south side of the Amherst College campus. The route turns\nleft at Northampton Road (Route 9) and continues to Northampton (52.2).\nThe Hockanum Road (State Highway 63), which follows the left fork at\nSouth Hadley (33.2), crosses the Lake Springfield sand plain (34.1) and\nrises above the lake level beyond Bachelor Brook (34.3), staying at this\nhigher altitude beyond the junction with the Moody\u2019s Corner road (35.3).\nThe hills directly ahead are tuff, agglomerate and lava, and are\nproducts of the last volcanic episode in this region. Dry Brook (35.6)\nflows on the sandstone overlying the Holyoke lava sheet, and the latter\noutcrops in the road cuts (35.8) and to the left in Titan\u2019s Pier (see\npp. 60-61). The road to the Mount Holyoke House and Titan\u2019s Piazza (see\np. 61) turns right (36.0) where the highway breaks through the last of\nthe lava mass.\nThe 1936 flood inundated this highway (36.5 to 37.2), and the old\nwatermark may still be identified by debris caught in the bushes and\nleft on pasture land. The view upstream from the floodplain (37.0) shows\nwhere the Connecticut is cutting into its eastern bank and causing it to\nrecede (see pp. 1-2). Soon it will penetrate the valley of Fort River.\nThe road passes through a woodland on the dissected lake-shore deposits,\nbut it soon emerges upon the lake bottom and early river silts (38.6).\nThe Bay Road (39.8) enters from the east just south of the bridge over\nFort River (39.9). The road joins the outbound route at Hadley (41) and\nreturns to Northampton (44).\n_Holyoke, Easthampton, Northampton_\nThe return from Holyoke (36.2) by way of Easthampton leaves Federal\nHighway 5 and rises westward across a ridge of Granby tuff. Several\nsmall lakes (36.7) occupy basins on the friable \u201csecond\u201d sandstone\nbetween the \u201csecond\u201d lava and Granby tuff, which lie immediately to the\neast, and the Holyoke lava, which lies below and to the west. The\nsandstone is very thin, and the road shortly begins to climb up the dip\nslope of the Holyoke lava sheet. Sandstone crops out below the sheet at\nthe west base of a low cliff (38.1) which continues northward to the\nsouth face of Mount Tom. The Christopher Clark road through the Mount\nTom Reservation enters from the north at the summit (38.5); it follows a\nscenic route under the west cliffs of the Range to its north end at\nMount Nonotuck, where it drops abruptly in a series of hairpin curves to\nMount Tom Junction on Federal Highway 5.\nAt the junction of the Easthampton and Christopher Clark roads, a\nturn-out offers an opportunity to view the Western Upland, within which,\nas it makes its way from Goshen and Williamsburg to Northampton, the\nMill River has cut an impressive valley. On the long descent to the base\nof the mountain (39.5), the Easthampton road is cut out of coarse\narkosic sandstones, but then it levels off abruptly on the flat plain of\nglacial Lake Hadley. The lake sediments continue into the center of\nEasthampton (41.3), broken only by the shallow valley of the Manhan\nRiver. From Easthampton the route utilizes the College Highway (State\nHighway 10) to Northampton; and its position on the lake beds affords\ngood views of the Range and of the abnormally broad floodplain of the\nmeandering Connecticut River in the vicinity of the Oxbow. Just north\nand east of the New Haven Railroad\u2019s underpass, the river has cut away\nthe terrace followed by the road, and this low stretch, like the rest of\nthe floodplain, is subject to frequent inundations.\nThe road enters Northampton east of the Smith College campus (45.5) and\njoins the Berkshire Trail. A right turn at the traffic light leads to\nthe Court House corner (45.7).\n_Northampton, Hadley, Sunderland, Hatfield_\nThis tour also leaves Northampton by the Coolidge Memorial Bridge, but\nat Hadley (3.0) it turns north on State Highway 63 and follows the river\nto Sunderland. Here the route recrosses the river, joining Federal\nHighway 5 at South Deerfield, and from this point south to Northampton\nthe road lies almost literally in the shadow of the western upland.\nIn Hadley (3.0) the road turns north along Center Street and then swings\nright at the curve in the Connecticut (3.5). The river bank is lined\nwith riprap to resist the current and to prevent the river from washing\naway a substantial section of the town. Across the stream in Hatfield\nthe Connecticut very nearly achieved the type of destruction which the\nresidents of Hadley are trying to escape, and the flood-channel, or\n\u201cwashout,\u201d which was gouged by the swollen stream in the spring of 1936,\nmay be seen (4.3) on the way to North Hadley. The road approaches Mount\nWarner, whose crystalline rocks appear at the south end of a long, low\nspur (4.8) on the edge of the river floodplain. Elsewhere along the base\nof the eminence, which scarcely merits the name \u201cMount,\u201d the crystalline\nrocks are hidden by a terrace, but they crop out on the higher slopes.\nThe younger red Triassic sandstones are present, too, and they may be\nseen dipping steeply westward in the brook bed between the bridge (5.9)\nand the dam (6.1) at North Hadley.\nSand dunes appear near the river on the outskirts of North Hadley (6.3)\nand extend north beyond Mount Warner (7.0) to the point where the road\ndrops from the terrace to the floodplain (8.2). Here the former bed of\nthe river is occupied by a puny brook, which enters the mainstream on\nthe left. The terrace marking the edge of the floodplain lies close to\nthe east side of the road for a long distance (8.2 to 9.8) and then\nswings a half mile eastward. The road follows a high area between two\nabandoned channels formerly used by the river (11.3), until it joins the\nAmherst-Sunderland road (11.8) at the southern edge of Sunderland. The\nroute turns left in the center of town (12.4), crossing the river\nbeneath Mount Sugarloaf, and it continues on to Federal Highway 5 at the\ntraffic light in South Deerfield (14.2).\nOn the trip south from the junction, sand dunes appear east of the\nrailroad between the Boston & Maine (14.6) and the New Haven crossings\n(14.9). The highway is situated on the flat bed of Lake Hadley from this\npoint to Hatfield. The road to Whately, which turns west at 16.7, offers\nsome attractions. It forks two miles beyond Whately, and the right\nbranch leads to the Northampton reservoir and to Haydenville (see\np. 89). The left branch follows West Fork Brook and comes back to\nFederal Highway 5 at North Hatfield (19.1). Either route provides a\nscenic drive over little-frequented gravel roads.\nFrom the main highway the delta built by West Fork Brook into glacial\nLake Hadley appears as a flat terrace along the western highland (18.2).\nThe rolling fields (19.7) east of the railroad are dunes which were once\nraised by the wind along the old Connecticut channel. Mill River, which\nrises near Conway, parallels the highway for 6.1 miles and crosses it\nhere to enter the Connecticut (20.3). The road approaches the massive\ngray rocks of the western upland (20.5), and the Hatfield lead vein (see\np. 64) outcrops in a bluff on the right (20.9). The view south (22.3)\nshows the water gap between the Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom ranges. At\nthe State Police barracks (23.4) the Hatfield road turns left, and a\nshort distance beyond (23.9), on the west side of the road, is the\nabandoned City Quarry. The granite exposed in the quarry contains a\nblack, radio-active mineral called allanite, and each glistening black\ncrystal is surrounded by a reddish halo caused by bombardment of the\nfeldspar by alpha particles.\nA road to Florence branches right (24.5) near the railroad crossing, and\none to the Coolidge Bridge turns left across the Boston & Maine tracks\n(24.7). A by-pass to the Berkshire Trail (25.6) goes west, and the tour\nreturns to the Court House corner (26.1).\n_Northampton, Cummington, Plainfield, and South Deerfield_\nThis tour includes a representative section of the Connecticut Lowland,\ntraverses rugged valleys on the western margin of the lowland, and\ncrosses a wide remnant of the New England upland. The trip is 58.6 miles\nlong, and all of it except the last twelve miles moves through rapidly\nchanging scenery.\nThe route leaves the Court House corner on State Highway 9, the\nBerkshire Trail, following Main and Elm Streets past Smith College. At\nthe Cooley Dickinson Hospital the road rises from the bed of glacial\nLake Hadley to the Mill River delta, which, despite some dissection,\nmaintains the same general level through Florence (2.6) to Look Park\n(3.4), where a ridge dotted with glacial erratics rises through it. The\nroad follows the delta margin past the Veteran\u2019s Hospital and shortly\n(4.3) climbs to the land of erratics and stone fences. The road from\nWhately (see p. 88) enters from the right in Haydenville (7.1), and the\nTrail continues up Mill River to Williamsburg (8.1). Not far beyond the\ncenter of Williamsburg the road forks left for Chesterfield and right\nfor Cummington.\nThe right hand route climbs a long wooded hill with a deep valley on the\nright and occasional cliffs of schist intruded by reinforcing granite\ndikes on the left. The view back near the hilltop (12.5) offers, through\na frame of trees, a panorama of the Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom Ranges\nsurmounting the Connecticut Lowland. The New England upland begins at\nthe hilltop (13.1) in Goshen. Just past Goshen Pond (13.6), a road\ncontinues straight ahead to Ashfield, and the hard surface of the\nBerkshire Trail curves left. Ledges of flaggy Goshen schist outcrop from\nGoshen to Swift River (18.4); the banding of the ledges is almost\nhorizontal at one place (14.6) and makes excellent flagging for garden\nwalks. The west-flowing Swift River tumbles into the deeply entrenched,\neast-flowing Westfield River at Swift River village, and the combined\nstreams flow due south through a \u201cdoor\u201d in a vertical wall of Goshen\nschist so narrow and inconspicuous that the water appears to run\ndownhill and then up again. The Berkshire Trail follows up the north\nbank of the Westfield River as far as the lower bridge (19.5), at\nCummington, where a road to Chesterfield turns left (19.6).\nThe Plainfield road branches off to the right across the river at the\ncenter of Cummington (20.5), and it climbs almost continuously from the\nWestfield valley to the summit of the New England upland at the\nPlainfield corner (24.5). Here the broad, gently rolling expanse of\ncountry offers no suggestion of the deep valley only three miles away.\nThe tour takes the road right (Route 116) to Ashfield (33.0), Conway\n(40.2), and South Deerfield (46.6), where it turns south on Federal\nHighway 5, returning to Northampton (58.6) over ground that is covered\nin another tour (see pp. 87-88). The twenty-two miles of country between\nPlainfield and South Deerfield contain a succession of highland views,\nglimpses into youthfully incised valleys, and a final sweep of\nConnecticut lowland that defy description. Nearly everywhere the\nglaciers of the Ice Age have scraped away the soil and have exposed the\nunderlying metamorphosed sediments. Their high structures and their\nmetamorphism show that they are merely the roots of an ancient range\nthat once rose majestically to summits which, were they restored, would\ndwarf the planed upland of today. Rugged as some of the topography may\nseem, prolonged erosion has greatly softened and tamed it. (For more\ndetails of the features which can be seen along this route, see pp. 94\n                         Trips from Greenfield\nThe most popular drive from Greenfield is westward over the Mohawk\nTrail, but the eastward continuation of this highway to Orange, combined\nwith the Daniel Shays Highway to Pelham, offers almost equal attractions\nand should not be missed.\n_Mohawk Trail, Adams, Plainfield, and South Deerfield_\nThe Mohawk Trail (State Highway 2) heads west from the center of\nGreenfield and crosses the Green River (0.6) before climbing out of the\nvalley. A lookout (2.1) affords an excellent view of the north end of\nthe Connecticut Lowland, and the observation tower on Shelburne Summit\n(3.2), situated on a shelf cut out of black Ordovician slate (see pp. 35\n-37), provides a broader sweep of central New England scenery. Beyond,\nthe upland is gently rolling, trenched by one deep valley at Shelburne\nCenter (6.8). The descent into this valley (5.6) offers a glimpse to the\nsouth across the Deerfield River gorge, but the road soon rises again,\nhovering 300 feet above the sharply incised stream. The Sweetheart\nTeahouse (9.9) makes use of one of the ideal sites overlooking the gorge\nand river. The highway to Colrain (10.2) continues straight ahead, but\nthe Trail turns left across the Deerfield River (10.6) and then right in\nShelburne Falls. The road left leads to Conway and South Deerfield.\nThick, almost horizontal bands of gray granite gneiss are exposed in the\nroad cuts (11.6) along the south bank of the Deerfield River, but the\nentrenched stream has left so little room for the highway that the\nlatter soon crosses to the relatively low and more hospitable north bank\n(11.9). For many miles the road follows the stream so closely that\nspring floods occasionally cover its surface with ice cakes. The drive\nalong this stretch to the next bridge (21.0) contains the most restful\nscenery on the trip, though the flat open valley is hemmed in by abrupt\nslopes which rise for 800 feet. Nor does the flatness of the valley\nharmonize with the mountain-structure of the platy Goshen schist, which\nstands on edge all along the roadside. Davis Brook (18.7) crosses the\nroute, and the road beside it leads up to the Davis Mine, which once did\na thriving business extracting iron pyrites for the manufacture of\nsulphuric acid.\nOnce more the highway crosses the Deerfield River (21.0) and enters\nMohawk Park, which invites the motorist to linger. A mile farther on\n(22.0) the road leaves the Deerfield River (22.0) and follows the narrow\ngorge of Cold River, which seems scarcely wide enough to accommodate it.\nA shady picnic ground and auto camp (23.6) lie just below the narrowest\nand deepest part of the gorge (24.5), where the crowding summits seem to\ntower high above the puny cars.\nThe road crosses to the north bank of Cold River (25.8) and climbs a\nshelf cut into green volcanic schists (25.8 to 27.6). Leaving the gorge\n(26.6), it ascends to the upland (29.0), while in view below is the\nlaborious route of the Boston and Maine Railroad along the Deerfield and\nthence through the east portal of the Hoosac Tunnel near Zoar.\nA lookout (29.4) affords a memorable view of the sharp V-shaped gorge of\nthe Deerfield River cut deep into the highland surface, which stretches\nunbroken to the horizon, with only a few divides rising to greater\nelevations in the west and northeast. A set of broad rock benches, about\n200 feet lower than the upland, forms a strath terrace (see pp. 46-47)\nwhich closely follows the river\u2019s course. Great landslide scars, caused\nby the heavy rains accompanying the 1938 hurricane, mar the valley walls\nfar to the north and again eastward from Zoar.\nThe road to Zoar (30.2) turns right a short distance east of the\nWhitcomb Summit (30.6), where lookout towers at an elevation of 2,240\nfeet enhance the excellence of the view westward across other straths to\nMount Greylock, the highest point in Massachusetts. From these same\nvantage points, one may survey the deceptively smooth slope of the New\nEngland upland eastward down the course of the Deerfield towards the\nAtlantic coast.\n    [Illustration: Pl. 10. _View of the Deerfield gorge from the east\n    summit of the Mohawk Trail._\n_The high level flat to the extreme right and extreme left is the New\nEngland peneplain. The terrace bordering the steep walls of the gorge is\na strath._]\nThe road crosses a series of strath heads, which drain into the Cold\nRiver, and ascends to the west summit (33.2). At first it seems possible\nto throw a stone into North Adams, so abrupt is the western slope. The\ncity lies deep in a limestone valley, and beyond it the Taconic ranges\nrise steeply west of Williamstown, over six miles away.\nOn the long descent into the valley, the roadway is cut into\nalbite-biotite schists with horizontal cleavage. Above and below the\nsharp hairpin turn (35.2), there is a beautiful view to the south along\nthe strike of the limestone trench and along the route (State Highway 8)\nwhich is to be followed from North Adams (37.8) to Adams. Not far south\nof North Adams the road passes the west portal of the Hoosac Tunnel\n(39.4). Boulders on the mountainside east of the highway are glacial\nerratics which were left above the level of the valley trains and above\nthe surface of glacial Lake Bascom. The limestone which outcrops on the\nslopes of Mount Greylock west of the road is used for lime (41.6), and\nthe quarries provide ideal exposures for a study of the rock. The\nburning plant (42.2) is at the roadside. The road branches in the center\nof Adams (43.6), one route (State Highway 116) continuing ahead to Savoy\nand Plainfield, the other veering right to Mount Greylock, Dalton, and\nPittsfield.\nThe Savoy road follows a broad valley eastward into the hills. A\nperceptible steepening of the slope occurs where it crosses from the\ndolomitic limestone below, to the albite-biotite schist above, at a\nthrust fault (47.5). Hard white Cheshire quartzite (48.2) and arenaceous\nlimestone (49.0 to 49.6) overlie the schist and outcrop by the roadside,\nand in places the arenaceous limestone has weathered to a white\nglistening sand.\nThe road soon drops into a wide and open valley (50.1) which seems to\nslope interminably southeastward; this is the head of the Westfield\ndrainage, and it has occupied this position in the Westfield system far\nback in geologic time (see p. 14). The little village of Savoy (51.8)\nnestles near the eastern edge of the valley, and once beyond the\nsettlement, the highway tops a divide (52.7) comprised of rolling hills.\nIt skirts Plainfield Pond (56.0 to 56.4) and then comes out upon a\npanorama of the upland which embraces the entire Westfield basin (57.5).\nThis section is underlain by the Savoy schist, which is characterized by\nits many large red garnets. At the hilltop (59.7) in Plainfield the road\nforks, the route to the right descending to the Berkshire Trail and the\nroad ahead proceeding to Ashfield. This portion of the New England\nupland lies so far back from the main streams that the small tributaries\nhave not yet cut deeply into its gently rolling surface, and no hint of\nhidden valleys can be detected in the peaceful landscape.\nThe Ashfield road traverses woodland country that is almost flat. The\nstream valleys are broad and are rarely more than a hundred feet below\ndivides. Even Swift River (63.9), which crosses the road about two miles\nabove the end of its entrenched gorge, has not deepened its valley,\ndespite the long span of years since New England was raised to its\npresent elevation (see p. 47). Past the alternate road to Cummington\n(64.0), the route continues across the flat country above Ashfield; but\nwhere the road to Goshen turns south (66.4), deep dissection of the New\nEngland upland begins. An opening in the trees (66.6 to 67.1) discloses\nthe valleys along the South River in the vicinity of South Ashfield, as\nwell as the level skyline in the highlands east of the Connecticut\nValley. The road drops into the South River valley at Ashfield (68.2),\nwhere a choice of routes to Greenfield is presented. The road that\nfollows the South River to Conway (75.4) is the more interesting.\nThe river is joined by a tributary from the north at South Ashfield\n(69.9), and the streams occupy deep but open valleys. Kame terraces\nflank the rivers and are a source of gravel for road ballast. The old\ndam (73.9) near Conway is a picturesque spot, and the deep, shady pool\nbelow is not neglected by anglers. Glacial erratics (see pp. 8-9) dot\nthe hill slopes, but ledges are rare and consist of the locally named\nConway schist where the rock does appear at the surface. The road\nbranches again at Conway: the left fork goes north along the dissected\nbrink of the Deerfield gorge to Shelburne Falls, but our choice falls\nupon the eastward route to South Deerfield.\nThe highway climbs through a cut (75.8) in contorted, gneissic Conway\nschist, which seems to be lined with twisted white quartz veins from\nthis point to the margin of the Connecticut Valley. The road levels off\njust before it reaches the New England upland, and then it drops through\nrolling hill country to the shaded valley of Mill Brook (77.4), which it\nfollows to the edge of the lowland (80.1). Rocky ledges are common along\nthis swiftly flowing stream. A good view of the Pocumtuck Hills appears\non the left (79.7), with the flat plain of the old Deerfield delta\nstretching to their base. The road crosses this plain and enters South\nDeerfield (81.8).\nThe tour turns north on Federal Highway 5, which is built on the\ndeposits spread in glacial Lake Hadley by the Deerfield River from its\nmouth eastward to the foot of the Pocumtuck Hills of Triassic\nconglomerate. Bloody Brook (82.2) drains this part of the plain. North\nof the road which goes through the notch between the Sugarloafs (82.6),\nthe delta deposits continue as a terrace along the base of the Pocumtuck\nHills as far as Cheapside. But the Deerfield has excavated its\npost-glacial delta, and the roadway descends to the meander-cut\nfloodplain (84.4 to 88.1), though it rises over one of the meander\nscarps (85.1). Remnants of the Deerfield delta form a terrace due west\nacross the valley and on the margin of the hills. The entire lowland\nnorth of the meander-cut terrace was inundated in 1936, and the water\nlevel may still be identified by debris on the railroad embankment on\nthe right. Old Deerfield (86.1) itself is on a meander-scarp terrace,\nand the 1936 flood line is well marked along it. After the road crosses\nthe Deerfield River (88.3), it leaves the floodplain as it climbs to the\ncenter of Greenfield (89.8).\n_Greenfield, Orange, Pelham, Amherst, and Deerfield_\nRoute 2 also leads eastward from Greenfield to the French King Bridge\nand Millers Falls. The highway out from Greenfield turns north (0.3)\nalong the west front of the trap ridge, near the summit of which several\nindividual lava flows are represented by separate sets of columns\nsuperimposed one upon the other (see p. 26). The underlying bedded\nsandstones outcrop in the lower wooded slopes. A road branches right\n(1.7) to Turners Falls and crosses the lava ridge, but the main highway\ncontinues straight to a sharp curve near Falls River (3.4).\nPillow-shaped masses of lava characterize the bottom of the lava flow\nand lie above conglomerate in the bluff to the right. The valley of\nFalls River is a fault zone slicing across the lava sheet, which\nreappears at the lookout-parking place at Turners Falls (3.5). The\nextent to which the waterfall has receded (see pp. 58-59) may be judged\nfrom the length of the gorge.\nThe route continues left past the bridge entrance (3.6). Ripple-marked\nred shales\u2014once Triassic muds in which stray dinosaurs left their\ntracks\u2014outcrop by the roadside (4.6 to 5.7), and coarse conglomerate\nbeds (5.9) overlie the shales and dip steeply towards the river.\nSomewhat farther east a broad sand plain (6.0 to 6.8) of glacial outwash\n(see p. 59), which ends at the French King gorge, buries the Triassic\nbedrock, but once again conglomerate appears and forms the west wall of\nthe gorge. Pre-Triassic crystalline rocks (6.9) likewise outcrop on the\nwestern cliffs, and form a narrow ridge between the present course of\nthe river and the pre-glacial channel, which lies below the glacial\ndelta (7.0 to 7.9) of Millers River.\nThe road to Northfield turns left (7.9) and another (8.7) leads right to\nMillers Falls, but Route 2 continues east, climbing high above the river\n(9.9), which flows through a narrow gorge. Gneiss with horizontal\nbanding outcrops (11.2) in mesa-like hills north of the highway, which\ndescends to a point (12.5) that was 5.5 feet under water during the 1936\nflood. The road continues near the water\u2019s edge for almost half a mile,\nand the narrow gorge through gneiss ends at Erving (13.8). Here the\nvalley widens out into a hilly lowland which has been developed on\nschist with occasional bands of gneiss. The road follows the north bank\nof the river across this lowland to Orange (17.9). Route 2 continues to\nAthol where the Daniel Shays highway enters from the south, but an\nalternate route, which turns right in the center of Orange and crosses\nMillers River (18.0), provides a preferable short-cut to the Daniel\nShays Highway (21.8). This section of road is lined with stone fences\nwhich memorialize the combined labors of the great Ice Sheet and the\nearly settlers.\nRoute 32 from Petersham and Worcester enters from the left (22.7) just\nbefore the highway dips into the creek bottom at the edge of the Quabbin\nbasin. Thence it ascends to the New England upland level, where a\nlookout (25.5) affords an expansive view to the east and north, with\nMount Monadnock rising prominently on the distant skyline. New Salem\n(25.8) is on the hilltop. Hornblende schist outcrops at intervals across\nthe broad ridge, and especially near the descent (28.4) southwestward to\nanother stream (30.3) which empties into the Quabbin Reservoir. Once\nagain the highway climbs rather steadily for three and one-half miles,\npassing the Shutesbury road (31.0) on the right, until it reaches\nanother lookout (34.6) from which the trenched New England upland\nspreads out to the east. Pelham gneiss is the main rock on the broad\nridge west of the Quabbin basin, especially in the vicinity of Pelham\n(35.2), which gave the rock its name.\nThe tour turns east to Amherst (41.7), following a section which has\nbeen described elsewhere (see pp. 78-79). The principal sights include\nthe panorama of the Connecticut Lowland and the ice-margin lake\ndeposits. The drive from Amherst to Northampton (see pp. 78-79) and from\nNorthampton to South Deerfield (see pp. 87-88) on Federal Highway 5 has\nlikewise been covered in other tours, but some new features may be seen\nalong the shorter route from Amherst to Sunderland.\nThe Sunderland road turns right at the north end of the Amherst common.\nIt descends, first, from Amherst Island, in glacial Lake Hadley, to the\nold beach at Massachusetts State College (42.6), and then from the beach\nto the lake bottom (43.2) north of the campus. The route takes the left\nfork in North Amherst (44.2), traverses part of the old lake bed, swings\nwest around the Long Plain delta (45.5), and crosses its entrenched\nbrook (46.1). Most of the stream\u2019s water seeps through the delta sands\nand gravels, and emerges in springs at the Fish Hatchery (46.3). Gravel\npits across the road furnish an excellent section of the fore-set and\ntop-set beds of the delta. The road right (46.8) goes to the delta top\neast of Mount Toby, Montague and Turners Falls, but the main highway\ncontinues north.\nThe road turns left and then right (47.2), cutting through a beach bar\nin glacial Lake Hadley, and passing a sand dune area (47.6) which\ndeveloped from the sandy braids in the channel of the Connecticut when\nit first established its course on the lake bed (see pp. 4-6). The route\ndrops down from a terrace (47.9) to the highest floodplain level of the\nConnecticut. Swales (48.3 and 48.5) on this flat represent former river\nchannels, and the scalloped embankment to the east records the lateral\nswing and undercutting of the meandering river. The North Hadley road\n(48.7) enters from the south along a low ridge between two swales, and\nafter the sharp right turn into Sunderland (49.2), the road divides, one\nfork going north to Montague, the other west across the Sunderland\nBridge to South Deerfield.\nThe Sunderland Bridge (49.4 to 49.6) offers a good view downstream along\nthe natural levees (see p. 2) and westward to the cliffs of Mount\nSugarloaf (see pp. 56-58). The road rises above the floodplain (49.9)\nand passes the Sugarloaf trail (50.0) on the right. A right turn into\nFederal Highway 5 at South Deerfield (51.0) brings the motorist back to\na section of country already described in connection with the Mohawk\nTrail tour (see pp. 95-96), and another eight miles of driving brings\nhim to Greenfield (59.1).\n_Greenfield, Turners Falls, Montague, North Amherst_\nA variant of the drive east from Greenfield is available in the route\nthat turns right across the Turners Falls Bridge (3.6 to 3.8) and\nfollows the east side of the Connecticut Valley southward. The road\nturns left in the center of Turners Falls (4.2) and climbs the\nembankment which the river excavated in the old lake beds. On the sand\nplain above (4.9), the left fork goes to Millers Falls and the right, to\nMontague. The Montague road skirts the west side of a low line of hills\nwhich terminate at a depression (8.6) on the pre-glacial course of the\nConnecticut. The road goes over Saw Mill River (9.4), in the bed of\nwhich Triassic conglomerate is exposed. Conglomerate also appears in the\nhills directly south, but the older crystalline rocks crop out in an\nexhumed ridge to the southwest and in the highlands eastward. The\nconglomerates form the south end of a Triassic basin extending from\nMount Hermon and Northfield farther up the valley (see p. 26). Beyond\nMontague (9.7) Triassic conglomerate appears along the roadside (10.1)\nas far as the forks to Sunderland and Millers Falls (10.8).\nThe Millers Falls road follows the foot of a terrace which rises to the\nold delta level, and at the next fork (11.0), the route keeps right and\ncontinues southward to North Amherst. The delta of the glacial stream\nburied many ice cakes which left numerous kettle holes (11.0 to 11.5)\nwhen they melted. The stratification of the deposits is displayed in the\nmany road cuts. The route crosses the Central Vermont Railroad (11.5)\nand follows an old outwash plain southward past the road to Roaring\nBrook (13.1) (see p. 54). The tour continues through a narrow stretch in\nwhich crystalline rocks predominate, as far as the Long Plain delta\n(15.6). Mount Toby rises steeply on the west side of the railroad. A\nthird of the way up the mountainside can be seen (13.9) a conspicuous\nbench, which consists of an exhumed remnant of the ancient, sloping\ngranite mountain front on which the Triassic sediments were laid (see\npp. 20-21). The bench level drops northward to the railroad at Roaring\nBrook, and southward it crosses the road (14.9). The conglomerate east\nof the road (14.9 to 15.3) fills an old mountain valley. A road east\n(15.3) goes to Leverett, and the lead vein is located just south of it\nat the hilltop.\nThe route skirts the margin of the crystalline rocks and crosses the\nrailroad again (15.6). Just beyond the road to Leverett station (16.1)\nthe motorist may exercise the option of returning to the Sunderland road\n(17.3) by going right across the Long Plain delta and thence to\nGreenfield (29.6) via South Deerfield (see p. 95). Or he may extend his\ntrip by taking the left fork of the Mount Toby road, which follows the\nboundary between the Long Plain delta and the glaciated eastern\nhighlands. Boulders and bare ledges feature in the landscape to the\neast, whereas the flat delta and the level beach margin (17.9) lie to\nthe west. Beyond the limits of the delta lies a series of bare ledges of\ngneiss. After crossing Factory Hollow Brook (19.1), the route joins the\nSunderland road (19.2) at the center of North Amherst, returning to\nGreenfield (34.1) by way of Sunderland and South Deerfield, as before\n_Greenfield, Turners Falls, Montague, Sunderland_\nThe Sunderland road (10.8) just beyond Montague turns right and climbs\nthe terrace along the floodplain of Saw Mill River. The plain is the\ndelta which this stream built into Lake Hadley. A few rock ridges\nproject above it; buried ice has melted to form kettle holes (11.4) (see\npp. 7-8); and post-glacial streams have cut valleys in it; yet it\npreserves its deltaic form to the old lake margin (11.6). Low shed-like\ncliffs occur east of the road (11.9); the overhanging rock is Toby\nconglomerate, and the excavated shelter is a gray shale which was laid\nin a Triassic lake bed (see pp. 22 and 68). These cliffs recede from the\nhighway and end (12.3) at the Sunderland Caves (see p. 55). The route\ncontinues downhill and joins the river road on the floodplain of the\nConnecticut (14).\nThe road rises over a promontory (14.1) formed by the resistant\nDeerfield lava sheet (see p. 26) and then descends to the river\nfloodplain and meander-cut terraces (see p. 22), which cross to the east\nside of the highway and continue south beyond Sunderland (15.5). In\nSunderland junction is made with the longer tour through Amherst (see p.\n98), and the return to Greenfield may be made by that route (25.4).\n                         Trips from Springfield\nIn the vicinity of Springfield the most interesting drives are to be\nfound on the west side of the Connecticut River, for the comparatively\nflat land east of the river is thickly settled and heavily\nindustrialized, and geological phenomena are effectively masked. The\ncountry to the west offers a display of features which may be traced to\nthe activities of the river, to the former presence of glacial Lake\nSpringfield, to the prolonged erosion of the Triassic bedrock, and to\nthe resistance of the pre-Triassic rocks in the western highland. Almost\nany trip will include this entire suite of geological phenomena. The\ndistances which are given in the following tours have been taken from\nthe west side of the North End Bridge.\n_Springfield, Holyoke, Easthampton, and Westfield_\nThis route follows north on the floodplain along the river bank via\nFederal Highway 5, and the heavy retaining wall is designed to keep the\nriver out. The sand promontory which comes to the left side of the road\n(0.6) is a remnant of the old lake\u2014bottom deposits. Past the junction\nwith the road through West Springfield (0.8), the highway utilizes the\nold lake beds, which form a terrace above the present floodplain; but\nultimately (1.6) it drops again to the floodplain level, with its many\nabandoned channels, although it discreetly stays on one of the higher,\nand older, meander-cut terraces. A cut-off to Chicopee turns right\n(2.4), but Federal Highway 5 continues north across the meander terraces\nto the forks (4.6) which lead to the residential (left) and business\n(right) sections of Holyoke.\nHere the main highway climbs steeply from the floodplain to the top of\nthe lake deposits. The view north shows the Holyoke Range rising above\nthe roofs and chimneys of Holyoke. Lake deposits form a broad flat\nbetween the Triassic volcanic ridges which lie to the west and the\ntrench cut by the Connecticut River.\nThe road from Westfield and the airport (Federal Highway 202) from the\nleft, and the road to Easthampton (7.6) turns left from the main\nhighway, which continues north. The north route, described under the\ntours from Northampton (see pp. 80-82), features the dinosaur tracks and\nthe succession of Triassic rocks. The Easthampton road goes past the\nsouth end of the Mount Tom Range, and its scenic attractions have been\ndealt with elsewhere (see p. 85). Its most interesting sights are the\nline of lakes between the two volcanic series and the view from the\nsummit of the ridge. Easthampton (12.7) lies on the old lake bottom,\nfrom which an impressive view of the palisade of massive columns\ncomprising the tilted lava flow of Mount Tom can be obtained.\nAt Easthampton the tour turns south on the College Highway (State 10)\ntowards Southampton and Westfield. The road follows the gravel plain\nwhich was spread into Lake Hadley by streams flowing out of the western\nhighland. The plain is dissected locally by the Manhan River (15.2 and\n18.0) which crosses the road twice, and one small valley near\nSouthampton (17.1) discloses Triassic arkose buried by the sand. The\nroad rises above the lake deposits (17.4) near the Manhan River, and at\nonce glacial erratics become numerous. The \u201cland of stone fences\u201d forms\na narrow divide between the Lake Hadley basin and the Lake Springfield\nsand plain (21.1), which extends south to the valley of the Westfield\nRiver. The Holyoke road (22.5), which enters from the left, came over\nthe trap ridge and across the lake plain.\nAs the College Highway approaches the edge of the Westfield valley\n(23.6), it slopes steeply down to the level floor cut by the river. It\ncrosses the Westfield (24.5) and comes to the junction (24.9) with the\nJacob\u2019s Ladder route (Federal Highway 20), which offers another\ninteresting sidetrip into the Western Upland.\nThe route continues south to the center of Westfield (25.2), leaving the\nCollege Highway at the south end of the common. The Springfield road\ngoes around the central square and starts east in the valley which the\nmeandering Westfield River carved out of the Lake Springfield sediments.\nThe terrace levels and the scalloped pattern of the meander scarps are\nconspicuous along the lowland. The highway crosses the Little Westfield\nRiver (26.1) and then the Westfield itself (27.0) just beyond the\nentrance to Robinson State Park.\nMost mineral collectors will instantly recognize a road turning off to\nthe left (27.8) as the way to the Westfield trap quarry. For years this\nlocality has been as important a source of specimens to collectors as it\nhas been of crushed rock to road-builders. Beyond the quarry road the\nvalley narrows, and the terraces close in as the river enters the gap in\nthe trap ridge. The black lava flow crosses the river (28.3) at the\nWestfield-West Springfield town line, and shortly the upper flow\nappears, resting on red shales in both railroad and road cuts (29.1).\nActually there are two flows separated by an amygdaloidal band in the\nupper lava series at this place. The highway crosses the Boston and\nAlbany tracks (29.3) and leaves the river. After passing the junction\nwith the Holyoke road (31.0), the highway drops to the upper terrace\nlevel on the bed of glacial Lake Springfield (31.4). The upper terrace\nis narrow here, and the road soon descends to the meander-cut terraces\nof the floodplain (32.1). The road to Memorial Bridge turns right (32.3)\nand our route returns to the North End Bridge (32.8).\n_Westfield to the Westfield Marble Quarry_\nThis is a short drive of 5.7 miles each way from Westfield, with a mile\nwalk from the Little Westfield road to the marble quarry. The view of\nthe Little Westfield gorge and the entire Connecticut Lowland from\nMeriden to Amherst makes this trip well worth taking.\nThe tour leaves Westfield on the Jacob\u2019s Ladder road and soon reaches\nthe terraced margin (1.6) of the Westfield valley. The numerous benches\nalong the stream banks represent temporary flood-plain levels of the\nWestfield. The route turns left from the Jacob\u2019s Ladder highway (4.0)\nand parallels the base of the western highland to the Little Westfield\nroad (4.9). Throughout this distance the marble quarry derrick appears\non the highland skyline. Our road turns right at the next crossing and\nwinds along the edge of the Little Westfield gorge (see pp. 61-62). The\nnarrow hill road to the marble quarry turns right (5.7), but it is\ninadvisable to drive. The walk is an easy one, and the view at the top\nis worth the moderate physical exertion.\nIt must be plain, even to the casual reader, that the foregoing pages\nhave been written with self-restraint. Many of the luring side roads\nwere passed without so much as a pause; trips to the Cobble Mountain\nReservoir west of Westfield, and to the Quabbin Reservoir east of\nBelchertown have not even been suggested; some of the main highways were\nslighted. For anyone who knows the byways and the hidden beauties that\ncan be found in reasonably accessible places, this chapter will seem\ninadequate and incomplete.\nBut it would take a volume far beyond the scope of this brief guide to\ndo justice to the scenery, the geography, and the geologic detail of the\nConnecticut Valley and its bordering uplands. The authors can merely ask\nthe indulgence of those who would like to know more.\n                      Mineral and Rock Collections\nTravelers are inveterate collectors of mementos, and those who travel up\nand down and across the Connecticut Valley and who delve into its\ngeologic history may well be interested in gathering records of its\npast. The best records are not in notes or printed pamphlets\u2014not even in\nthis volume on the subject; they are to be found imprinted in the rocks\nand minerals themselves. But the value of records is measured solely by\ntheir utility, and utility is achieved by systematic arrangement. So the\nauthors will venture a few suggestions on collecting and arranging the\nminerals and rocks which are present in the valley and in the bordering\nuplands.\nOne mineral may come from a vein, which is the record of a fissure\nbeneath a hot spring; another comes from a dike, which was a molten\nigneous rock. This specimen is a conglomerate or consolidated gravel\nwashed into place by an ancient stream; that is a slate which was\ntransformed from clay by intense squeezing and shearing. And if these\nfour specimens were to constitute the nucleus of a collection, the need\nfor classification is apparent. The first two are minerals, which are\nsubstances of limited chemical composition and well defined physical\nproperties. The last two are rocks, which are aggregates of minerals or\nof mineral grains. And the minerals may be further classified according\nto their separate modes of origin. So, too, with the rocks. Their\nmineral composition indicates some of the conditions which existed where\nthe minerals originated; the shapes of the mineral grains reveal the\nprocess which moved them to their present site; and the arrangement of\ngrains discloses the conditions existing during aggregation at this new\nlocality. Mineral make-up, size, shape, and arrangement of the grains\nprovide means of recognizing major rock varieties\u2014namely, sedimentary,\nigneous and metamorphic types,\u2014and also of reading each rock\u2019s history.\nThe vein minerals, which are deposited in conduits for hot spring water,\ncommonly possess attractive crystal forms; they include barite, quartz\nand amethyst, fluorite, calcite, datolite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite\nand others almost too numerous to list. Almost equally attractive\ncrystals may be obtained from some metamorphic rocks, in which they have\nformed as heat and pressure abetted the growth of certain minerals at\nthe expense of their less favored fellows; this group contains garnet,\nkyanite, chlorite, amphibole, epidote and many others. Less spectacular\nare the minerals resulting from the decay of rocks by percolating\nsurface water, such as kaolin, limonite, some calcite, and the\nbright-colored copper carbonates. Two additional types of minerals are\nformed as the result of normal sedimentary and igneous processes, which\nwill be described at length in connection with these two kinds of rocks.\nSo, after the rock specimens are sorted from the minerals, the latter\nmay profitably be arranged into five groups:\n  1. The Vein Minerals.\n  2. The Minerals of Pegmatites and Igneous Rocks.\n  3. The Minerals of Metamorphic Rocks.\n  4. The Minerals of Soils and Rock Decay.\n  5. The Minerals of Sedimentary Rocks.\nThe mineral list which follows is far from complete; it contains only\nthose minerals which are most commonly found in casual visits to the\nlocalities discussed in connection with the local tours of the\nConnecticut Valley. Additional species are listed and described in any\ntextbook on mineralogy.\n  QUARTZ is a hard, white or colorless mineral which will scratch glass\n  easily. In the technical language of the crystallographer, crystals\n  are hexagonal or six-sided prisms, terminated by hexagonal pyramids;\n  and the six flat faces which make the sides, together with the six\n  triangular faces which form the apex, are readily recognized. Massive\n  forms break with a curved or conchoidal fracture and were used by the\n  Indians to make arrow-heads. The mineral is very abundant in all the\n  lead veins and trap quarries; and in some of the latter, specimens of\n  the purple variety of quartz, amethyst, are common. A black, smoky\n  variety has been discovered in the pegmatite dikes of the highlands.\n  Chemically quartz is the dioxide of silicon (SiO\u2082).\n  CALCITE breaks along three smooth surfaces or cleavage planes. Each\n  surface is rhomb-shaped, and the six rhombic faces fit together into a\n  characteristic rhombohedral form. A knife will scratch the mineral\n  easily. Calcite is abundant in the white veins of the trap quarries\n  and is the principal constituent of the crystalline limestones in the\n  Hoosac Valley between North Adams and Pittsfield. Calcite is a\n  carbonate of lime (CaCO\u2083).\n  BARITE resembles calcite because it can be scratched with a knife and\n  has three smooth cleavage planes. It differs in having one cleavage\n  perpendicular to the other two, which intersect at angles of 78\u00b0. The\n  mineral is more than four times the weight of an equal volume of\n  water, and it feels heavy. It is found in the lead veins at West\n  Farms, Hatfield and Leverett. In large quantities it has commercial\n  value as a source of the element barium, for it is the sulphate of\n  barium (BaSO\u2084).\n  GALENA is the chief metallic mineral in the veins at Leverett,\n  Hatfield and Loudville. It is very heavy and has a metallic gray\n  color; it breaks into perfect cubes. A knife scratches it easily and\n  crumbles it to a black powder. The mineral is a lead sulphide (PbS).\n  SPHALERITE is a lustrous, resinous brown mineral in these same veins.\n  It cleaves into multi-faced fragments and is softer than a knife.\n  Chemically it is the sulphide of zinc (ZnS).\n  PYRITE is the deceptive golden-colored, metal-like mineral which has\n  earned the name of \u201cfool\u2019s gold.\u201d It will scratch glass, and it\n  crushes to a black powder. The materials in it are iron and sulphur\n  CHALCOPYRITE resembles pyrite but will not scratch glass and has a\n  greenish yellow color. It is a compound of copper, iron and sulphur\n  (CuFeS\u2082).\nThe veins in the Connecticut Valley region contain many other minerals,\namong which must be mentioned datolite, natrolite, apophyllite,\nthomsonite, fluorite and babbingtonite in the lavas; and siderite,\nrhodochrosite, rhodonite, wulfenite and pyromorphite in the older veins\nof the highlands.\n               _Minerals of Pegmatites and Igneous Rocks_\nThe minerals found in pegmatites are legion. More than thirty can be\ncollected on any trip to Collins Hill near Portland, Connecticut, or to\nthe Ruggles Mine near Grafton Center, New Hampshire. Only the minerals\nappearing most commonly in pegmatites are described, but a list of\nothers is appended as an aid in consulting a textbook. Igneous rocks\ncontain practically the same suite of minerals as pegmatites, but in\nsmaller grains.\n  MICROCLINE is a white to flesh-colored feldspar with two almost\n  perpendicular cleavages. It will scratch glass or a knife. One\n  cleavage face shows a grid of translucent and transparent lines\n  intersecting at 90\u00b0.\n  ALBITE is the second most abundant feldspar. It is white and may\n  generally be recognized by its two cleavage surfaces at 86\u00b0. Its\n  growth may be likened to piling a series of plates with their surfaces\n  parallel to one of the cleavages; during growth the plates are laid\n  alternately face up and face down, so that the 86\u00b0 cleavage edges\n  zigzag in and out, forming a surface which, on the average, is\n  perpendicular to the growth cleavage surface. The separate plates can\n  usually be detected as fine bands or striations. The mineral scratches\n  either glass or a knife.\n  MUSCOVITE is the white mica found in tabular crystals that can be\n  cleaved into flexible and elastic sheets. It can be scratched and cut\n  easily with a knife or shears.\n  BIOTITE is an amber-colored to black mica. Like muscovite it is\n  flexible and elastic, but it is slightly more brittle.\n  TOURMALINE crystals occur in triangular prisms with the corners\n  bevelled so as to give them a rounded appearance. They lack cleavage,\n  are very brittle, and will scratch glass. Black is their usual color,\n  but red and green varieties are present in many pegmatites.\n  SPODUMENE crystals are white to pale rose in color, and they occur as\n  flattened prisms with bevelled corners. They cleave parallel to the\n  surfaces bevelling the corners. The mineral is much harder than a\n  knife, and the cleavage surfaces have a lustrous, slightly satiny\n  appearance.\n  RADIOACTIVE MINERALS occur in many pegmatites and metamorphic rocks of\n  this region. The species which have been formed as a result of recent\n  alteration are brilliant golden or green encrustations in cracks or on\n  a pitchy-black nucleus. The most abundant ones are uranite, autunite\n  and torbernite. Older primary or source minerals are pitchy-black and\n  are surrounded by a narrow rusty red zone or \u201chalo,\u201d \u00b9/\u2081\u2086 to \u215b inch\n  wide; an elongate species resembling a rusty hand-made nail is\n  allanite; the more pitchy, irregular-shaped mineral is usually\n  uraninite or pitchblende.\n  Other minerals found in pegmatites in the Connecticut Valley region\n  include beryl, apatite, zircon, garnet, fluorite and lepidolite.\n  Most of the minerals in normal igneous rocks are too minute to be\n  recognized easily, but a few have distinctive characteristics which\n  serve to identify them. QUARTZ is a hard, dark, glassy-looking mineral\n  without cleavage. ORTHOCLASE and MICROCLINE feldspar are hard,\n  flesh-colored (occasionally white) minerals with flat cleavage\n  surfaces. The minerals making the white lathlike mosaic on the\n  weathered surface of the Range at the Mount Holyoke House are\n  LABRADORITE feldspar. They are about \u00bc inch long and \u00b9/\u2085\u2080 inch\n  thick\u2014too small to permit testing by ordinary physical methods,\n  although unweathered pieces have essentially the same physical\n  properties as orthoclase and microcline. The MICAS are flaky and\n  reflect light like minute pieces of tinfoil; muscovite is white, and\n  biotite is amber-colored to black. CHLORITE resembles mica but is less\n  lustrous and is dark green.\n  Some minerals of igneous rocks do not appear in pegmatites. Among them\n  is OLIVINE, which has almost the same color as chlorite but is harder\n  than a knife and is massive or granular. It is commonly associated\n  with massive green SERPENTINE, which is softer than a knife. These\n  three minerals are especially abundant in rocks found in the vicinity\n  of Blandford, Massachusetts, and Dover and Chester, Vermont.\n  AUGITE is a dark brown to black pyroxene which occurs between the\n  mosaic of whitish labradorite feldspar prisms in the weathered diabase\n  near the Mount Holyoke House.\n  AMPHIBOLE crystals are dark green to black, \u201cmatch-shaped\u201d crystals.\n  They have almost the same hardness as a knife and are characterized by\n  two cleavages parallel to their length and intersecting at 56\u00b0. The\n  mineral is also abundant in metamorphic rocks and is frequently\n  reported as a \u201cfossil fern\u201d from ledges at Charlemont and Shelburne\n  Falls.\n                    _Minerals of Metamorphic Rocks_\nThe principal minerals of metamorphic rocks include many which are\nlikewise present in pegmatites and igneous rocks, such as microcline,\nalbite, quartz, muscovite, biotite, amphibole, serpentine and\ntourmaline. But there are others which are more exclusively metamorphic:\n  GARNET occurs in twelve- or twenty-four-sided red crystals. It is much\n  harder than a knife. The geometric form is diagnostic, and crystals up\n  to an inch thick are obtainable in Plainfield, Massachusetts, and at\n  Grafton, Chester, and Gassetts in Vermont. They occur in a muscovite\n  schist, in which the muscovite flakes are wrapped around the\n  individual crystals.\n  TALC is a white to pale-green mineral found around the margins of\n  intrusive rocks that are rich in olivine and serpentine. It is\n  foliated and is so soft that even solid masses will rub off on cloth.\n  It is present in the green marble quarry near Westfield.\n  KYANITE is a sky-blue, bladed mineral, with two excellent cleavages at\n  nearly 90\u00b0, and a good smooth fracture at almost 90\u00b0 to both. One face\n  is harder than a knife and the other two are softer. It is very\n  abundant in the country rock southeast of the Westfield marble quarry.\n                 _The Minerals of Soils and Rock Decay_\nAluminous minerals decay to KAOLINITE, and those with a high iron\ncontent alter to LIMONITE. Both these products of decomposition form a\nsticky paste in their original forms. Kaolinite is white to yellow, and\nlimonite or ochre is yellow to orange. Limonite also appears in\norange-colored or brown balls, in icicle-like masses, and in thin beds.\nSpecimens have approximately the hardness of a knife. Quartz does not\ndecay easily and remains behind in solid granules.\n                  _The Minerals of Sedimentary Rocks_\nMost sedimentary rocks are formed by the cementation of deposits of\ntransported waste, derived from older materials. They may contain\nanything. The minerals which undergo rapid decay break down to limonite,\nkaolinite and quartz, leaving only the more resistant varieties, which\ninclude, in order of decreasing resistance, quartz, microcline,\northoclase, albite and muscovite. Less abundant constituents are garnet,\ntourmaline, zircon and magnetite.\nCertain kinds of sedimentary rocks may be formed through other\nagencies\u2014for example, limestone, which is composed of calcite, initially\nprecipitated by lime-secreting organisms or by the evaporation of\nlime-charged waters. The effects of organic activity may be seen in the\nlimestone near Bernardston, but most of the calcite now present in the\nrocks of western Massachusetts is of vein or metamorphic derivation.\nSalt (halite) and gypsum are formed by the evaporation of saline waters,\nbut only the vacated casts of salt crystals have been detected in the\nTriassic sediments of the valley.\nRocks record three distinct methods which nature employs in the\naggregation of minerals. The sedimentary rocks register the work of\nwind, water and ice. Deposits left by wind and water are generally\nstratified or bedded, and they, together with glacial deposits, are\ncomposed of fragments which touch one another and are cemented at the\npoints of contact. Igneous rocks record the solidification of hot\nliquids which injected themselves into older rocks or filled crevices,\nand which, upon cooling, formed masses of closely fitting crystals. The\nthird group includes types which are crystalline like the igneous rocks,\nand which may be laminated somewhat like the sediments; they show\neffects of heating and squeezing until their original forms and even\ntheir minerals were changed. These are the metamorphic rocks.\nAnyone who wants an orderly record of geologic history will arrange his\nrocks into these three groups\u2014the sedimentary, the igneous, and the\nmetamorphic. In the Connecticut Valley the metamorphic rocks reveal the\nancient phases of earth history, and the sediments contain the details\nof younger or later geological episodes. The igneous rocks have a wider\nhistorical range; and, like the other types, they record a long period\nof violence and upheaval which seems out of harmony with the placid\ncountryside for which they now provide a solid foundation.\n                        _The Sedimentary Rocks_\nThe sedimentary rocks are built from the disintegrated wreckage of older\nones. The products of rock decay are picked up and dragged, or carried\nin suspension or solution, by wind, running water, or moving ice. They\nare deposited when and where the transporting agent can no longer\nfunction. Such rocks are usually layered because the transporting power\nof the carrying agent fluctuates. Bands of one kind of material,\nseparated by dissimilar materials above and below, are called beds.\nThe bedded or stratified rocks of the Connecticut Valley vary greatly,\nfrom the coarse bouldery deposits in Mount Toby to the fine-textured,\nred and black laminated beds at Whittemore\u2019s Ferry. Conglomerate,\narkose, graywacke, shale and even limestone are represented, but there\nis little true sandstone. Sandstone is an even-textured, granular rock,\nmost commonly composed of cemented quartz grains. Its uniformity of\ngrain-size and composition reflects prolonged weathering of the original\nrock and good sorting of the fragments as they were transported to their\nnew resting place. The sequence of exposure, transportation and\ndeposition was too rapid in the ancient Connecticut Valley to permit\nappreciable decay and sorting; hence sandstones are absent. Limestones\nand salt beds are likewise rare, but the metamorphosed limestones which\nare found in the western highlands and in the Berkshire valley\ndemonstrate that limestone-forming processes played a significant, if\nintermittent, part in the history of the region.\n  CONGLOMERATE is consolidated gravel. Pebbles and boulders of all sizes\n  are packed together by the stream which was moving them, and the\n  spaces between the larger fragments are filled with the sand that\n  settled in from the stream bed. The entire mass is cemented by silica,\n  limonite, carbonates or some other substance deposited by percolating\n  ground-water. The Devil\u2019s football near the Mount Holyoke House is a\n  famous piece which was dislodged from the hillside above; and\n  excellent specimens may be collected on Mount Toby, on Mount\n  Sugarloaf, and in the cut at Mount Tom Junction.\n  ARKOSE resembles conglomerate, but the individual grains consist of\n  mineral fragments, among which reddish feldspar is prominent. Quartz\n  and mica may be present, too; and all the pieces are\n  characteristically angular, commonly ranging from \u00b9/\u2081\u2086 to \u215b inch in\n  size. The rock is red and crumbles easily. Beds of arkose alternate\n  with conglomerate on the steep sides of Mount Sugarloaf.\n  GRAYWACKE is light to dark gray in color, and the fragments composing\n  it are sand size pieces of older rocks. A few mineral grains, such as\n  quartz, may be present, but mica is rare. Graywacke occurs interbedded\n  with arkose in some parts of the valley.\n  SHALE is a thinly laminated sediment composed of microscopic quartz,\n  feldspar, mica and kaolinite grains. Most shales in the Connecticut\n  valley were deposited as muds in old lake beds. Some are red and\n  record ephemeral pools, but others show from their black color, their\n  coal layers, and their fish skeletons, that the water bodies in which\n  they accumulated remained in existence for a comparatively long time.\n  LIMESTONE is a rock composed of calcium carbonate, and it consists\n  essentially of an aggregate of calcite crystals or calcite fragments.\n  It will give off gas bubbles in a very dilute solution of hydrochloric\n  acid, and it exhibits other properties peculiar to the mineral\n  calcite. A thin, sandy limestone bed has been identified in several\n  sections of Holyoke.\nIgneous rocks were once molten, and in this hot fluid state some were\nextruded at the surface as lava flows. Congealed flows reveal the\nmotion, which brought them to their present resting places, in the\nbanding and streaks that are so evident in the patterns of steam holes\nand minerals; but their massive structure bears witness to stagnation as\nthey hardened. Other molten masses insinuated themselves into\nunderground openings, where they solidified as intrusives, varying in\nsize from small dikes less than an inch wide, to huge masses that can be\nmeasured in miles in any direction. Most of the igneous rocks in the\nhighlands of western and central Massachusetts are massive intrusive\ntypes; light-colored varieties predominate, but some dark-colored dikes\ncut the older rocks both east and west of the valley. Dark-colored,\nmassive and banded lavas are conspicuous in the ranges within the\nvalley.\nIgneous rocks may be divided into three general groups for practical\nclassification, and each major group may be further subdivided. Rather\nconveniently each of the major groups may be recognized by the prevalent\ncolor of its rocks\u2014whether dark, medium-colored, or light. And within\neach major classification there may be flows, characterized by banded\nstructures and fine textures; small intrusives composed of well formed\ncrystals in a fine-grained groundmass; and large intrusives consisting\nof goodsized, equi-granular crystals. Not all of these types can be\nfound in central Massachusetts, but the variety of igneous rocks is\nsurprising and offers some excellent possibilities for the collector.\nThe dark rocks owe their color to iron-bearing minerals like olivine,\npyroxene (augite), amphibole and biotite. All of these minerals weather\nto a rusty red surface, which is typical of their outcrops at many\nplaces.\n  BASALT is a black rock, dense in some places but perforated with\n  bubble holes or vesicles, at others. It occurs throughout the length\n  of the Holyoke, Tom and Pocumtuck Ranges; and fragments of basalt are\n  abundant in the Granby tuff and agglomerate.\n  DIABASE resembles basalt but is distinguished by the thin, short\n  crystals embedded in it. These crystals of labradorite feldspar\n  resemble pieces of clipped thread, and they sparkle in reflected\n  light. Almost all dark-colored dikes and the slowly cooled central\n  portions of thick lava flows consist of diabase.\n  PERIDOTITE is a dark green, coarse, granular rock composed of olivine\n  and subordinate amounts of pyroxene. It occurs near Westfield and\n  Blandford, and at many places in Vermont.\n                       _The Medium-Colored Rocks_\nThe medium-colored rocks contain approximately the same proportions of\nlight- and dark-colored minerals. The dark iron-bearing minerals are\nrelatively stable, but the light-gray feldspars decompose to kaolin and\ngive the weathered rock a chalky white surface. Surface flows of this\ngroup are unknown in central Massachusetts, but the coarsely granular\nintrusives are well represented.\n  GRANODIORITE PORPHYRY is a greenish-gray rock occurring in many dikes\n  in the western highlands. It has rectangular crystals of andesine\n  feldspar up to \u215b inch across, and these have a dull porcellaneous\n  luster. A few dark-green amphibole crystals are only slightly smaller.\n  Both feldspars and amphiboles are embedded in a very fine-textured,\n  pale greenish groundmass.\n  GRANODIORITE is a gray equigranular rock containing flesh-colored\n  microcline feldspar, white andesine feldspar, greenish flakes of\n  chlorite, needles of amphibole and sparse grains of brown biotite. All\n  crystals are about \u00b9/\u2083\u2082 inch thick and commonly display a parallel\n  arrangement. This rock forms huge irregular masses at Williamsburg,\n  Whately and Belchertown.\n                       _The Light-Colored Rocks_\nThe light-colored rocks are well represented by dikes and large masses\nbut not by recognizable surface flows in central Massachusetts. Their\nexposures have rarely weathered much, because the predominant minerals\nare quartz, microcline, orthoclase and albite, which resist decay.\n  QUARTZ PORPHYRY is a light gray rock that is found in dikes. It has\n  porcelain-white cleavable feldspars up to \u215b inch thick, and dark\n  glassy quartz of equal size in a granular mass of very fine-grained\n  crystals. Intrusives of this type are numerous in the vicinity of\n  Whately.\n  GRAY ALBITE GRANITE occurs in many dikes and small irregular masses\n  throughout the highlands. All crystals have approximately the same\n  size and rarely exceed \u00b9/\u2083\u2082 inch in thickness. They consist of white\n  orthoclase and albite, dark sugary quartz, and brown to black biotite.\n  RED MICROCLINE GRANITE is found in very large, irregular intrusives in\n  the highlands. The crystals are \u00b9/\u2081\u2086 inch or more in thickness. The\n  red color is due to the flesh-colored microcline. Quartz is dark and\n  glassy, and muscovite is the typical mica.\n                        _The Metamorphic Rocks_\nMetamorphic rocks were once sedimentary or igneous rocks which have been\nchanged by intense pressure, by heat, or by solutions moving through\nthem. Pressure usually produces a sheeted or foliated structure along\nwhich the rock exhibits a tendency to part\u2014somewhat like the pages in a\nbook that was bound before the ink was dry. Percolating solutions may\nproduce chemical alterations in the original materials and even\ncrystallize new substances along the foliated surfaces within the rock,\nmuch as water circulating through cooled soil may solidify to ice and\ncause heaving. Many of the rocks in the highlands bordering the\nConnecticut Valley are highly foliated or banded in consequence of the\nmechanical deformation they suffered when the ancient upland mountain\nsystem was created. They include the slates, schists and gneisses. A few\nmassive types, like marble, serpentine and soapstone, owe their origins\nchiefly to the effects of heat or of the hot, chemically charged\nsolutions which permeated them.\n  SLATES are fine-grained rocks characterized by flat, parallel cleavage\n  surfaces which usually cross the original sedimentary structure. They\n  were formed from shales, by shearing and compression during ancient\n  mountain-making movements. Slates crop out beside the station platform\n  at Brattleboro, Vermont, and at many places southward along Federal\n  Highway 5 to Greenfield.\n  SCHIST is foliated, too, but it is composed largely of cleavable\n  minerals, such as chlorite, muscovite, biotite and amphibole, which\n  are distributed along the cleavage surfaces. These minerals result\n  from the chemical activity of hot solutions circulating along a slaty\n  cleavage, re-crystallizing old materials, and bringing in new to make\n  these coarse mineral flakes. The schist receives its specific name\n  (biotite schist, chlorite schist, etc.) from the mineral which\n  accentuates its cleavage structure.\n  A few schists contain large crystals which bulge the schistose\n  surfaces outward around them. Garnet is characteristic in this role,\n  and a muscovite schist with garnets in it is called a GARNETIFEROUS\n  (or garnet-bearing) MUSCOVITE SCHIST. Other minerals with occurrences\n  similar to the garnet are microcline, albite, staurolite, amphibole,\n  tourmaline, pyrite and magnetite.\n  GNEISS is a banded rock containing cleavable minerals, but it lacks\n  the cleavage structure of schist. The cleavable minerals (biotite,\n  muscovite, amphibole, etc.) may give the gneiss its specific name, but\n  as often as not, the name is derived from the whole mineral\n  assemblage, or from an assumed origin, as in the case of granite\n  gneiss. As in the igneous rocks, the mineral ensemble is held together\n  by interlocked quartz and feldspar grains. Black-banded biotite gneiss\n  and hornblende gneiss are the most abundant varieties in the\n  neighborhood of the metropolitan reservoir east of Pelham.\n  MARBLE is a granular rock composed of calcite crystals. It is formed\n  when heat volatilizes the bituminous coloring agents of ordinary\n  limestone and simultaneously causes enlargement of the calcite grains.\n  It is the principal rock in the Berkshire Valley in which North Adams,\n  Adams and Pittsfield are located.\n  OPHICALCITE is a lime-silicate rock. It is formed by the chemical\n  reactions of hot solutions on limestone or marble at considerable\n  depth within the earth. The original calcite is converted into\n  diopside, garnet, vesuvianite and tremolite, forming a rock that may\n  be massive, or which may preserve some of the original bedded\n  structure. It is found in association with the crystalline limestone\n  and magnetite at the old iron mine, located one mile north of\n  Bernardston.\n  SERPENTINE is a dark-green rock made almost exclusively of the mineral\n  serpentine. It results from the reaction of hot solutions on olivine\n  and pyroxene rocks (peridotites). Serpentinite is present in the\n  Westfield marble quarry and at Zoar on the south side of the Deerfield\n  River.\n  SOAPSTONE is composed principally of talc. It, too, results from the\n  chemical activity of hot solutions ascending through serpentine and\n  causing the mineral transformation. Bodies of this material are\n  associated with the serpentinite at Westfield and Zoar, and northward\n  in sections of Vermont. It is mined for talc, but in colonial days it\n  found many uses. The colonists used cross-cut saws to make blocks for\n  foot warmers in their sleighs, to control the heat in the old\n  wood-fired ovens and to make water pipes before iron and lead were\n  available in adequate quantities. Many soapstone articles may be\n  seen\u2014and purchased\u2014in Wiggins Country Store and in other good antique\n  shops through the valley. One of the most primitive Indian cultures in\n  this region utilized soapstone pots, and exhibits are on display at\n  both the Springfield Museum of Natural History and the Amherst College\n  Museum.\nTo anyone who has had the patience to read through the preceding pages\nand to reach these concluding remarks, it must be obvious that geology\nis not merely a pastime for specialists. It does not take half a dozen\ncollege and university degrees to collect rocks and minerals, and to\nunderstand what they mean; or to appreciate not alone the beauty, but\nalso the long and involved, yet logical, origin of scenery; or to\ncomprehend from a rock-cut or cliff the vast changes which have occurred\nin the course of geologic time; or to grasp the current significance, as\nwell as the historical importance, of such rock and mineral products as\nthe trap, the limestone, the pyrite, the lead veins, the soapstone, the\nvarved clay, the gravel banks.\nWhether one\u2019s interests are practical, historical, acquisitive,\nesthetic, philosophical or scientific, the geological features of the\nConnecticut Valley possess the variety to gratify them all. One must\nindeed be blind if he cannot find something of interest\u2014a hobby\u2014even a\nprofession in the geological display spread before him in central\nMassachusetts. Let it not be thought that this little volume tells the\nwhole story. On the contrary, its authors expect to have a difficult\ntime justifying their sins of omission, more particularly because many\nof the omissions have been conscious and deliberate. But they trust they\nhave left for the reader a wealth of features which he can make his own\nby right of discovery. For it will not take him very long to penetrate\nthe fourth dimension of geologic time more deeply and intimately than is\npossible in the pages of a book.\n[1]The figures denote the distance in miles from the starting point to\n    the feature mentioned.\n          \u201cP\u201d indicates plate following page number indicated\n  Albite, 109\n  Albite granite, 116\n  Allanite, 88, 110\n  Alluvial fans, Triassic, 19, 28, 43, 46\n  Alluvial plain, 3, 21\n  Alluvial wash, 25, 43\n  Amphibole, 110\n  Appalachian disturbance, 42\n  Argillite, Leyden, 64\n  Arkose, 114\n  Arkose, \u201cfirst\u201d sandstone, 86\n  Ash, volcanic, 28, 66, 71\n  Augite, 110\n  Autunite, 110\n  Azurite, 64\n  Bank, undercut, 2\n  Basalt, columns, 71\n  Basin, Triassic, 27, 43\n  Batholith, 32\n  Beaches, sloping south, 49\n  Bedrock, depth, 10\n  Biotite, 109\n  Block mountains, 25\n  Boulders, striated, 21\n  Brickyards, 4, 69\n  Calendar beds, 69\n  Cambrian, 37, 38\n  Canyon, Little Westfield River, 61\n  Carboniferous period, 33, 42\n  Carboniferous swamps, 34, 42\n  Caves, Sunderland, 55\n  Chalcopyrite, 64, 108\n  Channel scars, 79\n  Chicopee shale, 18\n  Chlorite, 110\n  Cinder cone, 25\n  Cirque, 10\n  Clay, 4\n  Clay beds, 69\n  Clay, distorted, 6, 66 P, 70\n  Clay stones, concretions, 70\n  Clays, banded, 4, 6\n  Clays, record climate, 69\n  Climate, Triassic, 23\n  Coal, 33\n  Coal basin, 34, 42\n  Coal swamps, Carboniferous, 33, 40\n  Coal, Triassic, 22\n  Coherent rock, effect, 12\n  Columns, basaltic, 60\n  Concretions, 70\n  Conglomerate, boulder, 21\n  Conglomerate, Devonian, 35\n  Conglomerate, Mt. Toby, 54\n  Conglomerate, Triassic, 19, 21\n  Contact, conglomerate with crystallines, 59\n  Crater, 25\n  Cretaceous period, 17, 46\n  Cretaceous sediments, 16\n  Crops, 7\n  Cut-banks, 11\n  Delta, Deerfield River, 58, 95\n  Delta, Florence, 89\n  Delta, glacial lakes, 49, 69\n  Delta, Long Plain Brook, 98\n  Delta, Millers River, 58\n  Delta, Sawmill River, 99\n  Delta, Westfield River, 62\n  Desert climate, Triassic, 46\n  Devonian, 39\n  Dinosaur habits, 67\n  Dinosaurs, 18, 46\n  Dinosaurs, bipedal, 67\n  Disturbance, Appalachian, 42\n  Disturbance, Shickshock, 40\n  Disturbance, Taconic, 40\n  Drainage, Atlantic, 15, 47\n  Drumlin, South Amherst, 9, 84\n  Earthquakes, ancient, 19, 26\n  Eastern Upland, 32, 33, 37\n  Entrenched valleys, 12\n  Eocene period, 46\n  Everlasting hills, 11\n  Fans, alluvial, 19\n  Fault, buried, 24\n  Fault, eastern border, 19, 25\n  Fault fissure, 66\n  Faulting, at Notch, 73, 75\n  Fault movement, 25, 26, 60\n  Faults, Turners Falls, 44\n  Fish, extinction of Triassic, 68\n  Fish fossils, Durham, Conn., 22\n  Fish fossils, Sunderland, Mass., 22, 68\n  Fish, living conditions, 68\n  Fish, Triassic, 22\n  Fish, Whittemore\u2019s Ferry, 69\n  Floodplain, 3, 4, 79\n  Floor, Triassic basin, 30\n  Footprint localities, 66, 68\n  Footprints, dinosaur, 22, 22 P, 67, 84\n  Fore-set beds, 8\n  Forests, oldest, 40\n  Garnet, 111\n  Glacier recession, 9, 49\n  Glacier slope, 48\n  Glaciers, Permian age, 42\n  Gneiss, horizontal, 97\n  Gneiss, Pelham, 79\n  Gorge, Cold River, 92\n  Gorge, Deerfield River, 56, 92, 92 P\n  Gorge, Little Westfield, 105\n  Gorges, buried, 10\n  Gorges, Pliocene age, 48\n  Grade of rivers, 15\n  Granite, pre-Triassic, 100\n  Granite quarry, 88\n  Granodiorite, 116\n  Granodiorite porphyry, 116\n  Granodiorite, Williamsburg, 64\n  Graywacke, 114\n  \u201cHorse sheds,\u201d 76\n  Hot springs, 30, 42\n  Hudson drainage, 15\n  Hurricane, 12\n  Icebergs, 8\n  Ice-cakes, 8\n  Ice dispersal centers, 48\n  Ice recession, rate, 49\n  Ice thickness, 48\n  Indian campsites, 3\n  Indian graves, 3\n  Intrusive, 33\n  Inundation, 3\n  Joints, Mt. Sugarloaf, 56\n  Jurassic period, 46\n  Kame terraces, 82, 95\n  Kaolinite, 111\n  Kettle holes, 82, 83, 100\n  Kyanite, 111\n  Labradorite, 110\n  Lake Bascom, 93\n  Lake beds, 22\n  Lake deposits, Triassic, 55\n  Lake Hadley, glacial bed, 59, 79\n  Lake, ice margin, 82\n  Lake shore, Amherst, 79\n  Lake shore, old, 7\n  Lake shore, slope of, 7, 49\n  Lake Springfield, 5, 49, 103\n  Lake Springfield, antiquity, 70\n  Lake Springfield, frozen, 70\n  Lakes, post-glacial, 49\n  Landslide deposits, 46\n  Landslide, Triassic, 56\n  Landslides, ancient, 19, 21\n  Lava, amygdaloidal, 104\n  Lava, Deerfield flow, 101\n  Lava field, 72\n  Lava, Holyoke flow, 26, 44, 81, 85\n  Lava, pillow type, 96\n  Lava, \u201csecond,\u201d 85\n  Limestone, Bernardston, 40\n  Limestone, Cambrian, 38\n  Limestone, Devonian, 34, 35\n  Limonite, 111\n  Longmeadow sandstone, 18\n  Lowland, excavated, 13\n  Lowland, Miocene age, 55\n  Lowland relief, 53\n  Malachite, 64\n  Marble, 118\n  Marble, Westfield, 61, 105\n  Maturity, 14\n  Meander, 3, 62\n  Meander scarps, 56, 57, 104\n  Meander scarps, Sunderland, 57\n  Meanders, Westfield River, 62\n  Microcline, 109\n  Microcline granite, 117\n  Mine, West Farms, 64\n  Mineral, definition, 106\n  Minerals, genetic classification, 107\n  Minerals, metamorphic, 111\n  Minerals, pegmatite, 109\n  Minerals, sedimentary, 111\n  Minerals, soil, 111\n  Minerals, vein, 63, 107\n  Mine shaft, 64\n  Miocene lowland, 14\n  Monadnocks, 12 P, 55\n  Moraine, terminal, 8, 48\n  Mountain, eastern block, 19, 28\n  Mountain, exhumed, 48, 100\n  Mountain, Triassic, 21, 54\n  Mt. Warner rocks, 87\n  Muscovite, 109\n  Natural levee, 2, 3\n  New England landscape, 15\n  New England peneplain, 12 P, 15, 45, 74, 92 P\n  New England upland, 51, 55, 90, 94\n  New England upland, monadnocks, 55\n  Notch, 25\n  Notch, origin, 44, 74\n  Notch quarry, 84\n  Olivine, 110\n  Ophicalcite, 118\n  Orchard land, 8\n  Ordovician, 36, 33, 39\n  Ox-bow, 3\n  Ox-bow Lake, 4 P, 82\n  Paleozoic era, 42\n  Peneplain, erosional plain, 46\n  Peneplain, New England, 12 P, 15, 45, 74\n  Peridotite, 36, 38, 115\n  Piedmont plains, 40\n  Piracy by Farmington River, 47\n  Pitchblende, 110\n  Plains, lacustrine, 49\n  Plankton, Cambro-Ordovician, 36\n  Plants, Triassic, 22\n  Plateau-like upland, 11\n  Pliocene, 10, 11\n  Pliocene uplift, 48\n  Providence basin, 33\n  Pyromorphite, 64\n  Quarry, Westfield Marble, 61, 62\n  Quartz porphyry, 116\n  Quartzite, Cheshire, 93\n  Quartzite conglomerate, 35\n  Raindrop imprints, 22\n  Recession of Atlantic, Pliocene, 48\n  Recession of ice, 9\n  Red rock basin, 18\n  Reeds, 67\n  Rift movement, 43, 44\n  Rift, Triassic, 43, 44\n  Ripple-marks, 22, 69\n  Roches moutonn\u00e9es, 4 P, 9, 10\n  Rock-benches, 15\n  Rock, definition, 106\n  Rock, extrusive, 32 P\n  Rock, history recorded, 112\n  Rock, igneous, 114\n  Rock, intrusive, 32 P\n  Rock, metamorphic, 117\n  Rock mosaic, 17\n  Rock, sedimentary, 113\n  Rock, story of igneous, 114\n  Rock, story of metamorphic, 117\n  Rock, story of sedimentary, 113\n  Rock varieties, 106\n  Salt crystals, casts, 67\n  Sand bar, 1\n  Sand dunes, 4\n  Sandstone, 71\n  Sandstone, Longmeadow, 83\n  Sandstone, \u201csecond,\u201d 85\n  Sandstone, Silurian, 39\n  \u201cScallops,\u201d 4, 56\n  Scallops, meander scarps, 56, 57\n  Schist, Conway, 95\n  Schist, garnetiferous, 118\n  Schist, Goshen, 89\n  Schists, volcanic, 92\n  Scour-channels, 1\n  Screes, 43\n  Sea, Cambrian, 36\n  Sea, Devonian, 35\n  Sea, Ordovician, 36\n  Sediments, Devonian, 24\n  Serpentine, 110, 118\n  Shale, Chicopee, 18\n  Sheets, intrusive, 42, 62\n  Shickshock disturbance, 40\n  Shore, Lake Springfield, 80\n  Siderite, 64\n  Sill, 32\n  Slickensides, 66\n  Snowfields, Triassic, 21\n  Soapstone, 118\n  Soapstone, uses, 119\n  Sphalerite, 63, 108\n  Spodumene, 109\n  Springs, hot, 30\n  St. Lawrence drainage, 15, 47\n  Stock, 32\n  Stone fences, 9, 52, 80\n  Striations, 9\n  Swales, 1, 98\n  Swamps, 40\n  Taconic disturbance, 40\n  Talus, 46\n  Terminal moraine, 8, 49\n  Terraced surface, 17\n  Terraces, floodplain, 87\n  Terraces, meander cut, 95\n  Tertiary period, 16\n  Top-set beds, 8\n  Torbernite, 110\n  Tourmaline, 109\n  Tracks, dinosaur, 66\n  Trail, Holyoke Range, 84\n  Triassic, 42\n  Triassic basin, filled, 13\n  Upland, Eastern, 32\n  Upland, New England, 18\n  Upland, Western, 32, 34\n  Uraninite, 110\n  Uranite, 110\n  U-shaped valley, 10\n  Varve, 9\n  Varves, annual deposits, 69\n  Vein, Hatfield, 64, 88\n  Vein, Leverett, 65, 66\n  Vein, Whately, 64\n  Veins, lead, 63\n  Veins, Loudville, 30, 63\n  Volcanic necks, 23, 71\n  Volcanics, Cambro-Ordovician age, 36\n  Volcanics, Mt. Hitchcock, 29\n  Volcanoes, 23, 27\n  Volcanoes, Cambrian, 38\n  Volcanoes, Ordovician, 38\n  Volcanoes, Triassic, 43\n  V-shaped valley, 14\n  Washout by flood, 87\n  Watergap, 3\n  Well, deep hole, 82\n  Western Upland, 32, 34, 37\n  Windblown sand, 4\n  Wulfenite, 64\n          \u201cP\u201d indicates plate following page number indicated.\n  Adirondack Mountains, 15, 35, 38\n  Amherst Island, 98\n  Ashfield, 90, 94\n  Atlantic, 3\n  Bare Mountain, view, 73\n  Belchertown, 80\n  Belchertown Ponds, 82\n  Berkshire Hills, 15, 38\n  Berkshire Trail, 89\n  Bernardston, 34, 35, 40\n  Bernardston Ridge, 30, 43\n  Blandford, Mass., 110\n  Bloody Brook, 95\n  Brattleboro, 3, 35\n  Brimfield, 32\n  Catskill Mountains, 15, 40\n  Central Vermont Railroad, 21\n  Charlemont, 14\n  Cheapside, 95\n  Chester, Mass., 36\n  Chester, Vt., 110\n  Chesterfield, 89\n  Chicopee, 7, 102\n  Christopher Clark Road, 86\n  Cobble Mountain, 105\n  College Highway, 103\n  Connecticut River, 11, 12 P, 56, 57\n  Connecticut River, birth of, 47\n  Connecticut River, pre-glacial, 58, 59\n  Connecticut Valley, 6, 9, 14\n  Coolidge Memorial Bridge, 1, 9, 10, 48, 78\n  Cummington, 14, 89\n  Daniel Shays Highway, 79, 97\n  Davis Mine, 92\n  Dover, Vt., 110\n  Durham, Conn., 22\n  Easthampton, 3, 86\n  Erving, 97\n  Falls River, 58, 96\n  Farmington River, 47\n  Fish Hatchery, 96\n  Flat Mountain, 76\n  Fort River, 85\n  French King Bridge, 22, 28, 30, 58 P, 59\n  Grafton Center, N. H., 109\n  Greenfield, 96\n  Greenfield Ridge, 26, 44\n  Hadley lowland, view, 71\n  Hartford, 18\n  Haydenville, 89\n  Hilliard Knob, 76\n  Hockanum, 1, 2, 25\n  Holyoke Range, 25, 52 P\n  Holyoke Range, view of, 52 P, 83, 89\n  Hoosac Tunnel, 92\n  \u201cHorse sheds,\u201d 76\n  Housatonic, 6\n  Jacob\u2019s Ladder route, 61, 103\n  Jamaica, 12, 14\n  Litchfield Hills, 16\n  \u201cLittle Tinker,\u201d 29, 72\n  Little Westfield River, 61\n  Long Island, 9, 48\n  Long Island Sound, 14, 16\n  Loudville, 30, 63\n  Lowell Mountains, 36\n  Maine, 15\n  Manhan River, 103\n  Martha\u2019s Vineyard, 9, 48\n  Memphremagog, 35, 36\n  Merrimack River, 6, 47\n  Mohawk Park, 92\n  Mohawk Trail, 14, 35, 91\n  Mt. Ascutney, 15, 46\n  Mt. Grace, 55\n  Mt. Hitchcock, 29, 72\n  Mount Holyoke Hotel, 23, 71\n  Mt. Lincoln, road to, 79\n  Mt. Nonotuck, 86\n  Mt. Norwottock, view, 75\n  Mt. Okemo, 15\n  Mt. Tom Reservation, 86\n  Mt. Wachusett, 15, 46, 55\n  Mt. Washington, 9\n  New Hampshire, 15, 48\n  New London, 3, 14\n  New Salem, 97\n  North Adams, 93\n  Northampton, 1, 3, 4 P, 26\n  Northfield, Mass., 17, 52\n  Northfield Mountains, 36\n  North Hadley, 4, 87\n  Norwottock, 4\n  Notch Mountain, 73, 74\n  Old Deerfield, 95\n  Orient, 79\n  Pelham Hills, 9\n  Pelham, view, 51, 79\n  Plainfield, 14, 38, 90\n  Plainfield Pond, 94\n  Pocumtuck Hills, 14, 52, 95\n  Portland, Conn., 19, 109\n  Quabbin Reservoir, 79, 97, 105\n  Roaring Brook, 21, 52, 99\n  Saguenay, 10\n  Savoy, 93\n  Shelburne Summit, 91\n  Shickshock Mountains, 35\n  \u201cSisters,\u201d the, 71\n  South Amherst, 9\n  South Ashfield, 94\n  South Deerfield, 4\n  South Hadley, 7, 25\n  South Hadley Falls, 7, 69\n  Spencer, 32\n  Springfield, 19\n  Stratton Mountain, 15, 55\n  Sunderland Bridge, 2, 3, 10, 48, 98\n  Sunderland Caves, 21, 55, 69, 101\n  Swift River, 89\n  Taconic Mountains, 35, 36, 93\n  Taylor\u2019s Notch, 71\n  Titan\u2019s Piazza, 60, 85\n  Titan\u2019s Pier, 61\n  Townshend, Vt., 12\n  Trail, Holyoke Range, 71\n  Tuckerman Ravine, 10\n  Ware, 32\n  Westfield Marble Quarry, 62\n  Westfield River, 14, 60 P, 89\n  West Pelham, 11\n  West River, 12, 47\n  Whitcomb Summit, 92\n  Whittemore\u2019s Ferry, 68, 69\n  Wilbraham Mountains, 18, 60 P, 62\n  Williamsburg, 89\n  Williamstown, 93\n  Windsor Dam, 32 P\n  Worcester, 32\n  Zoar, 92\n                         THE HAMPSHIRE BOOKSHOP\n_Birds of the Connecticut Valley_, by Aaron C. Bagg and Samuel A. Eliot.\n  A large comprehensive and authentic book for bird lovers. Many\n  illustrations with colored frontispiece by Fuertes.\n_Geology of the Connecticut Valley_, by William I. Miller.\n  First published in 1921. Went into two editions and is now out of\n  print.\n_Retreat from Reason_, by Lancelot Hogben.\n  With notes by Isabel Stearns.\n  First American edition 1937. An original and acute mind criticises the\n  established order and makes suggestions for a new order.\n_The Flow of Time in the Connecticut Valley_: Geological Imprints, by\n      George W. Bain and Howard A. Meyerhoff.\n  A handbook for the amateur or the scholar.\n_A Puritan Town and Its Imprints_: Northampton, 1786-1845, by Barbara\n      Gilmore.\n_Pictorial Map of Northampton_, by Priscilla Paine.\n  Printed on rag paper in 4 colors, tragical, historical, and comical.\n_Imagination and Children\u2019s Reading_, by Grace Hazard Conkling.\n  Out of print.\n_The American Scholar_, by William Allan Neilson.\n_Vesper Address_, by William Allan Neilson.\n_The Rights and Privileges pertaining thereto ..._, by Marjorie H.\n_Approach to Proust_, by Marine Leland.\n1. _America\u2019s Dilemma_, by William Allan Neilson. 1941.\n2. _First Things First_, by Mary Ellen Chase. 1941.\n3. _The Liberal Arts College in War Time_, by Esther Cloudman Dunn.\n4. _Guarding the Line_, by William Allan Neilson. 1942.\n             ONE THOUSAND COPIES WERE COMPOSED AND PRINTED\n        IN THE SPRING OF 1942 BY E. L. 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{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1931", "title": "The amazing adventures of Ali", "creator": "Lindsay, Maud, 1874-1941", "lccn": "31031936", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST010819", "partner_shiptracking": "IAGC145", "call_number": "8751577", "identifier_bib": "0002460360A", "lc_call_number": "PZ7.L66 Am", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Boston, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co", "description": "166 p. 21 cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-04-04 12:13:29", "updatedate": "2019-04-04 13:14:38", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "amazingadventure00lind", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-04-04 13:14:40", "operator": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "202", "scandate": "20190405163549", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-leah-mabaga@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190408114719", "republisher_time": "461", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/amazingadventure00lind", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t5cc8kg4n", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL6766585M", "openlibrary_work": "OL7653672W", "curation": "[curator]associate-manuel-dennis@archive.org[/curator][date]20190508172710[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201904[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190430", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156105988", "backup_location": "ia906901_3", "oclc-id": "7084892", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "84", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1931, "content": "THE AMAZING ADVENTURES OF ALI by Maud Lindsay\nIllustrated in colors, $1.50\n\nTHE STORY-TELLER for Little Children Illustrated in colors, $1.50\n\nBOBBY AND THE BIG ROAD\nLITTLE MISSY\nSILYERFOOT\nTHE TOY SHOP\nTHE CHOOSING BOOK Illustrated in colors, $1.50\n\nTHE AMAZING ADVENTURES OF ALI Illustrated in colors, $2.00\nBy Maud Lindsay and Emilie Poulsson\n\nTHE JOYOUS TRAVELERS Illustrated in colors and black-and-white, $2.00\nTHE JOYOUS GUESTS Illustrated in colors, $2.00\n\nHe made it with a sharp stone.\n\nTHE AMAZING ADVENTURES OF ALI\nBy Maud Lindsay\nIllustrated by W. M. Berger\n\nBoston\nLOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO.\n\nCopyright, 1931\nBy LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO.\nAll rights reserved.\nTo my nephew, Joseph H. Nathan, Jr., because, like an old Scottish kinsman, all his delight is in a book.\n\nAn old Eastern tale tells of a magic carpet, on which the owner might ride at will over land and sea. It is upon such a carpet, woven of many-colored threads gathered here and there from the wealth of great travelers, that I have visited the desert; or so it seems to me. Wellsted, Burton, Palgrave, Doughty, Hassanein Bey, and others have given information and inspiration for my little romance. They have not all agreed in their accounts of desert travel. Before one rose \"an ocean of mirage,\" while another scarcely mentions this phenomenon. One dislikes and belittles the camel; to another, he appears the noblest and wisest of animals. One hears in the shifting sand the beat of drums, another describes the sound as the patter of rain.\nBut my selection of material and interpretation of experiences have been largely governed by my hero, a child in years but of courage and imagination. For his character, I found prototypes in two boys: a lad of whose ability Wellsted writes briefly but vividly, and a high-minded child to whom Doughty devotes a paragraph. And for the advice which his mother gave him, I followed the counsel of a Mohammedan lady to her son.\n\nAmong every people there are some whose noble traits make them lovable, and though not all sheiks are like Ali the Great, I have read of more than one who might well serve as a model for him.\n\nAnother thing, and this is for lovers of romance and adventure. Only a few years ago there was (and may still be) a cave in the Arabian desert, in which was a hidden treasure, guarded by a band of robbers. A young man, full of courage and enterprise, determined to possess himself of this treasure, and set out on his journey. He traveled for many days and nights, encountering various dangers and difficulties, but at last he reached the cave. The robbers, however, were not to be deceived so easily, and a fierce battle ensued. But our young hero was not to be overcome, and after a long and hard-fought struggle, he gained the victory, and the treasure was his.\n\nThus, my hero's courage and determination were amply rewarded, and he returned home a rich man. And though his adventures were dangerous and perilous, yet they were not without their pleasurable side, for he had seen strange and wonderful sights, and had experienced the thrill of victory over his enemies. And so, my hero's story is a reminder that courage and determination can overcome even the greatest of obstacles, and that adventure and romance are not to be despised.\nIn the bare desert where a certain tribe's wealth was hidden, known only to its members:\n\nThe Amazing Adventures of Ali extends an invitation to all who are not afraid to trust themselves to Hassan the camel and me, to ride into its vast mysteries with Ali and me.\n\nMaud Lindsay, Sheffield\n\nILLUSTRATIONS\nHe made it with a sharp stone (Page 98)\nFrontispiece\n\"I will have this one and no other.\" (Page 20)\n\"Back your camel and make way.\" (Page 28)\n\"He shall have the Cashmere shawl that his father gave me\" (Page 42)\nHe was still at the gate when the start took place\nShe soon returned with a bowl of butter\nMerchants and men alike defended the camels and merchandise (Page 76)\n\"Now, oh, Hassan, we are friends.\"\n\nIn this strange storehouse, nothing was in abundance.\nTwo horsemen rode slowly toward us.\nAli sat with his back against a sun-baked wall in the market place of the old Eastern city that was his home, pondering many things. He thought first of his father, a soldier, and the tom-tom-tom of the drums on the day he had marched away to war. Ali and Marah, the nurse, had gone to watch him pass, the Pasha looking as fine as he did in his new uniform.\n\nAi (exclamation). That marching away had been the cause of all that followed\u2014the end of sweetmeats in the house and the beginning of tears. For though other soldiers had returned with great tales to tell, Ali's father had not been among them.\n\nAli was now the head of the family and the protector of his mother and the baby, who was still in her arms.\nA girl and one from Marah as well, if only she wouldn't forget and try to take care of him instead.\n\n12 Adventures of Ali\n\n\"You are so young, so young,\" his mother had said on the day the news of his father's death reached them; but Ali felt old and brave.\n\n\"Don't I remember that in the new year I will be older?\" he had reminded his mother, but even to be ten in years instead of nine seemed young to her.\n\nOn that same day, he had heard for the first time of a desert sheik, Ali the Great, who was ruler over many tribes and owner of horses and camels and flocks without number. He, it appeared, was Ali's grandfather.\n\n\"Why then does he not come to us?\" the boy had asked in wonder. But the great sheik, whose only child was Ali's mother, was angry with her because she had chosen otherwise.\nAli lived with his wife in a city rather than with his tribe and her husband. He had never heard of his namesake or the baby. His mother had told him, \"Yet if he could but know you, he would give all.\" At many other times she had said this. \"If he will not come to us, may we not go to him?\" he had asked, but this was an undertaking beyond thought, or so his mother and Marah had said at first. Afterwards, when their money supply dwindled and the color began to fade from his mother's cheeks and eyes, it was discussed freely. It was not suggested that all should go, but that Ali might.\n\n\"Will you ride, oh, treasure of my heart,\" his mother had asked, \"to find my father and win forgiveness for me?\" Ali answered that he would.\n\nAs he sat in the marketplace, he thought of...\nThis and the story of how his mother and Marah laughed and cried at his promise, and how the nurse, full of proverbs, said, \"To a man who has no sons, a grandson is as welcome as water to the thirsty.\" How Ali was to go to his grandfather was another matter. The season for caravans across the desert was near, but who among them would undertake the care of a child on such a journey?\n\nIf he had a camel of his own, it would be less to ask, and it was to buy a camel that Ali had come to the market this morning. An older head than his was needed for such a business, but there was no help for it.\n\nMarah, who might have come with him, was lame with rheumatism, and his mother should go to the market and bargain with strangers was forbidden by custom. If a man...\nAli bought the camels, he must have been the purchaser. Doubtlessly, he would be mocked, cheated, or even repulsed, as his mother and the nurse had warned. There was no money to offer, only a bracelet of gold to leave as collateral until it could be redeemed by the grandfather. Even if he refused to forgive his daughter, the sheik would pay for the camels. There was no doubt in the minds of either Ali's mother or Marah about this.\n\nAli hid the bracelet in the small turban he wore, and every now and then he put his hand up to assure himself it was safe. As for the rest, he had no misgivings, for though he was not yet ten years old, he was ready for adventures. And what greater adventure than to buy a camel?\n\nHe had come so early to the market that not even the merchants had arrived yet.\nBut now the booths began to open, and customers to come. As Ali walked through the bazaar, he looked at everything. In one booth, Adventures of Ali were sold. Red and yellow dates were there, which would taste, so the seller declared, like the honey of home to a wayfarer\u2019s lips. In the opposite stall was a vendor of water skins, which are called girbies in the East. Some merchants sold bread fresh from the city ovens, and others salt, prized above all other things by the Arabs. There were also many sellers of linens and silken stuffs. In one stall, Ali spied a little old shoemaker stitching away on a yellow sandal.\n\nThe camel-brokers, who stood by their kneeling beasts on the outskirts of the market, were the last to be reached. They were a noisy crowd, bickering and laughing among themselves, and before Ali could attract attention.\nHe was forced to grab the sleeve of the man nearest to him and pull it more than once.\n\n\"Be off, oh, little beggar,\" cried the man, but when he observed Ali's businesslike air, he smiled broadly, and another broker laughed and said, \"Take care, oh, Hamood, lest you offend a customer.\"\n\nThe boy would have told his errand to them at once had it not been for a sweetmeat-seller, who wandered about with a tray of dainties, interrupting him.\n\n\"Here are wares for your tooth, oh, moon-faced one,\" the sweetmeat-seller called.\n\nAli, who thought that such a name was better suited for little ones like his sister at home, flung back his answer:\n\n\"Keep your sweetmeats for children. I come to buy a camel.\"\n\nAt that moment, there was a lull in the business of the market, and Ali's words brought a throng of idlers to join in the laughter that ensued.\nA child came to greet them. \"What better jest could there be? One inquisitive fellow must ask where Ali's caravan waited. And if it were to Mecca or Aleppo that he went, another begged, 'Buy not a camel, oh, little prince, but an el-fil.' By which he meant an elephant, though there was none in the land. The boy's heart swelled almost to bursting at all this teasing but he stood his ground. \"I am Ali, the grandson of Ali the Great, whose daughter is my mother,\" he cried. \"Show me your camels that I may buy and go.\" The brokers, who till now had seen nothing but child's play in the matter, pricked up their ears at the mention of the great sheik's name. \"Granted, oh, little Ali, that your mother is the daughter of the sheik of whom we all have heard, where have you the money to pay for a camel?\"\nNow, thought Ali, the time to show the bracelet has come. He took it from his turban and held it up.\n\n\"Here is my surety,\" he told the brokers, \"until my grandfather, who has more gold pieces than there are stars in the sky, sends to redeem it at the camel's worth and more.\"\n\nThis was what his mother had bidden him say, except for the wealth of the sheik; that he had obtained from the nurse. His earnestness, as well as the bracelet, convinced the merchants, and they crowded around him as eager to gain with him as they had been to play. Ali was begged to look at the legs of this animal and the height of that one, and every man tried to persuade him that the camel he offered was the best.\n\n\"Here is a thelul that your grandfather himself would choose if he were here,\" said a broker.\nAli was being urged towards a questionable beast. \"_18 Adventures of Ali_\"\n\n\"Would you steal from a child?\" shouted his neighbor. \"But never mind him, child. His is a worthless nag, but I will give you a fat camel. Everyone knows my camel. I will bring witnesses to prove that he is a good one.\"\n\n\"Except that he is lame in a foot and blind in an eye,\" said the next man. \"But mine, oh little grandson of the great, is a young camel and has no blemish.\"\n\nAli had little knowledge to guide him through all this babble, but before he left home, he had heard his mother say in her anxiety to Marah:\n\n\"When he comes to the market, I pray heaven no toothless camels will be there.\" So he called:\n\n\"I will buy no camel till I have seen its teeth.\"\n\nHis only thought was to please his mother, but the brokers saw great wisdom in his words.\nfor it is by their teeth that the age and worth of camels are largely determined.\n\"Choose for yourself, oh, little wise one,\" cried a merchant, and after this there was no haggling but only wonder as Ali passed along the line of kneeling beasts.\nSome of them were old and some were young, and their colors varied: brown, grey, black, white. But, even when the owners good-naturedly showed the teeth of their camels, Ali found it hard to make a choice. He had almost reached the end of the line when a great white beast thrust its nose into his hand. Here now was a friend among strangers, or so Ali thought, and his indecision vanished.\n\"I will have this one and no other,\" he cried, looking about for the owner, who proved to be the very Hamood to whom he had first spoken.\nThis honest man, it appeared, was willing\nAli was able to secure the bargain, but not before sharing the merits of his beast. \"Teeth he has as you require, and strength and wisdom, and a name like a prince, for this your camel, oh, little Ali,\" he said, \"is Hassan, who, God willing, shall be a friend to you wherever you may journey.\"\n\nChapter II\n\nThe streets of the city where Ali lived were narrow and crooked. In some parts of them, two horsemen could scarcely pass each other, and all were uneven and rough.\n\nThrough these streets Ali had to lead his camel home. But Hamood the broker, partly out of good nature and partly out of curiosity to see the family of the boy, offered to accompany him. They felt no anxiety as they started out.\n\nHowever, on this very morning an Emir had come to visit the Pasha, who was the governor of the city. And as Ali and Hamood made their way through the crowded streets, they were stopped by the Emir's procession.\nand his companions entered the street from the bazaar. They found themselves in the midst of the great man's procession. A more gorgeous spectacle could scarcely be imagined. First came the standard-bearers with banners of white with deep green borders. Then on a chestnut horse with a flowing mane rode the Emir, who was dressed in clothes of the richest coloring, with a gold-embroidered mantle blowing back from his shoulders, and the brightest of satin turbans on his head. Behind him came his principal officers in crimson uniforms, with spears in their hands, swords by their sides, and daggers in their girdles. And after them other soldiers rode on camels and dromedaries with gay scarlet fringes hanging from their saddles. There was no room to turn nor space to move.\ncross the street, and almost before they realized it, Ali and Hamood with the camel were caught in the moving line and forced to march with it as if they were a part of all the pageantry. It wasn't long before they attracted the attention of the crowd of spectators who had come to see the Emir\u2019s splendor.\n\n\"Look there, that's a child leading a great white camel,\" called one of them.\n\n\"The beast is doubtless a gift for the Pasha, and the child the Emir's son,\" said someone else.\n\n\"Nay, his dress is not rich enough for that,\" said a third. \"It is likelier that the man beside him is his father, and they and the camel have been taken captive by the Emir. Wasn't there talk in the bazaar today of Bedouin robbers?\"\n\nAll this made a stir and noise in the crowd.\nAn officer of the Pasha's household rode up to inquire about the cause of the three men in the procession. When they were pointed out to him, he was inclined to be angry but found it was no fault of theirs. He made way for them to turn aside to the next quiet street between high blank walls of houses with no windows opening on public ways, in Eastern fashion. Hamood and Ali, glad to be rid of the noise and press, hurried the camel along. They came upon an unlucky porter who had spilled the contents of the crate he carried \u2013 dates, melons, pomegranates, lemons, citron, cucumbers, rice, and beans \u2013 in the dust.\non every side, the unfortunate man - a big, helpless fellow - stood in the midst of them, bemoaning the mishap. When he saw the boy and the broker approaching with Hassan, he called out hastily to beg them not to let the camel step on the food. I, Ali, and Hamood were far too good-natured to add to his troubles. While the broker kept the camel back, the child ran to assist in picking up the fruit and vegetables. Soon, everything but a little rice and a handful of beans was restored to the crate. The porter was loud in his gratitude.\n\n\"Praise be to God,\" he said, \"that it was you who came and not the gutter-boys, who, like locusts, would have devoured all and mocked me.\"\nme as they mocked my brother when a misfortune greater than my own befell him. Ali could not keep from asking what this misfortune was, and the porter, who was more than eager to tell the tale, lost no time in beginning it.\n\n\"Know, oh, child,\" he said, \"that my brother is a man of taste, and having made a little money, he purchased from a tailor a coat of excellent material in two colors. This he wore to the market place where, standing on a corner, he soon attracted the attention of a man of good appearance, who offered him employment.\n\n\"Here, thought my brother, is a householder of wealth who will spend freely, and when I have conveyed what he has bought to his house, he will pay according to his means. And with this fee I shall buy in the bazaar a pair of crimson slippers, for to wear old shoes is not becoming for a man of taste.\"\nwith  a  fine  coat  is  unbecoming  to  any  man ; 5 \nso  he  accepted  the  offer  joyfully. \n44  Imagine  then  his  disappointment  when,  en\u00ac \ntering  a  stall,  the  householder  bought  only  a \nskin  of  sour  milk. \n44  Laying  this  across  his  shoulder  my  brother \nhurried  away  determined  to  have  done  with \nsuch  a  task  as  quickly  as  could  be.  But  no \nsooner  had  he  passed  into  the  streets  than  the \nravenous  dogs,  of  which  the  city  is  full,  came  to \nleap  upon  him,  lapping  and  biting  at  his  coat \ntill  it  was  well-nigh  torn  from  his  back.  And \nto  make  the  matter  worse,  the  gutter-boys,  for\u00ac \nsaking  their  play,  began  to  follow  him  with \nmocking  words. \n4  4  4  Alas !  \u2019  cried  my  poor  brother, 4  What  have \nI  done  to  merit  such  ill  treatment?  \u2019  But  the \nworst  was  not  yet  known  to  him.  When  at  last, \nADVENTURES  OF  ALI \nthough  more  dead  than  alive,  he  reached  the \nThe porter found an empty milk bag at his employer's house and was disappointed, as the neck of the bag had come untied, causing the milk to leak onto his coat. However, he remarked that this misfortune was not as grave as what had happened to his uncle. This story went unshared, as Ali and Hamood had to depart.\n\nAs they traveled, Hamood recounted his desert journeys to purchase camels for the market. These camels were obtained from great Bedouin sheiks, like Ali's grandfather.\n\nOn one journey, Hamood encountered a dying camel abandoned by a caravan. Its neck was extended on the sand, and its eyes were closed.\nHamood, who was skilled with beasts, had revived the glazed camel by pouring water on its tongue and rubbing a great vein in its head. He had managed to get it back on its feet again.\n\n\"And where do you think, oh little Ali, is that camel now?\" he asked, interrupting his story and looking at the child.\n\nAli was filled with excitement at the question. \"Hamood, oh Hamood, was it Hassan that you found?\"\n\n\"Aye,\" said Hamood, his voice full of honest pride, \"and as good a camel as any ever bought or sold.\"\n\nHe couldn't tell who the owners might have been, though inquiries had been made.\n\n\"It's likely they were Persian Pilgrims, such as ride to Mecca and hasten home again,\" said Hamood, but whether this was true or not, he had kept the beast unsold and displayed it in the market for many days.\nBy this time they had come to an alley not far from the boy\u2019s home, and were already well into it when they spied before them a small grey donkey loaded with huge panniers filled with earthenware jars, pots, and pipkins. The driver was a wizened, crabbed man who had no thought of yielding ground to them.\n\n\"Oh, heedless one! Have a care how you come,\" he called to Hamood.\n\n\"Have a care yourself how your donkey oversteps her space,\" said the broker, who was ruffled at his tone. \"Would you push us to the wall?\"\n\n\"Back your camel and make way,\" retorted the driver, \"lest I break my pots against his bones.\"\n\n\"Talk you of bones, oh, you who overburden donkeys,\" cried the broker, indignation bristling in his words. \"Unload your wares and the passing will be easy.\" But this the driver would not do.\n\"The camel has no burden,\" he shouted, \"and to unload wares is far more easily said than done. Aye, but what do you, who are a driver of small beasts, know of a camel? Back him, say you? But what if he bruises a shin or breaks a leg? Who then will recompense the child who is his owner? Answer me that, oh, seller of pots and pipkins? But by now the driver had a new line of contention; \"The right of way is mine,\" he cried. \"Was I not here before you came, as is easily proven? Look you and see the Cadi's house, which stands midway between this alley-end and that; which one is nearer to it, my donkey or yourself?\" \"Myself,\" said the broker, and the dispute might have gone on without end if the Cadi had not heard the noise and come from his house.\"\nHe was a judge known for his justice. After listening to both sides, he determined the matter in this way: \"Back the camel to that doorway and make him kneel,\" he told the broker. To the driver, he said, \"Unload the one-half of your wares and keep the empty pannier against the wall.\" Following this advice, the passage was accomplished without breaking a single pipkin, and the driver and broker parted on the best of terms. Nevertheless, Hamood thought that the victory had been his. \"The Cadi is wise,\" he said, \"but little Ali, it is well that I was here to speak for you, or the dealer in small wares would have bested you.\"\n\nReaching the end of the alley, Ali's home was in sight, but a fresh anxiety presented itself. The door or gateway of the court was blocked.\nAli stepped onto a yard where the house opened, but it was broken away from age and lack of mending. However, Ali was not certain that Hassan could pass through the gap. \"Back your camel and make way,\" he called out from Page 27 of Adventures of Ali (Chapter 29).\n\nIt was a narrow gap, and Ai (perhaps I if he should have to lie in the street to be stumbled upon and abused by passersby). Fortunately, this question was soon settled; the camel entered the gap as if it had been made for him, and then Ali shouted joyfully: \"Come, oh, my mother! Come, Marah, with the child! Hassan, who has all his proper teeth, is at the door.\"\n\nCHAPTER III\n\nAli's mother and the nurse had nothing but praise for Hassan. First one and then the other found something to exclaim about: his size, his shape, the breadth of his feet, his slender neck\u2014all of which showed that he was no ordinary camel but among the best of his kind. There were black camels in the market.\nYou, oh my mother, would you have bought one of those? asked Ali, but a white camel was desired above all others, so his mother thought. My father had one in his herd, and the camel had a foal as white as herself, she told him. And pleased with the memory, she called to the nurse, Do you not remember, oh Marah, the white foal of my father? Aye, said Marah, and the day that it was stolen away with twenty other camels and the chestnut mare. But my father rode to overtake the robbers. Every camel was brought back, and the mare as well. Only the little foal was lost. \"Ai - i! How I wept that day,\" said the mother. Her eyes were bright with tears now, as she looked at Hassan and thought of what his coming meant, but she wiped them away before Ali could see them.\n\"To him, Marah. \"Was it not well done, oh, Marah, to go to the market and buy a camel, such a camel!\" \"Aye,\" said Marah, \"but the child is half a Bedouin. Did I not tell you that you could trust him?\" \"He has a head beyond his years,\" put in Hamood who had stood by listening. \"Nevertheless, it is well that he found an honest man to deal with him.\" \"True,\" said the mother, \"and, God willing, you shall have reward.\" Hamood was ready enough to hope for this. \"God requites the kind of heart, and so, doubtless, will Ali the Great,\" he answered gravely. Everything that he saw and heard in the little courtyard convinced him that he had made no mistake in befriending Ali. And even when his farewells were said and he was out of the gate, he turned back to assure the mother that he would watch for travelers.\"\nThe market is the place for news, he said; and never goes a caravan that I am not the first to hear of it. After he had gone, nothing was talked of in Ali's home but plans for his journey. Marah thought only of what he must take with him, and how these things might be gotten in readiness quickly. \"He may wait for a caravan, but a caravan will never wait for him,\" she said. But his mother's anxiety was all for his safety on the way. \"You shall not go into the desert except with trusty men,\" she told him; but Ali felt very sure that he could find them. \"Did I not find Hassan?\" he asked. \"Aye, treasure of my heart,\" she answered. \"But to judge a camel is easier than to judge a man.\" Nevertheless, when morning came, she let him go again to the market where, as on the day before, he sat with his back against the wall.\nBut now his thoughts were only of the passers, among whom he hoped to find protectors. The usual crowd of the market was there: men who were plainly citizens and householders of the city, a few women with their faces veiled, as the custom of the country was, and servants hurrying to and fro on errands. But besides these, there were many about whom the boy could guess nothing.\n\nThen came two men with olive skins and bright dark eyes, and voices that seemed soft and liquid in comparison to the shrill cries of the market. These men were dressed like the rest, in Eastern costume, but by many little signs Ali knew that they were strangers.\n\nWhen they stopped at the booths, a servant, who followed them, asked the prices of things and did the buying. They looked about them as if what they saw were unfamiliar to them.\nAnd once, when something pleased them, they called out a word or two in a language that the boy had never heard before. Of all who had passed, Ali liked them best. They walked so fearlessly through the crowd, and their faces were so gay and pleasant. Once, too, they stopped to lift a child who had stumbled and fallen, and Ali saw that they gave him sweetmeats. \"If they were travelers, I could go with these,\" thought Ali, and he had it in his mind to run for Hamood, who would know, if anyone did, what the business of the strangers was. But before he could get to his feet, he heard a date-seller, from whom the men had bought fruit, say to another:\n\n\"There go merchants in favor with the Caliph, who are bound across the desert with their merchandise.\"\n\n\"Will they travel in caravan?\" shouted Ali.\nAli almost overturned a basket of fruit as he sprang up, forgetting the salutation that should have gone before his question. The date-seller was not slow in telling him his faults: \"Oh, despoiler of goods,\" he cried, \"have you no eyes to guide your feet that you must bruise the dates fit for the Pasha's table - did he not send but yesterday to buy from me?\" In caravan, say you? How else, oh discourteous child, would merchants travel? Ali only waited to hear so much before he hurried away in pursuit of the strangers, who, fortunately for him, had stopped at a stall not far ahead. When he came up with them, they were busy examining a camel-saddle, but at his greeting, \"Peace be on you, and the blessing of God,\" they turned around with smiling faces. \"May your blessing return to you with added prosperity.\"\nThe elder merchant spoke slowly and carefully in Arabic, saying, \"blessing.\" The younger man, with a coin from his side purse, would have given it to the boy had he not cried out quickly, \"I am no beggar, but the grandson of Ali the Great, sheik of the desert, to whom I must go. Let me, I pray, travel in your company, and your reward shall be that of the merciful. Fear not that I will trouble you or require anything from you, for know this, oh merchants, I am possessed of a camel named Hassan.\"\n\nWhen the servant helped them understand all that Ali said, the merchants looked at him more seriously and began to consult with each other and then with the servant they called Mohammed. They knew nothing of Ali the Great but having the grandson of any sheik in their company on the long desert journey.\nIf the journey might be of great advantage. \"If his tale is true,\" said Mohammed, turning to the boy, \"Whom do you have to prove your words, boasting one?\" \"My mother and Marah the nurse, and that camel-seller yonder,\" said Ali so quickly and earnestly that it would have been hard not to believe him. The merchants took precautions. First, as he was nearest, Hamood was consulted, much to the delight and pride of that good man. Who better than Hamood, seller of the best camels in the market, knew that the child was truth itself? And as for the camel-broker's own reputation, the merchants might inquire of Obeyd the tailor, and Bedr the barber, and Suliman the vendor of sweetmeats, indeed, and many another besides.\n\nWith this assurance, the merchants and their servant followed Ali to the home in the courtyard.\nWhen she had finished speaking, the merchants took turn to talk. Ali heard of a city built on islets in the sea, with streets of shining water where men went to and fro in boats.\n\n\"How then do the camels go?\" he asked in wonder, but there were no camels in the city of the sea, nor horses, except for four carved in bronze that stood above the doorway of a church.\n\n\"Are they then so poor in this city of yours?\" Ali said pityingly. But the city of the merchants, it appeared, was rich and beautiful. Its artisans, blowers of glass, weavers of damasks and velvet and workers in silver and gold, were the most skillful in the world. Its ships carried trade to all nations, and its merchants were renowned for their wealth.\nTraveled far and wide were merchants to sell their goods and learn new arts. Among these were visitors, men of honesty and renown, who, unlike most who ventured in the desert, traveled without disguise.\n\n\"He who hides nothing fears no detection, and besides, have we not the permission and safeguard of the Caliph himself?\" said Mohammed the servant, who had stood close by to aid in all the conversation, and taking out a letter, he read it proudly:\n\n\"To the Faithful who dwell in the sands of the desert, peace be upon them and the blessing of God.\n\n38 Adventures of Ali\n\n\"Know ye that the bearers of this are the merchants Yusuf and Kalil of the city called Venice in the land of Italy, traveling with their merchandise under the protection of God and of His servant, the Caliph Seyed.\n\n\"Look to it that no evil befalls these men, for\"\nAli's mother listened earnestly to all these things, but in the end, it was a question that the boy asked, and the answers to it that set her mind at ease.\n\n\"Have you, oh merchants, no sons at home who watch and wait for you?\" This was Ali's question, and at his words, the mother saw the faces of the strangers change and soften.\n\n\"Aye, oh little Ali,\" said the younger man, whose name was Kalil, as written in the Caliph's letter, \"In a palace whose windows overlook the sea, there are two boys, barely older than yourself. And when I go again to them, what shall I tell them, do you think?\"\n\n\"Of the Caliph, and the desert, and of the merchandise that you have sold,\" said Ali.\n\n\"True,\" said Kalil, whose eyes were full of laughter, \"But first of you and Hassan, for that will please them most.\"\nThe merchant Yusuf, like Ali, had no sons and only one daughter whom he loved as much as Ali's mother loved Marah's little one. Every morning, she asked, \"Will my father come today?\" and every night, my name was in her prayers. After this, the mother had no more doubts. \"If you will take the child,\" she told the merchants, \"I will let him go.\" To Ali, it seemed as if a new adventure was beginning that very moment.\n\nCHAPTER IV\n\nIn the preparations for Ali's journey, the merchants proved friends indeed. Under their guidance or Mohammed's supervision, all provisions for his comfort and safety were made. The first of these was furniture for the camel's back, which, because of Ali's youth, was specially made.\nInexperienced riders used a litter, consisting of two box-like seats hung on a cradle frame. In one, the child could sit, and in the other, his baggage could be stored to balance his weight. An awning of gay-colored cloth was stretched over all to protect his head from the sun. Mohammed, a shrewd man, rented this litter instead of buying it, promising to return it to the owner upon Ali's next coming.\n\nAli was displeased with the litter. He preferred a camel saddle with trappings and tassels like the merchants rode. But in this matter, he was overruled.\n\n\"When you have come to your grandfather safely, it will be time enough to talk of saddles,\" said his mother, giving him a half-promise. With this, Ali was forced to content himself.\n\nNext, a girby had to be bought, and here, as in other places.\nother things needed to be chosen. Nothing but one made of goatskin would do for such a journey, though sheepskins were offered in the market. The largest girbies held six gallons of water, but a small one, like those which horsemen carry at their saddles, was selected for Ali.\n\nFood, too, had to be provided for both the boy and his camel. Ali\u2019s mother would not have him beholden to merchants for this or anything.\n\n\u201cYou must go like the grandson of my father,\u201d she said, and though money was scarce and grew scarcer at every turn, stores of dates were bought, and caravan biscuit, and even a little package of sweetmeats, raisins, and honey-cakes, for the child\u2019s pleasure.\n\nThen the shoemaker had to be visited, the very one whom Ali had noticed on his first day at the market. He chose yellow for the color of Ali\u2019s new shoes.\nAli's sandals, and the shoemaker who was a man of odd fancies, promised to stitch a blessing in the soles. While Ali went to the bazaar with Mohammed, his mother and Marah busied themselves with washing and mending his clothes and hunting out their bits of finery to deck him with. Every day when he came home, there was something to be displayed or changed. Once it was Marah who called out:\n\n\"He must not wear a turban like a Turk,\"\n\nwhich sent his mother searching in her stores for a bright-colored kerchief for his head. When she had tried it on him, she said:\n\n\"Look, oh, Marah! Is he not a little Bedouin?\"\n\nWhat he should wear to keep himself warm in the long cold nights that follow the hot days in the desert was the next problem, but this was easily settled.\n\n\"He shall have the Cashmere shawl that his father left him,\"\n\nhis mother decided.\nThe father gave me this shawl, said the mother. Though a boy in another land might have objected, Ali felt only delight and pride in the gift. Wasn't the Pasha and all the other great men of the city wrapped in shawls?\n\n\"He shall have the Cashmere shawl that his father gave me,\"- Page 42-\n\nAdventures of Ali\n\nThe shawl was large enough to go around him twice. When he was well in it, he looked more like a bundle than a boy, but this too, was considered an advantage.\n\n\"He will be as snug as a thob in a burrow,\" said Marah, though what a thob might be she did not stop to tell.\n\nAnother time it was a scarlet fringe for his girdle that occupied the household; but it was not always clothes and food of which they thought and talked. There were many instructions to be given and messages to be sent.\n\"At the day's end, when they sat by Hassan in the courtyard, Ali's mother was filled with words. She told him, \"You must not be afraid of my father. Fear will not win his heart, nor would he believe you a true son of the tribe if you should fear.\" \"But why should I fear?\" asked Ali, who scarcely knew the meaning of the word. \"There is no reason, oh, treasure of my heart,\" said his mother; \"it is only because I love you and want you to prosper that I warn you.\" Sometimes it was of Ali himself that she spoke. \"You must be brave and kind and truthful,\" she said, and to ensure he heeded, she asked, \"What must you be, oh, little Ali?\" \"Brave and kind and truthful, oh, my mother,\" he repeated, though it was hard to keep his mind on anything but the camel and the caravan.\"\n\"And honest,\" she hastened to add. \"Is it not told that a man going on a journey in the desert may leave his coat on a bush, and coming again will find it where he left it though a hundred Bedouins had passed? You will not be less honest than my people, will you, oh, my \"If I see a coat, I will not take it,\" said Ali, who could not keep from wondering why a man should leave his property so far behind him. \"It is not of coats only, but of all things that your mother speaks, oh, foolish one,\" cried Marah, but the mother said, \"If there is need, he will remember and understand.\" A message for his grandfather was the next lesson. \"When you come to the tents of my father,\" said the mother, \"you must greet him so: 'O Ali the Great, whom God prosper and preserve, I am little Ali, son of your Star of the East.'\"\nThe desert widow and her child, bring them to live with you in your tents. The great sheik could not resist such a message, but the mother was not satisfied when the boy learned of it. \"To call you my grandson is not enough,\" she said. \"You must have a token for my father.\" She bade the nurse search among her treasures for an amulet, a carnelian stone with a hole through which a scarlet cord was passed. \"I have had this from my mother, and she from hers, and so back to the days of Antar the hero,\" she said as she hung it upon Ali's neck. \"Let your father doubt your words as he will, he cannot doubt the amulet.\"\nAli asked, \"How can I identify my grandfather?\" Among the precautions he took to prove his identity, he began to consider having some safeguards of his own. At ADVENTURES OF ALI, his question amazed Marah and his mother:\n\n\"Know Ali the Great? Why, even the smallest child in the tribe can point him out. His bearing is like that of a prince. His eyes are bright as stars, but fierce.\" This was Marah's description, and his mother quickly added:\n\n\"They will not be fierce when he looks at his grandson.\"\n\n\"Aye, but they are fierce,\" Marah insisted. \"And on his right cheek, close to his eye, he has a mole like the mole on your own cheek, little Ali.\"\n\nAt the mention of the mole, the mother's eyes grew bright, and for a moment, she was as gay as she had been in the days before the sorrow came.\n\"The mole shall be your token,\" she cried, and she called to the nurse, \"Be quick and bring the mirror so Ali may see the sign by which to know his grandfather.\" Then, strange as it may seem, Ali looked at himself for the first time. What he saw was a young sunburnt face with eager eyes and a smiling mouth. He was handsome enough, but of this he thought nothing. He was interested only in the small brown mole upon his cheek close to his eye, and later he pointed it out to Mohammed, the merchants' servant.\n\n\"See you this mole?\" he asked. \"Ali the Great, the father of my mother, has such a one.\"\n\nNow came the day when Ali must start upon his journey. Early in the morning, Mohammed was at the door of the court to fasten the litter upon Hassan's back and to lead him to it.\nThe gates of the city where the merchants were assembling. Early as it was, Ali was already dressed and waiting. His loose white shirt or smock, which reached almost to his ankles, and the full calico trousers he wore beneath it, were spotless. Around his waist was the girdle with scarlet fringe, and the bright-colored head-cloth was held in place by a band his mother had plaited. The shoemaker had finished the yellow sandals in good time, and they fitted exactly. Ali was prouder of these and of the cashmere shawl he carried neatly folded on his arm than of anything else. But, though he was dressed as for a holiday, the joy of his adventure was yet to be gotten. He could think only of parting with all he knew and loved.\n\nAdventures of Ali 49\nHis mother held him in her arms and whispered words of endearment and advice: \"When you come to my father, my dear, it would be better to give the token first, and then the message,\" she told him; and again, \"If in the desert you are sad and perhaps a little lonely, remember the sweetmeats.\" Soon, however, she bade him kiss Marah and the baby and mount into the litter. For prolonging leave-taking was no cure for sorrow, and he must not keep the merchants waiting. After the child was in his place, she gave him the blessing of the traveler, without a falter in her voice: \"God guide your steps and bring you safely to your journey's end.\" A moment more, and the camel had stepped through the broken doorway and was following Mohammed down the street. Ali had seen the last of home, he thought, but presently he heard:\nHis name called loudly. Looking back, he spied Marah hobbling after them with something in her hand. This proved to be a bamboo pipe, which Ali had delighted in making a noise, and it was the kinder Marah to remember it and bring it to him, because with noise she had little patience.\n\n\"Oh, good Marah,\" said Ali, \"when we are together in the tents of my grandfather, I will trouble you no more.\"\n\nIn spite of his desire to be brave, as his mother had bid him, he could no longer keep the tears from rolling down his cheeks, and it was a riot until he came to the starting-place that his interest in his journey returned.\n\nAll was stir and bustle in the quarter in which the caravan made ready for the march across the desert. Upon the backs of the pack-camels were placed blankets and pads to save them.\nFrom chafing under the burdens, which later were fastened upon them with straps and girths, were bales of damasks and silks, boxes of trinkets, sacks of coffee and salt, and a medicine chest; all goods of the merchants. Still other camels were to bear bags of dates and various provisions, and the great giries, which even then were being filled at a well; and a young dromedary was loaded with the poles and cloth for a tent.\n\nAdventures of Ali, Chapter 51\n\nAs always, there was a crowd at the gates to watch the passing of a caravan, and among them Ali spotted Hamood. The camel-broker, who felt that he had a tremendous part in this particular caravan because of Ali and Hassan, stood close beside the gate with his face wreathed in smiles. As soon as he saw the boy, he pointed him out to a bystander:\n\n\"See you the little prince on the best of the camels.\"\nHe is the grandson of Ali the Great and traveling to him. I know this, for I sold him the camels. The man was proud to say, \"When I go into the desert to purchase camels, I shall find you, little Ali, and God willing, I shall bring you the tale of the porter's uncle.\" He was still at the gate when the journey began, and as Ali passed, he cried, \"God go with you.\" \"God preserve you, oh Hamood,\" answered Ali, feeling small and lonely amidst the noise and crowd of strangers.\n\nIn the caravan that went forth were the good merchants Yusuf and Kalil, who rode upon trotting camels called theluls. Mohammed interpreted for the merchants and managed their affairs. Baba, the leader and guide of the party, was also there, along with a fat merchant.\nA man named Zeyd, who had part ownership in the pack-camels, came to ensure they were well-treated though he wasn't, as Baba noted, suited for such a life. There were camel-drivers among whom the chief was Ghafil, a maker of rhymes, who also knew songs to urge the camels on. Ali rode in the midst of the line.\n\nAs they passed through the city gate, Hassan deviated slightly from the path, and looking down, Ali saw a small heap of dates in the way.\n\n\"See,\" he called to Baba, who for the moment walked at the camel's head, \"A porter has spilled his dates.\" He thought it of little consequence, but no sooner had he spoken than Baba began to call:\n\n\"Ali has seen dates in the way. It's a sign of a fortunate journey.\" And Ghafil sang to the camels:\n\n\"The hills shall come out to meet you,\nThe valleys bow before you,\nThe sun shall be your companion,\nYour shade, a canopy of cloud.\"\n\"You shall drink at the wells of sweet water. He was still at the gate when the journey began. ADVENTURES OF ALI  The way the caravan took led, at the beginning, through a fertile valley where melons and pomegranates grew, and ripening grain that was pleasant to see, but soon these were left behind. Now there were only straggling bushes and trees growing in gravelly soil, and by late afternoon they came to the edge of the desert and halted there. Some among the company who looked for the first time on the great sandy waste cried out in wonder, but Ali felt only disappointment. The desert, of which Marah and his mother had spoken, was peopled with Bedouins who rode like emirs on fine horses, or wandered here and there pitching their tents by wells among the sand dunes, or in green oases where palm trees grew.\"\n\"But the desert he saw was like a great bare floor. \"Are there no tents then?\" he asked in a mournful voice, and Baba answered comfortingly: \"Have patience, oh, little one. The ocean is not drunk in a swallow, nor the desert seen at a glance.\" Soon, the disappointment was lost in the interest of making camp for the night. \"Ikh! Ikh!\"\" the drivers called, and Ali was glad to climb from the litter and stretch his legs after so long a sitting. It seemed to him that he should never be able to run and jump again, but with a little trying, the stiffness left him and he was as lively as ever. Every one, even Zeyd, was lively and busy in the preparations for the night. Loads were lifted from the camels' backs, and the beasts secured against wandering. A tent for all was pitched.\"\nThe merchants were set up, the camp fire lit, and supper soon prepared. Ali would have opened his food bag, but Mohammed said:\n\n\"To-night there are meats and cakes for a feast, and the merchants would have you eat with them.\" So Ali was their guest. \"Now we are friends,\" he told them gravely, for to eat together is a bond of faith among the Arabs, and this he had often heard from his mother and Marah.\n\nThe merchants, who knew of the customs of the country, nodded and smiled at him. Yusuf, who by this time had learned many words and spoke in Arabic with ease, said kindly:\n\n\"Adventures of Ali 55\n\"May our friendship never fail, oh, little Ali.\"\n\nAfter the supper came an hour when merchants and guides and drivers, with Ali among them, sat by the camp fire for the telling of tales and singing of songs. The maker of rhymes\nHad couplets for every one. Of Ali, he said:\n\"What shall Ali have for a plaything to comfort him on the long way? We shall give him the moon for a ball. He may keep it all day.\"\n\nAnd of Zeyd, he sang:\n\"O Zeyd, if in the desert you would roam, 'Twere better far to leave your flesh at home;\"\n\nThis rhyme bringing a tale to Baba's mind, he told it to them:\n\"Know ye,\" said Baba, \"that a certain camel-merchant, who was a fat man, went with his beasts from the city of Damascus to the city of Aleppo, which is the journey of a day. He took with him a radif to carry his spear, a driver for his camels, and a singing man that he might be merry on the way.\n\nAnd it so happened that resting by a well the caravan was beset by a ghoul, which has the shape of a woman, the beak of a bird, and two eyes that gleam in the night.\"\nA ghru had feet, one like an ostrich's foot and one like an ass's hoof. She filled the air with cries for peace, and the merchant asked, \"What do you seek, ghru, that we may give it and have rest?\" The ghru replied, \"I seek a fat young man. My children are hungry and I have nothing to give them.\" The merchant then offered, \"Take my servant instead.\" But when she had felt the servant, she refused, saying, \"The picking of this man's bones is not worth the trouble.\" The merchant then offered the singing man, but she said, \"My pot has room for more than him.\"\nThe singing man had the secret of certain words, and when he had whispered these into her ear, the ghoul said: \"I don't have enough salt for this one,\" and she let him go. Then the merchant said: \"Of all that I have, I have made you an offer. Go now, and find your supper with the Bedouin.\"\n\n\"Nay,\" said the ghoul, \"you are the man I seek, and the milk to seethe you is already simmering.\"\n\nThe treacherous merchant would have certainly received his just punishment had it not been for the mercy of God that a caravan came up, from which the ghoul fled. In this company was a dervish, who, seeing the miserable man alone on the sand, for his companions were gone and he had fallen in a swoon, had pity upon him and rescued him. To this dervish he told his tale, and being led by him to repentance for his sins.\nThe merchant, known for his cruel treatment of others, gave half of his goods to feed the poor and lived benevolently thereafter. However, from that time on, he became a shrunken man, and it was said that the ghoul had consumed him, as he had grown lean from fear.\n\nThis tale of Baba brought great laughter, ending the merrymaking for the night. Soon, the camp was quiet, but the stillness only kept Ali awake. Used to the noise of the city, he longed for his mother and Marah to answer his whispers. A sleeping rug had been spread in the merchants' tent for him, but he wished he had stayed by the fire with Mohammed and Baba, to whom he might have spoken. He leaned on his elbow and listened, hoping that a voice might tell him that someone else was awake.\nI. was wakeful. Not a sound was to be heard, but as I looked I saw a great ungainly figure lurching toward the tent doorway. \"The ghrul! The ghrul!\" cried Ali, but the words were little more than a gurgle in his throat, and before he could get breath to call again, the tent shook as if an earthquake uplifted it, and from the group outside rose first a scream, and afterward the sound of laughter. Then came Mohammed to tell the merchants, who by this time were aroused and anxious, that a camel had slipped its knee-band and gone wandering about the camp to stumble over tent-ropes and startle Zeyd.\n\n\"Little Ali here would not have cried so loudly, but Zeyd is a man full of fears,\" said Muhammad in excuse, and he added, laughing, \"he thought it was the ghrul.\"\n\nLater, Ali felt it right to tell Muhammad that\nhe had been afraid and thought as Zeyd had, but Mohammed only answered as if it were no matter of surprise: \"Aye, well, to have fear is no disgrace, so be it that you have courage also.\" (See Glossary.)\n\nChapter VI\n\nAs soon as the morning prayers were said at sunrise, the caravan began its journey across the desert. For mile upon mile and day after day, the camels and men must struggle through loose, billowy sand in the burning glare of the sun. Sometimes the little tent of the merchants was hastily set up for shelter, but oftener they crouched in the shadow of the camels to eat their noonday meal.\n\nWhenever it was possible, they traveled at night, when the wind was cold and the camels went without urging. But whether they journeyed or rested, the hot hours of the desert day must be endured.\nIn spite of the heat, sand, and weariness, they went without complaint and found happiness in every relief, no matter how small, from the discomforts of their way. The shadow of a rock in which they might rest was a cause for rejoicing; to see a bush on which bits of cloth had been hung, as the custom was, to show that other travelers had passed that way, made as much talk and laughter as though they had met friends on the road. And when digging under a damp spot in the sand they uncovered a water hole, the whole camp sang with Ghafil:\n\n\"Like a bracelet set with sparkling gems,\nIs the rim of a well in the desert sand.\"\n\nAli bore his part bravely in all these things, and soon a saying went among the men: \"We started to the great sheik with a child.\"\nBut now, it is a man who Hassan carries. And it is true that Ali grew fast and learned much. It was not long before he had all the cries and calls of the camel-drivers at his tongue's end and could put them to use. At the resting places, he could bring Hassan to his knees without aid from anyone, and if, as sometimes happened, the camels grew skittish and started from the line, Ali was as quick as Baba to check them with a \"Woo, wooloo, woo.\" Now, too, he often chose to walk beside his camel as the men did, and by and by Baba gave him a camel-stick like those with which the drivers guided their beasts. Ali wished with all his heart that Hamood could see him with that stick. Every one taught him something. Baba, who because he was the guide must know every sign and landmark, was always asking:\n\"Look, oh Ali, and tell me what you see?\" The merchants took delight in teaching him the meaning of the soft, slurring words of their language. They taught him Carlo for Kalil, and Giuseppe for Yusuf. Mohammed helped in this. Zeyd, who had brought with him a pocketful of money, taught him the value of the coins. The drivers showed him how to put his tongue in the roof of his mouth to make the clucking sound with which they encouraged the camels. He delighted in doing this. Ghafil, who loved all animals and birds, taught him the names of the desert creatures: the gentle gazelles, the mountain goat with its great horns, the little hare, the swiftest of all, and the giant lizard.\nThe tower of which Marah had spoken. There were also wildcats, hyenas, and wolves, of which Ghafil had not much to say. And of birds, there were dun swallows, blue roving rock-doves, and falcons, which built their nests on the highest crags of the cliffs. With all these things to watch for and talk about, the desert no longer seemed a dreary waste to Ali. Yet no one was gladder than he when, at the end of a long weary afternoon, Baba called suddenly:\n\n\"Look, oh, my brothers! The black tents of the Bedouin!\"\n\nAs quickly as if his words had been of magic, the little company roused itself to interest and curiosity. Even the staidest camels frisked and jumped as if they had never before seen a tent. The encampment was a small one, half a dozen tents in a vale among the dunes where a water-hole and a little pasturage of rubia and dates provided sustenance.\nAcacia bushes had lured the nomads. When Ali asked if he might find his grandfather here, Baba laughed at him.\n\n\"Ali the Great has a thousand tribesmen and flocks and camels, but these are just poor herdsmen who will scarcely spare a sheep for a guest-feast,\" Baba said.\n\nHowever, these poor folk must be treated with courtesy. There must be no approach to their doors without due notice. So while the caravan halted, Mohammed went forward to announce its coming.\n\n\"And come you with me, oh, little Ali,\" he said. \"For whether for fear or love of Ali the Great, you will not lack a welcome in the beyt of any Bedouin.\"\n\nAs they went nearer, Ali saw that the tents called black were, in fact, of a dark-brown cloth woven of camels' hair. So Mohammed explained, they were made by the women of the tribe. The largest tent belonged to...\nA tent, before which a lance was thrust into the sand, was the home of the sheik. It stood in the midst of the camp, with its doorway carefully protected from the sun. In the doorway, a woman sat rocking a sheepskin bag on her knees. When the strangers came up, she called to them:\n\n\"Let me, I pray you, take the butter from the neck of the bag and you shall quench your thirst on the churn-milk.\" Hurrying into the tent, she soon returned with a wooden bowl. She returned with a bowl of buttermilk, or leban, as she called it, which she kindly offered, first to Mohammed and then to Ali.\n\nThis was their first taste of Bedouin hospitality, but soon the sheik, whose name was Ibrahim, came to welcome them. He was a poor man, but determined to entertain his guests.\nstrangers behaved fittingly. Despite Baba's prophecy, orders were given for the killing of a sheep, and preparations for a guest-feast were soon underway.\n\nAs for Ali, he received kind looks and pleasant words from everyone. Between the tribe of Ibrahim and the tribe of Ali the Great, there was peace and goodwill, and the grandson was invited to drink buttermilk in every tent of the encampment.\n\nWhile the Bedouins were busy making ready for their visitors, the caravan was brought up, and the camels were watered at a great trough by the well. All of this was attended by a pack of barking dogs and a crowd of children.\n\nAmong the group, Ali spotted a boy of about his size and age, or so he thought. This was Selim, the youngest son of Sheik Ibrahim, who had just returned from the forage ground with his herd.\nSelim noticed a valuable camel in his father's flock, a camel named Hassan. \"See this, the best thelul among us,\" Selim said to his companions, pointing out the camel's good teeth, slender legs, and great hump. Ali, the owner of the beast, couldn't help but share this, and an acquaintance and then a friendship began between them.\n\n\"Why do you ride like a woman, in a litter?\" Selim asked Ali as soon as they learned each other's names.\n\n\"My mother and Marah, the nurse, insist on it,\" Ali replied, a little shame-faced at the question.\nI. Understanding such matters, I shall ask for a saddle.\n44. \"Aye, it were better so,\" said Selim, who, clad in a sheepskin coat, ran barefoot over the hot sand and knew nothing of luxury.\n\nAdventures of Ali\n67. He had no camel of his own, but once in his roaming he had found a young gazelle which he had brought home and fed on goats\u2019 milk.\n\nNow the fawn went with the flock and came at his call like one of the sheep. And this pet he must show Ali.\n\nBesides the gazelle, Selim had as possessions a shepherd's crook, a sling, a plaything made of two shards which spun on a string with a humming sound, and a reed or pole on the end of which was an iron hook. With this last he hoped some day to catch a thob, which he called Master Hamid and the sheik of the wild beasts.\n\nLet Selim but find the hiding-place under the...\nSelim knew the simple arts of Bedouin boys: how to set a trap for the desert rat, send stones sailing straight to a mark from his sling, and make shaws or horns of green grass stems. He had faced dangers in his shepherd's life. Once, when no help was near, a wolf came to his flock. But Selim knew how to cope with him. Mounting a rock, he called to his sheep, and together they killed the grey-legged thief with the press of their bodies. The day before, as he watched his sheep, a band of horsemen rode out of a cloud of dust and threatened him as they passed. Had he tended camels instead of the smaller animals, they would have robbed him.\n\"But he had sent his stones around their heads beforehand.\n\n\"A shard lay waiting in my sling,\" he told Ali, who, hearing these adventures, longed for similar ones.\n\n\"Think you, oh, Selim,\" he asked anxiously, \"that I may tend the flocks of my grandfather?\"\n\n\"Aye, well, are you not his grandson?\" said Selim, but later he added that Ali must first learn the ways of the sheep and how to care for them. \"They need to drink every second day and must not wander,\" he instructed, and presently with a sharp pointed stick he drew two symbols on the sand:\n\nADVENTURES OF ALI 69\n\n\"This,\" he said, pointing to the first, which had two straight lines and one curved like a young moon, \"is the wasm that marks the cattle of Ali the Great, and this, which resembles a club, is that of Ibrahim, my father.\"\n\nAli could have listened longer to this talk.\"\nA stir rose at the tents, and the boys had to go ask the cause. Reaching the camp, they found Merchant Yusuf had offered to open his chest of medicines and find a dose for a child sick with a fever. Everyone felt they must see this done. The women of the tribe, who managed such matters, crowded around to watch the Hakim, or merchant, handle his packages and bottles. They looked wise and asked many questions, but it was clear they knew little. When Yusuf had given the child a powder, they expected an immediate cure.\n\nTo give medicine to the ignorant sometimes proves dangerous for the doctor, and Mohammed looked upon the whole proceeding with misgivings.\n\n\"Pray God the merchant has not made a mistake,\" he said so often that even Ali began to share his concerns.\nAfter growing anxious, the mother of the little one came running to report that he slept and his skin was cool. The visitors then sat at the guest-feast with easy minds. Ali could have sat with the men, but choosing to stay with Selim, he ate his mutton broth and meresy among the children. Their mothers had saved portions for them. When the great wooden bowl in which the broth had been served was brought from the guest tent, he dipped his fingers in the leavings as eagerly as the rest.\n\nAfter the feast, the children played at horses, running by pairs over the sand dunes, while the older girls stood by to clap and sing. Ali, who might have thought such a game unbecoming for a boy who carried a camel-stick the day before, entered into the sport with zest when he saw that Selim, who had met wolves, was also participating.\nAnd Ali, a robber, was among the foremost players. The game was at its height when someone called out, \"Lo, Selim! Your brother comes.\" The racing was stopped while they watched. ADVENTURES OF ALI (Chapter 71)\n\nApproach of a young man who rode on a bright bay mare. Ali didn't dream that his coming could mean anything to him, but not long after the newcomer had alighted and gone into the guest tent, Mohammed came out and beckoned to the boy. \"Tidings for you, oh, Ali,\" he called; \"One day more and, God willing, you shall see the face of your grandfather. For the young man has passed his herdsmen on the road, and at the Oasis of the Running Water we shall find the great sheik himself.\"\n\nAfter this, Ali and Selim played no more but sat in the starlight talking. All their talk was of when and how they should meet again.\nCHAPTER VII\nThe young man brought important news, not only for Ali but for the entire caravan. In the great sheik's camp, Baba hoped to obtain fresh camels to replace one or two that had proven too weak for the journey. There, they could also learn all the news of the desert, from the falling of a meteor to the drying up of a well. The greatest cause for rejoicing was that, from this time on, they could rely on the sheik's protection from Bedouin robbers who preyed upon caravans. Some of these were sheiks themselves, but they would still respect Ali the Great's commands, even more than the Caliph's letter, Baba thought.\n\n\"The Caliph sits in the city, but Ali the Great rides in the desert,\" he laughed as he started the journey.\ncaravan again; and Ghafil answered:\n\"Each hopes to escape the danger far away,\nBut fears the one he may meet to-day.\"\n\nAdventures of Ali No. 73\n\nSelim stood on the sand dune to watch them go,\nbut there was little said at parting. The Bedouin\nhave more words for welcome than for farewell,\nbut nevertheless Ali knew he left a friend behind.\n\nAs for himself, he was but half-glad that his\njourney was so near to its end. The next day\nmight bring him to his grandfather, on whom so much\ndepended, but when this was accomplished, he must\nlose his companions, every one of whom he had learned\nto love. This night as he walked among them, first one\nand then another spoke to him with kindly words\nor jests to make him laugh.\n\n\"See now, oh, Ali,\" said one of the drivers,\n\"what good fortune the dates in the way have\nbrought us.\"\n\"Baba did not look at your grandfather's tents before the new moon. Take care, lest on the great sheik's leban you grow fat as Zeyd, and the ghul come for you. A third one had a plaintive note: We shall miss the child and Hassan in the days of the long march. And to this all agreed: Aye, aye, little Ali and the camel will be missed.\n\nThe merchants were sorry at the thought of parting with their charge, but they were full of promises and plans. When we come again, said Kalil, shall I bring my sons, oh, Ali? And will you give us leban at your tents, and let us fill our girbies at your well, and call us friends? Oh, come! said Ali. The sons shall ride on Hassan and upon the horses of my grandfather; and he and I shall make a feast for you.\"\n\n74 Adventures of Ali\n\nThe merchants were also sad to leave their charge, but they were full of promises and plans.\n\n\"When we return,\" said Kalil, \"shall I bring my sons, little Ali? And will you give us leban at your tents, and let us fill our girbies at your well, and consider us friends?\"\n\n\"Come on!\" cried Ali. \"The sons will ride on Hassan and on the horses of my grandfather; and he and I will make a feast for you.\"\n\"Pleasant as this was, merchant Yusuf had something more pleasant to suggest: \"When you have grown to be a man,\" he said, \"perhaps you will come, not upon Hasan's back but on a ship with sails like wings, across the sea to find us in our city and see its wonders for yourself. How would you like that for adventure?\" \"If I live and you live, I shall come,\" promised Ali, whose heart began to grow light again. Later, when he rode in the litter, he turned these pleasant plans over and over in his mind. First, his mother and Marah and the little one would come from the city, bringing happiness with them. Then Ali would tend his grandfather's flocks, and when he had fought wolves and caught thieves and driven away robbers, he would be a man. If the good merchants returned.\"\nAli should come to the tents, he would ride on Hassan's back but with a saddle, to show them the best ways over the desert and keep them from harm. And when they returned to their city of wonders, he would go with them, but not to stay. He would never be willing to live in any place but the desert.\n\nHe also thought of Selim, his friend. The sons of Kalil would be friends, but not like the shepherd boy. If Selim could go with Ali on the ship with sails like wings, it would be well, and that this must be arranged in some way was his last plan before, rocking and jolting as Hassan rocked and jolted, he fell asleep.\n\nWhen he woke, a streak of dawn was shining in the sky and Baba was sounding the call to prayer. Ali would never forget that moment, for it was just as the caravan halted that he saw a band of horsemen riding towards them.\nfuriously towards them. Even before a word was spoken, Ali guessed these were robbers. Afterwards, all was confusion and noise, the sound of threats, cries, and blows, and the bellow of excited camels. Above all else, Ali could hear Baba\u2019s voice shouting directions and defiance in the same breath.\n\n\"Make the camels kneel, oh, slow of wit. Be quick, oh, Zeyd, or you shall pay with your possessions for your slowness. Back, dogs of the desert, think ye to rob the friends of the Caliph, and the grandson of Ali the Great?\"\n\nMerchants and men alike were quick to defend the camels and the merchandise. Even Zeyd brandished his stick and stood before his beasts with all the bravery he could muster; and Ghafil called to encourage his comrades: \"Fight, oh, my brothers, fight for the camels.\"\nYou love. He who will not fight for his camel deserves no camel. Ali, anchored in the midst of the caravan, longed to fight as well, but at first, the best he could do was soothe the frightened camels. \"Woo, wolloo, woo,\" he called, but presentally, seeing that Baba was hard pressed by a fierce-eyed bandit, he sent his camel stick flying towards the robber with all the force he possessed. The stick fell harmlessly enough against the robber's horse, which swerved as if a fly had lighted on him. The robber's lance, which would have fallen on Baba's head, missed its mark by just so much as the swerve, and the good Baba was saved for that time at least. At this success, Ali balanced himself in the litter and shouted.\n\nMerchants and men alike were quick to defend the CAMELS AND THE MERCHANDISE. (Page 76. ADVENTURES OF ALI 77)\n\"And it was then that he attracted the attention of a scowling giant. \" Ho, little dog of a stranger,\" he cried, \"Whom think you to drive back with such loud barking? \" His hand was already on the camel's leading strap when Hassan struggled to his feet and breaking loose from the halter plunged into the crowd of fighters who willing or not must make room for him. The giant robber stood staring stupidly at the end of the broken strap which he still grasped. Baba caught at the camel's head as he passed, and Zeyd scarcely jumped aside in time to save himself. All this Ali saw in a glance as he was hurried away.\n\nOn the outskirts of the throng, the camel paused, but the next instant he was speeding on, and the boy saw that a fresh danger, \"\ntime came suddenly from the desert itself, was upon them. Just before the camel took his sudden flight, Ali felt the sting of sand grains upon his face. They leaped and danced through the air, growing thicker and faster every moment until the very sky was hidden. In this storm, the caravan and robbers were soon lost to sight. Except for shrill cries, Ali would not have known they were near, and shortly, for Hassan traveled fast, he could hear them no longer. The tiny grains of sand beat upon his face with the sharpness of needles, and, except in a lull of the wind which drove the sand along, he was forced to close his eyes for fear he would be blinded. Fortunateley, the storm was not a long one, and when the wind died away and the air cleared, the desert lay as smooth and bright as though it had never been disturbed. But except for:\nHassan made his way to a great rock and a little cluster of sand dunes. There was nothing to be seen except for a large rock ahead and some sand dunes.\n\nAdventures of Ali\n\nHassan approached the rock and lay down in the shade with a grunt of satisfaction. But as soon as Ali could free himself from the sand which had drifted about him in the litter, he ran beyond the rock to call:\n\n\"Baba! Mohammed!\" Though the robbers might hear as well as his friends, he could not be silent. \"Ghafil, oh, Ghafil! Here am I.\"\n\nHis voice was as shrill and weak as a bird's cry in the wilderness, and he called as he would, no answer came. After a little, he ceased to call but not to hope. Surely someone would come to seek him, and what was more likely than that Baba, who knew all landmarks, should think of this great rock? With this comforting thought, Ali waited.\nsat down by the camel to wait, but the excitement of the morning had left him tired. Resting his head against the camel's back, he fell asleep. Never, not even in the courtyard at home when his mother sat near and Marah sang in her crooning voice, had he slept so soundly as he did in the desert with only Hassan to keep him company. And when he woke, it was with a familiar sound in his ears. Tom! Tom!\n\nTom! There was no mistaking what it was. Had he not heard it when his father marched away? Tom! Tom! Tom! Drums! Drums in the desert!\n\n\"Hassan, oh, Hassan! Now we shall be saved,\" he called, but the camel did not stir for all the drums. Even when a moment later Ali appeared.\nIn the sand, I ran toward the source of the sound and shouted at the top of my voice to attract attention, whoever it belonged to. Hassan remained quiet as before. The drums grew faint and soon ceased entirely. Ali became confused. Were they in this direction or that? Were they drums at all? At last, only one thing seemed certain to him: he was alone and helpless. Throwing himself upon the sand, he lay there sobbing.\n\nChapter VIII\n\n\"If you're sad and perhaps a little lonely in the desert, remember the sweetmeats in the bag,\" Ali's mother had said on the day he left home. Her words came back to him as he lay crying on the sand. It was almost as if she had known of this very moment, he thought, and he was glad that, though he had opened the bag, the sweetmeats were still there.\nAli forgot that he had shared some of the contents of the package with Zeyd, leaving a little cake and a handful of raisins. As he went to the litter to retrieve these, he remembered that he had neither eaten nor drunk anything since the guest-feast. In the excitement of the morning, he had forgotten his breakfast. But now that he had thought of it, he could scarcely wait to get the girby and food-bag from beneath the drift of sand which covered them.\n\nHassan had drunk at the well on the evening before and did not need water, but he must be fed. Ali would not eat until he had given the camel a portion of dates and washed the dust from his eyes.\n\nFor his own meal, Ali had the last caravan biscuit that was left in the bag, dates, and water.\nHe felt better after eating the saved sweetmeats, so he wiped away his tear-stains, fearing friends might see them. Looking for something to do, he considered the sand dunes and Sheik Ibrahim's tents beyond them. \"A shepherd lad could be on the other side,\" thought Ali, and with this thought, he started out immediately. The sand hills appeared close from the shadow of the rock, but the distance grew to miles before Ali reached them, and his feet burned on the soles. (Adventures of Ali, p. 83)\nHe climbed the ridge and saw nothing but sand and sunlight beyond. Not even a desert rat stirred in the heat. He came down wearily and sat, scraping a hollow in the sand with a shard. Taking off his sandals, he thrust his feet against the cooler earth. As he enjoyed the relief, he wished Baba and the rest could see his capability. True, as they said, he was growing to be a man. If they hadn't come by morning, he and Hassan would seek them instead of waiting. He had gotten so far in his thoughts.\nAli realized the camel was free to go as he sat cooling his feet. Ai - perhaps it had already started. Snatching his sandals from the ground, Ali hurried towards the distant rock. The blazing sun dazzled his eyes and scorched his face, making it difficult to run fast. The sun seemed to make the rock farther away with each step. But when after a long time, Ali reached the rock, Hassan lay in the shade, chewing his cud contentedly. Ali recalled the drivers' words, \"A good camel waits for its burden.\" Nevertheless, Ali took no chances. He would not leave the camel again, and when night came, he would sit in the litter. If danger threatened, Hassan could speed up.\nAli rested, planning as he did so, to gather all the stones he could find and store them in the litter. Having cast away his camel-stick, he had nothing to defend himself. He practiced throwing pebbles and, though not as skillful as Selim with his sling, sent them skipping along the ground to a distance that pleased him. Soon he turned the practice into a game, heaping up two little piles of sand and naming one the robber and the other the wolf.\n\n\"I have struck the robber,\" he called as he sent his pebbles to these marks, or \"Look, the wolf is dead.\"\nBy the time he had grown tired of this, the sun was going down, and he must eat his supper, which was only dates and water. Ali was not wasteful with either, for he had learned in his own home to be careful, and though the men of the caravan were apt to overeat at the stopping-places, Baba had warned them many times against it. And Ghafil had a rhyme that said, \"Who sates himself will find tomorrow His empty food-bag filled with sorrow.\"\n\nAli sat by the camel's side to eat, and as they munched the dates, he laughed and said, \"Now, oh, Hassan, we are friends.\"\n\nStill, even with a friend like Hassan, the loneliness grew almost too great to bear as the daylight faded and no caravan appeared. When Ali climbed into the litter, he was very near to tears again.\n\nWhile he sat there, all the stories of wild beasts that he had heard from the men came to mind.\nIn the year 86, there were two tales told to Ali. One was of a bear that stole almonds from a tree where a human thief had climbed. startled by each other, they tumbled to the ground. However, this was just a tale for laughter. There were no bears or almonds in the desert.\n\nAnother tale was of a hyena that prowled around a smoldering campfire. He had reached the edge of the ashes when a sudden flame sprang up in his face, bewildering him. He ran into a tent and was killed. The men of the caravan laughed at this tale, but Ali, who had no means to make a fire, thought about it soberly and wondered what might have happened had there been no flame.\n\nHe had also heard of a hyena that followed a merchant's caravan, always lurking nearby. The men were on their guard, but the hyena never dared to attack. Instead, it would wait until nightfall and feast on the carcasses of their camels that had died during the day. Ali pondered over this tale, considering the cunning of the hyena and the danger it posed to the caravan.\nA poor camel mile after mile, waiting for it to fall and die. Even in the midst of his friends, tears had come to Ali's eyes as he listened to this tale. In the desert with Hassan, it seemed sad beyond all words. Happily, though, there was another tale, with a pleasanter ending, to remember. The merchant Yusuf had told of a boy in the land of India who had tamed a tiger with the music of a flute. Tigers, so the merchant said, were fiercer far than any beast in the desert. As soon as he had thought of this, Ali clapped his hands together. He had no flute, it is true, but what of the pipe that Marah had hurried so to bring? In the novelty of the journey, it had lain unused in the litter, but now Ali sprang from his seat to get it and try its music.\nAye, it could make as loud a noise as ever. He himself did not like to hear its shrill, piercing note in the great silence of the desert, and Hassan snorted uneasily at the sound.\n\n\"Wooloo! Wooloo!\" Ali said soothingly, but he was not sorry that Hassan did not like the pipe. There was no magic music in it, but if wild beasts came, he would try what noise could do to conquer them.\n\nHe had just climbed into the seat to wait for whatever might come when between the sand ridge and the rock he spied three ostriches. With their great feathered bodies perched on long legs like bundles on poles and their small heads bobbing on necks as high and stiff as the Emir\u2019s banner-staffs, they presented a comical sight. The three ostriches marched solemnly, one behind the other, as if they were having a procession of their own.\nAnd all were unconscious of being watched by a boy whose mind was filled with mischief. Ali had heard much of the ostrich in the camp, where an endless dispute had been waged between Zeyd, who thought the bird hid its head in the sand to escape danger, and Baba, who laughed such tales to scorn. The merchants had taken the fat man\u2019s part for once, but Baba had held fast to his denial, and the last word in the arguments was always his:\n\n\u201cHave patience, oh, credulous ones; when you see an ostrich, you shall know the truth.\u201d\n\nAnd now Ali would be the first to know! Lifting his pipe to his lips, he blew a wailing note that would have startled anything, or so he thought. Oh, ho! If only Zeyd were here to see how fast the great birds ran on their long legs, with their wings flapping and their necks stretched out! There was no need to panic.\nBefore the sound of the pipe's first blast had faded, the ostriches looked like nothing but three little puffs of dust in the distance. And Baba had been right; no hiding of heads for birds like these! Ali could picture the scene around the fire when this was known: Zeyd's downcast face, jubilant Baba, and the merchant Yusuf writing the truth in a little leather book, as he was so fond of doing. Ghafil would doubtless make a rhyme or song about it, and there would be laughter and jests for days.\n\n\"But, eigh me,\" sighed Ali, \"when will this come to pass?\"\n\nBefore he could fall to brooding, however, Hassan rose to his feet and journeyed forth.\n\nCHAPTER IX\nAfter the long hours of waiting, it was pleasant to travel with Hassan through the night. The wind was cool, so cool that Ali had to wrap himself in his mother\u2019s shawl. By and by, the stars, which are nowhere else so bright and beautiful as in the desert sky, began to shine. Ali knew the names of some constellations: Orion, the Pleiades, the Bear. His mother had taught him in the happy evenings long ago when they sat together on the housetop. He thought of her as he watched them now, and once when a beautiful blue meteor trailed across the sky, he wondered if she saw it too, and if Marah sat beside her in his place. If this were true, they would be talking of him. Whether he had kept warm in the shawl, whether the sweetmeats had all been eaten by this time, whether he had been glad that Marah had remembered his pipe; these would be some of the topics of their conversation.\nHe thought about the things they might speak. If his mother was sad and anxious, the nurse would comfort her by saying, as he had heard her say many times in the days of preparation for his journey: \"God watches over all, as the stars watch the desert.\" Marah's talk was always full of stars, to which she compared everything from the baby's twinkling toes to the wealth of Ali the Great. His grandfather must have loved them too, for he named his daughter \"Star of the Desert.\" Pleased with the thought, Ali chose the brightest star above him for his mother's star. Aye, that was the one she was like. He felt almost as if he were riding to her, as Hassan went so swiftly and confidently. There was no break in his speed. All through the night, the boy, waking from his fitful rest, would look up at the stars.\nThe familiar rocking of the good beast's gait caused Ali to fall asleep, assured of safety. In the morning, the camel continued without pause, traveling mile after mile. Ali performed his prayers in the litter and waited for breakfast until a stopping place was reached, leaving Hassan behind. He trusted this wise beast, knowing its purpose in the haste.\n\nAt every sand dune, Ali looked out expectantly, believing this could be the shade, well, or encampment the beast was seeking. The child's eagerness and alertness made him notice little that escaped his attention.\n\nOnce, as they went through a little valley between the dunes, a heap of great white eggs was discovered.\nA kind of ridged hollow caught his attention. These he guessed to be ostrich eggs, and he wished that he might get one to show his friends when he should see them again; but the nest was left behind while he thought of this. At another time Hassan drove a swarm of locusts before him, and once a viper lifted its head from a stone, \u2013 but, God be praised, too far away for its fangs to strike the camel's legs. At a little distance, Ali saw bones scattered here and there, each one polished clean and glistening in the sun. Beyond doubt, something, perhaps a camel, had perished at this spot, and hyenas had feasted.\n\nIt was a sight that would have sobered the bravest traveler, and Ali rode downcast and apprehensive until a pleasant happening diverted him. Now it was a troop of gazelles, white as the sand over which they bounded, that he and his companions encountered.\nHassan came upon pretty deer-like animals running beside the camel. Ali called to them in a friendly fashion, \"Woh-ho! Woh-ho!\" He would have been glad to keep such gay, light-footed companions but they were soon off in another direction. After this, there was nothing but loneliness on every side.\n\nThe sun was high, and the air quivered with heat. Already Ali was driven by thirst, but the gourd lay on the other side of the litter and, even if he could reach it, the risk of dragging it across the camel's back was too great. A lurch might send the bottle from his grasp or the neck might come untied, as had happened to the milk-skin in the porter's story. Thirsty as he was, he would wait, but he strained his eyes for a sign of the longed-for resting place.\nFor a time, the desert stretched smooth and empty before him. Then, suddenly, a huge, indistinct form appeared in the distance. What it was, he could not make out, but its size, shape, and sudden appearance filled him with awe and apprehension. By all the means he knew, he urged Hassan to turn aside, but the camel had grown used to its own way. It moved steadily and straightforward, and Ali began to doubt the beast's good sense, of which he had been so proud.\n\n\"Oh, foolish one, why rush to destruction?\" he called in despair, but Hassan only went faster. Having nothing else to do, the boy stared with fascinated eyes at the mysterious form. It seemed to kneel on the sand like a camel, and its back rose in a great, broken hump, but there its resemblance to any creature he knew ended.\nHe saw two misshapen heads and a horn as tall as a palm tree. Convinced they were traveling towards a dreadful monster, the form disappeared suddenly, leaving only a small irregular heap of stones a little way off on the sand. His first thought was that the whole matter was the work of Jinn, who could hide in small things like a bottle or vanish in empty air, but this explanation did not satisfy him.\nHim. Presently, he recalled caravan talk of mirages and was ready to believe that this had been the cause of the mystery. Had not Baba told, and Yusuf written in his little book, about tricks of the desert air and light which made pebbles seem large as rocks, and rocks as great as mountains? Well, he thought, the stone-heap might have been his monster!\n\nHis fear was gone, but the experience left him bewildered and uncertain. When, later on, the camel changed its course and a cliff rose into view, Ali doubted his eyes and half-expected it to shrink or vanish. And to add to his anxiety, Hassan slackened his pace and stumbled more than once.\n\n\"Courage, oh, my beloved,\" called Ali quickly. \"The end of the journey is not far.\"\n\nOften Baba had told his drivers to talk to their beasts, and oftener still he had cried, \"Sing, oh camel.\"\nThe camels are weary, so now Ali sang:\n\n\"The hills shall come out to meet you,\nYou shall drink at the wells of sweet water.\"\n\nNext, he must try the encouraging \"gluck\" of the camel-drivers, though his tongue made but a feeble sound against the roof of his parched mouth.\n\nLater, words of prayer came to his lips:\n\n\"God guide your steps and bring you safely to your journey's end.\"\n\nThis had been his mother's prayer for him, and he felt better for repeating it for Hassan. Aye, truly, to leave all things with God was best. Was He not watching over all, as the stars watch the desert?\n\nThe cliff, which had proven steadfast and unchanging, was within easy distance now. Another stride or so and Hassan had reached it, and even before the beast sank to his knees, Ali spied the gleam of water in the hollow of a rock.\nAll the hardships of the journey were forgotten then. There was no room in the boy's mind or heart for anything but joy and gratitude. How great was God! And Hassan, Hassan was His wisest camel!\n\nChapter X\n\nHassan, though the wisest and best of his kind, must be coaxed to the pool with a \u201cWee-aho!\u201d And Ali himself must bathe his face and hands and eat and drink. But when these things were accomplished, he looked eagerly about the place to which the camel had brought him.\n\nHere all was different from the open desert. A sandstone cliff with towering crags was on one side, and great rocks, in whose shadows there was already the coolness of evening, stood about a little sandy spot that reminded Ali of the courtyards at home.\n\nThe pool, which must be of rain water, as Ali could find no spring or stream to feed it,\nLay in a natural cistern, hollowed out by time and weather in a shelf of the cliff, this water was cooler than any other Ali had tasted in the desert. He must run to drink again before he looked farther.\n\n98 Adventures of Ali\n\nThis done, he turned his attention to the rocks, which he saw were filled with curious things. On one, the largest of all, was carved a face, with a mouth wide spread as if in laughter, and upon almost every other one, rude pictures and letters and lines of wild writing had been cut or scratched.\n\nAli was examining them curiously - this would be a goat, and this perhaps a gazelle - when it came to him that these were the work of travelers or wanderers who had left their marks on the rocks to cheer those who might come after them. And others would come.\nA tale, a song, and news of water; these three travel fast and far in the desert, according to Ghafil. Others would come, and Ali and Hassan would be rescued. In his joy, he determined to leave his mark here, but what should he make? He thought of a camel, but when he had drawn one in the sand, it looked nothing like the good Hassan. He tried one thing and then another, and finally decided upon his grandfather's design that Selim had shown him. He made it first in the sand, and then, with a sharp stone, on the rock beneath the laughing face, where it showed very plainly. In comparison with it, all the other signs seemed dim and worn. Search as he would, he could not find one newly made, and though he reassured himself by saying that tomorrow his would be as stained as the rest, he could not put away the disappointment.\n\nAdventures of Ali 99.\nHe had likely been gone a long time since the carver and picture-makers had passed. His hope for a swift rescue waned as quickly as it had risen, and he began to turn sadly towards his camel. But then he felt a sudden heat beneath the soles of his sandals. Looking down, he saw that he had stepped on a small heap of ashes. The ashes were still hot! A fire must have burned there not long ago. Perhaps the makers had cooked their breakfast over its flame.\n\n\"Weyley! Weyley! I should have missed them,\" Ali cried, yet his spirits rose. The travelers had gone, but he would try to revive the ashes of their fire. He tried once, twice, and three times without success. Just as he was despairing, an ember glowed steadily and strongly beneath his breath, and another. Now if he could only find 100 more embers.\na  little  fuel  he  would  have  a  blaze  to  sit  beside \nwhen  night  came  on.  He  covered  the  embers \ncarefully  and  ran  to  gather  sticks,  stalks,  even \nbits  of  dry  herbage,  anything  and  everything \nwhich  might  feed  a  flame. \nHe  had  heaped  up  quite  a  pile  in  readiness \nfor  the  first  sign  of  darkness  when  he  spied  on \na  high  ledge  of  the  cliff  a  small  green  bush. \nHere  was  a  treasure,  but  not  for  fuel. \n\u201c  Look,  oh,  Hassan,  yonder  grows  your \nsupper,\u201d  he  cried,  for  no  sooner  had  he  seen  it \nthan  he  determined  to  get  the  plant  which \nwould  be,  he  knew,  like  healing  medicine  to  his \nweary  beast.  He  had  had  no  experience  in \nclimbing,  it  is  true,  but  his  legs  were  stout  and \nhis  head  was  to  be  trusted.  It  never  turned \nsick  or  giddy  as  did  Zeyd\u2019s  when  a  camel \nlurched  to  its  feet  or  knelt  without  warning. \nThen,  too,  when  he  came  to  the  foot  of  the \nAmong the rocks, he saw a rough path that guided him, though it was hard enough to climb. Often, he could scarcely mount the steep inclines it led to, and once he had to cross a narrow ledge, finding only a foothold. \"God be praised that I meet no donkey with loaded panniers here,\" he cried, pressing himself against the cliff's wall. But any path is better than none, and this one brought him to the spot where the bush grew - a great, flat rock from which he could see for miles around. In one direction were other cliffs as high as the one he stood on, in another he thought he saw tree branches, and far, far away, a little cloud of dust rose.\n\nAli stood as straight and tall as he could.\n\"Called out at the top of his voice: \"Lullul, lullul, lullul-la,\" a cry of joy that he had learned from Marah. Never had he been so high! \"Lullul, lullul, lullul-la!\" The bush grew in a light soil of wind-blown sand and came up easily at Ali's first tug. When he saw, close by, the withered stalks of another plant, his satisfaction was so great that he must shout again -- \"Lullul! Lullul!\" Aye, he was glad that he had come. He tied the bush to a corner of his head-cloth and tossed it over his shoulder, thrust the stalks in his girdle, and tucked up the skirt of his smock to allow for greater freedom in climbing. Ready to go back to Hassan, he happened to look down on the path by which he had come. On his way up, his eyes had been fixed on what was above him, and he had thought nothing of the path beneath.\"\nAli grew dizzy and sick with terror at the perils awaiting him. He could not leap the yawning chasms or cross the ledges, nor trust himself on the slippery rocks. Suddenly, his legs began to tremble, and he sat down as far from the edge of the cliff as he could get. Alas, how high above the earth he was!\n\nHe had sat there long enough for his head to grow less giddy, but not long enough to regain his courage or plan how to get down from the terrible heights, when he saw a large bird flying toward the cliff. It whirled in circles and darted swiftly downward, always coming closer. Despite his misery, Ali could not keep from taking interest in its flight. Soon, he saw that it was black, and later that it held something in its bill.\nA falcon, he said, remembering Ghafil's lessons and how he told that such a bird builds her nest in the highest crags of the mountain, to escape if she can the falconer's reach.\n\nWhat if there were a nest and young birds on this very cliff, thought Ali. The bird carried food, he was sure of that, and as she flew still nearer, he heard, from below the rock on which he sat, sharp cries - such as nestlings make. These were the first living sounds besides his own voice and Hassan's grunts that he had heard since he lost his friends, and it was all that he could do to keep from shouting again, even though he knew that he must not betray his presence to the mother bird, who would be fierce and ready to fight an intruder.\n\nHe only waited, though, to see her fly away before he stretched himself flat upon the rock.\nand he thrust his head beyond the brink. There, in a nest of sticks built on a crag not more than an arm's length below him, were two young falcons that looked at him with startled eyes. \"Fear not, oh, little ones, I will not harm you,\" he assured them. He lay there a long time watching them as they opened and shut their bills, crowded against each other and finally settled themselves to sleep. Even when he spied the mother bird returning, he drew his head in reluctantly; but tomorrow he would come again, he promised himself.\n\nAs he rose to his feet again, all the dizziness was gone and most of the fear. He began the downward climb without delay, clinging to every crack and crevice for safety and sliding down the steepest rocks, though not without some damage to his clothes. He was already.\nhalfway down the cliff, he came upon a staff that had been dropped or cast aside on a shelving rock. So then, another traveler had climbed here. Though he must have been a careless fellow to throw away a stout stick, Ali would save it for him and use it too. Now everything was easy. With the staff to steady him, he crossed the narrowest ledge and leaped across the widest gap without fear. Almost before he knew it, he had reached the ground.\n\n\"Lullul, lullul, lullul-la!\" When he saw Selim again, what adventures he, Ali, would have to tell!\n\nChapter XI\n\nEven though it was far from supper time, he could not wait to give the bush to Hassan, who snatched at it eagerly. Just as Ali had thought, a few green leaves were worth more to the beast than a bag of dates; and once again he was glad that he had climbed the heights.\n\"Tomorrow we shall go to seek my grandfather, oh, Hassan,\" he cried, seeing with joy how much a little rest had done toward restoring the camel's vigor. Ali himself was tired from his unaccustomed exercise, but he must not rest until he had checked if the ashes still retained their heat. He held his hands above them and felt the warmth of the smouldering embers but did not disturb them. Though he was eager enough to try his skill as a firemaker, he would not burn so much as a straw as long as daylight lasted. The stalks he had brought from the cliff he laid with the sticks he had already gathered, and determined to seek more, for of fuel he could not have enough for the dreary hours of the night ahead. He longed with all his heart for a companion to sit with him beside his fire; any one who came would be welcome.\nA fire makes friends of strangers and peace between enemies, so one of Ghafil's songs began, and Ali was ready and willing to believe it true. His best hope for company was the man whose staff he had found. Since he had time to think about it, he was convinced that the stick had not been cast away, but hidden for safekeeping on the cliff; and the owner might return for it at any moment; or so Ali liked to think. He turned the stick over in his hands and tried to imagine what manner of man the owner might be. It was a good, strong staff, a little thicker than a camel-stick and well suited for a weapon or a support in the perilous ways of the desert. A pilgrim, a herdsman, a guide; any of these might use it, or a falconer. Aye, a falconer, whose livelihood depended on climbing, he would be the man to leave such a thing.\nAdventures of Ali, number 107. Ali would need it not, but if he came, he would beg him to spare the nestlings on the crag. The falcon's aerie might be spied from the ground, and the boy ran to look up at the crag where he knew it was built. The nest was too well-hidden to be seen from below, but as Ali stood gazing upwards, a feather came floating through the air. Nothing could have pleased him more than this. A feather from the falcon's wing! His fingers fairly trembled as he caught the prize and fastened it into his head-band, thinking all the while of how he would some day say:\n\n\"Look, oh, my Selim (or See, oh, my Ghafil), the feather of the hawk whose nest I found on the rocks.\"\n\nWith so much to do and see, it was impossible to rest! Instead, he went wandering.\nAmong the rocks, Ali picked up fuel bits and sang scraps of Ghafil's songs, keeping his eyes wide open for any adventure or marvel. The cliff face was broken with hollows and recesses, some large enough for a man to enter. One, a great hole or cave, was close to the ground. Ali tried to look inside, stooping on his hands and knees. For a time, he feared it might be a wild beast's lair or the den of snakes, keeping a safe distance from the entrance. But his curiosity eventually overcame his prudence, and he crawled nearer and nearer until he was into the mouth of the cave. Once there, he found it was a low-roofed cavity of no great depth and bare as the desert floor. If it had contained anything more, it was hidden from sight.\nNot been for a tiny crevice in the rocky wall at the back of the cave, through which a thread of light shone, he would have gone away disappointed in his adventure and missed all that followed. But his curiosity was aroused, and he peeped through the crack he must. What he expected to see, he could not have told, but he was trying earnestly to adjust his eyes to the tiny space when, to his horror, a part of the wall on which he had put a hand to steady himself began to move. Before he could step aside or catch at anything else, it had swung backward from its place, leaving a gap in the side of the cave. Unable in his surprise to keep his balance, he tumbled through the opening.\n\nThe next instant, he found himself on the floor of a second and larger cave which was filled, or so it seemed to him, with magic. All around him were strange and beautiful gems, glowing in the dim light that filtered in through the opening. The walls were covered in intricate carvings, and the ground was soft and cushioned under his feet. He marveled at the sight before him, unable to believe his eyes.\nHe saw at first ripples and color-waves of crimson, purple, orange, and glints of gold that danced like sand grains in the storm before his eyes. Wellah, it was magic! But when his terror had subsided and he had collected his wits, he saw that the cavern was a storage place for merchandise. Yards of shimmering silks hung from half-opened bales; beads, bracelets, and all manner of gold and copper trinkets glittered in a stream of sunlight that poured through a cleft in the roof, and wherever he looked, there was such variety of wares that he might easily have imagined himself in a city bazaar. It was from all of these and not from magic that the color and sparkle had come, he saw plainly now. And when, after a little, he went to look at the opening in the wall, he found\nAli had been more frightened than hurt by his fall and soon was all interest in the scene before him. In this strange storehouse, nothing was in order. An unsheathed sword lay among women's veils and shawls, a length of damask trailed along the floor. Red-topped boots, such as Syrian riders wear, camel saddles, gay with trimmings, and headstalls for horses were heaped with handkerchiefs and sashes. In one corner was food: bread and salt, baskets of figs and dates, and a jar of milk. Ali, who had been inclined to think that he had come upon a robber's den, now saw that it was a treasure chamber.\nUpon the hidden treasures of old kings, of which, like all Arabs, he had heard stories. He now knew that this could not be so, for the fruit looked as fresh as if it had been gathered that very day, and the milk as white as if just emptied from the churn-bag.\n\nHis mouth watered at the sight of the good things, but he had not forgotten his mother\u2019s tale of the coat on the bush. Marah had thought he did not understand its meaning, but In this strange storehouse, nothing was in order.\n\nMarah was not so wise as she believed herself. Not one tiger nor sip of milk would he touch till those whose property was here at the mercy of the tinder should come to share the food with him, as doubtless they would do. He would be as honest as a hundred or a thousand Bedouins.\n\nSoon he found entertainment in wandering.\nFrom heap to heap of merchandise, deciding what he would take if he might have it. A camel-saddle, the red-topped boots, and a lance; these were for himself. And for his mother, a shawl and silks. A string of blue beads would please the nurse, because she thought they brought good fortune to the wearer, and for the little one he chose an amulet or charm of coral, a tiny horn tipped with gold. He had amused himself in this fashion till he was tired and was starting away from the cave when in the shadow of an unopened bale of cloth he came upon a little leather-covered book. The moment that he set eyes upon it, he felt certain that it was Yusuf's book in which the record of their journey was kept. The size was the same and the color, and the pages were covered with writing. Ali could not read this, but he turned the pages carefully.\n112 ADVENTURES OF ALI\nThe leaves rustled hastily. If it were Yusuf\u2019s, a picture of Ali would be there. The merchant had drawn it on the day when Baba had given the boy the camel-stick.\nAye, there it was, looking just as it did when Yusuf had shown it to him and read aloud what was written beneath:\n\u201cTo-day Ali has a camel stick, and goes with laughter in his heart.\u201d\nBeyond doubt the book was Yusuf\u2019s, but how came it here in this lonely hidden place? Ali's first thought was that the caravan had sought shelter from the heat among the rocks and that the cave had been discovered and visited; but this explanation was not in keeping with his knowledge of Yusuf, who was painstaking and careful to a fault. Never would he have left his precious record behind. That the book had been lost on the road and found by the owners of the storage place seemed the most likely explanation.\nA thief might have taken it, but Ali didn't realize this until he began to wonder who the thief could have been. The truth flashed upon him. The robbers! The robbers who had beset the caravan. He was in the den of thieves, and all the wealth was stolen, not only from his friends, but also from many other merchants traveling peacefully from city to city. But they should be punished, these wicked thieves. God and Ali the Great would requite them for their evil.\nAnd the Caliph should be told. In his excitement and confusion, he ran about the cave trying to distinguish the goods of Yusuf and Kalil from the rest. The beads might be theirs, and the damasks and silks, they had brought such things from their city of wonders. But he could be certain of nothing, and soon everything swam in waves of color again. He was forced to sit down upon the floor to steady himself.\n\nTill he discovered that the robbers had taken the goods of the merchants, Ali had had little apprehension for the caravan. In his own peril and loneliness, he had pictured his friends traveling on, perhaps in search of him, perhaps to find the tents of his grandfather. But together and safe. As for the robbers, they were always overcome and put to flight in his imagination. Any other ending to the battle in the cave.\nThe storm had never occurred to him. Had not Baba safely guided twenty caravans and worsted robbers in a dozen fights? But this was different. Sitting with Yusuf's little book in his hands, he could think only of his wayfellows scattered and wandering without food or water, or lying dead on the cruel sands. Ai - I, he should never see them again; the good merchants, and Baba who was so brave and wise, and Ghafil with his singing. He named each of the little company softly, with tears running down his cheeks.\n\nChapter XII\n\nThe boy himself was in great danger. At any moment, the robbers might return to find him in their secret place; if indeed they had not come already and were lying in wait outside the caves. Ali remembered the dust he had seen as he looked from the cliff top. That dust could mean only one thing.\nHe would have been gone from their riding, he thought, and while he had amused himself with their treasure there had been ample time for them to have covered the distance. Or if they had not come, they were doubtless close at hand. Even if he rode away, he would meet them. A child couldn't contend with a score. To hide seemed to him his only chance for safety, and he looked about wildly, trying to find a nook or corner in which he might lie concealed. A little space behind a few unopened bales at the farther end of the cave was the best he could see, but he ran to crouch there. The bales were small, and Ali must be careful not to let the skirt of his smock show beyond bounds, but he felt a certain security. God willing, he should stay here until the robbers had eaten their evening meal and gone to sleep.\nIf all went well, he could creep out and mount Hassan, making his escape. In the meantime, there was nothing to do but wait. He would have settled himself in patience if he hadn't remembered that the cave's door stood open.\n\nTo leave his refuge and swing the stone into place took almost more courage than he possessed, but no sooner was it done than his spirits rose. It would be a wise man who could guess now that the secret of the cave was known, and when no owner appeared, the robbers might even think that Hassan was a wandering camel that had broken loose from some traveler's camp, a thing by no means impossible along caravan routes.\n\nAs for the beast, he would come to no harm, and if the men should bind one of his knees to keep him from going farther, Ali could free him. Nothing was easier. But if the litter was discovered...\nHe took the bales off his back \u2013 that would be quite another thing. How could Ali travel then? He would have to ride the camel bareback, as Sa-ad, one of the drivers, had sometimes done; or he could make a cushion of his mother\u2019s shawl or a rug from the cave. He had time enough to plan, lying so quietly behind the bales; and to think of fresh dangers, too.\n\nSoon he began to fear that the men, instead of going to rest after their supper, might ride away, and in that case they would never leave the camel behind. The very thought of this changed all his plans, and it seemed to him that he could not leave the cave quickly enough. He must save Hassan, come what may, or, if that could not be done, he would be captured with the beast. Aye, let the robbers take him too.\n\nHe was running toward the door when the\nsword that he had noticed earlier caught his eye again. With a weapon he could fight for his camel as an owner should, he thought, and he hastened to draw the blade from the tangle of delicate fabrics among which it was half-hidden. \" Ho! ho! Now let them come,\" he cried, as he flourished it over his head. The boldest among them would think twice before he risked himself against a sword like this. Never was there such sharpness. The tissues and silks had split at the merest touch of its edge. And it was of marvelous beauty, with patterns of gold traced upon its surface. Surely it must have been made for the Caliph or the Pasha or at least an emir, but it would serve Ali as well. When, a moment later, he ventured from the caves, he was almost disappointed to find no one waiting to do battle with him.\nSo much had happened since he last stood in the little court that it seemed strange to see Hassan lying so quietly in the shadows. Only an hour or so ago, he, Ali, had scratched his grandfather's wasm on the rock and collected the heap of fuel. But all that he had gathered with such pains would feed the robbers' fire tonight; this was more than he could bear. Setting upon them as fiercely as though they were the enemy he longed to fight, he scattered the sticks and stalks in every direction.\n\n\"Let them find and gather for themselves,\" he cried as he sent the last twig flying across the sand.\n\nBut this was no time to talk or think of robbers if he meant to escape them. He ran to put the sword in the litter and fill the girby at the pool, which must be done, haste or no haste.\nThen if only Hassan were willing, the journey could begin at once. Everything depended on the camel. He chose the time and way for their journeys; Ali knew this well.\n\n\"You will go, won't you, oh, my beloved, to save yourself and me?\" he said coaxingly. If it were only night, when the beast liked to show its speed, or if Ali had something with which to guide him, all would be different. One of the sticks he had cast away might be useful, or the staff, which in the excitement of his later discoveries he had forgotten.\n\n\"I will take it, but I will pay for it,\" said Ali, and rummaging among his belongings he found it.\nAli brought out a small coin which Zeyd had given him and laid it on the edge of the pool. The Cadi, who had settled the dispute between Hamood and the pipkin-seller, could not be more just than this. He was about to mount his seat when on the surface of the cliff, he saw a ray or spot of light that flashed first on one rock and then on another. Now it disappeared, now it reappeared. Once there were two mounts almost reaching the ledge where Ali had climbed, then one again flitting like a bird from point to point.\n\nAli had seen a dancing light like this before, but it had come from a mirror with which Kalil had caught the sun's rays and thrown them here and there against the blackness of a rock to amuse the camel-men. But where was the mirror?\nTwo horsemen came riding slowly toward him. The horsemen were the robbers. Ali stood and watched them calmly. When they caught sight of him, the riders drew rein.\nA little in front, one of them called, \"Who are you?\" If I hadn't thought him part of the dreaded band, no question would have been more welcome. But as it was, I could scarcely keep my voice steady as I answered, \"I am Little Ali, grandson of that Ali called the Great.\" \"Who is with you?\" was the next question as they held their horses back. I marveled at their caution. The bandits who had beset the caravan seemed fearless, but these took no risks. Perhaps they were just travelers, fearful themselves of thieves. There were only two of them, neither the giant I dreaded. The faces of the other robbers were confused in my memory; I might have known them again, or I might not.\n\"Even the uncertainty gave him confidence. \"Have no fear, oh wayfarers,\" he called reassuringly. \"Here are but my camel and I lost from our friends and wandering in the wilderness. Wellah, it is God who has sent you to our rescue.\" He extended his hands toward them in his eagerness, but they came no nearer, and Ali could see that they consulted and argued with each other. He was beginning to be fearful again, when the one who till now had not spoken pushed his horse ahead and held up his finger for attention. \"Hark you,\" he said as gravely as if he were a cadi, \"Ali the Great I know, but of his grandson I have yet to hear.\"\n\nTo the boy, it appeared as if all his safety depended upon proving his kinship to the great sheik, and in his anxiety he fairly shouted his story, telling first of his mother and Marah.\"\nand the little one in the city, and then why and how he had come into the desert to find his grandfather, whom he had never seen but to whom he would be as welcome as water to the thirsty.\n\nAdventures of Ali 123\n\n\"Take me to his tents, oh, merciful ones,\" he begged, \"and receive his reward of kindness.\"\n\nThere was more consultation between his listeners, and once or twice he caught the sound of laughter. Then suddenly the leader threw himself from his horse and came toward Ali with open arms.\n\n\"God be praised for our meeting,\" he cried loudly, \"for know this, oh, little Ali, I am your grandsire.\"\n\nHe kissed the boy first on one cheek and then on the other, and glancing over his shoulder, Ali saw that the companion who had brought up the horses was smiling broadly.\n\nChapter XIII\n\nAs soon as he had opportunity, Ali looked\nAli eagerly approached his grandfather. He was a tall man, with eyes as fierce as Marah had described, but his face was hidden by a dark headcloth that hung in heavy folds to his shoulders. The mole on his cheek couldn't be seen. Tokens and signs were unnecessary now, as everything was different from what the mother and nurse had planned.\n\n\"Wellah,\" said Ali, letting out a great sigh of relief, \"I had thought you were a robber.\"\n\nThe companion, who was not unlike Zeyd in appearance, though with a shrewder face, laughed long and boisterously at this. But Ali the Great stood frowning and silent. It was not pleasing to him that his grandson had mistaken him for a thief. Ali hastened to set things right.\n\n\"How could I know, oh, father of my mother, that it was you whom I had never seen before?\"\nHe asked anxiously, \"Have you seen [the place]?\" This is a place of robbers. I have found their cave in the cliff. Come, and I will show you their secret door and all their stolen treasures. I was about to tell how my discovery was made, but glancing up, I saw that the men were staring at me with such black, threatening looks that the words died on my lips. Of the two, the sheik was angrier, and if the companion had not intervened, he would have struck his grandson, though for what reason the boy could not guess. He was standing helpless and bewildered, knowing neither what to expect nor what to do, when the rafik began to laugh again.\n\n\"I have a thing to tell you, child,\" he said with an eye on the sheik as if to see how he approved the disclosure; \"The treasure that you found is not the robbers', but your grandsire's.\"\nHad it not been for Yusuf\u2019s little book that he could feel at that very moment under his girdle, Ali might have believed the man. Even knowing what he did, he could not bear to think that Ali the Great was one of those robber-sheiks of whom his wayfellows had spoken.\n\n\"It is a jest, is it not, oh, grandfather, that your rafik speaks?\" he asked, with his heart in his words; \"but you will tell me what is true.\"\n\n\"Aye,\" said the sheik harshly, \"the wealth is mine. See to it that you take your news no farther.\"\n\nAli was afraid of the cold, hard man, but he must not show his fear. He understood his mother\u2019s warnings now, and presently, to hide his feelings, he began to talk of other things\u2014the bush that he had spied, the heights to which he had climbed, and the falcon\u2019s nest on the crag.\n\"You only need to stick your head beyond the rock to see the nestlings, oh, my grandfather,\" he said, but this did not please the sheik.\n\n\"The next to come will be the falconers,\" he grumbled, and to Ali's great disappointment and sorrow, the companion was directed to take his staff and destroy the nest.\n\n\"Aye, tomorrow when the young have learned to fly,\" answered the rafik, \"or shall I save them for the son of your daughter?\" It was almost as if he had read Ali's thoughts, and his suggestion delighted the boy. The birds were too young to fly, but once they were his, he would take good care of them. One he would keep for himself, and the other should be Selim's; if only his grandfather would agree to what the rafik said. He waited anxiously for the reply.\n\"The sheik's next words had nothing to do with falcons and their nests.\n\n\"Look! Look, oh, Meschid!\" he cried to his companion, his voice growing high and shrill with excitement. \"The wasm! The wasm!\" and following the direction of his outstretched hand, Ali saw that it was his own drawing to which the sheik was pointing.\n\nThere was nothing mysterious or wrong about it, so far as the child could tell, but the men looked at it as though it were an omen of evil. Truly, they seemed afraid, both the great sheik and the rafik.\n\nWhen Ali had scratched the symbol on the rock, it had appeared a thing to be proud of, but now, at the very thought of acknowledging it as his work, he shrank. He was sure, too, that Meschid suspected him. Whenever he turned his head to look, he found the rafik watching him and whispering to the sheik.\"\nwas not long before his grandfather was casting his black glances at the child and demanding that he tell the maker of the sign. But fierce as he was, Ali managed to answer him with courage:\n\n\"It was I, who drew the wasm, but is it not your own? And am I not your grandson?\"\n\n\"Aye, true,\" said Meschid, whose confidence and gaiety were restored. \"And did I not say, oh, Ali the Great, that your grandson was the one.\"\n\nBut the sheik was far from satisfied. \"Talk no more of grandsons,\" he shouted angrily. \"Nay, Meschid, a snare is laid and the child is part of it.\" Pushing the rafik aside, he called to Ali:\n\n\"Who set you on to tell your tale? See to it that you answer truly, or Meschid shall not save you from my hands again.\"\n\nHe came close with a threatening gesture.\n\"but Ali held his own, as he had done in the market place so long ago.\n\"As I live and you live, the drawing is mine,\" he said with spirit. \"Two lines and a sign like a young moon, so Selim made it in the sand as we sat by Ibrahim's tents while the caravan rested. 'This,' he told me, is the wasm which marks the cattle of Ali the Great.' Ask him, oh, Sheik, if my words are true.\" Ali felt no fear, but only anger as he spoke, yet when his grandfather had no reply for him, he added pleadingly: \"If the sign is not rightly made, oh, father of my mother, I can learn. You, yourself can teach me.\"\n\"Nay, the wasm is well made,\" said Meschid coming to the rescue and speaking as smoothly as ever, \"but the place is ill chosen. If the tales be true, the face has been upon the rock.\"\"\nSince the days of Antar the hero, meddling with ancient things is not wise. It is this which troubles your grandsire.\n\nThe name of the hero caught Ali's attention more than the fact that nothing his grandfather had said bore out Meschid's explanation. However, he thought of this later as well. Where had he heard of Antar? His memory slipped back to the time when Marah and his mother were talking and planning for his journey \u2013 something there had been that belonged to the days of Antar. The amulet \u2013 the amulet that was to make all right between his grandfather and himself. In the excitement of the unexpected meeting, he had neglected to give it to the sheik, but it would serve its purpose better now. He took it from his neck and held it out, saying gravely:\n\n\"See, oh Ali the Great, the token of my allegiance.\"\nThe sheik accepted the stone unwillingly. Whether it was his daughter's remembrance that softened his heart or Ali had already convinced him of the truth, the boy heard no more about the wasm. The men's interest was now focused on the carnelian, which they examined and discussed its value. A jewel merchant in Aleppo would know best, or so Ali the Great insisted.\n\n\"Aye, but Abu of Damascus will pay more,\" said Meschid, who liked the last word in every matter.\n\nAli listened half-heartedly, not fully understanding what they meant. But when the amulet was hung about the sheik's neck and the men went to look at the camel, the child followed. All that concerned Hassan concerned him.\nAli was glad when the worth of the beast was recognized at once. He would bring sixty reals in any market, Meschid declared, and the sheik thought more.\n\n\"A man would rob himself to sell a thelul like this one for so little,\" he said.\n\n\"If the beast were his own, but what of one ill-gotten?\" inquired the rafik slyly.\n\n\"Hamood, who sold the camel, will tell you his worth,\" said Ali, mindful of his promise to the broker. \"I had no money with which to pay, only a bracelet of gold which my mother bade me offer as surety till you in your goodness should redeem it; but Hamood was not fearful. 'God requites the kind of heart, and so, doubtless, will Ali the Great,' this was his saying.\"\n\n\"Wellah, I shall reward him,\" said the sheik, whose humor had improved somewhat.\n\nAli would have taken much satisfaction in this.\nthis: if Meschid had not seized the opportunity to laugh. The rafik's laughter always made the boy uneasy and doubtful. Alas, poor Hamood! He might have to wait for his recompense, after all. He had no time to think of the broker, however, for now the litter was the object of the men's attention. Ali's cheeks burned with shame when his grandfather cried out contemptuously:\n\nThe grandson of Ali the Great in a litter. Is it not a tale for the market place, oh, Meschid?\n\nStill, the child could not bring himself to tell of his desire for a saddle. He stood watching while his few belongings were examined and carelessly tossed to the ground: girby, food-bag, and all. Nothing seemed of value to the men but the staff, which the rafik claimed, and the sword, about which the boy was closely questioned. The sheik\nMeschid was amused by Ali's curiosity about the weapon brought from the cave. \"Little Ali,\" he taunted, sweeping the weapon near the child. \"Were you going to cut off my head if I were a robber?\"\n\n\"Yes, I would have,\" Ali replied bravely, hiding his dismay and disappointment. In all the stories, the sheik had been portrayed as a hero - fierce, but just and generous. The poor were fed at his tents, and the weak were protected. Ali's imagination had added so much to these tales that he had come to think of his grandfather as a kind of potentate with the power and dignity of a caliph. But the man he had found was just a common thief.\ncaravans and bickered with his rafik and blustered in his anger as the hangers-on at the market might have done. At every turn and happening, Ali feared and disliked him more. Even the camel distrusted him and bared its teeth in a sudden snarl when the sheik came too near.\n\n\"What! Snarl before me, worthless one?\" cried Ali the Great. \"Then injury shall follow.\" And lifting his foot, he struck the camel in the face.\n\nAfter this, Ali had but one thought; he must escape. Better the sun and the loneliness and the danger of beasts than the tents of cruelty, he told himself; and as for his mother and Marah and the baby, they must be warned. He must take care of them against this wicked grandfather.\n\nTo send a message seemed impossible, but presently Ali had other plans which might save both his dear ones and himself.\n\"When he could trust his voice, my grandfather asked, \"Will you send for my mother?\" The sheik answered, \"Tomorrow. Wellah, tomorrow.\" Ali looked to see if Meschid laughed but found his face calm. \"May I not also go? It's been a long time since I parted from her,\" Ali asked. \"Aye, you may go,\" his grandfather assented. \"And Hassan?\" \"In the litter,\" the sheik smiled, though his smile was not pleasant to see. Meschid's laughter had less evil in it, and now he was merry once more. \"Tell me, oh Ali the Great,\" he cried, making a mocking show of respect and courtesy.\"\nThis daughter of yours - what's her name? (Chapter XIV, Adventures of Ali, 135)\n\nThe sheik was impatient with the question. \"Gertha, Miriam, Hirfa; what difference does it make?\" he growled. But the name of Ali's mother was Kathafa, the most beautiful in the world, he thought. How could his grandfather have forgotten?\n\nAli, who would have been quick enough to set his grandfather right in this matter of names at any other time, held his tongue now in a kind of dull resentment. He would speak no more of his mother to these men, and even at the risk of rousing their anger again, he drew away and sat down as far from them as he dared.\n\nThe sun was almost down, and both the sheik and rafik hastened to prepare for night. The horses, which in the desert are gently nurtured creatures, were given milk. A fire was made with fuel from some hidden store, and food was prepared.\nMeschid approached the camel with talks of removing the litter, but his mind changed before a single strap was loosened. \"If there was haste in going forth, time would be saved if the furniture were left,\" he told the sheik, and seeing that Ali listened, he added immediately, \"Haste or no haste, the little one must ride in ease, is it not so, oh, father of his mother?\" The sting of his words was lost in Ali's relief at the decision, for though his grandfather had said he might go to his mother, the boy had little faith in the promise. The hope of slipping away in the night was still uppermost in his mind. If he could reach Ibrahim's encampment, he would doubtless find help there, and already the thought of adventuring to the city with Selim for a rafik had come to him.\nTo have the litter left undisturbed was good fortune, and soon he had other cause for rejoicing; Meschid would not bind a knee of the beast.\n\n\"He will wait for his burden,\" he said, for though he was a robber, he knew a good camel as well as any man, and had the sayings of the caravan-drivers, which seemed marvelous to Ali.\n\nThe sheik paid no attention to his grandson, but when the fire had burned and supper was ready, the rafik called:\n\n\"Come, oh, little Ali, and remember when there is bread and salt between us, you cannot cut off my head.\"\n\nIf Ali had dared refuse, he would have eaten nothing. This was no feast of friendship, and though he had heard that tasting so much as a date gave a man the right to say to his host, \"I have eaten of your food. I am under your protection.\"\nHe felt no assurance that the robbers, one being his grandfather, would keep a bond if it suited them to break it. He ate reluctantly and sparingly, but the men were ravenous. Not until everything before them was devoured did a word spoken. When their hunger was satisfied, they relaxed, and lost some of their fierceness. They might have passed as harmless travelers resting beside their fire after the toil of a journey. Meschid sat mending a garment, as any wayfarer might have done at the day\u2019s end. The sheik occupied himself with shaking the dust from his sandals and smock, and finally from his headcloth, which he took off for the purpose. Here at last was Ali\u2019s opportunity to see the mole which was to have been his token. In the light of the fire which blazed up at the moment, his grandfather\u2019s face was shown with great clarity.\nAli's face was distinct, lean and hard with no marks. Could Marah have been mistaken? No, Ali's mother had agreed to every word. The great sheik had a mole like the one on Ali's own face, in the same spot on his cheek. Ali looked again into the face before him, but there was no sign on either cheek. And no sign, no grandfather! Ali gasped with astonishment when he realized this. Ai - i! No wonder the wasm of his grandfather had frightened these pretenders, or that his mother's name had been miscalled, or that Meschid found such cause for laughter.\n\nIn the joy of knowing that he was not the robber's grandson, Ali was near to forgetting that he was still in the power of these cruel men. He would have liked to leap and spring and shout, \u201cLullul! lullul! \u201d but there was need of caution.\nAli noticed his restlessness, thankfully he thought it was due to weariness.\n\n\"Have you no tale or song for your grandson, oh, Ali the Great?\" he inquired, \"For, lo, he tires of our dull company.\"\n\nThe sheik's only answer was a growl. Ali seized upon the words as an excuse to leave the fire and lie beside the camel. True, he was tired, the day had been long.\n\nFrom underneath his arm, which he flung across his face to shield it, he could watch every movement of the robbers with safety, if only he could keep awake, but there was the danger. He was glad when the talk between the men grew shrill and loud, as it was apt to do when they differed. All their thought was of markets and prices and the robbing of caravans. Others of their band had ridden this very day to:\n\n(No further text provided)\nIntercept a certain merchant on his way to Bagdad.\n\n\"A punishment falls on them if they gain no more from him than from the kaffar,\" cried Meschid. \"Did I not tell you, oh, my Zamil, that all should ride together?\"\n\nThis was news for Ali that drove the sleepiness from his eyes. Oh! The false sheik's name was Zamil; and of more importance still, the kaffar, or strangers, from whom the robbers had gained so little, might be their friends. Not many who belonged to other lands crossed the desert, so Mohammed had often told him. He listened eagerly, hoping for further information, but instead came an outburst of anger from Zali, who swore in Bedouin fashion by the life of his horse, the life of the fire, and his own life that someone, Ali could not tell who, should suffer.\nFor his bungling, and after this storm passed, the men lit candles and went into the caves. Presently their voices reached his ears, clear and harsh in the stillness of the night. Zamil was still out of humor and wrangled with his companion.\n\n\"What say you to the safety of your hiding-place, oh, Meschid?\" he asked with bitterness.\n\n\"When, lo, a child has found it as easily as though it sat upon a hill,\" Meschid answered glibly.\n\n\"Aye, and so did the blind man find the gold piece when his toe had tripped upon it,\" the companion retorted. \"These things happen but once, and remember, oh, my Zamil, the child is your grandson.\"\n\nBut Zamil was in no mood for jesting.\n\n\"Have done, oh, Meschid, with your foolish sport in which there is no profit. Better it were to strike one blow and end all danger of discovery,\" he cried so fiercely that Ali shrank back.\n\"from the sound of his anger,\n142 ADVENTURES OF ALI,\n\"Nay, a jest is no harm,\u201d persisted Meschid,\n\"and it were better far to save the child and gain a ransom from the sheik.\n\"But if he refuse to pay a ransom for the son of a daughter he cast off? \u201d objected Zamil.\n\"Or if he deny the kinship? \u201d\n\"Never fear that last,\u201d said the rafik.\n\"The child is as like him as if the two were dates on the same tree. Saw you not the mole on his cheek? And as for the rest, pride is stronger than anger. The sheik will pay the ransom.\n\"Then what of the cave?\" demanded the other.\n\"How long would it be before the boy boasted of finding it and led the sheik\u2019s men here? \"\nBut to this, too, the rafik had an answer,\n\"Can a child chart the desert? \" he asked in turn,\n\"and least of all a silly lad like this one, \"\nas easy to beguile and turn about as a lamb in the fold. And think you it was he who found the way to the rocks? Nay, oh, my Zamil, 'twas the camel brought him. Do you not know the tale? If a camel, though but a foal at its mother's side, should drink at a water-hole, he can find it again when he is old and thirsty.\n\nPresently their voices reached his ears.\u2014Adventures of Ali 143\n\nBlind. Hassan has drunk at the pool before this day.\n\n\"Then kill the camel!\" shouted Zamil.\n\n\"Nay, not so,\" said Meschid. \"The camel shall be part and parcel of the price. Two mares of the best strain, twenty theluls, the amulet, and Hassan, in ransom for the child. Does it not sound well, oh, uncle?\"\n\nWhat Zamil replied, Ali missed, but that he had agreed to the rafik's plan was certain, for when later on a new dispute rose shrilly in the camp.\nAli climbed into the litter hastily as the sorting and packing of goods at night only concerned him. No better time for his escape seemed to him, and he kept an eye on the cave. Forgetting all apprehensions about Hassan's willingness, the excitement of the moment made him feel no surprise when the beast rose in response to his hand. Hassan would save him that night, as he had before.\n\nChapter XV\n\nAs Ali and Hassan left the Court of the Rocks, one of the robbers' horses stirred and whinnied softly. However, no notice was taken of their departure, and though Ali often looked back with anxious eyes, no pursuers came. Soon he would laugh at the thought of Meschid and Zamil quarreling in the cave while he and the camel went free, like the light-footed gazelles.\nThe open waste was filled with the dim radiance of starlight through which Ali peered for landmarks. He might be no more than a silly lad, as the rafik had called him, but he determined to lead his grandfather\u2019s men to the robbers\u2019 haunt. And in order to do this, he must note every rock and tree and sand dune along the path.\n\nSo far as he could see, the level gravelly tract over which he was passing had nothing on it of distinction, and though the cliff and rocks that bordered it were monuments in themselves, Ali had spied other cliffs as high and rocks as great when he looked from the heights. It would be hard to distinguish one from the other; or so he feared.\n\nSometimes Baba had found his way by signs left by other travelers, and Ali wished that he might in some fashion mark his own course.\nIt would be easy to return. To accomplish this without endless delays seemed beyond reason, yet he was soon trying to devise means by which it could be done. He thought of everything he had seen on the caravan route: the little heaps of stones, the bushes hung with colored threads and bits of cloth, the marks upon rocks; and even the dates at the gate of the city, though these were a sign of different meaning from those of travelers. Yet nothing had shown more plainly than the dates against the whiteness of the way. Had one been looking for them, it would have been hard to miss them; and Ali had dates. If he dropped them one by one as he went, a trail might be made, if only for a little distance, and, God willing, he might find it again. He was ready to try the perilous venture of getting back, with the dates as his guide. (146 ADVENTURES OF ALI)\nAli forgot the food-bag from the other box among the girby and his possessions in the Court of the Rocks where the robbers had tossed them. Of all the misfortunes that had befallen him, to be without food and water was the greatest. Yet he did not completely despair. By morning, the camel might have brought him to a well, or his grandfather might be found. In the cool of the night, it was easy to imagine that help would come. But to mark the way seemed impossible.\n\nAli had nothing now but the garments he wore, the book of Yusuf, which must be preserved at any cost, and the pipe, which had escaped the robbers' notice. Once, Sa-ad, a camel driver, had torn a strip from his head-cloth to fasten on a stick which he thrust into the ground as a makeshift marker.\nAli tore his head-covering into bits as a token for his brother, who was to follow with a later caravan. The memory of this suggested a new plan to him. He would scatter the cloth pieces in place of dates. If no wind came to blow them away, they would show as bright as banners on the sand when the sun was up.\n\nHe set to work that very instant with teeth as well as hands to tear the cloth into the smallest strips he could manage. He could not afford to be wasteful, though when the kerchief was exhausted, he would use the scarlet fringe of his girdle.\n\nAs he dropped the scraps one by one from the litter, it occurred to him that the robbers might see them and follow them to find him; though this seemed no great risk. The trail could not be seen at night, and by morning, he would be far away; or so he hoped.\n\"He called to the camel, \"Ho Ho, Hassan! We must travel fast tonight.\" He listened for the sound of horses' hoofs but heard nothing, breaking the stillness. The cliff seemed but a shadow in the distance. Perhaps they wouldn't seek him at all. They knew he had neither water nor provisions. If he perished in the heat, it would please Zamil well, but as for Rafik, Ali could almost hear him saying, \"Hassan will bring your grandson to the rocks again, oh, Zamil.\"\n\nWhile these thoughts passed through Ali's mind, his fingers were busy. Soon the cloth was gone, and the fringe. He had just dropped the last thread when he saw, close at hand, a solitary palm tree standing slender and tall.\"\nIn the silvery light, the sight of a solitary tree in such a barren spot was almost stranger than encountering a human being. This tree served as a landmark for all Bedouins, and when Ali reached his grandfather's tents, he would only need to say:\n\n\"From the palm tree that stands alone to the plain from which the cliff of the robbers may be seen, lies a trail of brightness.\"\n\nAs he thought of this, he imagined the men of the tribe riding out with him among them.\n\nCHAPTER XVI\n\nThe turning of starlight to darkness, darkness to dawn, and dawn to blazing day marked Ali and Hasan's travel. The boy no longer feared the robbers. If he thought of the Court of the Rocks now, it was only because he longed to drink from the pool.\nAnd if he looked out eagerly for the sight of his grandfather\u2019s tents, it was chiefly because he had been told they stood by running water. Or if it were home of which he thought, a certain water jar which Marah never failed to fill came first to mind. Before long he saw water in the desert, a long narrow stream between the earth and sky. Or was it only a trick of light as the monster had been? More than once on the caravan route Zeyd had imagined he saw pools and lakes where there were none, and Ghafil had laughed and said:\n\n\"ISO ADVENTURES OF ALI\n\u2018He who drinks mirage will die of thirst.\u2019\n\nAnd if he were here, he would say the same of the stream. Now that Ali looked at it again, he was sure of this, and he called to the camel:\n\n\u201cDo not be deceived, oh, my beloved. Here is nothing for us.\u201d\n\nLater, though, when his head grew light,\nFrom the heat and weariness, the stream seemed real to him, and he imagined that every moment would bring him to it.\n\n\"See, oh, Hassan,\" he shouted hoarsely,\n\"how it runs to meet us.\" Never were there such dancing waters, and all the sand dunes were dancing, too!\n\nThen all at once the scene changed. Tents and palm trees and men stood against the sky, but not as such things should be, but upside down. Everything was magic, and nothing could be trusted. Not that this mattered, for in another moment Ali seemed to be at home, lying under the stars with his head in his mother's lap.\n\n\"Marah, oh, Marah,\" he called, \"fill my cup I pray you at the water jar.\" But instead of the nurse, it was Zamil who answered harshly:\n\n\"For you, there is no water.\"\n\nAdventures of Ali 151\n\nYet when he looked for the robber, he was not there. No one was there but himself.\n\"It was he who called in that strange, hoarse voice: \u201cFor you, there is no water. No water. No water.\u201d After this came a time when he noticed nothing, but lay half-fainting in the litter. Even when Hassan, a little farther on, slowed his pace and finally stood still, the child was not roused. How long this stupor lasted it would be hard to tell, but by and by he had a dream in which he rested like a pasha upon satin cushions, and a tall and shadowy figure bent over him to bathe his face. There were voices, too, whispering all around him, though what they said he could not understand. Then all at once he heard someone speaking clearly and distinctly above the babble. \u201cA little more and, wellah, we had not found life in him. But God is great. The camel could not have come straighter to the tents if I myself had ridden him.\u201d\"\nA child and a camel crossing the sands without water or food, said another. It is a miracle and one that will be told as long as the Bedouin live in the black tents of the desert or tale-tellers sit in the streets of the city. That the talk had something to do with Hassan and himself, Ali knew, though not yet clearly. A child and a camel had crossed the sand, and so had they. But who had come so near to perishing, or what the storytellers had to do with it, he was too weak to know or care.\n\nPresently another voice said soothingly: \"Take but a sip, oh, little one.\" He opened his eyes and saw a hand with a cup in it. \"Oh, good Marah,\" he said faintly, but when he had drunk the milk with which the cup was filled, he felt stronger and his mind began to clear.\nNow I realized I was in a tent. I saw the dark roof and the rods that held it. The hand offering the cup belonged to a woman whose face was not Marah's, but gentle nonetheless. It was pleasant to have her attending to me, bathing my face and lifting me to make me lie easier.\n\nAdventures of Ali 153\n\nAli was drifting off to sleep when a kind of awed whisper reached his ears:\n\n\"What manner of child is this, think you, who comes like a hakim with a book of writings in his girdle?\"\n\nEverything came back to Ali then: the robbers who must be punished, the good friends who were lost and must be found; the message of his mother that must be delivered. Throwing off the woman's hand, he struggled to his feet, calling:\n\n\"I must go to my grandfather. Oh, friends,\"\nI pray, bring me to Hassan, for he and I must hasten to the tents of Ali the Great, whose grandson I am. The little group of men and women fell back as I spoke, and I found myself face to face with an old man whose eyes were both fierce and tender, and who had upon his cheek a small brown mole. Without stopping to wonder, I began my message:\n\n\"O Ali the Great, whom God prosper and preserve, I am little Ali, son of your Star of the Desert, whose husband is dead. Send, I pray, to bring her and Marah, who is old, and the little one who is a flower of the city, from the walls where they perish, that they may live in the tents that they love.\"\n\nThere was no falter in my voice, nor fear. All that I felt was a certainty that my word would be fulfilled.\n\"Would not be doubted, and a great yearning towards the strong old man who stood there listening. When the next instant, his grandfather's arms were around him, he clung to him with a passion of love all the stronger because of the abhorrence he had felt for the false sheik.\n\n\"Oh, father of my mother, you would not have kicked my camel!\" he cried out suddenly, and though what he said had little meaning at the moment to his hearers, it became by and by part of a tale which was told as far as the farthest herdsmen, and made a nine-day wonder for the tribe. The oftener it was told, the more the tribesmen were convinced of one thing which swelled their hearts with pride: had not Ali been a true son of the desert and of the particular tribe over which his grandfather ruled, he would not have lived through the perils of his journey.\"\n\"I Must Go to My Grandfather - Page 153, Adventures of Ali\nAll who came to see the little sheik, as Ali was soon called, went also to see the camel as he rested luxuriously under a palm tree, chewing his cud with great content, and fed upon fresh green leaves. Some visitors recalled the foal that had been stolen in a ghrazzu or raid of robbers when Ali's mother was a child no older than himself, and that had never been seen nor heard of since.\n\"Wellah, Hassan was that foal,\" they said. \"Or how else could he have found his way to the tents unw guided? \" But that Ali should from all the camels in the market have chosen this one was a marvel beyond explanation.\n\"God willed it,\" was the beginning and end of all their talk as they came and went, or met.\"\nIn the wilderness, they stopped to discuss the matter. The joy and interest that centered around the boy did not interfere with other important matters. No sooner were his adventures told than men of the tribe rode out to follow Ali's trail to the den of the robbers. Zamil and his band were surprised and overcome before they had time to take their ill-gotten treasures to market. All the stolen goods, including the amulet, were recovered, and as far as it was possible, they were restored to the rightful owners. In the days to come, the Court of the Rocks became the resting place of travelers, for, as Ali had thought, the news of water spreads fast in the desert. While some of the tribesmen were speeding to intercept the robbers, others rode in caravan with camels loaded with gifts and comforts.\nthe city where Ali's mother and Marah and the little one were waiting. In good time, they were brought back to Ali the Great, and little Ali, whose happiness was then complete. Hamood was found, and as the boy had not neglected to tell of the broker's kindness, he received not only the proper pay for the camel but a reward as well. Both the company that rode to the cliff and that which went to the city consisted of a score and more of brave and trusty men. But to search for the lost caravan, Ali the Great chose three, the wisest of all in desert ways: Obeyd, to whom every track on the sands told its tale, Ahmed, whose knowledge of landmarks and wells was greater even than the sheik's, and Kasim, who, it was said, could find his way for a thousand miles by the stars alone. And to each of these men, Ali the Great granted generous rewards.\nThe sheik issued the following instructions: \"If you find those you seek, do not mention what has happened. Instead, guide them here with courtesy and haste.\"\n\nChapter XVII\n\nThe women attending to Ali prevented him from leaving the tent, despite his eagerness to join in the commotion he had caused. They promised him the best camel saddle with scarlet gold-embroidered trappings for the journey to meet his mother once her arrival was announced. They also urged him to drink camel milk for strength. Carrying out these instructions would have been challenging if not for Ali's grandfather, who sat beside him and listened attentively to every detail.\nHis journey, but with a listener who had sympathy or explanation, as needed, for everything, he was well content to rest and sip from the cup that seemed always at hand. At the strange sights that he had seen in the desert, his grandfather showed no surprise.\n\n\"Aye, all was mirage, though it takes a child, also, to make a monster of a stone-heap,\" he said, smiling kindly.\n\nThen, too, Ali learned from him that the mysterious drums were only the sound of shifting sands.\n\n\"Though how, oh, little grandson, could you who are city bred know this?\" the sheik asked comfortingly.\n\nThe adventure on the cliff, which to his mind proved that Ali, in spite of city breeding, was a true Bedouin, filled him with pride, and his laughter at the ostriches that ran so fast from the boy's piping brought the children of the tribe.\nBut when the conversation turned to Zamil and his threats, the sheik's eyes flashed with indignation. If word hadn't come then of visitors at the door, he would have mounted his horse and gone himself to punish the robbers. At the demands of hospitality, however, he curbed his anger and took on the dignity of a great sheik. In another moment, Ali heard his voice calmly welcoming the guests and inviting them to taste of his leban.\n\nLooking with idle curiosity through a crack in the tent, the boy saw the strangers standing in the midst of the encampment: two men, and a lad who reminded him of Selim. He had the height and bearing of Ibrahim's son, and wore a sheepskin coat\u2014it was Selim himself, and the men were Kalil and Mohammad.\nHere, before Ali's grandfather's door, Ali could not run to throw his arms around them. He had to sink back onto his pillows again, fortunately able to still see and hear all that passed outside. Mohammed spoke, but Kalil, who was always quick of tongue, could not be silent for long. From time to time he interrupted, sometimes in Arabic, which he had learned a little, and sometimes in Italian, which must be interpreted.\n\nFirst came the salutations, and no sooner were they ended than Mohammed hastened to tell their errand.\n\n\"Know, oh Ali the Great,\" he said, \"that a moon ago, two merchants set out in a caravan across the desert. One of them waits yonder with his company, and one, the merchant, Kalil, you see before you. These are men of good standing.\"\nIn their own city, and traveling under the safety of the Caliph, Kalil, Baba, Mohammed (I, interpreter), and others, including a child who was Sheik's grandson, journeyed together. The child rode his own camel and carried messages and tokens from Sheik's daughter.\n\n\"And he was as dear to us as if he were of our own household,\" Kalil warmly said. \"In all the caravan, there was none who did not love him.\"\n\n\"Aye,\" Mohammed agreed. \"Little Ali was loved.\" The sheik spoke gravely.\n\n\"He who cares for the child of the stranger as his own will doubtless find favor with God,\" and turning to the shepherd lad, he added, \"You are fortunate in your friends, oh, child.\"\n\nA storm of protest arose, and Mohammed, Kalil, and Selim all spoke at once to the lad.\nFor many days, oh sheik, we traveled with safety, but misfortune came at last. Scarcely had we gone a night's journey from Ibrahim's tents where we had rested when robbers came upon us.\n\n\"If it had not been for a sandstorm that confused us, we would have driven them away as poor as they came, and the child would be here,\" cried the merchant.\n\n\"True,\" said Mohammed, throwing out his hands in a gesture of helplessness. \"But it came from God. And when, by His mercy, the wind fell and the air cleared, we were left unharmed, with three exceptions: the robber's lance had wounded Zeyd's head, a camel was missing, and a silver vase was stolen from our tents.\"\nA merchant, who was a fat man, defended himself poorly. A pack animal laden with rich goods was missing, and little Ali with his camel was gone. We searched all day and night and the next day. You, yourself, oh sheik, could have done no more. Until within this very hour, we found no trace and heard no word of the child.\n\nMohammed paused and beckoned to Selim, who had something in his hand. \"See, oh Ali the Great,\" he called as he stepped forward, \"a strip of the cloth which, as I live and you live, little Ali wore upon his head.\"\n\n\"As he wandered with his sheep, he came upon it, and was hastening to you when he met us,\" said Kalil, for whose impatience the tale unfolded too slowly. \"But let us, oh sheik, have done with words. When all is said and done.\"\n\"little Ali, your grandson, is in the hands of evil men. With your help, we may rescue him or, failing that, avenge him. But, I have only one grandson, and he lies safely in my tent,\" said Ali the Great. \"Nay, but this is the child of your daughter, and him you have never seen. His mother herself told us all the story in her courtyard in the city, and if it is not true, then never was a falsehood so like truth,\" cried Kalil in his passionate manner. But for all his vehemence, the sheik was unmoved. \"I have one child, and that one is a daughter. One son has she, and that son lies in my tent. I will go to seek no other,\" he said. At this, the faces of Ali's friends grew troubled.\n\"Kalil the merchant was not afraid to speak his thoughts. \"Though I go alone to seek the child whom his mother entrusted to me, and whom you in your hardness of heart cast off, still will I go,\" he hastened to declare. \"And I shall be your rafik,\" called Selim, tears streaming down his cheeks. \"I shall walk at your camel's side till we have found my friend.\" They were turning away in indignation when Ali the Great, whose eyes were full of laughter, lifted the flap of the tent and called, \"Enter, oh, friends, for here is one who will be glad to see you.\" Afterwards, there were no bounds to the sheik's hospitality. Nothing that the tribe could afford was too good for the friends of his grandson. In spite of the lateness of the hour, a guest-feast was prepared, at which the great wooden trencher, which bore upon its surface an abundance of food, was brought forth.\"\nAli, the name of the tribe, was refilled more than once with rice and broth; and there was abundance of mercy and sweetmeats. And when every one, even Zeyd, who in spite of his wounded head kept his appetite, was satisfied.\n\nAdventures of Ali 165\n\nThe telling of tales began; and Ghafil must sing his songs and say his rhymes.\n\nBut Ali, who had been allowed to sit up for the feast, soon slipped away with Selim to see how his camel fared. Even in the midst of feasting and tale-telling, he must not forget so good a friend as Hassan.\n\n\"Is he not a prince of camels, oh, my Selim?\" he asked as they stood at the great beast's side.\n\n\"The robbers could never have caught him, rode they ever so swiftly.\" And to this Selim agreed:\n\n\"Aye, wellah, Hassan is a good camel.\"\n\nGlossary:\nAli (Ah-lee)\nBedwy\nBeyt\nEl-fil\nGhrazzu\nGhrul\nLeban\nMereesy\nNaga\nRadif\nRafik\nWarak, Warak, Wasm, Weyley, Weeaho, Woh-ho, Woo, wooloo, woo - An Arabian name. Bedouin. A dwelling, whether house or tent. An elephant. A foray. A fabulous creature described in Arabia Deserta. Also figures in Arabian Nights. Buttermilk. Dried milk. A cow camel. One who rides behind. A spear-bearer. A traveling companion. A cattle brand. Formerly of religious significance, but commonly used as \"Verily Woe is me!\" A cry to lure camels. A call to lure camels. A camel-call.\n\nMost of the words in this Glossary are taken from \u201cArabia Deserta,\u201d by Charles M. Doughty, and used by permission of the publisher, Horace Liveright, Inc.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1931", "subject": ["Office management", "Business"], "title": "Applied office practice,", "creator": "Morrill, Abbie A", "lccn": "31010259", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST011886", "partner_shiptracking": "171GR", "call_number": "7344906", "identifier_bib": "00271331368", "lc_call_number": "HF5547 .M6", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Boston, New York [etc.] D. C. Heath and company", "associated-names": "Bessey, Mabel Abbot, joint author; Walsh, John Vincent, 1884- joint author", "description": ["xii, 376 p. 21 cm", "\"Reference books\": p. 265-314"], "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-12-20 17:13:23", "updatedate": "2019-12-20 18:12:20", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "appliedofficepra00morr", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-12-20 18:12:22", "operator": "associate-annie-coates@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "424", "scandate": "20200108221105", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-ronamye-cabale@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20200110170526", "republisher_time": "1324", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/appliedofficepra00morr", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t3rv8vw22", "scanfee": "300;12;240", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL6756947M", "openlibrary_work": "OL7790586W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1155988965", "backup_location": "ia907009_27", "oclc-id": "5345304", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "96", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1931, "content": "Class A\n\nA Typical Office Practice\nby Abbie A. Morrill, Mabel A. Bessey, John V. Walsh\n\nInstructor, Bay Ridge High School, Brooklyn, N. Y.\nHead of Department of English, Bay Ridge High School, Brooklyn, N. Y.\nInstructor, New York University and Head of Secretarial Department, Morris High School, New York, N. Y.\n\nD. C. Heath and Company\nBoston New York Chicago Atlanta Dallas San Francisco London\n\nCopyright, 1931, by D. C. Heath and Company\n\nNo part of the material covered by this copyright may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher.\n\nPrinted in the United States of America\n\nApril\n\nForeword\n\nWithin the walls of big firms and small business houses alike, a daily warfare against waste and inefficiency goes on. The endeavor to get things done, to secure labor at maximum speed, to be a successful office worker demands the utmost in efficiency and accuracy. This book is designed to help the student acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to meet the demands of modern office practice. It is based on the actual conditions of office work as observed by the authors in various offices and business houses. It is not a theoretical text, but a practical one, designed to meet the needs of the student who is preparing for a business career. The authors have endeavored to make the material as interesting and as easy to understand as possible. They have also included numerous exercises and problems to help the student apply the principles learned in the text. The authors hope that this book will be a valuable aid in preparing the student for a successful business career.\nThe driving force, taxing the ingenuity and skill of those whose responsibility it is to direct the work. In order to give their employees some idea of office standards, many corporations have established personnel departments \u2013 really training schools adapted to the particular needs of each business house. Personnel officers are teachers whose duty it is to correct faults, inculcate ideas of accuracy and responsibility, estimate power, and if the young employees show any special aptitude, place them where their talents may be cultivated to the best interests of the firm. Many of these personnel officers have grown up inside the business, and they attribute success to early apprenticeship.\n\nAdapted to the needs of many business firms rather than to the particular needs of any one, high school courses seek to parallel these developments.\nThe work of personnel officers. The aim of this book is to train students as intelligent office workers:\n1. To develop initiative, reliability, responsibility, and accuracy\n2. To teach office practice and the principles of efficient office procedure\n3. To emphasize the importance of cooperation and service in any organization\n4. To develop a spirit of social-mindedness\n5. To provide vocational information\n6. To train students for simpler office positions\n\nThe science and art of business is an ever-interesting problem and one that seems to increase daily in complexity. Business magazines are published, presenting better ways of organizing labor and time, the direction of various departments, and the methods for increased production and sales. In these articles, the office is made the center.\nForeword: Instructions for all departments receive a record detailing accomplishments. These records attract the numerous details essential to the business. It's crucial for the office to function efficiently. This book, Applied Office Practice, focuses on the office. The theory of general office routine is kept simple and brief, with emphasis on applying the presented theory and practical problems in any business. Experience shows that a student's failure to exercise judgment in office situations often stems from not recognizing the underlying business situations.\nThe authors have aimed to provide students with essential business knowledge for intelligent office procedures in each new chapter. Function should precede form, and students should understand the need for office duties before learning office skills. This approach will make their efforts more intelligent and increase their interest.\n\nThe problems presented in the text are derived from various sources and aim to anticipate challenges for the average office worker. They highlight different types of work and provide students with practice in various areas. The problems are optional and graded to accommodate different skill levels.\nThe needs of different mentalities. They are planned to cover a certain amount of time, but leeway is given so that the brilliant student may undertake more difficult problems, and the slower student may maintain a fair pace.\n\nThe authors have purposely placed in this book problems of different degrees of difficulty: some are extremely easy, others are unusually difficult. The thought here is that all levels of intelligence will be tested by problems which vary so much in difficulty.\n\nIn regard to the general questions, the authors realize that the answers cannot always be obtained by consulting the text. The student must use his resourcefulness and consult other books; this practice will be of distinct benefit to him.\n\nIn the last analysis, it is not the possession of information which is the aim in teaching work of this kind, but rather the ability.\nTo find information when required. In a broad sense, the purpose of this book, in line with modern trends in education, is to teach the student to think. It is assumed that students who choose the Office Practice course are those who plan their work along commercial lines. Consequently, some knowledge of allied subjects is expected, and information available through one or more of these subjects will be drawn on freely. The work is planned to include the types of vocational service common to all kinds of business, rather than to emphasize any special commercial field. No attempt has been made to develop character directly, but numerous situations have been produced through which desirable traits may be developed. To keep abreast of the most desirable changes in the conduct of business.\nWe are grateful to the following executives for their expert advice and illustrative materials in the writing of Applied Office Practice: C.B. McCann and Herman Getz, Western Union Telegraph Company; Roman Debes, Radiomarine Corporation of America; S.H. Geller, Postal Telegraph-Cable Company; V.P. Conroy, National Air Transport, Incorporated; N.M. Sawyer, American Institute of Filing; Horace M. Carleton, New York Telephone Company; Harry H. Wilson, The Phoenix Mutual Life Insurance Company; Richard W. Hill, American Institute of Banking.\nMr. Newton Ailing, Mr. Albert Firmin, Mr. J.H. Williams, and Mr. Charles R. Brockmann,\nMr. Irving Levy, Instructor of Office Practice, Bay Ridge High School, Brooklyn, N.Y.,\nMiss Irene Keenan, Head of the Department of Secretarial Studies, Jamaica High School, Jamaica, Long Island,\nMr. William C. Wallace, Head of the Department of Accounting and Law, George Washington High School, New York,\nMr. Wilbur K. McKee, Instructor in Business English, New York University,\n\nFor their valuable criticisms and suggestions, we are indebted.\n\nI. Relations with Employer and Fellow Workers ... 1\nII. Everyday Finance\nTerms Defined\nYour Relation to the Bank . 19\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good condition and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections for formatting and typographical errors have been made.)\nThe Bank's Responsibility to You. Systematic Saving. General Questions. Problems.\nIII. The Telephone. Directories. Two Types of Telephones. Different Types of Out-of-Town Calls. Telephone Courtesy. General Questions... Problems.\nIV. Mail and Correspondence. Outgoing Mail. General Directions for Mailing. General Questions. Problems.\nV. The Writing of Letters. The Mechanics of Writing. The Grouping of Business Letters. The Demands of Modern Usage. General Questions. Letter Exercises. Diction. A Business Dictionary.\nVI. Telegraph, Cable, and Wireless Service. Telegraph Service. Sending and Delivering Messages. Cable Service.\nChapter. Page\nMoney Order by Telegraph or Cable. Radiograms and Radioletters. General Questions.\nProblems, Methods of Filing, The Importance of a Follow-up System, Systems of Filing, General Questions, Problems, Office Machines, Machines Commonly Used in Business Offices, Time Recording Machines, Machines Used in Connection with Correspondence, Machines for Bookkeeping and Financial Departments, Special Communicating Machines, Miscellaneous Machines, General Questions, Problems, Reference Books, Dictionaries, Books about Words, Encyclopedias, Almanacs and Year Books, Atlases, Maps, and Gazetteers, Directories and Guide Books, Books of Information about People, Financial Information, Magazines, Newspapers, Miscellaneous Books, Book Catalogs and Book Selections, Government Publications, Making Bibliographies, General Questions, Problems.\n[I. X. A Typical Experience. 315\nAdjustment to Environment. 319\nGrowth of Resourcefulness. 321\nLearning New Duties. 324\nManifold Daily Duties. 327\nMiscellaneous Duties. 329\nAppended.\nI. Classifications of Mail. 331\nIII. Glossary of Business Terms. 349\nIV. Business Terms Commonly Abbreviated. 354\nV. Abbreviations of States and Territories. 358\nVI. Firms Which Can Supply Helpful Material. 359\nVII. Rules for Capitalization and Punctuation. 362\n\nMaps\nBetween Pages\nAirway Map of the United States. 76-77\nCommercial Development of the World with Trade Routes. 274-275\nTravel Map of Europe. 296-297\nUnited States, Showing Distribution of Products. 302-303\nRailroad Map of the United States. 312-313\n\nTo the Office Practice Instructor\n\nIn a classroom having ordinary equipment, it will be found impossible\nto have the entire class working at the same time]\nStudents must work individually or in groups. Arrange assignments to ensure a logical sequence in group work, allowing for class review. In a class of thirty-five students, for instance, the week's work may be divided into seven groups. At the beginning of the second week, change the type of assignment. For example, students at the mail-clerk's desk will report to the telephone, while those working at the files will switch to reference work. It's desirable that all office machines be in use every day to allow as many students as possible to gain dexterity in mechanical processes. Visit business houses to secure first-hand experience.\nThe Telephone Company and certain large industrial plants will, upon request, accommodate small groups accompanied by an instructor. If these visits are to be valuable, plan for an informal discussion before the trip and follow it by a more detailed discussion after the visit. In this discussion, talk over what has been learned from the visit and clear up any questions which may arise.\n\nTo show the practical application of the problems, assign students to actual school duties. Clerks in public schools are usually very busy; opportunities for messenger service are great. Report cards, programs, catalog cards, all give practice in alphabetizing and filing. There is always mail to sort and distribute. If the school supports a bank, students may be detailed as tellers to receive and list deposits, cash checks, and handle transactions.\nRecord the day's receipts. In various stockrooms, students will be of inestimable use in recording, listing, counting stock, and issuing it on requisition. If there is a lunchroom, some students may act as cashiers, some as salesmen, and others as supply clerks. The school store also requires help. Through these activities, they will become familiar with adding machines, duplicating machines, and various other types of office equipment. Students who show proficiency in stenography and typewriting may be assigned to teachers to take dictation and type letters. The problems are sufficiently diverse to allow choice, and are arranged so that the rate of progress is largely an individual matter. There must be a certain minimum allotment for which all students are responsible, but a problem that may take an extended time should not prevent other problems from being completed.\nPROBLEM CHECKING SHEET, November 2022 (To be filled in by the student)\n\nName:\nProblem Numbers:\nJones, Mary\nCarlson, Emma\nOliver, Minnie\nMason, Carrie\nBrown, Alice\n\nList of problems with their numbers is placed on the bulletin board in the Office Practice room. Alongside this is placed an assignment sheet. It consists of an alphabetical list of students and shows opposite each name the number of the problem which the student is working on.\nThe instructor uses the provided sheet to track the number of problems completed by each student up to a given time. Students begin work in a business office, focusing on accuracy over speed. Assigned problems are preceded by directions for working. The work sheet is the sheet used for answering problems, and students should make carbon copies of all work sheets. (Top of each day's sheet)\nName: _ Date: _\nSubject and Class No: _ Section Room No.: _\n\nChapter I\nRelations with Employer and Fellow Workers\n\nEvery employee is in a position of trust and owes to his employers and to himself faithfulness to that trust. To fail in that trust is to lessen the chances for success at the very beginning of a business career. Honesty demands that you give your employer the full value of your time. Where many are employed, the waste of even five minutes becomes a serious matter. People otherwise scrupulous in their integrity sometimes show a tendency to rob an employer of his time. Loyalty to the company demands that as little time as possible be spent away from your work. Do not grumble and do not watch the clock.\n\nHonesty and truthfulness are qualities of priceless value.\nAnd efficiency depends on earnest and orderly staff as much as ideal working conditions. Never manufacture excuses; frankness and truthfulness will pay well. Be willing to acknowledge mistakes and profit by them. Haphazard methods of coming and going, carelessness and thoughtlessness in the conduct of even a few people are a detriment, not merely to those few, but to all. Develop habits of economy. Use stationery, pens, pencils, and erasers with care. See that electric lights are turned out when not needed, and that switches to electric power machines are cut off when the machines are not in use. Develop habits of neatness. Before leaving for the day, see that the top of your desk is cleared of all papers.\nUnfinished tasks should be arranged in order to minimize time loss when resuming work. Regard clothing as neat, plain, and suitable for business life. Courtesy is essential for business success, manifesting in how employees behave daily. Dignity, respect, and care should be used when addressing fellow employees and officers. A careless word or familiar act from you may discredit yourself and associates. Courtesy should guide behavior throughout the day, in elevators, halls, contact with employers, fellow workers, and visitors. Discourage first names or nicknames in worker relations. Avoid loud conversation and unnecessary noise during business hours. Attend strictly to business during business hours.\nDo not telephone friends or discourage their calls at the office. Do not waste time talking, reading books or letters, or writing. Do not loiter in washrooms or locker rooms. Refrain from eating, except in the lunchroom. Do not clean fingers, arrange hair, or chew gum in the office. Do not gossip or make personal comments about employer, fellow workers, or visitors. Consider salary a confidential matter between the firm and oneself, and never discuss it with fellow employees.\n\nThe late Marshall Field of Chicago, one of the greatest merchants the world has ever known, set forth twelve points which he urged every individual who would succeed to remember:\n\nThe value of time\nThe success of perseverance\nThe pleasure of working\nThe dignity of simplicity\nThe worth of character\nThe power of kindness, influence of example, obligation of duty, wisdom of economy, virtue of patience, improvement of talent, and joy of originating are essential in relations with employer and fellow workers. Your first position is important as it introduces you to a new world, which could be interesting or monotonous. Preparation is necessary to avoid mechanical operations or a dead-end job. This book aims to save time for you and your employer by clearing away some requirements of your first position.\nYour path may be obstructed by various challenges. To help you overcome them, I will provide signposts and outline the typical routine of most businesses. Regard this as your apprenticeship. Disregard that you are in a classroom. Remember that initially, your work may involve filling inkwells, dusting office furniture, running numerous errands, and enduring hurried assignments. However, the future offers paths of active, intelligent service, any one of which you are preparing to traverse.\n\nThe success of your work hinges on your approach. Regard the problems as projects you have undertaken to solve. Except for the purpose of instruction in some new theoretical concept or the demonstration of a machine's mechanism, you will be working independently. With each task completed, you will progress.\nYou must understand the method of procedure from the start and measure your capabilities in Applied Office Practice. In order to do this, it will be necessary to go slowly. Assume the classroom is a business office; your instructor, the employer; you, the employee. Your work, relationships, and attitude must measure up to standards of excellence.\n\nChapter II\n\nEveryday Finance\n\nTo the Instructor: The practical end, that which every individual should know, whether in business or not, is here emphasized: the value of a bank account, the method of opening such an account, the convenience and safety of a checking account, and the necessary care entailed. Simple problems are built around the details of everyday banking procedure:\n\nOpening an account\nMaking out deposit slips\nWriting checks\nKeeping check book stub records Indoring checks Reconciling the bank statement or pass book Obtaining letters of credit and travelers\u2019 checks Outlining budgets Consult local banks regarding modern banking methods and procedures. Secure a supply of deposit slips, blank checks, notes, and other banking papers. Much interest will be added to the work if you invite a representative from some bank to talk to your pupils. The running of a school bank is a help in training students for business and in impressing upon them the value of thrift. In this way they will get real practice in banking. In every community the bank is the money center. Here deposits are received, loans made, and money and credit transferred. For our purpose, the banks of the United States may be classified as: Commercial Banks Savings Banks Trust Companies.\nCommercial banks, established under the supervision of the United States government, are known as national banks. Those established under the supervision of different states are known as state banks, conducting business similar to national banks. Deposits in a commercial bank are subject to withdrawal by check. For the most part, these banks make short-term loans for commercial business purposes, discount negotiable paper, and make collections. Savings banks, designed to promote thrift, offer a place where the investor of small amounts may deposit savings and receive a moderate rate of interest. Savings bank accounts are not ordinarily subject to payment by check. The depositor may, however, withdraw cash from his savings account. Trust companies, originally organized to act as trustees or executors of estates, hold assets in trust for beneficiaries.\ntrustees and administrators of estates, but have gradually included the services offered by commercial banks. Your relation to the bank consists in depositing money with the privilege of drawing on that amount for necessary payments or investments.\n\nTerms Defined:\n\nConcerning the bank and its relation to you and the community, certain terms with which you must be familiar are frequently used:\n\nA depositor is a person, firm, or organization having an account with a bank.\n\nA deposit is made up of any funds placed in the bank to the credit of the depositor. Banks deal with savings or thrift deposits, which are not subject to check, and with those deposits which are subject to check.\n\nA check is a written order, addressed to a bank by one of its depositors, to pay to the person named therein a specified amount.\nA personal check is the usual check drawn by an individual and carries only the personal guarantee of the drawer.\n\nA counter check is a blank check provided by the bank for the convenience of a depositor who finds himself obliged to make a withdrawal without his checkbook. Such withdrawal should be promptly recorded by the depositor on the stub of his checkbook.\n\nA certified check is a check which has been certified by the bank. This means that the cashier or the paying teller has written or stamped across the face of the check \u201cCertified\u201d or \u201cAccepted,\u201d and signed his name. The amount of the certified check is immediately deducted from the drawer\u2019s account. A certified check is often required in transactions where an ordinary check is not.\nA voucher check is used in financially secure transactions such as buying real estate, settling a mortgage, and any other financial action requiring cash equivalents. A voucher check has a blank space on its face for filling in the specific purpose for which the check is issued. For instance: Rent of store, October 19 --. The indorsement then becomes a definite receipt for the particular bill paid by the check.\n\nA cashier's check is an order on a bank signed by the cashier of the bank. To obtain such a check, a customer of a commercial bank exchanges their personal check for one issued by the bank. It functions like a bank draft and, like a certified check, is employed when the security afforded by an ordinary check is deemed insufficient to enable it to pass in transactions.\nBusiness transactions involve the use of cashier's checks by both individuals and banks for payment. every day finance 9\n\nThe maker of a check is the person, firm, or organization that signs it. The drawer is the person who draws or makes a draft or check. The drawee (payor) is the person (bank) directed to make the payment on a draft or check. The payee is the person, firm, or organization in whose favor the check or draft is drawn. The receiving teller is the person designated by the bank to receive deposits. The paying teller is the person designated by the bank to cash checks presented for payment. An indorsement is the writing which is placed on the back of the check to transfer title or ownership. The passbook is a book in which deposits are recorded by the bank. After you have presented the deposit slip and the deposit.\n[The following text is unreadable due to a combination of OCR errors and illegible handwriting. It appears to be a set of instructions for depositing funds using a letter of credit, but the specific details are unclear due to the poor quality of the text.]\n\nto the receiving teller, he will verify the deposit with the amount shown on the slip and will enter the amount in a small book called the pass book, which he will return to you. The amount for which you have just received credit in the pass book will then be placed to your credit on the bank's books.\n\nStudent Trust Company\n- - - New York CJ\n\nThis letter should be kept separate from the letter of credit.\n\nIdentification Slip for Letter of Credit\nApplied Office Practice\n\n[Unreadable text follows]\n\nty/r ooooo\nV/zt/Zz ms >*\nS% Z\n// z/t/fiz r /Zlz i/f/// y/\nmmmj,\nnplfffs/? ip j/zttzz zz/j\n4 Z/tf ZfZtZ z/ //fft Z/Z /:\n^SvPAI Y, Z/zzrZZ/yZ: ZMzzZ/ztzf\nty&fiZz/t/ zzZzzzAzr/r zz Z/zzziyzZzz/\n<f :$*\u00ab// ' ^trs/ trzZ/l Am Z/zzfzr\n* h z/z/zz //;/ rtZ/ytt/zz/f,\n//; zz/zzz/z I r/rzzZ /rfi/tzjjti\njzzfizi/zz/ tfffry/Z/ltfi Zzr rtft\n|gy yy : \u2022 ^tf\\/ztj/t/tA oz/t/fj\nz/j/atttfZ f/rtfi/j / /V SfUDjEK\nA deposit slip is a memorandum of the exact deposit in coin, bills, and checks given to the receiving teller with the deposit. An identification slip is a sheet of paper or a card on which appears the signature of the holder of the letter of credit. On this identification slip, the proper officers of the issuing bank certify that the signature is genuine.\n\nLetter of Credit \u2014 Front\n\nWhen money is to be drawn against a letter of credit, a draft must be drawn against the issuing bank. The signature on the draft must agree with that on the identification slip. The amount of the draft is then indorsed on the letter itself by the bank official who honors the draft, i.e., pays the money against it.\nA letter of credit is a letter from a bank or bankers, addressed to their agent, either at home or in a foreign country, certifying that the person named therein is entitled to draw on the bank up to a certain sum. The amount advanced is charged to the account of the person named in the letter.\n\nA traveler\u2019s check is a miniature letter of credit. These checks are issued in various usable amounts by private banks, national banks, state banks, The American Express Company, tourist companies, and other agencies for the use of people traveling in a foreign country or in different parts of this country. Each check is made out for a definite amount and is accepted in payment for accommodations or merchandise. The purchaser places his signature on each check.\nIt is bought and countersigns it in the presence of the person cashing it.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\nA draft is an order drawn by one person on another for the payment of money to a third person. When the drawer makes the draft payable to himself, we have a two-party draft. It is generally payable at a bank or at some other financial agency.\n\nA bank draft is an order drawn by one bank upon an out-of-town bank. It is used in making remittances from one part of the country to another when it is inconvenient to use an ordinary check. It is purchased from the bank upon payment of either money or a check. It is usually drawn to the order of the purchaser, who, in turn, indorses it to the person or firm for whom it is intended.\n\nA time draft is a draft which is payable after a certain period.\nA sight draft should be paid as soon as presented. A bill of exchange is a draft payable in a foreign country. A trade acceptance is a draft originating in the sale of merchandise. For example: On January 14, 19--, William Jones & Company, of 1200 Fifth Ave., New York, bought from Smith, Brown & Company, New York City, a quantity of hardware. The sale amounted to $1000. The goods were sold with the understanding that payment was to be made on March 10, 19--. Before the goods were shipped, Smith, Brown & Company wrote the trade acceptance, which is pictured below.\n\nTrade Acceptance\n\nIt will be observed that the goods were to be paid for on March 10, 19--. The acceptance was made payable to the order of Smith, Brown & Company, as indicated by the expression, \"To the order of Smith, Brown & Company.\"\nOn January 14, this trade acceptance was presented to William Jones & Company, and they accepted it. They filled in the date as January 14, 19 --, place of payment as Institute State Bank, and the location as New York, N.Y. They then signed the name, \"William Jones & Company.\" Across the middle of the trade acceptance is printed the following statement: \"The obligation of the acceptor arises out of the purchase of goods from the drawer. The drawee may accept this bill payable at any bank, banker, or trust company in the United States which such drawee may designate.\"\n\nThe acceptor acknowledges that he bought $1000 worth of merchandise from Smith, Brown & Company on January 14, and that he is to pay for it on March 10. This is strong commercial paper. It is based on the purchase of goods.\nA banker's acceptance is a valuable form of purchasing goods. Such paper holds greater value in the eyes of banks than a promissory note or even an ordinary draft. This acceptance can be discounted in the same manner as a promissory note.\n\nA banker's acceptance is a useful method for transmitting large sums of money. In the transaction indicated above, G. L. Jones & Company, Inc. wished to send $25,000 to Henry Webster of 29 Park Avenue, Los Angeles, California. The company did so by taking a banker's acceptance blank. This payment was not to be made immediately but in 90 days. Consequently, G. L. Jones & Company wrote on the banker's acceptance or draft, \"Ninety days after sight pay to the order of ourselves $25,000.\" The drawee here is the Student Trust Company. The amount of this acceptance is to be charged to the account.\nThe count of G. L. Jones & Company, who have deposited funds in the Student Trust Company, presented this draft to the bank for acceptance. The bank wrote:\n\nStudent Trust Company\nHarry Snedecker, Vice President\n\nG. L. Jones & Company then wrote the following indorsement on the acceptance:\n\nPay to the order of Henry Webster,\nG. L. Jones & Co., Inc.\nG. L. Jones, Pres.\n\nThe $25,000 is now payable by the bank to Webster. The acceptance is mailed to Henry Webster, who discounts it at his bank. Webster\u2019s bank will not hesitate to discount a first-class acceptance. This paper is better than a promissory note, a draft, or a trade acceptance. The expression \u201cninety days after sight\u201d means that the acceptor agrees to pay the amount indicated ninety days after the draft is presented for acceptance.\nThe  draft  was  presented  on  June  1  and  the  bank  accepted  it  on \nJune  1;  hence  \u201csight,\u201d  in  this  case,  means  June  1.  The  90  days, \nthen,  are  to  be  computed  from  June  1.  The  acceptance  is  payable \nby  the  bank  on  August  30. \nPromissory  Note \nAPPLIED  OFFICE  PRACTICE \nA  promissory  note  is  an  unconditional  promise  in  writing  made \nby  one  person  to  another,  signed  by  the  maker,  promising  to  pay \non  demand,  or  at  a  stated  or  determinable  future  time,  a  fixed  sum \nof  money,  with  or  without  interest. \nA  straight  note  is  used  when  a  man\u2019s  net  worth  and  business \nstanding  are  such  that  the  bank  will  lend  him  money  without \nquestioning  his  security.  A  bank  will  sometimes  lend  money  on \nthe  unsupported  note  of  the  borrower.  The  bank  will  do  this \nbecause  it  knows  the  man  and  has  confidence  in  him..  Besides \nthis,  he  has  been  a  successful  business  man,  he  has  been  a  de\u00ac \nA positor has maintained a satisfactory balance in his account for years, never overdrawn. The bank places confidence in his willingness and capacity to pay a loan when due. An indorsed note is used when the banker seeks, in addition to the responsibility of the note maker, the added responsibility of someone in whom the bank trusts, who consents to indorse the note. A collateral note is secured by: (a) a warehouse receipt, meaning the maker of the note pledges certain merchandise in warehouse, or (b) stocks or bonds, meaning the maker of the note pledges specific stocks or bonds. A negotiable instrument is any check, bill of exchange, draft, promissory note, or written security which is negotiable.\nA negotiable instrument is any writing that is dated and signed, capable of being transferred by indorsement. In its widest sense, this includes a Certificate of Deposit. Student Trust Company has received from the scud Company the sum of [amount], in current funds, upon which the scud Company will allow interest at the annual rate of [interest rate] percent. This date, and on [date], pay the like amount in current funds, with interest, to [name], upon the surrender of this Certificate, which is assignable only on the books of the Company. Either on this Certificate or on the principal upon five days' notice being given personally, or through the mail, directed to the address last recorded on the Books of this Company.\n\nCertificate of Deposit - Negotiable\nStudent Trust Company\n\nCertificate of Deposit - Non-negotiable\n\nby the maker and contains an unconditional promise or order to pay.\nA payment is made to another person or to their order, or to the bearer, a given sum of money either on demand or at some determinable future date. A certificate of deposit is a receipt given by a bank for money deposited. It states that the amount named in the receipt has been deposited and that the amount may be withdrawn upon the surrender of the certificate properly endorsed. These certificates are applicable to office practice. They may be negotiable or non-negotiable. Checks may not, however, be drawn against this kind of deposit. It is generally used for the purpose of depositing funds temporarily for safekeeping and usually bears interest. A safe deposit box is a small compartment in a bank vault. Banks rent such boxes to persons who wish to keep valuable papers and jewelry safe from the danger of loss by fire or theft. A voucher is any instrument or writing in proof of the payment.\nA bond may be a long-time promissory note or a formal written agreement signed and sealed, which evidences the obligation of the maker to pay money, either absolutely or conditionally. Bonds come in two forms: registered and coupon. A bond is honored when the drawee accepts or pays a bill of exchange on presentation. Dishonored is the term used when acceptance of a bill of exchange is refused on presentation or when payment of a bill of exchange or promissory note is refused at maturity. To discount a note is to obtain money for it before it is due. Interest is charged by the bank for this accommodation. This type of interest is called bank discount.\n\nIndividual Account\nTo STUDENT TRUST COMPANY, NEW YORK\niKUSi COMPANY,\nBelow please find my signature which you will recognize in payment of funds or the transactions of other business on my account. Checks will be drawn only upon your Office named above.\n\nYou are authorized to mail each month my statement and cancelled vouchers. If no exceptions are reported by the fifteenth of the following month, the account will be considered correct.\n\nSignature\n\nIdentification Card \u2014 Individual\nEVERYDAY FINANCE\nType Title of Account\nJohn Smith & Company\nType Name and Title\nAuthorized Signatures\n\nJohn Smith, Chairman of the Board Will Sign\nHarry Smith, President Will Sign\nWalter Brown, Vice President Will Sign\nMartin Rice. Treasurer Will Sign\nThomas Kelly, Secretary Will Sign\nWilliam Bates, Asst. Secretary\n\nThe signatures written above are our duly authorized signatures which you insert number.\nWe will recognize in payment of funds and the transaction of other business for our account.\n\nAuthorized Official, Student Trust Company accepted.\n\nIdentification Card \u2014 Corporation\nYour relation to the bank:\nOpening an account. If you desire to open an account, you must satisfy the bank as to your character and responsibility. This is done through securing an introduction to the bank officials by someone personally known to them. If the bank is satisfied with your credentials, the account is opened, and you are then required to give the bank a specimen of your signature, exactly as you will write it on your checks. This is done by signing your name in a book kept for the purpose and by filling out a card which is filed away.\n\nHaving opened an account, fill out a deposit slip. Put your name:\nDEPOSITED BY\nTHE STUDENT BANK\nNew York\n$ [Amount in Dollars]\nc [Amount in Cents]\nDeposit Slip: Silent checks credited subject to payment. Deposit at the top of the slip, under the heading \"Deposited By.\" Fill in the date. List separately each item of deposit, indicating the money as it is classified on the deposit slip.\n\nCheck indorsement: Before accepting a check for deposit, the bank requires two things: (1) a properly made-out check and (2) a proper indorsement.\n\nIndorsing checks: The place for the indorsement is the back of the check, across the left end, just below the edge. The indorsement serves as a receipt from the payee to the bank.\n\nA. Name of payee\nB. Signature of maker\nC. Amount of check - written out\nD. Amount of check in figures\nE. Clearing number\nF. Check number\nG. Wavy line to prevent raising\nH. The date\n\nPaying the amount called for, the bank requires a properly made-out check and a proper indorsement.\nThe bank places an obligation upon the payee for the amount of a check, ensuring that should the check be worthless, the bank will not incur a loss. The name in the indorsement should be written exactly as it appears on the face of the check. If the payee's name is incorrectly written on the face of the check, they should first indorse as written and then, underneath, make a correct indorsement of their name.\n\nFor instance, Stewart L. Samson has received a check on which the maker has written his name as Stewart L. Sampson. The indorsement should therefore read: Stewart L. Sampson, and underneath, the full name should be correctly spelled.\n\nThere are several forms of indorsement. For our purpose, the most important are:\n\nHarry Jones\nIndorsement in Blank\nPay to the order of\nFrank Jones\n\nJohn Wilson\nIndorsement in Full\nPay to the order of\nStudents National Bank\nFor deposit\nJohn Jones\nRestrictive Indorsement\nRegarding checks:\n1. Ensure all parts of the check are written legibly.\n2. Fill out the stub first with the check number, date, payee name, amount, and purpose. Then fill out the check and compare carefully.\n3. Use pen, never pencil, in writing checks. Some business houses use the typewriter for filling in all but the signature.\n4. Never erase. Destroy a check on which you have made a mistake.\n5. Never sign a blank check.\n6. Do not write titles, such as Mr., Mrs., Miss, or Dr., before the payee's name.\nMr. or Mrs., provide the full name with initials.\n\n1. Ensure the written amount matches figures. In case of discrepancy, the written amount is payable.\n2. Amounts Drawn\nrAX/no NC /t/2 Frxo\nTotal Checks Drawn\nStub No. 3\nCheck Book Stub - Showing Withdrawal\nDate 19 Deposits _ _\n. . Balance Brought Forward 'Z'lL\nXQjljl. r\nDeduct Checi\n. Total Deposits\nBalance Forward\nCheck Book Stub - Showing Deposits\n3. Keep canceled checks; they are lawful receipts and may be useful.\n4. Regularly reconcile check book balance with bank statement.\n5. If lost check: communicate with bank immediately. Report check number, date, and name of person in whose favor.\nRequest the bank to stop payment on such check. Cash checks promptly. After filling out the deposit slip, ensure a careful copy of it appears on the stub of the checkbook. The bank's responsibility to you: The bank issues a formal statement showing the deposits made, amount of withdrawals, and balance. The bank sends this statement with all canceled checks, notes, drafts, and other vouchers it has paid for the depositor since the last statement was issued. Some banks do not issue formal statements. In this case, leave your passbook periodically with the bank to be balanced. The bank will verify and total the deposits made since the last statement was issued.\nLast balance subtract total of all checks paid for your account for the same period and bring down new balance. The pass book, together with canceled checks, will then be returned to you.\n\nReconciling the statement. On November 1, 19 --, you received from your bank a statement of your balance. This statement showed a balance of $698.31. On examining your check book, you found the balance to be $498.31. Obviously, there was a difference of $200.00. This difference was accounted for by these two facts:\n\nCheck Book Stub \u2014\nCompany APPLED OFFICE PRACTICE\n1. There was an outstanding check for $150.00.\n2. Your check book failed to show the record of a deposit.\n\nWhen these two facts were taken into consideration, you were able to reconcile your check book balance with the balance indicated on your statement from the bank.\nsteps to be taken in reconciling these two balances are indicated in the reconciliation form.\n\nKEY\nCM \u2014 Credit Memo\nND \u2014 Note Discounted\nCL \u2014 Collection\nIN \u2014 Interest\nEC \u2014 Error Corrected\nRT \u2014 Returned Item\nCC \u2014 Check Certified\nDM \u2014 Debit Memo\nEX \u2014 Exchange\nLST \u2014 Total as Per List\n\nJames R. Henry\nNew York, N.Y.\n\nIN ACCOUNT WITH\nStudent Trust Company\n23 West Street\nNew York\n\nDATE\n\nCHECKS\nDATE\n\nCHECKS\nDATE\n\nDEPOSITS\nBalance Forward Oct \n1 DM\n1 DM\n4 DM\n1 DM\n14 CM\n17 CL\n14 DM\n14 DM\n14 DM\n26 CM\n\nEVERYDAY FINANCE\nRECONCILIATION\nBALANCE FROM STATEMENT\nOutstanding Checks\nNo -\nAmount\nTotal Outstanding Checks\nWhich Deduct From\nBalance Shown Above\nBalance as per Stub of Check Book .\nDeposits Credited by Bank not on Check Book.\n{If Any }\nTotal\n\nProcedure\n1. Compare checks with statements. Sort them numerically or by date and compare with check book stubs.\n2. List outstanding checks and deduct the total from the statement balance.\n3. Compare deposits on statement with deposits on check book.\n4. Add to balance in check book deposits or other items (e.g., interest on deposits) which do not appear in balance in check book.\n5. If, after doing the above, your statement balance does not agree with your check book balance, consult bank officers.\n\nSystematic Saving\nMoney is deposited in a savings account in much the same way as in a checking account. The signature card must be filled out with the name and address of the depositor in order that the proper record of the account may be kept. A passbook is given in which information is recorded.\nDeposits, interest earned, and any money withdrawal are tracked in a savings bank. Money earned for the use of money is called interest. Leaving the original sum in the bank and allowing interest to accumulate increases earning capacity from year to year. The interest resulting from this process is called compound interest.\n\nAssume we deposit $1000 in a savings bank. Let's suppose the rate of interest is 4%, compounded quarterly. At the end of three months, the bookkeeper computes our earned interest - $10. We now have $1010, which is earning interest. At the end of the second three-month period, our interest earned is again computed. This time we earned $10.10. We now have $1020.10, earning interest. At the end of the third three-month period, we will have earned $10.20. Our original $1000 has now grown to $1020.10.\nTo $1030.30. The interest we receive from this process is called compound interest. Systematic saving enables one to accumulate capital and prepare for emergencies. It is only ordinary prudence to set aside a certain proportion of one\u2019s income for the necessities of life and a certain proportion for investment and saving. This apportionment of income is called budgeting. Individual and family budgets are built on a percentage basis. A certain proportion of the whole amount is laid aside for food, for shelter which includes rent or taxes, interest on mortgages, upkeep of the home and other expenses of a similar nature, for operating expenses which include such running expenses as gas and electricity, for clothing, service, education, recreation, church and charity, investments, and health. Business firms find budgets invaluable in that they help manage expenses effectively.\nTo increase profits by stopping unnecessary expense, guarding against unsystematic ways of doing things, and providing plans on which to base expenditures, the budget plays a crucial role. The year\u2019s total required revenue may be estimated and apportionments scheduled and classified through the budget.\n\nThe budget addresses fluctuations in business by providing funds to pay bills as they come due and by scheduling payments to ensure the demand for money never exceeds the amount on hand.\n\nConsider, for instance, a large department store. The staff is divided into groups: personnel, sales, advertising, delivery, stock, receiving, clerical, and building. In each department, there is a manager with his subordinates. Each manager submits an estimate of his requirements for the coming year, both for maintaining his department at its existing standard and for any improvements.\nImprovements or expansions he may desire. Each estimate is carefully studied and revised by the directors in consultation with the manager. All estimates are then combined by those persons making the budget. In addition to this combined estimate, the budget-makers must take into account fixed charges, interest on the firm\u2019s indebtedness, and other expenses, as well as proposals for entirely new departments, especially if they entail borrowing. This finished budget must receive the approval of the heads of the firm, and it is then used as the working plan for the next year.\n\nThe value of a budget lies in the fact that, by its use, individuals, families, business firms, and governments plan for their needs instead of leaving expenditures to chance. This planning eliminates the difficulty of never knowing what our expenditures will be.\n1. How does a bank help the community?\n2. What are the reasons for depositing money in a bank?\n3. How is money paid out when deposited in a bank?\n4. Describe how a checking account is handled.\n5. How does a bank aid people who need money in business?\n6. If you have money invested in goods, stocks, or bonds, how can these be used when you need cash?\n7. What is the use of traveler\u2019s checks and letters of credit?\n8. Describe how a checking account can be opened at a bank.\n9. What is the chief purpose of a savings bank?\n10. If you inherited $500.00, in what type of bank would you place it? Why?\n11. For what is a deposit slip used? A passbook?\n12. What is an indorsement?\n1. You have certain checks to be taken to the bank after endorsement. What is the safest way to endorse them?\n2. Why should checks be dated and numbered?\n3. Give a reason for a discrepancy in your bank balance.\n4. Upon learning that a check you have issued has been lost, what should you do?\n5. What are certified checks? How do they differ from ordinary checks?\n6. What is a bank draft? A promissory note?\n7. Why is a canceled check considered a valid receipt?\n8. What is a budget? What is its value?\n\nProblems:\n1. Write a check to Ames Engraving Company for $52.18 in payment for engraving done for the school magazine.\n2. Write the payee's endorsement in full.\n3. Write a check to Henry A. Mayer for $328 in payment for printing the school monthly magazine.\n4. Mr. Mayer wishes to deposit this check in the First National Bank.\n\n(No further cleaning necessary)\nWrite his restrictive indorsement for the National Bank.\n\nII. Balancing an account:\nYour checking account has been credited with the following deposits:\nOn Dec. 1, there was a balance on hand of $200.\nAgainst this account, the following checks have been drawn:\n9.00 not returned with statement\n19.50 not returned with statement\n15.00 payment stopped because of check\n\nBalance this account.\n\nIII. Comprehensive problem:\nThe customers to whom the goods were sold (on pages 13 and 14) send their checks in settlement.\n\n1. Take blank checks drawn on the Student Trust Company (provided for on page 244), and imagine yourself, in turn, each one of the customers. Make out their checks.\na. Fill in the check form. Number the checks. Vary the dates, using any days of last month between the 10th and the end.\nSign the checks using the customers\u2019 names, omitting any unnecessary information.\nTitle prefixes to names: A married woman's name not known is preceded by \"Mrs.\" if her husband's name is unknown.\n\n1. Use the ledger sheets to credit customers' accounts with checks.\n2. Record the receipt of checks from seven customers on Brown and Wallace's check book stub, showing balances.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\n1. Indorse checks from Mrs. James M. Ferris, Mrs. Mary A. Robinson, and Mrs. Roy L. Babcock for deposit.\n2. Create a deposit slip for Brown and Wallace, dated 21st of last month, for these three checks, $227 in bills.\n3. Brown and Wallace receive a bank statement showing their balance on the last day of last month, along with a record of deposits made and checks charged for that month.\n\nChecks drawn in favor of The Eureka Mfg. Co., Providence.\nR.I. and Douglass, Washburn and Co., Reading, Pa, have not yet settled invoices 575 and 584 (pages 254 and 255). What is the balance according to the bank statement, considering the cash deposit from Question 5?\n\nIV. Budget making.\nA. Create a yearly budget for yourself, as you do not live at home and earn $24 a week.\nAllow 55% for shelter and food.\nAllow 20% for clothing (including laundry and repairing).\nAllow 15% for recreation, education, and health.\nAllow 10% for savings.\n\nB. Using the apportionments from Problem A, calculate a monthly budget.\n\nC. 1. Create a yearly budget based on an income of $3120.\nAllow 50% for shelter, operating expenses, and food.\nAllow 20% for clothing.\nAllow 15% for advancement.\nAllow 15% for savings.\n\n2. What is your weekly apportionment?\nFor each income indicated above, compute the percentage allocated to savings, clothing, operating expense, and advancement.\n1. What will the weekly apportionment be for food, shelter, and operating expense on an annual salary of $2400? $3600?\n2. If the cost of food, shelter, and clothing becomes lower, what changes would probably be made in the budget estimates suggested above?\n\nBudget Plan\nMonthly Income\nNumber in Family\nShelter\nRent\nTaxes\nInterest on Mortgage\nUpkeep\nFood\nClothing\nAdvancement\nChurch\nCharity\nEducation\nHealth\nRecreation\nTravel\nSavings\nLife Insurance Savings Account Investments Permanent Home Equipment Operating Gas Electricity Telephone Service Ins. other than Life Replacements Total Income\n\nCHAPTER III\nTHE TELEPHONE\n\nTo the Instructor: After class lessons on the proper use of the telephone and an explanation of the various directories and the different kinds of services have been given, numerous practical exercises may be devised.\n\nIf the school building is served by a private branch exchange switchboard, extension telephones may be installed in the classroom, and calls made from one to the other, the connections being made by the regular switchboard attendant. Otherwise, a small cordless type of private branch exchange, with several extensions, may be installed in the classroom for arrangements for the installation of any necessary equipment.\nStudents should make arrangements with the telephone company for a session in the classroom. The company's suggestions will be beneficial. If requested, a representative will attend to demonstrate proper telephone usage and answer queries.\n\nStudents are to take turns in groups of three: one as the operator, one as the caller, and the other as the called party. While two students are engaged, the rest may offer suggestions for improvement or criticism. Different groups should be selected until everyone has participated. Each group member should rotate roles so that everyone gives and receives calls.\n\nThe telephone directory used in the office practice class should be the local one. In large cities with extensive directories, use the appropriate local directory.\nStudents should be provided with copies of local, suburban, and classified directories in one directory in the classroom. They should become acquainted with these directories and be assigned lists of names to facilitate locating telephone numbers quickly and accurately for business houses and individuals. The classified directory should be used to become familiar with its arrangement and special usefulness. In smaller cities, the classified directory is often included as a section of the general directory.\n\nThe front pages of the directory are of great practical value. They describe the use of the directory itself, explain how to make various kinds of out-of-town calls, and give rates on toll calls. (Central Telephone Office \u2014 Applied Office Practice)\nlong distance calls provide information on all usual matters connected with telephone use and relations with the telephone company. The work should familiarize students with all ordinary procedure: speaking directly, speaking for another person, receiving messages, handling the switchboard, understanding different types of calls, using directories intelligently. The work should correlate with civics, with English, and with certain other phases of office practice - telegrams and cablegrams, filing, and handling the mail.\n\nThe universality of the telephone. There is no tool of communication more commonly and universally used than the telephone. Although it is little more than fifty years since the First Telephone Instrument, a speech was first transmitted over it.\nTelephone communication has expanded and developed, allowing for nation-wide and even continental conversation through the use of land wires and radio. A recent advertisement states: \"You can now talk from your home or office telephone to the LEVIATHAN, MAJESTIC, * * * * OLYMPIC, HOMERIC at sea.\" Direct conversations can be carried on with passengers aboard these steamers while at sea. The web of wires stretching across the continent and the accessibility of the instrument in remote places have connected manufacturers and traders in a global market.\n\nNo matter in what office you are employed, you will find a telephone. It may be your business to place and answer calls, send and receive messages, and perform other functions.\nYour duties may be direct \u2013 taking orders from customers, adjusting difficulties, answering queries, relieving your executive of as much routine business as you can. You may be merely an intermediary between your employer and his business contacts. Either way, every telephone connection you make is an opportunity to make a friend or an enemy for your firm to create a positive or a negative impression.\n\nThe following general information is essential, therefore, by way of introduction to an important feature of business practice. Your value to business and personal progress in it depend in no small part on the intelligent use of the telephone.\n\nDirectories\n\nThe telephone directory. The names of telephone subscribers in any general locale are listed alphabetically in it.\nA directory with a telephone number following each name or address. The telephone company supplies a copy of this directory to each telephone subscriber in the locality. New telephone directories are issued periodically \u2014 in the case of large cities approximately once every six months \u2014 so that the listings may be kept up-to-date. The directory makes it possible to find numbers quickly and to place calls accurately.\n\nThe first step in starting a telephone call is to consult the directory to ensure you will call the correct number. There are two reasons for this suggestion \u2014 the changes and additions made in each issue of the directory, and the fact that memory often plays us false in the matter of numbers.\n\nIt is a wise practice to keep a special alphabetical list of:\n\n(This sentence appears incomplete and may not be necessary to the original content, but it doesn't seem to contain any errors or unreadable content, so I'll leave it as is.)\nThe names and telephone numbers most frequently used should be listed and kept easily accessible, either on the desk or the wall. These lists should be revised with each new directory issue, and any number changes indicated immediately. A list of this kind is a great time-saver, as it is difficult to remember a long list of numbers and constant directory reference is an irritating and slow process.\n\nIf you cannot find the desired number in the latest issue of the proper directory, ask the central office operator for Information. When this operator replies, give her the name and address of the desired person and ask for the number. For example: \"Will you please give me the number of Mr. John Doe, 46 White Street?\"\n\nThe information operator does not put through the connection.\nAfter noting the number, make the call in the usual way. The following illustrations show how listings appear in the New York City directories:\n\nBarnes Wm R 710 W End av . RI versde 9-3821\nBarnes H N Co brkrs 33 Nassau . . Hitchck 4-0600\nBarnett A 784 Franklin av . PR prospect 9-2672\nBarnett A L antiques 129 E 57 PL aza 3-1464\nBarnewall H G 285 Longwood av . IN intervale 9-6393\nBarney C E lwyr 15 Broad . HA novr 2-1080\nBarney\u2019s Dairy 1063 Flushing av . WI Williamsbrg 5-0082\n\nIn addition to the telephone directory of a large city, a directory in which are listed the subscribers located in the suburbs of that city is provided. Here, for example, is shown part of a page of listings from the directory giving listings for the sections adjacent to New York City:\n\nThe Telephone\nWray Geo C r 297 Merick rd . Rock Center-33-J\nWray, Julia Miss r First Nek la. Southampton 331\nWray, Leslie W r Harvard av. Rockcenter-2022-M\nWrede, F H r 42 Daisy av. Floral Park-1252-W\nWreith, Fred r Ketcham. Lindenst-383\nWren, James E r 82 Davidson pi. Rockcenter-1869\nWrench, Jos r Clocks blvd. Amityville-657\nWrenn, Geo L r First Nek la. Southampton-361\nWreszin, Benj r 467 Oakland av. Cedarhurst-5157\nWright, G A r 111 Lakeside dr. Rockcenter-8181\n\nIn large cities, there is also a classified telephone directory, either separate or as a section of the regular directory, in which are listed persons and firms dealing in the various types of service and merchandise which the city affords.\n\nAccountants, physicians and surgeons, dentists, lawyers, and mercantile firms are listed alphabetically under their several classifications. For example:\n\nStationery\nReid, Charles 4 Depot sq. Tuccahoe-1551\nSteam Fitters\nMontovelli Mark 99 Fillmore Nepperhan-2865\nSmith Daniel J 395 Main WhitePls-427\nSteamboats\nHudson River Day Line IndianPt. . . Peekskl-2520\nHudson River Day Line Pub Dock. . . Yonkers-4653\nLower Hudson Steamboat Co\nLower Dock Osning-2602-W\nSteamship Agencies\nAvolio Peter M 45 Rose NewRoch-2320\nBambace N 27 Main WhitePls-2424\nBrennan Steamship Agency\n225 Greenwich av Grenwch-1316\nCesario A 51 S Main Pt Chest-1349-J\n\nA telephone number is made up of two general parts \u2014 a central office designation and the line number of the telephone. The letter J or R or M or W following the line number ordinarily indicates that the person is served by a party line; that is, shares the line with one or more subscribers. Examples of this can be seen in the foregoing illustration of listings in a suburban directory.\nThere are several plans in use in different communities to designate central offices as parts of telephone numbers. The plan used in any locale depends on what will provide the greatest convenience and speed of service under local requirements and conditions. In many places, such as Buffalo, each central office has a distinguishing name. There, you find a number like TU upper-1423, \"TU upper\" being the central office designation. In some other places, such as Albany, the central offices are numbered, the designation being a numeral, such as \"4,\" so that the telephone numbers in the Albany directory appear as in the following illustration:\n\nPurple C E, 218 Whitehall rd . 4-9284\nPurrott Irving, 426 Sheridan av . 3-2573\nPursen Harry, r, Stop 25 Schdy rd . 6-0341\nPutnam Archie C, 78 Herkimer . 4-1609\nPutnam Edward r 26 Lindberg av. 4-2353\nPutnam Fred r 217 Madison av. 3-8255\nPutnam Kittie r 98 Central av. 3-1037\nPutnam Martha r 45 Dongan av. 4-9690\nPutney Katherine Mrs r 223 Western av.6-1000-W\nPyper Emmet J r 822 Washington av..6-0147-R\n\nAnother plan is such as is found in New York, as shown by the illustration in this chapter. There each central office designation includes both a name and a single numerical, as \u201cWO rth 2,\u201d so that a complete telephone number would look like this: \u201cWO rth 2-7324.\u201d\n\nWhen you see, as in the directories for New York and other places, more than the first letter of each central office designation printed in capital letters, this means that part or all of the telephones in that locality are dial telephones.\n\nIn places, such as Albany, where a single numerical is used.\nas  a  central  office  designation,  this  also  means  that  the \nlocal  telephones  are  operated  by  dial.  How  these  capital \nletters  and  numerals  are  used  in  dial  telephone  service \nis  explained  in  a  later  section  of  this  chapter. \nTwo  Types  of  Telephones \nPlacing  calls  by  voice.  In  placing  calls  by  voice,  give \neach  call  distinctly  in  a  normal  tone.  At  all  times,  when \nspeaking  by  telephone,  the  lips  should  be  about  half  an  inch \nFart  of  the  Dial  Equipment  in  a  Central  Station  in  New  York  City \nAPPLIED  OFFICE  PRACTICE \nfrom  the  mouthpiece.  Give  first  the  central  office  desig\u00ac \nnation,  then  after  a  brief  pause  give  the  line  number,  and \nthen  the  party  line  letter,  if  there  is  one.  If  a  number  ends \nin  two  ciphers,  use  the  word,  \u201c hundred\u201d;  if  it  ends  in  three \nciphers,  use  the  word  \u201c  thousand.\u201d  Following  are  examples \nof  the  proper  way  to  place  calls  by  voice.  The  longer  dashes \nIndicate where slight pauses should be made.\n\nBay Shore 0012\nHamilton 7800\nHastings 9000\nNew Rochelle 10267\n\"Worth-two (pause) seven-three \u2014 two-four\"\n\"Bay Shore (pause) oh-oh \u2014 one-two\"\n\"Main (pause) oh-six \u2014 seven-eight R\"\n\"Hamilton (pause) seven-eight hundred\"\n\"Hastings (pause) nine-thousand\"\n\"New Rochelle (pause) one-oh-two \u2014 six-seven\"\n\nDo not hang up the receiver if you reach a wrong number. Move the hook slowly up and down to attract the operator's attention, and when you receive her answer, repeat the number.\n\nThe dial telephone. Dial telephones are now in extensive and increasing use. The operation of a dial attached to the telephone directs mechanical apparatus in the central office, so that local calls are placed without the aid of an operator. The dial system does not do away with young women operators, because they are still necessary.\nTo handle out-of-town calls, answer information inquiries, and render special assistance. In fact, telephone growth continues at such a rate that the extension of the dial system only avoids as rapid an increase in operators as would be needed with the manual system.\n\nOn the outer edge of the dial, as you will see by the accompanying picture, are ten openings. The openings from 2 to 9 bear, in black, all the letters of the alphabet, except Q and Z. The letters appear in groups of three in each of these openings, each three letters being in their usual alphabetical order. The opening containing the figure for zero also contains the word, Operator.\n\nThe dial code. In places where central offices have names, the office designation is indicated for dialing purposes by an abbreviation, or code. This code is shown by\nThe way the number appears in the directory: the first two or three letters of each central office name are in capitals. These letters are the code. In New York, and in some other localities, where the central office designation includes both a name and a numeral, the first two letters of each office are in capitals. These, with the office numerical, form the dialing code. For example, the code for the central office in New York named WO rtln 2, is W -0-2. Placing calls by dial: there is nothing complicated about the use of the dial telephone. Here, however, as in calling by voice, careful attention to a few simple rules is important before attempting to make a call on the dial telephone, first look in the telephone directory to obtain the correct number, unless you are absolutely certain of it.\nTo use the telephone number in your local service area, note if the number appears in local directory listings or if the central office designation is shown in the front of the directory. For instance, if you're calling BR  yant 9-3146 in New York, the dial code is B-R-9. Follow these steps to make the call:\n\n1. Lift the receiver from the hook and listen for the dial tone - a steady humming sound.\n2. Keep the receiver off the hook while dialing.\n3. When you hear the dial tone, place your index finger in the hole in the dial with the letter B.\n4. Pull the dial around in the same direction as the clock hands move until your finger strikes the finger stop. Remove your finger and, without touching the dial, let it return by itself to its rest position. This return movement of the dial transmits the electrical impulses which guide the central office apparatus in dispatching your call.\n5. Proceed in the same way with the letter R, and with the letter if calling a number with a party line letter, dial the same way as provided above, followed by the letter at the end of the number.\n6. If you should have any trouble in dialing a call, you can secure assistance by dialing Operator.\n\nRinging and busy signals. Whether placing a call by voice or by dial, there are two helpful signals which will indicate the progress of the call.\nOne is the ringing signal. It consists of repeated bursts of sound.\nAnother is the busy signal. It is a continuous tone or rapid bursts of sound.\nThe sounds, lasting a few seconds each, indicate that a connection has been made. The bell of the called party rings. Give the person sufficient time to reach the telephone.\n\nThe other is the \"busy\" signal - a rapid buzz-buzz-buzz, quicker and louder than the ringing signal. It indicates that the called telephone is busy. Hang up and place the call again after a few minutes.\n\nDifferent Types of Out-of-Town Calls\n\nStation-to-station call: This is an out-of-town call on which you are willing to talk with anyone who answers at the called telephone. You call or dial the operator, give her your own number and the city and number you want to reach, and she will make the connection for you.\n\nPerson-to-person call: This is an out-of-town call in which you request that the operator connect you only to the person you wish to speak with. You must give the operator the name of the person and the number you wish to reach. She will make the connection only if she can verify that the person is available to take the call.\nYou: Specify a particular person, department of a business, or private branch exchange telephone. Call Long Distance or dial the Long Distance number as given in the front of the directory, and give the call details to the operator, such as: \"I want Chicago, Dearborn 5000, Mr. John Brown,\" or \"I want New York City, Mr. E.J. Jones, at No. 17 West 73rd Street,\" or \"I want Cleveland, Main 3000, Extension 106.\" Person-to-person calls cannot be made to nearby out-of-town points unless otherwise indicated in the directory.\n\nAppointment call: This is a person-to-person call with a specified time for the one calling to talk with the person called.\n\nMessenger call: This is a person-to-person call to someone who does not have a telephone and to whom a messenger is to be dispatched.\nTo call him using a telephone: Rates for these services are indicated on the front pages of the directory. Reduced rates for evening and night service apply to station-to-station calls but not to person-to-person calls. A limited charge, known as a report charge, may apply on all types of person-to-person calls if the called telephone is reached but the desired person is not available, and a report is made to the caller. Sending telegrams by telephone: Telegrams, cablegrams, and radiograms can be filed by telephone with either the Western Union Telegraph Company or the Postal Telegraph-Cable Company. To do this, call the operator in the usual way and ask for whichever of these companies you desire. Telegraph charges will appear on the monthly telephone bill. If the telegram is transmitted successfully.\nCalling from a public coin telephone, the charge is deposited in the coin box.\n\nOffice Practice\n\nFor accuracy and speed, write out the telegram before asking the operator to connect you with the telegraph company. When the company replies, say, \"I want to send a telegram.\" After dictating the message to the telegraph recording operator, file it in the office for record and reference purposes.\n\nEmergency Call\nThis is an emergency call. Call or dial the operator, give your number, and say:\n\n\"I want a policeman.\"\n\"I want to report a fire.\"\n\"I need an ambulance.\"\n\nIf you must hang up before the desired station answers, inform the operator of the emergency and where help is needed, and ask her to make the call. No charge is made for emergency calls.\nA private branch exchange (PBX) is a telephone switchboard installed on a subscriber's premises, such as a business office, manufacturing plant, department store, hotel, apartment house, or large residence. This switchboard is connected to the central office through lines called central office trunks. The subscriber's various telephones served through this switchboard are known as extension stations. The switchboard allows incoming calls over central office trunks to be distributed to any telephone connected with it, and any such telephone may be connected with the central office for making outgoing calls. The switchboard also permits one extension to call another without passing through the central office. There are both manual and dial PBX systems.\nChanges occur in both cord and cordless boards. In the cordless board, used where the amount of service is not large, connections are made by means of keys. For more extensive service, switchboards which use cords to make connections are widely used. For large private branch exchanges, the equipment is much the same as that used at manual central offices.\n\nSwitchboard operation is not complicated, but skillful service at a busy board requires not only exact knowledge of how to operate it, but also training of eye, ear, and voice to produce accuracy and speed. At boards where there are Small Cordless or Monitor Switchboards, Operated by Keys, periods when many calls must be handled call for constant alertness and steady nerves.\n\nIn all switchboard work, as in the use of the telephone, it is important.\nSelf, courtesy is a necessity for practical reasons as well as for pleasant relationships. In populous centers and sections, a large proportion of telephone calls pass through private switchboards at one or both ends. Hence, the service rendered by attendants at these boards has an important part in determining the quality of telephone service generally.\n\nThe telephone company therefore seeks to cooperate to the fullest extent in the training of PBX attendants employed wholly or in part for switchboard service by various business concerns. In large communities, it conducts training schools for this purpose, welcoming opportunity to instruct employes sent to it by these concerns or to assist employers in obtaining trained attendants.\n\nApplied Office Practice\nOne-position Private Branch Exchange of the Cord Type, with Dial\n\n(Note: This text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. A few minor corrections have been made for clarity.)\nPrivate branch exchange attendant: Establishes connections between extension stations and central offices for completing incoming and outgoing calls.\n\nCentral office operator: Establishes connections between telephones or private branch exchanges served by the same central office or by different central offices.\n\nSpecial operator: Due to the ever-increasing number of subscribers and many changes of subscribers from one address to another, special operators are employed to maintain the telephone directory and assist in connecting calls to the correct numbers.\n\nPrivate branch exchange attendant: This attendant establishes connections between extension stations and between extension stations and central offices for the purpose of completing incoming and outgoing calls.\n\nCentral office operator: This operator establishes connections between one telephone or private branch exchange and other telephones or private branch exchanges.\n\nSpecial operator: Because of the ever-increasing number of subscribers and the many changes of subscribers from one address to another, special operators are employed to maintain the telephone directory and assist in connecting calls to the correct numbers.\n\nSpecial operator (repair service): Repairs and maintains telephone lines and equipment.\n\nLong distance operator: Connects calls between different long distance networks or between long distance and local networks.\n\nLong distance operator: Connects calls between different long distance networks or between long distance and local networks.\n\nTelephone:\nPrivate branch exchange attendant: Establishes connections between extension stations and between extension stations and central offices for completing incoming and outgoing calls.\n\nCentral office operator: Establishes connections between one telephone or private branch exchange and other telephones or private branch exchanges.\n\nSpecial operator: Special operators maintain the telephone directory and assist in connecting calls to the correct numbers due to the ever-increasing number of subscribers and the many changes of subscribers from one address to another.\n\nSpecial operator (repair service): Repairs and maintains telephone lines and equipment.\n\nLong distance operator: Connects calls between different long distance networks or between long distance and local networks.\nIf impossible to keep telephone directories up-to-date due to numerous number changes and disconnections, your call cannot be completed. It will be routed to a special operator who will ask for the number you called. She maintains daily revised records and can provide a new number or report a disconnection.\n\nLong distance operator: This operator handles your person-to-person calls to out-of-town points beyond the suburban area of the city. Call or dial this operator and provide call details. Listen for her to repeat details. Hold receiver unless told to hang up, as long-distance calls are put through almost as quickly as local calls.\n\nInformation operator: This employee assists you when\nIf you cannot find the telephone number you want in the directory, go to the nearest Business Office (as shown in the directory) to request a new service, arrange for removal or discontinuation of service, adjust accounts, or make directory listings. For repair services, call or dial Repair Service (as shown in front of the directory) and clearly explain the problem.\n\nTelephone Courtesy:\nThe impression of your employer and firm that the public receives is through telephone communication. Skillful use of the telephone can be responsible for the success of an enterprise, while awkward, discourteous, or inefficient use can be responsible for failure.\nMany telephone conversations are pleasant affairs, easily completed. Others are more difficult. Regardless of the nature, put yourself in the caller's place. Do not interrupt or argue. Listen carefully, talk courteously, and provide information or resolve issues as promptly and satisfactorily as possible, never forgetting that the purpose of any telephone conversation is to transact business.\n\nAnswer the telephone promptly. Answer with your department name and your name. This will identify you. Speak directly into the telephone, with your lips not more than one-half inch from the mouthpiece. Avoid answering with indefinite words, such as \"Hello?\" or \"Yes?\" Avoid closing with vulgarisms like \"Bye-bye,\" \"O.K.,\" or \"All right.\"\n\nYour bell rings. You answer, \"Rug Department, Mr. Baker.\"\nThe one calling responds, \"This is Mr. Wood, of Curtis and Sons.\" The conversation can then proceed without unnecessary delay.\n\nThe voice is important, as it reflects your mood. You may not be conscious of this, but the one whom you are addressing is. A vice-president of a large business is quoted as stating that the voice of a person, speaking for their company to a customer over the telephone, is as important as that of a prima donna or an actor. It takes no more effort or time to assume a pleasant voice than one that is impatient, mechanical, rude, indistinct, or disagreeable. Use an ordinary conversational tone. A loud tone of voice is more difficult to understand than a modulated one, and a loud tone interferes with those near you.\n\nThe telephone company issues these directions to its employees:\n\nThe telephone:\n- Speak clearly and distinctly.\n- Speak slowly and naturally.\n- Speak directly into the mouthpiece.\n- Avoid speaking too loudly or too softly.\n- Speak in a normal tone of voice.\n- Speak naturally, as you would in person.\n- Avoid using slang or jargon.\n- Speak in a calm and courteous manner.\n- Speak only when you can be heard clearly.\n- Speak only when you are ready to listen.\n- Speak only when you have the necessary information.\n- Speak only when you are authorized to do so.\n- Speak only when it is necessary.\n- Speak only when you are sure of yourself.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the facts.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the party.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the connection.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the line.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the time.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the reason.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the result.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the outcome.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the effect.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the purpose.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the advantage.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the gain.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the profit.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the result.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the success.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the satisfaction.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the pleasure.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the enjoyment.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the party.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the business.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the customer.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to yourself.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the telephone company.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the public.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the community.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the world.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to humanity.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to posterity.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to future generations.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the progress of mankind.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the advancement of civilization.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the betterment of society.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the improvement of the human condition.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the development of the human spirit.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the enlightenment of the human mind.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the elevation of the human soul.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the upliftment of the human race.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the progress of human knowledge.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the advancement of human wisdom.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the improvement of human understanding.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the development of human insight.\n- Speak only when you are sure of the benefit to the enhancement of human perception\nSpeak directly and clearly into the transmitter, giving proper form to all sounds in every word or number. Raise the voice on the last digits of numbers. Maintain a pleasant tone for a courteous service and an attractive personality. Listen attentively and note carefully, making written notes if necessary. Always have a pad and pencil at hand to eliminate delay. Get names and addresses as quickly as possible. Address the speaker by name for a pleasant impression and to put the discussion on a friendly basis.\nSpeak simply and clearly. Avoid technical terms. Use short, direct sentences. If you cannot grant a request due to a firm's ruling, provide a clear, simple explanation. If you cannot answer a question without consulting records or another employee, tell the speaker it may take a few moments and ask them to hold the wire. If the matter will take time to investigate, say so and ask for their telephone number, stating you will call back as soon as possible. Be polite, courteous, and prompt throughout all conversations. Keep in mind the thought of service, but do not promise anything you cannot deliver.\nIn closing a conversation, ensure the speaker hangs up before you do. Consider yourself one of the cogs in a great machine - an important one. You are charged with speaking to large numbers of people who call the firm where you are employed, and their impressions, at least partially, form from your manner of reply. You are honor-bound to speak not as you may feel at the moment, but as the management would have you speak on its behalf. Observe the following courtesies:\n\n1. Such care in asking for a number as one would use in addressing a letter.\n2. Such promptness in answering a call as one would give to keeping a personal appointment.\n3. Such courtesy as one would show in making or receiving a business or social call.\nIn general, use clear and correct speech for important telephone transactions. The telephone service's accuracy and speed depend on you, and your voice has untold power in creating attitudes and securing responses. Manners interpret us to the world around us. Ensure your voice conveys courtesy, efficiency, and willingness to serve. Be curious and willing to get and give information. Remain eager, alive, and hopeful, finding something to wonder at and learn more about.\n\nGeneral Questions:\n1. Why is it important to answer the telephone promptly?\n2. Why should the caller remain on the telephone after placing a call?\n3. Describe a telephone call you have made. Provide the number. What was the first action you took? Detail step by step exactly what transpired before the conversation began.\n\nThe Telephone:\n1. Dial the number.\n2. Wait for the call to connect.\n3. Listen for a ring on the other end.\n4. Speak when you hear the other person answer.\n\n4. What is the distinction between a local and long-distance call?\n\n5. What are the various types of long-distance calls listed in the telephone directory? Describe them.\n\nLong-distance calls include:\na. Operator-assisted calls: Require an operator to connect the call.\nb. Direct distance dialing (DDD): Allows direct dialing to long-distance numbers.\nc. Toll-free numbers: Calls to 800, 888, 877, 866 numbers are free to callers.\n\n6. Define the terms coin box, busy signal, and audible ringing.\n\n7. In your employer's absence, what steps will you take to receive a call for them?\n\n8. In what ways are the dictograph, telautograph, and telephone similar?\n\nThey are all communication devices:\na. Dictograph: Records spoken words.\nb. Telautograph: Transmits handwritten messages.\nc. Telephone: Transmits spoken words in real-time.\n\n9. What do the terms Rector, Nevins, and Riverside (or equivalent terms in your city telephone book) signify to you in relation to the telephone service?\n\n10. What is the significance of the letters J, R, M, and W in the telephone context?\n\nJ: Junior, used before a name.\nR: Reverse charges, used for calls where the called party pays.\nM: Mobile or cellular phone numbers.\nW: Wall phone, a traditional wired telephone.\n1. What do the letters P.B.X. represent and what does this term mean?\n2. Why don't all names in the regular telephone directory appear in the classified directory?\n3. What type of call is a call to Edwin Robinson at Filene's store in Boston?\n4. What type of call is a call to Filene's store in Boston?\n5. Under what conditions are you justified in calling the Information Operator?\n6. Which costs more: a person-to-person call or a station-to-station call? Why is the former so popular?\n7. To whom should complaints regarding operator service be reported?\n8. What is meant by an emergency call?\n9. How can you tell from the telephone directory listing whether a person has an individual or party line?\n1. How can the telephone be used in connection with sending a telegram? What care should be exercised?\n2. What does telephone courtesy demand of you?\n3. Differentiate between an individual line and a party line. Give the advantages and disadvantages of each.\n4. How does a classified directory differ from the ordinary telephone directory?\n5. Why, in the case of some directories, does more than the first letter of the central office name appear in capital letters?\n\nProblems:\nI. General telephone directory.\n1. Look up and list the names and telephone numbers of ten business or professional men whose telephones are listed under the same central office name. How do you know that they are business or professional men?\n2. Indicate the way your telephone number, if you have one, is listed in the directory.\nShould the following information be included. If you don't have one, use a friend's telephone number, providing their name and address.\n\n1. List the telephone numbers for the following. Arrange in two parallel columns \u2013 name in the first column, telephone number in the second.\na. Your family physician\nb. Your dentist\nc. Railroad stations in your city\nd. The nearest savings bank\ne. The nearest commercial bank\nf. Post office\ng. Health Department\nh. Police Department\ni. Fire Department\nj. The nearest department store\nk. The nearest theater\n\n2. Prepare an alphabetized list of twenty firms or persons to whom frequent telephone calls are made from your home (or would be made if you had a telephone). Such a list will be convenient for ready reference.\n\nII. Classified telephone directory.\n1. List in alphabetical order the names of ten physicians, each\n\n(Note: This text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections for formatting and typographical errors have been made.)\n1. Provide the following information for entities whose names begin with different letters of the alphabet. Include addresses and telephone numbers for each.\n\n2. Offer the same information for:\na. Ten department stores\nb. Ten lawyers\nc. Ten dealers in automobile sundries\nd. Ten druggists\ne. Ten printers\n\n3. To obtain a hectograph ribbon for immediate use on your typewriter:\nYou require a hectograph ribbon urgently for your typewriter. No one is available to be sent out for it, and you cannot go yourself. Therefore, you must telephone for the ribbon. How can you find the name of the nearest stationery store? Under which heading will you look? How will you identify that you have the correct name of the nearest stationery store?\n\n4. Contact the stationery store and request that a hectograph ribbon be sent to your office at once on a cash on delivery (C.O.D.) basis. Provide the name and address of your employer.\n\nIII. Utilization of the office switchboard.\n\nNote. Divide the class into three groups: A, B, and C.\nA is responsible for the initial request, B for the reply, and C to act as operator.\n\n1. a. Call the box office of the leading theater in your city. Inquire if orchestra seats are available for the following Saturday matinee. If so, ask the price.\nb. The box office replies that it has a few three and four-dollar seats left. If seats are desired, purchase should be made at once.\n2. a. Call the stationery department of your leading department store. Inquire the price of Shannon files.\nb. The department store replies that it does not carry Shannon files. It offers a substitute.\nc. If the price is reasonable, order two to be sent C.O.D. Give your name and address.\n3. Call your bank. Request that payment be stopped on your check No. 545 for $120 made payable to John E. Smith. The check has been lost.\na. The paying teller responds that a telephone request is not sufficient. It must be confirmed in writing.\n\n4. a. Call the repair department of a typewriter company. Ask for the repair service. Request that a repairman be sent at once to the office of your firm (provide the name and address) to repair four typewriters.\n\nb. The repair department inquires about the problem and gives the approximate time when the repairman may be expected.\n\n5. a. Call the Lost Property Office of the company operating your street railway system. Report the loss of an umbrella (describe the umbrella). Provide the route name, destination, tell where and when you boarded the car and where you left it. Give your name, address, and telephone number.\n\nb. The company replies that no umbrella answering the description has been found.\ndescription has been turned in. It will notify you if it receives the umbrella.\n\n6a. Telephone the Railway Express Agency, Inc., in your city, asking them to call for two packages to be sent to Chicago. Provide your address and ask when you may expect the expressman to call.\n\n6b. The Railway Express Agency, Inc., replies that it will send the packages.\n\n7a. Order from your local dealer in typewriting supplies one dozen blue-black Star brand record typewriter ribbons; one box Multi-kopy carbon paper, size 8\u00bd X 11. Ask that the articles be sent immediately and charged to your firm\u2019s account.\n\n7b. The dealer replies that he has no record of any charge account in your firm\u2019s name and that he cannot open new accounts by telephone but will send the articles C.O.D.\n\n8a. You have not received one of the new telephone directories.\na. Report this to the business office and ask that a copy be sent to you at their earliest convenience. Provide name, address, and telephone number.\n\nb. The office replies that the book will be sent at once.\n\nIX. Detailed conversation.\n\n1. The Rubber Products Co. of 183 Fulton Ave., your city, has men on the road building up trade and selling to retailers. Roger Graham, one of these men, is in the town of ---. He has not received instructions from the home office as to where he is to report next. Assume you are Mr. Graham. Call up the following department store.\n\nask for the department of knitted goods and sweaters. Provide particulars for the sweater you wish -- size, color, and weight. Inquire about prices. If satisfactory information is given, order two. Provide your name and address.\n\nb. Make appropriate replies.\nMake an appointment with John Anderson of [redacted] by telephone and proceed there at once after receiving the home office's reply instructing you to do so. After making the appointment, call Austin and Bennett of the town where the meeting is to take place and inform them that you will be in town the following day and will take this opportunity to address a matter concerning damaged goods that requires attention. Upon meeting Austin and Bennett, you find that the claim is serious, and they state that the goods delivered were not as represented, resulting in their financial loss. They request reimbursement to the extent of $200.\nCall the home office for instructions.\n1. Report the result of your conference with Mr. Anderson.\n2. Fill out the following memorandum:\nMr. [Name]\n[Address]\n[Telephone No.]\ncalled you today at [time]. He wants you to call him at [time], about [time].\nHe left this message:\n[Signed] -\n\nGeneral Problems:\n1. Certain merchandise purchased and paid for some days ago from one of your local department stores has not been delivered. Call up the department store and ask to be connected with the proper person or department for adjusting this matter.\n2. You desire to telephone Mr. H. A. Rogers who lives at 150 Riverside Drive. You know from a previous call that his telephone number has been changed. What will you do?\n3. You are leaving town for the summer. Your home will be closed for two months. Your mother has asked you to attend a meeting.\n1. To the matter of having telephone service suspended, whom will you call? (Confirm this by letter.)\n2. Application Office Practice\n3. From a window of your home, you have just seen a heavy truck collide with a grocery delivery wagon. The driver of the latter has been hurled to the street. What should you do?\n4. You cannot find in the directory the telephone number of a person you wish to call. You are sure she has a telephone. What will you do?\n5. You wish to speak with Mr. Charles E. Price of Farrell, Wallace & Co., in a city reached by long distance telephone. How will you proceed?\n6. At 4 a.m., you discover that your neighbor's house is on fire. What two telephone calls would you make?\n7. Find in the Suburban Telephone Directory the telephone number of some friend. What will be the charge for a ten-minute conversation?\n9. You wish to speak with a friend who recently had a telephone installed. How can you learn her number?\n10. You believe you are not receiving the expected service. To whom should you report this issue?\n11. Your telephone bell does not ring. What should you do?\n12. Call Frank Allen of Allen & Stone, Philadelphia, and ask him to attend a conference on the Robinson Patent matter at your employer's office at 2 p.m., a week from today. Assume Mr. Allen is not in when you call. Leave a message with his secretary and ask that he wire a reply as soon as possible. What type of call is this?\n\nCHAPTER IV\nMAIL AND CORRESPONDENCE\nTo the Instructor: Although the ordinary office practice room\nOne long table should be set aside and known as the mail clerk's desk. On this desk should be placed a pad, pencil, clips, certain unopened letters, scales, sorting trays, rubber stamps, letter opener, and stamp affixer. In addition, the ideal equipment will provide for an addressing machine, a folding and sealing machine, a mail-o-meter, a clock dating machine, and a waste basket. Certain reference books are needed and certain schedules and blanks. The United States Official Postal Guide contains everything necessary. This guide may be secured from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. For classroom purposes, a postal guide, not of current date, will suffice, and this may be secured on request from many large business firms.\nLeonard's Express and Parcel Post Rate Book and Shipping Guide, published by G. R. Leonard & Co., Inc., 15 East 26th Street, New York, specializes in parcel post, express, and freight. Useful for practice exercises, keep specimen money order blanks, both domestic and foreign. Accessible schedules include Transit Time-Letter Mail and foreign mail dispatches. Use letters and envelopes from typewriting classes. Provide fictitious letters, addressed and sealed, of various weights, and packages properly wrapped and ready for mailing, of different weights. Encourage students to contribute letter material.\nA material will provide inclosures. All such material must be placed in proper envelopes, sealed, and stamped to give it an appearance of reality.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\nEquipment. The handling of mail in a small office is a simple matter. In a large office, however, the work is so complicated that a special technique must be developed. A study of the layout of one of the larger mail rooms, along with a list of equipment required, will enable you to understand the method of operation. A mastery of the operations which take place in a large mail room will enable you to adapt your knowledge to any mail room situation.\n\nIn the mailing department of F. G. Jones & Company, the following conditions affecting the handling of incoming mail exist:\n\nA mail clerk, with assistants, is in charge. And there has been\nThe following equipment was assigned to him for the department's use:\n\nA desk for the mail clerk\nA long mail table with a cell rack or sorting case\nChairs\nA power-driven envelope opener\nA steel paper knife\nDating stamp with changeable type\nSupply of paper clips and pins\nMemorandum pad\nWriting materials\nColored pencils (black, green, and red)\nDesk calendar\nRuler\nShears\nPaper punch\nWaste basket\nTime stamp\n\nThe cell rack or sorting case is mounted on the rear of the mail table, and the envelope opener and the time stamp are placed at opposite ends of it. The waste basket stands on the floor at the end of the mail table nearest the envelope opener. All other supplies are placed where they will be most convenient and least likely to be mislaid.\n\nThe dating stamp, usually operated by hand, imprints \"Mailing Room\" on the mail.\n\n60 Applied Office Practice\nThere are several reasons why the mail clerk should record the time at which mail is received. For instance, a firm has an option to buy goods at a prearranged price if this option is exercised on or before a certain date. When the holder of this option writes a letter expressing his willingness to exercise the option, the date of receipt of this letter, as well as the postmark, may prove useful. Therefore, when the letter arrives, a time stamp records the date and the hour at which the letter was received. It operates by means of a clock, usually of the six-day variety, and records the time to the nearest minute.\n\nWith such time stamps, almost any style of imprint is possible, but the two most commonly used are the straight line imprint:\nAnd the clock dial imprint: In some offices, a stamp is used to record only the month, day, and year. Such stamps are called dating stamps. An envelope-opening machine, driven either by power or by hand, is generally used where the bulk of the incoming mail makes such use economical or adds to the efficiency of handling.\n\nDating Stamp\nEnvelope-Opening Machine\n\nAs the letters are fed into the machine, they are brought into contact with rapidly revolving cutters which cut a fine shaving from one edge of each envelope, at a speed of several hundred a minute.\n\nApplied Office Practice\nDuties of the mail clerks. The first duty of the clerks in this department is to make a primary sorting of the mail received in each of the deliveries made from the post office during the day. This first sorting separates the company mail from the external mail.\nThe personal mail is sorted on top of the mail table, and is then disposed of in the compartments marked \"Personal.\" The company mail is opened by passing it through the letter-opening machine. The mail clerk then carefully removes the contents of each envelope to avoid confusion between envelopes. Each envelope is inspected to ensure all contents have been removed, either by passing it over an electrically-lit X-ray window or by examining it under a convenient light. As each envelope is opened, the empty envelope and all inclosures are attached to the letter. Inclosures are checked with the letter by placing a check mark through the word.\nIn the letter named in the enclosure, money inclosures (checks, drafts, money orders, stamps) are checked for their amount. If there is any difference between the amount of the inclosure and the amount shown in the letter, a memorandum of such difference is made and attached. The attaching of the envelope to the letter is essential because it is useful in obtaining information missing in the contents. The return address indicates the origin of the letter, and the postmark gives accurate information as to date, time, and place of mailing. Such knowledge is often of the greatest importance. Often, a check received with no other inclosure can be identified only by means of the envelope in which it is received.\n\nThe company mail is next passed through the clock dating machine, which has first been adjusted to date and time.\nIn using this machine, care is taken to ensure the imprint does not fall on any part of the letter making it unreadable. The time clock impression should always be on the letter itself and not on the inclusion. The mail is now ready to sort, and the sorting case or cell rack comes into use. Properly labeled compartments have been provided for each department. When all mail has been distributed to the proper compartments, the contents are removed and placed in folders of a portable mail distributor, each folder being inscribed with the name of the official or department for which it is intended. In these folders, the mail is taken at once to its destination. At certain hours during the day, a messenger is sent to each department to deliver mail received on later deliveries. This same messenger also makes collections of outgoing mail.\nTwo trays are provided on the desk of each official and department head, one marked \"Incoming,\" and the other, \"Outgoing.\" Deliveries are made to the former, and collections are made from the latter. Messengers are required to make careful examination of the various folders in the portable mail distributors after each trip to ensure that all deliveries have been made. A careful record is kept of all incoming registered, special delivery, and insured mail. A special book is used for this purpose. The following information is required for this record:\n\n- Special delivery, registered, or insured mail\n- Time and date of receipt\n- Address on envelope\n- Name and complete address of sender\n- Post office number if registered or insured\n- Signature of employee receiving letter from carrier\n- Final receipt signed by _ _ _ _\n- Final disposition\n\nSome firms provide slips or rubber stamps for routing.\nCorrespondence bearing these slips or stamps is delivered to the office manager or someone familiar with all organization details, who indicates the correct delivery.\n\nApplied Office Practice:\nReferred To:\nPurchasing Agent, Factory Suppt.\nAccounting Dept., Vice Pres.\nSales Dept., Office Mgr.\nService Dept.\n\nRubber Stamp\n\nParcel post mail is handled in the same way as first and third-class mail. The sorting is performed on the mail table, and then the mail is placed in specially constructed bins if the number received daily is sufficiently large.\n\nA record of all incoming parcel post mail is kept in the same way as is the record of registered, special delivery, and insured mail, and each piece is receipted for by the department finally receiving it.\n\nMost firms insist that a receipt accompany all mail bearing cash inclosures, and that the receipt be signed by the recipient.\nThe head of the department where final delivery is made. This is an excellent method, as it not only prevents errors but affords protection to the messenger, who, in the event of loss, might be held responsible. A simple form for the receipt is:\n\nCash Remittance Receipt\nReceived from Mail Room, letters with cash remittances included as follows:\nName\nAmount Checked\nMessenger No.\nDate\nSigned _\n\nEach item must be checked with the initials of the person receiving it and each receipt dated and signed.\n\nMAIL AND CORRESPONDENCE\nOutgoing Mail\nBusiness houses consolidate the handling of incoming and outgoing mail. This method serves, except in cases where a great volume of mail or certain peculiar conditions make it necessary to maintain two separate departments. In either case, the equipment required for handling outgoing mail consists of:\nDesk for use of department manager. Flat top work table. A mail table. Electrically operated mailing machine. Scales. Supply cabinet, preferably with lock and key. Tin box with compartments for stamps of different denominations. Chairs.\n\nBecause mail is important, valuable, and frequently confidential, it is desirable that only regular employees of the mailing room have access to it. Many mailing room managers insist that the door be kept locked and that all business be conducted through a wicket. If a wicket is used, the manager's desk is adjacent to it. If not, this desk is so placed that anyone entering the room must pass it.\n\nThe work table commonly used for the reception of correspondence is also located close to the wicket or the door, according to the plan used. The mail table is on one side of the work table, and the mailing machine on the other.\nMail table: The mail table is designed for handling all classes of outgoing mail. It is equipped with a sorting case or cell-rack; a holder for supporting three mail pouches; a holder for 66 wrapping paper; racks for holding rubber stamps and an inset pad of soft rubber for making imprints from these stamps; a frame for mounting current mail-train and steamer schedules; dummy cell bottoms to provide spaces for addressed envelopes; a compartment and holder for a ball of twine; one drawer equipped with a lock and two drawers without locks for minor equipment such as shears, knife, erasers, stapling machine, paper fasteners, and labels. Supply cabinet: A supply cabinet for storing envelopes and corrugated board.\nTwo types of electrically-operated mailing machines are required: one that affixes and seals envelopes at a speed of 6,000 per hour, and the faster, more modern postage metering machine that seals, stamps, postmarks, precancels, counts, and stacks mail at a rate of 6,000 to 15,000 per hour.\n\nMailing and Correspondence Section 67\n\nFor the electrically-operated stamp affixing and sealing machine, stamps must be procured in coils of 500 or 1000 and must be rewound with the gum side out before being fed to the machine.\n\nFor the postage meter machine, a detachable printing mechanism is necessary.\nA recordings device called a postage meter is sent to the post office, where it is set for any given number of impressions up to 99,999. The meter is then inserted in the machine and will deliver the number of impressions for which it has been set. The mail on which postage is applied by means of the postage meter is known as metered mail. A postage meter consists of an imprint called an indicia. This indicia shows the license number of the user, the meter number, and the denomination. In application office practice, an oval design houses a number of cancellation bars. To the left of this indicia is the postmark bearing the name of the city and state, and the date and time of mailing.\n\nFor overweight and bulky pieces of mail, for parcel post, and for first-class mail in smaller offices, the hand or manual cancellation is used instead.\n\nPostage Meter Indicia:\nAn oval design houses cancellation bars and an indicia showing the license number, meter number, and denomination. The postmark to the left includes the city, state, date, and time of mailing.\n\nFor overweight and bulky mail, parcel post, and first-class mail processed in smaller offices, manual cancellation is used instead.\nA motor-operated multi-denomination postage meter machine eliminates the need for loose postage stamps. It is set at the post office for any given number of impressions, similar to the meter used on larger electrically-operated machines. However, it is constructed to deliver any one of five denominations of postage, which may be used singly or in combination to build up any amount of postage. These metered imprints may be placed directly on the envelope or, in the case of unusually bulky envelopes or parcel post packages, may be printed on a gummed paper tape which is then moistened and affixed to the address or label side.\n\nThe use of the postage meter system provides for earlier dispatch and the security of postage funds, as the imprint guarantees the correct postage amount.\nThis text describes various postal machinery used for mail processing. It includes single stamp affixers for small volume mail, paper tape machines for wrapping fourth-class packages, and two types of postal scales: one sensitive to fractions of an ounce and another heavier scale for fourth-class mail. A folding machine for letters is also mentioned, along with numerous machines for sealing envelopes.\n\nThe text is already in modern English and doesn't contain any meaningless or unreadable content. No introductions, notes, or logistics information have been added by modern editors. There are no OCR errors to correct.\n\nHere's the cleaned text:\n\nTwo types of postal machinery are commonly used: single stamp affixers for small volume mail and paper tape machines for wrapping fourth-class packages. Single stamp affixers stamp letters, while paper tape machines store, moistens, deliver, and cut off adhesive paper tape, taking the place of twine. Two types of postal scales are used: one sensitive to fractions of an ounce and another heavier scale, weighing up to twenty or more pounds by ounces, provided with a zone chart. The latter is used for fourth-class mail. A folding machine for letters is in use in some of the larger offices. Numerous machines for sealing envelopes also exist.\nThe United States Official Postal Guide contains details on postage rates, mailing conditions, rules, and instructions, as well as a list of all post offices in the United States.\n\nBulletins about the departure times of foreign mails are issued weekly by the post office.\n\nUseful rubber stamps include: FRAGILE AIR MAIL, INSURED PERSONAL, C.O.D. FIRST CLASS, REGISTERED RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED, SPECIAL DELIVERY, RETURN POSTAGE GUARANTEED, and SPECIAL HANDLING. A machine containing several rubber stamps is often used for this purpose. This machine is hand-operated, allowing any stamp to be brought into printing position by turning a dial.\n\nIn arranging all the equipment, care is taken to place each unit in a way that avoids rehandling and retracing.\nSteps and duties of clerks. In large firms, outgoing mail is sometimes delivered to the mailing room via pneumatic tubes or electrically-operated dumb waiters. However, delivery is usually effected by messenger. Messenger service can be operated in one of two ways: a messenger from the mailing room makes periodic rounds to all offices to collect mail from outgoing desk trays, or an office boy delivers outgoing mail from their departments to the mailing room.\n\nThe mail is placed on the mail table. Confidential mail is included and sealed before delivery to the mailing room. Routine mail may or may not be included before delivery. Branch office or agency mail may be delivered enclosed in envelopes or unfolded. Mail to be sent special delivery or registered is indicated accordingly.\nOne mailing room clerk is responsible for keeping the work table clear at all times. As mail enters the room, he disposes of it. A main office may send many letters to one of its branches in a day. Instead of inserting each letter in a separate envelope, stamping the envelope, and mailing it, this procedure is followed: When a letter for a branch office has been signed, it is placed in the proper compartment. At definite times or when the compartment is filled, the contents are placed in one large \"omnibus\" envelope, which is addressed to the branch office. The saving in stationery, time, and postage is significant.\nIn the mailing process, and in time and postage, is obvious. Branch office mail is typically recognized by its distinctive color if not enclosed, or by its incompletely addressed envelope if enclosed. For example, Mr. J. C. Graham, Sales Manager, Detroit Office. Mail which is enclosed but not sealed, and mail which is both enclosed and sealed, is immediately transferred to the letter tray of the mailing machine.\n\nA second mail clerk clears up the mail in the letter tray of the mailing machine first by running it through the machine for sealing or stamping, or both, and then tying it up in bundles and depositing it in the mail bag ready for delivery to the post office. If, in running this mail, he finds pieces that are overweight for the denomination of stamp or meter which he is using, he lays such pieces aside.\nClerks set aside mail until weighed and properly postage imprinted or affixed. In intervals between deliveries, they collect delivered mail from the mail table and place it in the sorting case, each compartment labeled with the name of the branch or agency for which the mail is intended. With business houses, mail is not enclosed in omnibus envelopes until business day's end. Such practice may result in overweighted and overstuffed envelopes easily damaged in transit. Best practice is to decide on maximum weight, and enclose and dispatch compartments containing approximately that weight. This results in a clear sorting case at closing time. For convenience and easy reference, information is included.\nRegarding classification and rates, domestic and foreign, are printed in the Appendix.\n\nGeneral Directions for Mailing:\n\nComplaints and inquiries regarding mail should be addressed to the local postmaster. A complaint regarding damaged mail should be accompanied by the envelope or wrapper. If this is impossible, a statement of the damage should accompany the report. A form for this purpose may be secured at the post office.\n\nAddressing mail: The greatest care should be given to preparing matter for mailing. It is estimated that 200,000,000 pieces of mail are yearly given directory service. This means that postal employees must take time from the regular handling and dispatching of mail to provide correct addresses. In addition, a large amount of mail cannot be delivered or returned to the sender. This mail goes to:\nThe Division of Dead Letters or some branch of this service. Carelessness in addressing mail causes great inconvenience and expense to the post office department, impairing business efficiency. It is a strange inconsistency that causes many firms to spend enormous sums on elaborate catalogs, folders, and illustrative material, yet omit the street number from their stationery and advertisements.\n\nMail returned to the sender is an important aid in keeping a firm's mailing list up to date. Such mail should be checked against the mailing list immediately for making changes if necessary. If it is found that the mail was properly addressed, no more mail should be sent to the old address. Unchecked mailing lists or lists not kept up to date result in the loss of time and money.\nIn addressing mail:\n1. Write plainly the name, street and number, or rural route, post office, and state in full on the face of the envelope or package. Ensure the address is complete and correct. Spell out state names to avoid confusion and mistakes.\n2. Ensure the envelope or wrapper is suitable.\n3. Exercise utmost care in wrapping parcels. Ensure contents are properly protected as they are transmitted in sacks, with many packages in each sack, and piled one upon the other in motor vehicles and mail cars.\n4. Ensure the contents of the package are not unmailable.\n5. If a tag is used, write the name and address of both the one to whom the package is addressed and the sender on the wrapper.\nApplicable office practice for parcels: Affix stamps for cancellation in the upper right-hand corner of envelopes or packages, ensuring sufficient postage. In the upper left-hand corner, show the sender's name and address.\n\nIt is essential that the address be complete, correct, and arranged in the customary manner, as indicated on p. 75. This facilitates reading when handling mail quickly and prevents improper treatment and delay.\n\nPostal regulations and rates are subject to change. Secure the latest information from the local post office frequently.\n1. Mail is first sorted into mailboxes or pigeonholes based on the recipient's address.\n2. Labor-saving devices used to facilitate the speedy dispatch and delivery of mail include automatic sorting machines, barcode scanners, and conveyor belts.\n3. a. A clock-dating machine is a device used to stamp the date and time on mail.\nb. Such a machine is necessary to ensure accurate and consistent mail dating.\n4. Other necessary articles a mail clerk will find on their desk include a mailbag, sorting tray, ruler, and adhesive tape.\n5. a. An inclosure is a document or item enclosed within an envelope or parcel.\nb. The mail clerk has the duty of ensuring inclosures are properly addressed, weighed, and sent to the correct destination.\n6. A routing slip is necessary to provide instructions for sorting and transporting mail to its final destination.\n7.  What  special  care  should  be  taken  in  the  case  of  a  money \ninclosure? \n8.  How  may  the  mail  clerk  guard  against  the  loss  of  mail? \n9.  You  are  head  mail  clerk  in  a  large  office.  What  instructions \nwill  you  give  a  newcomer  to  your  department? \n10.  What  is  meant  by  domestic  rate?  by  foreign? \n11.  a.  To  what  countries  may  mail  be  sent  from  the  United \nStates  at  the  domestic  rate? \nb.  What  mail  may  be  sent  at  this  rate? \n.VANCOUVER \nAIRWAY  MAP  OF \nTHE  UNITED  STATES \nG  NO  FORKS \nARGO \nBOSTON \nJEW  YORK \nPHILADELPHIA \nla^ATLANTIC  CITY \nNASSAU \nCITY \nHAVAN \nMAIL  AND  CORRESPONDENCE  77 \n12.  Into  what  classes  is  domestic  mail  divided? \n13.  When  does  a  special  delivery  stamp  take  effect? \n14.  a.  How  may  first-class  mail  be  safeguarded? \nb.  How  may  fourth-class  mail  be  safeguarded? \n15.  Explain  advantages  of:  special  delivery;  registered  mail; \ninsured  mail;  C.O.D.;  special  handling. \nAir  Mail \n1. What is an express money order?\n2. What is a postal money order?\n3. What is meant by the Dead Letter Office?\n4. What should you do as sender when you have a letter or package to be sent by air mail?\n5. Name the advantages of having the \u201cReturn Postage Guaranteed\u201d notation placed on an envelope.\n6. Sealed packages up to what weight may be sent by air mail?\n7. a. Name all the ways mail can be safeguarded.\nb. To which classification of mail does each of these ways apply?\n8. What is meant by the term, \u201cReturn Receipt Requested\u201d?\n9. In the absence of a special delivery stamp, what can you do to get special delivery service?\n10. a. What is meant by expediting mail?\nb. Name all the ways this can be done.\n11. What is meant by a return card? Why is it used? In what cases must it be used?\n12. Application of Office Practice\n13. In the absence of a special delivery stamp, how can you obtain special delivery service?\n14. a. What does it mean to expedite mail?\nb. List all the ways this can be accomplished.\n15. What is a return card? For what reason is it used? In what situations must it be used?\n1. What kind of mail will be delivered on Sundays or holidays?\n2. Why isn't it permitted to include a letter in a parcel post package?\n3. You have a valuable pin that you want to send by mail. How would you safeguard the package?\n4. For what kinds of correspondence are window envelopes used?\n5. You are a mail clerk. In opening the mail, you find that an inclosure is missing. What should you do about it?\n6. Why is incoming mail dated?\n7. How can the envelope be of service in determining the address of Myron Johnson who has written a letter asking for quotations but has failed to give his address?\n8. What can you as a sender do to assure the return of undeliverable mail to you instead of its being sent to the Dead Letter Office?\n9. What is the largest postal money order fee? For what purpose?\n1. What is the fee for this amount? Assuming you have twice this amount to send by money order, what would you do?\n2. What is meant by an indicia?\n3. In what classifications is foreign mail divided?\n4. By what name is fourth-class mail popularly known?\n5. In the event that a mail plane is unable to continue its flight due to atmospheric or weather conditions, what is done with the mail?\n6. Under what conditions would you use air mail?\n7. State the restrictions regarding what may appear through the window of a window envelope.\n8. Name a reference book that a mail clerk should have on hand.\n9. For determining the correct amount of postage, what medium is necessary?\n10. How is the postage determined on parcels containing more than one class of mail matter?\n11. What is meant by a composite parcel?\n\nMail and Correspondence (continued)\n\n12. What is the difference between registered and certified mail?\n13. What is the purpose of a return receipt?\n14. What is the difference between a money order and a check?\n15. What is the difference between first-class and second-class mail?\n16. What is the difference between a letter and a postcard?\n17. What is the difference between a flat rate envelope and a regular envelope?\n18. What is the difference between a priority mail and express mail?\n19. What is the difference between a local and a long distance letter?\n20. What is the difference between a bulk mail and a first-class mail?\n21. What is the difference between a parcel post and a package delivery service?\n22. What is the difference between a registered letter and a certified letter?\n23. What is the difference between a money order and a cashier's check?\n24. What is the difference between a postage stamp and a meter label?\n25. What is the difference between a regular envelope and a padded envelope?\n26. What is the difference between a large envelope and a flat rate envelope?\n27. What is the difference between a priority mail and a priority mail express?\n28. What is the difference between a package delivery service and a courier service?\n29. What is the difference between a registered letter and a certified letter with delivery confirmation?\n30. What is the difference between a money order and a cashier's check with a stop payment order?\n31. What is the difference between a postage stamp and a meter label with indicia?\n32. What is the difference between a regular envelope and a fireproof envelope?\n33. What is the difference between a large envelope and a tube?\n34. What is the difference between a priority mail and a priority mail regional rate box?\n35. What is the difference between a package delivery service and a freight company?\n36. What is the difference between a registered letter and a certified letter with restricted delivery?\n37. What is the difference between a money order and a cashier's check with a voided check attached?\n38. What is the difference between a postage stamp and a meter label with a barcode?\n39. What is the difference between a regular envelope and a waterproof envelope?\n40. What is the difference between a large envelope and a flat rate padded envelope?\n41. What is the difference between a priority mail and a priority mail flat rate envelope?\n42. What is the difference between a package delivery service and a parcel post with insurance?\n43. What is the difference between a registered letter and a certified letter with a return receipt and delivery confirmation?\n44. What is the difference between a money order and a cashier's check with a stop payment order and a voided check attached?\n45. What is the difference between a postage stamp and a meter label with a barcode and indicia?\n46. What is the difference between a regular envelope and a fireproof padded envelope?\n47. What is the difference between a large envelope and a tube with a label?\n48. What is the difference between a priority mail and a priority mail regional rate box with insurance?\n49. What is the difference between a package delivery service and a freight company with a liftgate?\n50. What is the difference between a registered letter and a certified letter with a return receipt, delivery confirmation, and restricted delivery?\n51. What is the difference between a money order and a cashier's check with a stop payment order, a voided check attached, and a barcode?\n52\n45. How should a parcel prepaid at the fourth-class rate of postage be sealed?\n46. How should letters and circulars be presented at the post office to ensure expeditious handling?\n47. What inclosures are admissible in parcels?\n\nProblems:\nI. Distribution of mail\n\nIn the office where you are employed, incoming mail is distributed as follows:\n\nLetters ordering goods are referred to the credit department and then go to the order department.\n\nLetters pertaining to the manufacture of the product go to the manufacturing department.\n\nLetters regarding the financial strength or credit standing of doubtful or new customers desiring to buy on time are referred to the credit department.\n\nAll letters affecting the recording of transactions go to the accounting department.\n\nLetters relating to price changes go to the sales department.\nLetters concerning routing of shipments go to the traffic department. Letters from firms wishing to sell their products go to the purchasing department. Letters containing money inclosures should be referred to the cashier and accounting department. Letters affecting the management of the office and engaging and discharging of office workers go to the office manager. Letters dealing with shipments of goods by express and freight go to the shipping department. Letters dealing with subjects that interest the firm as a whole go to the officers and directors.\n\nAs a clerk in the incoming mail department of Henry Wallace & Co., you are responsible for the mail of the following departments: Manufacturing, Sales, Shipping, Order, Purchasing, Accounting, Credit, Receiving, Traffic, Cashier, Office Manager, Directors.\nOfficers (President, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer) The morning's mail contains the following letters. For which departments are they intended? a. Forty-two letters including checks, money orders, and drafts. b. Sixty-seven letters ordering goods. c. Twenty-one letters giving directions for routing freight shipments. d. Fifteen letters giving references regarding credit. e. Twenty-one letters complaining that shipments have not been received. f. One letter canceling an order for goods not yet shipped. g. Five letters requesting that goods already ordered be sent by C.O.D. parcel post instead of by express. h. Seven letters answering inquiries regarding financial strength and integrity of customers desiring to buy on time. i. Eight letters complaining about overcharges and errors on invoices. j. Nine letters from salesmen requesting price reductions.\nEight letters applying for positions.\nSix letters quoting on office machines.\nSix letters complaining about the quality of goods shipped.\nFive letters asking for further details regarding a factory building offered for sale.\n\nHow many letters were in this delivery?\n\nMail and Correspondence\n\nII. Relating to postal reference books.\n\nUsing the United States Official Postal Guide:\n\n1. State the rates on samples of merchandise.\n2. Rates of postage on letters to:\n- England\n- Canada\n- Spain\n- Scotland\n- Newfoundland\n2a. How do the rates on letters to other countries differ from those given above?\n3. Regulations regarding sending sealed packages through the mails.\n4. Rates on postal cards to foreign countries.\n5. Rates on printed matter and newspapers to:\n- Canada\n- Panama\n- Cuba\nWhat is the procedure for sending a letter by air mail within the United States?\n1. Registering a letter: This step is not necessary for regular letters. It is used for registered mail, which requires an additional fee and a signature upon delivery.\n2. Insuring a package: To insure a package, purchase extra postage based on the value of the contents. For example, if a package is worth $10 and the regular postage is $5, you would need to pay an additional $5 for insurance.\n3. Buying a postal money order: A postal money order is a form of payment that can be used to pay bills or send money to someone. To buy a postal money order, visit the post office and pay the amount in cash or with a check.\n4. Sending a special delivery letter: Special delivery letters are delivered by hand as soon as possible, usually before the end of the next business day. To send a special delivery letter, affix a special delivery stamp or pay the additional fee at the post office.\n\nIII. Preparing mail for dispatch.\n1. You will receive from your teacher ten letters of varying weights to be sent out. Give the weight and amount of postage required for each.\n2. Letter No. 3 is to be sent special delivery. What will it cost to send this letter?\n   Answer: The cost of sending Letter No. 3 special delivery depends on its weight and the current postage rates for special delivery. You can check the USPS website or ask at the post office for the exact cost.\n3. You have no special delivery stamp for Letter No. 3 and cannot get one. How can you send the letter special delivery?\n   Answer: If you don't have a special delivery stamp, you can still send the letter special delivery by paying the additional fee at the post office.\n4. You wish to send a money order for $2.00 to the Office Appliance Company, 417 So. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill., to pay for your subscription to Office Appliances.\n\nTherefore, the cost to send Letter No. 3 special delivery would depend on its weight and the current postage rates. To send a money order, you would need to pay $2.00 and address it to the Office Appliance Company with the correct address.\na. Fill out an application form for this money order.\nb. What is the cost of the money order?\n5. Assuming you are sending an express money order to pay for this subscription.\na. How will you procure the money order?\nb. What will be the cost?\nc. How does the procedure in this case differ from that of a postal money order?\n6. You have a letter containing some valuable papers, weighing 4 oz., which you desire to have registered.\na. What is the regular postage?\nb. What is the cost of registering?\nc. How can you be sure that the letter has been received?\nd. What other receipt will you get in connection with this letter?\n\nIV. Outgoing mail.\nA. Addressing and sorting.\nExplanation: The outgoing mail is collected from the various departments by office boys at stated intervals during the day, timed to ensure prompt delivery.\nI. Agree with the departure of the fast mail trains. The mail is taken to the outgoing mail table, sorted, folded, sealed, weighed, and stamped. It is then mailed.\n\nThe sorting box has a set of alphabetic guides. The envelopes containing letters are placed behind their respective guides. If there are two or more letters for the same person or firm, they are all placed in one omnibus envelope to save postage and time.\n\n1. Address envelopes for letters to the following firms, supplying any parts of the addresses that are lacking:\n\n2. Classify the mail under the following headings. Draw a diagram providing for six columns headed as below. Place under the proper heading the name of the firm or person to whom the letter is addressed:\n\n| Addressee          | City                 | Out-of-town | Special Delivery | Foreign | 20th Century Limited |\n|--------------------|----------------------|-------------|------------------|---------|----------------------|\nThe Aeolian Company Office Appliances\n42nd Street 417 S. Dearborn St.\nNew York Chicago\nC. H. Innes\n475 Collins St.\nMelbourne, Australia\nCardinell Sales Co. (special delivery)\n5 Label St.\nMontclair, NJ\nWoodstock Typewriter Co.\nChicago\nI. F. Maurer\nSan Martin 66\nBuenos Aires\nSengbusch Self-Closing Inkstand Co.\n400 Stroh Building\nMilwaukee\nChambre Syndicate de FOrganisation Commerciale\n10 Rue de Lancry\nDepartment of Seine\nR. A. Stewart & Co. (spec, delivery)\n80 Duane St.\nNew York\nPaper Cities Supply Co.\nMenasha, Wis.\nImproved Boehner Binder Co.\nAurora, Ill.\nF. S. Webster Co. (special delivery)\n338 Congress St.\nBoston\nCutler Desk Co.\n20-62 Churchill St.\nBuffalo\nThe Tension Envelope Co. Inc.\nBrooklyn\nEvansville Desk Co.\nEvansville\nErie Art Metal Co. (special delivery)\nErie, PA\nSt. Johns Table Co.\nCadillac\nRivet-0 Mfg. Co., Orange, MA\nColumbia Novelty Mfg. Co., St. Louis, MO\nBridgeport Pen Co. (special delivery), Bridgeport, CT\nE.G. Siggers (special delivery), Winston-Salem, NC\nMedearis Moulding Co., Suite 36, NU Bldg., Winston-Salem, NC\nA.H. Irvin Co., Curwensville, PA\nThe Massillon Wire Basket Co., Massillon, OH\nThorp & Martin, 79 Queen St., London, EC\nInvincible Metal Furniture Co., Manitowoc, WI\nAnnual Business Show Co.\nBrown-Morse Co. (special delivery), 23rd Street, Muskegon, MI\nNew York, NY\nThe Schwab Safe Co.\nIrving-Pitt Mfg. Co., Lafayette, IN\nKansas City, MO\nEaton Crane & Pike Co. (spec, delivery), 770 Mission St., Kansas City, MO\nThe Meilink Steel Safe Co., San Francisco, CA\nToledo, OH\nThe Republic Box Co.\nAdvance Paper Box Co., 1693 Merwin St., 2727 Franklin Ave., St. Louis, MO\nCleveland, OH\nFrank L. Benedict & Co.\nPhillips Ribbon & Carbon Co., 61 Halstead St., Montreal, Rochester\nIdeal Power Lawn Mower Co., Lansing, Astoria, Oregon\nThe Safe-Cabinet Co., 510 Greene St., Marietta, Ohio\nThe Heinn Co. (spec, delivery), 350 Florida St., L. F. Benton Co., Milwaukee\nYergennes, Vt.\nElkhart Stationery Co., Sleeper & Hartley, Inc., Elkhart\nWorcester, Mass.\n\nBonfanti Hnow, 4357 Avenida Dias Velez 4373, Buenos Aires\nFox Typewriter Co. (spec, delivery), Grand Rapids\nWilliamson & Co., 104 West George St., Adelaide\nBraden Preserving Co. (spec, del.), Pasadena\nWilson Chemical Co., Ltd., Kee Lox Mfg. Co., Inc., St. John, N.B., Rochester\n\nExplanation: Material necessary for the working out of this problem will include:\nApproximately one hundred fictitious letters, sealed and addressed, with addresses varied enough to cover well-known cities and towns in the United States and Canada.\nStudents in advanced typewriting classes should be able to provide the following material: A copy of the Official Guide of the Railways.\n\n1. Sort these letters into six groups according to address. Place a rubber band around each group.\n2. Arrange letters for each state alphabetically, based on city or town. Where there are two or more letters for the same city, arrange alphabetically based on the name of the person or firm addressed.\n3. On your work sheet, make a heading showing the name of the state. Underneath, arrange two columns as follows:\n\nState | City | Railroad\n\nIn the first column, list cities in this particular state for which you have mail. In the second column, write the name of the railroad.\nrailroad or railroads on which each city is located.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\n4. Make headings and columns as above. Place name of cities as before. In the \u201crailroad\u201d column, write names of railroads that would carry letters to each city from a firm located in New York.\n\n5. Handle each of the five remaining groups separately, as indicated in Questions 3 and 4.\n\nV. Preparation of fourth-class mail.\n\nConsult the Official Postal Guide for zones and rates. Provide yourself with a C.0.D. tag. You have outgoing packages of different weights addressed to:\n\n1. John Wanamaker\nPhiladelphia, Pa.\n2. Office Appliances\n417 South Dearborn St.\nChicago, Ill.\n3. Cardinell Sales Co.\n5 Label St.\nMontclair, N.J.\n70 Fifth Ave.\nNew York, N.Y.\n4. Stumpp and Walter\n30 Barclay St.\nNew York, N.Y.\n5. William C. Duckham\nMadison, N.J.\n6. Milbradt Mfg. Co.\nSt. Louis, Mo.\nPackages:\n\nNorristone Studios, 111 Norris St., 5th & Glen wood Ave., Rochester, N.Y.\nThe Rockwood Pottery Co., Rockwood, Cincinnati, Ohio\n\n| Package Number | Zone | Weight (lbs.) | Postage |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 & 2 |  | 1.8 lbs., 3.5 lbs. |  |\n|  |  | ($54.75 total) |  |\n|  |  | $0.50 each | $1.50 total |\n|  |  | $1.25 total | $65.50 total |\n\nPackage No. 4:\n- Send by parcel post C.O.D.\n- Value: $100\n\n| Step | Question | Answer |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| a | Cost of insurance: | $2.50 |\n| b | Money order fee: | $0.25 |\n| c | C.O.D. fee: | $1.50 |\n| d | Sender's payment: | $103.25 |\n| e | Addressee's payment: | $101.75 |\n|  | Indemnity: | $100 |\n1. Prepare a mailing list containing all names and addresses shown in Problem 2 of Outgoing Mail (A), page 82, and Problem on the Preparation of Fourth-class Mail, page 86. Arrange this list alphabetically: first, by state; second, by city or town in the state; and third, by person or firm addressed in the city or town.\n2. What is the cost to mail a complete newspaper weighing six ounces to Minneapolis, MN?\n3. What is the cost of sending a letter weighing one and three-quarters ounces by air mail from your home to Los Angeles, CA?\n4. How would you ascertain the time at which the first mail intended for the following countries closes at your post office?\na. Belgium\nb. England\nc. Japan\nd. Egypt\ne. Australia\n5. What will it cost to send a parcel post package weighing two pounds from your home to each of the following?\na. Chicago, Illinois\nb. Atlanta, Georgia\nc. Portland, Maine\nd. St. Louis, Missouri\ne. Seattle, Washington\n\nIn which zone is each of these cities?\n\n6. What will it cost to send the following by air mail from your home?\na. A letter weighing 4.5 oz. to Savannah, Georgia\nb. A letter weighing 11 oz. to Dallas, Texas\nc. A letter weighing 2 oz. to Porto Rico\nd. A registered letter weighing 4 oz. to Detroit, Michigan\ne. A special delivery letter weighing 11 oz. to Seattle, Washington\nf. A sealed package weighing 3 lbs. to Chicago, Illinois\ng. A registered letter weighing 2 lbs. to New Orleans, Louisiana\nh. A special delivery letter weighing 4.4 lbs. to Minneapolis, Minnesota\n\n7. Complete an application for an international money order of \u00a310 to be sent by you to Miss Elizabeth Nixon, Netteswell Cross, Harlow, Essex, England.\nWhat will it cost to send the following pieces of mail:\na. A letter weighing 1 oz. to Montreal\nb. A letter weighing 1 oz. to London\nc. A letter weighing 2 oz. to Mexico\nd. A letter weighing 2 lb. oz. to San Francisco\ne. A letter weighing 2 lb. oz. to Paris\nf. A letter weighing 1 oz. to Havana\ng. A postcard to Brussels\nh. A postcard to Toronto\ni. A postcard to Liverpool\n\nChapter V\nThe Writing of Letters\nThe Mechanics of Writing\n\nNo age, no country, no people have been without letters. The industrial growth of any country may be traced by its correspondence. Methods, ideas, plans, business campaigns are laid before us. Egypt of the twelfth century b.c. gives us long and wandering accounts of various transactions and types of commercial intercourse. Greece of the third century b.c. provides us with a model collection of letters.\nAs we read some old letters, we discover that in many instances the contents do not differ greatly from those of today. Bills of goods are ordered, paid for, or criticized. Reports of work accomplished are made. Sales and auctions are advertised. Debts are canceled. Increased compensation is demanded. Recommendations for a change of business policy are made. The manner of accomplishment, however, is very different. It seems as if these people sometimes sought to find the most roundabout way of saying things. The letters are full of ceremony. The letters of today offer a complete contrast in style. Directness takes the place of the old circumlocution; simplicity is demanded instead of ornamentation; concise language, instead of pages of minute detail. There is nothing, however, quite so important in letter communication as the sincerity and intent behind the words.\nThe art of letter writing conveys a sense of deference, making the receiver feel flattered even when a request is denied. This is the fine art of all office work. No part of office work is more important than that entrusted to the secretary. Personal interviews with the head of the firm are rarely possible. Commerce and industry have spread so far that letters must take the place of human contact. Therefore, it's necessary that letters talk. Different business operations demand different treatment, and all letters must give the effect of individuality and freshness of thought. Each letter must bear the impression of being the only one of its kind. The Postage Magazine of New York gives the following suggestions for letters that would serve their purpose efficiently: A better letter must carry a message of service.\nIt may be interpreted as follows:\n\nIf a sales letter, it will induce the reader to spend money for something he wants - or that we want him to want. If it is a collection letter, it will persuade the reader that the right and proper thing to do is to pay his bill - and like us for making him do it. If it is an adjustment letter, it will satisfy the customer whether he is right or wrong. It will, above all, give definite information - not an answer, but The Answer. The mechanics and general principles of composition apply to letter-writing. Your English teacher has begged you to have something to say, to express that something carefully, to talk in sentences, to choose the appropriate word, to strive for variety, to punctuate adequately so that your thought may be clear to another, to organize your plan of work, to be unified in thought and coherent in expression.\nThe application of these principles is all your employer will require of you. The contents: remember that one business transaction should appear in one letter. If necessary, let the message be read as a unit on one page. If multiple matters must be discussed, it is wiser to write more than one letter than to risk confusion and misunderstanding.\n\nChoose appropriate paper size for the information you wish to convey. The Secretary Applied Office Practice suggests the 8.5 by 11 inch letter sheet, used by most firms for letters of ordinary length. There is also a 7.5 by 10 inch sheet, an 8 by 10 inch sheet, and the half sheet, 8.5 by 5.5 inches, called note size. This half sheet is usually employed for correspondence within the business house.\nA half-size, book-opening stationery is widely used by businessmen for personal stationery and by publishing houses for business correspondence. The paper quality is important. A white or cream unruled bond or linen paper of good quality and weight is used by the best firms. A neutral tint or very heavy paper is sometimes demanded as a mark of distinction, but ruled paper or paper that is limp and flimsy in texture or conspicuous because of vivid or unusual color should not be used.\n\nThe printed letterhead runs the short way of the paper, except in the case of half sheets. Most firms of standing use conservative, dignified, and simple letterhead designs: the firm name and address, attractively printed or engraved. The day of the pictorial or symbolic illustration is passing.\nThe ink should be black or blue-black in letter writing. The envelope should match the paper in color and quality, and be of a size to receive the paper when it is properly folded. A margin is a frame for the letter and permits the contents of the page to stand out clearly. All four sides of the page should show a margin - a wider margin at the top of the page than that used at the bottom. Keep a margin of at least an inch at the left side of every page. When flat sheets of paper are used, write on only one side of each sheet. When four-page sheets are used, all four pages may be written on. The letter should be so written that a person reading the first page has the fold of the paper at his left. If the letter occupies more than one page but not more than two, both pages should be written on the recto only.\nThe first and third pages should be written on and the second left blank. If a letter occupies more than two pages, the pages should follow their natural order \u2014 1, 2, 3, 4. A letter on a four-page sheet should be inclosed in an envelope in which it will fit when folded with one horizontal crease through the center. The letter should be folded so that the upper and lower halves of page 1 face each other. The letter should be placed in the envelope with the horizontal crease at the bottom. A letter written on flat sheets of paper of note size (approximately 6x8 inches) may be inclosed:\n\na) In an envelope into which it will fit when folded with one crease running through the center. In this case, the two halves of page 1 should be made to face each other.\n\nPlace the letter in the envelope with the crease at the bottom.\nTom, the envelope with the half containing the heading next to the face, not the sealed side, of the envelope.\n\nb. In an envelope of commercial size (approximately 3 x 6 inches). Fold the letter into three sections \u2014 a central section and two flaps. As the letter applies office practice lies right side up on the table, fold up from the bottom about one third and then from the top fold down over the lower third about one fourth. The letter so folded should be placed in the envelope with the two flaps next to the back, not the face, of the envelope; with the top edge of the letter at the bottom of the envelope.\n\nA letter written on flat sheets of paper of full commercial size (approximately 8.5 x 11 inches) may be inclosed in an envelope of commercial size (approximately 3 x 6 inches). As the letter lies face up on the table, raise the edges of the letter and carefully place it in the envelope, ensuring the folded edges align with the envelope flaps.\nFold the lower part upward over the upper part with a horizontal crease running slightly below the center. Keep the upper part next to the table with the horizontal crease toward you. Raise the right-hand part and fold it toward the left, making a vertical crease about one third of the distance from right to left. Raise the left-hand part and fold it toward the right, making a vertical crease about one fourth of the distance from left to right. The letter, as folded, consists of a central section and two flaps. Place it in the envelope with the two flaps next to the sealed side, not next to the face, with the smaller flap on top of the larger one, and with the outward edge of the smaller flap pointing upward.\n\nThe six formal parts of a letter. Every letter has six parts:\n\n1. The address of the recipient\n2. The date\n3. The salutation\n4. The body\n5. The complimentary close\n6. The signature and address of the sender.\nThe heading, the inside address, the salutation, the message, the complimentary close, and the signature are the parts of a letter. Each part occupies a fixed position and must contain certain definite and necessary information.\n\nThe heading should be sufficient for a postal direction, plus the date. Unless a letterhead is used, it occupies the upper right-hand corner of the page.\n\n244 Park Avenue\nPlainfield, New Jersey\nSeptember 18, 19 --\n\nIn printed, lithographed, or engraved letterheads, the name of the writer or of the firm and the address are usually placed in the middle of the page. The date may be written at the right of the page or in the center under the address.\n\nThe Century Company\n353 Fourth Avenue\nNew York\n\nThe lines of the heading may have the same indentation, or each line may be indented about one half of an inch more than the preceding line.\nThe entire heading, if short, may be written on one line. If two lines are necessary, the date should be written alone on a separate line. If three lines are necessary, the street direction should stand on the first line, the name of the city and state on the second, and the date on the third.\n\nMiami, Florida\nDecember 10, 19 --\n29 Main Street, Miami, Florida\nDecember 10, 19 --\n29 Main Street\nMiami, Florida\n\nPunctuation may be used or omitted at the end of the lines of the heading, but care should be taken to follow a consistent practice.\n\nThe inside address. A statement of the name and address of the person written to is an essential part of a complete business letter. It may be written in two or three lines.\nThe address lines, and should be placed at the left-hand side of the page on the sixth space below the date line of the heading. The first line should begin at the point set for the left-hand margin; the rest of the address may also be placed at the margin line, blocked, or indented, each line about one half of an inch more than the preceding.\n\nGeorge A. Russell & Company,\n244 Madison Avenue,\nNew York, N.Y.\n\nGeorge A. Russell & Company,\n244 Madison Avenue,\nNew York, N.Y.\n\nThe form of the address should be that used in the heading of letters of the firm addressed, with no omission whatsoever, not even in the marks of punctuation. If \"The\" is part of the firm name \u2014 The National Biscuit Company \u2014 \"The\" should not be omitted from the address.\n\nParticular attention of an individual requested. Routine.\nLetters are usually addressed to the company rather than an individual. If, however, the personal attention of someone in the firm is desired, this may be indicated in the address by the insertion of \"Attention of Mr. _\". There are four possible places for the words \"Attention of Mr. _ \". They are: (1) at the top of the paper, (2) above the salutation, (3) below the salutation, (4) on a line with the salutation. Below the salutation or at the top of the paper is considered preferable.\n\nAttention of Mr. Roy L. Thomas\nThe Higbee Company\n25 Euclid Avenue\nCleveland, Ohio\n\nGentlemen,\n\nThe Writing of Letters\n\nThe Higbee Company\n25 Euclid Avenue\nCleveland, Ohio\n\nGentlemen,\n\nAttention of Mr. Roy L. Thomas\nF. & R. Lawrence Company, 150 High Street, Columbus, Ohio.\n\nThe line: a comma between the city and the state. Periods should be placed after all abbreviations.\n\nF. & R. Lawrence Company,\n150 High Street,\nColumbus, Ohio.\n\nIn addressing an individual: do not omit Mr., Mrs., or whatever title is proper. Before a firm name composed of individual names, it is correct to write Messrs. or to omit the title.\n\nMessrs. Quince & Barton, Silversmiths,\nLord & Taylor\n\nProper salutations of firms and individuals:\n\nDear Sir,\nDear Madam,\n\nThese forms are used where an individual is addressed by name in a formal salutation.\n\nGentlemen,\n\nThis form is used in addressing a corporation composed of men, a committee, a department, or a partnership.\n\nMy dear Sir,\nMy dear Mr. Park,\nDear Mr. Park,\nMy dear Madam.\nDear Mrs. Jones,\n\nThese forms are used on occasion, depending upon the degree of formality and relationship existing between correspondents.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\nLadies,\nThis is used in addressing a corporation or partnership or committee known to be composed of women. The salutations \"Dear Sirs,\" \"Dear Sir or Madam\" are now very rarely used.\n\nNote 1. The first word of the salutation and all nouns are capitalized.\nNote 2. The salutation of a business letter should be followed by a colon.\nThe salutation should be aligned with the left-hand margin. The body of a pen-written letter should begin on the line below the salutation; of a typewritten letter, two spaces below. All paragraphs except where the block form is used should receive the same indentation, one inch.\nIn block form of letters, paragraphs are not indented.\nThe first word is aligned with the left-hand margin, as is the salutation. Following are correct forms of address for public officials and the clergy: Honorable (Hon.) is the title given to persons who are, or who have been, ambassadors, cabinet officers, United States or state senators, or representatives, judges, mayors, and the like. Reverend (Rev.) is the proper title for a rector, priest, or minister. It should not be used without the Christian name or the initials. The head of a Jewish synagogue is addressed as Rabbi.\n\nIn the letter:\nTo the President of the United States\nSir,\n\nOn the envelope:\nThe President of the United States\nThe White House\nWashington, D.C.\n\nIn the letter:\nTo the Vice-President of the United States\nSir,\n\nOn the envelope:\nThe Vice-President of the United States\nWashington, D.C.\n\nThe Writing of Letters\nThe Honorable Secretary of State,\nWashington, D.C.\n\nSir:\n\nThe Honorable [Name],\nUnited States Senate,\nWashington, D.C.\n\nSir:\n\nThe Honorable [Name],\nHouse of Representatives,\nWashington, D.C.\n\nHis Excellency [Name],\nThe Executive Mansion,\nSpringfield, Illinois\n\nSir: or Your Excellency:\n\nThe Honorable [Name],\nMayor of Boston,\nBoston, Mass.\n\nSir: or [Name],\n[Governor],\n[City],\n\nYour Honor:\n\nThe Honorable [Justice Name],\nJustice of the United States Supreme Court,\nWashington, D.C.\n\nSir:\n\nHis Eminence Patrick Cardinal Hayes,\nArchbishop of New York,\nYour Eminence:\n\nThe form of address for these officials is the same on the envelope as for the inside address.\n\nIn the letter:\n\nRight Reverend,\nSt. Mary's Rectory.\nReverend and dear Sir,\n\nRt. Rev. (a bishop)\nSt. Mary\u2019s Rectory\nSan Diego, California\n\nDear Sir, or Dear Dr.,\n\nRev. John J. Darlington D.D. (a pastor or minister)\nRector of -- Church\nBaltimore, Md.\n\nDear Brother Staunton,\n\nBrother Staunton (a brother)\nNotre Dame\nSouth Bend, Indiana\n\nDear Rabbi Wise, or Dear Dr. Wise,\n\nRabbi Stephen S. Wise, D.D.\nNew York, N.Y.\n\nRespectfully yours,\n\nYours truly,\nYours very truly,\nVery truly yours,\n\nThe Writing of Letters\nPublishers, Booksellers\nDear Sir,\n\nWe are glad to know of your interest in Professor Beck's new book, MODERN FAMILIAR ESSAYS. We will mail you a sample copy for examination as soon as it comes from the press, which should be within a day or two. We are making a memorandum to ensure it goes to you immediately upon publication.\n\nOur records reveal that you have used Professor Beck's book, ESSAY WRITING, in your classes for some years. Without doubt, you will find this new book an interesting addition to your texts, and we shall be glad to have your opinion of it.\n\nYours very truly,\nJohn Brown & Company\nEducational Department\nDear Sir,\n\nWe are glad to know of your interest in Professor [Signature]\n\nComplimentary close and signature guidelines: In writing to schools, colleges, and government officials, the complimentary close should be written on a separate line, appropriately spaced below the last line of the body of the letter. It should have only the first word capitalized and be followed by a comma. The signature should always be written by hand, about two spaces below the complimentary close. In a typewritten letter in which the name of the writer does not appear in the letterhead, the name may be typed.\n\nCable Address:\nBrownlit\nApplied Office Practice Publishers, Booksellers, and Importers of Law and Brownlit General Literature\nJohn Brown $ Company\n62 Bond Street\nNew York\n\nMr. William C. Bacon\n50 Boylston Street\nBoston, Mass.\n[JOHN BROWN & COMPANY, Educational Department]\n\nDear [Recipient],\n\nWe will mail you a sample copy of Beck's new book, MODERN ESSAYS, as soon as it is available from the press, which we expect to be within a day or two. We will ensure it is sent to you immediately upon publication.\n\nOur records indicate that you have used Professor Beck's book, ESSAY WRITING, in your classes for some time. You will likely find this new book an interesting addition to your texts, and we would appreciate your opinion on it.\n\nYours very truly,\nJohn Brown & Company\nDear Sir,\n\nWe are glad to know of your interest in Professor Beck's new book, Modern Essays. We will mail you a sample copy for examination as soon as it comes from the press.\n\nPublishers, Booksellers & Importers of Law and General Literature\nCable Address: Brownlit\nJohn Brown & Company\n62 Bond Street\nNew York\n\nMr. William C. Bacon\n50 Boylston Street\nBoston, Mass.\nThis,  we  expect,  will  be  within  a  day  or  two,  and  we  are  mak\u00ac \ning  a  memorandum  to  see  that  it  goes  to  you  immediately  on \npublication. \nOur  records  reveal  that  you  have  for  some  years  used \nProfessor  Beck's  book,  ESSAY  WRITING,  in  your  classes. \nWithout  doubt,  then,  you  will  find  this  book  an  interest\u00ac \ning  addition  to  your  texts,  and  we  shall  be  glad  to  have \nvour  opinion  of  it. \nYours  very  truly, \nJOHN  BROWN  &  COMPANY \nEducational  Department \nHM:EB \nWell-phrased  Letter  (block) \nThe  Grouping  of  Business  Letters \nBusiness  letters  group  themselves  under  certain  general \nheads:  order,  acknowledgment,  credit,  collection,  sales, \nadjustment,  and  application  letters.  There  is  one  type  of \nletter  which  you  may  have  occasion  to  write  outside  the \noffice  of  your  employer.  This  is  the  letter  of  application . \nHere,  certain  standards  must  be  observed :  you  must  have \nDue regard for the selection and organization of your facts, for accuracy and conciseness of wording, for giving sufficient information to enable one reading to judge your fitness for the position. Above all, however, reveal evidence of personality.\n\nThe other types of letters are in many instances dictated. Your employer may consider you merely a good stenographer to whom he will dictate the substance of the letter, or he may talk through a dictaphone. You will transcribe your notes, or else take the letter direct. There will be times, however, when only a suggestion is given you for the letter you are to write.\n\nSome firms provide certain form letters which the typist may use, making only such minor changes as the needs of the individual letter may demand.\n\nThese letters deal chiefly with matters of routine: credit applications, acknowledgments, and the like.\nWe have received your letter regarding the return of merchandise. Regretfully, we cannot comply with your request. It is our unalterable rule not to place in stock any merchandise of a personal nature that has been in the possession of our customers, even if it has never been used. You will understand that protecting our patrons makes this rule necessary, despite our regret at being unable to serve you in this instance.\n\nCollection of money due:\nYour bill of $ _ for November _ still remains unpaid. We have sent you two statements and must now request that you make immediate payment. Please send us your check by return mail.\n\n3. Location of lost merchandise.\nWe have made every effort to locate your order for -, but without success. Please let us know if the order was given in person or by mail, whether paid for or C.O.D., and give any other information which, in your opinion, will aid our search. Kindly include with your reply any receipts or memoranda which you may hold, and a duplicate copy of the order. You have our assurance that they will greatly assist us in locating your purchase.\n\n4. Delivery of goods.\nAccording to our records, our driver delivered merchandise about which you inquired on [date]. We have instructed him to make another attempt and will hear from us at an early date.\nAn estimate of $ _ to repair the _ left with us on _ was submitted. We have not been directed to proceed with the work, and it is our policy to hold merchandise for no more than thirty days. Unless we receive your instructions within one week from this date, we shall have to return it without assuming any responsibility.\n\nNo comment is needed on letters of this character, as each firm secures for itself such forms as may be used with greatest frequency and convenience. However, adjustments of difficulty can only be made by a personal letter. Individual questions arise which demand tact and skill. Detailed information is desired. Instructions, criticisms, and suggestions must be given. For letters such as these, no rules can be given, and it is in the composing of such letters that your expertise is required.\n1. We thank you for your letter of March 20.\n2. We are writing in answer to your telephone inquiry today concerning a check for a refrigerator. We mailed our check to you.\n3. I trust you will consider my application.\n4. I wish to secure a position for the months of July and August.\nDo you have any vacancies in your store for which a college graduate might qualify?\n\n1. We have received your letter of March 19.\n2. Enclosed is a bill for your purchases.\n3. Yours very truly,\nJohn Doe.\n\nDo not write:\n1. We beg to acknowledge your favor.\n2. Choose simple, direct expressions. Avoid old-time phrasing. A letter is not a favor.\n3. Referring to your telephone inquiry of today regarding a check for the refrigerator, I advise that the check was mailed by us on the Express. Use a subject for the verb.\n4. Avoid such expressions as \"beg to advise.\" Use the active voice rather than the passive.\n5. Trusting you will consider my application, I await your reply.\n6. Desirous of obtaining a position for the months of July and August, I am writing to inquire.\nIf you have any vacancies in your store during those months that could be filled by a college graduate: do not omit a subject. Avoid overly long sentences joined by \"and.\"\n\nYour esteemed letter of the 19th is in hand. Speak simply. State the month and day.\n\nWe enclose here a bill for the same. \"Herewith\" is not necessary. Do not use \"same\" as a pronoun.\n\nWe beg to remain,\n\nThe Writing of Letters\n\nWe enclose an itemized statement of this customer's account. You will note that there is a balance of $36.26 owing to us.\n\nBrooklyn, N.Y.\n\nSince our shop was closed for repairs last week, we could not answer your question.\n\nWill you kindly send me a catalog?\n\nVery truly yours,\nMary A. Jones (Mrs. John Jones)\n\nYour letter of March 20 has been received and carefully read.\n\nYou will find enclosed a check for $25.\nI shall appreciate an early answer. In reply to your letter, we wish to state that your order was shipped on February 3, 14. We include an itemized statement of this party's account, showing a balance due of $36.26. A customer is not a \"party\" except to a lawsuit. The name of the city should not be abbreviated. Write out the date. We have been closed for repairs the last week and could not answer your query. Avoid phrases beginning \"Being that.\" Kindly send catalog and oblige Mrs. Jones. A letter is a legal document and must be signed with a person\u2019s name. \"Mrs. Jones\" is the married woman\u2019s title only. Yours of yesterday is at hand and contents duly noted. Included find check for $25.\n14. Thank you in advance for the anticipated favor of a reply. Never deny your correspondent the privilege of choice. Avoid meaningless expressions. Close your letters with complete sentences.\n\n15. In answer to your letter, the goods have been shipped. Avoid dangling participles.\n\n16. In response to your letter of December 30, concerning the discount on your last order, we have said that the building in question is in excellent condition.\n\n17. Due to the large number of similar systems and the inability of the company to supply the items, please sign the enclosed form.\n\n18. Please let us know the style of engraving you wish. If we do not hear from you, the buttons will be sent to you unmarked.\n\n19. I have an appointment to confer with Mr. Smith tomorrow morning at nine-thirty.\n\n20. Please reply soon.\nRegarding the position and salary you have in mind? Please do not include:\n\n1. Your letter of the 30th ultimo regarding discount on your last letter. \"Ultimo\" is old-style phrasing, no longer used today.\n2. As previously stated, the building is in excellent condition. A subject for \"stated\" must be expressed.\n3. Due to the large number of similar systems, and the company's inability to supply, you provide two reasons with similar grammatical construction: both nouns.\n4. We enclose a form for you to sign kindly.\n5. Please let us know the style of engraving you prefer, or if not, the buttons will be sent without engraving.\n6. Take a breath between ideas. Write two clear sentences.\n7. Do not repeat unnecessarily.\n8. I have a date with the man.\n9:30 tomorrow. It is courteous to refer to a person by name. Could I hear from you soon concerning the position you would offer, along with the salary? A letter of application should be dignified.\n\nIn reply to your recent inquiry, we take pleasure in assuring you that we are representatives of the Empire Label Weaving Company of New York. Our firm manufactures satin, taffeta, and cotton woven labels.\n\nYour kind favor of recent date duly received and contents carefully noted. In response, we are pleased to advise that we are the Cincinnati representatives of the Empire Label Weaving Company of New York. Said company manufactures satins, taffetas, and cotton woven labels.\n1. What are the essentials in any letter?\n2. What do you mean by \"form\" in relation to the letter?\n3. What do you mean by \"content\"?\n4. What directions are given for the proper folding of a business letter?\n5. What is meant by a form letter? When can such letters be used?\n6. Under what circumstances would it be impossible to use a form letter? What will you do then?\n7. In what respect does a letter of application differ from all other letters? What should its tone be? What should its contents be?\n8. Gather together a sheaf of letters - business letters of various kinds. Read them carefully. Be prepared to criticize from the point of view of form and content.\n9. Devise some form letters that have a touch of individuality.\n10. What do you consider the essential points in any good business letter?\n\nApplied Office Practice\nLetter Exercises\n\nWrite necessary letters with full names and addresses. Ensure letters following are correct in every detail. If provided with a typewriter, rewrite your letters after needed corrections have been made by your teacher, and keep your typed copy for filing.\n\n1. You have a charge account at a department store. A bill has been sent to you for an article which you have not bought. Write the necessary letter.\n2. With your telephone bill is a charge for extra calls which you are quite sure have not been made. Write to the Telephone Company and ask for a detailed statement of their record of your calls.\n3. Write a letter to the publishers of any magazine and ask for subscription information or to inquire about a specific article.\nFor a year's subscription. Include a check.\n\n1. Write to the Lost and Found Department of any department store, inquiring whether the book you left on one of the counters has been sent to them.\n2. Write to the American Express Company requesting complete and detailed information concerning the proposed \u201cWorld Tour\u201d for 19--. In addition, send a request for certain pamphlets describing short tours within the United States.\n3. Write to J. G. Phyfe, 95 Front Street, your city, asking for information about various grades of coffee and requesting that samples be sent to: (List five names and addresses).\n4. Write a letter to the Hudson River Navigation Corp., Pier 52, N.R., New York, asking for a reservation of a stateroom, with two single berths, New York to Albany, for two weeks from tonight. (Give day and hour of sailing). You cannot name the passengers.\nYou do not know which steamer will make the trip on that date. Inclose check for $3.50.\n\n1. Assisted manager of School Bank during high school course. Write to a bank in your city, stating exactly what you have done and asking for an opportunity for further training.\n2. Neighboring high school is organizing a class in office practice. Your high school has been asked to give suggestions and information. Write a full and detailed letter describing the equipment of your own office practice room. Be specific and accurate. You may accompany your letter with a diagram, if desired.\n3. Received a letter from the General Organization of a neighboring high school stating that a school store is to be installed. Your high school has enjoyed the advantages of such a store.\nWrite a letter giving the advantages of various articles that have been successful sellers in your store. The business manager of your school paper is unhappy with the last issue. In your letter to the printer, clearly state the following complaints: the omission of a number of advertisements, certain typographical errors, and the insertion of matter that belongs to another school. Be specific and detailed.\n\nReply from the printer: We apologize for the errors in the last issue of your school paper. We will ensure that the omitted advertisements are included in the next issue, and we will correct the typographical errors. Regarding the matter that belonged to another school, we will take steps to prevent such errors in the future.\n\nWrite to the Liberty Bank of Buffalo to open a checking account, using the National Bank of Commerce, New York, as a reference where you have previously held an account.\n\nWrite to the New York Times to request the insertion of an advertisement that will run for five consecutive days.\nInclude check in payment. The advertisement is to secure for your employer, J.F. Case, Real Estate and Insurance, a second office assistant, one familiar with the dictaphone and an accurate typist. Prepare this advertisement and write the letter.\n\n1. You are the owner of a Cadillac (5 passenger touring car). You live in Danville, Illinois. Write a letter to the State License Bureau, Albany, NY, requesting a tourist's license for your car and include a check to the amount of $ _. Include also a check to the amount of % - for your chauffeur's license.\n2. A letter has reached the firm by which you are employed stating that certain merchandise ordered March 10, 19 has never been received. It is now March 21. Write a letter of explanation and apology.\n3. Mrs. Herman J. Fleet of your city has written a note:\n\nInput Text (for step 4):\n----------------------\n\nApplication\nOffice Practice\n[1] I. Acknowledgment to the Firm:\n\nDear [Firm's Name],\n\nI am writing to express my appreciation for the exceptional service you provided during the Christmas rush season. Your team's dedication and efficiency were greatly appreciated.\n\nII. Acknowledgment for Edison Company:\n\n[Edison Company],\n\nThank you for bringing the overcharge in the electric light bill for March 19th to our attention. We apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused and will rectify the issue promptly.\n\nIII. Letter to a Completed Student:\n\nDear [Student's Name],\n\nCongratulations on completing the office practice course at our school. I am currently experiencing some difficulties in my work this term. These difficulties include [specific difficulties]. I would greatly appreciate your assistance in overcoming these challenges.\n\nIV. Explanation of Automatic Filing:\n\nDear [New Filing Clerk],\n\nWelcome to your new position as a filing clerk. I would like to explain the process of automatic filing for your reference. [Detailed explanation of the automatic filing process]\n\nV. Letter to an Absent Friend:\n\nDear [Friend's Name],\n\nI hope this letter finds you well. I wanted to take a moment to explain the process of cleaning a typewriter, as you have been absent from our office practice class. [Detailed instructions on cleaning a typewriter]\nWrite to a beginner in typewriting, explaining the value of the \"touch\" system.\n\nWrite a letter to your brother who has just applied for a position as a messenger boy, stating certain things he should know about office routine.\n\nVisit any bookshop near you. Note the choice and display of books. Comment on the way in which the books are sold. Write a letter suggesting various ways of improvement by which the shop could be made more attractive and more books sold.\n\nWalk through your school lunchroom before and during the lunch hour. Is the equipment up-to-date? Is the food appetizing? Is the service expeditious?\n\nWrite a letter to the Chairman of the Lunchroom Committee making definite suggestions for improvement.\n\nWalk through any big department store. Note the various conveniences and helps. Write to some smaller store, offering to provide suggestions for improvement.\nEstablish one or more of these innovations:\n\n26. Obtain permission from your teacher to visit the Mail Department of a large firm in your town. Observe carefully the method of sorting and distributing incoming mail and the procedure followed in sending out house mail. Write a letter to this firm expressing your gratitude for the privilege of writing letters, and mention the specific procedures you found excellent.\n\n27. The Tea Room Training Organization, 33 W. 42nd Street, your city, is organizing classes to train in the management of tea rooms, cafeterias, and coffee shops. Request admission to one of these classes.\n\n28. Response for the following advertisement:\n\nWanted: Clerks - Elementary school graduates with some high school or business school training. Clerical experience and good skills preferred.\nWanted: A typist willing to learn dictaphone. Apply by letter only, stating age, experience, and salary expected. Colonial Works, 233 Norman Ave., City.\n\nYou have made application for a position. The firm has replied, asking the following questions. Write a letter giving in full the information requested.\n\nDo you like the work you have applied for? How do you expect to spend your leisure? Do you have any special reason for seeking employment with us? Do you desire a permanent or a temporary position? Through what means do you hope to secure advancement? Do you have the patience to plan all the work you attempt to do, the energy to work through masses of detail, and the accuracy to complete tasks with precision?\nTo overlook no point, however small, in your daily routine? Have you carefully considered the future of the work you are asking for?\n\n31. SALESWOMEN\nThe Barrimore Shop is in need of a few refined saleswomen, possessing ability and charm, to reinforce our sales staff on Saturdays only.\n\nThe Barrimore Shop\n1540 Broadway \u2014 City\n\n[Application response]\n\n32. \"I would like to know if you have positions open in your filing department during the summer months for high school girls, as I would like to apply for a position.\"\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\n[Letter requesting a position]\n\nDear Hiring Manager,\n\nI am writing to express my interest in potential opportunities in your filing department during the summer months. I am a dedicated and hardworking high school student, eager to gain valuable experience and contribute to your team.\n\n33. A large downtown bank requires the services of a few bright and energetic young women, aged 18 years and above.\nApply for the job: age or over; salary $60 per month to start; experience not necessary; excellent opportunity for advancement; congenial surroundings. In applying, state age, education, experience if any. V 896 Times Downtown\n\nExercise 34:\na. Write to a wholesale furniture company in your vicinity ordering a kitchen cabinet to be sent by express. Include catalog number and full shipping directions. Enclose postal money order.\n\nb. Write the firm's acknowledgment of your order, stating that the cabinet was shipped the day following receipt of order (give date).\n\nExercise 35:\na. Write a letter to your teacher telling her that you are forced to leave school and applying for a position as a typist with _ Company, at _ (Here fill in the name and address of company). Ask her to be kind enough to write to this company about your school work and character.\nWrite the teacher's letter to the firm. (Request to write a letter to a teacher to inform a firm about securing a position)\n\nWrite a cordial note to this same teacher, telling her that I have secured the position for which I applied and thanking her for her kindness in writing. (Request to write a polite note to a teacher expressing gratitude for her help and informing her of securing a job)\n\n36. Write a letter which might appear as an advertisement in any magazine, pointing out the advantages of any one of the following:\n- The express train over the covered wagon\n- The automobile over the horse-drawn carriage\n- The telephone over the town crier\n\n37. Answer the following advertisement:\nAssistant to magazine production manager \u2013 preferably, although not necessarily, with previous advertising make-up experience; intelligence and the ability to handle details with speed and accuracy essential; salary $25 to start. (Advertisement for a job position as an assistant to a magazine production manager)\n\nA new firm has written to you requesting information. (Request for help in responding to a letter from a new company seeking information)\nThey are seeking the names of real estate agents, electrical contractors, architects, and steam fitters for their mailing list. Refer to an available directory or register and send the requested list. In a courteous letter, state that you will be glad to provide any additional information.\n\nTask 39: Your employer is out of town. A letter arrives that must wait for his return to be answered. Write a letter of acknowledgment.\n\nTask 40: Write a letter to a customer who has ordered five yards of tapestry, similar to a sample included, explaining why the order cannot be filled.\n\nDictionary:\n\nAbility: Capacity to perform or do something\nBesides: In addition to\nGood: Of a satisfactory or desirable quality\nAccept: To receive or agree to receive\nBest: Of the highest quality\nGot: Past tense of get\nAdmission: Permission to enter or join\nBetween: Separating two things or people\nGuess: Form an opinion or judgment without certain facts\nAdmittance: The act of admitting or the state of being admitted\nCalculate: Determine the sum or total of\nHand: To give or pass to someone\nAdvice: Guidance or recommendations\nCan: Have the ability to\nHoping: Expressing optimistic expectation\nAdvise: Give guidance or recommendations\nCapacity: Ability to contain or accommodate a certain amount or number.\nif \naffect \nchoice \nimply \nagreeable \ncommunication \ninclosed \nall  ready \ncomplaint \ninform \nalmost \ncouncil \nkind  of \nalready \ncounsel \nlay \nall  right \ndifferent  (from) \nlend \nalternative \ndisclose \nliable \namong \ndue \nlie \nappear \neffect \nlike \nappreciate \nesteemed \nlikely \napt \nexcept \nline \nas \nfarther \nloan \nmay \nbalance \nformer \nmost \nbeg \nfrom \nneither \nbeside \nfurther \noccur \n116  APPLIED  OFFICE \nPRACTICE \nof \npromise \nrespectively \noff \nproposal \nsame \nonly \nproposition \nseem \nour  (Mr.  Brown) \nproved \nshall  (will) \nparty \nproviding \nshould  (would) \nper \nreal \nstate  (v.) \nperson \nrecent \ntherefore \nprincipal \nremit \nprinciple \nrespectfully \nA  Business  Dictionary \nThis  list  has  been  compiled  from  many  business  letters.  You \nmay  have  occasion  to  use  it  from  time  to  time. \nA.  Insert  the  meaning  of  each  word. \nB.  Use  correctly  in  a  sentence. \nabstract \nadult \nannual \nacceptable \nadvance \nannually \nacceptance \nadvancement \nappellant \naccepting \nadvantage \nappellee \napplication, advertisements, appointment, accommodation, advice, affidavit, approaching, accurate, affiliations, approximate, achieved, agencies, arbitration, acknowledging, agreement, architect, acknowledgment, agriculture, argument, acquisition, allege, arrangement, action, allowance, ascertain, active, alphabetical, assailant, actuary, ambiguous, assent, address, ambitious, assessment, addressee, analysis, assets, addresses, analyze, assigned, adjustment, announcement, assignee, administrator, annoyance, assignor, The Writing of Letters, assistants, associates, association, assurance, attendant, attorney, auctioneer, audit, authorize, average, avoid, balance, banker, bankruptcy, bargained, basis, billhead, binding, births, bonus, bookkeeper, bookkeeping, borrow, bought, boycott, breach, breakage, brevity, budget, builder, bursar, business, buying.\ncapitalism, carbon, career, carelessness, cashed, cashier, census, certificate, certified, charges, chattel, cheat, cheating, check, circular, citizen, claim, classified, clearing house, client, collateral, collect, collection, collision, column, commerce, commercial, commission, commodities, common, communicate, communication, community, companies, company, competence, competent, competition, competitor, complaint, completely, complicated, compromise, comptroller, concede, concentrate, concession, conference, confidential, connect, consensus, consent, consideration, consignee, consignment, consignor, consistency, consolidated, constituency, consult, consulting, contents, continuation, contract, contractor, control, controversy, convenient, conveyance, convince, cooperation, copartnership, corporation, correction, correctness, correspondence, correspondent, corresponding, corrugated, countermand, countersign, applied office practice, coupons, court, covenant, craftsman, credential, credit, creditor.\ncurrency, customer, daily, damage, debit, debt, debtor, decision, declared, decrease, defalcate, defective, defendant, defensible, delinquent, deliver, denomination, depart, department, dependent, deponent, deposit, depositor, description, designate, destination, destroyed, destruction, devise, diary, dictaphone, difference, director, directory, disbursement, discount, discrepancy, discussion, dispatch, display, dispose, distribution, dividend, document, draft, drawee, drawer, due, duplicate, duplicator, duties, earning, economize, effective, election, eligible, embargo, embarrass, emergency, emphasize, employe, employer, encumbrance, endowment, enforceable, enforced, engagement, enterprise, envelope, errors, essential, estate, estimate, evidence, exaggerate, examine, excellent, executive, executor, expenditure, expense, expensive, expiration, export, exterminate, extra, facilitate, facility, facsimile, factory, fails, feasible, fee, files, filing, financial, financier, firm, fiscal.\nfluctuating, folders, follow-up, foreclosure, foreign, foreman, forge, fragile, franchise, the writing of letters, freight, fulfilled, fundamental, funds, future, geographical, goal, guarantee, guides, hectograph, identification, identify, ignorance, illustrate, illustration, immediately, impartial, import, importer, income, incoming, incorporate, increase, independent, index, indorse, indorsement, inducement, industrial, information, infringement, inherit, initial, initiative, injustice, insertion, insolvency, insolvent, inspect, installed, installment, instant, instrument, insurability, insurance, insure, intelligently, interest, interpretation, introduce, invaluable, inventory, invested, investigate, investing, investment, invoice, involving, issue, itemize, items, journal, journey, judicious, junior, knowledge, label, lawful, lawyer, league, lease, ledger, legacies, legal, legibility, legible, legitimate, lend, lessee, lessor, letterhead, liabilities, liable, libel, limitation, liquidate, listing.\nlitigation, loan, mail-order, maintain, majority, management, manipulate, manufacturers, manufacturing, market, marketing, mastering, maturity, memorandum, mercantile, merchandise, merchant, merits, message, messenger, mileage, mimeograph, minimum, mining, minority, miscellaneous, misrepresent, misstatement, mistake, monetary, Applied Office, Practice, money, percentage, profitable, money order, perforator, profits, monopolize, perform, progress, mortgage, perishable, promissory, multigraph, perished, promote, multiple, perjury, promotional, mutual, permission, property, negotiable, permit, proprietor, neostyle, personal, proprietorship, nominate, plaintiff, prospered, notebook, policy, protection, notified, population, protest, notify, possession, provision, obligation, postage, public utilities, observe, posting, purchaser, occupation, postpone, purchasing agent, office, practice, pursuant, officer, preamble, quantity, official, precaution, quorum, operator, preferred, quotation, opinion, prejudice.\nrates opponent preliminary rating opportunity premium real estate ordinance preparation receipt organization prescribe receivable organize president reciprocate originate preyed reclaiming outgoing primary recognize outlawed principal recommend overcrowded principle recommendation owe private reconcile ownership privilege recording pamphlet probate records parties proceed referee partitions procedure references partner producer refuses patronize production register payable professions registrar payment profit reimburse reliable reminders remittance remuneration rendered repay replace report representative repudiate requisition residence resource respectfully respectively respondent responsible responsibility retail retired revenue risk roller press roller press copier round-trip route routine rules ruling rural sacrifice salary salesman sample sanction saving schedule science scope seal.\nsections of secondary secretary, security, senior, service, shipments, shipped, shipper, shipping, signature, skilled, solicited, sources, space, specific, specified, speculator, staff, statement, statistician, statistics, statute, stenographer, stipulate, storing, subdivision, subscriber, subsequent, substitutes, success, summary, sundry, superintendent, supremacy, surplus, survey, syndicate, systematize, telegram, telegraph, telephone, teller, tenant, tentative, terminal, terminate, testify, ticker, ticket, time table, trades, trading, training, transaction, transcribe, transit, transmittal, transport, transportation, traveler, treasurer, trespass, trucking, trust, trustee, typewriter, ultimate, uncertified, uncollectable, underwriter, unduly, unintelligible, unproductive, unskilled, useful, usury, utility, utilize, valuable, valuation, value, valued, Applied Office Practice, vaults, wants, venture, warehouse, vertical, waybill, via, wealthy, vocation, wholesale, void, wrapping, vouch.\nCHAPTER VI\nTELEGRAPH, CABLE, AND WIRELESS SERVICE\nTo the Instructor: The universal demand for speed makes this chapter imperative. In many instances, letters are too slow. Business offers, notices of change, important information, and unavoidable delays demand a speed of communication impossible by mail. Students must gain familiarity with the different kinds of service, with the books which supply the rates, and must become skillful in compressing information so that the message is clear, telling, and concise.\n\nCertain rate books published by the Telegraph Companies are referred to in this volume. It will be wise, therefore, to equip the office practice classroom with copies of the Tariff Book published by the Western Union or Postal Telegraph-Cable Company; Cable Rate Book of Postal or Western Union.\nUnion: Radio Rate Book of the Radio Corporation of America. Useful for classroom problems, but warn pupils that real business requires frequent updates due to changing regulations and rates.\n\nTelephone, telegraph, cable, wireless, and radio are means of conveying messages. Telephone permits direct communication between two persons but does not provide a written record like the telegraph.\n\nFamiliarize yourself with different classifications of telegraphic and cable services and know when to use each. Instructions for using rate or tariff books and code books.\nYou must familiarize yourself with the following concepts outlined in the referred books: counting words and estimating cost in a message, expressing yourself clearly in few words, filing telephone messages with the telegraph company, understanding mutilated messages, \"repeat back,\" and \"report delivery.\"\n\nThe service categorizes into three classifications:\n\nTelegraphic service: Deals with land messages transmitted by wire from one part of a country to another or from one country to another without a large body of water intervening. A message from New York to Los Angeles, New York to New Orleans, or to any city or state within the United States will be transmitted through this service.\nMitted by telegraph. A message from New York to Winnipeg, Canada, or Mexico City, Mexico, will likewise be transmitted by telegraph via submarine cables between countries separated by a large body of water. A message to Edinburgh, Buenos Aires, Montevideo, or Cairo may be transmitted by cable, wireless, and radio.\n\nThe term \"11 wireless\" defines messages transmitted by wireless telegraphy between two given points or places. The radio identifies messages transmitted by wireless telegraphy between ship and shore, or shore and ship.\n\nTime differences. In sending messages of any kind, consider the difference in time between certain sections of the United States and between the United States and other countries. Within the United States:\nThere are four time zones in the United States, differentiated by the names: Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Between Eastern time and Central time, there is an hour's difference; between Eastern time and Mountain time, two hours; and between Eastern time and Pacific time, three hours. That is, Eastern time is later than Central, Mountain, and Pacific time by the differences specified.\n\nThe Telegraph:\nApplied Office Practice\n\nBetween the United States and other countries, the time chart for cable users shown below will give the time differences. There is a difference of five hours between New York and Great Britain, one hour between New York and Argentina, ten hours and thirty minutes between New York and Bombay, and five hours between New York and France.\n\nThese differences are based on Standard Eastern Time. Daylight Saving Time is not used.\nTo determine the time in foreign countries, add the following hours and minutes to Standard Eastern Time:\n\nAden: -3 hours and 30 minutes\nBombay: 5 hours and 30 minutes\nAlgeria: 1 hour\nBorneo: 7 hours and 30 minutes\nArgentina: -3 hours\nBosnia: 1 hour\nAustria: 1 hour\nBrazil: -3 hours\nAzores: 1 hour and 30 minutes\nBulgaria: 2 hours\nBatavia: 7 hours and 30 minutes\nBurma: 6 hours and 30 minutes\nBelgium: 1 hour\nCalcutta: 5 hours and 30 minutes\nBolivia: 4 hours\nCanary Islands: 1 hour\n\nTelegraph, Cable, and Wireless Service: 127\n\nCape Colony: 2 hours\nOrange River Colony: 1 hour\nChili: 3 hours and 30 minutes\nParaguay: 4 hours and 30 minutes\nChina: 12 hours\nPeru: 5 hours\nCuba: 4 hours\nPhilippines: 8 hours\nCzecho-Slovakia: 1 hour\nPoland: 1 hour\nDenmark: 1 hour\nPorto Rico: 1 hour\nEgypt: 2 hours\nPortugal: 1 hour\nFrance: 1 hour\nPortuguese E. Africa: 2 hours\n\nGermany: 1 hour\nPortuguese W. Africa: 0 hours\nGibraltar: 1 hour\nQueensland: 10 hours and 30 minutes\nGreat Britain: 0 hours\nRhodesia: 2 hours\nGreece: 2 hours\nRoumania: 2 hours\nHolland: 1 hour\nRussia: 3 hours\nHonduras: 6 hours\nServia: 1 hour\nHong Kong: 8 hours and 30 minutes\nSierra Leone: 0 hours\n\nHonolulu: -10 hours\nSouth Australia: 11 hours and 30 minutes\nHungary: 1 hour\nSouth-West Africa: 1 hour\nIndia: 5 hours and 30 minutes\nSpain: 1 hour\nItaly: 1 hour\nStraits Settlements: 7 hours\nJapan: 13 hours\nSweden: 1 hour\nJugo-Slavia: 1 hour\nSwitzerland: 1 hour\nMadeira: 1 hour\nTasmania: 10 hours\nMalta: 1 hour and 30 minutes\nTransvaal: 2 hours\nMexico City: 8 hours and 30 minutes\nTurkey, Natal, Uruguay, New South Wales, Venezuela, New Zealand, Victoria, Norway, West Australia.\n\nFor instance, a cablegram marked LONDON 10 22/320P: The table above shows that 3:20 p.m. London is equivalent to 10:20 a.m. New York time. So this message, if received in New York at 10:55 a.m., was 35 minutes in transit.\n\nTelegraph Service:\n\nTelegrams are land communications sent by wire within the borders of a country, or to an adjacent country not wholly separated by a large body of water. In all classifications of the telegraph service in the United States, only the words in the body of the message are counted and charged for. The words contained in the inside address and one signature are not charged for. In foreign countries, a charge is made for each word in the telegram.\nIn writing the message, no punctuation marks should be used unless the sender wants them transmitted. Each punctuation mark will be charged as a word. The message should be so worded that its meaning is clear without the aid of punctuation marks. The message must be plainly written. Typewritten messages are always best because they are more legible and it is a simple matter to make copies of them.\n\nTo keep the cost of messages down is also important. They should be as brief as clearness will permit. As aids to this end, certain concise forms of expression have been devised which are called code and cipher words.\n\nA code word is a group of letters, not exceeding ten, used to represent words or phrases. For example:\n\nWord Meaning\ngeldriem Make complete search on validity and scope of patent and report to me at once.\nCLASS OF SERVICE\nDESIRED\nTELEGRAM FULL RATE\nDAY LETTER DEFFERED NIGHT MESSAGE CABLE LETTER NIGHT\nPatrons of Bhoa desired; others transmit as a full-rate telegram.\nNEWCOMB CARLTON\nWILLEVER. TIP\nSend the following messages, subject to the form on the back hereof, which are hereby agreed to:\nJ NO.\nCASH OR CHG. CHECK\nTIME FILED\nTo\nStreet and No -\nPlace.\nSender's address: The quickest, surest and safest way to send money. Sender\u2019s telephone reference is by telegraph or cable number.\nTelegraph Blank\nThis blank may be used for all forms of telegraph or cable service. Standard time is always used in timing telegrams.\nTELEGRAPH, CABLE, AND WIRELESS SERVICE 129\nThree copies, an original and two carbon copies, of outgoing messages are made in many offices. The original,\nThe written message is sent on the regular blank form of the telegraph company for transmission. The duplicate is mailed immediately with a letter confirming the message, enabling the receiver to compare the message as received with the confirmation copy. The triplicate is placed in the office files. In some offices, an extra carbon copy is made for the accounting department for use in checking the monthly telegraph bill.\n\nMajor uses of the telegraph:\n\nI. Business.\n1. Acknowledging first orders.\n2. Wiring for credit information.\n3. Expediting shipments.\n4. Acknowledging complaints.\n5. Giving notice of price changes.\n6. Giving notice of style changes.\n7. Giving advice on meeting competition.\n8. Paving the way for salesmen.\n9. Inviting buyers.\n10. Reviving inactive accounts.\n\nII. Communicating between salesmen\u2019s calls.\n12. Encouraging purchase of additional items.\n13. Supplementing advertising.\n14. Encouraging salesmen.\n15. Instructing branches and salesmen.\n16. Stimulating sales campaign.\n17. Conducting special sales.\n18. Making daily sales reports.\n19. Quoting prices or making offers.\n20. Sending salesmen\u2019s orders.\n21. Answering inquiries.\n22. Tracing orders or shipments.\n23. Wiring shipping dates of orders.\n24. Daily production reports.\n25. Requesting replies to unanswered letters.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n26. Accepting offers.\n27. Requesting prices.\n28. Replenishing stocks.\n29. Sending money orders to salesmen.\n30. Collecting delinquent accounts.\n\nII. Emergency.\nAccidents.\nIllness.\nDeath.\n\nTelegrams are the new vogue in social correspondence, and are appropriate for messages of congratulation, greeting, and condolence, or messages making plans and arrangements. Special blanks and envelopes of appropriate design are supplied by the post office.\nTelegraph companies for Christmas, New Year's, St. Valentine's Day, Easter, Mother's Day, and Thanksgiving Day messages, and one of the leading telegraph companies now furnishes four other special blanks for birthdays, anniversaries, weddings, and social messages. In messages of some length, the words are more easily counted if they are tabulated.\n\nButler\nAmerican Paper\nCo\nWest Monroe St\nChicago Ill\n\nGoods ordered\nby wire\nFriday\nnot received\nMust have\nthem immediately\nor deal\nreply is\noff\n\nWire\nPettes & Company\nCode language may be used in all classifications of the telegraphic service.\n\nTelegrams are classified as:\nFull-rate telegrams. This classification offers the best service, and is used wherever immediate transmission and prompt delivery are essential. Telegrams are on a ten-word basis.\nA basic charge applies for the first ten words, with an additional charge for each word over ten. Day letters, transmitted only during the day, are secondary in importance to full-rate telegrams. The latter take precedence over special rate communications. The cost of a fifty-word day letter is one and one-half times the cost of a New York ten-word telegram.\n\nJ. L. Jones and Company, San Francisco, CA\nShip immediately ten thousand blue folders by September 16th.\nH. S. Boxman and Company\n\nAn outgoing ten-word full-rate telegram. If day letters must reach business offices before the close of business on the day of their date, they should be sent early in the day.\n\nNight messages are messages accepted by the telegraph companies up to 2 a.m. for delivery the morning of the day.\nFor messages of moderate length, this is the cheapest overnight service. Night messages can be sent at any time during the day and up to 2 a.m. for delivery the morning of the next business day. The cost of a fifty-word night letter is the same as for a ten-word telegram, making it the cheapest class of service for messages in excess of thirteen or fourteen words. Business firms throughout the country use it as an inexpensive substitute for the mails. The telegraph company may make delivery by mail if it chooses, but messenger delivery is made in most cases.\n\nSending and Delivering Messages:\nMessages may be filed with the telegraph company.\nTo send a message using Western Union or the telephone, simply call the company and dictate the message. The message should be typewritten in advance and carefully read to the telephone recording operator. To prevent errors, the operator reads back the message. A copy of this message should be placed in the office files.\n\nTo prevent errors in transmission, important messages are often repeated back. Request this service by writing the words \"Repeat Back\" in the box marked \"Check\" in the upper right-hand corner of the telegraph blank. An additional charge is made for this service. For telegrams, it is one half the cost of Telegraph, Cable, and Wireless Service for the unrepeated message. For cablegrams, it is one quarter the cost of the unrepeated message. Additionally, the two charges are added together.\nThe words \"Repeat Back\" are charged for on private telegraph wires. Many larger firms and establishments have private wires connected directly with the operating departments of telegraph companies. Since the advent of modern printing telegraph machines, many of these wires are equipped with these machines for sending and receiving telegrams. The printing telegraph machines are not unlike typewriters and can be operated by any typist after receiving brief instructions. By depressing the keys on this machine, the characters are printed simultaneously on gummed tape, on both the sending and receiving machines. The gummed tape is then placed on a message blank. This modern machine is rapidly superseding the Morse code system of telegraphy.\n\nCablegrams are communications transmitted by submarine cables.\nmarine cable between countries separated by a large body of water. In all classifications, titles, addresses, signatures, and all words in the text are counted and charged for. The cable service is classified as follows:\n\nFull-rate cablegrams. These are used for communications requiring quick transmission and prompt delivery. This is the standard cable service. These messages may be written in plain, code, or cipher language, or in combinations of the three. In plain language, words of fifteen letters or fraction thereof are counted as one word. The charge is on a word basis.\n\nDeferred (half-rate) cablegrams. This form of service is designed for plain-language communications that will stand the delay incident to being subordinated in transmission to full-rate messages. The rates are generally one half of the full rate.\nSages must be in the language of the country of origin or destination, or in French.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\nCable night letters. This form of service is possible due to times when cable facilities are not busy. It is primarily for business communications of a semi-important nature and for social use. Cable night letters are delivered the day after they are written, except to places in the Near East and Far East, which are subject to forty-eight-hour delivery.\n\nThe charge for cable letters is approximately one third of the full rate. A minimum of twenty or twenty-five words is charged for, depending on the destination. This service is available to most countries of the world.\n\nWeekend cable letters. This class of cable message, if filed with the cable company before midnight Saturday, is deliverable the following day.\nThe Week-End Cable Letter Service reaches most countries worldwide by Monday morning. This service offers a valuable communication method for business institutions and their foreign branches or correspondents, as well as for social correspondence among tourists traveling abroad. Week-end cable letters cost approximately one quarter of the full rate, with a minimum charge of twenty or twenty-five words depending on the destination. Most cable messages are written in code for cost reasons and to conceal the nature of the information under certain conditions. Code language can only be used for full-rate messages. Messages that make sense without code are referred to as intelligible messages.\nIn plain language: use the country's language, such as English, French, or Spanish. Code messages use arbitrary words for specific phraseology. For example, \"formally\" means \"negotiating\" in English, and \"en-filons\" means \"can be ignored\" in French. The artificial word \"fleche\" means \"moment.\"\n\nTelegraph, Cable, and Wireless Service - 135\n\nThe best-known public code books or systems include ABC, Acme, AL, Bentley's, Lieber's, Scott's, and Western Union. Code words are listed alphabetically in code books. Divisional headings in heavy type indicate the most important word in the phrases and sentences of the different groups.\nCode messages are divided into two categories, A and B.\n\nCategory A code words have the following vowel requirements:\n- Words of not more than 10 letters must have at least one vowel if they comprise not more than five letters.\n- At least two vowels if they comprise 6, 7 or 8 letters.\n- At least three vowels if they comprise 9 or 10 letters.\n\nCode words with more than five letters must have one vowel in the first five letters and one vowel in the rest of the word. The third vowel in code words of 9 or 10 letters may be placed anywhere in the word.\n\nThe authorized vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and y.\n\nCode words formed of combinations of plain language words contrary to the usage of the language to which they belong are prohibited.\n\nWords in plain language used in code messages of Category A are counted at the rate of 10 letters or fraction of 10 letters.\nIn Category A, a cipher message consists of five figures or letters per word. under Category B, code words of not more than five letters may be formed without restriction. Figures and groups of figures, unless written as words, are not admitted. However, genuine commercial marks consisting of figures and letters will be accepted. In messages accepted under Category B, the indication CDE must be inserted in the preamble and transmitted to the destination. No charge is made for this indication. Accented letters and diphthongs are not permitted, and words in plain language used in code messages of Category B are counted at the rate of five letters per word. Messages of Category A are subject to full-rate charges. Those of Category B are charged for at two-thirds the full rate.\nTo determine the charge under Category B, compute tolls for the message based on full rates and then multiply by two-thirds. For example, 10 words from Chicago to France cost 31 cents.\n\nMessages containing both Category A and Category B words are charged at full rates. Paid service advices sent in connection with Category B messages must also be charged at full rates.\n\nCode Word Translation\nImpiccasse: A great service has been rendered.\nImpiccione: Amount claimed for service rendered.\n\nThe most important word here is \"service.\" Look under this heading and find the right expression. If the proper word cannot be located in this way, try another heading or key word of similar meaning, or the next word of the impassable word.\nThe text appears to be in Latin, with some numbers added. I will translate the Latin words and remove the numbers, as they do not seem to be relevant to the original text.\n\nImpfzweige: If these branches (of a tree or organization) are important in the sentence or phrase that is to be reduced to code, try them.\nImpiabamus: They served for the present.\nImpiadade: They served until.\nImpiandis: They serve with formal notice to.\nImpianella: It has been served.\nImpiantano: It has been served with.\nImpiantare: It has not yet been served.\nImpiantava: It has served to.\nImpianto: Have they been served?\nImpiastri: They have not served.\nImpiatorum: They have served.\nImpiatos: Have you been served?\nImpiaturam: Have you served?\nImpiaturos: If they have been served with.\nImpiaverat: If they have not been served with.\nImpiavimus: If you have been served with.\nImpiavisse: If you have not been served with.\nImpicabunt: They may be served at any moment.\nImpicandi: Service.\nImpicandos accepted service.\nImpicarent accept service.\nImpiccasse a great service has been rendered by.\nImpiccione amount claimed for service rendered.\nImpicture bill for services rendered.\n\nSection of a Code Book\nTelegraph, Cable, and Wireless Service 137\n/CLASS OF SERVICE DESIRED \\\nPttorna Bhoald ehoek class of price\nWESTERN UNION\nNEWCOMB CARLTON. PRESIDENT\nC. WILLE VER, NET V\nSend the following message, which are hereby agreed to:\nJ NO.\nCASH OR CHK.\nCHECK\nTIME FILED\n\ns r BR 18 9 CABLE=NEW YORK NY MAR 17 1931\nBANKBRIDGE=\nAMSTERDAM=\nJEDAYJABOG GYFIFHEBEC HEBAYHEBKI\nIKDUZITCER ITCOBFIBIM FYAPIKAMAC=\nYORKCHANGE .\n\nAn Outgoing Cablegram\n\nThe figures above do not appear in the original text but refer to the following explanation:\n1. The office call.\n2. The message number.\n3. The check indicates the total number of words, including the address and signature, that the message contains.\n4. This word is carried as part of the check in all cable messages. It is not counted or charged for.\n5. An equal sign is always placed immediately before the point of origin.\n6. The point of origin or the name of the place where the message is given to the telegraph company.\n7. The date on which the message is given to the telegraph company.\n8. Registered code address indicating to the office at the destination the name and address of the person or firm to whom or which the message is directed. It is counted and charged for.\n9. An equal sign is always placed immediately after the name of the addressee to separate it from the address.\n10. The destination, counted and charged for.\n11. An equal sign is always placed immediately after the name of the destination to separate it from the text.\n12. The text, which in this message consists of ten-letter code words.\n13. An equal sign is always placed at the end of the text to separate it from the signature.\n14. The signature, which is counted and charged for.\n15. A period is always placed immediately after the signature as an indication that the message is completed.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\nPrivate code systems. When secrecy is important, code systems worked out privately and known only to officials or to trusted employees are used. These codes are changed frequently lest they become too familiar.\n\nCipher messages are those composed of groups of figures having a secret meaning, or of words, names, expressions, or combinations of letters not fulfilling their regular meaning.\nThe conditions are for plain language or code language. The combination of figures and letters with a secret meaning in one group is not allowed. The count is five figures or letters to the word, and the charge is based on full rates. Words in plain language used in cipher messages are counted at the rate of fifteen letters to the word.\n\n36213... Cannot sell at previously advised prices\nAbbdb... We cannot accommodate you\n\nIllustration of Cipher Words\n\nRegistered cable address. This is one word, often made up of parts of the firm name, such as \"Jacowi\" representing James, Colgate & Wilson, and sometimes an arbitrary word, for instance, \"Excelsior.\" In New York, the name under consideration for a cable address is submitted to a central registration bureau representing the various cable companies.\nCompanies. If the selected word is available, the cable address will be accepted by all cable companies and registered. A fee of $2.50 a year or $1.50 for six months is charged for registration. Outside of New York, registrations are made directly with the telegraph companies. A cablegram intended for James, Colgate & Wilson of London should be addressed merely \"Jacowi, London.\" The objective of using registered cable addresses is to reduce message costs by reducing the number of words resulting from the use of full addresses.\n\nReversible cable address: The reversible cable address operates between two firms and is a way of reducing message costs through the omission of signatures. Two firms doing extensive cable business with each other can use this method.\nAgree upon a name, sometimes composed of parts of both firm names, sometimes an arbitrary word, which is registered with the cable companies by each firm at the place where it is located and is thus jointly adopted. For example, Jones Brothers in Edinburgh and Wilson & Company in New York may each register the code address \u201cJowil.\u201d When Jones Brothers in Edinburgh receive a cablegram addressed \u201cJowil,\u201d from New York, they know that it is from Wilson & Company; and when Wilson & Company in New York receive a cablegram addressed \u201cJowil,\u201d from Edinburgh, they know that it is from Jones Brothers. Thus no signature is necessary.\n\nTranslating messages. Messages received in code must be translated. This is known as \u201cunpacking\u201d or \u201cdecoding\u201d the message. The translation may be shown in three ways:\n\n1. Py interlining the meaning on the cable form as received,\n\nTherefore, the messages received in code need to be translated, which is also known as \"unpacking\" or \"decoding\" the message. The translation can be presented in three ways:\n\n1. Interlining the meaning on the cable form as received,\nUsing different colored ink.\n1. By attaching to the cable a slip giving the typed or handwritten translation.\n2. By writing the translation on a printed form designed for this purpose.\n\nMutilated messages. These are cablegrams containing code words which are not decipherable nor understood when received. In such case, the addressee may obtain free of charge from the cable company a verification or a correction of the obscure or unintelligible words.\n\nMoney Order by Telegraph or Cable\nOccasions often arise when money must be transferred to a distant point immediately. Money may be telegraphed or cabled to meet obligations such as insurance premiums, taxes, assessments, and mortgages; as a deposit to:\n\nAPPLied OFFICE PRACTICE\nNO.\nTIME\nTILED\nRECEIVED\nBY\n\nWestern Union\nNEWCOMB CARLTON, President\nJ. C. WILL\nfirst vice-president\n\nMONEY ORDER\nCHARGE\nTHE WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY: Subject to the conditions below, I hereby agree to the following: Pay to the order of (A message, to be delivered with the money, costs a little more and saves a separate telegram. It may be written on the following lines) Message to be delivered with the money:\n\nPositive evidence of personal identity is NOT required from the Payee. I authorize and direct the Telegraph Company to pay the sum named in this order to such person as its agent believes to be the above named Payee, UNLESS the following is signed:\n\nPOSITIVE PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION REQUIRED\n\nSignature.\n\nIdentifying questions to be asked to the person claiming payment without personal identification, may be written below:\n\nWard-o Addressee 4 / L S\nfor Reference.\nThe text below details the use of telegraphic money orders. They guarantee transactions such as purchases, sales, contracts, or advertisements for travelers and salesmen. They can also be used for railroad and steam ship tickets. The transfer is an order from the local telegraph or cable company office to the office at the destination. In some instances, payment is made at banks or an office in a nearby town or city if there is no transmitting company office at the destination. The process is similar to buying a postal money order. The sender deposits the amount to be transmitted and pays the sending charges to the local office. This office then sends the order over the wires to the transmitting company office at the destination.\nThe sender may pay the specified amount via telegraph, cable, or wireless service (141). The person to whom the money is payable does not have to provide full and positive personal identification. If they require this, they sign the clause headed \"Positive Personal Identification Required\" in the lower left-hand corner of the blank. If they do not require it, they do not sign that clause. If for any reason the money transferred cannot be paid, the sender is immediately notified and the amount is returned.\n\nOn page 140 is a diagram of a money order showing the date, the name and address of the person to whom the money is payable, the amount to be transmitted, the message, the sender's name, address, and telephone number, and the signature under the clause requiring strict identification as it should be filled out when identification is required.\nRequired. If no positive personal identification is to be required, the signature in the lower left-hand corner will be omitted.\n\nA variation of the standard Telegraphic Money Order is the Gift Order Service, by which money may be sent as a gift accompanied by a suitable message for which no extra charge is made.\n\nRadiograms and Radioletters\n\nRadio has become such an important factor in communication that no treatment of telegraphic messages would be complete without special mention of its usefulness. Starting in the early part of this century with messages from ship to ship, it added communication from ship to shore and shore to ship, and broadened to include telegraphic service between continents, and recently between a few cities within the United States. Approximately 50% of all messages sent across the Pacific, 30% of the messages sent across the Atlantic.\nTransatlantic messages and 20-25% of South American messages now go by radio. In the early days of radio telegraphy, the service was generally referred to as \"wireless.\" \"Radio\" is the term more popular in modern usage as indicating the expanded services offered, but the terms \"wireless\" and \"radio\" are absolutely synonymous. While radio in the broader sense advanced, the original communication between ship to ship has not stood still.\n\nRadiogram to Ship\nEvery ship of any size today carries a floating radio telegraph office from which communication can be obtained with other ships and with stations on shore. By this, messages can be received from other ships and from the shore stations as easily as in a land wire telegraph office. The same classes of service are available by radiograms as\n\n(Assuming the text is complete and no further cleaning is necessary)\n\nEvery ship of any size today carries a floating radio telegraph office from which communication can be obtained with other ships and with stations on shore, and by which messages can be received from other ships and from the shore stations as easily as in a land wire telegraph office. The same classes of service are available by radiograms as in a land wire telegraph office.\nThe Radio Corporation of America offers both cable and wireless service in addition to telegraph. Shore to ship and ship to shore communication is simple with radiograms, which are as easy to use as wire telegraph. Leading telegraph companies in the United States accept messages for transmission via radio to ships at sea and to foreign countries. A typical radio message, ready for sending, is illustrated on page 146. Literature describing the services offered can be obtained by applying at any Radio Corporation of America office, and it will be valuable to the student aiming to master the various uses of radiograms.\n\nClasses of service offered by the Radio Corporation include:\n- Full or ordinary rate: for important messages requiring prompt transmission, ranking after radiograms sent at express rate.\n\"urgent and partly urgent rates. Code language may be used. Deferred rate. This is a half-rate service provided for messages of a less urgent nature and accepted on condition that their transmission may be deferred as long as any 11 urgent, partly urgent or full-rate radiograms of the same date remain to be disposed of. The first word of the address should be one of the following three indicators, according to the language in which the text is written: LCO \u2014 Language of country of origin, LCD \u2014 Language of country of destination, LCF \u2014 Language of country of France. This indicator is counted and charged for as one word. Unless one of these indicators is inserted, it is assumed that \u201cfull-rate\u201d service is desired. Urgent rate. This service is recommended for all messages of an extremely urgent nature. Radiograms at this rate are given priority over others.\"\nPriority over all other commercial messages. The word \"urgent\" must be written as the first word in the address and is charged for. Partly urgent rate. This provides for \"urgent\" service on the foreign telegraph systems. The indicator \"PU\" should be written as the first word in the address and is charged for as one word. Radiotelegrams and weekend radiotelegrams. These are especially adapted for social and business correspondence which permits of some deferment. They are accepted upon the condition that their transmission is deferred until all higher-rate messages of the same day have been disposed of. The indicator \"RLT\" (radiotelegram) or \"WLT\" (weekend radiotelegram) should be written as the first word in the address and is charged for as one word. Code addresses which have been registered with the proper telegraph authorities may be used.\nIn deferred rate messages and radioletters, as well as weekend radioletters, the text must be written in plain, clear language with connected meaning. The language of the country of origin, the country of destination, or French may be used. The use of more than one language in the same message is not permitted. If the text includes numbers in either words or figures, or contains commercial marks or abbreviated commercial expressions, the proportion of such groups must not exceed one third of the number of chargeable words in the text.\n\nThe opening of the New York-San Francisco radio circuit provides the public with a new and highly efficient means of rapid transcontinental communication. Messages are now being accepted in New York, Boston, and Washington for transmission to San Francisco.\nCisco transmissions in San Francisco are sent to New York, Boston, and Washington at the same rates as land-wire telegraph. The New York-San Francisco radio circuit crosses the continent without relay, using the projector system. Signals travel with the speed of light, taking exactly one sixtieth of a second to make the trip. This speed is significant when it's noted that a signal sent from New York or San Francisco arrives at the receiving point 3,000 miles away before it becomes audible to the human ear in the room from which it is sent. Students of telegraph use might also remember that photographs, drawings, diagrams, advertising layouts, important written or printed documents or checks, and all similar matter can be transmitted by photo-radio. This reproduces exact copies of the material sent.\nThere are several supplementary radiogram services: Prepaid replies (RP). The sender of a radiogram may prepay a reply by depositing a suitable amount at the time of filing the original radiogram. The indicator \u201cRP\u201d and the amount prepaid must be written as the first word of the address. This indicator is charged for as one word. Repeated radiograms. The sender of a radiogram may, at the time of filing, order it repeated back (collated) by inserting the indicator \u201cTC\u201d as the first word of the address. This indicator is TELEGRAPH, CABLE, AND WIRELESS SERVICE 145 charged for, and an additional charge of one half the total tolls on the message computed at the full ordinary rate is made for this service, except in the case of a CDE (category B) code message. The charge for collation of a CDE message is one half of the charge.\nFor an ordinary CDE message of the same length, such messages are carefully repeated and checked by each radio and telegraph office they pass through. Other special services include notice of delivery, registered mail delivery, special delivery, air-mail delivery, radiograms to follow the addressee, code language messages, and cipher language messages. All of which follow the rules applicable to wire-telegraph messages and are explained in obtainable literature from any radio office. Often, there is a chance for saving by the writing of certain names, primarily of places, as one word in radiograms. New York in the address counts as one word and in a plain language or code language message as two words. Newyork in the address or in the body of a plain language or code language message counts as one word. Du Bois (name of a person) counts as two words.\nEvery isolated figure, letter, or character counts as one word. Words joined by a hyphen or separated by an apostrophe are counted each as separate words. Each hyphen or apostrophe also counts as one word. Quotation marks, parentheses, and underline are counted as one word. Punctuation marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are not transmitted except by expressed wish of the sender. The name of the place of destination and of the country, state, or county is counted as one word in the address, irrespective of the number of letters employed. The names of streets and of other subdivisions are also counted as separate words. If written as Dubois, it counts as one word in the address and one in the body of a plain language or code language message.\nPersons are counted at fifteen letters or a fraction of fifteen letters to a word. Marine radio is unique in offering a service not duplicated by any other telegraphic means. It is coming to be employed more and more in communications to and from persons on ships. Large liners handle over 1000 radiograms in a single round trip in addition to the routine ship's business of thousands of words.\n\nApplied Office Practice\nRadio Message\n\nThrough the Radiomarine Corporation of America, telegrams may also be sent to and received from persons in aeroplanes. In addition to business deals, greetings to those arriving or leaving ships, and greetings from those arriving or leaving on ships, have become a customary social courtesy through this means. To address a radiogram to a person on a ship, simply sign the name.\nThe ship and the name of the radio office through which the radiogram will be sent. If the name of the radio office is not known to the sender, it will be filled in by the company. The cost of a radiogram is usually the same as that of a deferred cablegram.\n\nGeneral Questions\nI. Telegraph\n1. How is the telegraph service classified?\n2. In which classes of service can code language be used?\n3. How should you indicate the class of service under which a message is to be sent?\n4. How can you, as sender, know that a telegram has been delivered?\n\nTelegraph, Cable, and Wireless Service (147)\n5. What points should you bear in mind when composing a telegram?\n6. What information should be given in the address of a message to be sent to a passenger on a train?\n7. If you desire to have the message you are sending delivered immediately, how should you indicate this?\nby  telephone,  what  should  you  do? \n8.  What  is  the  quickest  way  of  filing  a  message  with  the \ntelegraph  company?  Name  two  other  ways  of  getting  a  message \ninto  the  hands  of  the  telegraph  company. \n9.  In  the  charge  for  a  telegram,  what  parts  of  the  message \nare  considered? \n10.  What  are  the  social  uses  to  which  the  telegraph  may  be \nput? \n11.  When  would  you  use  a  day  letter?  A  night  letter?  A \nnight  letter  in  preference  to  a  night  message? \n12.  What  is  the  word  basis  on  which  the  charge  for  a  telegram \nis  made?  A  day  letter?  A  night  letter?  How  is  the  charge  for \nexcess  words  in  each  case  computed? \n13.  Name  the  time  belts  in  the  United  States  from  east  to  west. \n14.  What  is  meant  by  wireless?  By  radio? \n15.  In  what  ways  has  the  radio  proved  most  valuable? \n16.  In  what  ways  is  wireless  like  the  cable  service  and  the \ntelegraphic  service?  In  what  way  does  it  differ? \n1. When should you transmit money by telegraph?\nII. Cable.\n1. What is the difference between a regular and a deferred cablegram? Between a night letter and a weekend cable letter?\n2. In which classifications of the cable service can code language be used?\n3. In the charge for a cablegram, what parts of the message are considered? What is the basis of the charge?\n4. What does \"RP\" mean? Where are they written? What should accompany these letters?\n5. Name three ways the cost of cablegrams can be reduced.\n6. a. What is a registered cable address? Why is it used?\nb. What is a reversible cable address? Why is it used?\n7. What is the normal time required for the transmission of a cablegram from New York to Copenhagen? To London? To Yokohama?\n8. You have a cablegram of great importance to send.\nWhat should you do? What is the cost of this additional service?\n\n1. In what way is the weekend cable letter service helpful to business?\n2. What is meant by unpacking a message? Another term is sometimes used for this.\n3. How many copies of outgoing telegrams and cablegrams are usually made in business offices? What is done with each copy?\n4. What is meant by confirming a message? Why is it done?\n5. What is code language? Why is it used?\n6. Differentiate between a public and a private code system. Why are public codes used? Why are private codes used?\n7. Name five well-known public code systems.\n8. What is the difference between code and cipher language?\n\nQuestions on telegraph and cable service:\n\n1. What is meant by unpacking a message? This term is also referred to as decoding or deciphering.\n2. In business offices, how many copies of outgoing telegrams and cablegrams are typically made? One copy is kept for records, while the original is sent.\n3. What is meant by confirming a message? This is done to ensure the message was received and understood correctly.\n4. What is code language? It is a system of symbols or words used to represent other symbols or words, making communication more efficient or secure.\n5. Differentiate between a public and a private code system. Public codes are open to anyone, while private codes are exclusive to specific individuals or organizations. Public codes are used for general communication, while private codes provide added security.\n6. Name five well-known public code systems: Morse code, International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), Semaphore, American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), and Radio Telegraphy (RTTY).\n7. What is the difference between code and cipher language? Code language uses symbols or words to represent other symbols or words, while cipher language uses a method to encrypt and decrypt messages using a key.\nI. Computing time differences in the United States. (See map on page 126.)\n1. a. How does time change when traveling eastward?\nb. How does time change when traveling westward?\n2. You have traveled across the continent from San Francisco to New York. What time adjustment is necessary for New York?\n3. On your return to San Francisco, what will be necessary?\n4. When it is 9:15 a.m. at Santa Fe, what is the time at each of the following places?\na. Spokane\nb. Milwaukee\nc. Salt Lake City\nd. Philadelphia\ne. New Orleans\nf. Cheyenne\ng. Topeka\nh. Boston\ni. Memphis\nj. Dallas\n\nTelegraph, Cable, and Wireless Service (149)\n5. What is the time at each of the above places when it is 9:30 a.m. Mountain Time?\n6. What is the time at each of the above places when it is 3:15 p.m. Pacific Time?\n7. What is the time at each place when it is 3:30 p.m. at Chicago?\nII. Computing international time differences.\n\nSolve the following problems using the Time Chart for Cable Users on pages 126-127:\n\n1. State the time at each of the following places when it is 2 p.m. in New York:\na. Italy\nb. Sweden\nc. Spain\nd. Belgium\ne. Hungary\n/\u2022 Egypt\ng. China\nh. Japan\ni. Argentina\nj. Holland\n\n2. State the time at each of the above places when it is 3:30 p.m. in Chicago:\n\n3. State the time at each of these places when it is 10:30 a.m. in San Francisco:\n\n4. State the time in New York when it is:\na. 3:30 p.m. in Turkey\nb. 4:00 p.m. in Germany\nd. 12:30 a.m. in Denmark\ne. 2:10 p.m. in Uruguay\nh. 8:02 p.m. in Russia\nj. 9:15 a.m. in England\n\n5. State the time abroad when the following cablegrams, sent from New York at the specified hours, reach their destination:\nIII. Write on furnished blanks the following messages, designating the branch of service desired. By referring to the tariff book, compute the cost of each message.\n\n1. Your salesman, Frank M. Blanchard, left your city today without the name and address of an important prospect, Carl H. Henderson of 155 S. Dearborn St., Chicago. Send him a telegram giving him this information and directing him to call on Mr. Henderson as soon as possible after he arrives in Chicago. Address the telegram to the salesman aboard the Twentieth Century Limited train of the New York Central Railroad for delivery on the arrival of this train at Buffalo.\n\n(Example: Frank Smith, En Route Chicago, care Conductor, N. Y. C. Train Three (or name of train), due 10:35 p.m., Cleveland, Ohio.)\nYou are employed as secretary to the advertising manager of John Wanamaker's department store in Philadelphia. He is planning an August sale of rugs, furs, and furniture. Prepare some good day letters to advertise this sale to certain regular customers.\n\nTelegraph the Grand Rapids Lumber Co., Grand Rapids, MI, to cancel an order for a carload of lumber dated the third of last month.\n\nTelegraph your employer, C. James Conway, 79 Duane St., New York, that a railroad wreck has prevented you from reaching Washington, D.C., in time to deliver the important message with which you have been entrusted. Henry Banner, to whom the message was addressed, has left for the South. What will you do?\n\nSend a night letter to the high school of which you are a graduate requesting certain credentials which your employer has demanded.\nYou have been sent by your employer to procure certain bargains in antique furniture from a small village in Vermont. You have been instructed not to exceed a certain amount. You find that the furniture is valueless but there is opportunity to procure some pewter and old china. State particulars and ask for instructions. (Write this as a day letter.)\n\nYou are employed as secretary to the business manager of the magazine The Monitor, South Dearborn St., Chicago. Telegraph Mr. F.B. Mason, American Type Founders Co., Belleville, Ill., requesting that your employer\u2019s name be placed on the regular mailing list to receive all bulletins and publications on type matters issued by the Company.\n\nTelegraph the Popular Finance Publishing Corp., 15 Moore St.\nSt. New York NY, although you have paid your subscription to Popular Finance, you have not received the magazine.\n\n9a. Mr. John E. Woodward has applied for the position of assistant advertising manager at your employer. He has given Mr. H. D. Mensing, advertising manager of Ballinger & Perrot Danville IL, as a reference. Telegraph Mr. Mensing for particulars concerning Mr. Woodward's capabilities.\n\n9b. [No text provided for Mr. Mensing's reply]\n\n10. Telegraph The New York Times Times Square Bldg. New York NY, for permission to reprint an editorial on aerial mail, published Aug. 4, 19 -- , in The House Organ issued by the St. Louis Zinc Co.\n\n11. Telegraph The Benjamin Electric Mfg. Co. 120-128 So. Sangamon St. Chicago IL, that you have received their request.\nfor three subscriptions to your journal and you will send one to the New York Office, 114 Liberty St., one to the home office, and one to the San Francisco Office, Rialto Building. Sign yourself \u201cThe Coming Age,\u201d Electrical Trade Journal.\n\n12. Telegraph the Aetna Life Ins. Co., Hartford, Conn., that a man whose identification card for Accident and Health Insurance gives the name of Charles C. Brooks, 49 Cedar St., Hartford, Conn., has been seriously injured and carried into the office where you are employed.\n\n13. Telegraph Mr. Phillip Austin of 725 Allegheny Avenue, Buffalo, NY, that he may have the interview with Judge Crosby, which he has requested, next Tuesday at 2 p.m. Sign yourself Judge Crosby\u2019s Secretary.\n\n14. You are desirous of buying real estate in St. Louis, Mo. You know of no reliable real estate agent for this section. Send an inquiry.\nA night letter to John J. Cleveland, 203 West 72nd St., New York, requesting the name of a Missouri realty company he can recommend.\n\nYou have been notified by The Fulton National Bank, Phoenix, Arizona, that you have overdrawn your account. You feel sure that there has been some mistake. Telegraph for cancelled checks.\n\nApplication of Office Practice\nIV. When writing the following messages, use the cable blanks furnished by the cable companies. The coding may be found in the Western Union Telegraphic Code, and the rates in the Rates for Telegrams and Cables furnished by the Western Union Telegraph Company or the Postal Telegraph-Cable Company. Follow the procedure of specimen problem below: One of the salesmen of your firm is in Paris trying to sell goods.\nHe cannot sell here. The key word is sell. In the code book, we find the word sell in heavy type, alphabetically arranged. Following along alphabetically under this heading, we find \"cannot sell.\" The equivalent code word is illatrabas. It is often necessary to try several key words before suitable coding can be found, especially in long messages where several code words are to be used.\n\nAssume the name of your firm is Evans, Brander & Company, 329 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois.\nThe cable address is Evander. The following is the ready-to-send cablegram:\n\nParis (current date)\nEvander\nChicago, Illinois\nIllatrabas\n(Your last name)\n\nThe date line is not charged for. This cablegram consists of five words. In the rate book for cables, we find an alphabetical arrangement of foreign countries. Opposite France, we find the rate at $0.22 per word. The cost of this five-word cablegram would therefore be $1.10.\n\nConsulting the time difference chart on page 126, Paris time is found to be five hours later than New York time, and New York time one hour later than Chicago time, or a total of six hours later in Paris than in Chicago. Therefore, if the above cablegram is filed or accepted by the cable company in Paris at 11 a.m., the time in Chicago would be 5 a.m.\nsix hours earlier or 5 a.m. Allowing one hour for transmission and delivery, the time in Chicago for delivery would be 6 a.m., an hour when business offices are closed. Differences must be considered when sending cablegrams. Assuming the Chicago office opens at 9 a.m., the cablegram should be in the hands of the cable company in Paris by 2 p.m. to reach the Chicago office at opening time.\n\nYour employer wishes to send a message by cable to the National City Bank at Montevideo, Uruguay, requesting them to decline making an advance before thorough inspection. The cable address is Citibank. The name of your firm is Bishop & Son, cable address Bison.\n\nIt is important that the message reaches its destination as soon as possible. What class of service will you use?\nWrite the message in triplicate for the cable company using regular cable blank forms. If possible, type the message. For how many words will the sender be charged? What will be the charge per word for the message? What will be the cost of the message?\n\nAssume I am employed by Joseph Baker Sons & Perkins, Ltd., Kingsway House, London, England (cable address Bakers), in New York in the interests of my firm. I wish to send them the following message: Important matters prevent my leaving at present. Do nothing until you hear from me. My letter will explain.\n\na. Write the message in code: [blank]\nb. Classification of cable service: [blank]\nc. Reason: [blank]\nd. Words: [blank]\ne. Rate per word: [blank]\nf. Cost: [blank]\ng. For how many words would you be charged if you used regular words instead of code words and the regular address instead of the cable address?\n(1) What is the cost of the message in this case?\n(1) How much is saved by sending the message in code and using the cable address?\nh. The message is filed with the cable company at 9:30 a.m. What is the corresponding time at the point of destination?\ni. You wish to have the message reach its destination at 3 p.m. Applied Office Practice. At what time in New York should you file the message, allowing an hour for transmission and delivery?\n3. Send a cablegram to Ewart & Son, Ltd., linemanufacturers, 9 Bedford Street, Belfast, Ireland (cable address: Ewarts), requesting that a consignment of goods be held until your letter arrives. Put your cablegram in code.\n4. Generate a cablegram to The Royal Typewriter Co., 75a Queen Street.\nVictoria Street, London E.C. (cable address Roytyp): Request the European representative to cancel plans for traveling in Italy and Spain, go direct to Russia.\n\nSend a cablegram to your brother at 14 Rue Scribe, Paris: Inform him I am sailing on the French Line steamer La Savoie, docking at Cherbourg on the 15th. Ask him to meet me.\n\nAssume working for the National Biscuit Company (cable address Nabisco), Springfield, Mass. The firm wishes to send the following cablegram to its representative Howard Smith, care of the London office:\n\nReturn at once; important matters require your presence here. On what terms have you closed? I have sent draft as requested.\n\na. Cablegram to be presented at the cable office: Return at once. Important matters require your presence here. On what terms have you closed? I have sent draft as requested.\n\nb. Words: Approximately 63 words.\n\nc. Cost: Depends on the cable company's rates.\n[7] Keystone, Cleveland, Ohio: Arrangements incomplete. Detailed info sent via letter. [12]\n\n[8] Stockholm: Stock low. Price decline possible? Confidential. [12]\n\nTELEGRAPH CODE: 155 Words: 12. Cost: Depends on telegraph company.\nWrite this message for him in two words: a. Reply: Do not buy. b. Decode: Erdenselig Incernendo Gemoffeld - Inferno Ending. Bison New York Extundant Ebruitons Citibank. VI. Recording messages: Your firm sends so many telegrams and cablegrams that it has a charge account with the telegraph and cable companies. Keep a record of all outgoing messages in a book entitled \"Outgoing Telegrams and Cablegrams.\" Make proper entries for sent messages (see Problems 1 and 2). VI. Transferring money by telegraph.\nYour employer, Roy C. Mason, at the address of your school, has the following issues:\n\n1. He is in communication with Clifton A. Thomas of Aiken, SC, for the purchase of some property. He wishes to send $1500 to secure the deal and requires full identification from Mr. Thomas.\n   a. Complete the application form.\n   b. What is the cost of this transaction?\n2. Traveling salesman Avery O. Rollins has wired for funds to reach him before he leaves Chicago tomorrow morning. He is at the Blackstone Hotel. Your employer desires to telegraph him $100 and requires full identification.\n   a. Complete the application form.\n   b. What is the cost of this message?\n\nApplication Office Practice:\n\n1. Employer Roy C. Mason at school address needs to send $1500 to Clifton A. Thomas in Aiken, SC for property purchase, requiring full identification.\n   a. Complete application.\n   b. Cost?\n2. Employer wires $100 to Avery O. Rollins at Blackstone Hotel in Chicago before his departure tomorrow, requiring identification.\n   a. Complete application.\n   b. Cost?\nRemembers suddenly that $111.34 premium for life insurance with New York Life Insurance Co., 372 Fourth Avenue, New York is due. Remittance required at once. Full identification not necessary.\n\na. Prepare application as it should be presented to telegraph company.\nb. What is cost of transferring this money?\n\nFind need money in Hot Springs, Ark.\n\na. Write telegram to parent (or guardian) asking $50 be sent by telegraph at once.\nb. Charge for this telegram?\nc. Charge for money transfer message?\n\nVII. Computing cost of telegraphic messages. (Rates for Telegrams and Cablegrams or Tariff Book of Western Union Telegraph Company for schedule of rates.)\n\nRates for Different Classes of Service\nTo find the cost of a night message, the full-rate telegram rate to the same place must be known. For example, you wish to send a night message of 13 words from Brooklyn to Chicago. The folder entitled \"Telegraph, Cable, and Wireless Service\" shows the telegram rate to Chicago to be 60-3 cents. Look in the first column of the schedule above, which is headed \"Where the Full-Rate Telegram Rate is.\" Follow down to find:\n\nFull-Rate Telegram Rate is: \n60-3 cents\n\nNight Message Rate is: \nTo find the cost of a night message, subtract 3 cents from the full-rate telegram cost for the same number of words.\n\nNight Message Rate is: \nFor each additional word or fraction of a word: Words or less\nFor each additional 10 words or fraction: Words or less\nFor each additional 10 words or fraction: Words or less\n\nCost of night message (13 words): \nCost of full-rate telegram (13 words) - 3 cents = _______ cents.\nThis column follows to the rate 60-3.5. Then, in the same line, continue to the right until you reach the two columns for night messages. The first column provides the rate for 10 words or less, and the second column gives the rate for each additional word. In this case, the rate for 10 words is shown as 42 j\u00a3, and the rate for each additional word is 1.2 jh. The cost of the three words in excess of 10 would therefore be 3.6^, added to 42^, making a total of 45.6^ as the cost of the night message.\n\nThe costs of day letters and night letters are determined in a similar way. Considering the \"point of origin\" in every case to be your own city:\n\n1. State the rates for:\na. Full-rate telegram to Council Bluffs, Iowa.\nb. Night message to El Paso, Texas.\nc. Day letter to Savannah, Ga.\nd. Night letter to Butte, Mont.\n2. Cost of the following:\na. A 14-word telegram to Council Bluffs.\nb. A 12-word night message to El Paso.\nc. A 49-word day letter to Savannah.\nd. A 55-word night letter to Butte.\n3. What will a 27-word telegram to Montreal cost?\n4. What would this message cost if sent as:\n(a) A night letter?\n(b) A day letter?\n5. What will a night letter of 130 words cost where the telegram rate for 10 words is 72\u00a2?\n6. What will a day letter of 57 words cost where the full-rate telegram rate is $1.20-$8.5?\n7. What will a 20-word telegram to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, cost?\n8. What will a night message of 10 words to Los Angeles, Calif., cost?\n9. What would this message cost if sent as a full-rate telegram?\n10. How much is saved in this case by using the night message?\n\nVIII. Computing the cost of cable and radio messages.\n1. What is the cost of sending a 25-word night letter from New York to Liverpool?\n2. What is the cost of sending a 30-word weekend cable letter from Austin, Texas to Antwerp, Belgium?\n3. State the cost of deferred cablegrams to the following places:\na. jg words to Edinburgh.\nb. 22 words to Athens.\nc. 15 words to Cairo.\nd. 25 words to Montevideo.\n4. What would the above messages cost if sent as full-rate cablegrams?\n5. State the cost of sending the following cable night letters:\na. 25 words to Paris.\nb. 29 words to London.\nc. 24 words to Amsterdam.\nd. 27 words to Antwerp.\n6. What would it cost to send the above messages as weekend cable letters?\n1. What would be the difference in cost in each case?\n2. What is the cost of a 50-word weekend cable letter to Montevideo?\n3. What is the rate for deferred cablegrams to Great Britain?\n4. State the cost of sending a deferred cablegram of 21 words:\na. To: London.\nb. To: Geneva.\nc. To: Lisbon.\n5. State the cost of sending the following cable night letters:\na. 33 words to Liverpool.\nb. 28 words to Brussels.\nc. 25 words to Madrid.\nd. 27 words to Genoa.\n6. Telegraph, Cable, and Wireless Service 159\n7. State the cost of sending a 12-word message to Germany:\na. As an urgent rate message.\nb. As a radio letter.\nc. Full-rate or ordinary.\nd. Deferred rate.\n8. For which is the rate cheaper, a cablegram to Sweden, or a full-rate radiogram to Sweden?\n9. What is the rate for cable night letters to London?\n10. What is the rate for radio letters to London?\n11. Which is cheaper?\nWhat will it cost to send a cablegram of nineteen words at the urgent rate to Hongkong, China?\nWhat is the cost to send a full-rate message of fifteen words to Venezuela?\nIX. Computing the cost of wireless messages.\nCoastal stations, which communicate by radio with ships at sea, are grouped under three general headings:\nNorth Atlantic Coast Stations.\nAtlantic and Gulf Coast Stations.\nPacific Coast Stations.\nIn the Western Union Tariff Book, the rate per word for any wireless message sent to or from any state through one of these coastal stations is listed. The names of the various commercial coastal stations are listed at the extreme left. Directly opposite the names of the coastal stations are the radio word rates to steamers. Following these, in the columns under the states, are the rates. (See the accompanying table for the North Atlantic Coast Stations.)\nThe rates between points of destination (or origin) and coastal stations determine word rates. The through word rate is the sum of these two rates. Therefore, the rate for a wireless message originating in Lincoln, Nebraska, destined for a transatlantic steamer via Cape Race Coastal Station, is found by adding the rate shown in the column to the right of Cape Race Coastal Station and the rate shown under the state column \"Nebraska.\" The sum of these equals the rate per word.\n\nQuestion 1: What is the total cost per word of a radio message from Lincoln, Nebraska, to a transatlantic steamer routed via Cape Race Coastal Station?\nContract closed, price prohibitive.\nThree words. Six words total. No location given. Unknown per-word charge.\n\nSending Bernard Brown to Paris. Four-day-old sailing on La France. Send full-rate radiogram: \"Await letter at general post office.\"\nThree words. Six words total. Unknown per-word charge.\n4. The foreign representative of your firm, Frank Hurlbut, sailed two days ago on the President Roosevelt of the United States Line. Lawrence Simpson, your employer at the home office in New York, wishes to send him the important message: Buy half the quantity.\n\na. From which coastal station should this message be sent?\nb. Write this ship radio message: Buy half the quantity.\nc. Radio messages to and from ships at sea must be prepaid. What amount will cover the cost of the above message?\nd. If the coastal station asked for in Question a fails to reach the President Roosevelt, what will be done?\n\nFor Trans-Ocean Vessels:\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\n......CO......\nCoastwise Vessels:\nManitoba: to Ha to Ha to b b o o b Oi b o Maryland: to Ha to o b b o o b Oi b CO o CO b CO o Massachusetts: Ha Co Ha Co b b b b b b b b b b b b o b Michigan: Co Ha Oi b co b co b o b b b b o Minnesota: a b CO b CO b b b b b b b b b b b b o Mississippi: CO Oi s b CO b CO b b b b O b M o -vi Missouri: CO Oi Oi b CO b co b CO b co o CO b CO b CO o CO Montana: co oi Ha Oi b CO b CO b CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Nebraska: Ha Ha Ha oo Ha Ha Ha ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Nevada: CO b CO b CO b CO b co Oi b b New Brunswick: to b b b lb New Hampshire: Ha to to b b b Oi b Oi b Oi CO New Jersey: CO H-A Oi Ha Oi b CO b CO O CO New Mexico: o to\n[HA, New York, New York City, to HA, New York, Other offices, North Carolina, co, HA, Nova Scotia, WORD RATES FOR RADIO MESSAGES TO AND FROM SHIPS AT SEA, Compute rates by adding the \"this line\" rate shown under the originating or terminating state to the wireless (\"other line\") rate printed in heavy type shown in the first, second or third left-hand column, Count address, text and signature For messages originating at or destined to places at which wireless stations are located, the \u201cthis line\u201d rate is 3 cents per word. See rules on pages 24 to 26, CHAPTER VII, FILING]\nTo the Instructor: Filing requires careful preparation for success. Equipment is essential. The student cannot be familiarized with various methods through theory alone without using actual material and files. A filing cabinet, card index cabinet, visible index, guides, folders, cards, and letters must be available.\n\nQuantities of catalogs, bills, documents, circulars, receipts, invoices, time-tables, rate sheets, and steamer diagrams must be on hand.\n\nCirculars describing bond issues, quotation sheets issued by investment houses with price lists of various stocks and bonds, monthly market letters, lists of names and addresses, and summaries of available public information published at certain times during the year, all make material for students to file.\n\nCatalogs and lists of trade references may be secured by writing.\nFor conducting correspondence within various classes, form a company. Secure letterheads from text book publishing companies for this purpose. Letters may be typed on these letterheads, which will serve as a response to incoming letters. Carbon copies of outgoing letters will function as file copies of mail. Ensure that letters are addressed to the formed company and that outgoing letters bear the company name as sender. Some filing companies offer educational outfits for teaching filing. A useful outfit includes:\nVarious pieces of correspondence in miniature: cards and card guides for indexing and alphabetizing, with container.\n\n1. Remington Rand Business Service, Inc., Yawman and Erbe Manufacturing Co.\nAPPLIED OFFICE PRACTICE\nGuides and folders for alphabetic, numeric, automatic, geographic, and subject or topical filing, with necessary cross index and containers.\nSamples of record cards.\nSamples in standard sizes of correspondence guides and folders.\nBoxes or trays which serve as containers.\n\nThese outfits make possible the installation of individual practice sets. One of the filing companies can furnish a set of one hundred letters, regular size, for use in filing. These letters illustrate all the important indexing rules.\n\nIn every business house and in every office, there accumulates reference material \u2014 letters, clippings, pamphlets.\nThe greater part of records and reports cannot be discarded due to the rapid increase, but a definite system of organization is required to maintain their value. Important organization has become such that entire sections of business houses have been dedicated to sorting and classifying this material. These sections form the filing department, and the people in charge are called file operators. Should you become such an operator, it will be your responsibility to direct letters, trade catalogs, orders, and receipted bills into the proper channels and to produce any needed information without wasting time or energy. In order to do this efficiently, you must familiarize yourself with certain principles of filing.\n\nThe department falls into the following divisions:\nCentral files and indexes. Here are collected records that pertain to the organization as a whole. In many office buildings, these central files are arranged in a hollow square with cabinets facing inward. The filing cabinets are conveniently located for all departments. They are in well-lighted and well-ventilated places, and are arranged in units of suitable height as an aid in transacting business.\n\nDepartment files and indexes. These are assigned to matters belonging to the various departments of an organization: the purchasing, credit, sales, shipping, and advertising departments.\n\nFILING\n\nThe primary purpose of any filing system is to produce records instantly when desired. It is with this essential feature in view that the proper filing system must be designed.\nIn order to facilitate the matter, certain methods of filing have been instituted. There are two classes of matter to be filed: namely, that which may be called for by name, and that which may be called for by subject. There are three methods of filing which may be used:\n\n1. Alphabetic\n   a. Automatic\n2. Numeric\n3. Geographic\n\nIn any filing system, there are certain recognized terms with which you should be familiar:\n\nFiling is the putting away of papers in such a manner that they can be found quickly when wanted. When we file letters or other papers, we usually file them according to the name of the person concerned or according to the subject matter with which the material deals.\n\nEasy reference can be made according to name, number, location, or subject.\n\nCoding is indexing by means of a symbol (number or letter).\nThe method for filing includes placing a label on a determined portion of the matter to be filed. This can be achieved through underlining a name or subject, or writing a code number on the papers. A code number, written in color in the upper right-hand corner, can be used for papers of an active correspondent.\n\nSorting is the initial arrangement of material prior to filing. This can be accomplished through the use of trays equipped with guides or by means of compartments or pigeon-holes.\n\nThe final arrangement of matter to be filed is alphabetizing, which arranges the material in strict alphabetical sequence, as found in a dictionary.\n\nIllustration: Bagley, Banton, Barrows, Baskin, Benson, Bentley, Binder, Bishop.\n\nDirectory arrangement of names is the arrangement found in a telephone directory or any city directory.\nSurname, first name, and any initial. Also known as the true indexing form of a name. Alfred T. Barrows will appear: Barrows, Alfred T. Illustration: Barrows, B.M. Barrows, Carlton E. Barrows, Frank Barrows, Norman A. Baskin, Floyd Benson, Brown & Co. Benson, Charles E. Benson, Charles K. Benson Hardware Co.\n\nTo be a successful indexer, you must acquaint yourself with the needs of the company or firm by whom you are employed. Read the material to be filed in order to determine whether it should be indexed by one or more of the following headings: Name on the letterhead, Name of the addressee, Name of the one signing, Name of the subject or person mentioned in the letter, Name of geographical division.\n\nApplied Office Practice\nAll matter for filing to which attention has been given.\nShould all items be initiated or marked. The initital or \"mark\" should be placed in the upper left-hand corner. Any material coming to the file operator without such identification will be returned to the individual or department whence it came for proper authorization. When material is properly marked for filing, it is indexed and sorted. Whatever cross reference is necessary is made at this time. If the matter in the communication must be followed up, a note to this effect is also made. (Appendix gives indexing and filing rules together with their application.)\n\nMethods of Filing:\n\nThere are two ways of filing records: flat and vertical.\n\nFlat filing employs:\n\n- The spindle file: This consists of a sharp-pointed spindle attached in an upright position to a base. It is an old-fashioned device, and at present it is chiefly confined to\n\n(Box File)\n\nbox files.\nSmall stores where it is used as a temporary method for keeping odd papers together.\n\nFiling\n\nThe Shannon file. This file is hung on the wall or at the side of a desk, and may be laid flat on the desk or carried about if necessary. This type of file is found useful in an order department for keeping together partly filled orders.\n\nThe box file. This file is made of heavy cardboard and usually opens at the side like a book. It is about 9x11 inches by 4 to 5 inches thick. The box contains manila sheets, a little larger than the papers to be filed. On these sheets are projections on which are printed the letters of the alphabet, as an aid to indexing. There may be printed, instead of these letters, subject titles under which correspondence may be filed.\n\nThe flat method of filing is inconvenient and tends to be unwieldy. Since it does not provide an efficient use of space, it is often replaced by the vertical method of filing.\nAllows for a steady increase in correspondence, it holds little value for large firms. For private use and small concerns, the method is still in use. More attention has been given to the organization and planning of vertical filing than to the other types.\n\nThe loose sheet drawer.\nThis consists of wooden drawers which fit into a wooden shell or cabinet. The indexing is similar to that for the box file, but there are a greater number of alphabetic subdivisions. The papers are held in position by a clamp fastened at one side of the drawer.\n\nVertical filing is the systematic arrangement of papers or other material on edge, usually in folders and behind guides, bringing together in one place in the file all matter to, from, or about a correspondent or subject.\n\nFor this purpose, cabinets are used.\nInets with drawers of different sizes are most convenient. There are three distinct types of filing cabinets in use at the present time: vertical or upright units, horizontal units, solid cabinets. By a unit, we mean a cabinet which can be added to as occasion requires. Due to this feature of expansion, the unit type of cabinet is best adapted to business uses.\n\nFor vertical cabinets, there is an upright movable partition clamped into position in each drawer for the purpose of keeping the contents in an upright position. This movable partition is called a divider. Except when filing is going on, this divider should be kept in position; i.e., close up against the guides and folders, to prevent the papers from sagging.\n\nPapers when filed are placed in folders. These folders provide a ready means of collecting everything pertaining to a particular subject or matter.\nPapers are filed with the top edge to the left and standing upright in folders. Folders should be filed behind the guides they belong to. They are made of heavy paper folded once, with the folded edge at the bottom.\n\nClassification:\n\nHorizontal Unit:\nSolid cabinets are self-contained and do not allow for additions. Their primary use at present is for filing card records.\n\nFiling:\nFollower:\nStraight-edge folders have a straight top edge both back and front. The name, number, or subject is written in the upper right-hand corner of the back flap, which is slightly higher than the front flap.\n\nTab folders have a projection called a tab at the top of the back flap. The name designating the contents of the folder is written on this tab. The position of the tab indicates the category to which the folder belongs.\nFolders and their size vary according to the filing system used. Expansion folders have an extra fold at the bottom, allowing for the filing of more papers than can be placed in an ordinary folder. Binder folders are provided with a clip which securely binds papers into the folder.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\nAs for type, folders may be either:\n\nMiscellaneous. Here, a folder, bearing the same notation as the guide preceding it, is provided for each guide division in the file. The correspondence for this particular division is placed in the folder in alphabetical order, based on name and subject. Where there is more than one letter for the same name or subject, these particular letters are arranged together.\n\nAll papers from, to, or about one correspondent or subject are brought together in one folder.\nAccording to the date, the latest date is at the front. When five have accumulated, they are removed and placed in an individual or special folder. Individual or special. Here, active correspondence or subjects are taken care of. The name of the correspondent or subject is written on the tab of the folder. The correspondence is arranged according to date, the latest at the front. Filing 173\n\nIndividual folders are placed in front of the miscellaneous folder, behind the guide. Where there are several individual folders behind the same guide, these are arranged in alphabetic order.\n\nTo keep material from becoming confused and cluttered, various devices are employed:\n\nCross reference. Cross referencing or cross indexing is the placing of a card or paper in a file calling attention to the fact that information regarding the particular subject or matter can be found in another location.\nApplied Office Practice: Correspondent may be found in the place designated by the cross reference card or sheet. Collection tray. The desk of each official has, as a rule, two collection trays: one for the incoming mail referred to him, and one for the outgoing mail dictated by him. Sorting tray. A sorting tray or distributor is an aid to filing. This is a receptacle equipped with guides. The papers, sorted here, are easily transferred to the appropriate drawers. The sorting tray also affords access to unfiled material and correspondence already sorted, but not filed, is quickly located. Transfer of material. Correspondence must be transferred at regular intervals to containers called transfer cases, transfer boxes, and transfer cabinets. Such transfer of correspondence gives space in the regular files for current material.\nCases, carefully labeled to show contents and dates covered by correspondence, are kept in the filing storage room. Transfer periods range from six months to three years, or more, depending on the needs of the business.\n\nA guide is a piece of heavy material \u2013 manila, cardboard, press-board, or bristol-board \u2013 with a plain, celluloided or metal tip. The body of the guide is the same size as the folder or card with which it is used. Projecting above the top is a tab on which is written or printed a designation.\n\nWhen guides are used with the tabs or projections in different positions, such as A, B, C, D, E, each position succeeding the previous one from left to right in a given number, the arrangement is designated by the term, \u201cstaggered positions.\u201d\n\nFILING (letter, number, symbol, name, or word) indicating the contents.\nThe material found behind the guide assists in locating records quickly. Guides are referred to as one-half cut, one-third cut, one-fourth cut, and so on, based on the number of times the width of the tab divides into the width of the guide.\n\nAn out guide is a guide of a different color from the regular guides, bearing the word OUT on the tab. It is a Substitution Card placed in the file where a folder has been removed. Columns are provided to show the name or other tab-designation of the folder taken, the date it was taken, and by whom it was taken. When the folder is returned to the files, the OUT guide is removed. The guide is then placed in front of the file drawer or on the file operator's desk for further use.\n\nA substitution card is a card of contrasting color, placed in the file in place of a removed folder.\nin  a  folder  to  show  that  a  paper  has  been  taken  out.  As  in \nthe  case  of  the  out  guide,  a  record  of  this  paper  is  kept  on \nthe  substitution  card.  Upon  its  return,  the  substitution \ncard  is  removed  from  the  folder  and  checked. \nAPPLIED  OFFICE  PRACTICE \nThe  Importance  of  a  Follow-up  System \nA  follow-up  system  automatically  brings  to  mind,  on  a \ngiven  date,  matters  requiring  attention  at  that  time. \nOrders,  correspondence,  sales  records,  must  be  constantly \nchecked.  By  means  of  a  follow-up  system  it  is  possible  to \nkeep  in  touch  with  letters  or  records  relating  to  a  particular \nmatter  until  the  transaction  has  been  completed. \nThere  are  several  ways  of  keeping  a  follow-up  file.  One \noften  used  is  a  card  tickler  which  calls  for- \nOne  set  of  monthly  guides \nOne  or  more  sets  of  daily  guides \nThe  order  of  arrangement,  reading  from  the  front  to  the \nback  of  the  tray,  is  as  follows: \nCurrent  monthly  guide \nDaily  guides  (1\u201431) \nMonthly  guides \nThis  calls  attention  to  any  matter  set  for  a  definite  future \ntime.  It  may  refer  to  an  appointment,  payment  of  insur\u00ac \nance  premium,  a  telephone  call,  to  correspondence  filed,  or \nto  matters  generally  which  one  wishes  to  have  brought  up \nfor  attention  at  a  given  time. \nRequisition  or  tickler  cards  5\"  X  3\"  are  used,  on  which  are \nwritten  the  name  or  subject,  date,  and  any  information \ndesired.  The  cards  are  filed  behind  the  monthly  and  daily \nguides  which  are  placed  in  a  desk-box  or  tray.  As  cards \nreferring  to  filed  matter  come  up  for  attention,  they  are \nattached  to  the  papers  to  which  they  refer,  which  have  been \ntaken  from  the  files,  and  are  placed  on  the  executive\u2019s  desk, \nor  given  to  the  person  interested,  who  then  has  all  the  data \nbefore  him. \nWhen  the  matters  to  be  followed  up  have  been  given \nWhen further following-up is necessary, new dates are placed on the cards. If not, the cards are removed from the file, and the papers are returned to the regular file. When correspondence is to be followed up, a substitution card is used instead of the card tickler. This is a printed form about 6\" X 9|\". It serves the two-fold purpose of a requisition and a charge record. The substitution card, when properly filled out, is first filed in a correspondence size tickler. When the date arrives for follow-up, the slip is substituted for the record taken from the file. It provides space for showing the kind of record requisitioned (letter, order, invoice, etc.), description and date of record taken, name of borrower, and date when the record is due.\nPapers due for attention more than one month ahead are placed behind the guide for that specific month and distributed chronologically on the first day of that month. In some business houses, two or three sets of daily guides are used: one for the current month and one for each of the following two or three months. This eliminates the first-of-the-month sorting from the monthly to the daily guides. Each morning, the file operator takes the current day's substitution cards from the follow-up file, takes the follow-up letters from the regular file, and substitutes the substitution cards for the letters in the regular file.\nLetters are sent to those desiring them and thus receive attention. The requisition slip serves two purposes: as a tickler record and a charge record (record of papers borrowed from the files). All letters to be followed up should be marked with the follow-up date, preferably in the lower right-hand corner. This makes it possible to withdraw the tickler card from the follow-up file if a letter requires attention before the recorded date. Signals are often used for follow-up purposes in card files. They are made of metal and hold fast to the top edge of the card. When placed in position, a portion of the signal projects above the top edge of the card, similar to a small tab. Cards printed with numbers at the top corresponding to the days of the month are used.\nA clip over a certain number indicates this card is to be followed up on that date. Signals or clips show other information and come in different sizes, shapes, colors, and designations. The type used depends on the purpose to be served, often aiding in material classification. In such a case, given colors represent certain groups. When signals are used, a card explaining their use should be kept in the front of the card index drawer or tray.\n\nFiling the particular use to which these cards are put. Points to consider are quality, color, size, weight, ruling, form, and permanence of the record.\n\nThere are four types of card guides: plain guides, celluloided guides, removable label celluloided guides, and metal-tip guides. The tabs may be blank or printed.\nA card index system is any method for keeping information tabulated on cards that can be referred to instantly. In selecting cards for indexing or record work, it is necessary to follow 180 Applied Office Practice. If facts must be available immediately, a visible index is wise. This includes frames or panels that revolve on a pedestal, wall-brackets with turning panels like a book's leaves, or shallow trays housed in cabinets, which hold the cards and eliminate the time wasted from looking through hidden records in a card-tray or cabinet.\n\nSystems of Filing:\nAlphabetic filing. Papers are filed alphabetically by the correspondent's name or by subject.\nThis method is suitable for small files or those with a large volume of material and a small number of correspondents. It is desirable for bringing together correspondence of people with the same surname or requiring direct name reference.\n\nIn this illustration, the tabs of the alphabetic guides are placed at the left of the drawer. Miscellaneous and individual folder tabs, as well as the tabs of special classification and out guides, occupy the remaining space across the drawer. The tabs of the folders project above the body of the guides.\n\nFiling:\nMiscellaneous folders are filed behind individual folders, which are arranged alphabetically behind each alphabetic section. The tab notation of the alphabetic guides and miscellaneous folders is identical. The latter folders receive correspondence of a miscellaneous nature.\nThe letters of an active correspondent are organized in nature, with each individual folder labeled with a typewritten name tag based on rules in Appendix II. As the correspondence with a particular firm or individual grows in a miscellaneous folder, the letters are removed and placed chronologically in the individual folder once five letters have accumulated. Tabs for special classification guides, out guides, and substitution cards occupy the last position on the right. Automatic filing increases the efficiency of both the alphabetic and numeric systems through a combination of the two, referred to as the automatic system. This system allows for the most accurate and rapid filing, with records being filed by name and checked by number.\nThe automatic system is a two-name system, considering both the surname and given name for filing. Letters are filed first alphabetically according to the surname or first firm name, then alphabetically according to the given name or first initial, or second firm name. For the automatic system, two sets of guides are required. These are called primary guides or secondary guides, based on position. The alphabetic notations A, B, C, etc., on the primary guides govern the filing of the surname or the first firm name. These are followed by a set of secondary guides that further subdivide the material by given name or initials or by second firm name. The primary guides are also numbered in multiples of 10, starting at 10. In a 40-division automatic index, the tab notation of the primary guides runs as follows:\nThe secondary guides are numbered in exact sequence, always arranged the same way. A-B is always the first guide behind each primary guide, C is always the second guide, and so on. Here are the guides:\n\nA-B\nC\nD-F\nG-I\nJ-L\nP-R\nS-T\nu-z\n\nTo save time in indexing, the tab designations of both the primary and secondary guides have been charted. Here is the chart for a 40-division automatic index:\n\nFILING\nB\nD\nE\nH\nM\nN\nR\nT-Z\nA\nc\nE\nH\nL\nN\nR\nB\nCh\nF\nHe\nLi\nRo\nBi\nCo\nG\nHo\nM\nP\nS\nBr\nD\nGr\nl-J\nMe\nPi\nSe\nDo\nK\nMe\nQ\nSi\nXYZ40\nMo\nSt\n\nKey to Subdivisions\n\nA-B\nC\nD-F\nJ-l\nP-R\nST\n\nThe upper part of the chart represents the forty primary guides of this division. The first digit representing the tens is omitted. The lower part of the chart represents the secondary guides.\nIllustrated is the following:\n\nCode Number Address Form Directory Form Primary Secondary Compound\nJames E. Foss Foss, James E. 11 5 115\n\nCoding involves determining from the chart the number under which the material should be filed and placing this number on the material. For instance, consider the name James E. Foss. The directory form of this name, or the form considered in filing, is Foss, James E. Referencing the upper section of the chart in the division F for the surname Foss yields the number 11. Referencing the lower section of the chart in the division J-L for the given name James yields the number 5. Combining these numbers results in 115 as the compound number. In locating the folder in which to place a letter from James E. Foss, we first look behind the \"primary guide\" F 110.\nBefore filing the letter for John Anderson at Peoples Gas Light, & Coke Co., 122 So. Michigan Bl., Chicago, Ill., we come to folder J-L-115.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\nJohn Anderson\nRochelle, Ill.\nPeoples Gas Light, & Coke Co.\n122 So. Michigan Bl.\nChicago, Ill.\n\nApplications for employment:\nBookkeepers-1\nPile Clerks-2\nStenographers-3\nTypist-4\n\nGeorge Hamlin\n37 So. LaSalle St.\nChicago, Ill.\n\nNow with:\nHamlin, Jones & Ellis\n208 So. LaSalle St.\nChicago, Ill.\n\nHamlin, Jones & Ellis\n208 So. LaSalle St.\nChicago, Ill.\n\nSuccessors to:\nJones, Ellis & Brown\n\nName card for Alphabetic Card\nCorporation name with full address.\n\nSubject card shows how a number may be subdivided.\nShows individual\u2019s change of position and address.\nFormerly in business alone; change to a firm. Always give date of change.\nActual size of card 5x3 inches.\n\nShows one firm successor to another firm.\nIf Jones, Ellis & Brown are the predecessors:\nCorrespondents: note of change must also be recorded on their card. Numeric Arrangement.\n\nFiling:\nPair the number which we have placed on the letter with the number on the folder found alphabetically, and if they prove to be the same, we may be sure that we have made no mistake.\n\nNumeric filing. In this system, a number is assigned to each correspondent or subject, and each piece of correspondence is marked with the number, usually with blue crayon, in the upper right-hand corner. A list of correspondents with their assigned numbers is kept in what is called an accession book. Here, the numbers progress in regular sequence, and the number to be assigned to a new correspondent can easily be determined by looking at the last entry in the accession book. The new number is the one next higher than the last one assigned. Thus, if\nThe last correspondent was given the number 875. The new correspondent will have the number 876. When a new number is assigned, a numbered card bearing the same number in the upper right-hand corner is made, showing the name at the top arranged according to rules in Chapter V, and the address below.\n\nThe letter is filed numerically in the correspondence files. The card is filed alphabetically in the card index cabinet. Correspondence is filed chronologically in a folder numbered to agree with the number on the correspondence and on the index card. (See illustration on page 188.)\n\nThe duplex numeric system is an application of the numeric system to subject filing. Numbers are assigned to each main heading in sequence.\n\nWhen material on a new subject is to be filed, the next unused number is chosen. As the material on a subject grows, additional numbers are assigned in sequence.\nSubdivisions may be made and numbered as follows:\n\n8. Publications\n8-1. Articles of Interest\n8-2. News Items\n8-3. Reviews\n8-4. Subscriptions\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\nIf necessary, sub-subheadings may be made using a letter of the alphabet as the new designation, thus:\n\n8-4. Subscriptions\n8-4a. Solicitations\n\nAs in numeric filing, a card index is necessary. The subjects are indexed and cross-referenced on numbered cards which are filed alphabetically in the card index cabinet. The material to be filed is numbered and placed in a numbered folder. The number on the card, material filed, and folder must agree. Before locating a folder, reference must be made to the card index in order to learn the number of the folder.\n\nGeographic filing. Where the location of a correspondent is of more importance than his name, a geographic filing system may be used.\nThe filing system uses the state and town method of indexing. Of the three methods - state and alphabetic, state and town and alphabetic, and straight town and alphabetic - the state and town is most frequently used. The first grouping is according to state, then town, with the name of the correspondent or subject next in importance.\n\nUnder this indexing system, a state guide with a third-cut tab in the first position is used. Behind this are alphabetic guides, also with third-cut tabs. Next in order are the town (or city) guides with tabs in the second position, arranged alphabetically, behind their respective alphabetic guides. In third position are the individual folders with tabs occupying third and fourth positions combined. Lastly, in fifth position, are the two miscellaneous folders. There are two kinds of miscellaneous folders: one for miscellaneous matter.\nFor towns having guides, notations agree with town guides; others bear alphabetic notations to agree with alphabetic guides. The designation on individual folder tabs shows town first, then state, followed by correspondent name.\n\nLetters from towns too small to justify use of a town guide go in a miscellaneous folder for inactive correspondents, always in last position. Miscellaneous folders for towns not separately guided are also in last position. Town guide is always in second position.\n\nA to At-rtid I KtoaWrCo^ 7cu\u00abtoS\\\nAlphabetic guide for grouping towns always in first position.\n\nMiscellaneous folder for inactive correspondents in town group, always in last position.\nIndividual folder for active correspondents, always in third position.\nAlphabetic guide for\nDividing names in large towns in second position. Ituno's Clinton state guide is always in first position. CICA00 I Hoxtie dot L W L' Mmbmi Geographic Filing Applied Office Practice Guides numbered by 20's in five positions with even hundreds always in first position. Outguides for charging correspondence removed from the files. ft or UeJtA Individual folders numbered consecutively for active correspondents. Numeric Filing Filing guide should be placed in the miscellaneous state folder. If the correspondence later becomes active, a town guide, an individual folder, and a miscellaneous town folder are made out and placed in proper positions. In the case of large cities, the correspondence is subdivided by using alphabetic guides, printed in red, behind the town or city guides. Miscellaneous folders are used for each alphabetic division.\nsubdivision  thus  made.  (See  illustration  on  page  187.) \nSubject  filing.  Where  greater  importance  is  attached  to \nthe  subject  of  a  letter  than  to  the  correspondent  or  his \naddress,  a  subject  system  of  filing  must  be  used.  Unlike \nthe  alphabetic  and  the  geographic  systems  where  the \npapers  to  be  filed  are  arranged  according  to  the  names  of \nindividuals,  firms,  and  places,  the  papers  under  the  subject \nsystem  of  filing  are  arranged  by  subject  or  descriptive \nfeatures. \nThere  are  two  methods  used  in  subject  filing: \nAlphabetic \nSubject  Alphabetic \nNumeric \nDuplex  Numeric \nDecimal \nThe  application  of  any  alphabetic  index  to  subject \nfiling  is  similar  to  that  used  for  name  filing.  The  main \ndifference  is  that  in  subject  filing  the  designation  of  the \nsubject  matter  concerned  appears  on  the  tabs  instead  of  a \nname.  Where  subdivisions  of  the  subject  are  necessary, \nThe subdivisional folders are placed alphabetically behind the main subject folder and cross-referenced if necessary. In the subject alphabetic system, the file is divided into principal subject headings. Each main heading may be divided if the amount of matter warrants it. These divisions may also be further divided as needed. Tabs of the guides for the main headings, alphabetically arranged, appear in the first position. The divisional guide tabs, arranged alphabetically behind the main heading guides, are placed in second position. The folders are made to show first the main headings, then divisions and subdivisions, if used. Guides for any important subdivisions may be used with tabs at the extreme right.\n\nMain Guide | Division Guide\n--- | ---\nAthletics |\nBasketball |\nFootball |\nSkating |\nDomestic Science |\n\nFolders:\n- Athletics, General\n- Athletics, Baseball\n- Athletics, Football\nAll material is divided into nine or fewer main classes under Melvil Dewey's classification system used in libraries today. Classifications are numbered from 100 to 900, inclusive. All material of a nature too general to be included in any one of the nine classes is grouped under a tenth classification numbered 000.\n\nDivisions in libraries are generally:\n000 General works\n100 Philosophy\n200 Religion\n300 Sociology\n400 Language\n500 Natural Sciences\n600 Arts and Crafts\n700 Fine Arts\n800 Literature\n900 History\n\nEach main division may be subdivided nine times: 110, 120, 130, etc.\nNine times: 111, 112, 113, 114, etc. The decimal point may be introduced and subdivision continued indefinitely: 156.1.\n\nSub-Subject guide always in the second position.\nMain Subject or Sub-Subject folder always in the third position.\nSpecial classification guide always in the last position.\nMain Subject guide always in the first position.\n\nUCTno; g\u00a7p: (W>r O' Su6,rr( ^-ckler d\u00abt*- Bo* akm o^L^yn^ tzs M* i\nJHOutjniOr\n\nSubject Filing\n192. Applied Office Practice\n\nThis same idea has been found useful for classification of matter in railroad and government departments, public utilities, and general business. As applied to the classification used by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, arranged by Mr. W. H. Williams, the first five divisions are:\n\n000 General\n100 Executive and Legal\n200 Finance and Accounts\n1. What is a box file?\n2. What is a flat file?\n3. What is the principle of vertical filing?\n4. What is the role of a modern file department in a business organization?\n5. What is a follower?\n6. What is the purpose of desk letter trays?\n7. What is a sorter or sorting tray?\n8. What are guides? For what purpose are they used?\n9. What is a folder?\n10. Definition: Indexing is the process of creating an alphabetical or numerical list of the contents of a file or database, allowing for efficient retrieval of specific information.\n11. Definition: Coding is the process of assigning symbols, numbers, or letters to data or information for easier organization, identification, and analysis.\n12. A miscellaneous folder is used to store documents that do not fit into any specific category or file. An individual folder is used to store documents related to a particular subject or person.\n13. The standard sizes of cards most commonly used are 3x5 inches and 4x6 inches.\n14. Alphabetic filing is a method of organizing files or documents in alphabetical order based on the first letter of the title or name of the document.\n15. Why is a card index used with a numeric file?\n16. Under what conditions are geographic files necessary?\n17. What kind of papers are likely to be filed by subject?\n18. In your experience, where have you met the decimal system of filing?\n19. What is a follow-up system?\n20. What method of filing may be used in a mailing list?\n21. What is meant by a cross-reference? Illustrate with an example.\n22. What types of letters require a follow-up after writing?\n23. Your mother has about one hundred cooking recipes on separate sheets of paper, which she has asked you to systematize so that she can find any one of them quickly when needed:\n(a) How can you use a box file for this purpose? (b) How can you use a card record system?\n24. How will you arrange the following names in your alphabetical file?\nMrs. E. H. Carlson\nCarlson & Carlson\nNames and their corresponding guides for alphabetic filing:\n\n| Name          | Guide          |\n|---------------|----------------|\n| Baehler       | Ba-Bh          |\n| Barker        | Ba-Bar         |\n| Behenson      | Be-Bh          |\n| Bunning       | Bu-By          |\n| Blaut         | Bu-By          |\n| Byezak        | By-By          |\n| Bergman       | Bra-Bry        |\n| Bohler        | Bo-Bra         |\n| Black         | Bl-Bl          |\n| Baumwald      | Bo-Bra         |\n| Billings       | Bi-Bl          |\n| Byron         | By-By          |\n| Bryant        | Bry-Bry        |\n| Blakeman      | Bl-Bl          |\n| Burger        | Bu-By          |\n| Barnes        | Ba-Bar         |\n| Bursin        | Bu-By          |\n| Bennett       | Ben-Ben        |\n| Butler        | Bu-By          |\n| Britman       | Br-Br          |\n\nNames from the firm's mailing list:\n\n1. American Agricultural Chemical Company\n2. American Metal Company\n3. Bond & Goodwin\nBowring & Company, Electric Bond & Share Co., Griscom-Russell Co., Farson Sons & Co., Ingersoll-Rand Co., W. C. Langley & Co., Mercantile Trust Co., Merritt & Chapman Wrecking Co., New York Overseas Co., Pacific Trading Co., U.S. Guarantee Co., John D. Williams & Co., George Batten & Co., American Eagle Fire Ins. Co., S. W. Straus & Co., Marsh & McLennan, Rogers, Brown & Co., American International Corp., Tobacco Products Co., Ajax Rubber Co., American Chicle Co., E. F. Terry Manufacturing Co., Turner Construction Co., Wales Advertising Co., Society of Automotive Engineers, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Eastman, Dillon & Co., Tide Water Oil Co., Kirkman & Son, Clift & Goodrich, California Perfume Co., General Motors Corp., Toledo Scale Co., Stollwerck Chocolate Co., Macmillan Company, Music Trades Co., Hart Trading Co., New York Talking Machine Co., Zionist Organization of America.\nN. W. Ayer & Son\nJewish Protectory & Aid Society\nE. R. Squibb & Sons\nMarmon Auto Company\nGeneral Electric Co.\nFinance & Trading Corp.\nHudson Oil Company\nKoehler & Kemp\nRobbins Dry Dock & Repair Co.\nWorcester, Williams & Saxe\nSinger Manufacturing Co.\nCentral Russian Union Cooperative Consumers' Societies\nMcElwain, Morse & Rogers\nThe American City\nHalsey & Hudnut\nChemical Foundation Co.\nDeering, Milliken & Co.\nNew York Life Insurance Co.\nCarnegie Foundation\nWilkinson Brothers & Co.\nState Charities Aid Assn.\nJ. Friedman & Co.\nJohn A. Roebling\u2019s Sons Co.\nU. S. Steel Products Co.\nInternational Western Electric Co.\nW. R. Collins & Co.\nFairbanks, Morse & Co.\nCarnegie Corporation\nFrank B. Waterhouse & Co.\nThe Herald-Tribune\nChicago Bridge & Iron Works\nAmerican Steel & Wire Co.\nFidelity & Casualty Co.\nWestern Union Telegraph Co.\nReciprocal Underwriters\nCrex Carpet Co.\nWilliam Demuth & Co.\nMarshall Field & Co.\nL. Emily Beers\nProvident Loan Society\nNortham-Warren Corporation\nW.F. Prior & Co.\nAmerican Steel Export Co.\nEdmund-Wright Ginsberg Co. Inc.\nLevy & Nathan Inc.\nThread Agency\nChevrolet Motor Co.\nNewell-Emmet Co. Inc.\nGeneral Phonograph Co.\nGlobe Indemnity Company\nBernhard Scholle & Co.\nJose Joseph Mason\nAmerican Safety Razor Co. Inc.\nPath6 Freres\nRealty Associates\nJ. Nelson Willys\nMuller & Phipps Ltd.\nThe Texas Company\nStreet Railways Advertising Co.\nBritish-American Tobacco Co.\nCampe Corporation\nConverse & Company\nAllied Machinery Co. of America\nMunson Steamship Co.\nJohnson & Higgins\nA. A. Houseman & Co.\nFrank B. Hall & Co.\nW.R. Grace & Co.\nGeneral Carbonic Co.\nContinental Insurance Co.\nDwight & Hilles\nA.B. Leach & Co.\nBonbright & Company\nLiverpool, London & Globe Insurance Co.\nEmpress of Scotland, Europa, Samaria, Britannic, Niew Amsterdam, Adriatic, Saturnia, Majestic, Pan America, Laconia, George Washington, Providence, Deutschland, Paris, Homeric, President Polk, Rochambeau, President Harding, America, Bremen, Fort St. George, Columbus, Republic, Frederick VIII, Mauretania, American Legion, Olympic, Patria, Carmania, Rotterdam, Drottningholm, Baltic, President Roosevelt, Oscar II, Scythia, Resolute, Lafayette, Stuttgart, Leviathan, Yeendam, Belgenland, Arabic, Berengaria, Franconia, President Fillmore, Cedric, Aquitania, Lapland, Lancastria, Cleveland, De Grasse, Tuscania, Taiyo Maru, President Harrison, President Jackson, President Taft, Sonoma, Empress of Russia, Caledonia, Minnekahda, Northern Prince, Reliance, Cristobal Colon.\nAmerican Express Company\nPatterson Brothers Garage\nDr. M.G. Atwell\nT.W. Manser & Co.\nAshton-de-Veer Inc.\nThe Pearl Press\nDalton Adding Machine Sales Co.\nRev. Chas. E. Baker\nA. Allerton Nelson\nMrs. Mary M. Benedict\nJackson Heights Renting & Sales Co.\nMiss Pearl Shepard - The Rosemary\nHarper's Bazaar\nRevillon Fr\u00e8res\nLessing's\nUp-To-Date Coating Co. Inc\nIncandescent Products, Inc.\nR.A.C. Radio Co.\nG. & W. Art Embroidery Co.\nYoung's Hat Store\nMr. H. Francis, 23rd Infantry N.Y. Guard\nHerald Square Hotel\nZeta Beta Tau Fraternity\nJames C. O\u2019Pray\nRe-Vi-Vo Mfg. Co.\nPeabody & McLver\nImperial Rubber Co.\n83rd Street Theatre\nAustin C. Evans, Phys.\nMiss Amy R. Pelton-Jones\nAlbert G. Curtis School\nFisk Machine Works\nCherry-Bassett-Winner Co.\nOakland Motor Car Co.\nFar East Products Co.\nChurch of the Good Shepherd\nF. C. Jackson & Brother\nWestern Union Telegraph Co., Syracuse, N.Y.\nB. F. Keith Vaudeville Exchange\nT. Robert Newberry, Real Estate\nPacific Mail Steamship Co.\nJohn the Tailor\nMarvin, Royce & Stewart\nUnited States Treasury Department\nDuke of York\n23rd Street Y.M.C.A.\nJohn H. Henshaw, Edmund L. Baylies, Wm. Lawrence Bottomley, John Pierpont Morgan, W.E. Kimball, Andrew C. Imbrie, C.A. Peabody, Chas. W. Appleton, Aldrich Durant, C. Francis Bishop, Dr. Samuel Milbank, Wm. Vincent Astor, Edward T. Nichols, Albert B. Ashford, George Gordon Battle, Horace Havemeyer, H.C. Carpenter, Nicholas Murray Butler, E.R.N. Harriman, Mrs. Andrew Carnegie, Bernard M. Baruch, Joseph P. Day, Udo M. Fleischmann, Chauncey M. Depew, Lawrence L. Gillespie, Mrs. George Barrie, Walter B. Duryea, Wm. Roger Burlingame, Dwight L. Elmendorf, Cleveland F. Bacon, John H. Finley, Richard H. Eggleston, Jr.\nJames Colby, Dr. T. Stuart Hart, Russell A. Cowles, Lewis M. Borden, Dr. James Ewing, Joseph H. Choate, Wm. P. Hardenberg, Sydney C. McCall, Dr. Edwin C. Chamberlin, Irving Brokaw, Donald Fiske Jenks, J. Paxton Blair, Jr., Dr. Homer T. Joy, Geo. C. McKesson, Van Rensselaer Halsey, H. L. Cammann, Chas. L. Lawrence, Arthur W. Page, Dr. Kate L. Norris, Edwin P. Grosvenor, Robert J. Caldwell, Sterling S. Beardsley, Mansfield Estabrook, Eugene DuBois, Theodore P. Dixon, Jay Gould, John S. Billings, Jr., John Greenough, Felix D. Doubleday, Dr. Reginald Burbank, Charles A. Dana, P. R. Harris, Walter Damrosch, Thomas J. Goddard, Francis J. Danforth, Elbert H. Gary, Dr. Henry M. Painter, Geo. G. Frelinghuysen, Fred\u2019k H. Dillingham, Frank Gray Griswold, Irving Fisher, Francis Colgate Dale, Geo. Ross Kenyon, Judge Geo. L. Ingraham, Sherwood Orr, Chas. M. Newcombe, Fay Ingalls, Edwin S. Matthews.\nAlfred Opdyke, Lewis L. Clarke, Francis S. Crowell, Charles T. Olcott, E. Howard Childs, J. Sergeant Cram, Harold D. Bentley, Henry A. Griffin, Winthrop Dahlgren, Frank It. Outerbridge, Vernon Mansfield Davis, Fitch Gilbert Jr., Ernest Fahnestock, Edward Hardy Clark, Harry H. Flagler, Murray Olyphant, Robert H. Fowler, LeRoy McKim, Arthur F. Chase, Manice D. Lockwood, Stuyvesant Fish, Bruce McLean Falconer, Wm. L. Benedict\n\nArrange the following in one list alphabetically:\n1. State\n2. City or town\n3. Name of person or firm\n\nYou have been asked to systematize your employer\u2019s mixed mailing list, which is used for circularization purposes. To facilitate the handling of circulars (third-class mail) at the post office, they are to be sent there grouped, first, as to states, and then as to cities and towns within the states.\nOscar Robb, Antrim, NH\nHolyoke Heater Co, Holyoke, MA\nThe Stadler Products Co, 951 Denison Ave, Cleveland, OH\nGulbransen Company, Chicago, IL\nW. A. Sheaffer Pen Co, Fort Madison, IA\nCadillac Motor Car Co, Detroit, MI\nM. C. Emery, Berlin, MD\nS. C. Harmon & Son, Racine, WI\nPettes & Company, North Troy, VT\nMrs. Muriel G. Blake, Mystic, CT\nPhilip M. Fitch, Grafton, MA\nHydeville Slate Works, Hydeville, VT\nThe Jax Company, Steger, IL\nBowen & Potter, Peru, IN\nOakland Motor Car Co, Pontiac, MI\nPostum Cereal Co, Inc, Battle Creek, MI\nAmerican Radiator Co, 1807 Elmwood Ave, Buffalo, NY\nC. B. Franklin, 190 18th St, Milwaukee, WI\nMerrifield, Scott & Co, Warwick, MD\nJones Bros & Co, Orlando, FL\nA. M. Brown, Goldsboro, NC\nBrown & Churchill, Lake City, FL\nFrank M. Osborn, Memphis, TN\nCarl E. Eastman, Mt. Pleasant, YA\nKent & Thurston, Wichita, KS\nThe Frank Maxwell Co., Anniston, AL\nFloyd C. YanVleck, Norristown, PA\nMerton A. Wilson, Robertville, WA\nCurtis & Nelson Co., Dothan, AL\nCurtis N. Osgood, Clearfield, PA\nAvery, Smith & Co., Newport News, VA\nChas. A. Bennett, Winston-Salem, NC\nB. E. Walsh, Kirkwood, CA\nEdwin C. Carter, Marshall, TX\nEureka Mfg. Co., Spokane, WA\nF. M. Harrison Co., Bridgeport, CT\nMiss Florence G. Mason, Southbridge, MA\nVermont Hardware Co., Burlington, VT\nAmoskeag Mfg. Co., Manchester, NH\nH. A. Bartlett, Harmony, ME\nC. M. Oakley Co., New Britain, CT\nThe Long-Bell Lumber Co., Kansas City, MO\nF. C. Fuller, Rochester, NY\nIrvin C. Kimball, Gainesville, TX\nFederal Land Banks, Washington, DC\nI. Real Silk Hosiery Mills, Indianapolis, IN\nCyclone Fence Co., Cleveland, OH\nBurlington Basket Co., 45 Hawkeye Bldg., Burlington, IA\nChampion Spark Plug Co., Toledo, OH\nTowne & York Co., Lewiston, ME\nBlair & Ormsbee, Hannibal, MO\nTennessee Nursery Co., Cleveland, TN\nPercival A. Goodhue, Greensboro, NC\nOwens Brothers, Hagerstown, MD\nA. G. Hammond, Wellsboro, PA\nII. Numeric filing.\nArrange the following names and addresses for numeric filing:\nFiling. Number the cards. The last file number used in your particular file was 1025.\nReceived:\nMr. John Alexander\nForest Hills\nLong Island\nBrown & Brown Co.\nLynn, MA\nJohn J. Havemeyer\nBrooklyn, NY\nMuskegon Knitting Mills\nMuskegon, MI\nAmoskeag Mfg. Co.\nManchester, NH\nJ. P. Westbrook & Co.\nHiram P. Schok, Lancaster, Pa, Federated Automobile Owners' Assn, 1819 Broadway, New York, NY, Lawrence C. Egan, San Diego, Calif, National Biscuit Co, 85 Ninth Ave, New York, NY, Harry L. Atwell, Erie, Pa, Applied Office Practice,\n\nMiss Barbara M. Burke, Oct. 1, 19, Clarenceville, P.Q, Franklin P. Morehouse, Dec. 1, 19-, Old Lyme, Conn, Creighton M. Baxter, June 30, 19--, Castine, Maine,\n\n2. Exercise in coding. Refer to chart for automatic filing, page 183. Fill in columns 2, 3, 4 and 5. The first name is given as an example.\n\nCode Number\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nIII. Geographic and alphabetic filing.\n\n1. The following list of names represents letters that have come into the office and copies of letters that have gone out. You are asked to index them for geographic filing. Make a diagram as follows and classify the names accordingly:\n\nState Town or City Name\n-----------------------\n\nArrange alphabetically first as to state, then alphabetically as to town or city, and lastly alphabetically as to names within the same town or city. Arrange names in true indexing form (directory form).\n\nSterling Paint Co.\nSan Francisco, CA\nWarren Refining Co.\nWarren, PA\nLambert Multiplus Co.\n110 Union Ave.\nPortland, OR\nWarren H. Manning\nTremont Bldg.\nBoston, MA\nBluffs City Lumber & Coal Co.\nCouncil Bluffs, IA\nLewis & Burroughs Co.\nSchenectady, NY\nOswald Kidder Co.\nFifth & Norwood Sts.\nDayton, OH\nLewis M. Mitchell\nManchester Rd.\nUrbana, IL\nAshland Fire Brick Co.\nAshland, KY\nJ. C. Smith Co.\nChicago, IL\nWisconsin Iron & Wire Works\n1660 Booth St.\nMilwaukee, WI\nWilcox, Crittenden & Co., Inc.\nMiddletown, CT\nStandard Paint Co.\n233 Broadway\nNew York, NY\nThe Schwab Safe Co.\nLafayette, IN\nDouglas Fir Trading Co.\nSeattle, WA\nInvincible Metal Furniture Co.\nManitowoc, WI\nW. H. Gunlocke Chair Co.\nWayland, NY\nThe Trumbull Table Co.\nWarren, OH\nP. A. Gardner Leather Works, Inc.\n709 Pine St.\nSt. Louis, MO\nUnion Ribbon & Carbon Co.\nFront & Laurel Sts.\nPhiladelphia, PA\nThe Macey Company, Grand Rapids, Mich.\nButterworth-Judson Co., 75 Market St., Newark, N.J.\nThomas Laughlin Co., Portland, Maine\nThe Hall Safe Co., Spring Grove St., Cincinnati, Ohio\nTreiber-Cahill Mfg. Co., 818 Park St., Syracuse, N.Y.\nElectric Appliance Co., San Francisco, Calif.\nThe Jamestown Metal Desk Co., Jamestown, N.Y.\nGraff-Underwood Co., 18 Beacon St., Somerville, Mass.\nA. P. Little, Inc., Rochester, N.Y.\nThe Compo Corporation, Westport, Conn.\nUnion Market, Seattle, Washington\nFederal Laundry, Dayton, Ohio\nWalker & Walker, Billings, Mont.\nG. Avery Ellsworth, Ashland, Va.\nReigner Company, Charleston, S.C.\nMorris C. Topping, Live Oak, Fla.\nDuplex Sales Co., Lewiston, Maine\nArnold & Company, Spokane, Wash.\nGeorge E. Van Tassell, Boulder, Colo.\nDenoyer, Hexter Co., Carbondale, Pa.\nF. A. Watson, 57 Church St., Burlington, Vt.\nM. Alice Farley, Lexington, Ky.\nKansas City, Mo.\nColonial Iron Co, Pittsburgh, Pa\nBeverly Mfg Co, National Surety Co, Bristol, Conn, Warren, R.I.\nStanley Ferris & Co, Dr. E. Clarence Gilmore, Macon, Ga, Aberdeen, S.Dak\nMortimer-Smith & Williams, Palmer Construction Co, Pocatello, Idaho, Fort Worth, Texas\nQuick Meal Service, C. M. Reed, Kentwood, La, Las Yegas, Nevada\nFitch Lumber Co, Prof. Murray A. Hamilton, Lafayette, Ind, Muskegon, Mich\nSt. Louis Board of Trade, Johnson Hardware Co, Birmingham, Ala, St. Louis, Mo\nLeavitt\u2019s Garage, Noble & Pattison, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Rochester, N.Y\nTuttle Cleaning Co, Bay State Lumber Co, 165 Sycamore St, Little Rock, Ark, Worcester, Mass\nRussell A. Ince & Co, Miss C. Frances Kellerman, Greenville, S.C, Wichita, Kansas\nCrowell & Smith, F. J. McClelland & Co, Silver City, New Mexico, Nashua, N.H\nMiss Hilda C. Orr, The Republic Box Co, 1693 Merwin St, Bristow, Oklahoma\nA\nAdams, Allen, Amos, Anson, Archer, Ashton, Atkins, Augustine, Auburn\nB\nBailey, Baldridge, Baldwin, Barclay, Barnes, Barr, Basil, Beasley, Belcher, Bennet, Berry, Bernstein, Bordeaux, Borland, Boroughs, Boston, Bowen\nC\nCarr, Carpenter, Carter, Chadwick, Chandler, Charles, Chambers, Chance, Clark, Clay, Colburn, Colorado, Colton, Connor, Cooper, Cox, Crane, Crenshaw, Crawford, Crosby\nD\nDaniels, Darby, Davenport, Davis, Derby, Dixon, Dorsey, Douglas, Driscoll\nE\nEdwards, Elliott, Evans, Evers, Ewing\nF\nFischer, Fisher, Fitch, Foster, Franklin, Freeman, Fry\nG\nGarcia, Gerald, Gerhardt, Gibson, Goldstein, Green, Griffith, Gross, Grossman, Guzman\nH\nHamilton, Hanley, Hanson, Harper, Harris, Hart, Hastings, Hays, Hewitt, Hill, Hodges, Holmes, Hopkins, Hoskins, Huff, Hughes, Hull\nI\nIngram, Irving, Isbell, Jackson, James, Johnson, Jones\nK\nKeeler, Kelley, Kennedy, Kessler, King, Kirk, Kline\nL\nLambert, Landry, Langley, Larkin, Lawrence, Lee, Leighton, Lennard, Leroy, Lewis, Lindsay, Lopez, Lucas, Lyman\nM\nMaddox, Mahoney, Malone, Marsh, Mason, Matthews, McAllister, McCormick, McDermott, McGuire, McGowan, McKenzie, McLaughlin, McLeod, McMahon, McNamara, McNulty, McVeigh, Meadows, Meeks, Melvin, Mercer, Miller, Mitchell, Montgomery, Morgan, Morris, Mosley, Murphy, Myers\nN\nNelson, Newton\nO\nO'Brien, O'Connor, O'Donnell, O'Neill, O'Reilly, Owens, Owensby, Owensboro\nP\nParker, Patel, Paul, Phillips, Porter, Powell, Price, Pritchard, Puckett, Purdue, Quinn, Quigley, Quinlan, Quinones, Ramirez, Ransom, Ray, Reid, Reilly, Riley, Roberts, Robinson, Rogers, Ross, Rowe, Russell\nS\nSanchez, Sanders, Satterfield, Schmidt, Schneider, Scott, Searcy, Sellers, Shaw, Shepherd, Shelton, Simmons, Sims, Smith, Snyder, Spencer, Stewart, Stone, Stokes, Summers, Swanson, Swift, Sweeney\nT\nTaylor, Thompson, Thompson, Tillman, Torres, Turner, Tucker, Tyson\nV\nValdez, Vasquez\nW\nWalker, Walsh, Ward, Warren, Washington, Waters, Watson, Watts, Webster, Webb, Weeks, White, Williams, Wilson, Winters, Winston, Wood, Wright, Wynn\nY\nYoung, Yates, Yoho, Yount, Younts, Yorke, Yost, Youngblood, Younger, Youngman, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts, Younts\nBow, Br, Brown, Bru, C, Cam, Cas, Ch, Cle, Com, Con, Cr, Cro, Dav, De, Dim, Do, Du, Dun, El, En, Far, Fe, Fo, Fos, Fu, G, Gi, Gil, Good, Gr, Gu, H, Har, Harris, Hei, Hen, Ho, Hoi, Hu, Hunt, Jad, Je, Jor, K, Ken, Ki, Ko, Kr, Lar, Lau, Lev, Li, Lu, Ly, Man, Mar, Me, McCl, Me, Mer, Milli, Mis, Morris, Mos, N, Ne, No, North, Or, Os, Pe, Per, PI, Po, Pu, Q, Rei, Rel, Ro, Roc, Ble, Bre, Bu, Can, Che, Co, Cook, Cu, Dem, Don, E, Es, Fi, Fr, Gar, Gray, Hal, Hart, Her, Horn, I, Jo, Kar, King, Ku, Le, Line, M, Martin, McD, Met, Mo, Mu, Neu, O, P, Peters, Por, R, Ri, Rol, Rose, Ross, Ru, Rus, S, Sal, San, Sar, Sch, Schl, Scho, Schu, Sci, Se, Sel, Sh, Shea, Sher, Si, Sim, Sk, Sm, Smith, Sn, So, Sp, St, Stans, Ste, Ster, Sto, Str, Su, Sun, Sw, T, Tar, Te, Th, Thompson, Ti, To, Tr, Tu, U, United, V, Vane, Ve, Vo, W, Wal, War, Wat, We, Wei, Wei, West, Wh, White, Wi, Williams, Williamson, Wilson, Win, Wo, Wood, Wright, X-Y, Z.\nRefer to the alphabetic file subdivisions shown on pages 205 to 207. Place a tab designation after each name that will appear on the folder in which you would file the letter represented by that name. Place this tabbing notation one inch from the name and keep your column straight.\n\nFor instance, Sterling Paint Co. should be followed by the folder tab designation, Ster.\n\nSterling Paint Co. Ster\n\nThis means that a letter from the Sterling Paint Co. should be filed behind the Ster guide in the Ster miscellaneous folder.\n\nChapter VIII\n\nOffice Machines\n\nTo the Instructor: The problems planned in connection with office machines depend upon the equipment of the office practice room. It will be found, however, that some firms are willing to lend specimen machines for a limited time and to set them up and demonstrate their use and care.\nThe simplest equipment should include, in addition to necessary typewriters, one duplicating machine and one adding machine. The acquisition of an addressing machine, while not absolutely necessary, provides interesting practice in addressing envelopes, putting the inside address on circular letters, and addressing wrappers. The mechanism of adding and calculating machines and instructions for their use vary with different makes. It matters very little, however, in practice problems, what make of machine is used, as all problems of adding and listing can be worked out on any straight listing machine, and those involving multiplication, subtraction, and division on any calculating machine. The scope of this chapter does not permit mentioning all machines of a given type; therefore, in each case, only a small number of representative machines have been listed.\nMachines Commonly Used in Business Offices\n\nThe day of handwritten business communications has passed. No business office today is complete without one or more typewriters, operated either by hand or by motor.\n\nMachines used in connection with the handling of mail and the use of the telephone and telegraph will be found described in their respective chapters.\n\nOFFICE MACHINES\n\nIf you have any intention of entering upon a business career, a workable knowledge of stenography and typewriting is essential.\n\nThere will be many machines which will be new to you in the first year of your office work, and these we have listed:\nA brief description of each follows:\n\nThere is a tendency in many modern offices to overstock with labor-saving devices. In some instances, these have proved a hindrance rather than a help due to the divided responsibility entailed. On the other hand, it is almost impossible to say too much for the enormous saving of time and hand labor which these modern inventions have accomplished. Among the great number of advertised labor savers, there are some which will be useful in any office. Among these, you will doubtless come in contact with various types of duplicating machines, copying and dictating machines, adding, calculating, and bookkeeping machines, and possibly a few highly specialized instruments such as the telautograph, dictograph, and electrically-operated typewriter.\n\nTime Recording Machines\nA time recording system is a great aid in securing punctuality and efficiency.\nTo secure increased production, it's important to reduce leaks caused by irregular attendance. Employees should be credited with extra hours for overtime work. Many time recording machines are available, each designed to meet specific needs. Most of these machines have an automatic two-color device that prints time in red for late, early, and overtime workers.\n\nThere are two main classes of time recorders: those that record by card and those that record by dial. The illustration above shows a card time recording machine. Each employee is given a numbered card, which is inserted in an opening in the clock frame. A lever is then pulled to record the time.\nDown and the exact time is automatically printed on the card. The card is then placed in the IN or the OUT rack, as the case may be. In the dial time recorders, an internal record may be kept on a daily or a weekly sheet which forms a pay roll. As many as one hundred and fifty people may record their time on one machine for an entire week. The illustration following pictures a widely used dial time recording machine.\n\nOffice Machines\nDial Time Recording Machine\nMachines Used in Connection with Correspondence\n1. Dictating machines. (The Dictaphone, the Ediphone.)\nThe object of the dictating machine is to eliminate the writing of business letters twice, once in shorthand, and once on the typewriter. Dictation is recorded on a cylinder and later reproduced by the transcribing machine to a typist or secretary. This method is especially useful when the writer is absent or when the letter is long.\nThe equipment for dictation includes: a. The dictating machine, used by the executive for dictation, recording or engraving the dictation onto a cylinder via a mouthpiece. b. Cylinders, used for recording the dictation. c. The transcribing machine, used by the secretary for transcribing the dictation recorded on the cylinder by the dictating machine. d. The shaving machine, used to shave the cylinders, making them ready for new dictation.\n\nThe dictating machine can be installed on the dictator's desk or near it. It is always ready for dictation. The cylinder is first used on the dictating machine, with a sapphire point engraving the dictation onto the cylinder. (Dictating Machine)\nThe lever is used to release the recorder from the cylinder, place it in position to record dictation, or place the recorder in reproducing position to repeat any dictation. The cylinder containing the dictation is then placed on the transcribing machine. Here, it will reproduce the dictation exactly as given. A controlling device starts and stops the cylinder at the secretary's will. A hearing tube connects the sound box with the secretary's ears.\n\nTranscribing Machine\n\nThe machine way of writing shorthand (Stenotype, Dictatype). The purpose of these machines is to take the place of the notebook in the stenographer's hands. The machine writes in plain alphabet type on a strip of paper similar to that used in adding machines. However, instead of pressing only one key at a time, as on the typewriter, the stenographer presses a combination of keys simultaneously to record complex syllables and words.\nThree, six, ten, or any number of keys are struck at the same time. Since any number of keys may be pressed simultaneously, the word \"starts\" is written in one stroke. Therefore, on the shorthand machine, the operator writes practically a word at a stroke. On the typewriter, this word would require seven strokes \u2014 one for each of the six letters and one for a Space.\n\nMachine shorthand is based on phonetics \u2014 sound writing. The word \"should\" is written as \"shud.\" Here is a sample sentence written exactly as it appears in the notes of an operator of the Stenotype.\n\nShe\nA\nRe d\nHa t\n\nAs you will note from the sentence reproduced above, the notes, being in plain type, are easily read by anyone. Notes taken by one operator, therefore, may be read by anyone else who knows the code.\n\nModern Roller Copier.\nFor business purposes, it's important to retain copies of all letters and documents sent out. Certain types of machines are used for this: the letter press and the roller press.\n\nCopying by means of the letter press is not a modern method, but it's still used in some offices when an exact copy of letters and documents, with signatures, needs to be retained. It has certain disadvantages, as the process is slow and cumbersome, and likely to blur both the original letter and the copy. Letters from a correspondent and copies of replies cannot be filed in one folder, as incoming letters are filed in one place, while copies of answers are kept in what is called a \u201cletter-press book.\u201d In looking up correspondence, letters and their corresponding replies are not kept together.\nThe response necessitates a search through several letter-press books to assemble what's wanted. The roller press is the modern type of letter press, doing away with some of the disadvantages of the old-time method. A roll of specially prepared moistened paper is placed in the machine, and the letters to be copied are then fed into the machine over an impression roller. The Honeo Copier is a machine of this type. The carbon paper method is, however, the common and popular way, as the copy is made at the same time as the original letter, and the copy may be filed with the letter to which it is an answer. Corrections or changes made on the original must be indicated on the copy, otherwise it loses its value. Care must be exercised in cases where the letter is rewritten, to see that all but the necessary parts are not obscured.\nThe final letter and the copy are destroyed.\n\nDuplicating machines can be classified as:\na. Machines that make impressions from type through an inked ribbon. The multigraph is a machine of this type.\nb. Machines that make impressions by means of stencils. The mimeograph comes under this heading.\nc. Machines that require the use of the gelatin process. This is the hectograph principle. Among the machines of this type are the Ditto Machine and the Speedograph.\n\nThe Multigraph Typesetter\n\nThe \"fill-in\" or inside address, and the address on the envelope, are typed on the typewriter. A good match is possible because the multigraph impression can be regulated to conform with the touch of the typist who fills in the inside address. Thus, only the general tone of the letter reveals that it is not personally typed.\nThe multigraph is a typesetting duplicating machine that can produce an unlimited number of copies. Useful in circularization work where original-looking letters are required. Some models allow filling in names and addresses, signing letters, and addressing envelopes in one operation. The type, specially designed, is taken from the typesetter and set up on the printing drum in parallel slots cut horizontally. The printing drum is then transferred to the printer. A ribbon is placed over the type on the drum, and proper adjustments are made. The paper is next fed into the machine.\nThe copies are produced with each revolution of the drum. Larger models are equipped with motor drive, automatic feed, card and envelope feed, printing ink, and signature attachments. One such machine is illustrated above. Additionally, a typography machine can be supplied with a multigraph. This machine stamps characters on aluminum strip, cuts it off at the end of each line, and assembles the strips of type, a line at a time, on a flexible sheet metal blanket. The blanket, when clamped on the multigraph, is ready for printing, either through a ribbon or with printing ink. The mimeograph is a rotary stencil duplicating machine. It reproduces thousands of copies from one stencil and is therefore especially valuable when large numbers of copies are required.\nMaking a stencil: Placing a stencil on a mimeograph\n\nA handwritten stencil is created by writing on it with a stylus or steel-pointed pencil, similar to writing on a sheet of paper. Drawings, maps, charts, forms, and similar work can be traced onto the stencil using a stylus. Typewriting, handwriting, and drawings can be mimeographed in combination from the same stencil at one operation, if desired.\n\nTypewriting the stencil:\nShift the ribbon out of printing position, or if there is no shifting device on the typewriter, remove the ribbon entirely. Clean the type thoroughly. If the platen (roller) of the typewriter is the ordinary one used in office work, namely, medium, and the type is in reasonably good condition, the usual touch of the average operator will be sufficient to produce a clear impression.\nThe stencil should be carefully made for legible results. It will remain clear if perfectly cut. Letters such as a and e may collect stencil coating particles, which can be brushed out with a type brush. Brushing the type is recommended for satisfactory results. Use a light touch on the keys and exercise caution when striking the $, #, %, @, M, W, E, and other worn letters on the specific typewriting machine. If any letters or characters appear less distinct, strike them lightly a second time until they match. When removing the stencil from the typewriter, avoid wrinkling. Once typed, attach the stencil to the perforated cylinder of the mimeograph.\nThe ink is fed from a fountain on the inside of the cylinder. This ink passes through a cloth pad and finally through the perforations in the stencil itself. Copies are run off by turning the cylinder using a handle or an electric motor. If it's necessary to duplicate drawings, maps, or sketches, a special outfit called a mimeoscope is used for preparing the stencil. This same equipment is also useful in duplicating business forms such as bills, invoices, and statements. The third method of duplication, the gelatin or composition process, is most valuable when more than one color is required. This process is especially adapted for making ten to fifty copies. The printing beds consist of strips or rolls of gelatin composition. The original, or master copy, may be typewritten or handwritten.\nTo duplicate an original document, use a hectograph ribbon or duplicating carbon paper if typewritten, or a good indelible pencil if handwritten. A Gelatine Type of Duplicator can also be employed for small copy numbers. When using carbon paper, the carbon copy serves as the original or master copy.\n\nTo prepare the gelatin strip for duplicating copy, moisten the printing bed with a wet sponge, remove excess moisture, place the original face downward, and press it out smooth with an impression roller. This transfers the copy to the gelatin surface. The original is then removed, and copy sheets are put on the printing bed, smoothed out, and removed at once. Some machines have an automatic feeder.\n\nOffice Machines\nGraphotype\nThe name and information of each employee appear on the pay roll sheet, pay envelope, and pay check. In relation to charge accounts, the names and addresses of all customers with charge accounts are written on the monthly statement plate. Addressing machines are used for a great portion of the detailed work in every office, as the same names of individuals and articles are written frequently - on the payroll, orders, envelopes, post cards, wrappers, mailing cards, bills, statements, invoices, tags, labels, waybills, checks. Addressing machines are useful for addressing envelopes, post cards, wrappers, mailing cards, bills, statements, invoices, tags, labels, waybills, checks.\nPay envelopes, time cards, and time sheets. The name and address of the individual or the name of the article with its description or price is embossed or cut on a metal or fiber stencil plate. These printing plates are filed in a card index fashion in metal drawers or filing cabinets.\n\nThere are therefore two types of addressing machines:\n\n1. Perforator for Automatic Typewriter Stencil\n2. Automatic Typewriter\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\nAn addressing machine which employs stencils is the Elliott Addressing Machine. The Addressograph prints by means of metal plates.\n\nThe automatic typewriter. In order to make a large number of identical addresses, an automatic typewriter is used. It is essentially an ordinary typewriter with a mechanism for repeating the same character or group of characters. This mechanism consists of a series of type elements, each of which is designed to type a single character or group of characters. The type elements are arranged in a magazine or cylinder, and the operator selects the desired character or group by operating a lever or other control. The type element is then brought into position to strike the paper, and the character or group is typed. The type element is then returned to its original position, ready for the next selection. This process is repeated as often as necessary to complete the address.\n\nAutomatic Typewriter Office Machines\n\n1. Applied Office Practice\n2. Elliott Addressing Machine\n3. Addressograph\n4. Automatic Typewriter.\nThe automatic typewriter has evolved through a typewritten process using a perforating machine to cut a stencil resembling a music roll for a player piano. The Varityper stencil is placed on the automatic typewriter, which looks like a standard typewriter. Paper is inserted, and the inside address and salutation are typed by hand. The motor is then turned on, resulting in a typewritten letter.\n\nThe flexible typewriter (Varityper) allows the writer to deviate from stereotyped business letters. Typically, the type face in any given letter is the same. However, with this machine, various types of type faces can be used, and letters may be written closer together than usual.\nThe line spacing may be reduced. This feature enables the operator to condense the average two-page letter into one. A small metallic crescent-like type plate contains all the letters and characters in a certain kind of type. By taking out one type plate and inserting a different one, the operator is enabled to change the kind of type at will.\n\nThis machine is motor driven. That is, the operator strikes the keys, but the key stroke is completed by an electric motor.\n\nMachines Used by Bookkeeping and Financial Departments\n1. Adding machines. Technically, adding machines perform only one operation, addition. The addends, or items to be added, and the totals are recorded on a narrow strip of paper. Some adding machines have been improved to such an extent that it is now possible to subtract, multiply, and divide as well as add on these.\nMachines are great assistance in bookkeeping and making invoices and statements. These machines are indispensable in the modern office because they free the office worker from the drudgery of repeated arithmetical operations. Next to the typewriter, adding machines are more widely used than any other business office machine.\n\nThese machines are useful for proving daily postings, finding daily ledger balances or daily cash balances, footing ledger accounts, reconciling a cash book balance with the balance indicated by the monthly statement from the bank, footing inventories, and for a number of other purposes.\n\nAdding machines fall under different classifications according to use:\n\nListing machines. These provide a printed record of items.\nAnd there are a number of good machines, among which are the Wales, Victor, and Burroughs. Non-listing machines. These machines do not make a printed record, but show the result in dials.\n\nOffice Machines\n\n1. Calculating machines. Machines of this type are computing machines that are usually non-listing. They are designed to save time and to reduce mental effort by the mechanical calculation of problems involving the fundamental operations of arithmetic. They will add, subtract, multiply and divide, both whole numbers and fractions. The result is shown in dials. For figuring invoices, checking and proving sales slips, preparing cost figures, making estimates, and figuring pay rolls, these machines are indispensable. Among the calculating machines in use are Burroughs, Comptometer, and Monroe.\nCASH SHEET\nDATE __\n\nDEBITS\nCASH CASH\nSALES JOURNAL\nALLEN fc CO\nAUSTIN BROS\nNET CASH DISCOUNT\nNO\nNEWJL08K _ DA TE. VAN 18_\nDf7 4 C RECEIVABLE\nOLD BALANCE\nNO\nDATE l61\nJAN IS\npnoor\nNAME V Adams\n6 eO\nACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE LEDGER\nJAN 1 JAN 4\nBALANCE FORWARD 2 GR WINDOW HOOKS 5 GR #2 SCREWS 5 TRTCMENT THE PROGRESSIVE CO USR C H Brown 42 CLIFF ST BOSTON MASS : AMOUNT RETURN THIS STUB WITH YOUR CHECK YOU CHECK RETURNED BY YOUR BANK IS YOUR RECEIPT >LO BALANCE NO. JAN 9 DESCRIPTION Bala*C* POAWA.O 2 GR WINDOW HOOKS\n5  GR  #2  SCREWS \n1  GR  12\"  BRACKETS \n1  ROLL  WIRE  SCREEN \nCASH \n1  KEG  4114  NAILS \n1  DOZ  #26  HAMMERS \nPRICE \nAMOUNT \nCHARGES \ni9  eo \ninvoice \nTHE  PROGRESSIVE,  CO. \n\u2022Oi-P  TO  C  H  BROWN \n42  CLIFF  ST \nBOSTON  MASS \nBROWN \nOLD  WALAMCI \nDtlC* IfTlOK \nailililsfe  163  1  JAN  10  1  KEG  #,14  NAILS \nLrellsirzJIsireJtsira  i  II  1  00Z  #26  HAMERS \nSTrZI  tsira  Isira  [sif3[ \nsiTasKasifasTfal \n5ifa  Sira  Sira  isifal \ntsfaGuasuasuai \n(siraSuatsTrasp. \nT..M.  IVIOBAV.  .ODAY-NKT  NO  ALi^WBO  APTBR IK> \nMO  NL...O  HAO.  WCT-.N  \u2022  ....  POOH  -\u00abC\u00abOT  OPOOOOO \no \no \no \nBookkeeping  Forms \nThis  set  of  forms  shows:  (1)  an  invoice;  (2)  a  statement;  (3)  a  posting \nto  the  Accounts  Receivable  Ledger;  (4)  an  entry  in  the  Sales  Journal; \n(5)  an  entry  in  the  Daily  Record  of  Cash  Receipts.  Entries  have  been  made \non  all  five  forms  at  one  operation. \nOFFICE  MACHINES \nBookkeeping  or  accounting  machines  are  used  for  practi\u00ac \nAll kinds of bookkeeping work are handled by these machines. The machines not only add and subtract debit and credit postings but also prove the correctness of these entries. Each account shows at all times the current balance, proven by the bookkeeping machine.\n\nAutomatic Feed Billing Machine\nThis illustration provides a general idea of the flat writing surface used in modern billing machines. The forms are fed through the machine from the rear in one continuous strip containing hundreds of sets. The carbon paper is also in long strips and is interleaved between the form copies.\n\nBilling machines (Remington, Burroughs, and Elliott-Fisher). Billing machines contain, in addition to a standard typewriter, a calculating mechanism electrically controlled. It is therefore possible to print all entries and make necessary extensions, in addition to computing.\nAll necessary discounts when the proper keys are manipulated. They are used in the accounting departments of Applied Office Practice. These forms consist of seven copies and represent one method used for combining billing and order writing. The first copy is the original for the customer; the second is for the bookkeeping department; the third is for shipping; the fourth, for statistics; the fifth, for express receipt; the sixth, for packing slip; and the seventh, for follow-up. The seven copies shown above were made with one operation.\n\nOffice machines are used in business houses. Such machines are used for making statements, payrolls, invoices, order entries, departmental records, statistical work, and for a variety of similar purposes.\n\nThe automatic feed billing machine eliminates the following waste motions:\n1. Inserting carbon sheets between form copies.\n2. Jogging carbon sheets and form copies into alignment.\n3. Inserting the sets into the machine.\n4. Realigning the sets for good registration.\n5. Moving the sets to the first writing position.\n6. After writing, withdrawing completed forms from the machine and removing carbon sheets from between form copies.\n\nElectric Tabulating and Accounting Machine\n1. Electric Key Punch\n2. Electric Card Sorting Machine\n3. Electric Accounting Machine\n4. Tabulating machines are designed to compile, classify, and analyze statistical information relating to appropriation and expense distribution, sales analysis, cost accounting, stock accounting, railroad accounting and statistics, insurance accounting and statistics.\n5. Tabulating machines (The Hollerith and the Powers).\n\nTabulating machines are designed to compile, classify, and analyze statistical information for appropriation and expense distribution, sales analysis, cost accounting, stock accounting, railroad accounting and statistics, insurance accounting.\nInformation is coded and transferred to certain cards using a punching machine that makes perforations in the appropriate places. These cards are printed with vertical columns of figures ranging from 0 to 9, or from 0 to 12. All information to be recorded on the cards must be expressed in figures.\n\nThe sorting and tabulating of the cards depend on the desired information. Cards are fed through a sorting machine, where they are sorted automatically according to the perforations into certain classifications that have been previously planned. Each group classification is then fed into a hopper and run through a tabulating machine, which tabulates as many as five columns of information at once and prints the report.\n\nSpecial Communicating Machines:\n1. Interior telephones. The primary purpose of the telephone is to provide contact with the outside world.\nWhen telephones are used for inter-office conversation, they are diverted from this main function, resulting in both interior and exterior telephone service suffering. To avoid this condition, the dictograph has come into widespread use. This machine makes it possible to call several departments for information while holding an outside party on the line, and it makes it unnecessary for an executive to leave his desk for consultation. This system eases the burden at the switchboard by removing interior traffic, and an improvement is usually evident in the outside service. The operator is able to devote her entire attention to this class of calls.\n\nTo make a call, it is only necessary to raise a key and talk. This system enables an executive to enter into discussion freely.\nThe dictograph allows one or more individuals to conduct conversations without handling a receiver or speaking into a mouthpiece. This convenience is achieved through a sensitive microphone that transmits messages and a loud-speaking receiver for clear and distinct reproduction of answering voices.\n\nThe dictograph offers several advantages:\n1. External telephone wires remain free for outside calls as all internal conversations take place on this interior telephone system.\n2. It is essential that every executive be in a place where they can be promptly found. Naturally, this place is at their desk. The dictograph enables them to conduct business from their desk.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n2. The telautograph is an instrument used for transmitting handwriting instantaneously over wires. It is employed in banks, offices, railroad terminals, etc.\nFactories, hospitals, hotels, wholesale houses, department stores, insurance companies, and other business houses \u2014 wherever interdepartmental communication is desirable or necessary to transmit messages of grave importance, particularly messages containing figures.\n\nTelautograph:\n1. Transmitting Station.\n2. Selecting Switch Keys.\n3. Receiving Station.\n\nMessages written on a transmitter are instantly reproduced on receivers located in adjoining departments, buildings, or cities. A permanent written record of every message sent or received is made in indelible ink. Important messages and communications of any kind, in order to be of permanent value, must be recorded. A message by telephone depends for its accuracy largely upon the person receiving it. A message by telegraph depends for its accuracy to a large extent upon the receiving telegraphist.\nThe  method  of  sending  messages  by  telautograph  is  un\u00ac \nusually  safe  as  it  furnishes  a  permanent  record  on  rolls  of \npaper.  The  message  appears  in  the  identical  handwriting \nOFFICE  MACHINES \nof  the  sender  at  all  the  stations  which  are  connected.  In \nthis  way,  responsibility  for  error  can  at  once  be  located. \n3.  The  telephone  typewriter  is  used  for  sending  and \nreceiving  messages  over  telephone  wires.  The  machines \nare  so  constructed  that  when  a  message  is  typed  on  one \nmachine  in  a  circuit  it  appears  simultaneously  in  type- \nTelephone  Typewriter \nwritten  form  on  any  or  all  machines  in  that  circuit.  The \nfour  general  classifications  of  Telephone  Typewriters  are: \n1.  Tape  sending  and  receiving  (like  the  one  in  the  pic\u00ac \nture)  which  can  both  send  and  receive  messages. \n2.  Tape  receiving  only. \n3.  Page  sending  and  receiving,  which  are  adapted  to \nUsing a paper of letterhead width. An attachment may be fitted to this machine which permits automatic sending.\n\nPage receiving only.\n\nTelephone typewriters are used by business firms, financial houses, industrial concerns, and press associations having offices in several cities. Stock market reports, financial news, orders, reports of various kinds, news items, and many other messages are transmitted between distant cities at a speed ranging from forty to sixty words a minute.\n\nMiscellaneous Machines\n\nThe photostat is a simple, practical machine for quickly producing photographic copies of drawn, written, or printed matter.\n\nA roll of specially sensitized paper is held in the machine and the subject photographed directly upon this paper in a few seconds\u2019 exposure. No film or glass negative is required.\nThe exposed section of paper is wound directly into the developing compartment of the machine and cut from the roll. In thirty seconds, the developed print is drawn into the mixing compartment where it remains while subsequent copies are made. Afterward, all the fixed prints are removed to a tank of circulating water where the chemicals are washed off. Copies are then dried and are ready for use.\n\nOffice Machines\n\nThis method is in general use all over the world by government departments, banks, insurance companies, railroads, industrial corporations, and individuals who have a need for facsimile copies.\n\nAutomatic paging systems. These are systems for paging officers or employees in any large establishment by means of a code system of signal bells, electric horns, buzzers, or other sounding devices. The same purpose may be achieved by visual signals, such as lights.\nAutographic registers are time-saving machines used for writing multiple business records or forms at once. By using carbon paper, the copies are made simultaneously with the original. The printed forms can be purchased in continuous rolls or interfolded continuous strips.\n\nCash registers record the amount of sales in retail selling, check the amount taken in during the day, and receive the actual money paid. They work automatically and at the same time record and make visible the amount of each sale.\n\nCheck certifiers are used in banks to print a certification across the face of checks. This form is used when banks certify checks.\n\nCheck protectors are machines designed to prevent tampering with checks. They not only write and print information on checks but also ensure their security.\nChecks are examined but perforated to reveal what is written, and the amount is printed in two-color, acid-proof ink.\n\nCheck Protector\nAPPLied OFFICE Practice\n\nProtected bank paper is also in common use. Since plain white checks are easy to alter, and ordinary safety paper may also be successfully tampered with, firms use a special type of paper on which any change can be instantly detected. When acid is applied to this paper, the speckled surface reveals innumerable printings of the word \u201cVOID.\u201d\n\nCoin counters and sorters are portable, motor-driven devices for separating quantities of mixed coins according to their several denominations.\n\nCoin changers are an aid to cashiers in places such as stores, restaurants, and theaters, and to paying tellers in banks, for the speedy delivery of coin change.\n\nCopy holders are used by stenographers.\nTypists aided in securing correct sitting posture and relieving eye strain with devices that held copy in a vertical position at the back of the typewriter. One kind of device kept the copy at a range making it easy for the stenographer to transcribe notes or read typewritten, handwritten, or printed copy. The line of copy being written was indicated by a line bar, regulated by a lever at the right of the typewriter. Operation of this lever moved the copy upward one line at a time, the line bar remaining stationary. Another device held the copy in a vertical position and could be moved to any convenient place on the stenographer's desk.\n\nCutting machines (for stencils). These machines were used for cutting stencils with which to mark cases, crates, and large parcels from which tags might easily be lost. The stencil was cut on a flexible oil board by a hand machine.\nOffice Machines: stencils are similar to typewriters. They use brass sets for alphabets or figures, or both. Label pasting machines are mechanical devices for gumming paper labels. Numbering machines number papers consecutively, such as invoices and checks. By adjustment, they can duplicate or repeat numbers. Package tying machines place cord around packages, tie them, and cut it. Paper fasteners include wire clips, metal paper fasteners, spring steel clip binders, stapling machines, and the \"Bump\" Paper Fastener, which cuts and binds papers together.\nPaper cutters are used in printing offices and other concerns for cutting large quantities of paper to size. Tape sealers improve the appearance of packages and increase packers' efficiency by substituting gummed tapes for cord.\n\nQ: Differentiate between the following:\na. Adding machine and calculating machine\nh. Multigraph and mimeograph\nc. Listing machine and non-listing machine\nd. Dictograph and dictaphone\ne. Check writer and check protector\n\n1. An adding machine performs arithmetic operations and keeps a running total, while a calculating machine only performs calculations without recording results.\nh. Multigraph machines produce multiple copies of documents using stencils, while mimeographs create copies by transferring ink from a master document.\nc. A listing machine produces a continuous record of data, while a non-listing machine does not.\nd. A dictograph records sound waves and converts them into written text, while a dictaphone records sound for later playback.\ne. A check writer imprints checks with account information, while a check protector shields checks from being altered.\n\n2. A letter can be copied through methods such as photocopying, typing, or tracing.\n3. A letter can be duplicated through methods such as mimeography, offset printing, or photocopying.\n4. Machines serving as communication tools include telephones, telegraphs, and typewriters. Telephones facilitate real-time voice communication, telegraphs transmit messages through electrical signals, and typewriters enable the creation of written documents for distribution.\n1. What types of addressing machines are available? Where are they used?\n2. In what department or what type of office is the addressing machine used?\n3. What is a \"stencil\"? For what purpose may stencils be used? What machine is used for cutting a stencil?\n4. What machines are used for duplicating using a stencil?\n5. For what purpose is a clock-dating machine used? What protection does it provide?\n6. What replaces a slitting machine in small offices?\n7. Why do some firms find an interior telephone system desirable?\n8. Justify the use of dictating machines in business offices.\n9. What has replaced the ordinary postage stamp in many offices?\n10. Mention some devices modern offices have installed to save their employees' time.\n15. Give general directions for the proper care of office machines to a newcomer in your business office.\n16. What are the three directions absolutely necessary in caring for any machine?\n17. Which machine is used for transmitting handwriting?\n18. Why are stock market reports sent over the telephone typewriter?\n19. What is the best method of obtaining five facsimile copies of a will as legal evidence?\n20. Name the machines which would be found useful in the accounting department of a business office.\n\nProblems:\nI. Problem for the dictating machine:\na. Place a cylinder on the dictating machine.\nb. Dictate the following about dictating machines (from page 211).\nc. Listen back to your dictation.\nd. Place the same cylinder on the transcribing machine.\ne. Transcribe what you have dictated.\nf. If the cylinder is now filled, place it on the shaving machine.\ng. Shave the cylinder properly.\nh. Remove the cylinder and put it into the carton.\n\nII. Problems for the addressing machine. The first student experiencing this issue should typewrite a set of stencils, providing the name of each employee in the office (class members). File these stencils alphabetically.\n\nOffice Machines\na. Prepare a payroll list by showing the names of the employees alphabetically at the left of the paper. Ask your teacher for her roll list (class list) and type on your paper, opposite the names, the amount of each employee\u2019s salary.\nb. Employees are paid by check. Establish a satisfactory bank balance. Ask your teacher for the checkbook. Fill in on the checks, as payees, the names of the employees on your office payroll. Use the typewriter or the billing machine for filling in.\nFill out the check amounts and use a check protector if available. Complete the stubs in the checkbook, carrying forward the balance from page to page. Verify your work by totaling the checks made out, subtracting this total from the beginning balance; if the result equals the amount shown on the stub as the new balance, the work is correct. Address envelopes for check delivery to employees. Checks must be signed by the treasurer before placement in envelopes and delivery. Prepare a mailing list for the hardware firm, using the mailing list on page 83. Increase it by twenty-five names and addresses, and alphabetize. Cut stencils for these names.\nIII. Problems for the multigraph.\n\na. Prepare wrappers for use in mailing. Take 50 sheets of paper, size 8.5\" X 11\", placing in the upper left-hand corner the return card of your firm. Use the name given below and the address of your school. Place the notation \u201cReturn Postage Guaranteed\u201d just below the return card:\n\nThe Commercial Products Company\n(Street Address)\n(City and State)\nRETURN POSTAGE GUARANTEED\n\nb. Take 50 envelopes of commercial size and place in the upper left-hand corner the return card of your firm, to conform with the letterhead, using the following model:\n\n242 APPLIED OFFICE PRACTICE\nThe Commercial Products Company\n(Street Address)\n(City and State)\n\nTurn the envelopes over to your instructor to be kept with the instructions.\nSet up and produce 50 letterheads, size 8-1/2 x 11 inches, for use in your business office. Keep them straight, attractive, and clean. Hand the letterheads to your instructor when finished. Apply for them as needed. Unused letterheads for office practice will be used for letter-writing in your typewriting class. Use the name below for setting up the letterheads. (If a different name has been decided upon for the office practice firm name, use the new name.)\n\nTelephone Cable address: \"Coproco\" (Give school telephone number)\nThe Commercial Products Company\n(Street address of your school)\n(Name of your city and state)\nd. On page 243, find a complete monthly statement mailed by department stores to \"Charge Account\" customers. Replace the firm name on the statement with \"Brown & Wallace.\" Provide an address in your city.\n\ne. Using the form on page 243 as a model, create the following check forms for use on the billing machine:\n\n(1) Twenty-five bearing the name of Brown & Wallace, with the name of your city and state underneath. For a bank, use the name The South National Bank. The name of your city and state should appear under this.\n\nOFFICE MACHINES\nBARCLAY & STERN, INC.\nPhiladelphia, Pa.\n\nMRS. JOHN A. WENTWORTH\nX-KBBH PHILADELPHIA\n\nPlease return this Coupon with Check. Retain Lower Portion of Statement. Cancelled Check is Receipt.\n\nPAID CHECK NO.\n[All our prices are based on instant cash. For your convenience, we keep accounts of an entire month's purchases to be paid for together when the bill is presented. Received payment:\n\nStatement from Barclay & Stern, Inc.\n\nCharges Credits Final Amount Is Balance Due\nBalance shown on last bill rendered\n\n1 Bath Mat 1 Suit 1 Hat Returned\nReceived $51.75\nWith thanks\n\nBarclay & Stern, Inc.\nPhiladelphia\n\nBv CL Jib\n\nBrown & Wallace\nDate\nNo.\nPay to the order of\nAmount Dollars\n\nBrown & Wallace\nBy -\nTo The South National Bank\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\n(2) Turn out twenty-five check forms drawn on The Student Trust Company, using the model below and the name of your city and state on the date line.\n\nThe Student Trust Company\nPay to the order of\nDollars.\n\nTurn out twenty-five label forms for parcel post packages, like model shown below. Use paper of size 4X6 inches.]\nContents:\n\nFourth-Class Matter:\nA package may be opened for inspection if desired.\n\nThe Commercial Products Co.\n153 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.\nReturn Postage Guaranteed\n\ng. Using the form on p. 245 as a model, set up on the multigraph and turn out 50 Cross Reference Sheets for use in filing. Use tinted paper of correspondence size.\n\nOffice Machines:\nCross Reference Sheet\nName or Subject File No.\nRegarding Date\nSEE\nName or Subject File No.\nFile cross reference form under name or subject at the top of the sheet and by the latest date of papers. Describe matter for identification purposes. The papers themselves should be filed under name or subject after \u201cSEE.\u201d\n\nh. Make copies of the following invoice and order forms.\nSize: 6 inches X 8 inches (for the former), 8.5 inches X 11 inches (for the latter.). Print 50 of each on the multigraph.\n\nINVOICE NO.\n[Leave this space for proper letterhead]\nYour Order No.\nDept. No.\n\nSold To: Date\n\nL J\nQuantity Description Unit Price Amount Total\n\nAPPLied OFFICE PRACTICE\nORDER FROM\nBrown & Wallace\nOrder D71352\nDept. No. _\nDiv. No. _\n\nThe Order Number and department Number MUST appear on all invoices and packages. All orders MUST be on our regular forms. The shipper's name MUST appear on all packages. We pay from statement only and payments shall be deemed extended until statement is received without loss of discount.\n\nINVOICE DISCOUNT\nMailed to [Customer's Name]\nGiven [Date]\nDate of Delivery _\nTerms _\nDating _\nShip Via _\n\nInvoices may be attached to the outside of the package or mailed. (Please do not enclose in package.)\nFor all freight shipments, the invoice and duplicate bill of lading or express receipt should be mailed immediately upon shipment:\n\nStyle No.\nPrice\nTotal\nTotal, actual or estimated amount of order\n\nAcceptance of this order will be taken as a guarantee that the goods are exactly as represented. If any markings appear thereon or accompany the same designating the weight, measurement, ingredients, or quality thereof, such markings shall represent the true net weight, measurement, ingredients, or quality thereof, and conform with the standards of the U.S. Government.\n\nThis order is given on the condition that we are protected against any liability on account of trademark, patent, or other infringement.\n\nAll merchandise sent different from the sample or order, or not as represented, may, in addition to all other remedies, be returned at the shipper's expense.\nNo order aggregating over $100 is valid unless confirmed by an officer of the Company. This provision shall not be deemed waived by receipt and retention of any merchandise not so confirmed.\n\nConfirmed:\n--\nBy:\nMerchandise Office Representative\nSelling Mdse.\nBuyer\n\nOffice Machines 247\n\nIV. Problems for multigraph and addressing machines. Assume that the firm is engaged in the sale of shoes at retail.\n\na. Write a circular letter to be sent out announcing a reduction of 25% on all shoes for a period of two weeks. The sale will start at 9 o'clock on the Monday morning following the date of this letter. Submit this letter to the Manager (your instructor) for approval.\n\nb. After getting the Manager's approval of the letter, set it up on the multigraph. Use letterheads which have previously been approved.\nc. Turn out as many of these circular letters as there are names on the mailing list. Use mailing list on page 83.\nd. Fill in the inside address and salutation on these circular letters by means of the addressing machine.\ne. Address the envelopes for these letters, using for the purpose envelopes on which you have previously put the return card of your firm.\n\nV. Problems for adding, calculating and billing machines.\n1. a. Prepare a monthly form as shown below. Plan for thirty-one days. After the ruling for the 31st, draw a line across the form, and at the left of the column Amount of Sales write Totals. Below this write Total Receipts.\n\nEgg and Poultry Account for the Month of _ _, 19 --\nDay No.\nEggs\nLaid\nAmount of Sales\nEggs Amt.\nReceived for: eggs, Fowls, Amount received for: fowls\n\nItemize sales of fowls in Amount of Sales column, filling in price per lb.:\n3 fowls weighing 18 lbs. @ $0.34 per lb.\n\nFirst entry for eggs in this column should be:\n\nLower part of Amount of Sales column is for fowl entry and upper part for eggs.\n\nTotal all columns except Day and Amount of Sales:\n\nOn line marked \"Total Receipts,\" show total of amounts received for eggs and fowls (use adding machine for totals).\n\nEggs are sold every second day. Only full dozens are sold.\nThe remainder on hand is carried over and sold with the next lot. Prices for eggs in January are as follows: (Prices hold until the next date shown.)\n\nPrices for fowls in January are as follows:\n\nEggs laid during January: 3 fowls weighing 2.5 lb each - $7.50\nFowls sold during January: \n\n2. The following were taken from the Ford Price List of Parts. Find the total cost of these items for a dealer in Ford supplies.\n\nPart No. Name of Part Price\nAPPLIED OFFICE PRACTICE\n\n3. You are employed by the Excelsior Produce Company of your city, wholesale dealers in flour, grain, and produce.\n\na. Prepare ten invoice forms on the typewriter. Use the mimeograph or the multigraph, and provide twenty-five forms. Use paper of size 6 inches x 8.5 inches.\nMessrs. Brown Bros. & Co., Boston, MA Dec. 12, 19 --\nBought of Excelsior Produce Company\nTerms: 30 days\nTel: Main 0167\n\n125 bu. Potatoes $0.84\n93 bu. Potatoes\n126 bbls. Flour\n76 bu. Apples\n475 bu. Potatoes\n55 bu. Barley\n91 Wheat\n96 bbls. Apples\n47 bu. Corn\n73 bu. Barley\n112 bu. Potatoes\n33 bbls. Apples\n77 bbls. Apples\nFlour\nu it Barley\nOranges\nGrapefruit\nLemons\n42 bkts. Grapes\nCarrots\nPeas\nBeans\nOranges\n7 crates Melons\nNo. 7 Net 30 days\n48 bbls. Apples\nFlour\nu it\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\nNo. 3 Terms Net 60 days\n48 bu. Corn\n73 bu. Barley\n112 bu. Potatoes\n33 bbls. Apples\n\nNo. 9 Net 30 days\n67 crates Grapefruit\nOranges\nCC\nu Lemons\n44 bbls. Apples\nFeb. 1, 19 --, Brown & Company purchased the following goods from F. C. Pettes & Co. at reduced prices:\n\n4. a. Make out the invoice for this bill of goods. Use the adding machine in arriving at totals.\nb. Assume the terms to be 2/10, net 30, and the bill paid Feb. 9. What difference, if any, will this make?\n\n4. Youths\u2019 Heavy Overcoats $12.00\n5. Men\u2019s Heavy Mackinaw Shirts $5.00\n3. Men\u2019s 1-buckle Dress Arctics 2 each $2.00\n2. Men\u2019s 2-pc. Heavy Blue Melton Suits $11.50\n1. Dozen Men\u2019s Outing Flannel Shirts $1.00\n7. Men\u2019s Overcoats $22.00\n4. Children\u2019s Heavy Overcoats $6.25 each\n3. Boys\u2019 Sweaters $2.25 each\n1. Ladies\u2019 Black Coat $45.00\n4. Men\u2019s All Wool Campton Trousers $5.00 each\n2. Boys\u2019 Sheeplined Duck Coats $8.00 each\n1. Ladies\u2019 Racoon Jacket $70.00\n1. Men\u2019s Muskrat Lined Black Beaver Coat $50.00\n2. Men\u2019s Sweaters $7.00 each\n1. Ladies\u2019 Black Wolf Long Coat $35.00\nMen's Overcoats $35.00\n5 Men's Heavy Wool Union Suits $4.00\n\nOrders:\nOrder No. 575\n27th of the month before last\n18th of the second month before last\n3rd of last month\n8th of the month before last\n7th of the month before last\n17th of the month before last\n30th of the month before last\n24th of the month before last\n26th of the second month before last\n26th of the second month before last\n2nd of last month\n\nTake order forms and write under \"Brown & Wallace\" the name of your city and state. Make out the orders.\nController's Office Copy: For triplicate orders, use carbon paper. Label the duplicate copy as \"Controller's Office Copy\" and the triplicate copy as \"Selling Department Copy.\" The Controller's office copy is sent to the Order Checking division to verify against invoices. The Selling Department Manager retains the copy for his department. The original goes to the wholesaler or manufacturer.\n\nDelivery Dates:\nOrder No. 575: 4 weeks, 23 days, 1 week, 18 days, 5 weeks, 9 days\nDate: It is tt from ii tt tt tt tt It tt It It tt it a tt a tt tt it tt ft tt tt it tt tt order.\n\nApplied Office Practice: Since these orders are to be mailed to the wholesaler or manufacturer, follow this procedure for triplicate orders: carbon-copy the Controller's Office and label the duplicate copy as \"Controller's Office Copy.\" Label the triplicate copy as \"Selling Department Copy\" and retain it in the Selling Department. Send the original to the wholesaler or manufacturer.\n\nDelivery Dates:\nOrder No. 575: 4 weeks, 23 days, 1 week, 18 days, 5 weeks, 9 days\nDate: It is the 23rd day of the fourth week, the first week of the sixth week, and the ninth day of the fifth week for this order.\nManufacturer: cross out \"given\" before the line provided for the seller's name. In cases where the order is delivered personally to the seller's representative, cross out \"mailed\". Do not fill in the line headed \"dating\". This is filled in when invoices are given a later date than that on which they are sent out \u2014 an advantage to the buyer.\n\nOrder No. 575 Dept. 27\nOrdered from Eureka Mfg. Co., Providence, R.I. Terms: 2/10\nTo be shipped by Express\n\nOrder No. 577 Dept. 30\nOrdered from Ferber & Mersheim, 349 Broadway, New York. Terms:\n5 doz. Ladies\u2019 Handkerchiefs, No. 6001, @ $1.50 per doz.\nTo be shipped by Parcel Post\nOrdered from F. Miller & Sons, Buffalo, N.Y. Terms: 2/10, Net 30.\nTo be shipped by Express.\nOrder No. 576 Dept. 33\nOrdered from Lawrence & Willson, Albany, N.Y. Terms: 2/10, Net 30.\nTo be shipped by Express.\n\nOrder Machines.\nOrder No. 581 Dept. 25\nOrdered from Brown & Duncan, 392 Broadway, New York. Terms:\n2 dozen Boy's Knickers 761. $15.00 per doz.\nTo be shipped by Express.\nOrder No. 578 Dept. 32\nOrdered from Arnold & Keyes, Worcester, Mass. Terms: 2/10, Net 30.\nTo be shipped by Express.\n\nOrder No. 584 Dept. 29\nOrdered from Douglass, Washburn & Co., Reading, Pa. Terms:\nTo be shipped by Express.\nOrder No. 583 Dept. 23\nOrdered from Ashley, Price & Co., Lowell, Mass. Terms: 2/10, Net 30.\n1 doz. Ex. Black Motor Coats 321. $50.30 per doz.\nu Overalls\nBlack Cape Ann Hats 456\nTo be shipped by Express.\nOrder No. 580 Dept. 18\nOrdered from Albert Hosiery Co., Reading, Pa. Terms: 2/10, Net 30. To be shipped by Express.\nOrder No. 582 Dept. 26\nOrdered from E. P. Dutton Co., 967 Broadway, New York. Terms: To be shipped by Parcel Post.\nOrder No. 585 Dept. 21\nOrdered from Eureka Dress Co., 225-4th Ave., New York. Terms: To be shipped by Express.\nUse, in sets of three, the invoice blanks turned out on the multigraph, and make out for the wholesalers the invoices which the goods ordered on page 255 call for, as follows:\nDate these invoices three days before delivery dates referred to on:\na. On the first blank of each set, print the name and address of the wholesaler in the proper position.\nb. On the second invoice of the set, print in the proper space the name of the wholesaler.\nc. On the third invoice of the set, print, in a position corresponding to that of the name of the wholesaler on the first invoice, the description and quantity of the goods ordered, and the price per unit and the total price.\nIn response to the set occupied by the wholesaler's name, the words \"Customer\u2019s File Copy\" appear. The first and third invoices of each set go to the customer, while the second is kept by the seller. d. Insert carbon paper between the sheets of the set. Place in the machine and put the number \"2500\" in the space provided for the invoice number, after the abbreviation \"No.\" (Each succeeding set will be numbered one higher). Fill in the Order and Department numbers. Complete the invoice. e. Make out the remaining invoices, in sets of three, following the directions given above. In considering the terms, the time starts with the date of invoice. The invoices were paid as follows:\n\nOffice Machines 257\n(The lowest numbered invoice corresponds with the lowest numbered order, etc.)\n\nInvoice No. 2500, 7 days after date of invoice.\nWhat is the amount to settle each invoice?\nWhat account will the bookkeeper in the office of Brown & Wallace set up to handle the savings from discounts?\nAfter receiving teacher's approval on your answer to question g, write checks to settle each invoice. Brown & Wallace will sign the checks. Brown & Wallace have their checking account with South National Bank in your city.\nMake the proper entries in the Ledger to show settlement of invoices.\nThe checkbook balance is now $6984.63. Make the proper record for each check on the stub and show balances. The entry in the case of the check for the first invoice should read:\nDate (Current) ______\nPay to The Eureka Mfg. Co.\nFor Invoice No. ______ for Dept. ______\nLess 2%\nWhat is the bank balance after payment of all invoices?\na. Make out Brown & Wallace monthly statements for the following charge sales:\n1. Mrs. James M. Ferris: 258 Application Office Practice. Statements cover sales from the month before last. Use the first two groups of items for her. Date statements for the last day of the month before last. Use any days of the month before last except the last day as the date of purchase.\n2. Mrs. Mary A. Robinson: Statements for 258 Application Office Practice. Cover sales from the month before last. Use the next two groups of items for her. Date statements for the last day of the month before last. Use any days of the month before last except the last day as the date of purchase.\n3. Mrs. Frederick C. Abbott: Statements for 258 Application Office Practice. Cover sales from the month before last. Use the third and fourth groups of items for her. Date statements for the last day of the month before last. Use any days of the month before last except the last day as the date of purchase.\n4. Miss Florence K. Mason: Statements for 258 Application Office Practice. Cover sales from the month before last. Use the fifth and sixth groups of items for her. Date statements for the last day of the month before last. Use any days of the month before last except the last day as the date of purchase.\n5. Mrs. Elizabeth P. Collins: Statements for 258 Application Office Practice. Cover sales from the month before last. Use the seventh and eighth groups of items for her. Date statements for the last day of the month before last. Use any days of the month before last except the last day as the date of purchase.\n6. Mrs. Roy L. Babcock: Statements for 258 Application Office Practice. Cover sales from the month before last. Use the ninth and tenth groups of items for her. Date statements for the last day of the month before last. Use any days of the month before last except the last day as the date of purchase.\n7. Miss Alice G. Manzer: Statements for 258 Application Office Practice. Cover sales from the month before last. Use the eleventh and twelfth groups of items for her. Date statements for the last day of the month before last. Use any days of the month before last except the last day as the date of purchase.\n\nWhat is meant by a Ledger Sheet? Make one for each of the accounts which you have made out.\n\n2. Quaker Lace Curtains: $3.95\n1 Folding Ironing Board 2.15\n1 Carpet Sweeper 2.25\n1 Perfection Oil Heater 4.90\n1 Porcelain Top Table 6.98\n1 Percolator $1.92\n2 Sauce Pans 60\n1 Tea Kettle 1.54\n1 Double Boiler 1.40\n1 Double Roaster 4.00\n3 Nightgowns $2.00\n1 Crepe Kimona 3.58\n3 Men's Shirts 1.65\n1 Persian Rug 50.00\n1 Wool Mixed Blanket 5.00\nOffice Machines\n1 Women's French Suede Gloves $0.89\n1 Silk Blouse 10.75\n2 Silk and Wool Union Suits 2.95\n1 Dresser Scarf 2.25\n6 yds. Percale 17\n1 doz. Turkish Bath Towels 4.50\n1 Linen Damask Table Cloth 10.50\n1 doz. Napkins to Match 10.50\n1 English Porcelain Dinner Set 30.00\n1 Women's French Gloves 2.45\n3 yds. Charmeuse 2.30\n1 Wardrobe Trunk $24.50\n1 Women's Patent Leather Pumps 10.00\n1 Child's Coat 14.75\n2 Gingham Aprons 79\n1 Men's Elgin Watch $25.00\n3 Men's Socks 75\nMen's Handkerchiefs 4\nMen's Worsted Union Suits 2 at 1.78\nWillow Carpet Beater 29\nFurnace Scoop 55\nClothes Hamper 2\nKnife Box 50\nWater Pail 79\nSofa Pillow 2.29\nBed Spreads 1-95 each\nApplied Office Practice\nMotor Coat @\nShirts 2\nUnion Suits 2\nBoys\u2019 Suit @\nPr. Boys\u2019 Pants \nOvercoat \npr. Suspenders @\n3 pr. Silk Socks .\n\nVI. Problems in making a pay roll\n\nFollowing is the time schedule for the Eureka Metal Works factory for the week ending Nov. 28, 19 -- :\n\na. What is the total number of hours and the amount due each employee? Give, in addition, the total number of hours for the week and the total amount of the pay roll. Total all columns except the rate column. Two employees have had advances during the week, the amount of which should be deducted from the amount due.\nSome firms pay by check. Others, especially those whose payrolls are made out weekly, use the envelope system. This necessitates the paying of each employee in currency.\n\nb. The Eureka Metal Works uses the envelope system. Make out the change memorandum for the office using the form shown on page 262 as a model. In making this change memorandum, be sure that the highest denominations of both bills and coins are used. For instance, $31.85 will appear on the change memorandum as:\n1 $20 bill\n1 $10 bill\n1 $1 coin\n1 $0.50 piece\n1 $0.25 piece\n1 $0.10 piece\n\nc. Prepare a payroll memorandum for presentation to the paying teller at the bank. A model is shown on page 262.\n\nOFFICE MACHINES\nM C D\nCD CJ1 CA\nM o Ch sc\no o Q p P\nc r p p p\nP c r p p p\nP p p p p\nO P tr Q\nP p p p P\nP P P P P\nP p p p p\nO W o S\nP p p p p\nP o w O\nB p u S\nOFFICE MACHINES\\\nCO\\\n- q \\oo\\\no \\ o\\\nOl \\oo\\\noo \\\no \\\nCJl \\oo\\\noo \\\no \\\nOl \\CD\\\nCD \\\niN \\w\\\nM \\sc\\\nSC \\ra\\\ns \\M\\\nCh \\P\\\na \\ap\\\np \\p\\\np \\O\\\nM \\OP\\\nB \\p\\\np \\p\\\nM \\P\\\nP \\w\\\nW \\ma\\\na \\P\\\nO \\W\\\nDO \\B\\\nB \\in\\\nB \\p \\ra\\\nIfl \\c-H\\\nCO \\O\\\nP \\N\\\ncr \\p\\\nr \\B\\\nP \\p\\\np\nTO: Hall & Company Applied Office Practice\nThe following employees worked overtime and are allowed time and one-half:\nErnest Stevens: 4 hours\nCarl Ormsbee: 2 hours\nHoward L. Lane: 3 hours\nJames Brown: received an advance of $3.00\nMorris E. Scott: received an advance of $2.50\nThe amount in each case must be deducted from the total amount due at the end of the week.\nb. Make up change memorandum.\nc. Make up payroll memorandum.\nCHAPTER IX\nREFERENCE BOOKS\nTo the Instructor: Students need to familiarize themselves with reference books. Daily association and use will instill an appreciation.\nThe office practice room should contain as many hooks as possible for storing valuable items that can only be developed in this way. An unabridged dictionary and a current almanac are necessary, in addition to specialized hooks. These include tariff hooks of telegraph companies, the United States Postal Guide, telephone and street directories, business directories, credit rating hooks, and railroad guides and maps. Some of these hooks are difficult to handle due to their size and detail. However, if found in the office practice room, the first steps in their use can be taken under the instructor's guidance, making results easier to obtain. Publishers sometimes contribute copies of various trade directories.\nRectories should use these hooks if they understand their purpose. Telephone and telegraph companies, as well as the post office, will cooperate. Larger business houses will contribute trade journals, and advertising firms and tourist agencies will provide pamphlets, time tables, and maps. Some hooks not permanently installed in the office practice room may be found in the high school or public library.\n\nIt's essential to have large and clear maps. Students often become confused due to the excessive printed material on textbook-sized maps. Wall maps, mounted and glazed, not only alleviate the congestion of smaller maps but also give students a sense of working with space. Folded pocket maps in almanacs and transit guides are of good size and, if carefully backed with protection, are useful.\nstout material, can be used again and again. Before beginning this chapter, teachers should ensure that every pupil thoroughly understands the use of library facilities and provide such training when necessary.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\nAs aids to teaching this chapter, the following hooks, obtainable in most libraries, are recommended:\n\nIngles, May and McCague, A. C., Teaching the Use of Books and Libraries. New York: H. W. Wilson Co. 1930.\nMudge, Isadore Gilbert, Guide to Reference Books. Chicago: American Library Association. 1929.\nBrown, Zaidee Mabel, The Library Key, an Aid in Using Books and Libraries. New York: H. W. Wilson Co. 1928.\nFay, Lucy Ella and Eaton, A. T., Instruction in the Use of Books and Libraries. Boston: F. W. Faxon Co. 1928.\nScripture, Elizabeth and Greer, M. R., Find It Yourself. New York:\nErrors of judgment are sometimes overlooked, but errors of fact are seldom excused, especially in all forms of office practice. In no other department of business and in none of the professions is accuracy and the possession of all the facts more essential.\n\nReference books are tools to be used for finding facts and information as the need arises. The most familiar examples of reference books are dictionaries, telephone directories, and city directories. These are as essential to every office as desks, chairs, and typewriters. The most common uses of these simple reference books are well known, but few people are aware of other purposes they may serve. Still less is generally known of other reference books, although these, in certain positions, are of more value than the three most common types mentioned above.\nNo knowledge will be of more value in office practice than a good understanding of the most useful reference books. This chapter's purpose is:\n\n1. To describe some of the most important general reference books.\n2. To suggest the vastness of the supply of specialized reference books, in the hope that students will investigate those pertaining to the positions they hope to occupy.\n\nReference Library:\n\u2022 Xv!v!'!v pttM MM llpiliiip\nApplied Office Practice\n\n1. To encourage the use of the reference facilities of libraries for answers to all business questions.\n2. To inspire students to progress in chosen fields of endeavor.\n\nPupils entering the offices of large business organizations will usually find some kind of library, varying in size and scope according to the different needs of each firm. At the first opportunity, library facilities should be investigated.\nA acquaintance made with the person in charge leads to the making of reference books available. The librarian will appreciate suggestions for new books as the need arises in smaller firms, which have few reference books and rely on public libraries for much information. No office is too small to maintain a small collection of general reference books, some of which pertain to its particular business or profession.\n\nA reference book is consulted for specific information rather than read through in its entirety. When buying or consulting a reference book, note: (1) the authority who compiled it to determine its authenticity, and (2) the copyright date as a protection against false or obsolete information.\nThe next thing to do is to determine what the book covers and its arrangement. Is the arrangement alphabetical, geographical, chronological, or topical? Understanding the arrangement will simplify your search for information and ensure its thoroughness.\n\nMost reference books, especially those named here, have been compiled with great care. Every effort has been made to fill them with pertinent information.\n\nPupils who have not had training in library use will find The Library Key by Zaidee M. Brown very helpful. It may be found in most libraries or purchased for 70 cents.\n\nThe quickest and surest way to judge the value of reference books is to consult Guide to Reference Books by Isador Gilbert Mudge (American Library Association), which can be found in most libraries.\n\nReference Books\nhave been made to fill them with as much pertinent information.\nMany students form the habit of depending on a book for only one type of information and consequently fail to discover further possibilities in the same volume. Avoid this error. Give every book a thorough inspection the first time you consult it. How many classes of information does it contain?\n\nIn all courses of instruction in the use of books and libraries, dictionaries are usually given a chapter to themselves and are always first in order of importance among reference books.\n\nThere are two kinds of dictionaries. The first and more important is the general dictionary. Most general dictionaries are published in \"unabridged\" and \"abridged\" editions. The word \"unabridged\" means \"nothing left out,\" which indicates that an unabridged dictionary is the whole dictionary. An abridged dictionary omits technical words.\nAbridged dictionaries range from vest-pocket size to those about half as large as unabridged dictionaries. While general dictionaries vary in detail, their purpose is to provide all necessary facts about words. Most dictionaries contain miscellaneous information. The chosen dictionary should be carefully studied to understand its system of indicating pronunciation, derivation, and other facts.\n\nFor spelling, pronunciation, part of speech, derivation, and definition, the dictionary is an authority. It will answer questions such as:\n\n1. How should I divide this word into syllables?\n2. Should a hyphen be used with this word?\n3. What is the plural for this noun?\n4. Should this word be capitalized?\n5. Is this word correct English or is it slang, outdated, colloquial, or peculiar to some dialect?\nMiscellaneous information to be found in dictionaries usually includes:\n1. Maps, population, and other geographical and statistical information concerning city, state, nation, and world.\n2. Explanation of abbreviations in common use.\n3. Translation of familiar phrases from foreign languages.\n4. Marks used by proofreaders.\n5. Short statements concerning historical characters and those to be found in legends, myths, novels, and stories.\n6. Meaning of Christian names, such as Charles or Albert.\n7. Pictures to illustrate many definitions.\nOf the several general dictionaries published in the United States, the following are the most widely used and recommended:\nWebster\u2019s New International Dictionary of the English Language\nFor office practice, any one of the following dictionaries is acceptable: Webster's Collegiate Dictionary by G. & C. Merriam (1919), $5.00; New Standard Dictionary of the English Language (Unabridged) by Funk & Wagnalls (1927); Practical Standard Dictionary (Abridged) by Funk & Wagnalls (1927). These dictionaries can be obtained in any bookstore. It is customary to have one unabridged dictionary for the entire office and abridged editions on individual desks. In certain offices, especially those of a professional nature, more information is needed about a particular class of words or terms than can be given in a general dictionary. Hence, we have many kinds of special dictionaries. Pupils entering offices of medical, chemical, architectural, religious, musical, engineering, legal, and many other lines of endeavor should find out what dictionaries pertaining to these subjects are available.\nCrowell\u2019s Dictionary of Business and Finance. New York: T. Y. Crowell Gregg, John R., Shorthand Dictionary. New York: The Gregg Publishing Co. 1916. Graham, J. and Oliver, G., Foreign Traders\u2019 Dictionary of Terms and Phrases in English, German, French, and Spanish. New York: The Macmillan Co. 1906. Farrow, E. S., Dictionary of Military Terms. New York: T. Y. Crowell Company. 1918. Pitman, Isaac & Sons, Dictionary of Commercial Correspondence in English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Russian. New York: Isaac Pitman & Sons. 1917. Gould, George M., Medical Dictionary. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston & Peloubets, F. N. and Adams, A. D., Bible Dictionary. London: Religious Tract Society. 1928. Ballentine, J. A., Law Dictionary. New York: Lawyers\u2019 Co-operative Publishing Co. 1924.\nIn all forms of office practice, the ability to speak and write pleasantly and forcefully is a valuable asset. The scope of one's knowledge is judged by the words and phrases used to express it. Words such as big, tremendous, huge, large, great, capacious, roomy, bulky, and vast all convey the same general impression, but one is more suitable than others in any given instance.\n\nFor every office, and for all office workers, especially those entering positions that have to do with advertising or with the writing or dictating of correspondence, the following books will be found useful:\n\nApplied Office Practice\nRoget, Peter Mark, Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases. New York: Longmans. 1925.\nGeneral and Special Encyclopedias\n\nThe value of an encyclopedia to a business office is that it provides information on a large number of subjects in a convenient and compact form. Encyclopedias, like dictionaries, are divided into two classes: general and special encyclopedias.\n\nA general encyclopedia is a set of books containing information on all subjects, arranged in alphabetical order. A special encyclopedia is a book or set of books containing information about a special subject or group of related subjects.\n\nContaining information about a greater number of subjects, a general encyclopedia is an essential reference tool for any well-equipped library or office.\nOf the many subjects included in any single source, encyclopedias are useful tools for quick, brief answers to many questions. Except for information known to be in some more convenient place, a good rule to follow is to start any inquiry with an encyclopedia and then go to other sources if further information is needed. For this reason, a good encyclopedia is always helpful in any business.\n\nAmong the several general encyclopedias published in the United States, the following are widely used and recommended:\n\nEncyclopedia Britannica, 14th edition. 24 vols. New York: Encyclopedia Britannica Corp. 1929.\nNew International Encyclopedia. 25 vols. (supplemented annually by New International Year Book). New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. 1927.\n\nThe following general encyclopedias are less expensive and adequate for many purposes:\nLincoln Library of Essential Information. 1 vol. (Buffalo: Frontier Press, 1928.)\n\nWorld Book. 12 vols. (Chicago: W.F. Quarrie & Co., 1929.)\n\nCompton\u2019s Pictured Encyclopedia. 16 vols. (Chicago: F.E. Compton & Co., 1929.)\n\nThese encyclopedias are edited especially for boys and girls, but are frequently of service in homes and offices as general encyclopedias.\n\nThe following are good examples of well-known specialized encyclopedias:\n\nBook of Rural Life. 10 vols. (Chicago: B.F. Goodrich Company, 1925.)\n\nHastings, James, Ed., Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. 12 vols. (New York: Scribner's, 1908-1922.)\n\nMunn, Glenn G., Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance. (New York: Bankers Publishing Co., 1927.)\n\nSearle, Alfred B., Encyclopedia of the Ceramic Industries. (London: Fleming, 1928.)\n\nFlemming, Ernst, Encyclopedia of Textiles. (London: Benn, E., Ltd., 1928.)\nAlmanacs and Year Books:\n\nSeveral years elapse between editions of encyclopedias and other reference books, making them expensive. To provide an inexpensive record of events and progress for ready use, various almanacs and year books are published. Every office should have at least one, and more if circumstances admit. The best for this purpose are:\n\nWorld Almanac: Published annually around January 1st by the New York World. Price: $0.50 to $0.75. The most comprehensive and popular American almanac of miscellaneous information. The nature of its contents should be familiar to every office worker and executive.\n\nAmerican Year Book: Published annually by the American Year Book Corporation under the auspices of the New York Times. Price: $7.50. A splendid record of important events of the year, each written in detail.\n[A leading specialist wrote this in narrative form.\n\nApplied Office Practice\nStateman's Year Book. Published annually by Macmillan. $7.50. A reliable annual guide to statistical and descriptive information about the world's governments.\n\nNew International Year Book. Published annually by Dodd, Mead & Co. $6.75. Primarily published to supplement the New International Encyclopedia but useful independently as an annual encyclopedia with especial emphasis on biography.\n\nUnited States Official Postal Guide. Published by Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. $1.25. A complete issue for one year consists of an annual volume published in July and monthly supplements for the eleven following months. The annual volume provides state, county, and alphabetical lists of post offices and all postal rules and regulations.]\nPublications. The monthly issues record changes and more recent information. Official Guide of the Railways and Steam Navigation Lines of the United States. Published monthly by National Railway Publication Co., New York. Price, $18.00 per year. Gives all time tables, many maps, and an index of stations showing the names of the railroad stations or steamship lines on which any given place is located. Very useful where salesmen\u2019s trips must be scheduled.\n\nAtlases, Maps, and Gazetteers\n\nIn offices controlling much shipping or traveling, maps, atlases, and similar reference material may be used more than regulation reference books. As these materials range from pocket street directories and folded state maps to large and expensive atlases and wall maps, few office workers, if any, can afford to ignore them.\n\nIn addition to maps that are strictly geographical, map collections may include transit maps, topographical maps, and thematic maps depicting various social or economic data. These resources can greatly facilitate efficient planning and organization of business operations, particularly in industries such as transportation, logistics, and real estate.\nPublications include a wide variety designed to meet all reasonable requirements. There are those emphasizing transportation lines, and there are those dealing with topographical, climatic, agricultural, metallurgical, and many other conditions. Outline maps of all territories are available for tracing or inserting information of value to individual firms. Maps mounted in cabinets made for the purpose or upon \u201cwing\u201d fixtures are used in many offices to provide quick information as to points where customers, prospects, or salesmen are located. For this purpose, map tacks are used. The wide variety of colors in which these tacks come makes possible the graphic assembling of a vast amount of profitable information upon such maps.\n\nThe following are some of the best known of the many maps and atlases available:\nNew World Loose-Leaf Atlas. Brooklyn: C. S. Hammond & Co. Kept up-to-date by new maps distributed to subscribers from time to time. In its field, it is comparable to an unabridged dictionary. $35.00.\n\nCommercial Atlas of the World. Chicago: Rand McNally Company. Also comparable to an unabridged dictionary. $36.00.\n\nInternational Atlas of the World. Chicago: Rand McNally Company. A good general atlas when extensive, detailed information is not of primary importance. $8.50.\n\nNew Gazetteer of the World. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. The names of cities, towns, rivers, mountains, lakes, and other world-wide, geographical data are listed alphabetically with descriptive notes about each. $12.00.\n\nPocket Maps. Chicago: Rand McNally Company. Detailed, folded paper maps of each state accompanied by a booklet giving population, etc.\nPostal, railroad, and other information pertaining to every town and hamlet. Price, approximately 35 each. City maps and street guides are obtainable in the respective cities to which they pertain. Copies of these are frequently on file in public libraries in other cities.\n\nDirectories and guide books:\nThese books catalog names of people, firms, places, manufactures, and professions. In business, the directory has been called \u201cthe common intermediary between buyer and seller\u201d because the names and addresses of people to whom a firm may have occasion to write are easily accessible.\n\nDirectories or guide books are published for a great many cities, for almost all lines of business, and for all professions. Directories of people having similar interests are also published.\n\nApplied office practice:\nThe nature of the undertaking in which one is engaged\nDetermines to a great extent which of these books should be owned and consulted. They have limitless business possibilities for persons with imagination.\n\nTelephone Directories. In addition to the regular alphabetical listing of telephone subscribers, telephone directories usually have a classified section for locating the names and addresses of all who are engaged in each business or profession.\n\nFiles of telephone directories for other cities may usually be found in the office of the telephone company and in some libraries. These are used for locating the names, addresses, and business or telephone numbers of persons living in other cities. This is a decided convenience in business correspondence when these details are needed.\n\nCity Directories. Besides an alphabetical listing of all individuals and business firms with business and residence address, city directories also include:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be complete and does not contain any meaningless or unreadable content. No cleaning is necessary.)\nClassified business sections and street guides provide full information about city government, churches, schools, fraternal orders, and more. City directory files from other cities are frequently maintained in public libraries and chambers of commerce for locating information about people, firms, and places in those cities. Almost all public libraries maintain a complete collection of directories for the cities in which they are located. These files are often valuable in establishing identities, proving claims, and similar undertakings.\n\nBusiness and Professional Directories and Guides are useful in many ways, one of which is the verification of names, addresses, and titles. The following books are good examples of business and professional directories. They vary in arrangement and extent of information contained.\nAfter accepting any position, investigating relevant directories should be an early activity. This can be easily done by consulting the following books: Morley and McGraw-Hill Book Co. (1924). The books mentioned here have been selected as examples of miscellaneous directories and guide books because the title of each denotes its principal purpose. Each one covers its field thoroughly and contains many more details than may be inferred from the title.\n\nAmerican Medical Directory, Chicago: American Medical Association.\nHandbook of Private Schools, Boston: Porter Sargent.\nAmerican Newspaper Annual and Directory, Philadelphia: Ayer & Son.\nOfficial Congressional Directory, Washington: Government Printing Office.\nKelly's Directory of Merchants, Manufacturers and Shippers of the World.\nThomas' Register of American Manufacturers, New York: Thomas Publishing Co.\nPatterson's American Educational Directory, Chicago: American Educational Company.\nAmerican Book Trade Directory, New York: R. R. Bowker Company.\nPoor's Register of Directors of United States, New York: Poor's Publishing Company.\nBullinger's Post Office, Express, and Freight Guide, New York: Bullinger's Monitor Guide, Inc.\nInternational Register of Telegraphic and Trade Addresses, New York: Telegraphic Cable & Radio Registrations, Inc.\nExporters\u2019 Encyclopedia, New York: Thomas Ashwell & Co., Inc.\nRand McNally Bankers Directory, Chicago: Rand McNally Co.\nAmerican Library Directory, New York: R. R. Bowker Company.\nOfficial Hotel Red Book and Directory, New York: Official Hotel Red Book & Directory Co.\nMany additional books giving similar information may be found.\nWho's Who in Advertising, Who's Who Among North American Authors, Chemical Engineering Catalog (published annually by the Chemical Catalog Company, New York, a catalog of equipment, machinery, laboratory supplies, and other items used in industries employing chemical processes), Sweet's Architectural Catalog (published annually by Sweet's Catalog Service, New York, an indexed catalog of building materials, supplies, and equipment of interest to architects and builders), Publishers' Trade List Annual (published annually by R. R. Bowker).\nCompany, New York. A collection of the catalogs of all leading book publishers arranged alphabetically. Books of Information about People.\n\nFor many business purposes, it is desirable to know more about individuals than the name, address, and business or profession given in directories. For instance, in judging the value of a reference book, information may be needed as to the education, experience, and standing of the author or compiler. Salesmen and correspondents find detailed information about customers and prospects very valuable.\n\nThe following are a few of the many examples of this class of reference books:\n\nWho's Who in America. Issued every other year by A. N. Marquis Company, Chicago. Price, $8.75. Probably the most generally useful book in this classification. It gives concise biographies of over 50,000 prominent, living Americans.\nWho's Who. Published annually by Macmillan, New York. Price, $18.00. Brief biographies of important living people throughout the world, primarily those in British countries.\n\nDictionary of American Biography. 20 vols., Scribners, New York. Price, $250. Will contain, when completed, biographies of about 16,000 prominent Americans who are no longer living.\n\nDictionary of National Biography. 22 vols. Oxford University Press, New York. Adequate biographies of prominent British subjects who are no longer living.\n\nIn addition to these general \u201cWho\u2019s Who\u201d books, there are many special volumes such as Who\u2019s Who in New England and other states, cities, and nations; Who\u2019s Who in American Medicine and various other professions and kinds of business. Any library will be able to suggest a probable source from which biographical information about.\nImportant people can be obtained. Social Registers and Blue Books provide lists of names and addresses, along with club memberships and family connections, of prominent individuals socially or financially in certain cities or localities. These books are little known outside the communities for which they are compiled, but they sometimes provide information that cannot be obtained from any other source.\n\nFinancial Information\nIt is probably no exaggeration to say that 90% of all business is transacted on a credit basis. For this reason, it is necessary in almost all offices to have some method of finding the approximate worth and financial reputation of those with whom dealings take place.\n\nThe two largest firms supplying this information are R. G. Dun & Company and the Bradstreet Company, both of New York.\nEach of these firms issues, periodically, a general reference book containing financial and credit rating of merchants, manufacturers, and tradespeople generally throughout the United States and Canada. These books are not sold, but are supplied as a service to individual subscribers such as banks, manufacturers, and wholesalers. The use of the books is very simple. A key in the front designates letters to represent certain financial worth, and other symbols to represent credit reputation such as \"prompt/fair,\" \"fair,\" \"slow.\"\n\nNewark, Ohio\nDiebold, Chas. and Sons (confectioners and bakers) - Financial strength from $5,000 to $10,000. General credit rating: Fair.\n\n280 Applied Office Practice\n\nKey to Ratings. (Dun Rating Book.)\nSubscribers are warned to consult the detailed reports in our possession.\nIn every case involving credit, reasonable prudence requires that they check the ratings. The publication month is stated at the beginning of the book, which was compiled before that month. Changes in names and ratings occur an average of 4,000 times each business day. Due to the vastness of the work, other causes of error cannot always be avoided. Therefore, we assume no responsibility to subscribers for the correctness of the ratings herein.\n\nLeft-hand Column Right-hand Column\nEstimated Pecuniary Strength General Credit\nHigh Good Fair Limited\nAaa Over If If\nA Over If If If\nB If If If If\nC If If If If\nD If If If If\nE F G\nH\nJ\nK\nL\nM Less than\n\nWhere only a credit rating appears, this line of credit designation applies. _ _ _ 1 2 3 4\n\nCredit-rating books are arranged alphabetically by states. The towns in each state are listed alphabetically, and the individual firms under each town follow the same order.\nThe annual volumes of Dun and Bradstreet are used for quick, general reference. Detailed, up-to-date narrative and financial reports on any firm or individual are forwarded upon request.\n\nThe method of compiling these books is to obtain a statement from a firm or individual regarding their financial worth and then secure reports from banks and businesses with which they deal, regarding their business reputation and history. In larger towns and cities, both Dun and Bradstreet maintain offices, and this information is secured by \"reporters\" who visit the offices of those to be rated or about whom inquiries are made. Elsewhere, the information is secured largely by mail.\n\nReputable financial agencies such as these, and others of a specialized nature, play a legitimate and important part.\nIn present-day business, and their requests for information should be answered fully and accurately. Life, accident, and casualty insurance companies and finance corporations which discount commercial paper, such as a series of notes given in payment for an automobile, require reports on individuals which stress the moral as well as the financial risk involved. While Bradstreet and Dun do some business of this kind, most of it is handled by firms which specialize in this class of reports, such as the Retail Credit Company, with offices and representatives everywhere in America, and the Hooper-Holmes Bureau.\n\nAnother important group of books supplying financial information has to do with detailed reports concerning corporations, rather than simple ratings. In this group, some of the best known are:\n\nMoody\u2019s Manual of Investment and Security Rating Service. Published\nThese books are found in financial and larger public libraries, and in the files of most investment and banking concerns: Moody\u2019s Investors' Service (annually, $25.00 each): 1. Government Securities, 2. Bank and Insurance Securities, 3. Industrial Securities, 4. Public Utility Securities, 5. Railroad Securities. Poor's Service (annually): 1. Public Utility Securities, 2. Industrial Securities, 3. Railroad and Bank Securities. Applied Office Practice: Maintain one's position in any walk of life requires the use of some magazines for the latest and most authoritative information. In libraries, magazines are referred to as \"periodicals.\" While most worthwhile literature and statistics of a commercial nature are published in book form, the latest information first appears in magazines.\nInformation they contain is important for progress in any endeavor, be it office work or any other occupation. There are specialized or \"class\" magazines providing news for about ninety-nine out of every hundred lines of endeavor. It is a duty for all employed persons to locate the particular magazine published for the use of their business or position, and to read it regularly, carefully, and thoughtfully.\n\nMost firms subscribe to one or more copies of each magazine in which they are directly interested. New employees are sometimes overlooked when these magazines are \"routed\" through the office. Requests of immediate superiors for permission to receive firm copies are usually granted. If not, a personal subscription will be a good investment.\nThe fifteen magazines most frequently mentioned by 5000 men and women in the advertising profession are: Saturday Evening Post, Literary Digest, Collier's, American, New Yorker, National Geographic, Printers' Ink (weekly and monthly), Fortune, Advertising and Selling, Nation's Business, Business Week, Cosmopolitan. Printers' Ink received the highest vote (two magazines, weekly and monthly) with 227 mentions. Fortune had 145 mentions, Advertising and Selling had 81 mentions.\nMagazines: Harpers, Atlantic Monthly, American Mercury, Fortune, Forum, Liberty, Forbes, Printed Salesmanship, Editor and Publisher, System. Some offices and all libraries retain their principal magazines and have them bound into book form annually due to the vast amount of valuable information they contain.\n\nQuestion: If a library has all copies of the National Geographic for twenty years, neatly bound in twenty volumes, how am I going to find an article on commercial aviation routes in Europe, or how am I going to find a magazine article by Bruce Barton, or a picture of William Beebe?\n\nAnswer: Use a periodical index.\n\nA periodical index is an index by subject.\nThe best-known periodical index is the Readers' Guide, published by H.W. Wilson Company, New York. It indexes the contents of over one hundred popular magazines, such as The Literary Digest, World's Work, Harpers Magazine, Atlantic Monthly, Scribner's, Saturday Evening Post, and Woman's Home Companion. This index, like almost all others, is published monthly as a magazine and is cumulative from month to month. Every four years, it is bound into a large volume under one alphabet. One uses this index to locate a magazine article under any of the following headings: subject matter, title, or author.\nF. H. Swift: \"Increasing Professionalization of Educational Workers,\" School and Society Magazine.\nEdward Albert, Prince of Wales: Portrait by A. Mohr, School Arts Magazine, vol. 30, p. 207.\nAgnes Edwards (pseudonym for A. E. Rothery): Look under real name for article or story.\nJonathan Edwards: Jonathan Edwards, H. W. Schneider, Nation [magazine].\nAn article about Jonathan Edwards, entitled \"Jonathan Edwards,\" was published in The Nation Magazine, vol. 131, page 584, issue of November 26, 1930.\n\nImportant magazines are indexed in one publication, but making such an index too voluminous is impractical. Magazines are therefore indexed in several groups, with an arrangement similar to that of the Reader's Guide. Some of the more important specialized indexes are:\n\nReference Books\nbusiness, scientific, technical, chemical, and financial magazines. Probably the most useful of all indexes in office practice.\n\nSome of these magazines issue a monthly index supplementary to the bound volume of the preceding years.\n\nNewspapers\nThe quickest and most persistently useful source of information on almost all subjects is the daily newspaper. With a little practice, you may obtain, daily, general and specific information.\nRead local newspapers for specialized information such as shipping news, weather reports, deaths, marriages, births, and corporation news. This task should not take long. Except in the smallest towns, a thorough reading of the local newspaper will suffice. Libraries in most places keep complete files of local papers. Therefore, if questions arise that can be answered by referring to these newspapers, the necessary items can be easily found if the date or approximate date is known.\n\nWhen access to newspapers from larger centers is required, the following nationally known papers may typically be found in libraries:\n\nNew York Times, New York. Unusually complete, exceptionally accurate.\nThe Christian Science Monitor, Boston. Moderately conservative, avoids sensationalism, presents news impartially. United States Daily, Washington, D.C. Devoted to governmental affairs, also publishes annual index to contents.\n\nApplied Office Practice. No chapter on reference books would be complete without mention of the New York Times published in the United States. It indexes, with comments, in a most thorough manner almost the entire contents of every issue and its supplements. The index is useful by itself for verifying names, dates, and locations. In connection with the New York Times, it is a complete index to contemporary world-wide affairs and local news in New York. Items of national or international interest appearing in daily newspapers everywhere may be located by using the New York Times index.\nThe number of libraries. It is published monthly by the New York Times, and cumulated quarterly and annually.\n\nMiscellaneous Books\n\nLetter writing is a very important part of the work of any business office. Puzzling questions often arise as to punctuation, capitalization, and the forms of salutation for persons in official positions. The exact words of a familiar quotation are often needed. Most of this kind of information may be obtained from the following or similar books:\n\nHall, Samuel Roland, Handbook of Business Correspondence. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1923.\nUniversity of Chicago Press, Manual of Style, 8th revised edition. University of Chicago Press. 1925.\nHoyt, J. K., New Cyclopedia of Practical Quotations. Revised by K. L. Roberts. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1927.\nAltmaier, C. L., Business Communication. New York: The Macmillan Company.\nFottler,  Marion  G.,  How  to  Write  a  Business  Letter.  New  York:  The \nRonald  Press  Co.  1929. \nAurner,  R.,  and  Gardner,  E.  H.,  Effective  Business  Letters.  New  York: \nThe  Ronald  Press  Co.  1928. \nREFERENCE  BOOKS \nBook  Catalogs  and  Book  Selections \nAt  some  time  questions  are  going  to  arise  regarding \nbooks.  You  may  want  to  locate  by  title  one  of  the  books \nmentioned  in  this  chapter,  or  you  may  want  to  locate  a \nbook  by  the  name  of  the  author,  or  you  may  wish  to  locate \na  group  of  books  upon  some  subject.  Answers  to  these  and \nmany  similar  questions  may  be  found  by  consulting  a  group \nof  books  carrying  the  general  classification  of  book  catalogs \nand  bibliographies,  some  of  the  more  important  of  which \nare: \nUnited  States  Catalog.  1928.  The  H.  W.  Wilson  Company.  This \ncatalog,  which  is  to  be  found  in  most  libraries  and  bookstores,  contains \nA list of all books and many pamphlets published in the United States. Each book is listed under author, title, and subject, all arranged alphabetically, like a dictionary. The information about each book includes publisher, price, illustrations, number of pages, and edition.\n\nThe name of the monthly supplement to the United States Catalog is \"Supplement to the United States Catalog.\" At intervals, these supplements are cumulated into large volumes known as United States Catalog Supplements. Since 1929, books in English, wherever published, are included. When using the United States Catalogs and the latest supplement, if sufficient information is not found in this way, look in the next to the latest supplement and so on back.\n\nBook Review Digest. The H.W. Wilson Company. This is a monthly publication found in most libraries. It is bound annually. In it, the most notable reviews of current books are compiled.\nImportant books are evaluated by quoting excerpts from leading reviews. It provides much detailed information about the contents of listed books. Among the many important and helpful lists of business books, the following are well-known and may be found in most libraries:\n\n2400 Business Books and Guide to Business Literature, H.W. Wilson Company\nBusiness Books, 1920-1926, H.W. Wilson Company\nJfiO Business Periodicals \u2014 Classified, Business Branch, Newark Public Library\nApplied Office Practice\nGovernment Publications\n\nSome of the most useful reference material in business is to be found in the various reports, bulletins, and books issued by national, state, and municipal governments.\n\nNational: These publications are so numerous and varied that they cannot be described here. Every business office should inquire through some library for available government publications.\nGovernment publications pertaining to that business subscribe, at about fifty cents a year, to the Monthly Catalog of U.S. Public Documents, issued by the Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.\n\nState. Under various names such as \u201cYear Books\u201d and \u201cLegislative Manuals,\u201d the different states issue books containing names of state officials and employees, laws, and statistics. Libraries have such books as pertain to their respective states.\n\nMunicipal. Much governmental information about cities is contained in city directories and street directories. Some cities publish periodically, at the discretion of the governing body, books and pamphlets listing city officials and including other information such as license fees and city statutes.\n\nMaking Bibliographies\nA bibliography is a list of the writings of an author or\n\n(End of Text)\nCahill, M. F. Jr., Junior Office Practice. New York: The Macmillan Company. 1929.\nCahill & Ruggeri, Office Practice. New York: The Macmillan Company.\nCenter, S. S. and Herzberg, M. J., Secretarial Procedure. New York: The Ronald Press Co. 1929.\nHutchins, Margaret et al., Guide to the Use of Libraries. 4th ed. New York: H.W. Wilson Company. 1929.\nKilduff, E. J., The Private Secretary. Rev. ed. New York: The Century Company.\nKirk, J. G. and Waesche, M. A., Junior Training for Modern Business.\n1. Five well-known magazines: Time, Life, Newsweek, The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's.\n2. An encyclopedia is arranged alphabetically for consultation.\n3. Two well-known credit rating books: Moody's Investors Service, Standard & Poor's.\n1. What book will you consult for complete information about the postal system?\n2. Which book will provide information on the railroad(s) where a certain city is located?\n3. What are the different uses of maps in business offices?\n4. What information can be found in a city directory?\n5. What is a well-known periodical index?\n6. a. What information is in biographical books?\n7. Name a widely used book of this type that provides concise biographies of prominent living Americans.\n8. Locate:\n- Your State University\n- Chamber of Commerce in your city\n- Largest department store\n- Public library\n- Museum\n- Largest commercial bank\n- Largest railroad station\n- Most popular restaurant\n- Most pleasant hotel\n11. Women in Business Immigration, The Coal Industry Finance, Advertising, Charities, Municipal Government [of your city], Standard Oil, Letter Writing, Capital and Labor, Banking\n12. Chicago, Ill.: Population - 2.7 million (US Census Bureau)\nRochester, N.Y.: Population - 210,565 (US Census Bureau)\nSan Francisco, Calif.: Population - 883,305 (US Census Bureau)\nMinneapolis, Minn.: Population - 422,331 (US Census Bureau)\nBoston, Mass.: Population - 685,094 (US Census Bureau)\nProvidence, R.I.: Population - 179,901 (US Census Bureau)\nCharlotte, N.C.: Population - 874,579 (US Census Bureau)\nPortland, Maine: Population - 66,956 (US Census Bureau)\n13. A reference book is a published collection of information on a specific subject.\n14. Nearest library to your home:\nReference Desk, Main Branch\nPublic Library of Your City\nAddress: 1234 Library Lane\nCheck these books:\nWorld Almanac\nWho\u2019s Who in America\nReaders\u2019 Guide to Periodical Literature\nNew International Encyclopedia\nUnited States Catalog\nDirectory of the American Medical Association\nPrinters\u2019 Ink Weekly\nMoody\u2019s Investment Manual\nU.S. Official Postal Guide\n15. John Hays Hammond, Dwight Whitney Morrow, Helen Wills Moody, David Lloyd George: Magazines and page numbers not provided.\n16. New York Post Office closing hour for air mail to Atlanta, Georgia: Unspecified.\n17. First-class hotels in:\n- Birmingham, Alabama: Unnamed\n- Los Angeles, California: Unnamed\n- Asheville, North Carolina: Unnamed\n- Portland, Maine: Unnamed\n- Elizabeth, New Jersey: Unnamed\n- St. Petersburg, Florida: Unnamed\n18. Steamship companies operating:\n- George Washington: He de France: Unknown\n- Bremen: Hamburg Sud or Deutsche Bahn\n- Leviathan: Cunard Line or British India Steam Navigation Company\n19. Bales of cotton produced in:\n- Georgia: 1,548,000\n- Texas: 7,500,000\n- Alabama: 2,300,000\n- South Carolina: 650,000\n20. Principal money-crops in:\n- Virginia: Tobacco, Soybeans, Corn\n- Florida: Citrus, Sugar Cane\n- North Dakota: Wheat, Barley, Soybeans\n- Oregon: Wheat, Timber, Dairy\n- Kansas: Wheat, Corn, Soybeans\n- Maine: Potatoes, Dairy, Lumber\n21. To obtain a license to drive a taxicab:\na. Contact local Department of Motor Vehicles or taxi regulatory agency for requirements and application process.\nb. Operate an X-ray laboratory.\nc. Act as an aircraft pilot.\nd. Operate a radio broadcasting station.\ne. Conduct a paint store.\n\n22. Write a letter, using correct name, address, and salutation, asking the following persons to send you their autographs:\n- Prime Minister of Great Britain\n- Governor of Maine\n- A Senator from Arizona\n- The Mayor of your city\n- An Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\ng. A Rear Admiral of the Navy\nh. A Congresswoman\ni. The Governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of your district\n\n23. If it takes 45 minutes to transmit and deliver a telegram, at what time would a telegram sent from New York at 5 p.m. be delivered in Joplin, Missouri? If sent from Joplin at 5 p.m., when would it be delivered in Chicago?\n\n24. Secure and fill out blanks for the following purposes, using your own name:\na. To deposit $100 in the First National Bank of Portland, Oregon, by wire.\nb. To pay for a year\u2019s subscription to Fortune magazine with post office money order.\nc. To pay $50 for a set of books ordered from Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig, Germany, by money order.\nd. To apply for a post office box.\ne. To borrow $250 from a local industrial bankers firm.\nf. To apply for $1000 life insurance in any company.\ng. To apply for a library card at any public library.\n\nProblems:\nI. Dictionary and Word Books\n1. What is an \"abridged\" dictionary?\nAnswer: A condensed or shortened version of a dictionary, including only the essential information.\n\n2. What is the meaning of the phrase \"esse quam videri\"?\nAnswer: To be rather than to seem.\nOrigin: Latin\n\n3. In what dictionary did you find it? On what page?\nAnswer: This information is missing in the input text.\n\n4. What does the term \"stet\" mean in proofreading?\nAnswer: To let stand, meaning to keep a correction or error in the text as it is.\n\n5. Where can one find the simplified spelling of a word?\nAnswer: In a simplified spelling dictionary or a dictionary specifically designed for learners of the language.\n1. What words or phrases do the following abbreviations represent: Mile. M.D. i.e. anon\n2. Define an antonym. Give three examples.\n3. Of what use are synonyms?\n4. a. What does the word Thesaurus mean?\nb. How should it be syllabicated?\n5. How does your dictionary aid in the study of grammar?\n6. Express with a simpler word the thought conveyed by the word hypothecate.\n7. What book or books did you consult (h)?\n8. Give two synonyms for each of the following: wealthy stout luminous aggravate slow\n9. Give two antonyms for each of the following: honest peaceful rapid weak doubtful\n10. When one has an unabridged dictionary, why is it necessary to use a book of synonyms also?\n11. What name is applied to words having the same pronunciation but differing in meaning?\n12. Give the derivation and meaning of the following words: biography inquiries.\na. Unbecome, unwieldy, unsightly, unfitting, derogatory, degrading, ungentlemanly, unmanly, inglorious\nb. Illiberal, mean, ungenerous, narrow-minded, mercenary, venal, covetous\nc. Undertaking, compact, engagement, enterprise, emprise, pilgrimage, matter-in-hand\nd. Debt, obligation, liability, indebtedness, debt, score, arrears, deferred payment, deficit, default, insolvency\ne. Haste, urgency, dispatch, acceleration, spurt, forced march, rush\nII. Encyclopedia:\n1. When was Oklahoma admitted to the Union? Please provide the source of this information.\n2. Write a seventy-five word sketch of Andrew Carnegie: Born (1835, Scotland), died (1919, Lenox, Massachusetts), Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist, business magnate, and philanthropist.\n3. The life insurance business can be found on page X, volume Y of the encyclopedia.\n4. Principal industries in Minneapolis, MN: milling, manufacturing, and transportation.\n5. Rotary Clubs were founded by Paul Harris.\n6. The air brake was invented by George Westinghouse.\n7. The greatest amount of coffee is produced in Brazil. Tea: China, Tobacco: Brazil, Bananas: Central America.\n8. Shorthand was invented by Isaac Pitman.\nIII. Exporters\u2019 Encyclopedia:\nNote: Provide addresses for all firm names mentioned.\n1. a. Marine insurance refers to insurance coverage on cargo, vessels, terminals, and other marine risks.\nWhat is meant by a \"shipper's export declaration?\" What are the methods of shipping goods to foreign countries?\n\n1. a. Name the steamship lines operating steamers between New York and Japan. Classify these as to the kind of service they offer, i.e., freight or passenger, or both. Give location of the American consulates in Japan. What is the chief port of Japan? Name the American banks and bankers who have special facilities for the collection of shippers\u2019 drafts on Japan.\n\n2. What are the customs regulations for Japan?\n\n3. a. State the Mexican passport regulations. What information should be shown on the shipping documents of goods shipped to Mexico? How should rail shipments to Mexico be marked?\n\n4. a. With what special French regulation must foreign commercial travelers conform?\nTo what countries is air-mail service from France operated?\n5. What are the transatlantic telephone rates between New York and England?\nb. State the average sailing time between New York and Liverpool.\n6. What is the distance between New York and the following foreign places: Buenos Aires, Cairo, Melbourne, Naples, Port Said?\nb. Give the approximate mail time from New York to these places.\n\nI. Almanac and Yearbook.\n1. Who is the present congressman from the ninth Judicial District of North Carolina?\n2. What is the present immigration quota for Italy?\n3. Give the location and names of governing officials for Yale University, William and Mary College, Lehigh University, Lick Observatory, Oberlin College.\n4. What was the total vote cast in the 1930 gubernatorial election in Massachusetts?\n1. Who was elected and on what ticket?\nc. Who was elected and on which ticket?\n\n5. Give the names, occupations, and achievements of five prominent Americans who died in 1930.\n- List the names, jobs, and accomplishments of five notable Americans who passed away in 1930.\n\n6. a. What changes were made in the tariff schedules of the United States in 1930?\nb. Where can an account of tariff legislation in 1930 be found?\n- Where can I find information about the tariff changes in the United States in 1930?\n- In which sources can I locate details about the tariff legislation in the United States in 1930?\n\n7. What is the cost of sending by parcel post four pounds of candy marked for special handling from Leadville, Colo., to Trenton, N.J.?\n- How much does it cost to mail four pounds of special-handled candy from Leadville, Colo., to Trenton, N.J., via parcel post?\n\n8. Give the name of the railroad operating the fastest train between New York and New Orleans, La. Give the time of departure, and the time of arrival of the train.\n- Which railroad runs the fastest train between New York and New Orleans, La.? Provide the departure time and arrival time.\n1. Locate the following places on the proper map and give in each instance the name of the county in which the place is located:\nCreston, Iowa (Iowa)\nSandusky, Ohio (Sandusky County, Ohio)\nStevenson, Washington (Stevenson, Washington)\nKeene, New Hampshire (Cheshire County, New Hampshire)\nFarmington, Maine (Franklin County, Maine)\n\n2. State the population of the following cities:\nHartford, Connecticut: Approximately 124,775 (2020)\nSan Francisco, California: Approximately 883,305 (2020)\nDetroit, Michigan: Approximately 670,037 (2020)\nHelena, Montana: Approximately 31,545 (2020)\nDallas, Texas: Approximately 1,343,573 (2020)\n\n3. In connection with the countries which appear below, give:\na. The form of government or the ruling power\nb. The capital\nc. Area in square miles\nd. Population\ne. Population per square mile\nBelgium: Constitutional monarchy; Capital: Brussels; Area: 11,849 square miles; Population: 11,612,864; Population density: 981/square mile\nChile: Unitary presidential representative democratic republic; Capital: Santiago; Area: 456,220 square miles; Population: 19,322,898; Population density: 42.4/square mile\nNorway: Constitutional monarchy; Capital: Oslo; Area: 122,269 square miles; Population: 5,428,000; Population density: 44.5/square mile\nEgypt: Semi-presidential representative democratic republic; Capital: Cairo; Area: 386,662 square miles; Population: 103,688,000; Population density: 268.6/square mile\nFrance: Unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic; Capital: Paris; Area: 248,857 square miles; Population: 66,987,247; Population density: 267.2/square mile\n\n4. Locate the following islands and name the country to which they belong:\nCanary Islands: Spain\nWindward Islands: Leeward Islands (part of the Lesser Antilles, belonging to multiple countries including Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Martinique, and Dominica)\nBermuda: British Overseas Territory\nCape Verde Islands: Cape Verde\nVirgin Islands: British Virgin Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands (British Overseas Territory and U.S. territory, respectively)\n5. What steamship lines go between the United States and Brazil, and at what ports do they stop in each country?\n6. Give some facts about the elevation, temperature, population, and principal industries of Detroit, Mich.\n7. What is the nearest railroad station to Danielsville, Ga?\n8. Name the ten largest towns in Tennessee in order of importance, and give the 1930 population of each: Knoxville (115,980), Memphis (132,858), Chattanooga (87,712), Nashville (116,530), Knoxville (115,980), Memphis (132,858), Chattanooga (87,712), Nashville (116,530), Knoxville (115,980), Memphis (132,858).\n9. What is the county seat of Guilford County, North Carolina? The battle of Guilford Court House was fought there in 1781.\n10. Where is Prince Edward Island?\n\nSteamship lines between the United States and Brazil:\n- Newcastle (Delaware, USA) and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\n- Carlisle (Pennsylvania, USA) and Salvador, Brazil\n- Xpenrith (New Jersey, USA) and Santos, Brazil\n- Richmond (Virginia, USA) and Montevideo, Uruguay (not Brazil)\n- Great Britain: Newcastle upon Tyne, Scarborough, Le Havre (France)\n- Sweden: Gothenburg, Malm\u00f6\n- Denmark: Copenhagen\n- Holland: Rotterdam, Amsterdam\n- Belgium: Antwerp, Brussels\n- Germany: Hamburg, Bremen\n- Italy: Castellammare di Stabia, Le Bar, Dunalk\n- Preston (Lancashire, England) and Holyhead (Wales)\n\nFacts about Detroit, Mich.:\n- Elevation: 632 feet above sea level\n- Temperature: Average high of 71\u00b0F in summer, average low of 15\u00b0F in winter\n- Population: 1,234,346\n- Principal industries: Automobile manufacturing, steel, electronics, and food processing\n\nNearest railroad station to Danielsville, Ga.: The nearest railroad station to Danielsville is in Athens, Ga., about 15 miles away.\nSpain, Portugal, Italy, Switzerland, Avonmouth (Bristol), Oxford, Exeter, Boulogne, Travel, Alderney, Guernsey, Havre, Cherbourg, Granville, Chartres, Le Mans, Ersal, Fontainebleau, Orleans, Limoges, St. Germaine (Vichy), Bordeaux, Corunna, Cigoa, Santander, Biarritz, Porto, M\u00e1laga, Madrid, Saragossa, Barcelona, Lona, Alcazar, Jerez,\n\nReference Books\n\n11. a. What is the distance between New York and Valparaiso, via the Strait of Magellan?\nb. What is the distance via the Panama Canal?\nc. Which route is shorter?\nd. How much shorter?\ne. What were the average tolls paid by commercial ships which passed through the Panama Canal during 1930?\nf. How were these tolls computed?\n12. a. Identify and find the longest river in the world.\nb. Identify and provide the length of the longest river in Europe.\n13. Locate and state what each is known for:\n- Oberammergau\n- Interlaken\n- Matanzas\n- Bagdad\n- Quito\n- San Juan\n- Gibraltar (Ft.)\n14. Name the steamship lines using the port of San Francisco.\n15. By how much is Cleveland larger than Cincinnati?\n16. Number of railroads operating in the following states:\n- New York\n- Illinois\n17. List the following information about the United States in columnar form:\na. Leading products c. Leading imports\nb. Leading exports d. Leading ports\n18. Name the steamship lines using the port of Boston.\n19. Name, in order of population, the five largest cities of the United States according to the latest census.\nVI. Map reading.\nThe map between pages 296-297 provides distances and railroad costs per ten miles.\n1.  From  a  traveler\u2019s  standpoint,  name  the  most  important \ncities  of  western  Europe.  Give,  in  each  case,  the  country  in \nwhich  the  city  is  located. \n2.  a.  What  is  the  distance  from  London  to  Liverpool? \nb.  What  will  the  trip  cost  an  American?  (Base  your  answer \non  the  present  rate  of  exchange.  See  any  daily  newspaper  for \nexchange  rates.) \n298  APPLIED  OFFICE  PRACTICE \n3.  a.  How  many  miles  must  one  travel  in  going  from  Buda\u00ac \npest  to  The  Hague? \nb.  Into  what  countries  will  this  take  a  traveler? \n4.  a.  What  is  the  distance,  by  water,  between  Genoa  and \nPalermo? \nb.  What  is  the  distance  by  rail,  i.e.,  mileage? \n5.  Locate  the  following:  (Name  the  country  where  found.) \nAberdeen \nBrest \nOberammergau \nWaterloo \nLucerne \nAix-la-Chapelle \nBelfast \nSt.  Moritz \nStratford-on-Avon \nMonte  Carlo \nHavre \nWarsaw \nLisbon \nDresden \nVII.  Trade  routes. \nSee  the  map  between  pages  274-275. \n1. What is the distance from New York to Gibraltar?\n2. In what country is Para located?\n3. Where is Honolulu?\n4. What is the distance from San Francisco to Punta Arenas?\n5. Where is Victoria?\n6. What is the distance between Honolulu and Victoria?\n7. What is the distance from Yokohama to San Francisco?\n8. Where is Montevideo?\n9. Locate:\na. Buenos Aires\nb. Wellington\nc. Valparaiso\n10. Indicate the route from Wellington to Valparaiso.\n11. What is the distance between New York and Punta Arenas?\n12. Locate:\na. Cape Town\nb. Paris\n13. What is the distance between these two places?\n14. Name the principal seaports:\na. On the west coast of North America\nb. On the east coast of North America\nc. Of South America\n\nReference Books\n15. What islands in the Pacific are a popular stopping point for steamships?\n16. To what country do these islands belong?\nWhat are the possible stopping points between Hong Kong and San Francisco?\n\nVIII. Mapping out salesmen's territory.\n\nMaterials necessary for this problem are any map of the United States of fair size and a number of \"map pins\" with blue, brown, red, and yellow heads.\n\nYou are employed in the head office of the Excelsior Products Company of your city. Salesmen are sent from this office to all parts of the United States. The movements of the salesmen are directed from the main office. By looking at the salesmen's map, you may learn what cities are receiving attention at any given time.\n\nThe United States, for this purpose, is divided into four sections: namely, east, south, middle west, and west. The colors used for the different salesmen are as follows:\n\nEast: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont\nSouth: N/A\nMiddle West: N/A\nWest: N/A\n\nThe Eastern Territory: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont.\nMassachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Southern Territory, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma\n\nApplied Office Practice\nMiddle Western Territory, Western Territory\nOhio, Montana, Indiana, Wyoming, Illinois, Colorado, Michigan, New Mexico, Wisconsin, Idaho, Minnesota, Utah, Iowa, Arizona, Missouri, Nevada, North Dakota, Washington, South Dakota, Oregon, Nebraska, California, Kansas\n\nTopeka, Seattle, Lincoln, Columbus, Little Rock, Cleveland, Harrisburg, Boston, Charleston, Cincinnati, Pocatello, Augusta, Concord, Detroit, St. Paul, Montgomery, Denver, Fort Worth, Duluth, Milwaukee, Buffalo, Richmond, Memphis, Providence\nRochester \nKansas  City \nSpokane \nWilmington \nGalveston \nNew  Orleans \nAlbany \nChicago \nBillings  (Montana) \nPhiladelphia \nJacksonville \nOmaha \nElmira \nPittsburgh \nEvansville \nMinneapolis \nSalt  Lake  City \nLittle  Rock \nSan  Francisco \nNew  Haven \nBaltimore \nREFERENCE  BOOKS \n2.  If  a  salesman  is  sent  from  one  territory  to  another,  the  map \npin  which  is  placed  in  the  new  territory  must  bear  the  color  of \nthe  territory  from  which  he  came.  Indicate  the  following  changes: \nSalesman  sent  from  Boston  to  Chicago \nSalesman  sent  from  Charleston  to  Louisville \nSalesman  sent  from  Cincinnati  to  Boston \nSalesman  sent  from  St.  Louis  to  Charleston \nSalesman  sent  from  Indianapolis  to  Cincinnati \nSalesman  sent  from  Chicago  to  St.  Louis \nSalesman  sent  from  Louisville  to  Indianapolis \nIX.  Map  reading  \u2014  Distribution  of  products. \nSee  the  map  between  pages  302-303. \n1.  In  what  states  are  the  following  found : \ncoal \ngold \niron \nsilver \nslate \npetroleum, granite, gypsum, limestone, tungsten, copper, phosphate, zinc, natural gas, lead, the following states produce: potatoes, forage, cotton, hops, vegetables, sugar cane, rice, barley, corn, wheat, tobacco, nuts, hay, sweet potatoes (yams), rye, orchard fruits, oats, grapefruit, alfalfa, peas, flaxseed, hemp, oranges, figs, sugar beets, peanuts\n\n1. Name the wool-growing states.\n2. In which states is livestock raised?\n3. Where are mules raised?\n4. Name the states which produce lumber.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\nX. Railroad map of the United States.\nSee the map between pages 312-313.\n\n1. What railroads center at: Chicago, Fort Worth, St. Louis, Kansas City, Minneapolis.\n2. What railroad will take you from Minneapolis to Seattle?\n3. What railroads will you use in going from Chicago to Salt Lake City?\n4. What railroads will take you from New York to Tampa?\n5. What railroads operate in New England?\n1. Name the railroads in the Gulf States.\n6. On which railroad, or railroads, are the following located?: Butte Pueblo, Jefferson City, Sacramento, Nashville, Detroit, Seattle, Savannah, Santa Fe, Toronto\n7. Which railroad will take you from Los Angeles to New Orleans?\n8. Trace the route of the following railroads:\na. New York Central d. Southern Pacific\nb. Great Northern e. Boston & Maine\nc. Erie\n\nXI. Resources and means of transportation.\n1. Indicate on an outline map the states in which the following are found: oil, zinc, copper, gold, lead, and silver.\n2. Indicate on the map some of the products of California.\na. Show the railroad route which will carry these products to Chicago.\nb. Continue the route to New York.\nc. Indicate an all-water route between California and New York.\n3. Indicate any transcontinental railroad on which one can travel from Montreal to Vancouver.\n\"Four main products of Georgia: Cole/ Hyde - wheat, I N - flaxseed, Alfalfa, Bismarck^ Wheat, Goq/ - Boise, Zhedx&rfon ptla/A - Lake City - grapefruit, grapes, lemons, es'ongsten/8ar/ - Hutara/Gas - R - Lincolr, Wolffilver S've, I - sugar, com, Orchard Fruits, roy - livestock, Oq - m, a - Santa Fe, PyOe/ - Cool, Oklahoma^ - hay, wool, Phoenix - city, lead, petroleum, cotton, wool, live, Gypsum, Cotto, xr\\. United States: Limestone, Iron, Granite, Zinc, Livestock - Z'nc \"Coo/S, Potatoes, Lumber, neapolis^ - iron potatoes, HoX n, X fye, at* fifoM - Livestock, Corn, Madison, Livestock Hay, I O W A V Chicago. Distribution of Products: V - Limestone, Iron, Granite, Zinc.\"\nJDesMoines, IA, Produce \u2014 Corn, Springfield, OR, Orchard Fruits, Wheat, UCS, I, Flumbe. Potatoes, pompri, Dwiri, Petroleum, StateW, NY, Natural Gas, a 1 in CT, PennSVLV, AN, Trenton, potatoes, Harrisburg, Coy, Petroleum, Corn, WooJ, CU, --/V-x>StV'3, Indianapolis or umbros v,* Washington, O.R, Tobacco Co, 4$, mules, rS, HemP, v, Greens, turnip, r,\"(o\", _ jC\u2014/ Sweet Potatoes, 7 Corn, prono, Cotatoes, south, I, T, Columbia, Coo/, AtlantaX, CAR\u00a3\u00a3f, y, Lumber, .om6er|, Jackson, CottonSug or Q, I, in bupar, V, jiontgomery, Nuts, Rice, y, Peonuts, Phosphate.\n\nREFERENCE BOOKS.\na. Which railroads transport products from Washington to Chicago?\nb. Which steamship line transports products from Georgia to northern markets?\nc. Indicate these routes.\n\nXII. Directories and Guide Books.\n1. What is the name and address of the drugstore nearest the post office in your city?\n2. Who is the city tax collector in your city?\n3. List the names of three reputable physicians at Monroe, LA.\n4. What is the name of the newspaper with the largest circulation in St. Louis, MO? Its circulation and political affiliation?\n5. Who is the senior senator from Iowa?\n6. List the main bookstores in Cleveland, OH.\n7. How should a shipment of goods be routed to go as far as possible by water from Boston, MA to Deland, FL? To Lakeland, FL?\nWhat is the limit of weight permissible for parcel-post packages between points in the United States and Korea?\n1. In which states is the legal rate of interest 8 percent?\n2. In which foreign countries is the monetary unit as follows:\ne. The pound sterling\n/. The reichsmark\ng. The yen\na. The peso\nb. The franc\nc. The lira\nd. The guilder\nGive in each case the value in terms of United States money.\n3. You wish to establish banking connections in the following towns, which have no banks. Give in each case the name of the town having a bank that will serve you.\nFulford, FL\nBloomfield, CA\nMilton, OH\nNelsonville, TX\nEvergreen, CO\n4. a. Where is the Federal Reserve Bank for District No. 4 located?\nb. How many banks are included in this district?\nc. How many are members of the Federal Reserve System from this number?\nd. Who is the Governor of the Federal Reserve Bank in District No. 8?\ne. What territory is included in Federal Reserve District 5?\n\n5. Who is the president of the Bank of Arizona, located at Prescott, AZ?\n\n6a. Who is the chairman ex-officio of the Federal Farm Loan Board?\n6b. Into how many districts is the Federal Land Bank System divided?\n6c. Where is the bank for each district located?\n\n7a. How many branches does the First National Bank of Boston have?\n7b. Where is the South American branch of this bank located?\n\nThe credit department of your firm has certain overdue accounts. It has been decided to place them in the hands of attorneys for collection. The delinquents are located in:\nEmporia, Kansas\nCassville, Missouri\nTuscaloosa, Alabama\nHarrisburg, Pennsylvania\nCovington,  Kentucky  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico \nSalem,  Oregon  Lisbon,  Portugal \nGorham,  Maine  Trieste,  Italy \nGive,  in  each  case,  the  name  and  address  of  an  attorney  to \nwhom  the  account  may  be  sent  for  collection. \n9.  a.  What  is  the  amount  of  paid-up  capital  of  the  Cleveland \nTrust  Company,  Cleveland,  Ohio? \nb.  What  bank  acts  as  the  Paris  correspondent  of  the  Cleveland \nTrust  Company? \n10.  Give  the  London  address  and  the  Paris  address  of  the  fol\u00ac \nlowing  New  York  banks: \nChase  National  Bank  of  the  City  of  New  York \nEquitable  Trust  Company  of  New  York \nGuaranty  Trust  Company  of  New  York \nREFERENCE  BOOKS  305 \nXIV.  International  Register  of  Telegraphic  and  Trade  Ad- \ndresses. \nYou  are  employed  in  the  office  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph \nCompany.  Cable  messages  are  received  from  and  transmitted  to \nall  parts  of  the  world.  Many  of  the  messages  you  handle  are  to  and \n1. Persons and firms with registered cable addresses:\nSecurity, Denver, CO, USA\nTampiossco, Tampa, FL, USA\nAdvisory, Elmira, NY, USA\nBlackol, New York, USA\nFrink, Seattle, WA, USA\n\n2. Cable addresses:\na. Liverpool Electric Cable Co. Ltd., Linacre Lane, Bootle, Liverpool, UK\nb. James Woolley Sons & Co. Ltd., Victoria Bridge, Manchester, UK\nc. R. G. Dun & Company, Avenida de Mayo 560, Buenos Aires, Argentina\nd. Banque pour le Commerce & l'Industrie a Varsovie, 36 Rue de Chateaudun, Paris, France\ne. Banca Commerciale Italiana, Piazza della Scala, Milan, Italy\nf. World Transport Agency, Ltd., Transport House, London, UK\ng. George Wills & Co., Ltd., 33 Grenfell St., Adelaide, Australia\nYour employer in New York has been correspondring with Dieden & Company Ltd., 58 Naniwa-mach, Kobe, Japan, regarding toys for the Christmas trade. The goods must be shipped not later than November 1 to be available for the Christmas trade. Assume today's date to be October 5.\n\nThe letter placing an order for $20,000 worth of toys and giving full directions for shipment is timed and marked for Grimwood, Mexico City, Armistice, Liverpool, Mueller, New York, Scotiabank, Chicago.\n\nTrans-Pacific steamer Lyo Maru sailing from Seattle. The connecting overland mail for this steamer closes at the General Post Office.\nOffice and City Hall Post Office stations in New York at 6 p.m., October 5.\n\nThe goods were shipped f.o.b. Seattle.\n\n1. Between what points did Dieden & Company pay transportation charges?\n2. Between what points did your employer pay transportation charges?\n\nFreight charges: $765.73\nOther charges:\nInsurance: $150.00\nHandling: $376.89\nCost of selling: $1,000.00\n\n3. What amount must be received for the goods to make a profit of 25%?\n4. What is the amount of profit?\n5. What was the total expense in addition to the first cost of the goods?\n\nAssuming you, as mail clerk, were negligent in mailing the order letter and it did not reach the steamer at the planned time, resulting in a three-day delay in order delivery.\n1. The goods took seven days to be shipped, resulting in their arrival in New York too late for the Christmas trade. They were immediately sold at a loss of $2675.30 below cost.\n2. What was the total amount received for the goods?\n3. What was the percentage of loss?\n4. Your carelessness as a mail clerk cost your employer $2675.30.\n\nXVI. Bullinger\u2019s Monitor Guide.\n1. a. Plattsburg, NY, is located on the railroad's Saratoga Division.\nb. The railroad is unspecified in the provided text.\n\nREFERENCE BOOKS\nc. Departure times from New York for trains to Plattsburg, between 8 a.m. and 8 p.m., are not provided in the text.\nd. Arrival times at Plattsburg for these trains are also not provided in the text.\ne. The starting station in New York for these trains is not mentioned in the text.\n\n/. The following terms have the following meanings:\n2. a. The British Consul General in New York is unspecified in the text.\nb. The location of his office is also unspecified in the text.\nWhat is the price of a 60-trip monthly commutation ticket on the Erie R.R. between Paterson, N.J., and New York?\n\n4. a. How should all mail for airplane dispatch be marked?\nb. You are sending the following letters by airplane. What will be the cost?\n(1) Letter weighing 1 oz. to Chicago\n(2) Letter weighing 2 oz. to Omaha\n(3) Letter weighing 3 oz. to Salt Lake City\n(4) Letter weighing 1.5 oz. to San Francisco\nc. What mail matter may be sent by airplane?\n\n5. On what railroad and division, branch, or line of the railroad are the following places located? (Give all the railroads that reach these places.)\nAsheville, NC.\nBarre, VT.\nBarre, MA.\nFarnham, Que.\nPalm Beach, FL.\nWilmington, DE.\nPiperville, Ont.\n\n6. Give listings (name of steamer and sailing date) of steamers for Liverpool.\n7. What steamship lines operate between New York and Albany, NY?\n8. a. What time does the Broadway Limited Train of the Pennsylvania RR leave New York?\nb. When is this train due in Chicago?\n9. Your employer has missed the 12:00 noon express to Philadelphia. What is the next train for him to take?\n10. What do the following signify:\nO J\nF t\nAPPLIED OFFICE PRACTICE\nXVII. Routing.\nMaterial needed: Bullinger\u2019s Post Office, Express, and Freight Guide.\n1. The - Motor Co. has assembly plants at the following places:\n- Atlanta, GA\n- St. Louis, MO\n- Flint, MI\n- Norwood, OH\n- Janesville, WI\n- Kansas City, MO\n- Oakland, CA\n- Buffalo, NY\n- N. Tarrytown, NY\n- Minneapolis, MN\nYou have received orders for cars from:\n- Ogden\n- Matanzas\n- El Paso\n- Parkersburg\n- Boulder\n- Newcastle\n- Pine Bluff\n- Mobile\n- Evansville\n- Sheboygan\n- Natchez\n- Omaha\n- Council Bluffs\n- Knoxville\n- San Diego\n- Olympia\n- Calgary\n- Grand Forks\n- Biddeford\n- Yarmouth\n- Halifax\n- Racine\nFor delivery to:\nCity | State | From Factory at | Delivery Price\n---|---|---|---\nAlbany | NY | Flint, Mich. | Price at factory, $500 + delivery charges (check page 309)\nJacksonville, Fla. | FL | Flint, Mich. | Price at factory, $500 + delivery charges (check page 309)\nBaltimore | MD | Flint, Mich. | Price at factory, $500 + delivery charges (check page 309)\nKansas City | MO | Flint, Mich. | Price at factory, $500 + delivery charges (check page 309)\nBoston | MA | Flint, Mich. | Price at factory, $500 + delivery charges (check page 309)\nLouisville | KY | Flint, Mich. | Price at factory, $500 + delivery charges (check page 309)\nBridgeport | CT | Flint, Mich. | Price at factory, $500 + delivery charges (check page 309)\nMemphis | TN | Flint, Mich. | Price at factory, $500 + delivery charges (check page 309)\n\nReference Books: Delivery and Handling Charges: Jan. 1, 19 ---\nNiew Amsterdam (Netherlands America Line)\nEuropa (Hapag-Lloyd)\nAdriatic (Adriatic Steamship Company)\nVolendam (Holland-America Line)\nMajestic (Cunard Line)\nEmpress of France (Canadian Pacific Steamship Company)\nGeorge Washington (North German Lloyd)\nNippon Yusen Kaisha (Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha)\nParis (French Line)\nPastores (Italian Line)\nLeviathan (British India Steam Navigation Company)\nBremen (North German Lloyd)\nStuttgart (Hapag-Lloyd)\nRochambeau (French Line)\nScythia (British & North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company)\nTaiyo Maru (Nippon Yusen Kaisha)\nOscar II (Swedish America Line)\nDeutschland (North German Lloyd)\nBaltic (Baltic Shipping Company)\nArabic (British India Steam Navigation Company)\nPresident Roosevelt (United States Lines)\nLancastria (Cunard-White Star Line)\nRotterdam (Holland-America Line)\nCleveland \nMauretania \nAmerica \nOlympic \nReliance \nBerengaria \nCaledonia \nLapland \nWestern  Prince \nAquitania \nAmerican  Merchant \nColumbus \nWesternland \nBelgenland \nHe  de  France \nFranconia \nVeendam \n310  APPLIED  OFFICE  PRACTICE \nYour  firm  is  engaged  in  the  export  business  and  therefore  is \ninterested  in  the  movement  of  steamers  to  and  from  this  port \n(nearest  seaport) .  From  the  newspaper  section  marked  \u2018  \u2018  Shipping \nand  Mails,\u201d  list  the  following  information: \nSteamships  Arrived  (in  Nearest  Seaport)  Yesterday \nName  of  Steamer  |  Sailing  Point  [  Date  of  Sailing \n2.  Incoming  steamships  due  today. \n3.  Incoming  steamships  due  tomorrow. \n'  Mail  Steamships  Sailing  (from  Nearest  Seaport)  Today \nSteamer  j  Destination  j  Mails  Close  j  Sails  |  Carries  Mail  for \n5.  a.  What  steamships  have  been  reported  by  radio? \nb.  From  what  ports  did  these  vessels  sail? \nc.  To  what  steamship  lines  do  these  steamers  belong? \n1. a. Two steamships of the Red Star Line: RMS Baltic and RMS Adriatic.\nb. Two steamships of the White Star Line: RMS Titanic and RMS Olympic.\nc. Two steamships of the American Line: SS America and SS Aurania.\nd. Two steamships of the French Line: SS Normandie and SS France.\n\n7. Five steamers of the Cunard-Anchor line: RMS Lusitania (sailing on September 1, 1893 from Liverpool to New York), RMS Aquitania (sailing on May 21, 1914 from Liverpool to New York), RMS Carpathia (sailing on February 15, 1902 from Liverpool to New York), RMS Mauritania (sailing on November 3, 1936 from Liverpool to New York), RMS Queen Mary (sailing on May 27, 1936 from Southampton to New York).\n\n8. Two steamers of the U.S. Mail Steamship Co.: SS Baltimore (sailing date unknown, bound for Baltimore) and SS New York (sailing date unknown, bound for New York).\n\n9. Two steamships of the Pacific Line: SS Malta Star and SS Monterey.\n\n10. Two steamships of the Panama Mail Line: SS Ancon and SS Panama.\n\n1. How has Rt. Hon. David Lloyd George served his country?\n2. H.L. Mencken is the editor of The American Mercury magazine.\n3. a. What has made Gabriele D\u2019Annunzio famous? He is a native of Italy.\n4. The military service of Rt. Hon. Winston Churchill: He served in the British Army during World War I and was a Cabinet Minister during World War II.\n1. For what is George Ellery Hale known?\na. For what is Edwin Markham known?\nb. Where is his home?\n2. a. What has brought Rafael Sabatini into prominence?\nb. When and where was he born?\n3. During what period was Field Marshal Sir Edmund Allenby High Commissioner for Egypt?\n4. a. Where is the residence of the British Royal Family?\nb. Give full names and dates of birth of the children of His Majesty King George V.\n5. a. With what university is Glenn Frank affiliated?\nb. In what capacity?\n6. Outline the life and work of Jane Addams.\n7. For what is Edith Wharton known?\n8. What has made Richard E. Byrd famous?\n9. Who's Who in America.\n1. a. Why is Thomas Alva Edison well known?\nb. What was his occupation at the age of twelve?\nc. For how many inventions has he received patents?\n2. Who is Gifford Pinchot?\na. What is the date and location where did David Warfield receive his Doctor of Science degree?\nc. In which islands did David Starr Jordan inspect the forests?\n3. a. When and in which theater did David Warfield make his first public appearance?\nb. In which plays did he take the leading part?\n4. For what is David Starr Jordan well known?\n5. Where is Channing Pollock's home?\n6. For what is David Belasco well known?\n7. a. When and where was Amelita Galli-Curci born?\nb. In which art does she excel?\n8. Which periodical did Irvin S. Cobb represent as war correspondent in Europe?\n9. a. What brought Geraldine Farrar into prominence?\nb. Where was she born?\nc. Where was she educated?\n10. Who is Ida Minerva Tarbell?\nb. When and where was she born?\n11. Who is Evangeline C. Booth?\nb. Where was she born?\n12. For what is Grace Abbott well known?\nXXI. Financial books.\n\n1. Name, worth (in dollars and cents), and credit rating of the firm from which you purchased your last pair of shoes:\n   - Name:\n   - Worth:\n   - Credit rating:\n\n2. Par value of a share of stock in the American Telephone & Telegraph Company: $ _ _ _ . _ _ _\n   Lowest price at which this stock sold on the New York Stock Exchange in _ _ _ : $ _ _ _ . _ _ _\n\n3. Dividend rate paid by the Southern Railroad on its common stock for the year 1930: $ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ per share\n\nXXII. Dun Rating Book.\n\n1. Excelsior Oil Company, Chicago, Ill., has ordered a bill of goods worth: a.\n   - Capital rating:\n   - Credit rating:\n   - Safe to sell on credit the goods wanted: yes or no\n\n2. Credit rating of D. K. Smith of Royal Oak, Mich.: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\na. What is the trade classification of Mr. Smith's business?\nc. In which county is Royal Oak located?\nd. What is the population?\n\n3. a. What is the population of Salt Lake City, Utah?\nb. In which county is it located?\nc. List alphabetically the names of five contractors:\nd. List alphabetically the names of ten grocers:\n\n4. a. List the names of seven state banks in Wyoming:\nb. List the names of eight national banks in Wyoming:\nc. List the names of three trust companies.\n\n5. a. What is the population of Kensington, KS?\nb. Name the industries in this town.\n\n6. a. What is the financial rating of Pioneer Pole & Shaft Company, St. Louis, MO?\nb. What is the credit rating of this company?\n1. What is the business of this company classified under in general trade?\n2. Which magazine is best for persons engaged in advertising, automobile selling, life insurance, ladies\u2019 ready-to-wear apparel, and aviation, transportation?\n3. Who publishes Advertising and Selling? What is the subscription price and frequency?\n4. List at least five articles about \"Art and Advertising\" that appeared in 1930 magazines, including:\na. Author's name\nb. Title of article\nc. Magazine name and date\nd. Pages\n5. List five magazine articles written by R. L. Duffus, providing the requested information:\n6. In which magazine did Zane Grey\u2019s novel Amber\u2019s Mirage begin?\nb. What is the date of the issue with the first installment?\n1. What periodical did you consult for these answers?\n2. With what headlines did your leading local newspaper announce the success of Colonel Lindbergh\u2019s flight across the Atlantic? President Harding\u2019s death? The signing of the armistice?\n3. Give the date, headline, and tell how many lines were used in your local paper in recording some death, marriage, birth, or other event in your family or among your friends.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n3. How may newspaper accounts of local news items in New York City be located? Accounts of events of national or international importance in any paper?\n\nXXV. The cataloging and selecting of books.\n1. Name the author, publisher, and price of the book \"Acres of Diamonds.\"\n2. Name five books by the author of \"The Man in Lower Ten,\" and give the name of the firm that publishes the lowest-priced edition.\n3. Three books on short-cuts to arithmetic solutions:\n1. \"The Arithmetic Shortcut Book\" by John Doe, Publisher A, $5\n2. \"Quick Math\" by Jane Doe, Publisher B, $3\n3. \"Easy Arithmetic\" by Mark Doe, Publisher C, $7\n\n4. Most recent book by Henry Ford and Samuel Crowther:\nTitle: [\"Unknown\"], Publisher D, Date: [\"Unknown\"], Price: [\"Unknown\"]\n\n5. Five mystery stories published in 1930:\n1. \"The Thin Man\" by Dashiell Hammett\n2. \"The Maltese Falcon\" by Raymond Chandler\n3. \"Murder on the Orient Express\" by Agatha Christie\n4. \"The Big Sleep\" by Raymond Chandler\n5. \"Strangers on a Train\" by Patricia Highsmith\n\n6. Two novels published in 1930 with scenes in New York:\n1. \"An American Tragedy\" by Theodore Dreiser\n2. \"Babbitt\" by Sinclair Lewis\n\nTwo novels published in 1930 with scenes in London:\n1. \"Brave New World\" by Aldous Huxley\n2. \"Jezebel\" by B.M. Bower\n\n7. Summary of New York Times Review of \"Every Mother\u2019s Son\" by Norman Lindsay:\n[\"The New York Times\" praised Norman Lindsay's \"Every Mother\u2019s Son\" for its gripping narrative and powerful exploration of the human condition. The reviewer commended Lindsay's ability to delve into the complexities of the human psyche and create unforgettable characters. Overall, the review was highly positive, recommending the book to readers seeking a thought-provoking and engaging read.]\n\nCHAPTER X\nA Typical Experience\nYou're studying a secretary's work, specifically Mary Mitchell's experience in her first year. Here's a typical experience:\n\nObtaining the position:\nMary Mitchell graduated from Liberty High School in a Middle Western city. She obtained a stenographer position through her school's placement director. Other girls in her class secured positions by: placing Situation Wanted advertisements in newspapers, answering Help Wanted advertisements, applying to agencies, or through a friend who knew of a vacancy.\n\nEntering upon the new work:\nUpon entering the office on her first day, Mary was met by the office manager who outlined her duties: taking dictation and other tasks.\nThe assistant sales manager's duties include transcribing for him, substituting for the switchboard operator between 1 and 2 o'clock, keeping the follow-up file, taking telephone messages, and doing other detail work. The office manager suggested becoming familiar with work through the Office Policy Book, correspondence, catalogs, and the most recent circularizing campaign. He introduced the newcomer, Miss Mitchell, to Miss Hall of the same department. Miss Hall showed her desk, the supply room and files, and offered help. Supplies, including pencils, erasers, stationery, pens, ink, and invoice blanks, are obtained only by requisition.\nBefore Miss Mitchell finished reading the Office Policy Book, Mr. Brown, the assistant sales manager, called her into his office to take dictation. Since Mr. Brown was a stranger to Miss Mitchell, and since many of the terms he used were new to her, she did not get all the words of his letter. In the course of the dictation, Miss Mitchell was annoyed by the fact that Mr. Brown kept looking through his desk and in other places in his office for information which might have a bearing on the letter. As he turned his head away from her a great deal of the time while he was speaking, she found it difficult to understand him. Another annoying matter was the repeated ringing of the telephone. Each time Mr. Brown hurried through the sentence he was dictating and then answered the call.\nMiss Mitchell was unable to get the entire letter due to the given conditions. She was puzzled as to what to do next. She wanted to ask Mr. Brown to repeat, but was unsure if he would prefer her to wait until the entire letter had been dictated. After her first letter, she explained that there were some words she had been unable to write and asked for assistance. She learned that Mr. Brown preferred to dictate the whole letter without interruption. He kindly repeated the phrases she had failed to complete.\n\nBefore Miss Mitchell began to transcribe her notes, she consulted the Office Policy Book to find the form of letter required by the firm. She found it to be the block form with open punctuation. She typed the letter and the envelope and presented them to Mr. Brown for his inspection and signature.\nMr. Brown examined the letter carefully to note the following points:\n\nA typical experience\nGeneral form and placement of the letter\nNeatness\nColor of the type\nParagraphing\nSpelling, particularly the spelling of proper names\nPunctuation\nAccuracy of statement with regard to prices, terms, and quantities\n\nAlthough Miss Mitchell was not aware, Mr. Brown had been timing her to discover whether she could type accurately at a reasonable rate of speed. He had noted that Miss Mitchell wrote the letter with one trial. Mr. Brown commended her work. However, in all letters he sent out, he wished to have his name typewritten under the signature:\n\nYours very truly,\nTHOMPSON & COMPANY\nHarry S. Brown\nAssistants Sales Manager at 1 o'clock, Miss Mitchell took her place at the switchboard. A call came in which puzzled her. The speaker at the other end of the line asked a question about credit policies, which she couldn't answer. She asked the speaker to hold the wire for a moment and asked Miss Hall who could give the desired information. Miss Hall referred her to the credit manager, Mr. Wagner. Mr. Wagner stated that as the inquirer was a customer of some importance, he would answer the question himself. Accordingly, Miss Mitchell made the necessary connection with Mr. Wagner's telephone extension. Among the incoming calls was one from Mr. Shear, who wished an appointment with Mr. Brown for that afternoon. Miss Mitchell knew that Mr. Brown would not return until 2:30. She told Mr. Shear that Mr. Brown would not be available until that time. Applied Office Practice.\nMr. Shear came promptly for a long conference with Mr. Brown. In the afternoon, it was necessary for Mr. Brown to send a telegram to one of Thompson & Company's traveling salesmen. He asked Miss Mitchell to send the following message to Mr. William Belgard:\n\nCALL ON BLACK & BENHAM. KEEN IN BUFFALO. REDUCE PRICES TEN PER CENT.\n\nTHOMPSON & COMPANY\n\nMiss Mitchell asked for Mr. Belgard's address and Mr. Brown replied, \"I do not know just where he can be reached. You will have to look it up.\" Miss Mitchell knew how to send the telegram. She asked Miss Hall about Mr. Belgard's address and Miss Hall showed her a carefully typewritten itinerary sheet indicating where each salesman could be reached.\nsalesman could be reached at any time during the week. Upon consulting the itinerary sheet, Miss Mitchell found that Mr. Belgard would leave Buffalo at seven o'clock that night. Mr. Brown was pleased with the speed with which Miss Mitchell prepared the telegram for transmission and wrote the letter of confirmation. Ordinarily, when telegrams were sent out, Thompson & Company sent merely a confirmation form. But as Mr. Brown had some additional information to communicate to Mr. Belgard, this confirmation took the form of a letter.\n\nEnd of first day's work. When Miss Mitchell had written several other letters, she was surprised to see the other girls preparing to leave the office. She could hardly believe that the day had passed so quickly. She seemed to have accomplished little. She was very tired and left the office.\nMiss Mitchell felt that the work had been unsatisfactorily completed and that a great deal of it was incomplete. A typical experience.\n\nAdjustment to Environment\n\nMiss Mitchell had left school with the impression that there were certain definite ways of setting up letters, and that other ways were wrong or at least questionable. She discovered after reading the Office Policy Book that many of the very forms which had been frowned upon in her typing class were prescribed in this office. This caused her annoyance until she realized that if her employer required a certain form to be carried out, it was her duty to do it. Hence, she early learned to adjust her high school skill to the requirements of her new position.\n\nMiss Hall, whose first name was Ethel, was so friendly with Miss Mitchell that it was not uncommon for them to...\nMiss Mitchell and Miss Hall appeared as if they should call each other by their first names. When Miss Mitchell suggested this, she found it strange that Miss Hall refused and proposed they could be just as friendly if they continued to call each other \"Miss.\" Miss Mitchell couldn't understand this and asked for an explanation. Miss Hall informed her that businessmen in general have found it advisable to put their employees on a business relationship while they are working. These young people may be very friendly at home or socially, but when they appear at the office in the morning, a different relationship exists among them.\n\nConfidential information. As time went on, Miss Mitchell learned many things from observation and general conversation. One day she heard two of the girls discussing a matter at luncheon. One was much displeased.\nMiss Mitchell asked her companion about the amount of the girl's salary during a discussion on work apportionment. The girl was reluctant to disclose this information and, when pressed, replied, \"My salary is a matter that concerns my employer and me. It is confidential.\"\n\nOn another occasion, Miss Mitchell was introduced to three girls employed by a competing firm. One began boasting about the fine business her firm had recently done in certain new sales articles. An older girl sitting at the table stopped her, informing Miss Mitchell that a loyal employee never discusses the business of the firm.\n\nThis silence seemed unnecessary to Miss Mitchell until she heard the girls mention that employees of the firm had been poached by her employer.\nMiss Mitchell had been discharged because, by disclosing information, she had given competitors an opportunity to undersell or bring out a new sales article before the firm itself had a chance to place the article on sale. Poise and good health. When Miss Mitchell attended high school, conditions had been very pleasant. Her instructor had eliminated all annoying situations. When the novelty of being in a real position had worn off, Miss Mitchell became homesick for school. In her present position, things were happening so fast, and so many things were happening at the same time, that it seemed to her that she could not go on with the work. First of all, her office was located in a very noisy part of the city; second, her employers required that everything go out on time; third, several duties came at once and all had to be attended to.\nNone could be overlooked. For instance, Miss Mitchell might be typing a letter that must go out on the Twentieth Century Limited train, with the office boy waiting to take the letter to Grand Central Station, when Mr. Brown might signal her to take a telegram. On one occasion, upon taking a message to be telegraphed, her employer told her to call Mr. Willis and inform him that he would meet him at 190 Broadway in fifteen minutes. These matters were urgent and very confusing. It seemed impossible to do everything at once, and yet Miss Mitchell realized that it had to be done. Many a night she was so worn out by the confusion that she thought she could never face the office again. The one thing that made the work possible was the fact that Mr. Brown expected her to handle it all.\nMiss Mitchell's efforts were recognized by Mr. Brown. On the day he said, \"Miss Mitchell, for a girl of your age, you stand the strain of this work very well,\" Mr. Brown was unaware that Miss Mitchell was on the verge of resigning. However, Mr. Brown did know that knowledge of shorthand, typewriting, and office procedure was not enough to make a good office worker without some of the more important personal traits. Miss Mitchell discovered, as time passed, that it became easier for her to adjust and organize her work.\n\nLike most young people, Miss Mitchell enjoyed parties, club meetings, and the theater. She found, however, that it was necessary to budget her leisure time as well as her office time. Following late social engagements, she was likely to be inaccurate in her work and tired before the day was over. Additionally, she was nervous.\nMr. Brown forgot an appointment with a member of the Board of Trade two weeks previously and felt disturbed when he received a telephone call inquiring about it. Miss Mitchell suggested using a simple office device to prevent overlooking appointments.\nMr. Brown sent a messenger to procure an inexpensive and simple desk tickler for filing and managing appointments and other matters. From then on, all matters were filed in this small desk file according to date, and brought to his attention when the proper date arrived. Mr. Granville, president and secretary of the firm, lacked skill in reporting and found errors and omissions in the minutes of a previous meeting. He felt the need of a quick, accurate stenographer to do the actual writing of reports and minutes. He applied to the office manager for someone who could do this work.\nMr. Granville sent for Miss Mitchell and explained what he wanted done. She mentioned that she had never done work of this kind before, her experience being limited to business letters. Mr. Granville was about to dismiss her and try someone else when Miss Mitchell asked, \"When is the next meeting, Mr. Granville?\" He replied, \"A week from tonight.\" Miss Mitchell then asked if she could examine some previous reports and minutes of the Chamber of Commerce to prepare herself for the work.\n\nApproximately three days before the end of April, Miss Mitchell was informed by the office manager that the stenographer in the Credit Department was ill and that the monthly statements must go out. She worked on these and found that she had not finished by April 30th.\nWhen she explained this to the office manager, he informed her that the statements must be in the mail that night. This meant that she must remain overtime and finish the work. She did so, remaining until after nine o'clock, realizing afresh that emergencies must be met regardless of personal inconvenience.\n\nOne of the agents of the firm had not made his reports regularly. In fact, the firm had not heard from him for a month. It was the busy season, and the assistant sales manager felt it necessary to find out why this agent was not doing any business and also why he neglected to answer letters. The matter was placed in the hands of Miss Mitchell.\n\nAt first, the assistant sales manager thought that a special delivery letter would be the proper method of handling the matter, but as he was anxious to get proof of the agent's negligence, he decided instead to send a registered letter.\nMiss Mitchell suggested registering the letter with \"Return Receipt Requested\" in the lower left-hand corner of the envelope if it had been received. She wondered about Mr. Brown's important work and went to the office to get it started. Mr. Brown explained that due to a change in business conditions, the firm needed to change its selling policy. He wanted to send a circular letter to each of the 675 agents throughout the United States and Canada. He explained the work to Miss Mitchell and asked how it could be done in one day. She had never used the mimeograph machine in the office but told him so.\nMr. Brown discovered that all of this work could be completed if the mimeograph was in good condition. However, upon trying the machine, he found it in such poor condition that copies were barely legible. Since no time could be wasted, he suggested that the letters be multigraphed. Mr. Brown dictated the letter. Miss Mitchell contacted a firm that specialized in multographing letters. This firm sent an office boy for Miss Mitchell's copy. She explained to the boy the form in which the letter was to be set up. Before noon, the boy returned with a proof of the multographed letter. Mr. Brown made a few changes and instructed her to order 1000 copies. In the meantime, Miss Mitchell had started the office boy working on the addressograph to address letters to all of the agents.\nShe didn't have to typewrite the addresses. Instead, each agent had a metal stencil plate with his name and address printed on it. The stencils were placed in the addressograph, and the work of addressing envelopes was done quickly and accurately. The stencils were arranged alphabetically in drawers, just like library cards. All that was necessary was to empty the drawers into a vertical groove on the addressograph machine, and as each stencil was used, it dropped back into its proper position.\n\nIn the middle of the afternoon, the boy from the multigraph company returned with the thousand copies. The letters were folded and inserted in the envelopes. No inside address was necessary. The envelopes were then run through the postage metering machine and carried to the mail box.\nMiss Mitchell had studied the mimeograph, multigraph, addressograph, and postage metering machine at high school, but this was her first opportunity to use all of these machines in carrying out an important piece of work.\n\nLearning New Duties\n\nBank deposits. One day, Mr. Brown told Miss Mitchell that he wished to deposit some funds in the National City Bank. He gave her some blank deposit slips and the checks to be deposited. These she had him indorse and then she made out a deposit slip. She then sent the office boy to the bank with the deposit.\n\nBalancing check book. On the first of June, Mr. Brown received from his bank a statement of his balance and also a package of canceled checks. When Miss Mitchell attempted to verify the bank balance, she could not make it agree with her balance in Mr. Brown's check book. At first\nA typical experience. She was alarmed upon examining her bank statement, noticing a difference of $200. Comparison with her records revealed the statement was inadequate in the following respects: (1) A $100 check was uncashed, (2) A $300 deposit was unrecorded, both transactions having occurred after the statement's issue by the bank. This was Miss Mitchell's first experience in checking bank balances.\n\nAs a high school student, Miss Mitchell had dismissed economic geography as a subject for boys. To her surprise, she discovered its value in answering numerous questions and performing various duties. She found a large map of the United States hanging in Mr. Brown's classroom.\nThe office contained the manufacturing plants of the company, along with facts such as salesmen's territories, volume of business, and salesmen's itineraries indicated by map tacks. The firm conducted extensive foreign business, with all correspondence with European branches in code. The code book used was the ABC one. Miss Mitchell had heard of this book but had never decoded a message. Interested, she received a cablegram in code regarding the purchase of crude rubber in Brazil. Mr. Brown dictated his answer, which was then compressed into fewer words and put in code. Miss Mitchell understood the importance of grasping the sense, and for each message, she deciphered the code.\nThe office manager emphasized the importance of office care. One instruction was to ensure no papers remained on desks after closing. Another requirement involved dusting and regular cleaning and oiling of typewriters. Miss Mitchell, having paid little attention to this in her high school course, was unsure of the best cleaning methods. She asked the typewriter company's service man for guidance.\nHe showed her the typewriter and from that time on, she kept the machine in good working order.\n\nOne evening after all the letters had been signed and sealed, Miss Mitchell discovered a check on her desk. On examining it, she found that it was payable to Henry C. Smith. Suspecting that she had neglected to enclose this check, she looked through the envelopes about to be mailed and found the envelope of Henry C. Smith. On opening it and reading the letter, she found that mention was made of an inclosed check. Consequently, she addressed another envelope to Henry C. Smith and enclosed in it the letter and the check. This experience showed her how easy it is to misplace inclosures.\n\nMr. Brown went on his vacation to a distant part of Canada on August 15.\nThe expectation of returning on September 1. He wished to know how the business was progressing in his absence, so he asked Miss Mitchell to send him a letter each day with a digest of all correspondence. The first day, Miss Mitchell found this work difficult and could not leave the office until seven o'clock. After that, however, she learned the procedure of reading a letter and choosing the important points. Typewriting the digest required much less time than the selection of the material. At first, the digest appeared in narrative form, but on reflection, Miss Mitchell found that this method required too much time. She therefore arranged her digest in outline:\n\nIncoming | Outgoing |\n---------|---------|\nFrom Date | To Date |\n(Smith) | (8-14) | Complaint | (8-16) | Referred to Mr. Jones\nMiss Mitchell felt more at home in the office after a new stenographer came for her advice. This girl was employed in the Accounting Department and was about to make up a pay roll for the first time. Miss Mitchell had been instructed on this point in high school and found it an easy matter to advise the new stenographer on the best method of setting up the material on the blank form used by the firm for this purpose.\n\nOne letter came for Mr. Brown during his absence which required a prompt answer. Miss Hall suggested calling him on long distance telephone, but they decided against it, as they thought in all probability Mr. Brown would be many miles away from any telephone. Miss Hall then suggested sending a regular telegram, but Miss Mitchell objected.\nMr. Brown would not be in his hotel until evening, so they sent out a day letter quoting Mr. Smith's entire letter and relevant facts. Brown received the message that night and replied by night letter, which was delivered the following morning.\n\nAn expense account issue arose with one of the traveling salesmen. While on his way home in Portland, Oregon, he fell ill and was sent to a hospital. By the time he reached Salt Lake City, his funds were low, and he lacked the necessary money for fare home. He wired the home office to forward $300.00. The task of forwarding this money fell to Miss Mitchell.\nMr. Brown recalled neglecting to send a letter in adjustment of a claim. As he passed Miss Mitchell's desk, he asked, \"You have noticed how we settle cases of this kind, Miss Mitchell?\" She glanced at the letter and replied, \"Yes.\" He then requested, \"Answer this letter and sign it for me. I shan't be back until tomorrow.\"\n\nMr. Brown arrived at the office near closing time one day following an important conference. In his mail, he found a letter requiring an immediate response. With his time limited, he instructed Miss Mitchell to type it from dictation. He was then free to leave as soon as he had signed the letter. Miss Mitchell found the method appealing and discovered that typing the message directly was as easy as transcribing her own notes.\nMr. Brown set up a bulletin board in the General Sales Office, on which were printed the names of all salesmen. Each week, it was Miss Mitchell's duty to place the total sales made by each man during the preceding week. She obtained her information from reports recording all facts of importance to the firm as the salesmen found them. It was necessary for Miss Mitchell to be extremely accurate in recording these sales as the achievements of the different salesmen were posted on the bulletin board so that their records could be compared.\n\nMr. Brown had built up a system of collection letters. They were form letters, numbered 1 to 15. In them were left spaces for writing names, dates, articles, and other facts which pertained to each case. Miss Mitchell frequently received letters with the number.\nMiss Mitchell's experience involved making copies of form letters with necessary adjustments based on specific situations. She maintained an elaborate scrapbook for Mr. Brown, looked up new customers' names and addresses, kept the mailing list updated, helped with inventory, checked replies to advertisements, proofread advance circulars and newspaper advertisements, and filed catalogs. Her first day's tasks repeated frequently, leaving her seldom able to finish all her varied duties within a given time, resulting in a sense of unfulfillment. She had to plan carefully for completion.\nIt is necessary to complete remaining tasks promptly to avoid neglecting certain pieces of work and eventual forgetfulness. These qualities - dependability, resourcefulness, and initiative - set Miss Mitchell apart from other young people in the organization. She was systematic and meticulous; every job was assured a successful completion. This realization came to Miss Mitchell at this juncture, as her teacher had often emphasized, \"It is not the extent of your shorthand knowledge, typing speed, or office machine proficiency that makes you valuable to an organization, but rather it is yourself, the sum of all the essential traits a businessman sought in a young office worker.\"\n\nMiscellaneous Duties.\nHotel reservations for salesmen, Pullman reservations for her employer, arranging for baggage were part of her daily work. She learned to use her judgment, adjust schedules, and save all the time possible for both her employer and the salesmen.\n\nHer duties included certain social duties also. For instance, when an out-of-town customer came to see Mr. Brown one day, and remarked, \u201cMy wife wants to do some shopping. Will you direct her to some reliable stores?\u201d Mr. Brown replied, \u201cYes, I can direct her, but it will be much simpler if my stenographer, Miss Mitchell, accompanies your wife.\u201d\n\nMr. Brown was a man of varied civic interests. He frequently received many letters of a personal nature addressed to the office, and sent out his replies from the office. This work Miss Mitchell took care of, filing the letters.\nDomestic mail matter includes matter deposited in mails for local delivery or for transmission from one place to another within the United States, or to or from or between the possessions of the United States.\n\nClassifications of Domestic Mail:\n\nFirst class: Letters and written and sealed matter, 2 cents for each ounce. Government postal cards, 1 cent each. Private mailing or post cards, 1 cent each.\n\nSecond class: Complete copies of newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals containing notice of second-class entry, 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof, regardless of weight or distance, when mailed by other than the publisher or news agent.\n\nThird class (limit, 8 ounces): Circulars and other miscellaneous printed matter, also merchandise, 1 cent for each 2 ounces.\nBooks and catalogs of 24 pages or more, seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots, scions, and plants: 1 cent per 2 ounces. Identical third-class matter may be mailed in bulk lots of not less than 20 pounds or 200 pieces, at the rate of 8 cents per pound or fraction thereof for books or catalogs having 24 pages or more, seeds, plants, etc., and 12 cents a pound or fraction thereof for circulars, miscellaneous printed matter, and other third-class matter, with a minimum charge of 1 cent a piece in either case. Application for permit should be made to postmaster.\n\nFourth class (commonly called Parcel Post): merchandise, books, printed matter, and all other mailable matter not in first or second class:\n\nZone First Additional Pounds Cents\nLocal 7 ... . 1 cent each 2 pounds\n1 and 2.7 cents each pound, 3.8 cents each pound, 4.8 cents each pound, 5.9 cents each pound, 6.10 cents each pound, g 13. ..12 cents each pound\n\nThe limit of weight for the first three zones is 70 pounds; beyond the third zone, 50 pounds. Parcel post packages may not exceed 84 inches in length and girth combined.\n\nSpecial delivery. This is a special service which saves several hours. It is obtained by placing a special delivery stamp on the letter or package, in addition to the regular postage, and hastens delivery to an addressee located within one mile of a post office or a branch office.\n\nThe cost of a special delivery stamp for a letter weighing not more than 2 pounds is 10 cents. The cost for other kinds of mail is:\n\n1. Letters and small packages, up to 1 ounce: 1 cent each\n2. Letters and small packages, over 1 ounce but not over 3 ounces: 2 cents each\n3. Small packages, over 3 ounces but not over 8 ounces: 6 cents each\n4. Large packages, over 8 ounces: 12 cents each.\nThe special delivery fee applies, but in this case, \"Special Delivery\" should be clearly marked on the envelope or wrapper, directly below the stamps. Special delivery mail leaves the post office with regular mail. When it reaches the destination post office, it is immediately sent out for delivery by a special messenger during special delivery hours. If, for any reason, special delivery mail cannot be delivered, notice is left at the address and the mail is returned to the post office, after which it is treated as ordinary mail. The rules for forwarding ordinary mail apply in the case of special delivery mail. Unless an attempt was made to deliver by the office of the original address, such mail is entitled to special delivery service by the post office to which it is forwarded.\nSpecial delivery mail will be made from first and second class post offices on Sundays, and from other offices if open on Sundays. Special delivery is effective at all offices on holidays. Special delivery fees in addition to regular postage: Second \u2013 1st class third or fourth class\n\nPrepayment of the foregoing fee on second, third, or fourth-class mail entitles it to the same expeditious handling and transportation as first-class matter, and also entitles it to special delivery at the office of address.\n\nRegistered mail. Registering mail is a way of safeguarding letters and fourth-class matter which has been sealed and for which first-class postage has been paid. Second- and third-class mail may be registered under the following conditions:\n\nThe post office guarantees delivery of registered mail, and in case of loss, damage, or non-delivery, the sender will be entitled to a refund of the postage and a compensation not exceeding the sum of five dollars for any letter or five dollars or the actual value of the matter, whichever is less.\nClassifications of Mail 333: loss is responsible to the sender for the declared value up to $1000. Registered mail must show the name and address of the sender. The fee, which is in addition to the regular postage, depends upon the declared value. A receipt is issued by the post office when a piece of mail is registered. This should be retained by the sender until he knows that delivery has been made. In case of loss, the number on the receipt will be needed in tracing the lost mail.\n\nIf the sender desires a receipt from the person receiving the registered mail, he should write, \"Return Receipt Requested\" in the lower left-hand corner of the letter, or on the face of the package. The post office will then attend to getting the receipt and mailing it to the sender. The extra charge for this is three cents.\n\nRegistry Fees (in addition to regular postage):\nFor second- and third-class matter valued in excess of $100, upon which a registry fee in excess of 20 cents is paid, must be sealed and first-class postage paid thereon. Fourth-class matter (domestic parcel post) may also be registered if it is sealed and the first-class rate of postage is paid thereon. Mail matter without intrinsic value for which no indemnity is provided, may be registered at the minimum fee of 15 cents.\n\nRegistry fees (Foreign). For all foreign destinations, 15 cents in addition to postage. When a return receipt is requested at the time of mailing there is an additional charge of 5 cents therefor, and a charge of 10 cents when requested after mailing.\n\nInsured mail. Valuable fourth-class or parcel post mail should be insured. For a small extra charge, depending upon the declared value.\nThe government will insure a package for up to $200. The receipt issued by the post office for an insured package should be kept by the sender until they know delivery has been made. In case of loss or damage, this receipt should be presented at the post office. The number on the receipt will aid in tracing a lost package, as the package bears the same number. One may have the Return Receipt Requested service if desired, the extra charge being 3 cents. Firms that send out several insured packages at one time find it possible to save considerable time and labor by making out the receipts in advance, ready for the signature of the clerk at the post office when he accepts the mail for insurance.\nA receipt must include answers for all items listed on it. A book of receipt forms can be obtained from the post office, along with instructions for procedure. Similar books can be obtained for use in registering mail and sending C.O.D. mail. The sender's name and address (return card) must appear on packages when presented for insurance at the post office.\n\nInsurance Fees.\nValue of Parcel (in cents)\nSpecial Handling: This is a service where fourth-class (parcel post) mail is given the same expeditious handling, transportation, and delivery as first-class mail (but not special delivery). The words, \u201cSpecial Handling,\u201d should appear on the wrapper, preferably in the space immediately below the postage stamps and above the address.\nSpecial handling fees: Up to 2 pounds: 10p, Over 2 pounds and up to 10 pounds: 15p, Over 10 pounds: 20p\n\nParcel post packages can be sent through the mail from a department store as cash on delivery (C.O.D.). The post office will collect the amount due from the person addressed, along with the cost of a money order for that amount, before making delivery. The post office collects up to $200 on C.O.D. packages and remits to the sender by postal money order. The sender places a C.D. tag furnished by the post office on the package, which must show the amount to be collected and the money order fee for that amount. The sender pays as follows for this service:\n\nClassifications of Mail: 335\nThe C.O.D. fee automatically insures the package for its actual value. There is no C.O.D. service to the Canal Zone, to the Philippine islands, or to United States warships. All data on C.O.D. tags must be filled in with ink, typewriting, or indelible pencil. Return postage guaranteed. The placing of this notation just below the return address on the envelope insures the return to the sender of second-, third-, and fourth-class mail in cases where delivery cannot be made. The return of undeliverable letters makes it possible for a firm, at the price of the return postage, to correct its mailing list. Another advantage in having this notation on the envelope or wrapper is that the receiver is impressed by the fact that the sender values the material which he mails. Money orders are of two kinds: postal and express. They offer a more expedited method of payment than checks.\nA postal money order is a safe, cheap, and convenient method of making remittances. It is an order drawn by one post office on another, directing that the amount specified in the order be paid to the person or firm named in the money order. An express money order is an order drawn by one express office on another, directing that the amount specified in the order be paid to the person or firm named in the money order.\n\nBuying a postal money order is similar to drawing a check on an amount deposited in the bank. The buyer fills out an application blank, giving the amount, name, and address of the one who is to receive the money, and his own name and address. He then pays the money order clerk the amount of the money order, along with the fee. The clerk makes out the order and delivers it with a receipt attached.\nThis receipt should be retained until an acknowledgment of the money order is received. The order is sent to the payee who may indorse and deposit it in their bank or cash it, after proper identification, at the post office. It may be transferred by indorsement but once.\n\nThe procedure in buying an express money order is similar to that for a postal money order, except a written application is not necessary. There is no restriction on the number of indorsements on an express money order.\n\nThere are two types of postal money order forms \u2014 one for sending money to any part of the United States or its possessions, the domestic money order; and the other for sending money to foreign countries, the international form.\n\nDomestic money order fees.\nFor orders from:\nCents Cents\n\nClassifications of Foreign Mail\nLetters: 5 cents for the first ounce or less, 3 cents for each additional ounce or fraction of an ounce. (To the following countries the rate is 2 cents an ounce or fraction thereof: Canada, Cuba, Mexico, the Republic of Panama, Newfoundland, Labrador, Great Britain and Ireland, Spain and the Spanish Colonies, New Zealand, and British Samoa, and all countries and places in South and Central America and the West Indies, except Dutch Guiana, French Guiana, Venezuela, Guadeloupe, and Martinique.)\n\nPost cards: Single post cards for the following named countries, one cent - double or reply cards, two cents - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras (Rep.), Mexico, Newfoundland, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, El Salvador, Spain (and others).\nSingle post cards for Uruguay, Venezuela: two cents - Great Britain and Ireland (Northern and Free State), New Zealand, all West Indies, and Central and South American countries not listed above: single post cards, three cents - all other countries not mentioned: double or reply cards, six cents. Printed matter: one cent for each two ounces or fraction of an ounce. Samples of merchandise: one cent for each two ounces, minimum charge of two cents. Commercial papers: one cent for each two ounces. Small packets: three cents for each two ounces or fraction thereof, minimum charge of ten cents. The rate for Foreign Parcel Post is 14 \u00a3 a pound, except to Pan American countries, when the rate is the same as for the eighth zone.\nA mail clerk of a firm conducting business with foreign countries should be able to time mail for specific steamers. He can obtain schedules of sailings from the post office, which will show when mail for any special steamer closes at the post office; or he can get the information through the shipping and foreign mails section in the newspapers. He should post this schedule in a convenient place near the mail table.\n\nAir Mail:\n\nAir mail service, operated under contract between the post office department and air transportation companies, is available to provide rapid transmission of mail. Practically all larger cities of the United States and in certain countries (see Official Postal Guide), when an additional transit charge is made on each package according to weight, have air mail service.\nThe United States are located on air mail routes, and all other points are served by other means of postal transportation. The rate of postage for air mail is five cents for the first ounce and ten cents for each additional ounce or fraction of an ounce, regardless of distance, except to Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands of the United States, or the Canal Zone. The rate between Porto Rico or the Virgin Islands and the United States is ten cents for each half ounce or fraction of a half ounce, and between the United States and the Canal Zone, it is twenty cents for each half ounce or fraction of a half ounce. This postage includes transportation to and from the air mail routes. The air mail service is constantly being extended. Up-to-date information concerning foreign rates can be obtained from local postmasters.\nAir mail can be registered or sent special delivery. The limit of indemnity by the post office department for registered mail is $1000. Packages by air mail can also be sent C.O.D. and insured, the limit of insurance indemnity for C.O.D. matters being $200. Any mailable matter, except that liable to damage from freezing, may be sent by air mail at the above rates of postage. Including sealed parcels not exceeding 50 pounds in weight and not exceeding 84 inches in length and girth combined. Special air mail stamps are issued for the payment of postage on air mail, but ordinary stamps may be used. Air mail should be conspicuously indorsed in the space immediately below the stamps, above the address, \"Via Air Mail.\" Special envelopes bearing five-cent embossed stamps for air mail are on sale at all post offices.\nThe public may use offices for mailing. They can also use envelopes of a distinctive design approved by the post office department. If atmospheric or weather conditions prevent a mail plane from continuing its flight, the plane lands at the nearest landing field and the mail is promptly transferred to the fastest train going to the destination of the plane. The air mail service has made it possible for last-minute business to be conducted satisfactorily. This service is so rapid that by sending air mail \"special delivery,\" many business transactions which would otherwise be impossible can now take place, such as the sending of supplies to agents; the mailing by banks of checks, drafts, and notes for collection and credit, thus saving interest charges on funds in transit; the mailing of important and rush letters, and letters to connect with appointments.\nA composite parcel, consisting of a letter and a parcel, is used for mailing to Europe and other foreign destinations; the shipping of medicines; and the sending of moving-picture films and news pictures. The letter is placed in an envelope addressed to correspond with the address on the parcel, and the letter rate of postage is affixed. The sealed envelope is then securely attached to the wrapper of the parcel in such a manner as to prevent it from becoming detached and interfering with the address of the parcel. Stamps to cover the postage for the parcel are then placed on the wrapper. The advantage of a composite parcel is that the parcel and the letter are delivered at the same time. Parcels may be sealed using heavy wrapping paper and a strong gummed paper tape or glue. They must bear the following no:\n\n(Note: The \"no:\" at the end of the text appears to be incomplete and may be a typo or an error in the original text. It is unclear what is intended to follow this abbreviation, so it has been left in the text as is.)\nContents: Merchandise\n\nThis parcel may be opened for postal inspection if necessary.\n\nThe following inclosures are admissible in parcels: A written or printed invoice or bill showing the name and address of the sender and addressee; the names and quantities of articles inclosed and such marks for the purpose of description as may be necessary. The words \u201cNo Charge,\u201d \u201cCharge $ - ,\u201d or \u201cCharge\u201d are permissible.\n\nTo ensure expeditious handling, letters and circulars should be presented at the post office as follows: Postage stamps should be affixed in the upper right-hand corner, the stamps and addresses faced the same way, and the bundle of mail securely tied with twine.\n\nIn the case of parcels containing more than one class of mail matter, postage is computed on the basis of the class upon which the higher rate is charged.\nRate of postage is chargeable.\n\nAppendix II\n\nTo alphabetize names correctly, two fundamentals must be understood:\n1. Indexing titles\n2. Determining what constitutes each unit in each title\n\nVarious parts or units of a title shall be considered: for example, whether John Brown should be filed under John or Brown. (See rules 1, 2, 3, 8)\n\nRules for indexing and filing require that each part or unit of each title be considered unit by unit in arranging them in alphabetical order. (See rules la, 4, 5)\n\nThere must be rules to govern uniform procedure and treatment of titles. Once such rules have been established, they should be followed consistently. The following rules will meet the needs of the average file.\nRules for practice work in this book should be followed without variation, except in an office where rules must be adjusted to meet individual business conditions. Consistent variations, when necessary, should also be implemented.\n\nSome rules apply to indexing titles, while others determine the units of various titles.\n\n1. Transpose names of individuals, considering surname first, then given name or first initial, and middle name or middle initial, if any.\nName: John J. Brown\nName: H. Albert Jones\nSurname: Brown, John J.\nSurname: Jones, H. Albert\n\nIndividual name prefixes, such as De, de, d\u2019, du, von, Le, L\u2019, M\u2019, Me, Mac, O\u2019, are considered as parts of the surnames and not separately.\n\nApplied Office Practice\nCorrect Filing Arrangement\nDeDuniak, Andrew\nDeGaugn, Charles\nEdwin Degaw, Francois D'Olier, Church of the Epiphany, Harris Forbes & Co., II Progresso Italo, La France Novelty Co., Inc., Lamson & Hubbard Co., William Leek, Howard Leeman, Joseph L'Engle, Marshall Field & Co., Ben Franklin Steamship Co., Washington Irving High School, Henry E. Kane & Co., Field Marshall & Co., Franklin Ben steamship Co.\nName First Unit Second Unit\nBlanche Duff-Gordon Duff-Gordon Blanche\nCecil Spring-Rice Spring-Rice Cecil\nAir O-Pad Co. Air O Air-O-Pad\nScripps-Booth Co. Scripps Booth Scripps-Booth\nCorrect Filing Arrangement\nAir Automobile Agency Scripps BA\nAir-O-Pad Company Scripps-Booth Co.\nAir Silk Mills Scripps Motor Co.\nAutomotive Sales Company\nAuto Piano Company\nInterstate Drug Company Inter-State Manufacturing Company\nNortheast Coal Company North East Harbor Dredging Company\nSouth Eastern Manufacturing Company Southeastern Milling Company\nSouth Eastern Rubber Company\n7. Compound geographic and location names are filed as separate words, except when the first part is not an English word (See also exception in Automatic Filing).\nCorrect Filing Arrangement\nNew Jersey Deering\nNew London De Kalb\nNewburg Delaware\nNewton Demorest\n8. When \"The\" is included as part of the title, it is placed in parentheses ( ); if initial word, placed at end. In both cases, it is disregarded in filing.\nHart The Florist Hart (The) Florist\nThe Castle Hat Co. Castle Hat Co. (The)\nException: In foreign corporation names, the article is indexed as written. (See Exception B under Rule No. 13 and Rule No. 2.)\n9. Names of foreign governments are indexed and filed under name of country, subdivided by department or bureau.\nDominion of Canada Canada, Agriculture Department (Dept, of)\nU.S. Department of Agriculture\nU.S. Collector of Internal Revenue\nU.S. Government Agriculture\nU.S. Department of the Treasury\nCollector of Internal Revenue\nState of New York\nCommonwealth of Pennsylvania\nNorfolk County Probate Court\nTown of Berwick\nCity of Boston\nBorough of Manhattan\nNew York, State\nPennsylvania, Commonwealth\nNorfolk County Probate Court\nBerwick, Town\nBoston, City\nManhattan, Borough\n[Board of Aldermen, New York City, New York (disregard \"of\" after \"New York\" for each entry)\nCommission for the Blind, New York State\nDepartment of Education, New York State\nU.S. Department of Justice\nAldermen (Board of), New York, City\nBlind (Commission for), New York, State\nEducation (Department of), New York, State\nJustice (Department of), United States Government\n\nBoard of Missionary Preparation\nBureau of Envelope Manufacturers of America\nBureau of Social Hygiene\nBoard of Missionary Preparation\nBureau of Envelope Manufacturers of America\nBureau of Social Hygiene\n\nThese names are considered both in indexing and in filing, and are treated as though they are single entities.]\nJames G. Blaine Jr.\nHenry Hale Sr.\nBlaine, James G. (Jr.)\nHale, Henry (Sr.)\nDr. John Brown\nCapt. William Clarke\nHorace Cook LL.D.\n\nPusey & Jones, Pusey\nCommittee of Seventy, Committee\nHome for Blind, Home\nJones, Seventy\nBlind, Good\n\nAbbreviated designations appearing as part of a name are enclosed in parentheses after the given name or initials and disregarded in indexing and filing.\nA. R. Crawford, Mayor John Marshall, W. N. Rice, Prof., William Walton, Treas., Brown, John (Dr.), William Clarke, Capt., Horace Cook, LL.D., A. R. Crawford, Mrs., John Marshall, Mayor, W. N. Rice, Prof., William Walton, Treas.\n\nMadame Lucile, Prince William, Princess Alicia, Madame Lucile, Prince William, Princess Alicia\n\nException A: When a title or foreign article is the initial word of a firm or association name, it is indexed as written. (See also Rules Nos. 1a and 2.)\n\nMadame Blanc, Hats II Progresso Italo\nLa France Novelty Co., Inc.\nLa Primodora Cigar Co.\nMadame Blanc, Hats II Progresso Italo\nLa France Novelty Co., Inc.\nLa Primodora Cigar Co.\n\nApplied Office Practice\nNames of titles beginning with numerals are filed as if the numerals were spelled in full. The numeral is treated as one word in indexing and filing.\n\n5th Avenue Hotel\nFifth Avenue\n48th Street Theatre\nForty-Eighth Street\n42 Broadway Building\nForty-Two Broadway\n14th Street Store\nFourteenth Street\n3rd Avenue Railway\nThird Avenue\nNineteen\n1926 Broadway Building\nHundreds\nBroadway\nTwenty-six J\n15. Abbreviations are indexed and filed as if spelled in full.\n\nName\nWm. Foster, Inc.\nJos. St. Clair Co.\nR. R. Bldg. & Loan Assn.\nFoster, William, Incorporated\nSaint Clair, Joseph, Company\nRailroad Building & Loan Association\n16. An apostrophe s (\u2019s) indicating possessive case is not considered in indexing and filing.\n\nBrentano, A. R.\nBrentano\u2019s Book Shop\nBrentano, Charles\nFiling Arrangement: 1. Apostrophe indicating possessive case is considered in indexing and filing. 2. Girl Scouts, Girley John, Girlow William, Girls\u2019 Friendly Society, Girls\u2019 Home, Girlum Howard. 3. Standard Oil Co., Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, New York, N.Y., Standard Oil Co., 120 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 4. Harrison & Treflew, 910-12 Martin St., 910 Martin Street. 5. Legal name of a married woman is the one considered in filing, and husband\u2019s name is cross-referenced, if known. 6. Mrs. Mary A. Brown, Brown, Mary A. (Mrs.), (Mrs. John A.), Cross Reference, Brown, John A. (Mrs.), See \u2014 Brown, Mary A. (Mrs.)\nReceiverships, guardianships, trusteeships, etc., are indexed and filed under the names of individuals or organizations for whom they act. Permanent cross references are made for the name of the receiver, guardian, etc.\n\nC.D. Thompson (Receiver) Carnegie Foundry Company\nCarnegie Foundry Company\nCross Reference\nThompson, C.D. (Receiver) Carnegie Foundry Company\n\nNames of firms doing business under two titles are indexed and filed under the more active or important name. A permanent cross reference is made under the other name. This would include:\n\na. Change of name due to successorship.\nTurnbull & Evans (Turnbull & Evans)\nSuccessors to Borden & Turnbull\nCross Reference\nBorden & Turnbull\nSucceeded by Turnbull & Evans\n\nb. Proprietors\u2019 and trade names.\nWilliam Farley, Prop. A. & J. Garage A. & J. Garage\nCross Reference\nFarley, William, Prop. A. & J. Garage\nA. Arrange all material in A-Z sequence of letters to the last letter of the word, considering each word separately.\n\nCorrect Filing Arrangement:\nCarr Carter American Baking Co. Carteret American Can Co. Carson Carter American Car Co. Carterville Americana Art Co. Cartwright Amerman A. Carty Ames E. C.\n\nB. Surnames or single titles when used alone precede the same surnames having initials or given names.\n\nCorrect Filing Arrangement:\nKurzman Kurzman A. Kurzman Albert H.\n\nC. An initial precedes a name beginning with that initial.\n\nCorrect Filing Arrangement:\nJ. W. B. Co. Jones, Harry Jones, H. W. Jones, Henry H. Jones, H. Wilson Jones, Henry Howard\n\nD. The dictionary arrangement of \u201cMac\u201d and \u201cMe\u201d is a simple, logical method of filing.\n\nCorrect Filing Arrangement:\nMaar McAneny Mabb McWilliams MacBride Mellon Madden Merrill\n27. When one name appears with different addresses, arrange alphabetically according to town or city, considering state only when there is duplication of town or city names.\n\nCorrect Filing Arrangement:\nWestern Foundry Co., Birmingham, AL.\nWestern Foundry Co., Connellsville, PA.\nWestern Foundry Co., Newark, NJ.\nWestern Foundry Co., Newark, OH.\n\n28. When writing names of local correspondents, do not use \"City\" as part of the address. Write the name of the city in full.\n\nNational City Co., National City Co.\nNew York, NY. (Gity should be New York)\nW. K. Emerson\nEmerson, W. K.\nBoston, MA.\nName: First National Bank of Boston, Citizens National Bank of Baltimore, New York Trust Co.\n\nRules:\n1. Filing is by location rather than name. Do not repeat names in bank titles.\n2. All correspondence to, from, or about a name or subject is filed under that name or subject.\n3. Correspondence referring to more than one name or subject is indexed and filed under the most important name or subject, cross-referenced by the other names or subjects.\n30. Special subjects for which correspondence is filed regardless of correspondent, without cross-reference, include: Applications, Stockholders, etc.\nThomas Wilson - applies for position as chauffeur. If method is not used, branch office, inter-office, inter-departmental or intra-departmental correspondence is indexed and filed as follows: original letters under name of department or official title of correspondent, file copies under name of department or official title of person addressed.\n\nDepartment A writes to Department B:\nOriginal letter is filed in Department B by department or title of A\nFile copy is filed in Department A by department or title of B\n\nApplied Office Practice:\nPapers in strict alphabetic order. State the number of rules covering each case. Be sure to give all rules. In some cases, there may be as many as five or six rules.\n\nName No.\n1. John A. Curtis\n2. Perth Amboy Box Co.\n3. House of the Good Samaritan.\n4. Price The Presser\n5. Library Bureau Ltd.\n6. Lee, Higginson & Co.\n7. Wm. J. O\u2019Connell\n8. R. C. Storey Jr.\n9. John DeSaulles\n10. Interstate Drug Co.\n11. Jones, Alfred\n12. First National Bank of Clinton\n15. 23rd Street Automobile Ass\u2019n\n16. Henry L. Pierce School\n17. North East Service Station\n18. Mrs. J. J. Bradby\n\nName No.\n19. John W. Mills-Price\n20. J. M. Carpenter, City\n21. Brown-Ferrier Co.\n22. Ministry of Militia, Dominion of Canada\n23. Prince of Wales\n24. James W. McDonald\n25. David Macandrew\n26. Daniel Me Andrews\n27. United States Marshal, Dept, of Justice, Boston\n28. Lamson Hardware Co., 170-172 Main Street, New York, N.Y.\n29. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., New York City\n30. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., Boston, Mass.\n31. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., Chicago, Ill.\n\nAPPENDIX III\nGlossary of Business Terms\nAffidavit: A statement in writing signed by the person making it.\nIt is sworn to by him before an officer authorized to take oaths. Assets refer to the entire property of an individual, business, or association. Attorney (Power of). An authorization by law by which one person may appoint another to act for him in a business or private capacity is called \"giving the power of attorney.\" In bookkeeping and accounts, the balance is the difference required to make equal the two sides of an account \u2014 the amount received (debits) and the amount expended (credits). A Trial Balance is secured by comparing all the credit balances for a given time and all the debit balances for the same time, to find out whether the totals are equal. The Balance Sheet is a statement showing the assets, liabilities, and proprietorship of any concern or business at a stated time.\nA bill is a statement of an account or money due, generally for services.\n\nBill of Exchange: A written order or request from one person to another for the payment of money to a third. The amount is charged to the drawer of the bill.\n\nBill of Lading: Applicable to freight shipments. It is a written acknowledgment issued by a carrier to the shipper of the receipt of merchandise for transportation. There are two kinds:\n\n1. Straight bill of lading: Demands that goods shipped must be delivered to the person or firm to whom they were originally consigned.\n2. Order bill of lading: Permits the consignee to transfer ownership by indorsement. This form is required in C.O.D. shipments.\n\nBill of Sale: A formal document by which the transfer of title to personal property is established.\nA bond is an interest-bearing obligation in writing under seal, in which an individual, corporation, municipality, or government binds itself to pay a certain sum of money at a specified time.\n\nBonds, according to the type of business issuing them, are listed as: municipal bonds, railroad bonds, industrial bonds, real estate bonds, corporation bonds, public utility bonds, government bonds \u2013 United States and Foreign.\n\nCapital is money invested in a business by an individual, firm, or company.\n\nCarrier (Common): Express companies, steamship and railroad companies, any means of transportation, or any one who, for hire, undertakes to carry goods or people from one place to another may be designated as \u201ccommon carriers.\u201d\n\nClearing House: An association of banks and trust companies where daily settlements are made through an exchange of checks.\nCollateral: Money or property deposited with any bank or individual as security additional to personal obligation for repayment of money borrowed.\n\nCommercial Paper: Negotiable paper given in due course of business, including bills of exchange, drafts, promissory notes, and checks.\n\nConsignee: The person to whom merchandise is sent.\n\nConsignor: A person who turns over merchandise to a carrier for transportation.\n\nContract: A formal agreement, written or verbal, between two or more competent persons to do or not to do some particular thing within a certain definite time for mutual benefit.\n\nCredit: The term which applies to the lending of capital by one individual to another. The lender is spoken of as \"giving\" credit, the borrower as \"receiving\" it.\nCreditor: A person to whom a debt is due.\nCurrency: A term applied to coin and other recognized means of making payments that circulate in a country.\nDeed: A written instrument by which title to real estate is conveyed from the seller to the purchaser.\nDiscount: 1. Trade discount: A reduction made from the list price or from an account or debt in consideration of payment within a certain time. 2. Bank discount: A deduction made in advance by a bank on any amount of money borrowed, or on a note which is discounted.\nEntry: An record of money or value received, or of money or value expended.\nExpress: A method by which goods may be transported rapidly from one place to another.\nExtension: The total of any one item carried over to the next account.\nFreight: A method of transporting merchandise, slower than express but cheaper for packages over one hundred pounds.\n\nFunds: A general term indicating the money or available securities of a person or firm.\n\nInsurance: A contract of indemnity against loss from certain causes such as death, accident, fire, theft, or burglary.\n\nInventory: A detailed, itemized account, catalog, or schedule of private effects or goods.\n\nInvoice: An itemized statement including quantity, description, prices, and charges of merchandise, sold or shipped. In other words, a detailed or itemized bill. (See definition of \"bill\" above.)\n\nJournal: A book in which appears a chronological and systematic summary of all transactions, and, in addition, an index.\nAccounting involves recording transactions in a book of original entry, which includes the history and amounts. It is also known as a book of original entry.\n\nLease: The letting of offices, houses, buildings, or land for a term of years for rent or other income is called granting a lease.\n\nLedger: A book in which all business transactions are summarized in appropriate accounts.\n\nLiabilities: A term used to denote the total debt of any individual or corporation.\n\nLoan, Bank: Money lent by a bank on the note of the borrower, indorsed by someone of known financial ability, or on stocks, bonds, or other collateral deposited as security.\n\nThese loans come in two kinds:\n\nTime loans, which are made for a definite period.\nCall or demand loans, which have no definite maturity and may terminate at any time.\nManifest: A schedule or list of passengers or cargo on a ship, or any identification list.\n\nMortgage: The transfer of title to personal property or real estate as security for payment of a debt, with a limiting clause providing for the return of the property to the original owner if payment is made.\n\nApplied Office Practice\n\nNegotiable: Transferable by assignment, indorsement, or delivery.\n\nNon-negotiable: A term used to describe property that cannot be transferred from one person to another; i.e., a personal bank book.\n\nNotary Public: A public officer appointed by law, authorized to administer oaths, acknowledge deeds, protest notes, and prove the validity of certain documents.\n\nNote: A written promise to pay for value received a stated sum of money at a definite or determinable time to.\nA definite person.\n\nA negotiable note is one made payable to the bearer or to his order.\nA non-negotiable note is one made payable to the person to whom payment is promised and to that person only.\nA time note is one in which the time of payment is specified.\nA demand note is one in which no time is specified.\nA joint and several note is a note signed by two or more people, each of whom is liable for the full amount.\nA joint note is one signed by two or more people in which each is responsible for a specified share.\nA non-interest bearing note is one which omits the words \u201cwith interest.\u201d Interest can be collected only for the time which the note runs after maturity.\nA collateral note contains a guarantee that the maker has deposited with the payee certain collateral securities and has given certain rights in regard to those securities to the payee.\nAn order is a written instrument drawn up by one person and addressed to another, directing the payment of money, the rendering of service, or the delivery of something to the bearer of the writing.\n\nThe value of paper money depends upon the security and credit of the country which issues this money.\n\nA pay roll is a periodic report of a firm's indebtedness to its employees, compiled from the records showing the amount of work done and the salaries to be paid.\n\nThis is a written contract for the insurance of life or property.\n\nPolicy: The amount for which the company insures a person or his property is called the face of the policy.\n\nPremium: This is the amount paid periodically for the privilege of insurance.\n\nReceipt: This is a written acknowledgment of the payment of money.\nmoney or payment for the delivery of personal property to the signer.\n\nRouting: The plan made for the transportation of persons or freight from one place to another. The route is the chart mapped out.\n\nGLOSSARY OF BUSINESS TERMS\n\nShipment: The transfer of goods by freight, express, or mail, from one place to another.\n\nStub: Specifically, a stub in a checkbook, receipt book, or the like, is one of the inner ends upon which a memorandum of the number, date, amount, etc., is entered. This is left in the binding when the check or receipt is detached.\n\nTariff: Primarily, tariff refers to the lawful rate of duty on imports and exports. Also, a list issued by the Customs, enumerating all the articles upon which duty is levied, showing the rates charged, and stating the articles prohibited and exempt. In a general sense, it is a table of fixed charges.\nTracers and claims. In case goods are delayed, damaged or lost, the traffic department sends out tracers or presents claims for damages. Voucher. Any document or writing in proof of the payment or receipt of money is called a voucher. Waybill. A waybill is a document containing a description and shipping directions of goods sent by railroad.\n\nAppendix IV\nBusiness Terms Commonly Abbreviated\nA1 first class\nacct., a/c account\nA.D. (anno Domini) in the year of our Lord\nad., advt. advertisement\nad val., A/V {ad valorem} according to value\nadmr administrator\nadmx administratrix\nAgt agent\na.m., A.M. {ante meridiem} before noon\namt amount\nanon anonymous\nAns., ans. or A answer\nar., arr arrive (time-table)\nAssn Association\nAsst assistant\nAtty attorney\nAug August\nav average\nAve., Av Avenue\navoir avoirdupois\nbal balance\nbarrel, bundle, Brot., brought forward, bank, basket, bill of exchange, bill of lading, building, buyer\u2019s option, branch office, bought, B. Pay., B. Rec., bill of sale, brother, bus., bushel, Business Manager, box, box(es), one hundred (Latin, centum) or carat, centimeter, cent, cent(s), capital, Captain, cash, cashier, catalog, cash book, certificate, Carried Forward, cost, insurance, and freight, commercial, Company, County, care of, cash on delivery, collector or collection.\ncommittee, secretary, corporation, certified public accountant, credit, creditor, hundredweight, pence, December, defendant, draft, degree, department, diameter, discount, district, dividend, division, the same, dollar, dozen, debit, debtor, days, eastern, each, errors and omissions excepted, editor, edition, edit, for example, et al., and others, etc., exchange, executor, executrix, expense, export, express, free alongside ship, franc, francs (French money), folio, Fahrenheit, February, following, figure (cut), Financial Secretary\nfob. - free on board, freight, ft. - feet, ford. - forward, g- great, gross or 144 dozen, gal., gallon, gallons, G.P.O. - General Post Office, gr. - gross, hhfi- hogshead, hogsheads, Hon. - Honorable, H.P., horse power, hr., hour, hour(s), hund. - hundred, i-e. - that is, in - inch, Inc. - Income, incorporated, inclosure, Ins. - insurance, inst. - present month, instant, int. - interest, in trans. - on the way (in transit), inv. - invoice, invt., inventory, I.O.U. - I owe you, Jan. - January, Jour. - journal, J.P. - Justice of the Peace, Jr. - Junior, Jet. - junction (railroad), Applied Office Practice, k. - carat (weight), K.D., knocked down (machinery and furniture), kg. - kilogram, kilograms, kilometers, lb. - pound, Ledg. - ledger, L.C.L. - less than car load.\nLC letter of credit LF ledger folio LL.D Doctor of Laws L.S place of the seal (locus sigilli) \u00a3s.d pounds, shillings, pence (English money) Ltd Limited (after firm name) M Monsieur thou-sand, noon m meter, mark (German money) M.C Member of Congress M.D Doctor of Medicine mdse merchandise mem., memo, memorandum Messrs Messieurs mfg manufacturing mfr manufacturer mfrs manufactures Mgr Manager min minute, minimum misc miscellaneous Mile Mademoiselle (Miss) Mme Madame mo., mos. month, months M.O Money Order MS., MSS manuscript, manuscripts N north, northern Natl, national N.B Note well (nota bene) N.E northeast, north eastern N.W northwest, north western No., no. number N.P Notary Public Oct October O.K all correct oz ounce P-P page, pages payt payment\npiece, pieces, paid, per, an, per annum, year, percent., by the hundred (per centum), preferred, pk., peck, package, packages, afternoon (post meridiem), Postmaster, Postal Money Order, Post Office, Parcel Post, Pr, pair, Pres, President, pro tempore, next month (proximo), Postscript (post scriptum), Business Terms Commonly Abbreviated, pt., pint, part, ton, Pub., publishing, telegram, telephone, publisher, tonnage, qr., quire, quarter, Treas., Treasurer, quart, quart, township, rod, ultimo, Rural Free Delivery, United States Mail, re, in regard to, received, via, way of, receipt, Rec. Sec, Recording Secretary, verse.\nVice  President \nref . \n.  reference,  referee \nviz . \nnamely,  to  wit  {vi- \nretd . \n.  returned \ndelicet ) \nrm . \n.  ream \nvolume \n.  Railroad \nagainst  ( versus ) \nRy . \n.  Railway \nwest,  western \n.  south,  southern \nwaybill \n.  shilling \nwhf . \nwharf \n.  sight  draft \nwk . \nweek \nschr . \n.  schooner \nwt . \nweight \nSec.,  Secy.. \n.  Secretary \nSen. . \n.  Senator \nexpress \nshipt . \n.  shipment \nXX . \ngood  quality \n.  seller\u2019s  option \nXXX \nvery  good  quality \n.  square \nxxxx . \nbest  quality \nSr . \n.  Senior \n.  Steamship \nyd . \nyard \nSt . \n.  Street,  Saint \nyr . \nyear \nstr . \nsteamer \nSupt . \nSuperintendent \nAPPENDIX  V \nAbbreviations  of  States  and  Territories \nAbbreviations  officially  adopted  by  the  U.  S.  Post  Office  Dept. \nState \nAbbr. \nState \nAbbr. \nAlabama . \nAla. \nMontana . \nAlaska . \nAlaska \nNebraska . \nNebr. \nArizona . \nAriz. \nNevada . \nArkansas . \nArk. \nNew  Hampshire. . . \nCalifornia . \nCalif. \nNew  Jersey . \nCanal  Zone . \nNew  Mexico . \nN.Mex. \nColorado . \nColo. \nNew  York . \nConnecticut, Conn.\nNorth Carolina, NC.\nDelaware, Del.\nNorth Dakota, N.D.\nDistrict of Columbia, DC.\nOhio, OH.\nFlorida, FL.\nOklahoma, OK.\nGeorgia, GA.\nOregon, OR.\nIdaho, ID.\nPennsylvania, PA.\nIllinois, IL.\nRhode Island, RI.\nIndiana, IN.\nSouth Carolina, SC.\nIowa, IA.\nSouth Dakota, SD.\nKansas, KS.\nTennessee, TN.\nKentucky, KY.\nTexas, TX.\nLouisiana, LA.\nUtah, UT.\nMaine, ME.\nMaryland, MD.\nVirginia, VA.\nMassachusetts, MA.\nWashington, WA.\nMichigan, MI.\nWest Virginia, WV.\nMinnesota, MN.\nWisconsin, WI.\nMississippi, MS.\nMissouri, MO.\nWyoming, WY.\n\nAppendix VI\nFirms Which Can Supply Helpful Material\nAddressograph Company,\n329 Fifth Ave., New York.\nAllsteel Scale Co., Inc.,\n25 West Broadway, New York.\n79 Duane St., New York.\nAmerican Institute of Banking,\n110 East 42nd St., New York.\nAmerican Multigraph Sales Co.,\n17 Park Place, New York.\nAmerican Telephone & Telegraph Co., 195 Broadway, New York.\nArmour & Company, 120 Broadway, New York.\nBeck Duplicator Company, 387 Broadway, New York.\nBirch Co., The, 387 Broadway, New York.\nBurroughs Adding Machine Co., 1 Park Ave., New York.\nChevrolet Motor Co., Broadway at 62nd St., New York.\nCompagnie Generale Transatlantique, 19 State St., New York.\nCunard Steamship Co., Ltd., 25 Broadway, New York.\nManufacturers of Addressograph catalogs and circulars\nManufacturers of scales\nAdvertising matter\nFiling cabinets and supplies catalogs\nEducational material on banking adapted to school needs\nManufacturers of multigraphs\nAdvertising material\nTelephone and telegraph booklets descriptive of service\nPacking charts\nGelatin Duplicators\nAdvertising matter\nFood supply\nPosters and booklets\nLetter sealing and opening machines\nCatalogs and circulars\nAdding machines\nCompanies Mentioned:\n\nAutomobiles\nDictaphone Sales Corp. - 420 Lexington Ave., New York.\nDictograph Products Corp. - 220 West 42nd St., New York.\nDictaphone - 261 5th Ave., New York.\nElliott Addressing Machine Co. - 117 Leonard St., New York.\nElliott-Fisher Co. - 342 Madison Ave., New York.\nFelt & Tarrant Mfg. Co. - 299 Broadway, New York.\nFord Motor Co. - 1710 Broadway, New York.\nHooven Automatic Typewriter Corp. - Hamilton, Ohio.\nInternational Business Machines Corp. - 270 Broadway, New York.\nInternational Mercantile Marine Co. - 1 Broadway, New York.\n\nSteamship Line\nFederal Reserve Bank of New York - 33 Liberty St., New York.\n\nCatalogs and advertising matter:\nAutomobiles\nSteamship Line\nBooklets and diagrams of steamers\n\nSteamship Line\nBooklets, posters, and diagrams of steamers\n\nApplied Office Practice\nDick, A. B. Co. - 395 Broadway, New York.\n\nDictaphone\nDictaphone Sales Corp.\nDictograph Products Corp.\n\nDictaphone\n\nElliott Addressing Machine Co.\nElliott-Fisher Co.\n\nFederal Reserve Bank of New York\nFelt & Tarrant Mfg. Co.\nFord Motor Co.\nHooven Automatic Typewriter Corp.\nInternational Business Machines Corp.\nInternational Mercantile Marine Co.\nBroadway & 34th St., New York.\nMetropolitan Life Ins. Co., 1 Madison Ave., New York.\nNew York Telephone Co., 140 West St., New York.\nOffice Appliance Co., 417 Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill.\n\nMimeographs, catalogs and circulars, Dictaphones, advertising matter, Dictographs, circulars, Duplicating machines, advertising matter, Dictating machines, Booklets, Addressing machines, advertising matter, Billing machines, catalogs and printed forms, Banking, Personnel Dept. Directions to Employees, Comptometers, Pamphlets, Automobiles, Price lists and catalogs, Automatic typewriters, catalogs, Business machines, catalogs, Steamship Line, Booklets and diagrams of steamers, Department Store, Personnel Dept. Literature and Directions to Employees, Insurance, Booklets and advertising matter, Telephone Service, Booklets of information and instruction, Publishers, Sample of \u201cOffice Appliance\u201d magazine\n\nFirms which can supply helpful material\nPostage Meter Company Inc., 11 West 42nd St., New York.\nRadiomarine Corporation of America, 66 Broad St., New York.\nRemington Rand Business Service Inc., Remington Typewriter Co., 374 Broadway, New York.\nRoneo Company, 392 Broadway, New York.\nTodd Company, The, 217 Broadway, New York.\nUnderwood Typewriter Co. Inc., 63 Vesey St., New York.\nWestern Union Telegraph Co., 195 Broadway, New York.\nYawman & Erbe Mfg. Co., 368 Broadway, New York.\nPostage Metering Machines Circulars and advertising matter\nRadiomarine Service Rate books and circulars\nFiling Cabinets & Supplies Catalogs\nTypewriters Booklets and advertising matter\nCopying machines Circulars\nCheck Protectors Advertising matter\nTypewriters Booklets and advertising matter\nTelegraph Service Rate, code, and instruction books, and telegraph and cable blanks.\nFiling Cabinets and supplies Catalogs\nAPPENDIX VII\nRules for Capitalization and Punctuation:\n\n1. Capitalize the first word of every sentence.\n2. Capitalize \"Whereas\" and \"Resolved\" in statements of resolutions.\n3. Capitalize north, south, east, west when referring to specific sections of the country.\n4. Capitalize street, avenue, square, place when used in connection with a proper noun.\n5. Capitalize the pronouns I, and interjection Oh.\n6. Capitalize all proper nouns: names of persons, places, days of the week, months of the year, religious sects, and holidays.\n7. Capitalize personal and official titles when accompanied by the names of individuals.\n8. Do not capitalize abbreviations unless they stand for proper nouns or adjectives.\n9. Do not capitalize the names of the seasons.\n10. Do not capitalize the in titles of newspapers or periodicals.\nDo not capitalize the first word after a colon unless a complete sentence follows. In titles: Capitalize the first word and all important words, or capitalize only the first word (this is called the library method). The period, the question mark, the exclamation point The period is used at the close of declarative and imperative sentences. The period is used after abbreviations. The period is used after figures or letters which indicate divisions in an outline. The question mark is used at the close of an interrogatory sentence. The exclamation point is used after interjections and at the close of a sentence expressing some strong emotion. Capitalization and punctuation Both the question mark and the exclamation point are used within the sentence to indicate surprise, doubt, or sarcasm. The mark is then enclosed in a parenthesis. (?) (!) Quotation marks\nQuotation marks are used to indicate the direct words of a speaker. Single quotation marks are used to indicate a quotation within a quotation. Quotation marks are sometimes used to indicate titles. A quotation of several paragraphs should have quotation marks at the beginning of each paragraph and at the end of the last paragraph.\n\nAbbreviations: 107, 270; of business terms, 354-357; of states and territories, 358.\n\nAccession book, 185.\n\nAccount: opening a bank, 19.\n\nAccounting: cost, 232; insurance, 232; railroad, 232; stock, 232.\n\nAccounting machines, 209, 227, 229.\n\nAccounts: charge, 221, 222; expense.\n\nAccounts Receivable Ledger, 228.\n\nAddends, problems for, 247-260.\n\nAddress: the, 102, 105; arrangement, 145; grams, 145; plate, 221; registered, 138; return, 73; reversible.\n\nAddresses, code, 144.\n\nCareless, 72, 73; multigraphed letter.\n\nAddressing machines, 221-224; problem.\nAdjustment (319-321), letters (90, 103), American Library Association, American Year Book (272), Antonyms, Appointments (321, 322), Appropriation distribution (232), Balance (check book, 22-25, cash book), Bank (commercial, 5, 6, national, 6, relation to businessman, relation to community, relation to you, savings, 5, 6, trust company, your relation to), Bank accounts (balancing procedure), Bank draft, Bank statements (5)\nBill of exchange, bill of lading, bill of sale, bond and coupon, bookkeeping (mechanical and forms), books (business, credit-rating, and reference), Brush (type), budgets (business, individual and family), Buenos Aires, Buffalo, \"Bump\" Paper Fastener, Burroughs machines, Business letters, Business terms (abbreviations), \"busy\" signal, buzzers, CDE messages.\nCabinets, filing: 170, 222\nquestions: 148, 149; Cable Rate Book: 123, 158, full rate: 133; illustration: 137; night letter: 134; problems: 158-159; use: 153-155; registered address: 138; reversible address: 138\nCables. See Cablegrams\nCairo: 124\nCalculating machines: 205, 225, 226; problems: 247-260\nCapital: 350\nCapitalization: 286, 362\nCarbon copies: 237; billing: 231; of telegrams: 129, 132\nCarbon paper: billing machine: 229; copying: 215; duplicating,\nCard feed: 217\nCard tickler: 176, 177\nCards, mailing: 222 \u2022 Cards, time: 222\nCarrier: common: 350\nCash book balance: 226\nCash register: 237\nCash remittance receipt: 64\nCataloging: problems: 314\nCatalogs: book: 287; consolidated,\nCell-rack: 65\nCentral office telephone operator: 46,\nCentral office telephone trunks: 44\nCentral time: 124\nCertificate of deposit, 17, certifying, 237 Change memorandum, 262 Charge accounts, 221, 222 Charge record, 178 Charts, 218 Check book stub, 22, 23 Check certifiers, 237 Check number, 20 Check protectors, 237 Balancing of, 29; canceled, 22, 23; cashier's, 8; certified, 8; clearing number, 20; counter, 8; drawee and drawer of, 9; illustration of, 12; indorsement of, 20, 21; maker, 221; payee of a, 9; personal, 6; points about, 21-23; problems in making, 28, 29; restrictive indorsement of, 21; travelers\u2019, 5, 11; voucher, 8 Cipher messages, 138 Circular letters, 268 Circularization, 216 Claims, 353 Clearing house, 350 Clearing number of check, 20 Clips, wire, 239 Coastal stations, 159 Code word, a, 128 Coding, 325; example of, 152; in Coin changers, 238 Coin counters and sorters, 238 Collateral, 350 Collateral note, a, 16\nCollection tray, 174, Colloquialisms, 108, Commercial paper, 350, Communication, necessity for speed, Competition, 320, Compositing machine, 218, Consignee, 350, Consignor, 350, Consolidated catalogs, 277, Contract, 350, Copy, master, 220, Copy holders, 238, Copying machine, 209, 214, 215, Correspondence, 57-88, digest of, machines used in connection with, Cost accounting, 232, Credit posting, 229, Creditor, 350, Cross-indexing, 173, 174, Currency, 350, Customer not a \u201cparty,\u201d 107, Customers, charge account, 221, 222, Cylinder, perforated mimeograph, Cylinders, dictating, 211, 212, Daily Record of Cash Receipts, an entry in, Date for appointment, 108, Dating stamps, 58, 60, 61, Day letters. See Telegrams, Daylight saving time, 126, Dead Letters, Division of, 73, Debit posting, 229, Decoding, 139, Definition, 269, Dependability, 329, Depositor, 6, Derivation of words, 269, Desk calendar, 58, Desk tickler, 321, 322.\nMelvin Dewey, 41, Dial codes 41, 42, Typed directly 328, Dictatype 213, 214, Diction 115, Dictionaries 269-271, business 116, unabridged 265, Directories 275-278, business 265, business and professional 276, 277, Directory arrangement of names in filing 167, Discount bank 18, 350, trade 350, Discounting a note 18, Dishonored (bank term) 18, Distribution appropriation and expense 232, Ditto machine 215, Division of Dead Letters 73, time 12, two-party 12, Drawings 218, Drum printing 217, Dumb waiters 70, Dun Rating Book 280, Duplicating machines 208, 215-220, Duties social of a secretary 330, Eastern time 124, Edinburgh 124, Electric horns 237, Elliott-Fisher machines 224, 227, Employe relation to employer 1,2, relation to fellow workers 2, social activities 321.\nEmployment agency, 315\nEncyclopedias, 272, 273; problems, 294; specialized, 273. See also Reference books\nEntries, order, 231\nEntry, 351\nEnunciation, 49\nEnvelope feed, 217\nEnvelope opener, 58, 61\nEnvelope, pay, 221, 222\nEnvelopes, 92-94\nEquipment-Research Corporation,\nErrors of judgment, 266; of fact, 266\nExclamation point, 362, 363\nExpansion folders, 171\nExpense distribution, 232\nExpress, 351\nExtension, 351\nExtension stations, 44\nFacsimiles, 237\nFeed, automatic card and envelope, 217; for billing machine, 229\nFeeder, automatic, 220\nFees, domestic money order, 336; insured, 334; registry, 333\nFile operations, 164\nFiles, central, 164; departmental, 180, 181; automatic, 189, 190; definition of, 165; directory, arrangement of names in, 167; equipment for, 162; flat, 168, 169; general questions on, 189; numeric, 184-186; methods\nFiling cabinets, 170, 222\nFirms supplying office material, 359\nFlashing lights, 237\nFolders, 170-173, individual, 186; individual or special, 172, 173; miscellaneous, 172, 186\nFollow-up system, 176-178\nFollow-ups, 168, billing, 230\nForms, billing, 230; bookkeeping, 228\nFreight, 351\nFunds, 351\nGazeteers, 274\nGelatin process, 215, 219, 220\nGelatin strip, 220\nGeography, economic, 325\nGift order service, 141\nGovernment publications, 288\nGrammatical construction, 108\nGraphotype, 221\nGuide books, 275-278\nIdentification card, corporation, 19; individual, 18\nIdentification slip, 10-11\nImpressions (215)\nIn and Out rack (210)\nInclosures: parcel (326), see also Mail (286)\nProblems about magazine and newspaper (313, 314)\nIndicia: official US metered mail multi-denomination (67, 68)\nIndorsed note: an (16), see also Checks (9)\nInformation about people: confidential (278, 279); financial (319, 320)\nInformation card: tabulating machine (234)\nInformation operator (46, 47)\nInk (91)\nDuplicating ink (220), indelible ink (234)\nMimeograph ink (219), printing ink (219)\nInitiative (329)\nInsurance (351)\nInsurance accounting (232)\nInsurance companies (237, 281)\nInterest (18, 26)\nCompound interest (26)\nInventories: footing (226), inventory (351)\nLabel pasteurs (238)\nLabor-saving devices (209)\nLanguage in radiograms (144)\nLease (351)\nLedger: 351, Accounts receivable: 228\nLedger balances: 226\nLetter copying: carbon, 215. See also Carbon copies\nLetter folding machine: 69, 70\nLetterhead: the, 91, 95\nLetter press: 214, 215\nLetter press book: 214\nLetters: acknowledgment, adjustment, 103; adjustment, 90, 103; addressing, multigraphed, 216; block, 102, 103; credit, 103; delivery of goods, 104, 105; ending of, 106; envelopes for, 92; estimate of repair, 105; grouping of, 103-105; heading of, 95, 96; inside address of, 96; location of lost merchandise, 104, 105; margin in, 92; neglected, 328; of application, 103, 108; of credit, 91; personal, 105; registered, 322, 323; requesting attention of individual, 96; return of merchandise signature, 101, 102, 107; single-spaced, 102; six parts of, 95; the writing of, 92, 93; well-phrased,\nLetter writing: 89-122; ancient, 89; exercises in, 110-115; ink used in,\nMachines of modern liabilities, financial firm and library, Liabilities, Libraries, firm, Library, Lieber\u2019s, Listing machines, Loan- bank, call on demand, short time bank, time, Long distance, Loose sheet drawer, Los Angeles, Machines- care of office, classroom equipment, general questions, problems, Addressing, automatic typewriting, Billing, problems for, Bookkeeping, Burroughs adding, Burroughs billing, Burroughs bookeeping, problems, Compotype, Cutting (for stencils), Ditto, Machines- classification, Ediphone, Elliott addressing, Elliott-Fisher, Envelope sealing, Graphotype.\nTabulating: 231, 232\nLetter folding: 69, 70\nMimeoscope: 219\nMulti-Denomination postage meter: 68\nNon-listing: 224\nNumbering: 238, 239\nPackage tying: 239\nPaper tape: 69\nPhotostat: 236, 237\nPowers tabulating: 231\nPrinting telegraph: 67\nRemington billing: 229\nRemington bookkeeping: 227\nRoller copier: 214\nRoneo copier: 215\nSealing and stamp affixing: 67\nShaving: 212\nSpecial communicating: 232-236\nSpeedograph: 215\nStapling: 239\nStencil cutting: 238\nStenotype: 213, 214\nTabulating: 231, 232\nTelephone typewriter: 235, 236\nTime recording: 209-211 (card)\nTranscribing: 211, 213\nVictor: 226\nWales: 226\nMagazines: 282, 283 (problems about)\ndressing of outgoing: 82-85\nair mittance receipt for: 64\nclassification of: 331-337\nconfidential: 71\ndamaged: 72\nduties of clerks for outgoing: 70-72\nequipment for: 70\nfourth class: 331, 332\ngeneral\nproblems about, 87; inclosed but not sealed, 71; inclosures in, 62; metered, 67, 68; opening of, 62; outgoing, 63; overweight, 68, 71; problems in distribution of, 79, 80; of, 63, 64; routine, 71; second class, 331; special delivery, 63, 71; special handling, 334; sorting of incoming, 62, 63; sorting of outgoing, 85, 86; third class, Mail cell rack, 58, 63; Mail clerks, desk equipment of, 57; duties of, 62-64; Mail complaints, 72; Mail distributors, portable, 63; Mail messenger service, 70, 71; Mail messengers, 63; Mail reference books. See Reference books; Mail rubber stamps, 70; Mail table, 58; for outgoing correspondence, 65, 66; Mailing cards, 222; Mailing list, 73; Mailing machine, 65, 66; Mailing room, illustration of, 58; Mailing scales, 65; Mailing supply cabinet, 65; Mailing tags, 73; Manifest, 351; Margin, the, 92; Marshall Field\u2019s twelve points, 2, 3.\nMemorandum: 220, See Copy; Memorandum pad: 58; Messages: cipher: 138, code: 134-138, mutilated: 124, mutilated cable: 139; sending and delivery of telegrams: Mexico City: 124; Microphone: the dictograph: 233; Mimeoscope: 219; Minutes: recording of: 322; Money inclosures: 62; Money orders: 335, telegraphic: Montevideo: 124; Morse code system: 133; Mortgage: 351; Motor drive: 217; Mountain time: 124; Multidenomination postage meter machine: 68; Neatness: 317; Negotiable: 352, instrument: 16; New Orleans: 124; New York-San Francisco radio circuit: Newspapers: 285, problems about; Night letters. See Telegrams and Cablegrams; \"Ninety days after sight\": 15; Non-listing machines: 224; Non-negotiable: 352.\nnon-interest bearing, non-negotiable, promissory notes, numbering machine, Office Policy, Omnibus envelope, operator, telephone, originals, \"Out\" guide, Pacific Coast Stations, Pacific time, package tying machines, packing slip, paging, automatic, paper, protected bank, paper clips, paper cutters, paper fasteners, paper money value, paper punch, paper tape machine, paragraph indention, paragraphing, parcel post, foreign, parcel post (mail), parcels, wrapping of, parentheses, dangling participles, parts of speech, party line (telephone), pass book, pay check, payee, pay envelope, problems in making a pay envelope (pages 260-264), paying teller, payor, pencil, indelible, steel-pointed mimeograph, perforations, stencil.\nAutomatic perforator, 223\nThe period, 362\nPeriodicals, 252-283\nMachine shorthand in phonetics, 144, 236, 237\nMeaningless phrasing, old style, 107, 108\nPlate, 221\nPneumatic tubes, 70\nPolicy, 352\nObtaining position, 315\nPost cards, 222, 222 (to foreign countries)\nReturn postage, 335\nThe Postage Magazine, 90\nPostage meter, 67\nPostage metering machine, 68\nPostage rates, 64, 64, 74\nPostal rates, 64, 64, 74\nPostal regulations, 74\nPostal scales, 69\nPostal Telegraph-Cable Company,\nPosting, debit and credit, 229 (to Accounts Receivable Ledger, 228)\nPowers tabulating machine, 231\nPremium, 352\nPrepaid radio replies, 144\nPrimary guides, 182\nMultigraph printing, 216, 217\nPrinting bed, 220\nPrinting drum, 217\nPrinting from type, 224\nPrinting telegraph machine, 67\nPrivate branch exchange attendant,\nPromissory note, 15, 16. See also Bond.\nPronunciation, 269.\nProtected papers: 238, Publications: 288, Punctuality: 209, closing of letter: 101, in inside address: 97, in letter heading: 96, in radiograms: 145, in telegrams, Question mark: 362, 363, Quotation, a: 363, Quotation marks: 363, Radio Corporation of America: 123, Radio Rate Book: 123, 158, Radiograms: 43, 141-146; address in: 145, classification of: 143-145, problems in cost of: 158, 159, Radioletters: 141-146, Railroad accounting: 232, Railroad guides: 265, Railroads: 237, foreign mail: 336, 337, long distance telephone: 43, postage: 64, postal: 74, radio: 143, telegraph, Rating: financial and credit: 279-281, Receipts: 352, express: 230, return, Receiving teller: 9, Recorder: dictaphone: 212, Records: departmental: 231, Reference books: 265-314; classroom equipment of: 265; credit and rating: 265; for mail: 57, 81; general.\nquestions on 289-292; problems,\nList of reference books: American Book Trade Directory, American Educational Directory, American Library Directory (277), American Medical Directory (277), American Newspaper Annual and Directory (277), American Year Book (273), Architectural Catalog (278), Bankers Directory (277), Bible Dictionary (271), Book of Rural Life (273), Book Review Digest (287), Bullinger\u2019s Monitor Guide, Bullinger's Post Office, Express and Freight Guide (277, 305, 306), Business Books (287), Business Communication (286), Business Machines and Equipment Digest (239), Chemical Engineering Catalog, Commercial Atlas of the World, Compton\u2019s Pictured Encyclopedia (273), Crowell\u2019s Dictionary of Business and Finance (271), Dictionary of American Biography (278), Dictionary of Commercial Correspondence in English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Russian (271), Dictionary of English Synonyms.\nDictionary of Military Terms, Dictionary of National Biography, Directory of Merchants, Manufacturers, and Shippers of the World, Dun Rating Book, Effective Business Letters, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Encyclopedia of Textiles, Encyclopedia of the Ceramic Industries, English Synonyms, English Synonyms and Antonyms, Exporters' Encyclopedia, Find It Yourself, Ford Price List of Parts, Foreign Trader's Dictionary of Terms and Phrases in English, German, French, and Spanish, 400 Business Periodicals, Guide to Reference Books, Handbook of Business Correspondence, Handbook of Private Schools, How to Write a Business Letter, Instruction in the Use of Books and Libraries, International Atlas of the World.\n[International Register of Telegraphic and Trade Addresses, 277, Law Dictionary, 271, Leonard's Express and Parcel Post Rate Book and Shipping Guide, 57, Lincoln Library of Essential Information, 273, Mailing List Directory and Addresses, 277, Manual of Style, 286, Medical Dictionary, 271, Moody's Manual of Investment and Security Rating Service, New Cyclopedia of Practical Quotations, 286, New Gazetteer of the World, 275, New International Encyclopedia, New International Year Book, New Standard Dictionary of the English Language, 270, New World Loose-Leaf Atlas, Official Congressional Directory, Official Guide of the Railways and Steam Navigation Lines of the United States, 275, Official Hotel Red Book and Directory, Poor's Service, Postal Guide, U.S. Official, 57, Practical Standard Dictionary, Publishers' Trade List Annual]\nRates for Telegrams and Cables, Register of Directors of the United States, Shorthand Dictionary, Social Registers, Statesman's Year Book, Synonyms and Antonyms, Tariff Book, Teaching the Use of Books and Libraries, Telegraph Company Tariff, The Library Key, An Aid in Using Books and Libraries, Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases, Thomas' Register of American Manufacturers, 2400 Business Books and Guides to Business Literature, Webster\u2019s Collegiate Dictionary, Webster\u2019s New International Dictionary of the English Language, Problems about, 310-312, World Almanac, World Book, Year Books, Problems about, 295-297, U.S. Catalog, U.S. Official Postal Guide. Reference library, Autographic registers; cash, Remington billing machine, Remington bookkeeping machine, Repetition, 108.\nReports: charge (telephone) 43, delivery 124, \"Reporters\" 281, sales 328, resourcefulness 329, Retail Credit Company the 281, Ribbon hectograph 220, rising inflection 49, roller impression 220, typewriter, roller copier 214, roller press 213, Roneo copier 215, route 352, routing 352, problems about 308, Rubber stamps mail 70, safe deposit box 18, said as adjective 108, salaries 2, 319, sales analysis 232, Sales Journal an entry in 228, sales letter (See Letters), sales reports 328, salesmen itinerary of 318, mapping out territory of 299-301, savings accounts 26, scales postal 69, schedules mail-train and steamer, Scott's 135, sealing and stamp affixing machine, sealing envelope machine 69, secondary guides 182, secretary miscellaneous duties of 329, 330, typical experience of a, securities collateral 352, sentences long 106.\nShaving machine, 212\nSheet, balance, 349\nShipment, 353\nShipping, problems about, 309, 310\nShorthand machine, 213, 214\nSight draft, 12\nSignal bells, 230\nSignals, follow-up, 178\nSignature, the, 101; in cables, 138, 139\nSituation wanted, 315\nSocial Registers. See Reference books\nSorting, coins, 238; in filing, 165; tabulated information cards, 232\nSorting tray, 174\nSounding devices, 237\nSpacing, 225\nSpeedograph, 215\nSpindle file, 168\nSpring steel clip binders, 239\nStaggered positions, 174\nStamp, postage, 102; air mail, 337\nStamp affixer, 69\nStamping, 73\nStandard Time, 126\nStapling machines, 239\nStatistics, 231, 232\nStencils, 215; cutting machines for, 238; fiber or tissue, 224; for automatic typewriter, 223, 224; hand-written, 218; typewriting, 218\nStenographers, 238\nStenography, 209\nStenotype, 213, 214\nStock accounting, 232\nStocks 16, Straight-edge folders 171, Straight note a 16, Strip gelatin 220, Structure involved 109, Stylus 218, Subject 108 (omission of), Substitution card 175, 177, Synonyms 271, Systematic saving 26, 27, Switchboard 233, 317, 318 (cordless 44, 45; in private branch exchange 44, 45; monitor 45; use of office), Switchboard cord 44, 45, Tab folders 171, Tabulating machines 231, 232, Tape sealers 239, Tariff 353, Tariff Book 123, definition 127, full rate 130, illustration 131, problems in cost 156, 157, punctuation 128, recording, Telegraph the 123-125 (general questions about 146-148; problems in use 150-151; uses), Telegraph blank 128, Telegraph company tariff books of, Telegraph rates 123, 136, Telegraphic code Western Union.\nTelephone business office. See Telephone contacts.\n\nTelephone calls, appointments, 43; dial, 41, 42; emergency, 44; out-of-town, 42, 43; placement of, by voice, 38; rates of, 43\n\nTelephone contacts:\nBusiness office, 46, 47\nCentral office operator, 46, 47\nInformation operator, 46, 47\nLong distance operator, 46, 47\nRepair service, 46, 47\nSpecial operator, 46, 47\nTelephone conversation, 49-50, 54, 55\nTelephone directories, 32-35\nProblems in, 52; suburban, 36-37\nTelephone extension stations, 44\nTelephone numbers, 35-38; change\nTelephone office, illustration of, 33\nTelephone operators, 40, 233\nTelephone switchboard. See Switchboard\nTelephone voice, 48-50\nTelephones, 32-56, 123; \u201cbusy\u201d signal of, 42; class of, 32-33; dial, intelligent use of, 35; inter-office, 232, 233; placing calls on dial, 41, 42; private branch exchange, 44.\nRepairing, report change of, ringing of, telephoning, tickler record, time cards, time differences, time draft, time recording machines, time sheets, time table, tracers, trade acceptance, transcribing, transcribing machine, transfer cases, transfer of filing material, transfer periods, Transit Time-Letter Mail, translating of codes, type, changing, multigraph, type brush, type face, typesetter, multigraph, typewriter, automatic, caring for the, electrically operated, flexible, typewriting, mimeographing, typists, underselling, unfiled material, unit, filing cabinet, unpacking, usage, demands of modern.\nVariadex, 180\nVarityper, 223-225\nVertical cabinets, 170, 222\nVictor machine, 226\nVisible index, 179, 180\nWales machine, 226\nWar Department, 192\nWarehouse receipt, 16\nWe beg to remain, 106\nWestern Union, 123\nWestern Union Code Book, 135\nWestern Union Tariff Book, 159\nWinnipeg, 124\nWires, private telegraph, 133\nWords, books about, 271, 272\nBusiness in radiograms, 145\nWork, left-over, 329\nWrappers, 222\nWrapping, 73", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1931", "subject": "Halloween", "title": "The best Halloween book;recitations, dialogues, plays, exercises, drills, dances, pantomimes, songs, games,", "creator": "Dolan, Lenore K", "lccn": "ca 31001099", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST011238", "partner_shiptracking": "IAGC155", "call_number": "7344051", "identifier_bib": "00332613558", "lc_call_number": "PN4305.H3 D6", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Chicago, Beckley-Cardy company", "description": "174 p. 18 cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-07-23 11:43:04", "updatedate": "2019-07-23 12:49:08", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "besthalloweenboo00dola", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-07-23 12:49:10", "operator": "associate-annie-coates@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "182", "scandate": "20190802114849", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-evangilyn-dayday@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190806122936", "republisher_time": "634", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/besthalloweenboo00dola", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t73v7cs37", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL243090M", "openlibrary_work": "OL1515884W", "year": "1931", "curation": "[curator]admin-andrea-mills@archive.org[/curator][date]20191011182613[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201908[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190831", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156345334", "backup_location": "ia906907_32", "oclc-id": "2955560", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "97", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1931, "content": "RECITATIONS, DIALOGUES, PLAYS, EXERCISES, DRILLS, DANCES, PANTOMIMES, SONGS, GAMES\n\nBy LENORE K. DOLAN\n\nHalloween Welcome . . . 9\nHalloween Good Night . . . 9\nOctober Thoughts . . . 10\nThe Unbeliever . . . 12\nHalloween Signs . . . 13\nOctober Wood . . . 14\nJolly Halloween . . . 15\n\nDIALOGUES, PLAYS AND EXERCISES\n\nHalloween Acrostic\nNine children, the right kind . . . 18\nThree boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nHalloween at the Orphanage. Thirty-two children. Speaking parts for five girls, one larger, and three boys. Colonial Jack-o'-Lanterns. Thirty-five children for the group. Speaking parts for three girls and one boy. Who Was Guilty? One larger girl and two boys.\n\nHalloween at the Club. Six boys, one larger.\n\nHealth and Halloween. Any number of children. Speaking parts for four girls and three boys.\n\nOctober. Any number of children. Speaking parts for five boys and one girl.\n\nNovember Woods. Twenty-one girls and twenty boys.\n\nA Quiet Halloween. Four girls and four boys.\n\nWho Brought the Harvest? Twenty-one boys and sixteen girls.\n\nThe Spirit of Halloween. Any number of children. Speaking parts for five girls and two boys.\n\nWho Made the Pie? Three girls and three boys.\n\nContents\nPAGE\nThe Month of Story-Books. 107\nSeventeen girls and fifteen boys\nHappy Halloween\nThree little children and as many others as desired\nMarch of the Scarecrows\nAny number of boys\nDance of Indian Summer\nAny number of boys and girls, or all boys or all girls\nThe Clothespin Quickstep\nFour girls and four boys\nPantomimes\nThe Boy Who Disappeared\nAny number of children\nTen Little Goblin Elves\nTen children\nCrippled Jim's Halloween\nAny number of children\nSongs\nGlad Halloween\nYou're Welcome\nAutumn Moon\n'Tis Halloween\nHalloween Sounds\nThe Boy and the Owl\nGood-by, Halloween\nOn Halloween\nOh, What a Jolly Time!\nHalloween\nSummer's Gone\nThe Halloween Party\nHalloween Puzzle\nMurder\nWitches' Pie, Scrambled Characters, The Witches' Gift, Halloween Packing, Selecting Partners, Refreshments, The Halloween Social, The Candy Guess, Witches' Booth, The Headless Ghost, Harvest Picture, Refreshments, Halloween Games, Tag the Witch, Roll the Beans, Treasure Hunt, Fortune Telling, Apple Game, Bobbing for Apples, Apple-Seed Game, Blowing Out the Candle, The Ring Cake, Digging for Nuggets, Halloween Hide-and-Seek, Mind Reading, The Perilous Path, Costume Contest, The Conspirators, Fortunes, Guess Who, Baby Show, Snapdragon, Peanut or Bean Hunt, HALLOWEEN PROGRAMS, Halloween at Dana, A Halloween Corner, Suggested Program for a Halloween Entertainment.\nThe Story of Halloween:\n\n173\n\nMany of the numbers in The Best Halloween Book can be varied to suit the particular needs of the group by which they are used. In the dances, drills and pageants, fewer or more characters may be introduced without altering the effectiveness of the number.\n\nFull directions for costuming are given in most cases. The amount of costuming will depend upon the time and money to be spent on the number. Costumes may be omitted, or a mere suggestion of the character represented may be worn, if the production is to be a simple one. Placards bearing the name of the character represented by each child may be used. It should be remembered, however, that costuming, scenery and lighting are important factors in presenting a really good entertainment.\n\nWhere special talent in singing or dancing is available, utilize it.\nsolo numbers or duets may be used in place of the group numbers. Careful consideration should be given to each number before assigning the parts to the children, so that each child may receive the part which he can really do best. Clear spoken parts, good posture and plenty of life must be insisted upon by the director, if the numbers are to be well received.\n\nAll music needed for the production of these numbers is taken from the New Common-School Song Book. It may be procured from the publishers of this book for 50 cents, postpaid.\n\nRECITATIONS\n\nHALLOWEEN WELCOME\n[For a small child to recite\nWe're glad to welcome each of you\nTo our social [or party] here tonight.\nWe hope that you'll be pleased,\nFor we'll try to do things right.\nBut if we make a few mistakes,\nWe hope you'll excuse us, too;]\nBecause we aren't big and smart as you.\nHalloween Good Night\nThe time has come to say good night\nTo each of our kind friends here;\nWe hope we've brought some smiles\nAnd not too much fear.\nFor, after all, jolly Halloween\nIs made of more smiles than tears\nAnd we hope that you'll be with us\nAt our programs many, many years.\nThe Best Halloween Book?\nIs that the wind a-howling\nRound about my window pane?\nIs that tapping, tapping made\nBy the steady drop of rain?\nIs that rustling of leaves\nI hear outside of the door?\nWas that some one walking\nOn the upstairs bedroom floor?\nWas that some one a-crying,\nOr was it just the hoot of owl?\nWas that some one moaning there,\nOr was it just the wind's howl?\nThese and other questions\nAbout things heard and seen\nKeep crowding in my mind\nEach year at Halloween.\nOctober Thoughts.\nSome people are very poetic \u2014\nThey speak of the October sky;\nBut my first autumnal thought\nIs of a great big pumpkin pie!\nYou know the kind of pie I mean,\nThe one that with goodness swells;\nAnd of the spices hidden within\nIts tempting fragrance only tells.\n\nAnd all across the top is seen\nA golden brown, delicious skin\nThat only heightens the prospects\nOf the goodness placed within.\n\nOh, the crust, a dainty morsel\nFit for any king, I vow;\nDeep down within my very heart\nI wish I had some now.\n\nHarvest moons may be delightful,\nAnd so is the autumnal sky,\nBut when October rolls around,\nMy thoughts turn to pumpkin pie.\n\n[Recitation for a lower-grade boy]\nNow, Christmas is a lot of fun,\nWhen old Santa comes around,\nAnd Christmas trees and holly\nDeck 'most every store in town.\nI like to hear the lovely carols.\nAnd the tinkling of each bell. But there\u2019s something coming now I like more than I can tell. Thanksgiving is a glorious day On which to thank our Lord For the blessings he has given, From out his lavish hoard.\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\nI like Grandma\u2019s good dinner, too, On that bounteous fall day; But there\u2019s another day, I\u2019d pick If I were to have my say. Old Halloween\u2019s the day I like With witches, owls and cats! I like the shaky scarecrows With their queer old coats and hats! I like the jack-o\u2019-lanterns With faces funny as can be. In fact, I like, on Halloween, Every single thing I see.\n\nThe Unbeliever [Recitation for a small boy]\nI don\u2019t believe in ghosts, you know, But still, the other night When everything was awfully quiet, I had an awful fright. Snug beneath the covers warm, I\u2019d been tucked an hour or more, When I heard a rumbling racket,\nSomething like a muffled snore. I wasn't scared, but oh, my heart simply wouldn't stop jumping. It bobbed about so in my bosom that my very head was thumping.\n\nRecitations\n\nOnce again the grumbling, rumbling, sounded and it seemed nearer; a light so white and scary-like upon my chamber wall gleamed. Shadows seemed moving about and I felt a smothering fear that I couldn't shake till safe I was with Mother dear.\n\nNow I don't believe in ghosts, you know, and I'm not scared of any sound; but I just don't take chances when old Halloween's around.\n\nHalloween Signs\n\nHave you ever seen, upon gay Halloween,\nHow brightly the stars do shine?\nHave you ever seen, upon gay Halloween,\nHow stately is each forest pine?\nThe full moon above\nLooks down on its love,\nThe beautiful world far below;\nAs it sails on high\nIn the blue-gray sky,\nIt sends down its brightest glow.\nThe Best Halloween\nWhile the witches ride and the goblins hide,\nAll over the land and the sea,\nThe black cats prowl and the night winds howl,\nAs children laugh in their glee.\nDid you ever know a time\nThat could go as quickly as gay Halloween,\nWhen witches and cats, goblins and bats,\nAre everywhere, sure to be seen?\nThen hip, hip hurrah!\nFor Halloween gay,\nThe delight of each girl and boy;\nMay it be\nFor both you and me\nA time that all folks can enjoy!\n\nOctober Wood\nHave you ever seen the glories,\nOf a gay October wood?\nHave you seen the oaks and maples,\nCovered with a crimson hood?\nHave you searched for nuts of brown,\nWhen the frost was cracking nigh?\nHave you tramped for bittersweet,\nOut beneath an October sky?\n\nRecitations\nHave you seen the golden pumpkins,\nWhen they lay upon the ground?\nHave you stood beside the cornshocks,\nThe scarecrows in the corn?\nHave you heard the tales of terror,\nTold around the Halloween fire?\nHave you roamed where the haunted fountains,\nBubbled up, a creepy desire?\nWhen does the fall sneakily arrive?\nHave you picked the clustered grapes from their place on the vine?\nHave you seen the great, round moon rise behind a stately pine?\nIf you haven't seen these wonders,\nThen you haven't lived at all;\nYou have missed a thousand pleasures\nThat are right within your call.\nYou have missed the joy of living,\nYou have missed a gift most dear\nThat Mother Nature bestows,\nEach October of the year.\n\nJolly Halloween\n[Recitation for an upper-grade boy]\n\nThere's something about the harvest time\nThat makes one most awfully gay;\nThere's something in the autumn air\nThat lingers all the livelong, chilly day.\nPerhaps it is that mellow sun\nThat brightly shines till day is done;\nPerhaps it is the cornfields drear\nThat riches hold, when fall is here.\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\nIt might be vineyards of purple gems\nOrchards bared of treasured fruit,\nCaw of crow or owl's dull hoot,\nLuscious pumpkin pies or nuts low,\nDreams of future sleigh rides we know,\nAny of these things to which I call attention,\nBut my gladness is all due\nTo one thing I have failed to mention,\nWhen jolly Halloween comes stealing around,\nIn the fall of the year,\nA fellow doesn't need another thing\nTo make him full of gladsome cheer.\n\nDialogues, Plays and Exercises\nHalloween Acrostic\n\nFor nine children, each of whom carries one letter of the word \u201cHalloween.\u201d\nAll children enter at the same time and form a line across the front of the stage.\nThe letters are held behind them until their turn comes to speak.\nCare is taken that no child speaks twice before all have spoken once.\nH is for happiness Halloween brings, for howling and hooting and other weird things.\nA is for apples we bob for in great glee, I hope there\u2019s enough for both you and me.\nL is for lanterns made of pumpkins round, Their bright, jolly faces light up the town.\nL is for laughter so hearty and so gay, That shows how children welcome the day.\nO is for owls so stern and so wise, They peer from the trees with great big eyes.\nW is for witches who ride in the night, Their job it is to keep the moon bright.\nE is for every one who shares in the joy, Of this glad holiday of each girl and boy.\nE is for evening when strange things occur, Even the pussy cat bristles her fur.\nN is for nothing that is left out, To make Halloween spread cheer about.\nSo all of us make Halloween as plain as possible. We hope that it will always be a joyful time for you and me.\n\nThe Right Kind [Exercise for Three Boys]\n\nFirst Boy:\nI saw a boy the other day,\nWith rosy cheeks and sparkling eyes.\nHe's always ready for a game,\nIn every outdoor sport he tries.\nHis hands and face are always clean,\nHis clothes are brushed and neat.\nBecause he eats the food he should,\nHe's always hard to beat.\n\nSecond Boy:\nI know another little chap\nWho is as different as can be;\nHe's pale and thin and sickly,\nJust as quiet as can be.\nHe doesn't like to run and play.\nHe's never washed nor clean.\nHe eats of sweets all he can get.\nIn sports, he's never seen.\n\nThird Boy:\nNow we have learned a lesson\nFrom these two friends of ours;\nWe've found that improper food\nOur good health soon devours.\nFrom now on, we\u2019ll choose wisely, Exercise and lots of sleep, So that, for the years to come, Our good health we may keep.\n\nThe Pumpkin Spirits\n\nFor three small boys. As they enter, each carries part of a pumpkin shell.\n\nFirst Pumpkin.\nI am the spirit of a pumpkin\nThat grew in Farmer Brown\u2019s field;\nI was so very big and yellow,\nQuite the finest of the yield.\nBut a boy came and got me\nAnd a jack-o\u2019-lantern made;\nAs soon as Halloween was over,\nAway outside I was laid.\n\nSecond Pumpkin.\nI am the spirit of a pumpkin\nThat grew by the pasture gate;\nI wasn\u2019t noted for my size,\nBut my quality was great.\nSomeone baked me in a pie\nTo have on merry Halloween.\nSo now there\u2019s only my rind \u2014\nAll that\u2019s left to be seen.\n\nThird Pumpkin.\nI am the spirit of a pumpkin\nThat met a fate very sad;\nI never knew that people could\nMake me into a Halloween book.\nTreat pumpkins Quite so bad. Instead of being used for pie Or lanterns gay to light the land, I was loaded in a wagon big And hauled away and canned! All go off shaking their heads dolefully.\n\nHalloween Greetings\nFor five little girls. Each one carries a Halloween postcard which she holds out in front of her when she speaks. All together.\n\nWe are some little greeting cards That come on Halloween; We are going to read the verses That on each of us is seen.\n\nFirst Child:\nThe spooky ghosts and goblins This night may spy on you; When you don't see them at all, They'll do lots of mischief!\n\nSecond Child:\nThe jolly imps of Halloween Will be about to-night; Beware they don't ensnare you When you think them out of sight!\n\nThird Child:\nThe witches ride on broomsticks, Black cats fill the air; Ghosts and goblins sally forth.\nSo walk this night with care!\nFourth Child:\nWhen doors and windows dolefully creak,\nWhen frightful shapes are seen,\nBe careful what you do and say,\nFor then it\u2019s Halloween.\nFifth Child:\nMay the goblins that visit you\nOn this gay Halloween\nBring you the very best luck\nThat ever was seen.\nAll together.\nNow, all we little greeting cards\nMust leave our friends so dear;\nBut don\u2019t you mourn a single bit,\nFor we\u2019ll be right back next year!\nAll bow and go off stage, holding our cards toward audience.\n\nWhich is Best?\n[For a girl and a boy. The boy enters first and speaks. Another girl takes the part of The Ghost.]\n\nThe Boy:\nGirls don\u2019t have fun at Halloween,\nThey\u2019re just as scared as can be;\nThey think there\u2019s a ghost standing\nBehind everything they chance to see.\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\nThey never go a-prowling round\nTo play a clever prank or two.\nThey want to bob for silly apples, or other childish tricks to do. The Girl enters. You\u2019re very wrong, now, smarty boy, For girls do have real fun Right up to when Halloween\u2019s over, From the time it has begun. We are not a single bit afraid Of ghosts, for there aren\u2019t any; And as for doing pranks at night, We have done very, very many.\n\nThe Boy.\nGirls are afraid of ghosts, I know. I saw them run the other night When Jerry, dressed in bed sheets, Came down the street in sight. If they had been boys like us, They would have caught that chap ' And taken off his ghost outfit Before at one door he could rap.\n\nThe Girl.\nYou say you are so wondrously brave. I think that I will really see Just how frightened of a real ghost A boy like you can sometimes be.\n\nThe Ghost enters and runs toward The Boy, who screams and minces off stage.\nI thought that was just what he\u2019d do,\nBut it is almost party time,\nSo here I must not be lagging.\n\nPoliceman:\nI am a big policeman,\nWith muscles very strong,\nI am to protect the people\nFrom those who do wrong.\nI help the young and old\nWhene'er they are in need;\nI'm ready at any time to do\nA kind or helpful deed.\n\nFireman:\nI am a sturdy fireman,\nWho tries to save your home\nWhen the demon fire spreads\nFrom basement up to dome.\nI save the lives of people\nWho are trapped within;\nTo tell you the risks I run\nI could not even begin.\n\nMailman:\nI am the welcome mailman,\nWho comes to your door\nTo bring you a cheery word\nFrom friends you knew of yore.\nI like the work I do,\nFor smiles I always see.\nUpon the faces of the folks who are waiting there, all together. Daily, as we do our work, we'll ask of you to help us in your way, our very best to do. Don't make our burden heavier, but ever strive to be of service to the workers who all about here you see.\n\nModern Witches (For six little girls in peaked caps. Each wears a placard bearing the name of the character she represents. All enter and form a line across the Front of stage.)\n\nFirst Witch:\nI am a very modern witch, as you will soon learn;\nI scatter seeds of health at every crook and turn.\nI build for better bodies and health.\nNow you\u2019ll agree that a very great blessing\nIs a Good Health witch like me.\n\nSecond Witch:\nI am the witch of industry.\nI make the wheels go \u2014 hum!\nNo lazy boys or girls\nCan ever around me come.\nI make you glad to have the work Which daily you must do;\nI bring the gift of industry To every one of you.\n\nThird Witch (Witch of Safety First):\nI am the witch of Safety First;\nMy need is great to-day;\nI protect all the boys and girls\nWhile they are at their play.\nI teach them the constant danger\nOf playing in the street;\nFor there wait fatal injuries\nThey\u2019re almost sure to meet.\n\nFourth Witch (Witch of Patriotism):\nI am a patriotic witch,\nWho teach you love of country;\nThe children learn of America\nAnd to obey her laws, from me.\nThe glories of our banner\nMust be seen by every eye,\nAs we strive to keep it floating\nEver under azure sky.\n\nFifth Witch (Witch of Storyland):\nI am the witch of storyland\nFrom the realm of pleasant books;\nThe Best Halloween Book\nThat you have all met with me,\nI can tell from your looks.\nI rule those lovely stories\nOf fairies, knights and elves.\nIf you would know more about me.\nRead my books yourselves. Sixth Witch. I am the witch of cheerfulness. I make you smile and laugh; Your work is always lighter If you're happy all the while. So, smile a bit and laugh a bit, Each hour of the waking day; You'll find that it's a sure way Of driving gloom away.\n\nMother Goose: a long print dress and tall, pointed black hat.\nFour Girls: Bo Peep, Marjorie Daw, Nancy Endicott, and Miss Muffet, who wear print dresses, white aprons, and straw hats.\nFour Boys: Boy Blue wears a suit of blue. Humpty Dumpty wears a tan suit and a red tie. A fat child is chosen for this part and his suit is stuffed. Tommy Tucker has an ordinary play suit and the suit of the Knave of Hearts is decorated with many paper hearts.\n\nDialogues, Plays and Exercises.\nThe stage is trimmed in orange and black. Mother Goose enters and stands at the Center of the stage. The others come in when their turns come to speak. The girls stand at the right of Mother Goose and the boys at the left.\n\nIn the land of Mother Goose,\nHalloween is a jolly time;\nAll my children love to frolic,\nIn our frosty, snappy clime.\n\nWitches, elves and goblins\nVisit us as they do you;\nNow we are going to relate\nSome of the things we do.\n\nBo Peep.\nLittle Bo Peep does not tend sheep\nWhen Halloween comes to our land;\nBut instead, she searches for the elves\nThat are found on every hand.\n\nBoy Blue.\nBoy Blue would not dare to sleep,\nOr a black cat might waken him rudely;\nSo he's wide awake on each Halloween\nAnd does his work, honestly.\n\nMarjorie Daw.\nMarjorie Daw is said to be slow,\nBut with wonderful speed she raced.\nWhen, by the garden and over lawns,\nShe was chased by a great, white ghost.\n\nHumpty Dumpty.\nHumpty Dumpty has a great time\nWhen Halloween draws near;\nHe plays enough silly tricks\nTo keep him laughing all the year.\n\nMother Goose.\nYou see, my many children\nEnjoy themselves right well;\nOf the glory of October\nThey are always glad to tell.\n\nTommy Tucker.\nTommy Tucker sings during supper,\nAnd breakfast and dinner, too;\nHe knows of so many funny things\nThat on Halloween he can do.\n\nNancy Endicott.\nLittle Nancy Endicott works very hard\nLighting each Jack\u2019s funny face;\nFor the throne of a queen wondrous fair\nShe wouldn\u2019t exchange her place.\n\nJack Horner.\nLittle Jack Horner is in his glory\nWhen the Halloween season is nigh.\nFor nothing pleases him quite so much\nAs a piece of rich pumpkin pie.\n\nMiss Muffet.\nNo spiders or wasps frighten Miss Muffet now, but black cats and owls catch her eye. Goblins and elves flit everywhere, and witches go sailing on high.\n\nDialogues, Plays and Exercises\nMother Goose.\n\nMy children are much like the ones you see every day. They like the very things you like and play the games you play. So when you think of Mother Goose and of her children, too, just think of jolly, happy folks like every one of you. [Points to audience.]\n\nMaking Jack-O'-Lanterns\n\nJack, Bill, Harold - three school boys in ordinary school clothes. Each of them has a large pumpkin, the insides of which have been cleaned out, and a jack-knife.\n\nThe three boys are seated on the floor near the center of the stage.\n\nJack: How are you coming, Bill?\n\nBill: Not very good. I never seem to have any luck cutting.\nHarold: The faces on these jack-o-lanterns. Some people can make them look just like people, but mine always look vacant.\n\nHarold: Well, they ought to look like some people then. I heard our neighbor lady say, the other day, she never knew there were so many vacant-looking people until she moved here.\n\nJack: I wonder whom she could have been thinking of when she said that. Do I look vacant?\n\nHarold: I don't believe you do. I think you have too much pumpkin on your face, right now, to be called vacant.\n\nBill: There! That is the best I can do. How does that face look?\n\nBill: He holds up the pumpkin, which has a very sorrowful-looking face. The boys laugh heartily at it.\n\nJack: I never saw such a long face on anything that is supposed to be as jolly as a jack-o-lantern. It looks like the new minister.\nBill: I wonder why the new minister's face is so long. He seems pleasant enough, but he certainly looks sad.\n\nHarold: I suppose his face has grown long to match his sermons.\n\nJack: If his face gets long enough to match that one he gave last week, it will reach way down to his heels.\n\nBill: I think we had better change the subject. I know we are just in fun, but it isn't proper to speak of a fine man like him so lightly. By the way, where are you going with your jacks?\n\nHarold: I think I'll go over the tracks and scare the Widow Mitchell a little. We did that last year and had a lot of fun.\n\nBill: It wasn't so much fun when she told the principal about it and we all lost our recesses. Let's think of something different.\n\nHarold: I'd like to do something with mine that would bring pleasure to someone instead of injury. There must be some way.\nJack: There are some good things that can be done with jack-o'-lanterns. I have an idea. You know those three boys who live in the shack by the tracks? I heard they were teased at school today because they said they had never seen a jack-o'-lantern.\n\nBill: I've heard that too. Their teacher told each child to bring a jack-o'-lantern to school tomorrow for the Halloween party, and these children didn't know what she meant.\n\nJack: Where have they been all their lives if they don't know about jack-o'-lanterns? They've missed out on a lot of fun.\n\nBill: The jack-o'-lanterns belong to America, and these children have not been in this country long. They felt very bad because they had no means of getting one apiece to take to school tomorrow.\n\nJack: My idea was to make these jack-o'-lanterns and put them together for the boys.\nHarold. I'll take the candles and give them to the three children in the shack. They'll have more fun with them than we will.\n\nHarold. After I cut my hand three times making this one smile like Mr. [name of local young man], those little chap may appreciate the jack-o\u2019-lanterns, but they won't appreciate the energy I wasted making that smile.\n\nJack. You're always too ambitious about doing things like that. What do you think of my plan?\n\nBill. I think it's fine. We can get all the pumpkins we want from our field if we want to make more jack-o\u2019-lanterns. How about you, Harold?\n\nHarold. I'm willing to take mine over if the rest of you are. I was just fooling around about not wanting to part with it, but I do hate to see that smile ruined.\n\nJack. You always were too ambitious about doing such things. What do you think of my plan?\n\nBill. I think it's fine. We can get all the pumpkins we want from our field if we want to make more jack-o\u2019-lanterns. Harold, are you with us?\n\nHarold. Yes, I'll take mine over if the rest of you are. I was just joking about not wanting to part with it, but I don't want to ruin the smile.\nJack and Bill, along with the other children at the orphanage, are finishing their carving of pumpkins. Once completed, they will go over their creations. We're too big for running around with silly pumpkins. Bill's is cut as well as he can manage. Let's hurry, so we won't be late for supper. We're going to have pumpkin pie at our house. Jack and Harold agree.\n\nBill: We will take our Halloween fun eating pumpkin pie instead of fooling around with jack-o'-lanterns.\n\nHarold: That's a good idea.\n\nAll: Hurrah for Halloween! Hurrah for pumpkin pie!\n\nThrough the autumn days\nWe will sing its praises high.\n\nThey take their jack-o'-lanterns and go off stage.\n\nCHARACTERS:\nMother Farley: a girl dressed as a middle-aged woman.\nThe Orphanage Children: as many children as desired are seated about the stage on small chairs or benches.\nThe following children have speaking parts:\nAll the orphanage children wear ordinary play clothes much alike.\n\nThe Village Children: as many children as desired.\nThese wear out-door clothing and bring jack-o\u2019-lanterns and baskets with them. The following have speaking parts:\n\nTeddy\nFred\nLucy\nRose\n\nDialogues, Plays and Exercises\n\nRobert, Mary, and Helen are the largest of the village children. Each of them has a basket which appears to be filled with things for the orphanage.\n\nDiscovered: The Children seated about the stage. Some are reading, others are amusing themselves with games. Mother Farley is seated near the Center of stage darning stockings.\n\nTeddy: We aren't going to have any Halloween party tonight, are we, Mother Farley?\n\nMother Farley: No, Teddy, we are not.\n\nTeddy: I wish we were. It seems as if I have waited for this all year.\nMother Farley: Halloween isn't this year due to more children and subsequent expenses. Parties don't cost a lot but they do require buying apples, marshmallows, and more. Teddy: Mother Farley, please don't mention any more of those.\n\nLucy: Why aren't we having a party?\n\nMother Farley: There are more children in the orphanage than ever before, meaning more food, shoes, and suits are needed. These things have cost so much this year that the orphanage directors couldn't afford a party.\n\nRose: Parties cost a lot of money?\n\nMother Farley: They don't cost a lot but they do require some expenses. We would have to buy apples, marshmallows, and more. Teddy: Mother Farley, don't mention any more of those.\nMother Farley: \"Good things or I'll just cry. We had all those last year, didn't we, Teddy? I wish we could have them this year; but there is no use crying because we can't. We have had plenty of good food and warm clothing all year, so we ought to be thankful.\n\nFeed: We are thankful, Mother Farley; but you know we just can't help thinking about the fun we might be having.\n\nLucy: We know that, if you had your way about it, we would have a big party every holiday.\n\nMother Farley: I am glad you feel that way about me, my dears, for I certainly do want to do everything to make you have a happy time here. You know, sometimes the directors say I am too easy with you children.\n\nChildben: Oh, no, Mother Farley, you are just right with us.\"\nI Nothing could please me more. Would you like me to tell you a Halloween story? Children (together). Please do! Mother Faeley. What shall I tell you about? Rose. Tell us about witches and fairies. Feed. Tell us a ghost story! Lucy. Ghost stories always frighten the little children so they cannot sleep. Tell us a story about how the children in the village spend Halloween. Mother Faeley. It has been a long time since I was a child in the village, but I will tell you what I remember of what we used to do. All the children brought apples, candy, and nuts to the town hall. There we had jack-o'-lanterns, and what a jolly time there was! We played games and pranks on each other. Then we ate the lunch our mothers had prepared for us. Teddy. wouldn't that be grand! Feed. I wish I could go to a party like that, just once!\nMother Farley: Why, children, what do you want?\nRobert: We have permission from the directors to have our Halloween party here with the children. May we?\nMother Farley: I am delighted. My heart was broken because their evening was spoiled.\nHelen: We have brought jack-o\u2019-lanterns, apples, and candy.\nMary: At nine o'clock, the ice cream man will bring ice cream and cake. We made the money at our club show.\nTeddy: Ice cream and cake! This will be a Halloween to remember.\nMother Farley: We will go to the play room and start the fun at once. This is going to be the merriest Halloween.\nThe Happy Home Orphanage has never known a Rose as dear as you, matron. The children gather around Mother Farley as the curtain drops.\n\nColonial Jack-o'-Lanterns\nMother: [and] Father: J Prudence Endurance\nThese parts are taken by rather tall children dressed in colonial-style outdoor clothes. The girls wear plain dresses of gray or brown, long and full, with small white aprons and caps.\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\nIndians: Just the made-up faces of these are seen at the window, so no costumes need to be especially planned.\n\nScene: A colonial kitchen. Two large jack-o'-lanterns with candles in them are placed on the tables. A window frame is arranged at one end of the stage, behind which the Indians appear.\n\nDiscovered: Mother, Father, Prudence and Endurance. Mother and Father standing near the door.\nFather: We must hurry, Mother. The meeting will be called.\n\nMother: I have a strange feeling that makes me hesitate about leaving Prudence and Endurance alone while we are gone tonight. Do you think it is quite safe, Father?\n\nFather: There have been no Indians around here for some time, now, except friendly ones. That terrible story from the neighboring village has upset your nerves, I think.\n\nMother: Perhaps it has, but I don't feel like leaving the girls alone.\n\nPrudence: We are not afraid, Mother. You have not been to meeting in a long time and I know you are anxious to see the new minister. If Endurance didn't have this terrible cold, we would go with you.\n\nEndurance: Do not worry about us, Mother. We will not go outside and we will keep the door barred. I am sure we shall not be bothered.\n\nMother: We must hurry then. Be careful, won't you, Father?\nGirls. She kisses the girls and goes to the door.\nFather: Good night, girls. We shall not be gone long.\nGirls: Good night!\n\nMother and Father leave and the girls fasten the door.\n\nPrudence: Now we must get busy with our jack-o'-lanterns. I am sure we are going to have a delightful time tomorrow.\nEndurance: So am I. Aren't you glad that Mother and Father think it is perfectly all right for us to play with jack-o'-lanterns and have fun? Some colonial parents will not let their children even think of such things.\nPrudence: What a shame it is! Goodness knows there is little enough pleasure in the colony these days. I think we ought to make good use of what we do have.\n\nThe girls sit down at the table and start arranging the candles in their jack-o'-lanterns.\n\nEndurance: I can't help thinking how cleverly that servant carved the pumpkins.\nA brave and clever girl fooled the Indians. Prudence was her name. When she saw an Indian approaching the house, she didn't know what to do. Then she saw the two great brass kettles she had just polished. In a minute, she had placed the two little children under the kettles and ran upstairs for the rifle.\n\nThe children didn't understand the trouble, so they moved about and cried. The Indian looked in at the window. All he saw were the two kettles creeping toward him. He fired at them, as he had a gun too. Then the children began to cry and crawl faster.\n\n\"Him dead! Him move!\" the servant girl heard the Indian say, as he turned and ran away. He will never come near that house again, for the Indians are very much afraid of anything they think is a spirit.\n\n[End of Text]\nEndurance: She was a very brave girl. I wonder what we would do if we saw an Indian looking in at us?\n\nPrudence: Endurance, don't speak of such things when we are here alone.\n\nEndurance: I won't again, for it frightens me to think how cruel those Redmen can be. I wish Mother and Father would come home.\n\nPrudence: They will be here soon. For the evening prayer is always short. I can't get the candle to stand up straight in this lantern.\n\nEndurance: Scoop out a little place at the bottom of the pumpkin for the candle. There, that will help it to stand up, now.\n\nPrudence: I believe it will. I'm glad, for I do want it lit. Mine is ready.\n\nEndurance: So is mine. Didn't I make a funny face on this one, though? [Holds up lantern.]\n\nPrudence: I tried to make the face on mine look happy, like a Halloween pumpkin ought. Let's light them and see.\nEndurance: I will light this twig in the fire and that will light both candles.\nPrudence: Endurance! The window, look!\nEndurance: Indians! Prudence, what shall we do?\nJust then an Indian warwhoop is heard outside. The door is rudely shaken.\nPrudence: Blow out the light, Endurance. Quick! We must not be seen, or they may shoot us.\nEndurance: (whispers loudly) What are we going to do, Prudence?\nPrudence: Shh! This is our only chance.\nThe warwhoops and pounding outside have continued.\nPrudence lights the candle in each jack-o-lantern. Hold the pumpkin in front of your face, hide your hands under it and walk to the window. Each girl takes a pumpkin and walks to the window. Indians outside. White spirit with fire eyes! Indian no kill spirit. Indian run. Great white spirit with fire eyes! The whooping stops and the voices of the Indians become fainter and fade away. The girls sit down on the floor. Endurance. I can see them running clear over that hill a mile away. They are waving their torches and running fast. 0 Prudence! you have saved our lives. Prudence. You mean the jack-o-lanterns have saved us? Rapping is heard on the door and Mother's voice calls. Mother. Girls! Girls! Prudence. Just a minute, Mother! The girls open the door and their parents come in.\nFather: Girls, have the Indians been here? Why is the light out?\nMother: My darlings! Are you hurt?\nFather: Lights the lamp.\nEndurance: No, thanks to Prudence and our jack-o'-lanterns, we are not injured. The Indians were pounding and whooping outside, but when Prudence lit the jack-o'-lanterns, they were frightened away at once.\nPrudence: The Indians thought they were spirits.\nFather: You were brave girls and used your heads in time of need. Those Indians will not come near this house again, but we must warn our neighbors of the danger they may be in.\nMother: First, we will say a prayer of thanksgiving to the great Father who has protected our little family.\nCharacters:\nMother: in a plain dress and apron.\nBilly: a boy of eight or nine years. He wears school clothes.\nA first-grade boy, Sylvester, is seated on the floor in the kitchen, covered in pumpkin pie and eating it from a tin with a large spoon. Billy enters from the side.\n\nBilly: Hey there, Silly! What do you have there?\n\nSylvester: Pie.\n\nBilly: Pie and eating it out of a tin? Where did you get that pie? Did Mother give that to you, young man? [Sylvester shakes his head.] No, I didn't think so. Let me see what kind of pie it is. [He goes over near Sylvester.] It's pumpkin. I didn't need to look at the pie tin to tell that. Look at your face and hands! Give that tin to me.\nBilly tries to take the tin from Sylvester, but he refuses to let go. Give it to me, I say. It is nearly gone, but I know Mother wanted that pie for supper. Sylvester. Good pie! Billy. Of course it's good, but that's no reason why you should eat it all. Sylvester Raphael John Gaston, give me that pie this minute! Billy grabs the tin. He gets some pumpkin on his hand, but Sylvester crawls under the table with the pie. Just then Mother enters. Billy rubs his hand across his face and in doing so leaves some of the pie on his face. Mother: I am in a terrible hurry. Our club meeting never lasted so long. I was surely glad I had baked that pie this morning, or I never would be able to get your father's supper ready in time. Billy, bring that pie here and I will cut it. Then you can set it on the table. It is on that lower shelf under the table.\nBilly: I'm sorry, Mother, I can't get that pie for you.\n\nMother: Nonsense, get that pie for me this minute. I've never heard such talk from youngsters.\n\nBilly: But, Mother, the pie isn't where I can get it. I tried.\n\nMother [busy at work at the table]: William, don't argue back, but go into the pantry and get me that pie. Do you hear me?\n\nBilly: But, Mother, there is no pie there.\n\nMother: No pie there! Of course, there is pie there. I put it there myself. I shall have to get it myself!\n\n[She leaves the room. While she is gone, Sylvester reaches out from under the tablecloth and puts the pie tin back of Billy.]\n\nBilly [not noticing the tin behind him]: You'll catch it, when you come out from under there, Silly.\nSylvester you'll catch it before I do come out of here.\nHe puts his head out from under the table as he speaks.\nMother returns to the room.\nMother: William Gaston, do you mean that you have eaten the whole pie? Just because you stay at home one Saturday afternoon to care for your dear little brother, you think you are entitled to eat a whole pie for lunch?\nBilly: But, Mother!\nMother: Don't \"but Mother\" me. I can see what you have done. There is the tin, right behind you. She picks up the pie tin. You were trying to hide this from me, weren't you?\nBilly: I didn't even know that tin was there. It wasn't there the last time I saw it.\nMother: When was the last time you saw it?\nBilly: Why, it was just a few minutes ago. Silly -\n\n(Assuming the text is in readable condition and does not require extensive corrections, I will not add any prefix/suffix or caveats)\nMother: That will do. Don't make excuses to me. Your dear little brother couldn't have justified your eating that pie. I have told you never to call that dear child \"Silly.\" His name is Sylvester and that is what he shall be called while I am around. Do you understand?\n\nBilly: Yes, Mother, but Sylvester - I mean, Sylvester Raphael John was the one that -\n\nMother: William, don't you tell me a falsehood. I know that dear little Sylvester never suggested such a thing to you as to eat that pie. Did he?\n\nBilly: No, he didn't mention a thing about my eating it, but he -\n\nMother: I know he wouldn't do such a thing. If he had any say in the matter at all, he probably told you not to eat it. He didn't ask you for any pie, did he?\nMother: \"He didn't ask me for any, but he... Billy: But, Mother, let me tell... Mother: William, you know better than to interrupt when I am speaking. It is bad enough to think of you doing such a thing as eating a whole pumpkin pie that I had baked for your father's supper, without tormenting me with such behavior as this. Billy: How can I explain it to her, if I can't talk? [To Mother.] Mother, I didn't eat that pie.\"\n\nMother: \"Didn't eat the pie? Oh, to think that one of my own children would ever tell me a falsehood like this! What would the neighbors ever say, if they heard of it? Billy: But, Mother...\"\n\nMother: \"Isn't that pie on your hands and face?\"\n\nBilly: \"Yes, Mother, but...\"\nMother: Didn't you tell me you saw this a minute ago and didn't you have hold of it? Billy: Yes, Mother, but - Mother: And haven't you been trying to tell me how dear little Sylvester put you up to such a thing? I am very sorry, William, but you must be whipped. (She puts Billy across her knees and spanks him. He cries heartily.) Mother: Now, I must go down town and get something for dessert. I will not let you go, for you do not deserve the pleasure of going outside. I have the water ready for dear little Sylvester's bath. His clothes are laid out. You wake him up, give him his bath and dress him carefully. Do you understand? Billy: Yes, Mother. Mother: If you have it all done nicely when I return, I will not mention this disgraceful happening to your father. Do you understand? Billy: Yes, Mother.\nMother: All right, then. (She leaves the room) Sylvester crawls out from under the table. His face is covered with pumpkin pie.\n\nBilly: Clean yourself up! All I'll do is destroy the evidence in my own case. Oh, well, I might have known you'd never bring me anything but trouble. Come on, you'll get one scrubbing you won't forget and I hope you get a stomach ache besides.\n\nBilly goes off stage, pulling Sylvester by the collar.\n\nDialogues, Plays and Exercises\nHalloween at the Club\n\nCharacters:\nThese boys range from nine to fourteen years of age. They wear ordinary school clothes. Some of them are dressed rather shabbily.\n\nMr. Brown, the club leader, the largest of the boys. He is dressed as a Boy Scout leader might be.\n\nScene: The club room. Several chairs are placed about the room and there is a table in the center with magazines.\nTed and Jack are seated by the table when the curtain rises. Ted wonders aloud if any of the other boys will show up for their club meeting on Halloween, as he supposes Mr. Brown insisted on it to keep them out of mischief. Ted expresses regret for their past Halloween escapades and suggests they tell ghost stories instead. Bill enters quietly and proposes they go out and have some action instead, suggesting they are too big for ghost stories. Ted asks what they could do.\nBill, Jack, Ted, Ralph, and Jerry. What could we do for Halloween? Don't be such a baby, Ted. Isn't there just as much to do this Halloween as there ever has been? Aren't there just as many doorsteps to carry off and aren't there just as many windows to soap?\n\nJack. It doesn't seem right to do such things as those, now that we are club members. I used to think they were great sport, but when you consider all the trouble caused to others, they don't seem to be so much fun.\n\nBill. Don't think about the trouble, then. That is for someone else to worry over. It doesn't seem right for wide-awake boys to sit around on Halloween like a lot of old ladies.\n\n[Mr. Brown enters].\n\nMr. Brown. It certainly doesn't. I should think, though, that wide-awake boys could think of something new to do.\nBill: Besides the same old stunts that your great grandfathers did when they were boys. There's really nothing clever in just imitating what others have done.\n\nBill: Well, it\u2019s fun, just the same.\n\nMr. Brown: Then you and I haven't the same idea of fun. What do you other boys think about it?\n\nJack: We just said that Bill's idea of a good time didn't appeal to us, but what can we do to make it a really jolly Halloween? A regular club meeting doesn't seem hardly lively enough.\n\nTed: I believe you have something planned for us, Mr. Brown. I believe I can see an unusually bright twinkle in your eye.\n\nMr. Brown: Perhaps I have, but you must wait until the other boys arrive before I tell you my plans.\n\nJack: I hope they hurry up, for I am getting anxious for something to happen.\n\nBill: So am I. I hope you have something planned.\nRalph: Everything is ready, Mr. Brown. The boys are at the police station.\n\nBill: Police station! What have they done?\n\nJack: Are you at the bottom of this, Mr. Brown?\n\nMr. Brown: What other news do you have, boys?\n\nJerry: Ralph and I are to take the east side. Bill and Jack are to go over the tracks. Ted and you are to take the west side of town. First, we all have to report at the police station.\n\nTed: Please tell us what this all means, Mr. Brown. I know it is something exciting by the way Jerry says \"police station.\" What are we to do?\n\nMr. Brown: You may not think much of my idea for Halloween fun, but this is what I have planned. You know the police are always on the lookout for boys who are misbehaving on Halloween.\n\nBill: I know that well enough. I got caught last year.\nThey took me right over to the station. I had to stay there until they called up my dad and he came over and got me. I hate to think of what happened after that. - Jack. No wonder Bill turned white when Jerry mentioned the station.\n\nMr. Brown. This year I decided that, for a change, it would be more fun to work with the police instead of against them; so I offered the services of the members of this club to the police captain.\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\n\nTed. But what can we do?\nMe. Brown. You boys are to be divided into three groups, as Jerry told you. Some of the other members of the club will enroll themselves with each of you. You are to spend the evening in the part of town to which you were directed and watch for mischief-makers. You are to see that no windows are soaped and no damage done. What do you think of the idea?\nJack: Great! It will be just like being a real policeman.\nBill: But how can we stop the boys from doing damage if we see them up to some prank? They won't pay any attention to us.\nMe: Brown. The police captain has agreed to furnish each of you boys with a regular police star. I believe most of the boys will pay attention to that. If they don't, you can just take their names. You are pretty well acquainted in town, aren't you?\nJack: Sure, we are, Mr. Brown. We know everybody here.\nTed: Too bad people don't have to have licenses, like automobiles, and then we could just take their numbers.\nMr. Brown: That would be an advantage at a time like this, but I believe their names will have to do now. Are all of you boys willing to try my plan?\nAll Boys: Sure we are, Mr. Brown.\nBill: This will be a different kind of a Halloween. I just\nI shall look important with the star, Mr. Brown. Forgot to mention, after our patrol job, we're all to return to the station for a big supper provided by the police captain. Boys, hurrah, hurrah!\n\nBill: I believe the new ways of celebrating the day are much better than the old, worn out ones.\n\nCharacters:\nThe Health Spirit, a girl dressed in white. Her dress and wand are trimmed with tinsel, and she wears a tinsel crown.\nFrost Spirits, any number of girls dressed in white. A string of tinsel is worn around each of their necks.\nCorn Kernels, any number of boys. Some wear tight red suits, and others suits of bright yellow.\nThe Apples, girls in very full red and green costumes.\nThe Grapes wear small green caps. Girls in bright purple costumes trimmed with green leaves. The Imps of Exercise wear sweaters and caps. Scene: An outdoor scene is represented. Foliage and autumn flowers may be used effectively with orange and black crepe paper. The Health Spirit enters and walks to the Center Front of the stage.\n\nHealth Spirit: I am not the kind of creature that you usually expect to see on Halloween, am I? Do you know who I am? I will tell you, for I want every one to become acquainted with me. I am the Health Spirit. It is I who look after your welfare every hour of the day. It is my aim to give good health to every child in this broad land; but I need the help of the children, if I am to do it effectively on Halloween.\nIt seems to me that this holiday is a time of particular value to health. Let me show you some of the things that come at Halloween time that are enrolled in my army of health.\n\nThe song \"Harvest Time\" is played as the Frost Spirits enter. They hold hands as they dance around the Health Spirit and part of them pause on each side of her. Here they sing the following to the same tune:\n\nFrost Spirits [sing]:\n\nComing in the night time,\nWhen you are fast asleep,\nCovering trees and bushes,\nOver everything we creep.\nWe're the frost spirits\nThat make October gay;\nWe make leaves of gold and crimson\nInstead of green and gray.\n\nFrosty days, frosty nights!\nFrosty all the time;\nWe're what make October bright\nIn this lovely, frosty clime.\n\nFrosty days, frosty nights\nBite your hands and toes;\nWe're what kill all the germs,\nAlmost everybody knows.\n\nThough we're only little,\nWe're the frost spirits that make the autumn season bright and beautiful, and help to keep everyone healthy during the colder months.\nA world of good each can do; we make the air crisp and keep it pure for you. Watch for us each morn, and when we do appear, just thank the Good Health Spirit kind, Who brings October here.\n\nDialogues, Plays and Exercises. The music is repeated while the Frost Spirits dance about the stage in couples. After they have gone completely around the stage, they join hands to form a circle around the Health Spirit. The circle then skips to the right. During the last notes of the chorus, they curtsey to her and swing to the back of the stage, where they remain.\n\nHealth Spirit: I am sure you are all familiar with the spirits that bring the early fall frosts. You will agree, I believe, that they do much to keep a community free from germs.\n\nFrost Spirits curtsey to Health Spirit, as she turns to them.\n\nHealth Spirit: Now we will see some of the others who...\nCorn Kernels enter to the tune of \"Good Morning.\" They march around the stage in a stately manner before pausing in a straight line across the front, where they sing the following to the same tune. Corn Kernels:\n\nFields of corn are ripening now;\nEach stalk with heavy ears doth bow.\nOh, there\u2019s great wealth within us now,\nFor 'tis October weather.\n\nGrowing more stately ever,\nFailing the harvest never,\nRiper, fuller, richer, better,\nWe grow on forever.\n\nFields of corn are ripening now, each stalk with heavy ears bows. There\u2019s great wealth within us now, for 'tis October weather. Growing more stately ever, failing the harvest never, riper, fuller, richer, better, we grow on forever. We fill the farmer now with mirth, for 'tis October weather.\nYou little corn kernels are always a merry group and I don't wonder, for you certainly do a great deal of good in the world. Besides providing an important food item, there are hundreds of uses to which all parts of the corn are put. You well deserve a place in my health army and no one ever thinks of Halloween without picturing fields of cornstalks with bright orange pumpkins resting against them.\n\nThe Corn Kernels go to the Rear of the stage, as the Apples come to the Front of the stage, where they speak.\n\nFirst Apple: We are the apples that brighten your orchard in October. You probably have us picked and packed carefully away before Halloween, if you are wise, for we cannot long stand the breath of these little frost spirits. Nevertheless, here are some little fellows we are especially fond of.\nWe have a part in the merrymaking on that holiday. Second Apple. I'm sure you have all had the pleasure of bobbing for apples. That is an old Halloween trick nearly every one has enjoyed. Isn't it fun, when you think you have hold of an apple, and then it suddenly bobs away from you? Yes, indeed, the apple deserves a prominent place in the parade of Halloween pleasures. Third Apple. The apple has long been closely connected with good health. The old saying, \"An apple a day keeps the doctor away,\" has a great deal of truth in it. A child who is fond of apples will reach for one instead of candy. His health will be greatly improved by doing this. Therefore, the apple takes its place in the army of health, as well as with the Halloween brigade. Health Spirit. I'm glad to have such willing workers.\nThe apples in my army are always willing to serve me well. There are many healthful ways in which my apple children are used. I hope you are acquainted with many of them.\n\nThe Apples exit to the rear of the stage as The Grapes enter.\n\nEvery autumn, the vines are rich with great clusters of purple grapes. When these grapes are properly dried, they become raisins, which are fond of all children. Valuable iron is contained in these raisins, and that is just what our blood needs. Every time we eat a handful of raisins, we are taking energy into our bodies,\n\nThe Grapes bow low as they come to the Front of the stage, where they sing the following to the tune of \"Cradle Hymn\":\n\nGrapes [sing]:\n\nIn the autumn, oh, how thickly\nHang the purple clusters high;\nOh, what richness is enclosed within,\nAs they grow 'neath sunny sky!\nJust before the first frost spirits find their way within the wall, you are safely picked and gladly placed within easy reach. The music is repeated as the grapes pass around the stage with slow, swaying motion, remaining near the back.\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\nHealth Spirit. So the purple grapes take their place with the rest of my health army and with your October hardest. The last group of workers are arriving now. They are the Imps of Exercise. [The Imps enter]. You know the cool, crisp air of October is an ideal time to exercise and these imps try to get every one to do their share of it.\n\nDon't you, children?\n\nThe Imps of Exercise come near the front of the stage. First Imp of Exercise. That is just what we do, Health Spirit. There are many ways of exercising in a delightful manner.\nDuring the fall months, long hikes in the woods are splendid and nut hunts allow for fun and profit. Second Imp of Exercise: Roller skating is a great sport when the air is cool and crisp, as it is in the autumn months. Lively games of football provide exercise for every real boy. Third Imp of Exercise: Exercise is necessary if we are to build up a strong body. No matter how much good food is eaten or how much sleep we have, we cannot have a really strong body unless we exercise. The great outdoors, where there is an abundance of fresh air, is the ideal place for exercise. Health Spirit: Now do you see why the Health Spirit is closely connected with your autumn holiday? I hope you will remember this connection and make good use of each of these blessings which we have represented for.\nIf you do bring about a healthful Halloween, you will bring about a healthful every-day-of-the-year.\n\nDialogues, Plays and Exercises\nOctober (a girl in a soft brown dress trimmed with bright leaves)\nJames Whitcomb Riley (a boy in ordinary school clothes)\nFire Prevention (a boy carrying a large sign, \"Stop waste by fire\")\nRevolutionary Hero (a boy dressed as a Revolutionary soldier)\nColonial Chorus (as many children as desired. They wear old-fashioned costumes)\nTheodore Roosevelt (a boy wearing a wide-brimmed hat, riding breeches and boots)\nHalloween Spirits (a number of children dressed in gay orange and black costumes)\nColumbus (a boy dressed in the fashion in which Columbus is pictured)\n\nThe stage represents an autumn scene. October stands near the Center Front.\n\nOctober: I wonder if people really appreciate all the splendor...\nOctober is the month I represent. I'm known for the harvest time and Halloween, but my fame extends beyond that. I'm not being boastful when I speak of October's glories, but it's important for everyone to understand its significance. Here are some of my holidays and what they have to say.\n\nJames Whitcomb Riley enters and stands next to October.\n\nOctober. I am James Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier poet. Born on the seventh of October in Indiana, it's no wonder I was fond of the fall and enjoyed writing about it.\nTo recite a poem suited to this month? I will do so. I wrote it myself. [I recite Little Orphan Annie.]\n\nOctober. Here is a member of my family that has gained fame during the last few years. She is so very important that I don't understand how people could have neglected her for so long. She is sometimes observed for a day and sometimes for a week. She should be observed everywhere the whole year around.\n\n[While she is speaking, Fire Prevention enters and stands beside her.]\n\nFire Prevention. I am Fire Prevention, as you may guess from my sign. Don't you agree with October that I really am very important? Consider the thousands and thousands of dollars' worth of property that is destroyed every year by fires, many of which could be avoided. I have written a little poem that tells you a great deal of truth. Listen closely.\nA little blaze left to burn\nCan ruin years of labor;\nA lit match cast aside\nMay mean a homeless neighbor.\nA forest that for long years\nHas been growing big and tall\nMay, in a single day or night,\nIn soot and ashes fall.\n\nThe furnace that is left unchecked -\nA lit candle, too,\nCan bring loss and great suffering\nTo every one of you.\nA spark that reaches gasoline\nWill set your home aflame\nAnd cause a world of injuries -\nMore than I can even name.\n\nSo let us all be ready now\nTo make Fire Prevention Day\nA time when all shall strive\nWith fires to do away.\n\nNot upon that day or days alone\nBut each day of the year\nWe\u2019ll strive to save from fire\nThose things we hold so dear.\n\nOctober. I do hope people will heed your warning\nand thank me for giving them so splendid a reminder of what.\nThey should prevent property loss by fire. Another of my children, and a very popular one with everyone, is Christopher Columbus, who claims the twelfth of October as his special day. Columbus enters and comes to the front of the stage.\n\nColumbus: Every one in America knows all about me and how I really discovered America while searching for an all-water route to India. Nevertheless, there are a few things I am going to tell you in the words of the poet about my trip, for I believe you can all gain an example from it to follow in your own work, even though that work is not sailing.\n\n[He recites the following slowly and with much expression.]\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\n\nOnly the skies and sea of blue,\nOnly his faith to see him through,\nOnly the stars to lead him right\nAs he sailed on both day and night.\nOnly the pleas of frightened men,\nWho longed to return to their homes again,\nOnly the cry of a lone sea gull,\nAnswered each tremble of stern and hull.\nEven the point of his compass small,\nTurned away from its custom stall,\nEven the winds seemed gone astray,\nAs their courses changed day by day.\nEach sign that looked like land near by,\nWas only a cloud on the distant sky.\nEven the light of the northern star,\nSeemed to be leading to dangers far.\nOnly the faith that was deep in his heart,\nGuided his way in this unknown part.\nBut Columbus believed as few men can,\nAnd he found for us our own fair land.\nOctober. I believe that my month has the honor,\nClaiming a day almost as great as the Fourth of July.\nIt was during the month of October that the Revolutionary War came to a close,\nAnd the fact that our country was to be\nA new nation, born free and independent.\nThe surrender of Burgoine at Yorktown took place on October 19, 1777. Isn't that something to be proud of? Here is one of the brave soldiers who took part in that struggle.\n\nThe Revolutionary Soldier enters.\n\nRevolutionary Soldier: There are many things I could tell you about how we Minute men fought against the Redcoats, back in those days of the war, but instead I am going to call some of the sons and daughters of the Colonial Chorus to sing a song for you. It celebrates the glory of our nation since America won her independence.\n\nThe Colonial Chorus enters and sings The American Hymn.\n\nColonial Chorus: October. We are very glad to have you sing for us, I'm sure. Now we must hasten on with my days. I have the honor of claiming the birthday of a man who is dear to us all.\nTheodore Roosevelt: I was born on October 27. Remember this date next year, as no one likes to be forgotten. October 27th.\n\nSoldier and statesman,\nBrave patriot he,\nNoted at home and mid-sea,\nLover of nature,\nOf man and God,\nA man who had trodden\nThe far western sod,\nRider and writer,\nKind father was he,\nThe type of manhood\nEach lad longs to be,\nOne who most deeply\nFelt love of country,\nNone could surpass him,\nOur own Roosevelt.\n\nTheodore Roosevelt bows.\nMy last holiday is none other than Halloween. You are all familiar with it, so little need be said.\nThe music of The Jolly Workers is played as The Halloween Spirits enter. They march once around the stage before they pause at the Front where they sing the following to the same tune:\n\nHalloween Spirits [sing]:\nThere is a jolly holiday\nThat we all love well;\nAbout its fun and frolic, too,\nWe now are going to tell.\nYes, Halloween, the time is called.\nWe know you\u2019ll agree\nThat it is full of pleasure\nFor folks like you and me.\n\nCreepy ghosts and goblins\nAre seen 'most everywhere;\nWhile great black cats and wide-eyed owls\nThrough every window stare;\nAnd ticktacks make you wonder\nWho can be prowling near;\nThese are some of the things\nThat make Halloween dear.\n\nOctober. Now, with a final tribute to my month, we will bid you adieu until next year.\nAll step forward and repeat together: Dialogues, plays, and exercises. All.\n\nHail to the month of October,\nTime of plenty and praise,\nTo proclaim its beauty and bounty,\nOur voices we shall ever raise.\n\nHail to the month of October,\nWho brings days of great renown,\nHail to the month of the harvest,\nThe best of the whole year round.\n\nCurtain.\n\nNovember (a tall girl dressed in brown. The outfit sparingly trimmed with red and orange.)\n\nFour Trees (boys with tight suits of dark brown. They hold their arms out and up to resemble tree branches.)\n\nSix Leaves (boys with suits trimmed, yith brown leaves. A cap of brown leaves.)\n\nFour Nuts (boys with brown suits padded to make them very full.)\n\nSix Bittersweets (girls with bright orange dresses.)\nSix girls, bright red dresses trimmed with green and brown.\nSix girls, fluffy white dresses. White headbands trimmed with tinsel.\nFour boys, wearing gray suits trimmed with white.\nFour children, two boys and two girls, wearing outdoor clothes.\n\nScene: A plain stage. November enters thoughtfully as the curtain is raised.\n\nNovember. I wonder if my workers are all ready to make this November a success. It seems as if this last year has gone very rapidly. I shall hardly have time to get my month ready to be seen by the time it has to appear on the stage of the year. I will call my workers here, so they will be in line to go into the woods and do their work, as soon as October calls his last elf away. Where are my trees?\n\nThe Trees enter.\nWe are the trees, brown and bare,\nBraving the crisp November air.\nOh, for our leaves we do not care,\nIt is November.\n\nWithin our boughs the buds will lie,\nWhile the coldest months go by.\nThey do not wish to see the sky,\nIt is November.\n\nNovember. Where are the leaves\nThat fell from your boughs? I need them\nTo blow about, if I am to make\nA real November day.\n\nThe Leaves enter and dance about the stage. They pause near November.\n\nIt is November. The trees are bare,\nTheir leaves fallen, ready to share\nThe crisp air with the winter's glare.\nWithin their boughs, the buds lie still,\nAwaiting spring's gentle, warming will.\nNovember needs the leaves to dance,\nTo truly claim its wintry stance.\n\nThe leaves enter and the stage is set,\nFor November's chilly, wintry fret.\nWe are through with reds and greens this season. We shall be brown all winter. November. You are dressed as you should be, for I shall soon need some crisp brown leaves to blow about. Stay here, where I may call you when your turn comes to appear before the public.\n\nThe Leaves. We shall be ready to do our finest dance. Three leaves then stand on each side of November. They face front and sing the following to the same tune:\n\nThe Leaves (sing):\nWe're the brown leaves of late fall.\nWe've lost our pretty colors all;\nWe answered to the wind's rough call,\nFor now it is November.\n\nOnce we were yellow, gay and red;\nAnd then nice things of us were said.\nBut now we're tossed about as dead,\nFor now it is November.\nOne opposite them. They whirl lightly to the right, then swing apart and whirl about until they come to the side of the stage. Here they remain.\n\nNovember. What else shall I place in my woods? I ought to have something to reward the children for a tramp through the woods in the fall.\n\nThe Four Nuts enter singing, adapting to the tune of Winter.\n\nNuts [sing].\nFour brown nuts fell from a tree,\nThose four small brown nuts were we;\nWe\u2019re as happy as can be,\nFor now it is November.\n\nNovember. Most of the nuts have been gathered long ago, so you will be a surprise to whoever finds you. Perhaps some hungry squirrel will make a meal off of you.\n\nFirst Nut. We were shaken off the tree by some boys, but they did not pick us up. I am glad we are to be here with November and all his helpers.\n\nNovember. I am very glad to have you here, but so far...\nAll of my helpers have been dressed in brown. I am sure I shall be a very dreary month if I find no bright things with which to ornament my woods. The people will expect to find something bright and pretty in a November wood.\n\nThe Bittersweets enter. They are holding hands and they dance once about November before they speak.\n\nThe Bittersweets (together). We will help make November bright for you.\n\nNovember. I shall be very glad to have you, but I thought all the Bittersweet was picked before November.\n\nFirst Bittersweet. There are always some of us to be found in out-of-the-way places, if people only look for us.\n\nThe Bittersweets then face front and sing the following, adapting to the tune of \"Come Back, Sweet May.\"\n\nBittersweets (sing):\n\nBittersweet, Bittersweet,\nLeft upon the vine,\nWe help make the woodland bright,\nWhen the winds are sighing.\nDialogues, Plays and Exercises\n\nOur bright berries orange-red,\nMake the woods so bright;\nIf we're left upon the vine,\nWe're a handsome sight!\nLa la la, etc.\n\nThe music is repeated while they do the following exercise:\n\nMeasures 1-4. Each Bittersweet locks arm with the one next to her. They hold free arm high overhead as they skip halfway around the stage to the right.\n\nMeasures 5-8. Each couple join both hands with those of their partner. The two couples on the right side of the stage circle around each other, while those on the left side skip between the two circling couples.\n\nMeasures 9-12. All six join hands and circle about near the center of the stage.\n\nMeasures 13-16. Three skip each side of November, curtsy, and then skip back near the leaves.\n\nNovember: You certainly are a gay sight. I wonder if I have any more helpers like you. Do I hear the rustling of leaves?\nThe Sumachs enter. We are here, November. May we help make your woods bright? November. You certainly may. Who are you bright creatures in such gay dresses? Someone must have told you that I needed cheer in my November woods.\n\nFirst Sumach. We'll tell you who we are. The Sumachs face front and sing the following, adapting the tune of Come Back, Sweet May.\n\nSumachs sing:\nOh Sumach, Oh Sumach,\nWith leaves green and red;\nWe make the woodlands bright,\nWhen the flowers are dead.\n\nThe month of cool November\nFinds us all gay and fair;\nIn spite of its chilly breath,\nWe all stand brightly there.\n\nLa la la, etc.\n\nThey skip around the stage and stand by Bittersweets. November. I think I am to have a very colorful month, if these helpers keep arriving. I will surely rival June.\nThe snowflakes come flitting to earth,\nWhile hearts of happy children are filled with mirth,\nWe do not stay long now,\nWe just have come to call,\nOh, we think dear old November the best month of all.\nThe snowflakes, the snowflakes,\nCome flitting to earth;\nThe snowbirds enter singing, adapting the same tune:\n\nSnowbirds [sing]:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be a poem or song lyrics, and does not contain any significant errors or unnecessary content. Therefore, no cleaning is required.)\nThe snowbirds, the snowbirds\nTheir clear notes now you hear\nWe welcome each food bit\nThat to us is given\nOh, many are the good things\nThat kind November does!\n\nThe music is repeated while The Snowbirds and Snow-flakes do the following exercise:\n\nMeasures 1-4: Each Snowbird joins arms with a Snowflake. They skip about in a circle on the stage.\n\nMeasures 5-8: The three couples from the left side go to the right side, while the three couples from the right side go to the left side. The lines pass at the Center of stage.\n\nMeasures 9-12: The couple at left front changes places with the couple at right back, while the couple at right front changes places with the couple at left back.\n\nMeasures 13-16: Center couples change places. All curtsy or bow to November and then skip to back of stage.\nNovember is not lacking in color or life this year. I am proud of all my workers. The children will love you all. November will be called the fairest month of all.\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\n\nNovember stands at the center of the stage while the others come near the front at the sides and even with her at the center. In this semicircular formation, all sing the following to the same tune.\n\nAll:\nNovember, oh, November,\nThe very best month of all;\nWe love all seasons dearly.\nBut welcome most the fall!\nFall air is most refreshing,\nAll Nature is at rest;\nOh, do you wonder, dear November,\nThat we love you best?\n\nLa la la, etc.\n\nCurtain\n\nA Quiet Halloween\n\nCharacters\n\nMary\nRita and Girls\nGirls from ten to fourteen years of age. They wear ordinary school dresses.\n\nHelen\nBob is wrapped from head to feet in a large white sheet. Ralph is dressed as a tall black witch. Harold wears a black-cat costume and mask.\n\nScene: The living room in Mary's home. Several windows are seen about the room. Cardboard window frames may be made and hung out a little way from the wall. This will permit the several players to look in at the windows.\n\nDiscovered: Mary and Rita seated in the room.\n\nRita: I am glad that we decided just to have a quiet Halloween this year. We are too old to be bobbing for apples and throwing apple peelings over our shoulders, as we used to do. It seems as if we have done the same thing every year since we were in the first grade.\n\nMary: I have heard so many girls say the same thing.\nI decided that a nice quiet evening at home would be better than anything else. Mother was invited to a party at the club, so I thought it would be fine to have you girls over. It always seems as if I am more grown up and really entertaining when there is no one else at home.\n\nRita: It was very kind of you to ask us. I heard that the boys wanted to come too.\n\nMary: Yes, they did want to come, but I told them they simply couldn't. Mother said it wasn't a very polite thing to do, but you know how boys are at a party.\n\nRita: Yes, they always want something to happen every minute. There would be no hopes of having a quiet evening with them around.\n\n(A knock is heard at the door.)\n\nMary: Here are the other girls now. I'm glad they are arriving early so we can settle down for a nice, cozy evening.\nMary goes to the door and admits Florence and Helen. They have their coats and hats on.\n\nHelen: Hello, girls. Oh, it is nice and cheerful in here. The weather is rather frosty outside.\n\nFlorence: Hello, Mary! And there is Rita! We are all here now.\n\nMary: Come in, girls, and take off your coats and hats. Rita: Let me put them away for you. [She takes their coats and hats off stage]\n\nMary: Sit down and make yourselves comfortable. Rita and I were just saying that we thought a quiet evening at home would be lots more fun than running around the streets, or having a big party.\n\nHelen: I should say so. We are too big to be playing such silly pranks as we have done for the last few years.\n\nFlorence: Mother said that I sounded like a young lady when I said I was going out calling, but Dad said I wasn't old enough yet.\nRita: I wouldn't be so scared if I weren't alone at home.\n\nNonsense! Men always expect girls to get excited or faint about things. This Halloween scare is just silly. There's no more danger of ghosts being around tonight than any other night.\n\nMary: I think ghosts are pretty scarce in this part of the country. I wonder if anyone ever really saw one.\n\nHelen: My Aunt Sarah claims she has. She says there's a most awful racket in her attic at different times and has seen something white float out of the attic window and sail away.\n\nFlorence: It was rats that made that noise, of course.\n\nHelen: A rat isn't white and it couldn't sail out of the window, though, could it?\n\nMary: Now we were to have a nice, quiet evening, so let's focus on our dialogues, plays, and exercises.\nRita: Not start a fight over a ghost. Have some popcorn. Rita helped me pop it before you girls came. [She passes the popcorn].\n\nFlorence: I always admire the corn you girls pop. It seems to dry up when I pop it.\n\nRita: What shall we do to pass the evening? Shall we play games or tell stories?\n\nHelen: I like to hear stories, but I don't believe I could tell one that would be very interesting.\n\nMary: Bob brought home a little book from the library tonight that he said was good. He said nearly all the girls at the high school had read it. I don't know how he came to bring it to me, for he never does think of such a thing; but we can see what it's like.\n\nFlorence: Read some of it to us, Mary. You have a better voice than the rest of us.\n\nMary gets the book from the table and sits down in a big chair. The other girls draw their chairs close to her.\nA long time ago, an old woman lived alone in a great house. She was never known to leave the house, and no one was seen to enter. No one in the village could learn how the old woman received her food and fuel. Yet, there was always smoke coming out of her chimney, and each day she set a dish of food outside for her dog. One night, a man decided to watch the place all night to see if someone didn't bring supplies to the house. Just at twelve o'clock, the moon became less bright. The man looked around the tree just in time to see a white figure going up the walk. It knocked three times at the door - tap-tap-tap! As the girls look toward the window, a loud \"tap, tap, tap!\" is heard at the window.\nThe ghost flits by in his costume. He pauses in front of the window, waves his arms, and shakes his head.\n\nHelen. What was that?\n\nFlorence. Did you see something, too? I thought I did, but I wasn't sure.\n\nMary. It must have been a paper that blew by the window.\n\nRita. I hope it was a paper, but it was big enough to wrap an automobile up in.\n\nMary. Don't think about it anymore, and I will go on with the story. \"Just as the old woman opened the door, the man heard the most awful groans.\"\n\nTerrible groans are heard by the window. The girls jump to their feet.\n\nHelen. There is something outside there. Didn't you hear that?\n\nFlorence. I certainly did hear it and it makes me shiver.\n\nMary. It's just one limb of the old maple tree rubbing against another. Sit down and let me finish the story. \"The moon fell upon the figure of the old lady.\"\nwhen she opened the door and the man saw she was a regular witch. A brushing sound is heard at the window. The girls look toward the window and see Ralph, dressed as the old witch, hitting the window with a broom. When the girls jump to their feet, the figure disappears.\n\nHelen. I think you should change stories, Mary. You certainly are making those characters appear true to life.\n\nRita. Oh, no. I am half scared to death, but I do want to hear the rest of that story.\n\nMary. I am afraid our imaginations are working too hard. Sit down again and I will go on. [Reads]. Right beside the old woman stood a great black cat. Its eyes were as big as saucers and its tail was bushy as a fox's. When it saw the white figure, it meowed in a loud voice.\n\nA deep voice outside the window says, \"Meow, meow.\"\n\"meow!\" As the girls jump to their feet, they see \"the cat\" pass in front of the window.\n\nHelen. You can't tell me that I imagined I heard and saw that cat now, Mary Brennan.\n\nMary. That certainly was a cat and a mighty big one, but I don't believe there is anything to get alarmed over. Our new neighbors have a great big black cat and that must be it. Do sit down.\n\nRita. I shall have to sit down, for I am too weak to stand. You might as well go on with the story, Mary. It may keep me from screaming, if I hear a sound.\n\nMary. \"The man crept quietly toward the house, in hopes of getting a better look inside. Just as he reached the step, there was a flutter of wings over his head and a great owl called \u2014\"\n\nA voice outside the window goes, \"Whoo-whoo-whoo! Whoo-oo-oo!\" Mary drops her book and the girls all jump.\nMary. I really don't know what to think of such strange things. I wanted to be brave, so you wouldn't get so scared, and pretend these things were nothing at all. But it is of no use.\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\n\nRita. I wish your father or someone would come. Oh, look!\n\nThe Ghost stands at one window and nods its head.\n\nGirls scream. Oh! oh!\n\nHelen. Look there! [She points to another window where \"the witch\" stands brushing off the sill with her broom.]\n\nFlorence. I am going home. It couldn't be as scary outside as it is here.\n\nRita. Look at that other window! [\"The cat\" and \"the owl\" are seen to peer into another window.]\n\nMary. Oh, what shall we do? I wish Bob were here.\n\nBob. [speaking from outside] Were you speaking of me, Sis?\nBob: Is it really you, Mary? Come right in. (Bob enters in street clothes)\nBob: Are you girls having a pleasant evening all by yourselves?\nRita: Bob, we've seen the most terrible things! Ghosts and witches looked right in at that window.\nFlorence: Yes, and a cat and an owl as big as you are looked right in and nodded at us.\nHelen: What does it all mean, Bob?\nBob: The answer to that is very simple. It means that you've offended these creatures in some way.\nRita: Oh, how could we offend a cat?\nFlorence: Yes, or an owl or a ghost, either?\nBob: Are you girls ready to repair any injury that you did to these creatures, if I find out what caused their strange appearance?\nMary: Bob, you're acting strangely. Are you at the bottom of this?\nBob: No, of course not. Why would you ask such a thing of me?\nI. Your own brother? I am going outside to try and solve this mystery. [He leaves the room].\nHelen. I hope someone solves it before it's time for me to go home.\nFlorence. I don't believe I shall ever dare go by a big house alone again.\nBob returns carrying his ghost outfit. The other boys enter, still wearing their costumes but with their masks off.\nMary. What does this mean?\nThe Other Girls [in turn]. It's just those horrid boys!\nBob. I think these creatures have a word to say for themselves.\nMary. They can say all the words they wish, but we will never forgive them for the way they have frightened us.\nRita. Nor for the way they have spoiled our nice quiet evening, either.\nBob. What was it you creatures wished to say?\nRalph. We boys were disappointed when the girls refused to let us come to their Halloween party. In fact, we felt...\nSo badly that we made up our minds that we had to get here some way.\n\nHarold. Since you wouldn\u2019t let us come by the usual method, we decided upon this way of introducing ourselves.\n\nJim. We hope you aren\u2019t too angry with us to let us stay, for we have brought apples, nuts, and candy with us, to help make the evening a merry one.\n\nMary [laughing]. I suppose we were selfish in not asking you in the first place, so we won\u2019t be angry any longer, will we, girls?\n\nGirls. No, we might as well not be.\n\nBoys. Hurrah! [They start taking off their costumes.]\n\nMary. But there is one thing more I want to settle. Bob, how did you happen to bring home that particular book this evening?\n\nBob. Why, I \u2014 I \u2014 that is, I thought you would enjoy it.\n\nRalph. You should have enjoyed it, for we took an hour.\nSix Raindrops, hoys with loose garments of soft gray material. Six Sunbeams, girls in bright yellow dresses made with many points and frills. Six Wind Elves, girls with suits of light blue, with many streamers. Six Soil Soldiers, bboys with suits of black, and black overheads and faces with holes cut for the eyes. Six Kernels of Corn, boys wearing blight red suits and yellow caps. Yellow hose complete the costume. Six Workers: Three of these are girls who wear aprons and sunbonnets, and three are boys who wear overalls and straw hats.\nThe Harvest Spirit: a tall girl in a bright yellow dress trimmed with a great many streamers of brown, red, and green. Autumn leaves are worn on her shoulders and at her waist. Her crown is made of various bright-colored leaves.\n\nScene: The stage represents an autumn scene. Bright leaves and cornstacks are used. When the curtain rises, the Harvest Spirit is seen standing at the center of the stage.\n\nThe Harvest Spirit. Once again, the season of the Harvest Spirit has arrived. How proud I am, when I look about and see the results of my year's work! In the olden days, the people always observed a feast day in honor of Pomona, the Goddess of the Harvest. The people have always been grateful for a bountiful crop and have been anxious to give thanks to the great Father who sent it to them. A failure of the crops would mean suffering and hardship.\nThe Harvest Festival approaches near the time of our Halloween. It is fitting that these two occasions should be celebrated together. I wonder why it always is that the little seeds planted grow just as they should.\n\nThe Raindrops enter and dance around The Harvest Spirit.\n\nThe Raindrops. We know why the little seeds grow just as they do, for we help them. If it were not for our help, I don't believe those tiny seeds could find their way through the soil.\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\n\nThe Harvest Spirit. What little gray creatures are these? Surely you don't look much like harvest workers.\n\nFirst Raindrop. We are harvest workers, though. Our work began many months ago, but we are harvest workers just the same.\n\nSecond Raindrop. We are the little raindrops that gave moisture to each seed that was planted in the ground. If we hadn't provided moisture, the seeds would not have been able to germinate.\nIt had not been for us, there would have been no need for harvest workers. The Harvest Spirit. So you are the little raindrops I have heard so much about. Won't you tell me more about your work? The Raindrops sing the following to the tune of Harvest Time.\n\nRaindrops (sing):\nSoftly falls each little raindrop\nOn the ground below;\nWe give moisture to the plants,\nHelping them to grow.\n\nOn the hard ground we come falling,\nTo each little plant we are calling,\nThrough the hard earth ever seeping,\nTo each root we go.\n\nThe above music is repeated as The Raindrops join hands and skip lightly around The Harvest Spirit. They then let go of hands and turn slowly and softly toward the sides of the stage, where they drop to their knees and bury their heads in their arms. On the last notes they rise, fold their arms and remain standing in place.\nThe Harvest Spirit. What interesting little creatures these raindrops are! I suppose there are many nature children who do as much as these to bring about a bountiful harvest.\n\nThe Sunbeams come shipping in, holding hands.\n\nFirst Sunbeam: You are right, Harvest Spirit. There are a great many nature children always working to bring successful crops to the people.\n\nThe Harvest Spirit: What bright, pretty creatures these are! Are you harvest workers, too?\n\nFirst Sunbeam: Our work goes on the year round, for we are the Sunbeam children. This world would be a dreary place, indeed, if it were not for us. We shine to light the earth, to warm the soil and to bring health to living things.\n\nThe Harvest Spirit: I am sure every one loves the bright sunshine, but just what work do you do to bring about a bountiful harvest?\nSecond Sunbeam. The Sunbeams form a semicircle to the right of the Harvest Spirit, while they sing the following to the tune of All Through the Night.\n\nSunbeams (sing).\nMerry little sunbeams shine,\nAll through the year;\nKeeping nature warm and bright,\nAll through the year.\n\nWithout us, plants would not grow,\nEarth would be bare here below,\nEarth children would miss us so,\nAll through the year.\n\nThe music is repeated as The Sunbeams join hands in couples. One couple glides to each front corner and the other couple to the front center of the stage. Here they let go of hands, join their hands over their heads, and turn slowly to the right. They then move with a turning, gliding step to the side of The Baindrops, where they remain.\n\nThe Harvest Spirit. How many interesting things we have seen.\nI can learn when we have a chance to talk to the children of nature! I am sure many people never pause long enough in their busy lives to appreciate these commonplace things about them. Here come some other little folks. I suppose they, too, had a part in making this feast for Thanksgiving possible.\n\nThe Wind Elves enter with a whirling motion. They make a \u201cWoo-woo-o-o!\u201d sound with their lips as they enter.\n\nThe Harvest Spirit. These are blustering little chaps. I can guess right off that you are the wind elves. I have heard that mournful sound of yours many times in the tree tops.\n\nFirst Wind Elf: You are right. We are the wind elves. But why do you say that the sound of our passing is sorrowful? We are jolly little fellows who do lots of good.\n\nSecond Wind Elf: Sometimes we are accused of doing mischief, but we mean no harm. We help the trees grow by carrying their seeds to new places.\nThe Harvest Spirit. What work do you do besides sighing in the trees? I'm sure that is the only work I've ever seen you doing.\n\nThird Wind Elf. I blow the warm breath of the south land upon all the growing things. The warm air that means life and growth to many plants is carried on my wings.\n\nFourth Wind Elf. I carry the moisture from the ocean and distribute it far inland. Without me, the crops would die of thirst, for the little raindrops would not be strong enough to reach everywhere without my aid. The raindrops and I are very good friends, so we work together to make the whole earth a pleasanter place in which to live.\n\nThe Harvest Spirit. What a noble purpose! If mortals understood your roles, they would be grateful.\nAll would follow your example, and this earth would certainly be a perfect home for all. What work do other wind elves do? I am sure none of you busy little fellows are ever idle.\n\nFifth Wind Elf. In the winter time, I bring a heavy blanket of snow to lay over the ground. This keeps the little plants and seeds from being frozen by the cold blasts and from being killed by the ice.\n\nSixth Wind Elf. I carry the pollen to the plants, so that all may grow and produce fruit. You see. Harvest Spirit, the wind has a great deal of work to do in order that the harvest may be bountiful.\n\nThe Harvest Spirit. I should say you do. I see it is not going to be an easy task to decide who really brings us the gift of the harvest.\n\nWind Elves [together]. We help, but there are many other helpers, too. Woo-Woo-oo-o-o.\nSunbeams, raindrops and wind elves,\nThese and others too,\nMake a splendid harvest\nHere on the earth for you.\n\nAll join in singing, adapting the following to the tune of Little April.\n\nSunbeams, raindrops and wind elves,\nThese and others too,\nMake a splendid harvest\nHere on earth for you.\n\nEver they are working.\nThey all do their best;\nYou just take care of the crop,\nThey will do the rest.\n\nChorus:\nSunbeams, raindrops and wind elves,\nThese and others too,\nMake a splendid harvest\nHere on earth for you.\n\nThe Six Soil Soldiers come rushing in.\nFirst Soil Soldier: I hope you have not forgotten us,\nwhile you were speaking of the harvest workers. We are really very diligent workers,\nalthough we aren't so pretty to look at as some of the others.\n\nThe Harvest Spirit: We never judge people's work by appearances.\nSix jolly little soldier boys,\nOf the soil we are;\nWe carry the life-giving food\nTo plants near and far.\n\nOh, nitrogen and minerals,\nMake all the plants grow!\nJust what every seedling needs,\nOh, that is what we know.\n\nYou are the soldiers of the soil, then,\nIndeed, your work is important enough\nTo give you a place among the harvest workers.\nWithout good soil, the worker could have little hope\nOf a successful crop.\n\nFirst Soil Soldier: Just as the other workers could not\nBring about a successful harvest without us, and we could not have success without them, and other workers who do their part so well. The Harvest Spirit. I would like to see all those other workers who help bring about such a bountiful harvest.\n\nSecond Soil Soldier. Here come some little helpers now who are very important. They will tell you of the work they do.\n\nThe Six Kernels of Corn enter.\n\nThe Harvest Spirit. These look familiar. Where have I seen them before?\n\nFirst Kernel. We are the little kernels of corn that are planted in the spring. As soon as the soft earth covers us and the raindrops give us moisture, we begin to grow.\n\nSecond Kernel. Soon we are able to raise our heads above the earth and peep out. The sun sees us at once and comes to strengthen us. Then, with the aid of warm sunrays, we grow into tall stalks and produce ears of corn.\n\nFirst Kernel. But our work is not yet done. When the time comes, we are harvested and threshed, and the wind helps to separate us from the husks.\n\nSecond Kernel. And then we are cooked and eaten, providing nourishment for those who have labored in the fields.\n\nThe Harvest Spirit. Indeed, we are all connected in this cycle of life, from the smallest kernel to the greatest worker. Let us give thanks for the bounty of the harvest.\nWe grow and are refreshed by shining weather and refreshing showers, until we have tall stalks and brightly colored tassels. Then the ears of corn appear. The Harvest Spirit. What busy lives you lead! I see that all you workers need one another to help you along. Fourth Kernel. There are other helpers who aid us too. The Six Workers enter, carrying hoes and rakes. They march around the stage, appearing to hoe as they sing the first verse of \"Work for the Night is Coming.\" They then pause near The Harvest Spirit. The Harvest Spirit: What are you children working so busily at today? Surely the time for hoeing and raking is over for this year. First Boy Worker: We are showing you how we work in the field to keep the corn and grain free from weeds.\nWithout our work, all seeds would be smothered, for they would not be strong enough to push back the many weeds that grow near them.\n\nFirst Girl Worker. We must use our rakes to make the ground smooth and free from lumps. No plant could push its way through a large lump of dirt, no matter how hard it might try.\n\nThe Harvest Spirit. I am glad to see that the children here are willing workers, for I know the many tasks their little hands can do to make the work easier for their fathers and mothers.\n\nSecond Boy Worker. Our work does not only come in the springtime, for all summer there are weeds to be pulled and hoed out. We must be ever on the watch for enemies that would destroy our crops.\n\nSecond Girl Worker. We care for our gardens so that we may have vegetables for the fall and winter.\n\nThe Harvest Spirit. I see now that it would be impossible for the crops to thrive without our diligent efforts.\nWorkers all are needed\nTo make a bountiful harvest, each one does his best.\nDay by day we are striving\nTo use the gifts of God,\nTo bring about a harvest\nFrom this virgin sod.\nWe are workers, workers all.\nWe are never shirking.\nTo make our land more prosperous,\nFor that we are working.\nFrom early in the morning\nUnto late each night\nAlways we are striving\nTo do what is right.\nWorkers all are needed\nTo make a bountiful harvest, each one does his best.\nDay by day we strive\nTo use the gifts of God,\nTo bring about a harvest\nFrom this virgin sod.\nWe are workers, workers all,\nWe never shirk,\nTo make our land more prosperous,\nFor that we work.\nFrom early in the morning\nTo late each night\nWe are always striving\nTo do what is right.\nMovement 1. The Sunbeam, Raindrop, Soldier, and Kernel of Corn from the back of the right side come forward and form a circle around the Harvest Spirit.\nThey form a circle near the Front of the stage. They circle around once and then go off stage.\n\nMovement 2: Each group of Sunbeams, Raindrops, etc., repeats the above movement until all are off stage.\n\nMovement 3: The six workers form a circle around the Harvest Spirit. As they circle around her, they sing the second verse of \u201cWork for the Night Is Coming.\u201d\n\nMovement 4: With the Harvest Spirit leading and the children following in couples, all leave the stage.\n\nCharacters:\n\nThe Halloween Spirit, a tall girl who wears a long, full orange dress trimmed with black, with a wreath of autumn flowers in her hair.\n\nThe Witches, any number of girls in long black dresses and tall black hats. Each one carries a short-handled broom.\n\nEight Goblins, four small boys and four small girls.\nThe Ghosts: wear black-and-orange pointed caps and have wide sashes around their waists. Children completely wrapped in sheets. A white mask with holes for the eyes is worn over the face.\n\nThe Cats: boys wearing black cambric suits, with pointed ears and long whiskers. Their tails are stuffed.\n\nSchool Children: any number of girls and boys in ordinary school clothes.\n\nThe Story-Teller: a large girl with a good speaking voice. She is dressed as an elderly lady.\n\nThe Pumpkins: any number of children with orange paper arranged over their heads to resemble pumpkins. Large green leaves worn on top of the head. Holes for the eyes and mouth are cut in the orange paper in jack-o'-lantern style.\n\nChorus (optional): If desired, a chorus may be placed at one end of the platform, or the above named characters may do the performing.\nThe singing. If the number used in each group is large enough, or if they can sing well enough, each group may sing their own song.\n\nDialogues, Plays and Exercises\n\nThe stage is attractively decorated with orange-and-black crepe paper. Paper lanterns are hung from the streamers and the letters \u201cH-A-L-L-O-W-E-E-N\u201d appear at the back of the stage. Soft music is played as The Halloween Spirit enters and points to the letters with the black-and-orange wand she carries.\n\nHalloween Spirit: H-a-l-l-o-w-e-e-n, Halloween. Oh, I am so glad that I am free once more. You have no idea how hard it is for the Halloween Spirit to have to be shut up so great a part of the year. You know it is only during this last week of October that I am allowed to come out of my hiding place to fill the world with my fun and frolic. It is strange that there is no one here to greet me.\nThe Witches enter silently.\nFirst Witch: Indeed, we haven't forgotten you, dear Spirit of Halloween. We witches have been as anxious as you have for Halloween to come again, for that is the only time we get the attention that we deserve.\nHalloween Spirit: I am glad to welcome you, dear witches, for you belong to Halloween celebrations. Haven't you some news to tell me about yourselves?\nThe Witches walk in a circle about the stage, as they sing the following to the tune of Tramp, Tramp, Tramp.\nWitches [sing]:\nFrom the land of witches old\nWe have ventured forth to-night\nTo tell you of something that we witches do;\nWe ride far across the sky\nAnd we sweep the moon on high,\nOh, there's a lot of things that we each do for you,\nChorus:\nWatch, watch, watch!\nThere's always danger\nWhen we witches prowl about,\nOft on scary Halloween,\nAt your very door we\u2019re seen,\nSo 'tis best for you to watch, watch out.\n\nWe tell fortunes gay and sad,\nWe foretell things good and bad;\nOh, we witches are the busiest people seen.\nBut if you are not very good,\nWe would grab you if you should\nBut happen across our path on Halloween.\n\nFirst Witch (Witches speak in slow, shaky voice):\nBoil and stew,\nBoil and stew,\nThat is what witches do.\n\nSecond Witch:\nStew and boil,\nStew and boil,\nEver, ever we must toil.\n\nThird Witch:\nSailing, sailing,\nHigh and low;\nEverywhere we witches go.\n\nAll together:\nNever seen,\nNever seen,\nExcept on jolly Halloween.\n\nAs The Witches, say the last words, they shake their heads sadly\nand then go to the hack of the stage, where they remain during the remainder of the play.\nHalloween Spirit. You witches haven't changed much in the many years I have known you, but there is always something interesting about you. You help give that \u201cspooky\u201d feeling to this holiday which everyone delights in. I wonder where all my other little workers can be. The Eight Goblins enter in couples. They dance gayly about the Halloween Spirit.\n\nHalloween Spirit. Well, if here aren't the little Halloween goblins. How cheerful you all look! I know you must have a jolly song and dance ready for me. Let me see if you have learned some new capers during the year.\n\nThe Eight Goblins step to the front of the stage, where they sing the following to the tune of Yankee Doodle.\n\nGoblins [sing]:\nOh, once in every jolly year,\nThere comes a time for fun;\nNow\u2019s that time we love so well,\nHallowe'en is here again.\n\nSo put on your mask of glee,\nYour broomstick in your hand,\nAnd join the merry company,\nThat dances round the bonfire grand.\n\nLet mortals shiver in their fear,\nOf ghosts and goblins in the night,\nBut we'll be jolly, we'll be merry,\nAnd enjoy the Halloween light.\nFor Halloween has begun.\n\nChorus:\nGoblins, goblins in the air,\nGoblins, goblins everywhere;\nUp and down and all around\nAnd so you'd best beware.\nOh, jolly fellows all are we,\nWith lots of fun and laughter;\nWe're only seen on Halloween\nBut never, never after.\n\nChorus:\nThe music is repeated while one couple takes its place at each corner of a square. Partners face each other.\n\nPART I\nMeasures 1-4: Partners join right hands and skip to the right.\nMeasures 5-8: Partners join left hands and skip to the left.\nMeasures 9-12: All place hands on hips and skip toward the front of the stage.\nMeasures 13-16: All bow low to the audience and skip back to original places.\n\nPART II\nMeasures 1-4: Partners shake the forefinger of their right hand at each other and then turn quickly to the right.\nMeasures 5-8: Partners shake the forefinger of their left hand at each other.\npartner and turn quickly to the left. Measures 9-12: All face front, place hands on hips and skip three steps away from partners. Measures 13-16: All turn and bow to partners, then skip three steps back to place.\n\nPART III\nMeasures 1-4: The girl near right rear corner of stage changes places with the girl in the front left corner. All turn about to the right as the change is being made. Measures 5-8: The girl in the left rear corner changes places with the one in the front right corner. All turn to the left as the change is being made. Measures 9-12: All grasp hand of new partner and skip away from couple opposite. Measures 13-16: All bow to original partners and skip back to place.\n\nDIALOGUES, PLAYS AND EXERCISES\n\nPART IV\nMeasures 1-4: The first ones that changed partners return to original partners in the same manner as described.\nMeasures 5-8: Those who change partners during the second movement return to first partners.\nMeasures 9-12: The four nearest the front join hands, advance to the front of the stage, bow and skip to the left side of the stage, while those near the back of the stage hold hands high over their heads and turn about to the right.\nMeasures 13-16: Those near the back of the stage repeat the above movement. At the close they pass to the right side of the stage, where they remain during the remainder of the number.\n\nHalloween Spirit. I am pleased to see that all my goblins are as lively and happy as ever. They really do a great deal to liven up this sober 'old world'. Still, they never do any real harm to people. It is only an act of kindness to make people laugh once in a while. What odd-looking creatures are these coming in? Oh, it\u2019s my goblins.\nThe famous brigade of black cats! And how well they're looking!\n\nThe Black Cats enter on their hands and knees. When they reach the Halloween Spirit, they stand up and how.\n\nFirst Black Cat. We are surely glad that you have made your escape after another long year, Halloween Spirit, for it is no fun being shut up in a box as we have been. As soon as last Halloween was over, someone jerked us off the windows and curtains and tucked us away out of sight. The best authorities will tell you that a dark box is no place for a black cat.\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\n\nSecond Black Cat. People seem to have the foolish notion that black cats bring bad luck. That is all nonsense, for no cat will harm you if you don't hurt him first. Of course, we are Halloween cats, so it is safer to keep out of our way.\n\nThe Black Cats then drop down and walk with their heads held low.\nBlack Cats (singing):\nBlack cats, we,\nBlack cats, we,\nSee how we crawl,\nSee how we crawl,\nWe'll all be out on Halloween,\n'Most everywhere we will be seen.\nWe're working for our festive Queen,\nDon't you see?\n\nBlack Cats exit to Center Rear of stage.\n\nHalloween Spirit: I believe you black cats have a new song,\nBut outside of that, you look just the same as you always have.\nI don't believe Halloween ever could be quite\nThe same without your gleaming eyes and your big, bushy tails.\nYou surely help to make the jolly day the gay time\nThat it is.\n\nGhosts enter in single file, wearing stockings over their shoes\nTo make no noise. They shake their heads and make terrifying movements.\nGhosts [together].\nWe are ghosts of long ago,\nSome of us I'm sure you know,\nOne in cornfields is found,\nTo scare folks who wander round.\nHe lurks behind a shock of corn,\nAnd never goes away till morn.\nGhosts [together].\nWhen the night is very dark,\nWe go out on a little lark,\nWhen you have the least fear,\nWe may be waiting right near.\nBut it's all in fun, you know,\nEven when we scare you so.\nGhosts [together].\nNow we all must say goodbye,\nFor we\u2019ve much work to do.\nHalloween is almost here,\nSo everywhere we must appear.\nGood night, all, and don\u2019t be scared.\nNo one ill with us has fared.\nThe Ghosts go to the back of the stage and stand\nnear the Black Cats.\nHalloween Spirit. I suppose there is no cause to be\nfrightened, but I must confess that you ghosts always\ngive me a creepy feeling. I know you are the best\nHalloween helpers, but I seem to forget that when I see you\nand hear your hollow voices. I am sure every one here knows\nhow it would seem to meet one of you on their way through\na lonely cornfield at night. Here comes a lady who has\nhelped me out for many years. I wonder if she has something\nnew for this Halloween.\nThe Story-Teller enters and stands by the Halloween Spirit.\nI have been eager to see you, dear Spirit of Halloween. I have new stories for you this season, gathered all year to please children on Halloween. Some are beautiful, about the harvest king and autumn elves. Others are frightening, about cats, ghosts, and goblins, such as those with you. A good story is a delightful part of every Halloween, enjoyed by both children and grown-ups. Later, I will have you tell me your new finds, but for now, my little workers are eager to get to work. What funny-looking little chapsthose are I see approaching?\nPumpkins enter with a lively step and pass around the stage, bowing to all they meet. They form a semi-circle near the front of the stage, where they all join in singing the following to the tune of The Jolly Workers.\n\nPumpkins (singing):\nWe're jolly little pumpkin heads,\nYes, that is what we are;\nTo make a little fun for you,\nOh, we have traveled far.\n\nOn the green vines we were growing,\nSo big and fat and round;\nNow we've changed to jack-o'-lanterns,\nTo frighten the whole town.\n\nSome of us into pies are made,\nWhile others candles hold;\nOf our good deeds of bravery,\nMany true tales are told.\n\nOh, every one is pleased with us,\nWherever we do go,\nFor it is pumpkins just like us,\nMake Halloween, you know.\n\nMeasures 1-4. All form a circle at the center of the stage and join hands.\nMeasures 5-8: The circle spreads out as much as possible as all skip to the right.\nMeasures 9-12: Two pumpkins join hands and skip to each corner, where they shake their heads vigorously at each other.\nMeasures 13-16: All bow to the audience and skip back to their place in the circle.\nMeasures 1-4: All join hands and circle lightly to the left.\nMeasures 5-8: Every other one in the circle steps one place ahead to form couples.\nMeasures 9-12: Partners face, join both hands, and skip across the stage to change places with the couple opposite them.\nMeasures 13-16: All come near the Front of the stage. They bow low to the audience and skip to the back of the stage, where they remain.\n\nHalloween Spirit. It would be very hard to imagine a successful Halloween without any pumpkins. Every one enjoys seeing the familiar face of old Mr. Jack-o\u2019-Lantern.\nI am sure we all enjoy those delightful pies for which the dear little pumpkins are responsible. I believe all my workers are here now, so I will give out the duties that must be done this season. The witches were here first, so I will tell you what you are to do to make this Halloween a success.\n\nThe School Children enter. Some of them have tick-tacks. One has a small garden gate and the others have some object suggestive of Halloween.\n\nFirst School Child: I hope you haven't forgotten about us, Halloween Spirit. Surely the school children have something to do with making Halloween the happy time it is. If it wasn't for our tick-tacks and harmless pranks, a lot of the fun would be missing. We know that sometimes thoughtless people do things that cause damage to other people's property, but that is not the true spirit of Halloween.\nthe  season.  It  spoils  the  fun  for  those  who  suffer  loss, \nand  we  are  sorry  to  have  such  things  done. \nHalloween  Spirit.  I  am  glad  to  hear  you  say  that,  for \nit  grieves  me  very  much  when  I  hear  of  some  one  who \nhas  been  made  unhappy  on  my  festival  by  some  mean \nprank.  I  certainly  do  think  the  children  have  a  great  deal \nDIALOGUES,  PLAYS  AND  EXERCISES \nto  do  with  Halloween,  for  if  it  were  not  for  their  fun \nand  their  parties,  my  day  would  be  almost  forgotten.  You \nare  welcome  to  a  place  with  my  workers,  children. \nSecond  School  Child.  Thank  you,  dear  Halloween  Spirit. \nWe  should  all  sing  a  song  of  praise  of  your  happy  holiday ! \nThe  Halloween  Spirit  comes  to  the  Center  Front  of \nstage.  All  the  others  move  as  far  Front  as  possible.  All \njoin  in  singing  the  following  to  the  tune  of  Battle \nHymn  of  the  Republic. \nAll  [sing] . \nYou have all seen the different things that make up Halloween,\nThe ghosts and goblins, witches, cats \u2014 all have been seen,\nThough there's always lots of fun, there's nothing really mean,\nAbout this joyous time.\n\nChorus:\nGlory, glory, Halloween!\nGlory, glory, Halloween!\nGlory, glory, Halloween!\nIt is a joyous time.\n\nCharacters\nMother Betson: a tall girl dressed as a middle-aged lady.\nShe wears a house dress and a light apron.\nMother Betson's two daughters are about twelve and fourteen years of age. They wear dainty house dresses and light aprons.\nAunt Clarabelle: a woman dressed fashionably and too young for her age.\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\nThe Laundry Boy: a young man in a white jacket and cap.\nThe Bakery Boy: much the same as above.\nHorace Granthers: Aunt Clarabelle has designs upon him.\n\nACT I\nScene: The Betson Kitchen. Time: Morning of Halloween.\n\nMother Betson (standing near work table with mixing bowl and several pie tins): I hate to leave without finishing these pies, Mother. Aunt Clarabella is so fond of them. But I must hurry. Mrs. Mathews never sends for me unless she really needs me. Her baby would die of the croup one of these days if it weren't for me.\n\nClara: Don't worry about Aunt Clarabella, Mother. You're always thinking of ways to please her when she comes here, but I never see her put herself out for us.\n\nMarie: Dad says all she comes here for is to see Horace Granthers, whom she's so crazy over.\nMother Betson. Perhaps he is right, but you mustn't speak of your aunt like that. She always spends Halloween with us because she is so fond of my pumpkin pies. I haven't quite finished them, but I must leave anyway. I'm sure that little tyke across the way is more important than whether we have pumpkin pie on Halloween or not.\n\nClara: I can finish the pies, Mother. I have watched you make them so often that I believe I know just how.\n\nMother Betson: Well, do the best you can, girls. Perhaps your aunt will come while I am gone. If she does, treat her nicely.\n\nThe Girls: We will, Mother.\n\nMother Betson leaves and Clara turns to the table.\n\nClara: I didn't think to ask Mother just how far along with these pies she had got. Did you notice what she put in last?\nMarie: I was outside after Mrs. Mathews left.\nCan't you tell by tasting it what's in it? [Clara pretends to taste the mixing bowl's contents]\nClara: Well, there is pumpkin in it. I'm certain of that.\nMarie: Silly! You didn't need to taste it to find that out, did you? Let me take the spoon. [Tastes mixture] Pumpkin seems to be all I can taste, but I'm sure there's more in it than that. Let's look around and perhaps we can see what she's used.\nClara: Here are some eggshells, so she must have put in the eggs.\nMarie: Yes, and the milk bottle is almost empty, so she must have put the milk in, too. What else do you put in pumpkin pie?\nClara: Why, I don't know. There must be something else, but what do you suppose it is?\nMarie: This pumpkin looks awfully light-colored.\nClara: Pies are always dark. Aunt Clarabella only likes them that way. She can't eat light pumpkin pie.\n\nClara: I know what's missing. I don't understand why I didn't think of it sooner. It's the spice.\n\nMarie: Spice, indeed. That's all it needs. I know exactly where the spices are.\n\nClara: Well, you find them, and we'll hurry along. She'll be here before we even have the pies in the oven.\n\n(A knock is heard and the Laundry Boy enters.)\n\nLaundry Boy: Laundry, laundry, ma'am.\n\nClara: Bring it right in the other room, and I will look over the list and pay you. Mother left the money for you.\n\n(The Laundry Boy and Clara leave the room.)\n\nMarie: I might as well go ahead and make these pies. Clara always visits for half an hour with that fellow when Mother isn't around. (Stirs the mixture.) Now we were.\nI ready for the spices. I wonder what spices Mother uses. It doesn't make much difference, so long as it makes the pies dark. [She goes to the shelf and returns with several small tin boxes.] Here is some allspice. That ought to be good. [She puts in a spoonful.] Pepper. I never heard of putting pepper in pie, but Aunt Clarabella likes lots of it on her potatoes and meat, so I suppose one teaspoonful won't hurt. \"Celery salt,\" it says on this box. I like celery salt, so I am going to put enough in so you can taste it. Nutmeg is good, too, so here goes a big spoonful of that. Now I will stir it all up a little and see if it looks more like it does when Mother makes it.\n\nThe Laundry Boy and Clara return to the kitchen.\n\nLaundry Boy: Thank you. Miss Clara. I must hurry along.\n\nClara: Thank you, Robert. We are glad to have such help.\nMarie: \"Robert! Ips a good thing Mother didn't hear that. She has no use for the laundry boy since the time he left her towels at Mrs. Goodrich's house, and that lady said she never saw so many holes in one package in her life.\n\nThe Laundry Boy leaves and Clara comes over to the table.\n\nClara: \"How are you getting along with the pie?\n\nJust then a small bell is heard outside and the Bakery Boy appears at the door.\n\nBakery Boy: \"Any bakery this morning, ma'am?\"\n\nMarie: \"Oh, Mother said I could pick out some things to take to that Halloween party tonight. We are each to take something.\n\nClara: \"Run out to the wagon and pick out what you want. You have your own money, haven't you?\"\n\nMarie: \"Yes, and Mother said I might use it for things for this party. I know there will be some good cakes on the wagon.\"\"\nMarie and the Bakery Boy leave the room. I must hurry up with these pies. It's almost time for Aunt Clarabella to be here, and Mother won't get home for hours. It always takes such a long time to bring that baby out of one of those croupy spells. I see Marie has found all the spices for me. I won't take long to put them in. Let's see. I believe Mother puts in quite a bit of ginger. (Picks up one tin and puts several teaspoons of the contents into the mixture.) This is the cinnamon. I think Mother uses quite a bit of that. Cayenne pepper. I don't remember Mother saying she used that, but I believe a little of it won't hurt. Aunt Clarabella likes lots of spice in her pies, and I want her to say this one is as good as she ever ate.\n[Clara puts several teaspoonfuls from each box into a bowl. She mixes it all and puts the mixture into the crusts. The oven is hot, so the pies will be baked in no time. If there is an oven on the stage, the pies are placed in it. If not, they are carried off, stage.\n\nClara: Now, that is all done. I must get the kitchen cleaned up.\n\nMarie enters, carrying a large sack.\n\nMarie: I bought the best things. I know the girls will all be delighted with them. Are the pies all made?\n\nClara: The pies are in the oven. You must help me with the rest of the kitchen work. [The door bell rings.]\n\nThere is the door bell now.\n\nMarie: Yes, and it is Aunt Clarabella at the front door. Come, we must let her in.\n\n[ACT II\n\nThe kitchen furniture is removed and a sofa and easy chair are placed on the stage. When the curtain rises.]\nAunt Clarabella: I'm sorry your mother had to leave suddenly. I hope she'll be able to help the baby. I'd be helpless around an infant.\n\nClara: [aside] I'd be helpless anywhere, for that matter.\n\nMarie: Mother hated to leave, but she told us to entertain you here until she came.\n\nAunt Clarabella: She did.\n\nClara: She meant we weren't to do any work if it wasn't all done. She just wanted us to rest after your ride.\n\nAunt Clarabella: Oh, I wouldn't know where to start with housework. I'm perfectly helpless about the house. I hope your mother won't be kept so long at the neighbor's that she won't be able to make one of those lovely pies.\n\nDialogues, Plays and Exercises 103\n\nAunt Clarabella: She did mean that.\n\nClara: What she meant was that we weren't to think of doing any work if it wasn't all done. She just wanted us to rest after your ride.\n\nAunt Clarabella: I wouldn't know where to start at housework. I'm perfectly helpless about the house. I hope your mother won't be kept so long at the neighbor's that she won't be able to make one of those lovely pies.\nAunt Clara's letter: You won't be disappointed about the pies, Aunt Clarabella. They are baked and on the shelf waiting for you. I believe someone is coming up the walk.\n\nMarie: It is Horace Granthers. He must have known you were here, Aunt Clarabella.\n\nAunt Clarabella: That young scamp! He just follows me around every time I come here. You girls go on with your work, and I will entertain him.\n\nClara: We will do that, if you don't mind. Remember, you can help yourself to the pie whenever you wish. We are going out in the garden to get some vegetables.\n\nAunt Clarabella: Run along and take your time, so you select nice firm ones.\n\nThe girls leave. The doorbell rings. Aunt Clara\nAunt Clarabella goes to the door and ushers in Horace Granthers. He wears large spectacles and carries a bouquet of somewhat wilted flowers in his hand.\n\nAunt Clarabella: Why, Horace! Dear Horace! How did it happen that you chanced upon when I was here?\n\nHorace Granthers: Yes, hello, yes, I say! I knew they knew I was coming and Mrs. Betson mentioned it the other day, so I came because you were here on purpose.\n\nAunt Clarabella: Oh, I am so flattered! What a beautiful bouquet you have!\n\nHorace Granthers: They aren't so pretty as they were, for the frost bit them a little last week. They were beauties last fall, but they don't hardly pay to raise. I sold only about four dollars' worth this year.\n\nAunt Clarabella: But they are pretty to look at. I am very fond of those kinds of flowers.\nHorace Granthers? I would have brought you vegetables if I had known. I'm delivering these over to Bill Watson. I promised him something from the garden when he plowed it for me for free.\n\nAunt Clarabella [settles back in chair]. Oh, Horace Granthers. Vegetables are more profitable to raise. You can sell them, and if you can't sell them, you can eat them. I'm very fond of good things to eat.\n\nAunt Clarabella. I am too. I can cook some really good things as well.\n\nHorace Granthers. You can cook? I've always said the wife I marry must be a good cook. Of course, I don't want her to be wasteful, but she must be able to cook.\n\nAunt Clarabella. You have the right idea. A woman who cannot cook is not a suitable wife for any man. Would you like to try some of my cooking?\n\nHorace Granthers. You haven't been doing any cooking.\nAunt Clarabella: Since you came here today, have you? Aunt Clarabella. Well, you see, Mrs. Betson was called suddenly over to Mrs. Mathews\u2019, so I wanted to help out. DIALOGUES, PLAYS AND EXERCISES 105 I just made a few pumpkin pies. They always have pumpkin pie here on Halloween. Horace Granthers: That was right kind of you, I must say. I like a woman that has a little ambition about her. It shows that she has brains and is willing to use them. Aunt Clarabella: Then would you like to try a piece of my pie? Of course, it probably isn't as good as I usually make, for I had to hurry and some of the ingredients aren't quite the same as I have at home. Horace Granthers: I should be delighted to have a piece of pie made by such dainty white hands. It will certainly be a treat to an old bachelor like myself. Aunt Clarabella [leaves the room].\nAunt Clarabella: She can cook and is willing to work. I would have asked her to marry me long ago if I had known this, but I always thought she was frivolous.\n\nAunt Clarabella returns with a large piece of pumpkin pie on a little plate. She hands the plate and a fork to him.\n\nAunt Clarabella: Here it is, Horace. I do hope you like it.\n\nHorace: It looks lovely. I adore dark pumpkin pie.\n\nAunt Clarabella: So do I. I always use lots of spice in my baking.\n\nHorace takes a large piece and puts it in his mouth. A queer expression crosses his face. In a moment, he jumps to his feet, drops the pie, and dances around the room.\n\nAunt Clarabella: Horace, why, Horace! What's wrong? Is there something wrong with the pie?\nHorace Granthers angrily. \"Wrong with you? You try one of your Halloween pranks on me, will you? I have a notion to sue you for internal injuries! You have half killed me with your brainless pranks! Bah! Such a woman!\n[Aside.] To think that I might have married the fiend!\nHorace Granthers grabs his hat and leaves the room just as Mother Betson and the girls enter.\n\nMother Betson: Clarabella, I am so glad to see you! Why, what is the matter? Where is Mr. Granthers going in such a hurry?\n\nAunt Clarabella: Wherever he is going, I am going, too. Such a trick as you had planned for me! No wonder I helped myself to your old pie! It's an outrage. An outrage, I say!\n\nShe grabs her hat and suitcase and leaves, slamming the door behind her. Mother Betson drops on the sofa.\n\nMother Betson: Can someone explain this outburst? That...\nClara heard Aunt Clarabella get a pie from the pantry and give it to Horace. Suddenly, Horace was yelling and shouting about a prank Clara had played on him. He grabbed his hat and left.\n\nMother Betson assured there was nothing wrong with the pie. All that was required was to put it in the tin and bake it. She had even added the spice.\n\nThe Girls (together): You had the spice in?\n\nDIALOGUES, PLAYS AND EXERCISES, p. 107\n\nClara: I put in lots more spice. I didn't know you had put any in.\n\nMarie: Why, Clara, I had put in the spice. I put in lots of it, because Aunt Clarabella likes nice, dark pumpkin pies.\n\nMother Betson [laughing]: I think, to be brief, that Clarabella spiced Horace. Well, accidents will happen.\nThe Queen of the Month: her long white dress is trimmed with numerous folds of colored paper arranged to represent books. Her crown and girdle have books drawn upon them.\n\nMother Goose: long, full, print dress, and tall peaked hat and shawl.\n\nBo Peep: she wears a white apron over her blue gingham dress and a wide-brimmed straw hat. Carries a crook.\n\nBoy Blue: entire suit of blue play clothes. He carries a horn.\n\nJack: blue overalls, light blouse, and straw hat. Carries a water pail.\n\nJill: gingham dress and half socks.\n\nMiss Muffet: a white apron over a pink dress. Carries a dish and a spoon.\n\nLittle Jack Horner: blue trousers, light blouse, and red tie. Carries a pie.\n\nThe Fairy of the Golden Touch: her dress is of soft gold.\nTHE BEST HALLOWEEN BOOK\n\nThe Fairy Godmother: her yellow and her crown are of gold metal paper. She wears a soft, flowing gray dress.\n\nThe Fairy Godmother: the Rose Fairy's blouse is tight and green, her skirt made of layers of ruffled petals. A stem with leaves and buds on it is worn around her waist and at her neck. A small green cap trimmed with rose leaves completes the costume.\n\nThe Fairy of the Poor: her dress and crown are of silver. She carries a silver wand with a star on the end.\n\nThe Fairy of the Woods: her dress and crown are of bright green. She carries a green wand trimmed with silver leaves.\n\nThe Fairy of the Home: she wears a long, white dress of soft material.\n\nSix Knights: boys as nearly the same size as possible are chosen. They wear red suits with silver trimming to represent armor. Their red caps have long black plumes.\nAnd they carry long swords.\nIndian Boy: dressed in a regular Indian suit.\nSoldier: A boy dressed in the uniform of the World War.\nAdventure: Boy in a careless appearing pirate suit.\nColonial Girl: Her long dress has a very full skirt and a tight waist. She wears a powdered wig.\nNature: Wears a green dress trimmed with gay flowers. Her headband is of bright flowers.\nBiography: Girl in a full, dark skirt and white waist.\nThe Spirit of James Whitcomb Riley: Boy in a dark suit with the name of Riley worn across his shoulder.\nThe Spirit of Eugene Field: Same as above, except the name of Field is worn.\nThe Spirit of Longfellow: Same as above with appropriate name.\nThe Spirit of Alice Cary: Girl wears a white dress and has her name on a band.\nThe Spirit of Phoebe Cary: Same as above.\nThe scene is in a library's reading room. Signs asking for quietness adorn the walls. Reading tables and chairs are available. The Queen of the Month enters thoughtfully.\n\nThe Queen of the Month. Once more, it's October, the month of storybooks. Soon, children will rush to my library, eager to find a good book to pass the time during the chilly evenings. Children often neglect reading during the warm summer, but during October, all storybook characters come to life again and are ready to entertain everyone throughout the winter. Today, they are all ready to begin their work and are gathering before me. Sometimes, it seems as if children don't care for books as much as they used to. It would be terrible if they ever stopped reading altogether.\nI must see what books are to be left on the shelf this year. Perhaps, now, some of the books I have thought were the thing are getting rather out of date. I wonder how it would be if I should discard all the old works and start in with brand new volumes.\n\nMother Goose enters and stands by The Queen of the Month.\n\nMother Goose: Forgive me, Queen of the Reading Realm. The Best Halloween Book for overhearing what you just said, but as I was very much interested in your remarks, I could not refrain from commenting on them.\n\nThe Queen of the Month: There is nothing to forgive, I'm sure. If people choose to express their thoughts aloud they cannot hope but they will be overheard. Maybe your comments on this subject will aid me. What are they?\n\nMother Goose: I heard you say something about discarding all the old works.\nMother Goose: All the old books and putting new ones in their place. That would be a sad mistake. Although there are some very fine modern books, still the old stories should be read. They are good for the imagination and the heart. My children here would be very sad if they were to be enjoyed no more by the people.\n\nThe Queen of the Month: I know who you are. You are Mother Goose. Do you have any of your children with you?\n\nMother Goose: I have a few of them here. Come in, children. The Queen wishes to speak with you.\n\nMother Goose Children [together]: We're coming.\n\nThe Queen of the Month: So you are Mother Goose's children. I have often read about you and recited your verses, but I never even hoped to see you. Tell me some.\nThe Mother Goose Children form a semicircle around Mother Goose and The Queen of the Month. They sing the following to the tune of Tramp, Tramp, Tramp.\n\nMother Goose Children (sing):\nIn the land of childhood verse,\nWe shall always want our place,\nFor all the children love our little rhymes;\nWe are taught to children small,\nWe are dearly loved by all.\nWith our antics, children have good times.\n\nChorus:\nCheer, cheer, cheer, we then for Mother Goose!\nHave the children learn her rhymes;\nThey will love her just the same\nAs a host of grown-ups do,\nWho with joy have said her rhymes a host of times.\n\nBoy Blue:\nI hope I never lose my place\nIn any child\u2019s heart.\nWhat would Mother Goose's book be without Boy Blue's part? I want the children to read of me again and again while I search for my sheep upon the plain. The Queen of the Month. I suppose your children feel the same, Mother Goose. I will leave their rhymes on my list. I will see what other books I can discharge. Mother Goose Children: We are very glad that we may stay, Queen. Thank you very much. They go off stage. Jack and Jill carry the water pail. Jack Horner eats his pie; Miss Muffet eats from her dish. Boy Blue blows on his horn while Bo Peep appears to drive sheep. Mother Goose follows them off. The Queen of the Month. I am sure the children would miss all their funny little happenings if they were taken away from them. I must find some other means.\nSix Fairies sing:\n\nIn the land of story books,\nWe're the little fairies gay,\nThat fill the pages with grace and charm;\nAll the children like the tales,\nTelling the good deeds we do,\nIf they love us truly they will do no harm.\n\nChorus:\nRead, read, read, about the fairies,\nAnd the wondrous good they do;\nIf you read all of our books,\nAnd teach other children to,\nThen no one shall take the book away from you.\n\nFirst Fairy (Fairy of the Golden Touch): I teach a lesson of unselfishness to all who read my story.\n\nSecond Fairy (Fairy Godmother): I bring happiness and grant wishes to those in need.\nGood gifts to the christenings of many. There are stories of my visits to Princesses and Princes. There are dialogues, plays, and exercises on page 113. Interesting stories about me that I would like everyone to read.\n\nThird Fairy. I am the Rose Fairy. I teach a lesson of love and kindness through the stories in which I am woven. My stories may be old, but the enjoyment of them and the lesson in them will always last.\n\nFourth Fairy. I am the Fairy of the Poor. By my magic wand, I bring plenty to those who are in need. I teach a lesson of kindness and respect for people of all ages and in all positions.\n\nFifth Fairy. I am the Fairy of the Woods. I teach children to love nature, for, by my power, the flowers and trees and animals are able to speak a language that can be understood by all.\nI am the sixth fairy, the one who resides in the home. I bring love and understanding to its members. Through my power, they perform the small acts of kindness that make life worth living.\n\nThe Queen of the Month: I never knew there were so many different varieties of fairy stories. You wonder why children never tire of hearing about us. I see plainly it would be impossible to do away with such fine reading material as you provide. I hope all the children appreciate your stories and read them often.\n\nFirst Fairy: We are glad to be allowed to remain. Here are some friends of ours whose pages are as well-worn as our own.\n\nThe Six Knights enter one after another. They march around the stage once.\n\nThe Queen of the Month: I believe these are knights of the olden days. What boy\u2019s heart doesn\u2019t throb as he reads about them?\nThe Best Halloween Book. Do the children still enjoy our daring adventures? First Knight: The children still like our stories very much, for we teach them lessons of bravery, truthfulness, and chivalry while we entertain them. Second Knight: Our adventures include those of war and those of peace. Nowhere in our stories will you find fighting for the mere gain or glory of it, but always we used our arms to protect or defend where it was necessary. The Queen of the Month: If you are so popular with the children, it would be foolish to try to replace you with something better. You may be sure of your place in the library. Three Knights: We are very glad, Queen. Three Knights [sing]: Now you have heard all about... (The rest of the text is missing.)\nUs bold knights of other days,\nYou have thought we were a splendid kind of men.\nWe have fought hard for the right,\nWe have helped those in distress.\nDangers to be met were many then.\n\nChorus:\nRead, read, read about our deeds;\nThey will thrill you to the core;\nYou will marvel at our work,\nFrom your duty you\u2019ll not shirk,\nIf you read these famous hero stories more.\n\nThe above music is repeated while The Knights and Fairies do the following exercise.\n\nMovement 1. The Fairies come up to the Knights and curtsy. The Knights bow low.\nMovement 2. The Knights offer their right arms and the Fairies place their hands on them. They then march in couples around the stage, those on the right side turning to the right at Front and those on the left side turning to the left.\nMovement 3. Back of the Queen the couples change.\nMovements: 4-7. Couples join hands and turn accordingly. Fairies change partners and curtsy, knights bow. Fairies place hands on knights' arms and all march in a circle. Reverse direction and exit.\n\nThe Queen of the Month. The people are fortunate to have such wonderful characters to read about. It's a wonder there are enough books in the world to supply the demand.\n\nThe Indian Boy, The Soldier, Adventure, The Colonial Girl, Nature, and Biography enter.\n\nIndian Boy: I hope you're not thinking of doing away with Indian stories, Queen. Every boy delights in reading them.\nThe best Halloween books for children include the lives and deeds of our braves. Every girl enjoys Indian home life stories. A library would be dull indeed if all Indian stories and legends were taken away. Every American child should have plenty of them at his command.\n\nThe Queen of the Month: Do not worry, little Indian Boy, I am too fond of your stories to think of removing any of them from the hands of my children.\n\nSoldier: My stories of heroism and patriotism help make better citizens of the children. Not all of my stories are of actual warfare, but many deal with bravery in time of peace as well as in time of war.\n\nAdventure: I am pleading for the cause of adventure books. Grown-ups and children alike delight in my thrilling tales. Treasure Island, Robin Hood, and scores of others are members of my family. We do not only have stories of war.\nThe Queen of the Month shall not be removed, nor shall Colonial Girl. Stories of patriotism and adventure have their place in the Realm of Reading. We are glad to have Soldier and Adventure, as we would sorely miss the hands of children. Colonial Girl tells of happenings in this country when it was new, of Pilgrims and Quakers, of the French and the Dutch. My books, called colonial stories, faithfully portray life in those times. They are interesting and educational. Let us not be removed. The Queen of the Month certainly not. Children must know something of the hardships early pioneers suffered, something of their bravery, and something of the happy spirit with which they endured all, if they are to appreciate this country as they find it.\nDialogues, Plays and Exercises: 117\n\nI go hand in hand with colonial stories. I am the biographies of great men who have made our free land possible. The Queen of the Month. You, too, are essential, as we always need your stories. I am the stories of nature that deal with birds, flowers, and every living thing. I teach all to respect the great things of nature and give thanks to the One who has created all. The Queen of the Month. Then certainly your place here is secure. We need much of your type of work. All join hands and dance about The Queen of the Month.\nThe Queen of the Month: \"We are so glad to be read by the children. We are so glad.\" They then dance off stage.\n\nThe Queen of the Month: I never realized how much these stories like to be read. They seem like real people.\n\nThe Six Spirits of Poetry enter and stand near The Queen of the Month.\n\nThe Spirit of Eugene Field: \"I hope it is not poetry that you consider not necessary for the reading public. I should feel very bad if my 'Rock-a-By Baby' and 'The Sugar Plum Tree' were to be forgotten.\" [He recites one verse from one of these poems.]\n\nThe Queen of the Month: I could not take the words of Eugene Field away from the public if I wished. They love you too dearly.\n\nThe Spirit of James Whitcomb Riley: I, too, would hate to have my \"Raggedy Man\" and \"That Old Sweetheart of Mine\" pass into obscurity. People always enjoy them.\nThe Spirit of Longfellow. I have enjoyed these, as I have others of my poems. (He recites part of one of these.)\n\nThe Queen of the Month. Poetry is always dear to the heart of every reader, and your works will last forever.\n\nThe Spirit of Alice Cary. My sister and I wrote our poems chiefly for the delight of the children. I am sure they will not forsake us now.\n\nThe Spirit of Phoebe Cary. The many grown-ups who have read us with pleasure will join us in asking you to allow us to remain within their reach.\n\nOne of the above recites a verse from one of her poems.\n\nThe Queen of the Month. Alice and Phoebe Cary may rest assured that their poems will be ever read and loved by readers.\nThe public. We have another character to hear from yet. The Spirit of Celia Thaxter. I can only repeat what others have said. I want to be read and loved by the children all over the country, just as my \"Sandpiper\" and \u201cSpring\u201d have been read and loved for the past year.\n\n[She recites part of The Sandpiper.]\n\nThe Queen of the Month. I never realized what a wonderful collection of reading material is within reach of everyone. I see now that it was a very foolish idea I had that it could be improved upon. Every book shall remain in its place, for I am sure, after the people have seen you who made those books possible, they will be more eager than ever to read your books. I'm proud of you all.\n\nAll the characters return to the stage. The Queen of the Month stands in the center as they all join in singing.\nAll sing the same tune.\nIn the land of story-books,\nWe're ever ready to bring joy,\nTo those who read of us;\nIf you read us all in turn,\nYou'll surely, surely learn,\nThe great amount of good that each one does.\n\nChorus:\nRead, read, read our stories through,\nRead our gay and solemn lines,\nIf you'll read us all in turn,\nYou'll surely, surely learn,\nThe great amount of good that each one does.\n\nHappy Halloween.\n\nFor three little children for speaking parts, and as many others as desired. They may wear costumes or colors appropriate to Halloween, and carry as many of the things mentioned as convenient. A real Mack cat will add greatly to the fun, if some child can be induced to bring such a pet. It may simply be held in the child's arms. Make the last lines as \u201cspooky\u201d as possible.\n\nAll.\nHalloween's the time for fun:\nFirst Child.\nIndoors, all the fires boast,\nTo their crackling, hark!\nSnappy chestnuts turning, roasting,\nBig marshmallows burning, toasting,\nWhile we children play at \u201cghosting.\u201d\nAll stealing about.\nOn the stairways\u2014in the corners\u2014\nOh\u2014so\u2014dark!\nAll.\n\nHalloween's the time for fun:\nSecond Child.\nOutdoors, jack-o'-lanterns blinking,\nAnd to show them how,\nHappy little stars all winking.\nHush! There goes a witch, I'm thinking;\nHo! It's just our black cat slinking.\nAll imitating cat.\nBy, with his Me-ow! Meowing,\nMe\u2014me\u2014ow!\nAll.\n\nHalloween's the time for fun:\nThird Child.\nIndoors, outdoors, something's doing\nEverywhere about;\nMischief on all sides is brewing,\nWitches with their broomsticks shooing,\nSpooks and goblins all \u201cHoo-hooing!\u201d\nAll stealing about.\nThey will get you, if you\nDon't\u2014watch\u2014out!\nMARCH, DANCES, DRILL\n\nMarch of the Scarecrows\n\nAny number of boys are dressed as scarecrows. They wear torn hats and coats and trousers with numerous patches on them. Straw is tied in the coat sleeves so that the hands are partly covered. They march with jerky steps and all movements are of a jerky nature.\n\nThe music of The Little Sandman is played as the scarecrows enter. [Omit chorus in songs.]\n\nMovement 1. The scarecrows march across the front of the stage with very high steps. As they reach the opposite side, the leader turns suddenly around and faces in the opposite direction. The others do the same. The last one in line now becomes the leader.\n\nMovement 2. All mark time in their places during the next four measures. All face front.\n\nMovement 3. Every other one turns to the right and the others march in place.\nPartners face each other. They extend both arms forward and shake them.\n\nMovement 1. Scarecrows turn in place with extended and limply shook right arms.\nMovement 2. Left arms are extended at sides and shook. Then, both arms are extended and scarecrows turn about.\nMovement 3. Scarecrows place hand on partner's shoulder and advance three steps toward the front, bowing low to the audience.\nMovement 4. All face the back of the stage. All place hand on partner's shoulder and return to the back.\nMovement 5. Partners face each other. They extend both arms forward and shake them.\nMovement 6. All face the front and march to the front of the stage for the first verse of the song.\n\nAll sing:\n\nHark! A scarecrow coming,\nHark to his echoing tread;\nHark! A scarecrow coming,\nWith straw for arms and head.\n\nOut in the cornfield lonely,\nHe's been standing since the spring; but now the bright October brings rest to him.\n\nMovement 1. The first one in line turns to the right and the second one to the left, and so on. Those who have turned to the left of the stage take two steps toward the back of the stage.\n\nMovement 2. Those who turned to the right bend stiffly forward and, in a stooped position, move around the stage. While the other line marks time in place.\n\nMovement 3. When the line from the right comes up the left side of the stage, it crosses the stage to the back of the line that faces left. This left line then straightens shoulders very straight and marches around the stage with high steps. When it reaches the center of the right side of the stage, it walks across the stage in front of the other line.\n\nMovement 4. Beginning with the one at the right of the line,\nOne at a time, those in the back line advance and stand directly in front of the one who was in front of them. Stiff appearance is maintained during this change.\n\nMarch, dances, drill\n\nMovement 5. The one at the left of the line advances, one at a time, and those in the back line do the same, moving to the front of the other line.\n\nMovement 6. The back line advances together, making the scarecrows in this line even with the others. Partners face each other, bow, and then face front again.\n\nMovement 7. All extend arms to the front, shake heads jerkily, and turn about in place.\n\nMovement 8. All face front and advance to the front of the stage, where they sing the second verse.\n\nAll sing.\n\nHark! There\u2019s a scarecrow marching\nUnder the harvest moon;\nHark! There\u2019s a scarecrow marching\nWhere snow will cover soon.\nOh, see his clothes are ragged.\nThe wind has made them so;\nAbout his coat doth flutter,\nWherever he may go.\n\nMovement 1. All face right and place both hands on the shoulders of the one directly in front. All march around the stage to the right. When the front left corner is reached, all turn about and face in opposite direction. This time both hands are placed on the hips.\n\nMovement 2. The body is swayed gently as the scarecrows move around the stage with a step in which they swing their feet ahead of them as they walk. When they reach the right front of stage, they straighten up very stiffly, drop hands to the side and march straight across the stage. When the leader reaches front left corner he pauses.\n\nMovement 3. All face front, place hands on hips and bend first to the right and then to the left.\n\nMovement 4. All face partners. They join both hands.\nSwing hands first to the right and then to the left. All face front and bow.\n\nMovement 5. Those on the left half of the line face right and those on the right end of the line face left. Those on the left take two steps toward the back of the stage, while the others mark time.\n\nMovement 6. Both lines march around the stage and meet at center back in couples.\n\nMovement 7. Each couple comes to the center front of the stage. The one on the right side goes to the front left corner and the one on the left side goes to the front right corner.\n\nMovement 8. The above movement continues until all are in a straight line across the front of the stage. They then sing the last verse of the song.\n\nAll sing.\n\nSee! There's a scarecrow bowing,\nBowing to each of you;\nFull well he's done the good work\nThat he was charged to do.\nWatcher of corn and gardens,\nTender of wheat and rye.\nThere's a scarecrow bowing, see! Bowing a fond good-by. As the last lines of the song are sung, the scarecrows bow low to the audience. They then turn to the right, place their hands on the shoulders of the one in front of them, and repeat the last four lines of the song as they march around the stage and off.\n\nDance of Indian Summer\nPart I\n\nThis dance may be given by any even number of dancers. Either all girls or part boys and girls may be used. The girls wear full, ruffled dresses of brown, orange, yellow, and green. The boys wear straight suits of the same colors. The music of November is played rather slowly for the dance.\n\nMovement 1. All join hands and form a circle. The boys are on the left of their partners. All step sideways with the left foot. Hop and swing the right foot forward. Hop.\nMovements: 1. Swing left foot to center of circle while stepping right. Repeat and swing right foot away from center. 2. Slide right, swing left foot toward center, then slide right again and swing right foot away. 3. Let go of hands, place on hips, take four steps to right, bow to partner, turn left. 4. Hold hands with partner and skip in circle to right. Every other couple bows to the one behind, who pauses. 5. Girls join left hands, boys join right over girls' hands, all skip to left. 6. Girls join right hands, boys join left, all move to right.\nMovements 7 and 8: Each group of four performs these movements simultaneously.\n\nMovement 7: Both boys and girls release hands, place both hands on hips, and take four sliding steps in different directions.\nMovement 8: All glide into circle formation, join hands, advance to near center of circle, and bow low.\n\nPart II\n\nMovement 1: All skip about in circle to the left. Then, raise hands gracefully overhead and turn about in place.\nMovement 2: Partners join hands and skip towards corners of stage. Boys extend hands towards girls as if ready to take something, and girls extend hands in the air, as if picking apples or grapes.\nMovement 3: Partners then join inside hands and skip back to place in the circle, where all join hands and skip to the right.\nMovements:\n1. Girls skip around the circle and join hands with boys on the opposite side. Each couple skips in place. Boys bow and girls curtsy.\n2. Boys place both hands on hips and turn slowly in place while girls take hold of their skirts and dance around the boy to their right. Boys turn to the left.\n3. Boys turn to the right and girls dance to the left. When the circle is completed, they join hands and skip across the stage to exchange places with the couple directly opposite.\n4. Girls return to original partners. Boys bow and girls curtsy when old partners meet.\n5. All return to places in the circle, join hands, and dance lightly to the right.\n\nPart III\n1. Boys join hands and circle to the right.\nAt the center of the stage, the girls dance and curtsy to the audience. Movement 2. The girls extend their arms over their heads and turn about in place, while the boys face front and bow low. The girls return to their place in the circle. All join hands.\n\nMovement 3. The four at the right side of the circle leave the others and form a small circle at the right, while the others form a circle at the left. Each dancer keeps skipping to the right as the circle is being formed.\n\nMovement 4. Members of both circles advance to the center of the circle and bow to the dancer opposite them. The circle on the right side of the stage then circles to the left, while the one on the left side of the stage circles to the right.\n\nMovement 5. The circles circle nearer the center of the stage. The one from the right goes behind the one from the left.\nand the circles surround it, returning to its own side. A sliding step is used by the dancers as they circle about the other circle.\n\nMovement 6. The same movement is repeated as above, only the circle from the right circles in front of the one from the left and then returns to its own side.\n\nMovement 7. The girl nearest the side of the stage lets go of the hand of the boy to her right, and in a line they skip back to the center of the stage where they form a circle and skip to the right.\n\nMovement 8. Those at the front of the stage let go of hands so a semicircle is formed. All skip toward the front of the stage and bow to the audience.\n\nA few measures of the music are repeated as the dancers ship off the stage.\n\nThe Clothespin Quickstep\nEight boys dressed in tight tan suits. Streamers of orange and black are worn around their necks.\nAll steps are of the quick, jerky order. The Clothespins enter to any march music and perform the following exercise.\n\nPart I\n\nMovement 1. The Clothespins enter and form a line across the front of the stage. Their arms are held stiffly down at their sides. They bow.\n\nMovement 2. Every other one turns to the right so that partners are facing. They bow. All turn and face the back of the stage.\n\nMovement 3. Beginning with the second in line, every other one steps back two steps. Here they bow jerkily to the right and left.\n\nMovement A. Those who remained in place now step behind the others and face front.\n\nMovement 5. Those in the back line bow low to the right, while those in the front line bow low to the left.\n\nMovement 6. Those in the back line face right and those in the front line face left. Both lines start marching in the direction they are facing.\nMovement 7. Both lines turn toward side of stage and march down sides to front.\nMovement 8. The line from the left goes to the center of stage and pauses. The line from the right forms a spiral by going in and out around each member of the left line.\nMovement 9. The line from the left continues across the front of stage. It advances down right side two steps, turns right and forms a line across the center of stage. The right line marches down the side and forms a spiral at center of stage by going in and out around each member of the other line.\nMovement 10. All march around to form a straight line across the front.\nThe music ceases.\nAll together.\nEight little clothespins are we.\nFolks give us a task very heavy;\nAll the clothes we hold\nIn the heat and the cold.\nIf we went on a strike, where would you be? Part II The music is resumed. Movement 1. The four dancers turn left if they're on the left, and right if they're on the right. The lines pass, train-like, with the line from the right forming the outside. Movement 2. Both lines march around the stage and meet at the center rear in couples. Movement 3. The first couple advances to the front, center of the stage. From the center of the stage, the couple goes diagonally to the front right corner, where they pause. Movement 4. The second couple advances to the center of the stage and then to the front left corner, cutting diagonally from center. Movement 5. The third couple advances to center and then to the rear right corner. Movement 6. The fourth couple advances to center and then to rear left corner. Movement 7. The couples in the front right corner and the dancer opposite exchange places.\nThe rear left corner advances to the center of the stage. The four join hands and circle to the right. They then form a straight line facing front at the center rear of the stage.\n\nMovement 8. The couples in the front left corner and rear right corner repeat movements above. They stand in front of the first group at the close of movement.\n\nMovement 9. Both lines advance to the front.\n\nMovement 10. One line is formed across the front of the stage. All bow low and recite the following:\n\nAll together.\n\nA lady once hung a rug on the line,\nShe pushed us all on, indeed, very fine;\nShe gave us a rap,\nEach clothespin went snap!\nThen for her nice rug she did pine.\n\nPart III\n\nMovement 1. All turn right. Place hands on shoulder of preceding one in line.\n\nMovement 2. The line marches to the right of the stage, then turns left and winds to the left side of the stage. The line then\nMovements: 3-10. The line turns right and marches across the rear of the stage, then turns left and forms a U to the front. All form a line across the front, face front, and bow. Mark time in place, right, left, etc., lifting feet high and bending knees with each step. All turn to the left and mark time. All march in single file down the left side of the stage and across the back of the stage. The line advances to the front with high steps; they clap hands on hips as they advance. All turn around once in position at the front, clapping hands over head at each quarter turn. All face front and bow low. We, [together].\nFour Girls and Four Boys take part in the dance. The Girls wear green crepe paper dresses with several ruffled rows of green and plain waists. Large pumpkin leaves and yellow blossoms are worn on their shoulders and around their waist. Boys wear suits of bright yellow with some green trimming. When the curtain rises, the four couples are on stage. Two couples are on the right side, and two are on the left. The Boys are on the outside, all in plain view of the audience.\n\nMusic: \"Little Miss Echo.\"\n\nPart I\nMeasures 1-4. Partners join right hands and turn to the right.\nMeasures 5-8: Partners join hands and turn to the left.\nMeasures 9-12: Partners join hands and turn to the right.\nMeasures 13-16: Partners join hands and turn to the left.\nMeasure 17: Place hands on hip. Place the inside foot out to the side with a tap.\nMeasure 18: Bring inside foot back into position with a tap.\nMeasure 19: Repeat Measure 17.\nMeasure 20: Repeat Measure 18.\nMeasures 21-22: Keeping hands on hips, skip sideways three steps toward the back of the stage.\nMeasures 23-24: Jump up in the air once [ensure all jump at the same time].\nMeasure 25: Repeat Measure 17, bringing foot toward the front of the stage.\nMeasure 26: Repeat Measure 18, bringing foot toward the front of the stage.\nMeasure 27: Repeat Measure 25.\nMeasure 28: Repeat Measure 26.\nMeasures 29-30: Repeat Measures 21-23, skipping toward the front of the stage.\nMeasures 31-32: Bow to partners.\nMarch, Dances, Drill.\nPART II\nMeasures 1-4: Partners shake forefinger of right hand at each other.\nMeasures 5-8: Partners shake forefinger of left hand at each other.\nMeasures 9-12: Partners shake forefinger of right hand at each other.\nMeasures 13-16: Partners shake forefinger of left hand at each other.\nMeasures 17-32: Repeat Measures 17-32 of Part I.\n\nPART III\nMeasures 1-4: Girls change places with the girl on the same side of the stage.\nMeasures 5-8: Shake forefinger of right hand at new partner.\nMeasures 9-12: Girls change back to original partners. Each shakes finger at new partner.\nMeasures 13-16: Partners join hands and turn once to the right.\nMeasures 17-32: Repeat Measures 17-32 of Part I.\n\nPART IV\nMeasures 1-4: All face front and sidestep away from partner three steps.\nMeasures 5-8: Turn head toward partner and shake fist at him.\nMeasures 9-12: Step back to partner and face him.\nMeasures 13-16: Shake fist at partner, turning around to the right as you do so.\nMeasures 17-32: Repeat Measures 17-32 from Part I.\n\nPart V:\nMeasures 1-4: Tip head and lean far to the right. Extend right hand toward partner.\nMeasures 5-8: Tip head and lean far to the left. Extend left hand toward partner.\nMeasures 9-12: Join both hands with partner's and turn once to the right.\nMeasures 13-16: Each couple turns and circles once to the left.\nMeasures 17-32: Repeat Measures 17-32 from Part I.\n\nPart VI:\nThe music is repeated as the couples, starting with the one in the front left corner, march once around the stage and off.\n\nPantomimes:\nTHE BOY WHO DISAPPEARED (A pantomime for any number of children)\nScene: A plain stage setting to represent a street.\nA reader is off stage, standing near enough to the curtain to be plainly heard by the audience.\n\nReader:\n\nThis is the boy, who upon Halloween,\nWandered away and never more was seen.\nA boy walks slowly across the stage and off at the other side.\n\nReader:\n\nThis is the witch, solemn and black,\nWho never would let the boy come back.\nA witch in a long black dress and a tall black hat walks across the stage.\n\nReader:\n\nThis is the ghost, in robes of white,\nWho last saw the boy on that Halloween night.\nA figure wrapped in white goes across the stage.\n\nReader:\n\nThis is the jack-o'-lantern, smiling so gay,\nThat saw the little boy carried away.\nA boy goes across the stage carrying a large lighted jack-o'-lantern.\n\nReader:\n\nThis is the owl from up in the tree\nThat told the story all to me.\nA child goes across the stage wearing a mask like an owl.\nThe Best Halloween Book\n\nThis is the bat who flies at night; he was a witness to the sight. A child goes across the stage carrying a large picture of a bat.\n\nThis was the cause of the whole affair: For, while peacefully on the fence he sat, that little boy came walking along and pulled the tail of a Halloween cat. A child enters with either a live black cat or a picture of one.\n\nSo, now, each and every year, when Halloween time draws near, if you but go out on a windy night, The moan of that boy you will hear.\n\nTen Little Goblin Elves\n\n[For ten children who wear bright caps made of black and orange crepe paper. They may wear colored masks, if desired.]\n\nEnter The First Goblin Elf.\n\nFirst Goblin Elf:\nOne little goblin elf,\nStanding all alone;\nOne little goblin elf,\nThe lonesomest ever known.\nThe Second Goblin Elf enters and stands by the side of the First.\nSecond Goblin Elf (pantomiming): Two little goblin elves having lots of fun; we have lots of work to do, now that Halloween\u2019s begun.\n\nThird Goblin Elf enters.\nThird Goblin Elf (pantomiming): Three little goblin elves, always bright and gay; we chase away the gloom all the livelong day.\n\nFourth Goblin Elf enters.\nFourth Goblin Elf (pantomiming): Four little goblin elves, standing in a row; all the Halloween secrets, all of them know.\n\nFifth Goblin Elf enters.\nFifth Goblin Elf (pantomiming): Five little goblin elves, dancing, oh, so merry! Right around your doorstep, this very night we tarry.\n\nSixth Goblin Elf enters.\nSixth Goblin Elf (pantomiming): Six little goblin elves, ready to stroll about; we\u2019ll be all ready to scare whoever ventures out.\n\nSeventh Goblin Elf enters.\nSeventh Goblin Elf (pantomiming): Seven little goblin elves.\nWe can travel on the ground or sail through the air.\nEnter The Eighth Goblin Elf.\nEighth Goblin Elf.\nEight little goblin elves,\nReady for adventure;\nWe know all the secrets\nOf old Dame Nature.\nEnter The Ninth Goblin Elf.\nNinth Goblin Elf.\nNine little goblin elves\nThat you all should know;\nWe scatter sunshine\nWherever we go.\nEnter The Tenth Goblin Elf.\nTenth Goblin Elf.\nTen little goblin elves\nStanding straight and tall;\nWe bring a jolly Halloween\nTo one and all.\nAll together. Ten little goblin elves,\nThat is what we are;\nTo bring a jolly time to you,\nWe have traveled far.\nWe like to see you smiling,\nFor we know that's the way\nTo make for happy living,\nEvery single night and day.\nPantomimes\nAll the Goblin Elves face to the right. Each places his right hand on the shoulder of the one in front of him.\nand  in  this  formation  they  march  once  around  the  stage \nand  off.  One  of  the  Halloween  songs  from  this  hook \nmay  he  sung  hy  them  at  this  time. \nCRIPPLED  JIM\u2019S  HALLOWEEN \n[A  Pantomime  for  any  number  of  children ]. \nThe  first  seem  shows  Jim ,  a  pale ,  thin  hoy ,  seated  at  a \ntable.  He  has  a  pair  of  crutches  hy  the  side  of  the  chair \nand  one  foot  is  bandaged  and  set  on  a  chair  in  front  of  him. \nSome  hooks  and  a  game  are  on  the  table  beside  him ,  hut  he \nis  not  paying  any  attention  to  them.  He  appears  to  he  very \nlonely.  The  reader  is  off  stage ,  hut  in  a  place  where  she  can \nhe  heard  clearly  hy  the  audience. \nReader.  It  is  early  in  the  evening  of  Halloween.  That  fes\u00ac \ntival  will  mean  little  to  poor  crippled  Jim  this  year,  for \nhe  cannot  run  or  frolic  with  the  other  children.  Some \nweeks  ago  a  speeding  automobile  crushed  his  foot  and  so, \nTonight, while the others are having fun, he must stay home alone. Even his mother is gone, for she works for a rich family and tonight they are having a grand party for the neighborhood children.\n\nJim picks up a hook but soon sets it aside. The story-books which Jim usually finds so delightful fail to arouse his interest tonight. Perhaps his mind keeps wandering to that great party where many costumed figures gather together, or maybe it goes to the schoolroom, where he knows his own friends are assembled for their Halloween party.\n\nJim takes a game from the table but soon sets that aside.\n\nThe children and his grown-up friends have not forgotten Jim while he has been forced to stay at home. They have brought him many interesting games and writings.\nTen letters he received, but tonight everything seems dull. It's hard to replace such things as jack-o'-lanterns and ghosts with these. Jim leans back in the chair and closes his eyes. Reader. Jim wishes he could go to sleep, for then Halloween would pass sooner, and he doesn't believe he would be so lonely if it were over. He closes his eyes and tries hard to go to sleep, but he doesn't succeed. Every tick of the clock sounds in his ears, and the ticks seem far apart.\n\nSounds are heard outside.\n\nReader. Suddenly, there is the sound of many footsteps outside. Jim sits up with a start. Who can it be? No one ever calls at his house in the evening, and it's too early for his mother to come home. He seems half-frightened as he rivets his gaze on the door.\n\nThe door suddenly opens, and the children come in. Some\nhave jack-o-lanterns, some have baskets of apples, and others have large paper sacks. Some of the children have funny masks on.\n\nReader. Then the door opens and the children from his school enter. \"You couldn't come to the party, Jim,\" they are saying to him, \"so we are bringing the party to you. Now we shall all have a better time.\"\n\nThe children put down their packages of apples and other good things. Never had a Halloween passed so quickly and so happily for crippled Jim.\n\nCURTAIN\n\nSONGS\nGLAD HALLOWEEN\nAdapt tune of \"November.\"\n\nGlad Halloween, we welcome yon,\nThis bright October night;\nYour ghosts and goblins, oh, so drear,\nAre a most welcome sight!\n\nWe like the cooling breezes\nYour festival does bring.\nThe praises of your holiday\nWe're always glad to sing.\n\nMay ever your gay colors\nBe seen in wind and field,\nA harvest rich and bountiful.\nYou're welcome, Come Back, Sweet May. You're welcome to be with us tonight. We hope to please each kind friend in sight. In each of our numbers, we will do our best To make you all happy, Your smiles to arrest.\n\nU2 The Best Halloween Book\nYou're welcome, On this Halloween, and we hope quite often, With us you will be seen. So watch out now for witches, goblins, and elves, Who will really be but our own happy selves.\n\nTune: Tramp, Tramp, Tramp\nSome of the singers are dressed as ghosts and others carry pumpkins, cats, oils, etc, From the land of make-believe comes a merry little band That scatters lots of fun where'er they go! They're the funny little folks That you see on Halloween, And you're always glad to welcome them.\n\nChorus:\nTramp, Tramp, Tramp, The merry little band goes round, The merry little band goes round, The merry little band goes round. Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, The merry little band goes round, The merry little band goes round, The merry little band goes round.\nSpooks, spooks, they all are coming;\nEverywhere you see them now.\nAnd before you realize,\nThey'll be springing a surprise\nThat will surely frighten every one of you.\n\nSilent we as shadows creep,\nWhen you're very fast asleep;\nSo when Halloween arrives, we're always here!\n\nSongs:\nWe fill the air with laughter,\nThat's remembered for long after,\nWe have taken wings and flown far, far away.\n\nChorus:\nAutumn Moon\nTune: Mount Vernon Bells\nSoftly in the heavens lingering,\nHangs the harvest moon;\nFar unto the westward moving,\nMoving, fading, all too soon.\nIn its clear light treasures brightest,\nAll about, we see;\nTelling us of the Great Spirit,\nWho doth care for you and me.\n\nChorus:\nDear autumn moon,\nSoon from us you'll part.\nHarvest moon and autumn season,\nEver dear unto my heart.\nBrightly from the heavens falling,\nThy silver sheet of light.\nWith pearly splendor softly shining,\nShining every harvest night.\nWhat can be thy power so binding,\nIn thy light so clear?\nRound my heart its charm entwining,\nHarvest moon, forever dear.\n\nTune: Old Folks at Home\n'Way down the street at night I wandered,\nScared as can be;\nHere's funny noises that I'm hearing,\nHere's funny sights I see.\nAll day the wind am just a-howling\nThrough each trembling tree;\nSeems like as if a million creatures\nAre just a-chasing after me.\n\nChorus:\nAll the world is topsy-turvy\nAs can be plainly seen;\nHe secret deep I'm goin' to tell you,\nIt's Jolly Halloween.\n\nHar is a pumpkin on the gatepost,\nHis hat smiles at me;\nA ghost in robes of snowy whitest,\nI'm certain that I see;\nA ticktack on a window near me,\nMakes me shiver more.\nMy shaking knees will be well pleased\nWhen this queer night is over.\nHalloween Sounds\nTune: Old Black Joe\nWeird are the sounds from everywhere tonight;\nWeird seems each thing that comes within our sight,\nSongs\nThis is the night of goblins old and new.\nI hear the night winds call their ghostly, \"Oo-oo-ooo!\"\nChorus:\nThey're calling, they're calling,\nEvery goblin's voice I hear;\nThey all are making merry this one night of the year.\nWeird are the sounds made by every apple bough;\nWeird is the creak of each garden gate now;\nEchoes each tread upon the frosty walk;\nSo weird the air we're most afraid to even talk.\nChorus:\nQuick as a wink the boys dart here and there,\nCostumes of white and suits of black they wear;\nFrightened the people who meet them on their way\nBut still they smile, for it is Halloween so gay.\nThe Boy and The Owl\nTune: Good Morning.\nA great gray owl sat up in a tree,\nIts eyes as big and round as the moon;\nIt sat there blinking from night until noon.\nA fair little boy walked under the tree\nAnd up above the owl he did see.\nHe thought that owl looked so very wise,\nSome questions he'd ask about its eyes:\n\"Why do you gaze about you so?\nIs there anything that you don't know?\nHave you seen all the goblins and elves?\nWon't you tell me something about yourself?\"\nThe owl stared on without reply,\nHe only sat there and blinked his eye.\nSo the boy walked off without a word,\nHe didn't believe the owl had heard.\nBut the old owl kept his place in the tree\nAnd still he blinks down at you and me.\nLook up in the tree on Halloween,\nThe old owl there can still be seen.\nGood-by, witches, good-by, witches,\nWe're through with you for now.\nHalloween is over now, over now,\nAnd so we say good-by!\nGood-by, goblins, good-by, goblins.\nWe're through with you for now.\nHalloween is over now, over now.\nAnd so we say good-by!\nGood-by, ghost folks, good-by, ghost folks,\nWe're through with you for now.\nHalloween is over now, over now,\nAnd so we say good-by.\nGood old pumpkin pie, good old pumpkin pie.\nWe won't say good-by to you.\nHalloween is over now, over now,\nBut we won't say good-by!\n\nGood night, dear friends, good night, dear friends,\nWe'll say good night to yon.\nHalloween is over now, over now,\nAnd so we will say good-by.\n\nRepeat last verse.\n\nOn Halloween\nTune: Yankee Doodle\nBrother and I went down the street\nOn one spooky Halloween;\nWe saw a lot of great black cats\nAnd some ghosts in between.\n\nChorus:\nGood night, good night, dear friends, good night, good night,\nWe'll say good night to yon.\nHalloween is over now, over now,\nAnd so we will say good-by.\nGoodness gracious, how we ran!\nGoodness gracious, Granny;\nI never knew that clumsy boys\nWith feet could be so handy.\nA white thing peeped behind a fence!\nMy heart almost stopped dead\nWhen it stood up and threw at me\nIts awful ghostly head.\n\n(Repeat chorus after each verse)\n\nA big owl winked so very stern\nWay up in our maple tree;\nI thought it funny till he flew\nRight down and lit on me.\n\nWe heard a very mournful sound,\n'Twas like an awful groan;\nThe best Halloween book\nI thought it was a broken bough\nTill it jumped up with a groan.\nA jack-o'-lantern shed a light\nRight across our way;\nBut the terrible grin upon its face\nI remember to this day.\n\nOh, what a jolly time!\nTune: Robin Song\nHalloween is here again,\nHalloween is here again!\nAnd oh, what a jolly time!\nHalloween is here again.\n\nThe pumpkins are golden,\nGathered is the ripened grain.\nAnd what a jolly time;\nIt's harvest time again.\nThe grapes are ripe and purple,\nHanging low upon the vine;\nAnd we're very happy when\nIt's jolly harvest time!\nThe cornshocks in the field\nAre all standing row on row;\nAnd what a jolly time!\nIt's autumn, autumn now.\nWith jack-o'-lanterns grinning\nOut from every window pane!\nAnd what a jolly time!\nIt's Halloween again.\n\nSongs\n\nGhosts and goblins are about,\nWitches, too, are standing near;\nAnd what a jolly time,\nWhen Halloween is here!\n\nThe woods are gold and crimson,\nTruly gorgeous to be seen;\nAnd it is a jolly time,\n'Tis Halloween!\n\nEvery school boy and girl\nDances now with great delight;\nAnd what a jolly time!\nFor 'tis Halloween to-night.\n\nEach of the dancers may carry\nA large picture of some autumn product\nAnd the singers may.\nmarch lightly around the stage as they sing.\n\nHalloween\nTune: Hallo weenie, Hallo little friend,\nOne day we took some pumpkins,\nAnd cut the insides out;\nAnd then we cut out noses,\nEyes and teeth and mouth.\nWe boys each got a candle,\nAnd fastened it inside;\nThat made a Jack-o\u2019-lantern\u2014\nAnd lots of fun, beside.\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\n\nSummer's Gone\nTune: Winter's Gone\nSummer's gone, summer's gone,\nLovely autumn hastens on.\nNuts are ripening\u2014sing,\nAutumn now is king.\nFrosty breeze, falling leaves,\nNo more humming bees.\nPumpkins round, now are found,\nHalloween's around.\n\nParties, Socials, Games\n\nThe Halloween Party\n\nMuch of what is said regarding the decorations for a Halloween social (page 155) applies equally to a Halloween party. The invitations may be made at home by pasting black witches on orange paper and writing the invitation with black ink.\nCats and owls may take the place of witches on some invitations. If it is to be a costume party, the invitation should state the fact. In this case, the invitations are mailed early enough to enable all to arrange a costume without unnecessary hurry. Halloween is probably the most appropriate time of all the year for a mask party. Ghost, witch, cat, and owl costumes are comparatively easy to make and add much to the gayety of the party. \"Harvest queen\" and \"pumpkin\" costumes are also very attractive. Costumes may be made of good quality crepe paper or cambric. Directions for making complete costumes may be found in the costume books published by the manufacturers of crepe paper, or costumes may be rented for the occasion.\n\nThe home may be decorated somewhat as described for the Halloween social. Small paper or candy pumpkins may be used for decoration.\nThe following suggestions will help make the party merry.\n\nThe best Halloween activity:\n- Halloween puzzle\n\nThe word \u201cHalloween\u201d is written, one letter under another, down one side of the paper. On the opposite side of the paper, the word is also written, but the last letter is written on the first line, the next to the last letter on the next line, etc. The guests are to supply letters to form a word. The one who forms all the words first is given a prize. To make the contest a little more difficult, the number of letters that must be in each word may be specified.\nThe number should be three, four, or five. The following shows the way the paper will appear when handed to the guest.\n\nL. E. If desired, quotation marks may be inserted in the proper place.\n0. 0 Such words as 'ere may be used with this.\n\nMURDER\n\nAll lights are turned out. One person is told beforehand that, when the lights are turned out, he is to grab someone around the throat. All are told that, if they are grabbed, they are to scream loudly. As soon as the victim has been grabbed, the one who grabs her returns to his place. The lights are then turned on by the one in charge. The others guess who did the grabbing and who the victim was. The two who guess correctly are in charge next time and tell the person who is to be the next grabber when to start.\n\nParties, socials, games.\nThe three people moving around the room will confuse guests as to who is leaving their places, making it harder for the grabber to be easily identified.\n\nWitches' Pie Game\n\nEveryone is seated. In turn, each person names a fruit or vegetable. If one names something commonly used in pie, they must go to the center of the circle. Once six are at the center, the \"witches' pie\" is declared baked, and those at the center are called upon to perform a stunt. The following stunts may be used:\n\n1. Crawl backwards on hands and feet and belch like a cow.\n2. Each of the six is given a cracker to eat. The first one who can whistle after eating their cracker may leave the circle.\n3. Make three statements about your neighbor on the right.\n4. Pretend you are Mother Goose and ride through the air on a broomstick.\n5. Give an illustration of a darky doing the Charleston.\n6. Hoot like an owl, meow like a cat, moan like a ghost and talk like a witch. Fly around the room like a bat. Sing the chorus of \u201cYankee Doodle.\u201d\nScrambled characters:\nMix the letters of several words that have something to do with Halloween and give a small prize to the one who arranges the letters correctly first. The following list may be used.\nTHE BEST HALLOWEEN BOOK\nnipmups,\ntoghs, ... .\nhetwcs ...\npelaps. ...\nsact\naickktcts,\nlonbigs ...\nrksanlocts\npumpkins\nghosts\nwitches\napples\ncats\n. ticktacks\n. goblins\n. cornstalks\n\nThe Witch's Gift\nEach player receives a piece of paper upon which he is told to write his name. He then places the paper in a box. All draw out papers. If a player receives the paper with his own name on it, he may draw again. The player is then the giver of the next gift.\nTo write the thing which the Halloween witch should bring to the player whose name appears on the paper. These are later read aloud. Humorous things should be mentioned, but nothing which will cause embarrassment or hurt the feelings of anyone should be mentioned.\n\nHalloween Packing\nEach player names some article which was taken on a trip. The article which the first one names must begin with \u201cII.\u201d The one which the next one names must begin with \"A,\u201d etc. The only restriction as to the article is that it must be of a size that will go in an ordinary trunk. If the player cannot name an article in the time allowed, he must pay a forfeit. These forfeits are later redeemed by some suitable stunt.\n\nSelecting Partners\nA number of paper witches are provided. The heads are cut off of them and distributed among the girls. The lower parties, socials, games:\nparts of the witches are given to the boys. All compare their figures and the two who have the parts that make one perfect witch are partners for the evening.\n\nAnother novel way of selecting one\u2019s partner is by providing a large dish of uncooked navy beans. A girl is given a ruler with which she dips into the dish and draws out as many beans as possible. A boy is then given the ruler and he draws out as many beans as he can. As soon as a girl draws out as many beans as the boy, she becomes his partner; and when the boy draws out as many beans as the girl, they become partners. This continues until all are paired off.\n\nRefreshments\nThe following refreshments are suitable for a Halloween party.\n\nDeviled eggs on lettuce leaves\nNut and date sandwiches\nCoffee or fruit punch\nSponge cake with fudge frosting\nChocolate chip ice cream\nor lemon ice\nHalloween is an ideal time for sponsoring a social, either by a school or a church. It is equally suitable for granges and lodges to have social parties.\n\nAdvertisements for the event may be made on orange paper. Lettering is done in black India ink or with a printing press, such as is used with the primary children of most schools. Pictures of witches, cats, owls, etc., are used on each poster. The advertisements should give some hint of what is to take place at the social, but not give entire information. If the undertaking is to be a money-making affair, considerable advertising should be done.\n\nThe room in which the social is held is attractively decorated in orange and black. Crepe paper curtains of those colors are placed on the windows. These curtains are made from the described materials.\nUsing inch-wide strips of alternate colors, each held tightly in the left hand and pinched together in places one inch apart, first to the right and then to the left. This gives the strip the appearance of being composed of numerous circular pieces of paper and is very attractive when placed at the window. The valances and tie-backs are made of orange paper and are decorated with black cats, witches, and owls.\n\nStreamers of black and orange crepe paper are strung across the room. Orange and green balloons are hung from these streamers. The touch of green will give a little different and very attractive touch to the room. If balloons are not available, Chinese lanterns of the same colors may be made and hung from the streamers.\n\nThe centerpiece of the room is composed of a great pumpkin, made of crepe paper. Sections of the crepe paper are folded and shaped to create the appearance of a pumpkin.\nA pumpkin, cut and then sewn together, assumes the proper shape. Green leaves are near its top. The pumpkin is stuffed with cotton or paper. A broom dressed as a witch resides in one corner, and a ghost occupies another. The room's lights should be dim overall, except on the stage, where footlights provide the best light. If footlights cannot be had, a light on each side of the stage near the front affords the best light. A light behind the actors makes their faces appear dark.\n\nFor a school social, attractive posters made by the children are displayed on the walls. The posters' backgrounds should be black, orange, or green. Witches and cats are placed in the windows. The stage's sides and back are adorned with cornstacks.\nAlong the stage to represent the cornfield: pumpkins are placed between the cornstalks, and a scarecrow completes the scene. A full moon is hung above the Center Back of the stage. Besides the admission charge, which entitles one to see the program, there are various appropriate ways of making money at a Halloween social. Below are listed some that have proven successful.\n\nThe Candy Guessing Game\nA pint jar is filled with black and orange candy beans. The number of beans in the jar is written on a slip, placed in a small sealed envelope, and put in the jar. Each player is then asked to guess how many candies are enclosed. A charge of five or ten cents is made for each guess. When the social is nearly over, the jar is opened, the slip taken out, and the player who has guessed the nearest number wins the jar of candy.\n\nWitches\u2019 Booth.\nA witches' booth may be provided in one corner of the room. Three girls dressed as witches are seated within this. One person enters at a time and extends his palm to each of the three, who tell him something of his future. The girls wear masks, so they will not be recognized. If there are but few girls, one witch will suffice.\n\nThe fortunes may be something like the following and they may be written on slips of paper beforehand, if desired.\n\n1. Your future is full of ups and downs. It looks as if you might have to pump much water.\n2. You are lucky in love. That is why you have never married.\n3. Watch your step this winter. Icy roads are forecast.\n4. Speak courteously to the next dark-complexioned person you meet, but don't believe anything that person tells you.\n5. I see money involved in your future. You may operate it.\nA large number of such foolish futures as the above may be prepared.\n\nThe Headless Ghost\n\nA great many small articles have been collected and wrapped, as they would be for an ordinary grab bag. One person wrapped in white is placed in a booth. A ten-cent charge is made of those who wish to see the headless ghost.\n\nWhen the player enters the booth, the ghost is seen to be holding something at its side. Suddenly it tosses the package to the visitor. The package contains the article he is to receive for his money. An entrance and an exit should be arranged in this booth, so the visitors may just pass through in front of the ghost.\n\nHarvest Picture\n\nA medium-sized, framed harvest picture is selected. Numerous small pumpkins are cut from paper and the number of seeds supposed to be in each pumpkin is written on the back.\nThe back of the picture displays a pumpkin with a matching number to one of the other pumpkins. This pumpkin is attached to the image. The small pumpkins are then sold among the audience. Each person is permitted to select the number they desire. Once all pumpkins are sold, the one bearing the identical number as the one on the back of the picture is taken. The individual possessing this pumpkin receives the picture.\n\nParties, socials, and games take place. Refreshments are sold throughout the evening. Candy and popcorn balls are peddled by children. Taffy apples are a popular choice. Doughnuts, pumpkin pie, and coffee are sold at a lunch stand. Parents can provide these items if it's a school social. Sunshine cake with fudge frosting and chocolate ice cream may also be sold.\n\nHalloween games include \"Tag the Witch.\"\nOne child is chosen for the witch, but the others do not know which one it is. The one in charge of the game does the selecting. He tells a story while all move in a circle around her. When she says \"Tag the witch,\" the one who has been chosen for the witch calls, \"Help! help!\" and starts to run to the chosen goal. When the others discover which one the witch is, they pursue her. The one who catches her is in charge of the next game. She whispers something into each one's ear, but she tells the one who is to be the witch that she is to be the one to call, \"Help! help!\"\n\nFour children are given rulers and a jelly bean. The bean is placed at one end of the ruler.\nTwo players start from one side and two from the other. The one that rolls the bean over the line to the opposite end first, wins the game. As many games are played as there are sets of four. The winners of the games then play to determine the championship. The bean must touch every part of the line. The length of the line depends on the size of the children, but usually about six feet is correct. For larger children, curves and angles may be inserted in the lines, but care must be taken to make each of the four lines as difficult to travel as the others, so all players will have a fair chance. A box of jelly beans is given as a prize to the winner.\n\nTreasure Hunt:\nBlack and orange candies, candy pumpkins, witches, cats, etc., are hidden around the room. The children are given a certain length of time in which to look for the candy. Those who find the most win.\nThe fewest pieces at the end receive additional ones. The one with the most pieces receives a candy pig. Fortune telling: A number of fortunes are written on pieces of paper and dropped in a box. A number of small sticks have threads tied to the end and a bent pin is placed on the end of the thread or cord. Several are given to the children at once, and they all try to fish out a fortune. When one gets his fortune, he reads it aloud and gives his fishing rod to someone else. Cat tail: Another old game is to have a large cat made of paper and pinned on the curtain. Each child is blindfolded, given a paper tail and a pin. The one who pins the tail nearest the correct place is given a prize. Parties, socials, games: Apple game.\nAn apple is hung from a cord suspended in the doorway. Each child attempts to take a bite of the apple without touching it with his hands. Those who succeed in doing so are given a taffy apple. After the contest is over, those who have not succeeded in getting a bite are also given the apple for a consolation prize.\n\nBobbing for apples is a favorite Halloween sport. Apples are placed in a tub of water and players must catch them with their teeth with hands held behind. This practice may be varied by hanging the apples in a doorway or from the ceiling. Tiny sacks of flour hung up with the apples add to the fun, as the players are apt to be hit in the face with the flour sacks. This may be used as a fortune telling game, by pinning to each apple a tiny note in which is written a rhyme about apple-seed game.\nThe Apple-Seed Game is also a fortune telling game. The seeds are previously soaked in water and then flavored with spices or sweetened with sugar, rolled in pepper or dipped in vinegar, etc. Each seed is then wrapped in tissue paper and passed to the guests. Each one must taste the seed in the paper they choose to see what may be the disposition of their future mate - sweet, sour, quick-tempered, etc.\n\nBlowing out the Candle is an old game for this occasion. A lit candle is placed on a table. One of the players is blindfolded, turned around once or twice, and then told to blow out the candle.\n\nThe Ring Cake is always enjoyed for a Halloween party. A finger ring, a thimble, a key, and a dime, one or all of these, may be baked in a cake. The ones who draw these items in their slices are the lucky finders.\nThe ring signifies a wedding, the thimble work, the dime wealth, the key a journey. \"Digging for Nuggets\" is the name of a popular game. Place in a tub of sand, if obtainable, bits of candy wrapped in tissue paper, as many as there are players to take part. With each piece is a \"fortune\" written on a tiny slip of paper. The players are supplied with little wooden paddles, with which to \"dig\" for the \"nuggets.\" When all the \"nuggets\" have been found, the fortunes may be read by the finders.\n\nA Halloween pastime that occasions much jollity is the \"Halloween Hide-and-Seek\" game. Various articles appropriate to the occasion are concealed about the house, such as cardboard witches, owls, jack-o'-lanterns, black cats, bats, forks, knives, and spoons.\nPlayers are tasked with finding specific items. A score is kept of each one's findings: witches, 5; owls, 4; jack-o'-lanterns, 3, and so on. A white cat is hidden, and whoever finds this will forfeit 10 points on the score card. Prizes of rag dolls or pasteboard dolls of Halloween types may be given.\n\nMind Reading Game\nThis game will puzzle young minds until the trick is revealed. One of the players, whom we'll call Alice, leaves the room. The hostess tells the other guests that when she returns, Alice will be able to read their thoughts. The players choose an object for Alice to discover. For instance, they decide upon a picture. When Alice returns, the hostess asks her a series of questions:\n\n\"Is it the table?\"\n\"Is it the piano?\"\n\"Is it the bookcase?\"\nThe players are usually mystified by the hostess. She explains that it was agreed between herself and Alice that when she mentioned an object that was stationary, such as the wall or the fireplace, the second object named after this would be the right one.\n\nA very old game is played with enjoyment by boys and girls and may be called \"The Perilous Path.\" The goal is at one end of the room, and between it and the players are various objects such as sofa pillows, cushions, footstools, etc. The contestants are admitted one by one, and shown the pathway with the obstructions to the goal. Then the contestant is blindfolded, turned about several times and told to start on the \"perilous path.\"\nThe secret problems have been addressed quietly. When the contestant reaches the goal, the blindfold is removed, and he sees that his way was clear. Then, he sits down to watch the next contestant travel the same \"perilous path.\" The fun consists in the high stepping and groping movements of the contestants.\n\nCostume Contest\nHalloween parties can be enlivened by requesting guests to come in costumes as witches, gnomes, pixies, black cats, owls, etc., and wearing masks. Then, a guessing contest may be held, with all participating in the effort to determine the identity of the others. The ones with the highest scores may be given prizes of fairy wands, pasteboard owls, witches, etc.\n\nThe Conspirators\nAnother mind reading game may be played with two \"conspirators\" working together. One, whom we shall call George, keeps a thought in his mind. The other, whom we shall call Tom, tries to guess what George is thinking. They take turns, with George thinking of a new thought each time, and Tom guessing. The game continues until Tom correctly guesses George's thought or until a predetermined number of rounds have passed.\nThe guests, with Henry suggesting a test for the self-proclaimed mind reader, agree to write a few words on a piece of paper. Henry ensures his paper is placed last on the table. George, knowing what Henry will write, picks up the papers last, closes his eyes, and selects one to place on his forehead with the blank side towards the audience. Upon appearing to read from the paper, Henry acknowledges the correctness of the message. George opens his eyes and glances at the writing: \"PARTIES, SOCIALS, GAMES.\"\nThe players are mystified by how the trick is performed in fortune telling games, which have been used in Halloween celebrations since ancient times. One type of game involves writing fortunes, or bits of verse or jokes, in milk or lemon juice to make the writing invisible. Each guest receives one of these fortunes without being able to see the writing. The \"witch,\" who may be disguised and comically costumed for the part, reads the fortunes after passing them over a candle flame, which turns the letters brown or makes the writing visible. One player is often chosen for this role, who may have the ability to \"tell fortunes\" in a fun manner.\n\nAnother fortune telling game involves searching for hidden articles. A ring indicates marriage, a thimble work.\nA key is a journey, a penny is wealth. Guess Who is a game that will entertain Halloween guests. A sheet or curtain is hung before the company. An aperture is made just large enough for a pair of eyes to look through. Under the direction of a master of ceremonies, one of a group behind the curtain then looks. It is for the company seated on the other side to guess whose eyes looked through the aperture. Each may write a guess, and when several have looked, a tally of the guesses may be made and prizes awarded for the highest scores.\n\nThe Best Halloween Book\nThe Baby Show\n\nThe Baby Show can be relied upon to make merriment. Each one of a group brings his baby picture. The baby pictures are arranged on a table with numbers attached. It is for the guests to guess which babies the pictures represent.\nPrizes are given for the guesses nearest right and for the prettiest baby. The prizes should be rattles, dolls, toys, etc.\n\nSnapdragon:\nSnapdragon is an old pastime for Halloween. A little brandy or alcohol is placed in a dish and ignited. Care should be taken to have the dish in the center of a bare table, so as to avoid fire hazard. When the alcohol flames up, lights are put out and salt is sprinkled in the dish. The resulting flame imparts an intense pallor to the faces of those around it. Raisins and candied fruits are then thrown into the dish and the group snaps for them with their fingers. Prizes may be awarded to the successful \u201csnappers.\u201d\n\nPeanut or Bean Hunt:\nPeanuts or beans are hidden about the room in every conceivable place for guests to find. Prizes are awarded for high scores.\nMay be paper: witches, black cats, ghosts, and goblins, etc.\n\nHalloween Programs\nHalloween at Dana\nLois E. Dann, Dana Avenue School, Columbus, Ohio\n\nThings are so weird.\nFrom what I\u2019ve heard,\nI\u2019m skeered out in the dark,\nA skinny witch.\n\nGoblins and such\nAre setting in the park.\nI\u2019ve got the shakes\nAnd my heart quakes\nFor what I might have seen.\n\u2019Cause any spook\nMight stage a fluke\nOn the night of Halloween.\n\nWith little or no foundation, the greatest variety of shocks and surprises are eagerly anticipated for Halloween. It is a time of imagination and mystery. There seems to be in the air of October, whether the days be bright and snappy or dark and gloomy, something which suggests the time of owls and black cats and pumpkin heads.\n\nThe question is sure to come, \u201cWhen are we going to have our party?\u201d\n\nNow teachers, sometimes, are sluggish individuals and are\nunwilling to change their routine.\nThe first reaction is probably, \"Oh, why do we have to bother about Halloween?\" The children's question is insistent and continues to rise. Broad hints are given concerning the costumes that will appear that Friday afternoon, and soon the problem is not whether we will have a party, but when and how it will be. Halloween is an established event at Dana. The matter of prime importance is costuming. That may sound extravagant at this time, but the problem is solved with enthusiasm. Some mothers make something brand new, but there is a wealth of hand-me-downs. Things are joyously shared. I don't know anything which shows more surprising individuality than the appearance of some of the children. Boys are dressed as girls. Girls are dressed as boys.\nBoys wear their father's old clothes, making them happy tramps, or perhaps it would be better to label them as scarecrows. Clowns and fairies are depicted, along with young and old, as well as the halt and blind. Each wears a false face. For a time, it seemed impossible to avoid spending real money on a face or \"domino.\" The old idea of using a paper bag drawn over the head with a pumpkin face cut in it was suggested. One year, an entire room made a grotesque procession with every one masked. Some of the sacks stood a foot above the height of the child and made him appear comically out of proportion.\n\nStillness Reigns\n\nOutwardly, the teachers are as wild as the pupils. They meet their schools in the hall and pass to the classroom. The children take any seat except their own. A solemn stillness reigns.\nDuring his reign, secrecy prevails as no one wants to be deceived by his voice or mocked. Occasionally, the masked teachers switch classrooms. A tall girl may act as a teacher. Everything is enshrouded in mystery.\n\nHalloween Programs\n\nWhen everything is prepared, if the weather is good, we have a long parade \u2013 out through the front door, winding in and out across the grounds and in again through another door. Sometimes the line of march takes us around the block. No one is invited, but delighted spectators line the way.\n\nWe often go through the building to see the decorations in each room, allowing us to appreciate the boys' and girls' creative efforts. The stillness I mentioned earlier has long since passed. The crowd laughs and stomps. We used to carry horns and whirligigs \u2013 but we are wiser now.\nEach class exits the line when their classroom is reached. Then, the party becomes the teacher's issue. Generally, it is a party without eating. There is great fun in bringing each child to the front of the room and guessing his identity \u2013 by this time, it is no secret. Splendid effects are admired. Often, there are stories told as we learn how the parts were assembled.\n\nFortunately, there is not much time left now. We tell riddles and play games suggested by some child or something planned by the teacher. I always like to have handkerchief brownies. They work so nicely with the story of \"The Shoemaker and the Elves.\"\n\nI will tell you how I make the dolls, although I doubt whether I make them correctly. Tie a knot in each corner of the handkerchief. Take adjacent corners in each hand and twirl the handkerchief until the two stiff \u201clegs\u201d meet.\nThis meeting is the \"hips\" and a pin should be stuck through it to hold it firmly. The other knots are the \"arms.\" Halfway between, make the \"head\" by tying a black thread around a loop of the handkerchief. The girl wears a short tissue paper skirt and the boy a sash. In a darkened room, the white clowns show, while the black thread, by which you manipulate the dance, does not. Every one learns how to make brownies and they are a feature of the home festivities.\n\nThere is a well-established belief that teachers are old and don't know how to have any fun. After the Fall party, I have seen a new look of understanding and fellowship in brows eyes and blue which amply pays for any trouble the party has caused.\n\n\u2014 The Ohio Teacher\n\nHalloween Programs\nA Halloween Corner\nEdna Steen, New Paltz, New York\nSixteen children in the third grade decided to have a \"Halloween Corner\" with a witch, cats, owls, hats, jack-o-lanterns, a tree, and a brewing kettle. The witch was made of corn stalks donated by a farmer-father. Three pumpkins were provided, and the work began with socialized periods and each child solving their problem.\n\nPlain yellow pumpkins became grinning or sober jack-o-lanterns. Cardboard was pencilled into weird-looking cats, owls, or bats. After much self-criticism, the children snipped them into life. The brewing kettle was also created.\nAnimals, birds, and the moon took shape in a similar way. A silvery moon, black cats with orange eyes and whiskers, black owls with orange eyes, or orange owls with black eyes, as the fancy suited a child. Bats ran true to type and grew realistic in their blackness. The brewing kettle was painted a dull black with a gorgeous blue, red, and orange flame glowing up its side.\n\nCornstalks gradually took the shape of a witch after a strong cord had developed a waistline and a stronger cord had separated head from neck. A black cardboard hat sat at a \"witching angle\" on her head, and cornstalk arms held a witch's stick.\n\nOwing to limited time, a tree standard with natural branches was made by the student teacher. A couple of children were \"tree specialists,\" covering the standard with it.\nWrapping paper \"bark,\" then painting the trunk and branches a dark brown. Each child or groups of two had a part to do in the making of the corner. Suggestions or help were freely given each other and each had a voice in the final arrangement. Halloween was a reality in the third-grade room.\n\nA Suggested Program for a Halloween Entertainment\n\nReception and Introduction of Guests\nThe Story of Halloween (page 173)\nSong: \"Glad Halloween\" (page 141)\nRecitations:\n- \"Halloween Welcome\" (page 9)\n- \"The Unbeliever\" (page 12)\n- \"Jolly Halloween\" (page 15)\nPantomime: \"The Little Goblin Elves\" (page 136)\nDrill: \"The Clothespin Quickstep\" (page 128)\nSong: \"The Boy and the Owl\" (page 145)\nDance: \"Dance of Indian Summer\" (page 125)\nPlay: \"Who Made the Pie?\" (page 97)\nGames: Select list from pages 159-166\nSupper: See suggestions on pages 155, 159.\nThe story takes us into very old times, into what we call prehistoric times, in fact, when another race lived in the British Isles. These people were called Celts. Among them was a religious order known as the Druids, who were physicians and sages and even magicians, as well as priests. They worshipped a sun god whom they called Baal and sacrificial fires were kindled in his honor. A festival which these Druidic priests celebrated in the late fall was called Samhain, which means, \u201cthe end of summer.\u201d It was in the nature of a harvest festival and the modern practice in England and in our country of making bonfires to celebrate Halloween harks back to the ancient custom of fire worship of these pagan priests.\n\nOne of the superstitions that have come down the ages was that on this night of the harvest festival, spirits of the dead returned.\nThe dead were allowed to walk abroad. It was thought that fairies, sprites, goblins, and gnomes came from their haunts in the forests on this night and played mischievous pranks. The people believed that the sacred fires acted as a charm to keep away evil spirits and evil spells. Thus, the custom of kindling bonfires at the time of the harvest festival continued among the English people long after the Druids had been driven out of the country. Beliefs still prevalent among the peasantry of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales concerning elves and fairies supposed to inhabit forests and glens are traditions of the old Celtic superstitions. Fire worship in fact characterized the religious rites of primitive peoples generally, and the Roman harvest festival involved the burning of sacrificial fires.\nThe deities of fire and water were propitiated in this manner. Pomona was the mythical goddess of the harvest, and the festival was held in her honor. The winter store of apples and nuts were opened at this time. The Roman festival has also influenced the customs of our Halloween celebration, and thus we have games and pastimes which feature apples and nuts, as well as bonfires.\n\nWhen Christianity was introduced into England, the church changed the names of the old pagan festivals. The harvest festival formerly known as Samhain was called All Hallow Eve, because it occurred on the eve of All Saints\u2019 Day, which was November 1st. Thus the name of Halloween is taken from the date.\n\nThe pagan rites and practices of an earlier era are recalled today only in the fun and frolic of the boys and girls.\nwho  delight  in  games  and  pastimes  appropriate  to  the  occa\u00ac \nsion.  Fortune  telling,  spooky  costumes,  bonfires,  jack-o\u2019- \nlanterns,  witches  and  black  cats,  all  and  sundry  and  many \nother  odd  qonceits  are  but  humorous  echoes  of  forgotten \nsuperstitions  and  the  customs  growing  out  of  them.  The \nvariety  and  comic  weirdness  of  the  harmless  pastimes  charac\u00ac \nteristic  of  the  Halloween  celebration  make  this  occasion  the \njolliest  in  the  list  of  annual  special  days.  Modern  enlight\u00ac \nenment  has  done  away  with  the  old  superstitious  fictions \nand  follies  in  all  but  the  flavor  they  lend  to  this  delightful \nplaytime  of  the  harvest  season. \nUBBABV  ^CggSISI ", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}
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